Class/ 0"1 i Book'^4ji5 ^^yj^'^lMi^:^^!^ Illinois HISTORICAL Editors : NEWTON BATE MAN, LL. D. PAUL SELBY, A. M. Effingham County BIOGRAPHICAL BY SPECIAL AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS ILLUSTRATED CHICAGO MUNSELL PUBLISHING COMPANY 19 10 EntBied according to Act of Congress, in Die years 18»4. 1899, 1900 and 1905 by Wll, LIAM W. MUNSELL, 1 the office of the Librarian of ConRress at Washineton TERRITORY DRAINKD liV THE ILLINOIS RIVER. J^^^i^^Jr^&^ZZA^MAj^^ PREFACE. Why publish this book? There should be many and strong reasons to -warrant such an andertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have induced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inqi;iries, and it is fitting they should receive attention. In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of all such works, whatever States may be their subjects ; and it is conspicuously true of Illi- nois, for the following, among many other reasons : Because of its great prominence in the early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the Ohio River — the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting fi'om its early French population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa- tional prominence — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its vast resources — the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has furnished to the Government, and its gi'and record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on the Slavery question. This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of ita essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Esfjecial care has been taken in collecting material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi- fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com- pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information within the smallest practicable space. And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief that it was needed; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur- nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends, the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuitj^, conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts ; facts of the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from tlie almost innumerable sources connected with that history ; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to scholars, officials, and other special classes ; a book convenient for reference in the school, tiie office, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and 3 4 PREFACE. long-drawn acconnte of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words for their adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity. Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment — and there are many of this chiiracter — it is handled accordingly. As a rule, the method pursued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological, as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass from subject to subject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and order to complexity and confusion. Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence ; since, in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence. Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov- ernmental, financial, social, religions, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili- tary, judicial or otherwise; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be disapproved or regretted by the public ; that personal biography has an honored, useful and legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book. Perhaps no more delicate and difficult task has confronted the editors and publishers than the selection of names for this part of the work. While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics. And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully assumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their uniform kindness and courtesy ; to the many who have to generously and helpfully promoted the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis- cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services ; to Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act, encouraged us in this enterprise — with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers, the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State, for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed. MJ)Mi^ PREFATORY STATEMENT, Since the bulk of the matter contained in this Tolnme was practically completed and ready for the press, Dr. Newton Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement. As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State, under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras in State history; changes in form of government and administration; the history of Consti- tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies ; the various wars in which Illinoisans have taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-65, and the War of 1898 with Spain; lists of State officers. United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each; the organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and educational institutions ; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which have marked the progress of the State; natural features and resources; the history of early newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character — all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa- tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the oflBce of the professional or business man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library. While individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have not been ■wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and con- stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and particular periods or classes. Rich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction that was desirable, owing to the insuflBciency or total absence of data relating to the lives of many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they belonged, it is still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history. The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable feature of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or .5 6 P K E F A T R Y S T A T E 1\I E N T . elaboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple language and concise form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages. Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains has been spared, and every available autliority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement. In view of the important bearing wliich railroad enterprises have had upon tlie extraor- dinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and jjopulation. In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. H. Freeman; to ex-Senator John M. Palmer, of Springfield; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune"; to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. IJaum, Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin- cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been attained in the work. In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend and associate, Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, elsewhere recorded, was deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State. Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of the public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which he brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara- tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admu'ation, his con- nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its merit. With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prepara- tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer— one whose abilities commanded uni- versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career. y.>^^L,^^f^^oa^ ^,:^a^:i^ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Abraham Lincoln [Frontispiece) 1 Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln 237 Bateman, Newton (Portrait ) 3 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277 "Chenu Mansion," Kaskaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1825 .... 315 Chicago Academy of Sciences 394 Chicago Drainage Canal 94 Chicago Historical Society Building 394 Chicago Post Office (U. S. Gov. Building) 88 Chicago Public Buildings 395 Chicago Thoroughfares 89 Chicago Thoroughfares , 93 Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246 Comparative Size of Great Canals 95 Day after Chicago Fire 92 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. i) 171 Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — The Vineyard 13 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13 First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314 Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246 Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247 Fort Dearborn (1853) 247 General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315 Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246 House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314 Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236 Illinois Eastern Hospital for Insane, Kankakee 85 Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438 Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504 Illinois State Capitol (First), Kaskaskia 240 Illinois State Capitol (Second), Vandalia 240 lUinois State Capitol (Third), Springfield 240 Illinois State Capitol (Present), Springfield 241 Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601 Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 306 Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307 Illinois State Eeformatory, Pontiac 493 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300 Interior of Room, Kaskaskia Hotel (1893) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 314 Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301 Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Payette was feted in 1825 (as it appeared, 1893) 314 La Salle (Portrait) 246 Library Building, University of Illinois 334 Library Building — Main Floor — University of Illinois 335 Lincoln Park Vistas, Chicago 120 Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276 Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 600 Map of Illinois Following Title Page Map of Illinois River Valley " " " McCormick Seminary, Chicago 362 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207 Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 1'51 Newberry Library, Chicago 394 Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402 Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314 Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315 Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (1893) 314 Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315 Scenes in South Park, Chicago 604 Seiljy, Paul (Protrait) 5 Sheridan Road and on the Boulevards, Chicago 121 Soldiers' "Widows' Home, Wilmington 439 Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505 Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 492 University Hall, University of Illinois 150 University of Chicago 363 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541 View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 281 View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91 Views of Drainage Canal 96 Views of Drainage Canal 97 War Eagle (Portrait) 246 Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403 World's Fair Buildings 605 PREFACE As the title of this volume, "Illinois (Historical), Effingham County (Bio- graphical)," implies, the Effingham County department thereof is quite largely devoted to a record of the lives and deeds of many whose efforts, in the past, have resulted in the splendid conditions now prevailing in the commonwealth. The history of Effingham County has also been given reasonable space in the publication, prepared from available sources of information and ably supple- mented by special contributions from the pens of Hon. William B. Wright, Mr. W. H. Engbring, Frank W. Goodell, M. D., Mr. Joseph B. Jones, Prof. J. H. Probst, Mr. David L. Wright, Mr. George M. LeCrone, Mr. H. H. Bailey, Dr. Thomas J. Dunn, Mr. G. W. Tipswood, Mr. B. F. Kagay, Henry B. Kepley and A. F. Jansen, while valued facts have been furnished and co-operation has been extended by other friends of the work. Occupying a situation in the central part of Southern Illinois, and adjacent to the second State Capital, the history of Effingham County is closely identified with that of the early settlements of that section of the State, and in the develop- ment of which its population have borne an important part. Its genial climate, varied surface and fertile soil have attracted to it an enterprising class of citi- zens, especially in agricultural lines, and its progress in the more than three- quarters of a century of its existence as an independent political organization, gives evidence of the industry and thrift of its people and the prosperity which has rewarded their efforts. It is fitting that a record of these conditions and events, and of the personal history of its citizens, through whose energy and enterprise these results have been achieved, should be preserved for the benefit of a future generation, and to this end it is believed this work will render a valuable service. The Publishers. INDEX CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. Spirit Which Animated Early Settlers in Illinois— Griffin Tipsword the First White Settler in Effingham County— Settled Among the In- dians in 1814— Original Name and Personal History— Other Early Comers and Reminiscences of Frontier Life 617-618 CHAPTER II. COUNTY ORGANIZATION. Date of Organization— Counties of Which Effingham Has Formed a Part at Different Periods— Area and Boundaries— Topography- Streams— Indian Relics— Mineral Resources— Coal, Building Rock and Mineral Waters— Ewington the First County Seat— Removal to Effingham-Some First Events-First Land Deed, First Marriage , „. , c 1 1 618-619 and First School CHAPTER III. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. Conditions and diodes of Life in Pioneer Days-Early Settlements- Meetings of Old Settlers' Association— Reminiscences of Some of Its Members— Wolf Creek, Green Creek, Limestone Creek, Freeman- ton and Elliottstown Settlements— Letters and Speeches— Incidents of Local and General County History 619-633 CHAPTER IV. TOWNSHIP HISTORY. History of Individual Townships in Effingham County— Early Settlers and When They Came— Primitive Conditions— Towns and Villages- Schools Churches ^nd Fraternal Organizations— Other Items of Local History 633-647 CHAPTER V. EFFINGHAM WAR RECORD. Evidence of Effingham County Patriotism — Part Taken by Its Citizens in Various Wars — List of Those Who Served in the Black Hawk and Mexican Wars — Breaking Out of the Civil War — First Company Organized in Effingham County Becomes a Part of the Eleventh Regiment — Later Regiments Organized in Part From Effingham County — Dr. J. N. Matthew's Reminiscences of War Days in Mason \'illage — Treasonable and Unpatriotic Organizations — Some of Effingham County's Patriotic Heroes Who Gave Their Lives for Their Country 647-652 CHAPTER \T. RAILROADS. Lines of Railroad in Effingham County — Dates of Organization and Periods of Construction — History of Illinois Central — Vandalia Line — Wabash — Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern — Mileage and Sta- tions on \'arious Lines Witliin Effingham County 652-654 CHAPTER VII. BANKING INTERESTS. History of Banking Enterprise in Effingham County — Early Banks, With Names of Promoters and Dates of Organization — List of Pres- ent Banks, Location and Officers — Capitalization, Deposits, Etc 654-656 CHAPTER VIII. EFFINGHAM COUNTY BENCH AND BAR. Blackstone's Definition of Municipal Law — Importance of Duties Vested in Courts — Effingham County Organized — Early Courts and Pre- siding Justices — First Practicing Attorneys in the County — Distin- guished Citizens Who Have Practiced at the Effingham County Bar — List of Later and Present Justices and Members of the Bar 656-658 CHAPTER IX. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. List of Physicians Who Have Practiced in Effingham County— Date of Entrance Into the Profession and Coming to the County— Some Prominent Characters and Notable Events 658-672 CHAPTER X. THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. The Newspaper Press of Effingham County— The Pioneer of Ewington, the First Paper in the County — Changes of Name and Location— It Finally Becomes the Democrat — Other Papers of a Later Period — The Unionist and the Loyalist of War Time— The Daily Democrat Established in 1899— The Effingham Register and Republican- Papers at Altamont — German Papers— The Effingham Volksblatt — Teutopolis Press- Later Papers Which Have Gone Out of Existence 672-674 CHAPTER XL CHURCHES— SCHOOLS. Early Churches of Effingham County — The Methodist Ewington Mis- sion — First Local Churches — Date of Organization and First Mem- bers — -First Presbyterian Church of Effingham — Its History and Principal Pastors — Laying of Corner Stone of New Church Building in August, 1909 — St. Mary's Catholic Church — First German Catholic Church in Effingham County — Priests Who Have Presided Over St. Mary's Church and the Church at Teutopolis — German Catholic Schools— Bissell College 674-682 CHAPTER XII. DAIRYING INDUSTRIES. Development of Dairying Industries in Effingham County — -Early Condi- tions — First Signs of Improvement — Coming of the Jersey Cow^ — First Attempt to Establish a Creamery in the County — Other Early Creamery Enterprises and Failures — The Oleomargarine Contest — Extracts from the "Creamery Patrons' Hand Book" — Later Experi- ments and the More Successful Enterprises of the Present Day... 682-685 CHAPTER XIII. COUNTY AND LOCAL FAIRS. First Effingham County Agricultural Society Organized in 1856 — First Officers and Some Early Fairs — Suspension During the Civil War Period — Organization of the County Agricultural, Horticultural and Mechanical Society — New County Agricultural Society Organized in 1880 — Another Period of Suspension — Fairs at Watson — Altamont Agricultural Association Organized in 1905 — Subsequent Fairs.... 685-686 CHAPTER XIV. OLD SETTLERS' ASSOCIATION. Organization of Effingham County Old Settlers' Association — Founders and First Officers — Subsequent Meetings and Later Officers — Popu- lar Interest in Annual Reunions — Association in Prosperous Con- dition 686-688 CHAPTER XV. ' MASONIC FRATERNITY— AUXILIARIES. Masonic Organizations in Effingham County — First Lodge in the County Organized at Ewington in 1854 — Removed to Effingham in 1862 — Individual History of Later Lodges — Mason, Delia, Edgewood, Alta- mont, Prairie City, Watson, Mayo and Beecher City Lodges — Dates of Organization, First and Present Officers and Present Membership — Auxiliary Organizations — Effingham Chapter R. A. M. — Effingham and Golden Lake Chapters of the Eastern Star 688-693 CHAPTER XVI. The Part of Biography in General History — Citizens of Effingham County and Outlines of Personal History — Individual Sketches Arranged in Alphabetical Order 695-893 PORTRAITS Austin, Calvin 622 Austin, Edward 626 Austin, Thomas B '''54 Austin, William W 634 Bailey, Harvey H 640 Bellchamber. Charles E 642 Brooks. E. W 644 Buchholz, William F., and Family 646 Burkhardt, Charles P 650 Cox, William H 654 Cox, Mrs. William H 654 Craver, Alexander 656 Dante, Harris 65S Devore, William C 660 Devore. Mrs. William C 660 Diekmann, Henry 663 Dickmann, Mrs. Henry 662 Diehl. John H 664 Diehl, Mrs. John H 664 Dntv, Charles M 666 Dunn. John W 668 Dunn, Mrs. .Tohn W. , 668 Enffbrinsr. Gerhard 670 Enfrel, Ida 686 Ensel, John L 684 Enfjel, Mrs. .John L 684 Enjrel, Louis 682 Engel. Mrs. Louis 682 Eversman, Henry 688 Gibson, Robert G 690 Giesekinfr. William 692 Giesekin?, Mrs. William 692 Gillespie. Ambrose D 696 Gravenhorst, Albert 698 Gwin, George W 700 Habing, Joseph G 702 Hankins, Lewis J 754 Harrah. Rufus 706 Harvev, George 710 Hill, D. Stanley 712 Hill. J. Leslie 714 Hirtzel, George J 716 Hirtzel, Mrs. George J 716 Holloway, David H 718 Holloway, Mrs. David H 718 Jansen, Anton F 720 Jansen, Elizabeth 720 Jones, Joseph B 754 Kagay, Benjamin F., Sr 722 Kagay, Benjamin F 724 Kagay. Ben F 726 Kaufraann, .Tohn 728 Kaufmann. Mrs. John 728 Kershner, Emma 732 Kershner, Jcseph L 730 Klitzing, Charles F 734 Klitzing, George 736 Klitzing. Mrs. George 736 Klitzing, Minnie S 734 Kuhn, Leslie A 738 Laatsch. .John F 740 Landenberg'er, John T 744 Landenberger, Mabel 744 Landenberger, Susan 742 LeCrone, Byron K 748 LeCrone, George M 746 Ludwig, John 750 Ludwig, John T 752 Ludwig, Mrs. John T 752 Ostendorf, Francis J 756 Parks, Harmon B 758 Parker, James A 760 Poorman, George W 762 Poorman, Mrs. George W 762 Ramsey, Samuel P 764 Ramsey, Mrs. Samuel P 766 Ramsey, William 768 Ready, Charles M., and Family 770 Riemann, John C 772 Riemann. Mrs. John 772 Ruflfner, Harrison N 774 tluffner. Mrs. Harrison N 774 Schwerraan, Joseph P 776 Schwerman, Mrs. Joseph P 778 Scott, Jamea R 780 Shubert, William H 784 Smith, John H. C 788 Smith. Mrs. John H. C 788 Stallings, Henry 754 Sweazy. David 792 Taphorn, Henry 796 Taylor, George F 800 Topp, William 804 Topp, Mrs. William 804 Tucker, Benjamin F 808 Tucker, Mrs. Benjamin F 808 Turner, James 812 Turner, Nathaniel C 816 Turner, Sarah K "". 816 Turner, William M 820 Turner, Mrs. William M 820 L^pton, Edward N 824 Wade, George 828 Wade, Mrs. George 828 Walker, James H 832 Wallace, James K 836 Wallace, Mrs. James K 836 Wharton. Benjamin F 840 Woody. Granville G 844 Woody, John E 844 Wright, Owen 848 Wright, William B 852 ILLUSTRATIONS Austin Opera House 636 Baptist Church 674 Central School Building 678 Christian Chureli 674 Court House 618 Illinois College of Photography 680 Jefferson Street, EflRngham 638 Map of Effingham County 616 Methodist Church 674 Presbyterian Church 674 Residence of Edward Austin 630 Residence of Harvey H. Bailey 640 Sacred Heart Catholic Chunh 674 St. Anthony's Catholic Church 674 St. John's Lutheran Cluirch 674 St. Paul's Lutheran Church 674 Van Camp Condensory 638 Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. ABBOTT, (Lient.-(JoT.) Edward, a British officer, who was commandant at Post Vincennes (called by the British. Fort Sackville) at the time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas- kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at least nominally, over a part of the "Illinois Country. " Ten days after the occupation of Kas- kaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard except that furnished by the inhabitants of the village, took advantage of his absence to send Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illi- nois, to win over the people to the American cause, which he did so successfully that they at once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri- can flag was run up over the fort. Although Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of the British for a time, the manner of its occupa- tion was as much of a surprise to the British as that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark, Col. Oeorge Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov- ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more humane character than the mass of British officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General Carleton about this time, protesting strongly against the employment of Indians in carrying on warfare against the colonists on the frontier, on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was a detriment to the British cause, although he was overruled by his superior officer. Colonel Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recap- ture Vincennes. ABINGDON, second city in size in KnoxCounty, at the junction of the Iowa Central and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10 miles south of Galesburg, with which it is con- nected by electric car line ; has city waterworks, electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks. three weekly papers, public library, fine high school building and two ward schools. Hedding College, a flourishing institution, imder auspices of the JI. E. Church, is located here. Population (1900), 2,022; (est. 1904), 3,000. ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer and companion of La Salle, who came to the "Illinois Country'' in 1780, and accompanied Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois River to its mouth and then ascended the Mis- sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut (for whom the city of Duluth was named), and having dis- covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to Green Bay. (See Hennepin.) ACKERMAJf, William K., RaUway President and financier, was born in New York City, Jan. 29, 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker- man, having served as Captain of a company of the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with "Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony Point during the Revolutionary War, while his father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu- cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in mercantile business, but in 1852 became a clerk in the financial department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of the Company in 1860, he successively filled the positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, until July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi- dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency, voluntarily retiring from this position in August, 1883, though serving some time longer in the capacity of Vice-President. During the progress of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago (1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago under the administration of Mayor Hopkins 10 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ( 1893-95). He is an active member of the Chicago Historical Society, and has rendered valuable service to railroad liistory by the issue of two bro- chures on the "Early History of Illinois Rail- roads," and a "Historical Sketch of the Hlinois Central Railroad." ADAMS, John, LL.D., educator and philan- thropist, was bom at Canterbury, Conn., Sejit. 18, 1772; graduated at Yale College in 1795; taught for several years in liis native place, iu Plain- field. X. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he became Principal of Phillips Academy at An- dover, Mass., remaining there twenty-three years. In addition to his educational duties he participated in the organization of several great charitable associations which attained national importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy in 1833, he removed to Jacksonville, 111., where, four years afterward, he became the third Prin- cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri- can Sunday School Union, in the course of the next few years founding several hundred Sunday Schools in different parts of the State. He re- ceived the degree of LL. D. from Yale College in 1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 34, 1863. The subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian clergyman of New York and for seven years (1873- 80) President of Union Theological Seminary. ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer, was bom at Londonderry, N. H., March 11, 1834, the son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap- lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and Twenty-first New York Volunteers during the Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorham, Me., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to New York Cit3', he engaged as clerk in a dry- goods house at $150 a year. He next entered the office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers, and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the house of Morris K. Jessup & Co. He thus became associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams & Westlake Co., liave done a large business in the manufacture of railway supplies. Since the death of Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams has been princi- pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing business. ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu- cator, was born at Brunswick, Me., Dec. 19, 1806, and educated at Bowdoin College, where he graduated in both the departments of literature and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a physician several years, in 1888 he assumed the chair of Natxiral Philosophy, Chemistry and Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson- ville, HI. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro- fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Medical Department of the same institution, and, during his connection with the College, gave instruction at different times in nearly every brancli embraced in the college curriculum, including the French and German languages. Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour- age in his adherence to principle, he was a man of singular modesty, refinement and amiability in private life, winning the confidence and esteem of all with whom he came in contact, especially the students who came under his instruction. A profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a refined and exalted literary taste, which was illustrated in occasional contributions to scien- tific and literary periodicals. Among productions of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer- ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the "Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte and Positivism" ("New Englander," 1873), and "Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be- tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander," 1875). His connection with Illinois College con- tinued until his death, April, 1877 — a period of more than thirty-eight years. A monument to his memory has been erected through the grate- ful donations of his former pupils. ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, bom at Keene, N. H., June 18, 1840; was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane Law School, Cambridge, Mass., graduating at the former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi- cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher in the Chicago High School, he engaged in the practice of his profession. His first post of pub- lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in 1884, '86 and "88. In 1890 he was again a candi- date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry. He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry Library. ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego County, N. Y'., in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to Springfield, 111., being the first lawyer to locate in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex- tensive practice for the time; in 1823 was elected a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 11 bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843. ADAMS COUXTY, an extreme westerly county of the State, situated about midway between its northern and southern extremities, and bounded on the west by the Mississippi River. It was organized in 183.5 and named in honor of John Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given to the county seat. The United States Census of 1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula- tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile and well watered, the surface diversified and hilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and its climate equable. The wealth of the county is largely derived from agriculture, although a large amount of manufacturing is carried on in Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058. ADDAMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12, 1822; educated at Trappeand Upper Dublin, Pa., and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land and built a saw and gri.st mill on Cedar Creek. In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate from Stephenson County, serving continuously in that body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865 he established the Second National Bank of Free- port, of which he continued to be the president imtil his death, August 17, 1881.— Miss Jane ( Addams), philanthropist, the founder of the "Hull House," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams. ADDISON, village. Du Page County ; seat of Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School and Orphan Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and public school. Pop. (1900), 591; (1904), 614. ADJUTAXTS-GENERAL. The office of Adju- tant-General for the State of Illinois was first created by Act of the Legislature, -Feb. 2, 1865. Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties (except during the Black Hawk War) and its emoluments being alike unimportant. The in- cumbent was simply the Chief of the Governor's Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small importance. Those who held the office during the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alex- ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties (which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- charged by Wm. Alexander. 1819-21; Elijah C. Berry, 1821-28; James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses K. Anderson, 1839-57 ; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61. In November, 1861, Col. T. S. Mather, who had held the position for three years previous, resigned to enter active service, and Judge Allen C. Fuller was appointed, remaining in office until January 1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of 1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869. taking into consideration that all the Illinois volunteers had been mustered out, and that the duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi- ally lessened, reduced the proportions of the department and curtailed the appropriation for its support. Since the adoption of the military code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has occupied a more important and conspicuous posi- tion among the departments of the State govern- ment. The following is a list of those who have held office since General Haynie, with the date and duration of their respective terms of office: Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren- dorff, 1893-96; C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N. Reece, 1897—. AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an agricultural State. A large area in the eastern portion of the State, because of the absence of timber, was called by the early settlers "the Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge beginning in Jackson County and running across the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen- tral portion of the State is best adapted to corn, and the southern and southwestern to the culti- vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up- land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the States, that for 1891 being §31,106,674, with 3,068,- 930 acres under cultivation. In the production of corn it ranks next to Iowa, the last census (1890) showing 7,014,336 acres imder cultivation, and the value of the crop being estimated at 186,905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh, althougli the annual average value of the crop from 1880 to 1890 was a little less than §29,000,- 000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value of horses (§83,000,000), ranks second in the produc- tion of swine (§30,000,000), tliird in cattle-growing (§32,000,000), and fourth in dairy products, the value of milch cows being estimated at §24,000,- 000. (See also Farmers' Institute.) 12 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF. A department of the State adniiiiistration which grew out of the organization of tlie Illinois Agri- cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the Legislature in 1853. Tlie first appropriation from the State trea.sury for its maintenance was $1,000 per annum, "to be expended in the promotion of mechanical and agricultural arts." The first President was James N. Brown, of Sangamon County. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Kennicott of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John Williams of Sangamon, first Treasurer. Some thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover- ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri- culturists. The department has well equipped oflSces in the State House, and is charged with the conduct of State Fairs and the management of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the collection and dissemination of statistical and other information relative to the State's agri- cultural interests. It receives annual reports from all County Agricultural Societies. The State Board consists of three general officers (President, Secretarj' and Treasurer) and one representative from each Congressional district. The State appropriates some $30,000 annually for the prosecution of its work, besides whicli there is a considerable income from receipts at State Fairs and fat stock shows. Between $20,000 and SS.'i.OOO per annum is disbursed in premiums to competing exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some $10,000 divided among County Agricultural Societies holding fairs. AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- cated in the common schools, and, at the age of 16, began teaching, later pursuing a classical course in institutions of Virginia and North Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling in that State, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he began the publication of a paper called "The Star," which was continued for a short time. In 1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist church, and a few months later began preaching. In 18;i2 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon, remaining during 1833-34; then established a "manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to 1853 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In the latter year he was again appointed to the Presidency of McKendree College, where he remained five years. He was then (1857) tran.s- ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year later was compelled by declining health to assume a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but was again compelled to accept a superannuated relation, making Jacksonville his home, where he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib- lical Chronologj-," to which he had devoted many previous years of his life, and which gave evi- dence of great learning and vast research. Dr. Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten- sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit orator and logician he probably had no superior in the State during the time of his most active service in the denomination to which he belonged. AKIN, Edward C, lawyer and Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 1853, and educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying and receiving teller in the First National Bank of Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and has continued in active practice since. In 1887 he entered upon his political career as the Republi- can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although the city was usually Democratic. The follow- ing year he was the candidate of his party for State's Attorney of Will County, and was again elected, leading the State and county ticket by 800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in 1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee for Maj'or of Joliet, and, although opposed by a citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci- sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was in 1896, when he was elected Attorney -General on the Republican State ticket by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of 132,348 and a majority over all competitors of 111,255. His legal abilities are recognized as of a very high order, while his personal popularity is indicated by his uniform success as a candidate, in the face, at times, of strong political majorities. ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island brancli). Population (1890), 611 ; (1900), 621. ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County, on Southern Railway, midway between St. Louis EXl'KKI.MK.N r FAKM I rilK XINKVAKiM IN I \ lOKSl T V Ul-' 1LLIXUI> EXPEUIMEXr I'AltM (OUCIIAUD CULTIVATION) UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 13 and Louisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In- stitute; has plant for manufacture of vitrified shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, flouring mills, and is important sliipping point for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; has five churches and splendid public schools. Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,500. ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol- oonda, 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and held varioxis offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, including member of the Legislature in each; was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis because his fidelity to the rebel cause was doubted. At the close of the war he was one of the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two years later elected United States Senator, serving until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894. ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born at Two River.s, Wis . April 6, 1853, the son of William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- gressman from Chicago ; was brouglit to Chicago in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi- cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a member of the Board of County Commissioners of Cook County, serving as President of that body during the reform period of 1887; was also a member of the County Board of Education and Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee, appointed from the various clubs and commer- cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1. 1893, he was Commissioner of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the Republican ticket, from the First Congressional District; was reelected in 1894, retiring at the close of the Fifty-fourtli Congress. In 1898 he was appointed to a position in connection with the office of Comptroller of the Currency at Washington. ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress- man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. His earlj' common school training was supple- mented by private tuition in higher branches of mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26 years he was engaged in farming and teaching, but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, where, in addition to merchandising, he engaged in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, and where he also held several important offices, being Superintendent of Schools for three years. Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1876, chosen to repre,sent his district (the First) in Congress, as a Republican, being reelected in 1878, and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lao, Wis., Dec. 3, 1885. ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal region ; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also extensively carried on, and large quantities of these commodities are shipped here; has two newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula- tion (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081. ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of the richest stock-farms in the State. After the war he became the owner of the celebrated "Sullivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in Champaign County, to which he transferred his stock intere.sts, and although overtaken by re- verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876. ALEXANDER, Milton E., pioneer, was born in Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 28, 1796; emigrated with his father, in 1804, to Tenne&see, and, while still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, serving under the command of General Jackson until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered upon the campaign against the Seminoles in Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County, 111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of tlie County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to '37. In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois State Militia ; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov- ernor Reynolds, and, inl882, took part in the Black 14 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was elected by tlie Legislature a member of the first Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving until tlie Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856. ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, came to Southern Illinois previous to the organi- zation of Union County (1818), and for some time, while practicing his profession as a physician, acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of America, which was located on the Ohio River, on the first high ground above its junction with the Mississippi. It became the first county seat of Alexander County, whicli was organized in 1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find him a Representative in tlie Second General Assembly from Pope County, and two years later Representative from Alexander County, when he became Speaker of the House during the session of the Tliird (ieneral Assembly. Later, he removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South, where he died, though the date and place of his death are unknown. ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern county of the State, being bounded on the west by the Mississipppi, and south and east by the Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 230 square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,- r)6S. The first American settlers were Tennessee- ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of the Civil War (1861-6.'5), had been transferred to the Mis,souri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818 Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres in the central and northern part of the county, and incor|X)rated the "City and Bank of Cairo." The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the Government; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J. Baker and Miles A. Gilbert reentered the for- feited bank tract and the title thereto became vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company," which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The county was organized in 1819; the first county- seat being America, which wius incorporated in 1820. Population (1900), 19,384. ALEXLVN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the management of the .Mexian Brothers, a monastic order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was originally opened in a small frame building, but a better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de- stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following year, through the aid of private benefactions and an appropriation of $18,000 from the Chicago Re- lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Onlj' poor male patients are admitted, and these are received without reference to nationality or religion, and absolutely without charge. The present medical staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur- geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra- mural transit line having rendered the building unfit for hospital purposes, a street railway com- pany purchased the site and buildings for $2.50,- 000 and a new location has been selected. ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles east of north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. Population (1880), 398; (1890), .562; (1900), 915. ALGON(Jl'INS, a group of Indian tribes. Originally tlieir territory extended from about latitude 37° to 53° north, and from longitude 25° east to 15° west of the meridian of Washington. Branches of the stock were found by Cartier in Canada, bj' Smith in Virginia, by the Puritans in New England and by Catholic missionaries in the great basin of the Mississippi. One of tlie prin- cipal of their five confederacies embraced the Illinois Indians, who were found within the State by the French when the latter discovered the country in 1673. They were hereditary foes of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi- nally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois, were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees, and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize. Various dialects of their language have been reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian Bible is published in their tongue. The entire Algonquin stock extant is estimated at about 95,000, of whom some 35,000 are within the LTnited States. ALLEN, William Joshua, jurist, was born June 9, 1829, in Wilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir- ginia ancestry of Scotch-Irish descent. In early HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 15 infancy he was brought by his parents to South- ern Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be- came a Judge and member of Congress. After reading law with his father and at the Louisville Law School, young Allen was admitted to the bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853) at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County. In 185.5 he was appointed United States District Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re- sumed private practice as partner of John A. Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but he declined a re-election. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1803 and 1869, serv- ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of Eights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to every National Democratic Convention, being chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He has been four times a candidate for Congress, and twice elected, serving from 1862 to 1865. During this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven- detta" which had broken out among his former neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear- less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901. ALLE\, WlUis, a native of Tennessee, who removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep- resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly, and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841, although not yet a licensed lawj'er, he was chosen Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three months later. His son, William Joshua, suc- ceeded him in the latter office. ALLERTOJf, Samncl Waters, stock-dealer and capitalist, was born of Pilgrim ancestry in Dutchess County, N. Y., May 26, 1829. His youth was spent with his father on a farm in Yates Covmty. N. Y. . but about 1852 he engaged in the live-stock business in Central and Western New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago Stock -Yards, later securing control of the Pitts- burg Stock- Yards, also becoming interested in j'ards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and Omaha. Mr. AUerton is one of the founders and a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago, a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City Railway (the first cable Une in that city), the owner of an extensive area of highly improved farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable and productive mining properties in the Black Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a liberal supporter of the measures of that party, and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can- didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to Carter H. Harrison. ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called "The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in 1658, and later explored the country around Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, and was the first to communicate the informa- tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690. ALLTN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Ledyard, New London County, Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend- ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his early education in a country school, supple- mented by access to a small public library, from which he acquired a good degree of familiarity with standard English writers. In 1837 he entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn., where he distinguished himself as a mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im- mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school. 16 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. From 1848 to 1854 he served as Princi- pal of the P*rovidence Conference Seminary at East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island — also serving the same year as a Visitor to West Point Military Academj'. Between 1857 and 1859 he filled the chair of Ancient Languages in the State University at Athens, Ohio, when he ac- cepted the Presidency of the Wesleyan Female College at Cincinnati, four years later (1863) becoming President of McKendree College at Lebanon, 111., where he remained until 1874. That position he resigned to accept the Presi- dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale, whence he retired in 1892. Died at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894. ALTAMONT, Effingham County, is intersecting point of the Vandalia, Chicago & Eastern Illinois, Baltimore & Ohio S. W. , and Wabash Railroads, being midway and highest point between St. Louis and Terre Haute, Ind. ; was laid out in 1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruit- growing and stock-raising district ; has a bank, two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a large creamery, wagon, furniture and other fac- tories, besides churches and good schools. Popu- lation (1890), 1,044, 11900), 1,335. ALTGELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Gov- ernor, was born in Prussia in 1848, and in boy- hood accompanied his parents to America, the family settling in Ohio. At the age of 16 he enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war. His legal education was acquired at St. Loms and Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for Congress in a strong Republican Congre-ssional district, and in 1886 was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, but resigned in August, 1891. The Democratic State conven- tion of 1892 nominated him for Governor, and he was elected the foUow^ing November, being the first foreign-b2 are in Illinois, and of the latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in 1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It was constructed by two companies, the section from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State line being known as the Eastern Division, and that in Illinois as the Western Division, the gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San PYancisco, , were tlie principal financial backers of the enter- prise. The line was completed and opened for traffic. May 1, 1857. The foUovring year the road became financially embarrassed ; the Eastern Di- vision was placed in the liands of a receiver in 1860. while the Western Division was sold under foreclosure, in 1862, and reorganized as the Ohio & Mississippi Railway under act of the IlUnois Legislature pa.ssed in February, 1861. The East- ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and, in November of the same year, the two divisions were consolidated under the title of the Ohio & Mississippi Railway.— The Springfield Division was the result of the consolidation, in December, 1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad — each having been chartered in 1867 — the new corpo- ration taking tlie name of the Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In 1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers ; in 1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March 1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876, the road was again placed in the hands of a receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884. — In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, which was the successor of the Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, the reorganized Company taking the name of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com- pany. The total capitalization of the road, as organized in 1898, was $84,770,531. Several branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go to increase the aggregate mileage, but being wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ac- count in this statement. BALTIMORE & OHIO & CHICAGO RAIL- ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad System, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in IlUnois. Tlie principal -object of the company's incorporation was to secure entrance for the Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital stock outstanding exceeds §1,500,000. The total capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) is .S20,.329,166 or §76,728 per mile. The gross earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were §3,383,016 and the operating expenses §2,493,4.52. The income and earnings for the portion of the line in Illinois for the same period were $209,208 and the expenses §208,096. B.\>'GS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1823; spent his boy- hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after a year in an institution at Rochester, came to Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return- ing ea.st in 1847, he engaged in teaching for two years at Springfield, Mass., then spent a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111., meanwhile prosecuting his legal studies. In 1851 he began practice, was elected a Judg* HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 35 of the Circuit Court in 1859 ; served one session as State Senator (1870-72); in 1873 was ap- pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 1875, was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Northern District, remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 1854; in 1803 presided over the Congressional Conven- tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress for the first time ; was one of the charter members of the "Union League of America," serving as its President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the National Convention which nominated General Grant for President for the first time. After retiring from tlie office of District Attorney in 1879, he removed to Chicago, wliere he is still (1898) engaged in the practice of his profession. BAXKSOX, Andrew, pioneer and early legis- lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently removed to Washington County. He was a Col- onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1812, and a Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1832. In 1832 he was elected to the State Senate from Washington County, serving four years, and at the session of 1822-23 was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution which had for its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub- sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 1853, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin. BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set- tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol- lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist church within the limits of the State. Five churches, having four ministers and 111 mem- bers, formed an association in 1807. Several causes, among them a difference of views on the slavery question, resulted in the division of the denomination into factions. Of these perhaps the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission- ary) Baptists, at the head of %vhich was Rev. John M. Peck, a resident of the State from 1823 until his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown, until it had some 250 churches, with about 7, 500 members. These were under the ecclesiastical care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Lsaao McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eight years later, Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first Baptist society in what was then an infant set- tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations had gi-own to forty, with 1010 churches 891 ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo- logical Seminary was for some time supported at Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the Univer.sity of Chicago, becoming the divinity school of that institution. The chief organ of the denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub- lished at Chicago. BAEBEB, Uirani, was born in Warren County, N. y., March 24, 1835. At 11 years of age he accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu- ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law School, and was admitted to practice. After seiwing one term as District Attorney of his county in Wisconsin (1861-62), and Assistant Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in the latter j'ear he came to Chicago and, in 1878, was elected to Congress by the Republicans of the old Second IlUuois District. His home is in Chicago, where he holds the position of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County. BARDOLPH, a village of MrDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington li Quincy Railroad, 7 miles northeast of Macomb; has a local paper. Population (1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 367. B.\RySBACK, George F. ..'rick JnUus, pio- neer, was bom in Germany, July 25, 1781 ; came to Philadelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken- tucky, where he became an overseer; two or three years later visited his native country, suf- fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ; returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until 1809, when he removed to what is now Madison (then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in the War of 1812, farmed and raised stock until 1834, when, after a second visit to Germany, he bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo. Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery, he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, locating on a farm near EdwardsviUe, where he resided imtil his death in 1869. Mr. Barnsback served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after returning from Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor of Madison County. — Julius A. (Barnsback), his son, was bom in St. Francois County, Mo., May 14, 1826; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy, Madison County ; was elected Sheriff in 1860 ; in 1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun- teers (100-days' men); also served as a member of the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1865). 36 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BARJJUM, William H., lawyer and ex-Judge, was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1840. When lie was but two years old his family removed to St. Clair County, 111. , where he passed his boyhood and j'outh. His preliminary educa- tion was obtained at Belleville, III., Ypsilanti, Mich., and at the Michigan State University at Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last named at the end of the sophomore year, he taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his clas- sical studies. In 1862 he was admitted to the bar at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office at Chester, where, for a time, he held the office of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago in 1867, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi- ration of his term he resumed private practice. BARRERE, (jranville, was born in Highland County, Ohio. After attending the common schools, he acquired a higher education at Au- gusta, Ky. , and Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in his native State, but began the prac- tice of law in Fulton County, 111., in 18.56. In 1872 he received the Republican nomination for Congress and was elected, representing his dis- trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of his term retiring to private life. Died at Canton, 111., Jan. 13, 1889. BARRIXGTON, a village located on the north- em border of Cook County, and partly in Lake, at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 32 miles northwest of Chicago.. It has banks, a local paper, and several cheese factories, being in a dairying district. Population (1890), 848; (1900), 1,162. BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., July 11, 1847; graduated at Mount Olivet College in 1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas, where he spent two and a half years in mission- ary and educational work. He then (in 1872) accepted a call to the First Congregational Church at Si)ringfield, III., where he remained a year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel, visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a part of the time supplying the American cliapel in Paris. On his return to the United States he spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the "World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec- turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships in connection with the University of Chicago en- dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these, established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on alternate years with a similar course at the Uni- versity. Courses were delivered at the University in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes of the foreign lectureship. Dr. Barrows found it necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in the spring of 1896. After spending the summer in Germany, the regular itinerarj- of the round- the-world tour began at London in the latter part of November, 1896, ending with his return to the United States by way of San Francisco in May, 1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere, the tour embracing visits to the principal cities of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to the United States he lectured at tlie University of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of the country, on the moral and religious condition of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which he accepted, entering upon his duties early in 1899. BARRT, a city in Pike County, founded in 1836, on the Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincj'. The surrounding country is agricultural. The city contains flouring mills, porkpacking and poultry establishments, etc. It has two local papers, two banks, three churches and a high school, besides schools of lower grade. Popula- tion (1880), 1,392; (1890), 1,3.54; (1900), 1,643. BARTLETT, Adolphas Clay, merchant, was born of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford, Fulton County, N, Y. , June 22, 1844 ; was educated in the common schools and at Danville Academy and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming to Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co., now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, a few years later, he became a partner, and later Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi- dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being identified with various other business and benevo- lent associations. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 37 BASCOM, (Rev.) Flavel, D. D., clergyman, was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent his boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean- while attending the common schools; prepared for college under a private tutor, and, in 1834, entered Yale College, graduating in 1828. After a year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan, Conn., he entered upon the study of theology at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter- ary department of the college. Then coming to Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale Band," organized at Yale College a few years previous ; spent five years in missionary work in Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi- nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society, exploring new settlements, founding churches and introducing missionaries to new fields of labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until 1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First Presbyterian Church at Galesburg, this relation continuing until 1856. Then, after a year's serv- ice as the Agent of the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church, he accepted a call to the Congregational Church at Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when he took charge of the Congregational Church at Hinsdale. F^om 1878 he served for a consider- able period as a member of the Executive Com- mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society ; was also prominent in educational work, being one of the founders and, for over twenty-five years, an officer of the Chicago Theological Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D. in 1869. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, III., August 8, 1890. BATAVIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox River and branch lines of the Chicago & North- western and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 35 miles west of Chicago; has water power and several prosperous manufacturing establishments employing over 1,000 operatives. The city has fine water-works supplied from an artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric street car lines with interurban connections, two weekly papers, eight churches, two public schools, and private hospital for insane women. Population (1900), 3,871; (1903, est.), 4,400. BATEMAX, Newton, A. M., LL.D., educator and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo- pedia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J., July 37, 1833, of mixed English and Scotch an- cestry ; was brought by his parents to Illinois in 1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa- tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting him- self during his college course who'ly by his own labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris- tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane Theological Seminary, but was compelled to withdraw on account of failing health, when he gave a year to travel. He then entered upon his life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal of an English and Classical School in St. Louis, remaining tliere two years, when he accepted the Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack- sonville, III, in the latter year, he assumed the prinoipalship of the main public school of that city. Here he remained seven years, during four of them discharging the duties of County Super- intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville Female Academy, but the following year was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, having been nominated for the office by the Republican State Convention of 1858, which put Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he con- tinued in this office fourteen years, serving con- tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years (1863-65). as the result of his defeat for re-election in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but was not formally nominated by a State Conven- tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com- mon school system was developed and brought to the .state of efficiency wliich it has so well main- tained. He also prepared some seven volmnes of biennial reports, portions of which have been republished in five different languages of Europe, besides a volume of "Common School Decisions," originally published by authority of the General Assembly, and of which several editions have since been issued. This volume has been recog- nized by the courts, and is still regarded as authoritative on the subjects to which it relates. In addition to his official duties during a part of this period, for three years he served as editor of "The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com- mittee of three which prepared the bill adopted by Congress creating the National Bureau of Education. Occupying a room in the old State Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi- dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a 38 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. close intimacy sprang up between the two men, which enabled the "School-master," as Mr. Lin- coln playfully called the Doctor, to acquire an insight into the character of the future emanci- pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, and of which he gave evidence by his lectures full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent appreciation of the liigh character of the "Martyr President." A few months after his retirement from the State Superintendency (1875), Dr. Bate- man was offered and accepted the Presidency of Knox College at Galesbiu-g, remaining until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered liis resignation. This, after having been repeatedly urged upon the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body immediately, and bj' unanimous vote, appointed him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental and Moral Science, under which he continued to discharge his duties as a special lecturer as his health enabled him to do so. During his incum- bency as President of Knox College, he twice received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State University and the Chancellorship of two other important State institutions. He also served, by appointment of successive Governors between 1877 and 1891, as a member of the State Board of Health, for four years of this period being Presi- dent of the Board. In February, 1878, Dr. Bate- man, unexpectedly and without solicitation on his part, received from President Hayes an appoint- ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and test the fineness and weight of United States coins, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress of June 32, 1874, and discharged the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia. Never of a very strong physique, which was rather weakened by his privations while a stu- dent and his many years of close confinement to mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble which finally developed into "angina pectoris," or heart disease, from which, as the result of a most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales- burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the most profound sorrow, not only among his associ- ates in the Faculty and among the students of Knox College, but a large number of friends throughout the State, who had known him ofK- cially or personally, and had learned to admire his many noble and beautiful traits of character. His funeral, which occurred at Galesburg on Oct. 2.5, called out an immense concourse of son-owing friends. Almost the last labors per- formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of matter for this volume, in which he manifested the deepest interest from the time of his assump- tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the time of his death he had the satisfaction of know- ing that his work in this field was practically complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married, first in 1850 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, who died in 1857, and a second time in October, 1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts (but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville Female Academy), who died, May 28, 1878.— Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman by his first marriage, was bom at Jacksonville, March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and later from the law department of Columbia Col- lege, New York, Jifterwards prosecuting his studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finalh' becoming Professor of Administrative Law and Government in Columbia College — a position especially created for him. He had filled this position a little over one year when his career — which was one of great promise — was cut short by death, Feb. 6, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate- man survive — all tlie wives of clergymen. — P. S. BATES, Clara Doty, author, was born at Ann Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first book in 1868; the next year married Morgan Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote much for juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, some of the most popular among the latter being "Blind Jakey" (1868) and "^sop's Fable!" in verse (1873). She was the collector of a model library for children, for the World's Columbian Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895. BATES, Erastus Newton, soldier and State Treasurer, was born at Plainfleld, Mass., Feb. 29, 1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May- flower. When 8 years of age he was brought by his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after- ward died. For several years he lived with an uncle, preparing himself for college and earning money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu- ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and commenced the studj- of law in New York City, but later removed to Minnesota, where he served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. In 1859 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com- menced practice there in August, 1862 ; was com- missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois Volunteers, being successively promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 39 ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 1866 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis, Minn., May 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring- field. BATES, (Jeorg'e C., lawyer and politician, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to Michigan in 1834; in 1849 was appointed United States District Attorney for that State, but re- moved to California in 1850, where he became a member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee" at San Francisco, and, in 1856, delivered the first Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo., where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an orator of much reputation, and was selected to express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to Gen. B. J. Sv?eet, commandant of Camp Douglas, after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug- las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty which he performed in an address of gi-eat eloquence. At an early day he married the widow of Dr. Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ- ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white settler of Chicago. BATH, a village of Mason County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu- lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (1900), 330. BAYLIS, a corporate village of Pike County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southeast of Quincy ; has one newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 368; (1900), 340. BAYLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last two years of the Civil War, and graduated from Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, supporting liimself during his college course by work upon a farm and teaching. After serving three years as County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange County, lud., in 1874 he came to Illinois and entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the northern part of the State. He served for some time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the Township High School at Streator, where he was, in 1898, when he received the nomination for the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, to which he was elected in November follow- ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of nearly 70,000 votes. BEARD, Thomas, pioneer and founder of the city of Beardstown, 111., was born in Granville, Washington County. N. Y., in 1795, taken to Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed to Illinois, living for a time about Edwardsville and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of the present city of Beardstown, and later estab- lished there the first ferry across the Illinois River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch March of Morgan County, he entered the land on which Beardstown was platted in 1839. Died, at Beardstown, in November, 1849. BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the Illinois River, being tlie intersecting point for the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, and the northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was named, settled here about 1820 and soon after- wards established the first ferry across the Illi- nois River. In 1827 the land was patented by Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it became a principal base of supplies for the Illi- nois volunteers. The city has six churches and three schools (including a high scliool), two banks and two daily newspapers. Several branches of manufacturing are carried on here — flouring and saw mills, cooperage works, an axe-handle fac- tory, two button factories, two stave factories, one shoe factory, large machine shops, and others of less importance. The river is spanned here by a fine railroad bridge, costing some §300,000. Population (1890), 4,226; (1900), 4,827. BEAUBIEN, Jean Baptiste, the second per- manent settler on the site of Chicago, was born at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader on Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for his first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil- waukee, which lie maintained until 1818. Ho visited Chicago as earl)- as 1804, bought a cabin there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre ot 1812, married the daughter of Francis La Fram- boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, becam© agent of the American Fur Compan}-, having charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and else- where. After 1823 he occupied the building; known as ' 'the factory, " just outside of Fort Dear« born, which had belonged to the Government, but removed to a farm on the DesPlaines in 1840. Out of the ownership of this building grew his claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five 40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn reservation. The claim was allowed by the Land Office officials and sustained by the State courts, but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the United States after long litigation. An attempt was made to revive this claim in Congress in 1878, but it was reported upon adverselj' by a Senate Committee of which the late Senator Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien was evidently a man of no little prominence in his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens to the Black Hawk War in 1833, was appointed by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned Brigadier-General. In 18.58 he removed to Nash- ville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. 5, 1863. — Mark (Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 1826, and bought a log liouse of James Kinzie, in which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he erected the first frame building in Chicago, which was known as the "Sauganasli," and in which he kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer- chandising, but was not successful, ran the first ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago River, and served for many j-ears as liglithouse keeper at Chicago. About 1834 tlie Indians trans- ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on the Calumet, for which, some forty years after- wards, he received a patent which had been signed by Martin Van Buren — he having previ- ously been ignorant of its existence. He was married twice and had a family of twenty -two children. Died, at Kankakee, III, April 16, 1881. — Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born on Grand River in Slichigan, July 15, 1809, joined his father in Chicago. %vas educated in a Baptist Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands; was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831, but failed as a business man; served as Second Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a white woman, from wliom he separated, after- wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi- nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at Council Bluffs and, later, in Kansas, being for many years the official interpreter of the tribe and, for some time, one of six Commissioners employed by the Indians to look after their affairs with the United States Government. — Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau- bien by his white wife, was born in one of the buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28, 1823. In 1840 he accompanied his father to his farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago in 1862, and for years past has been employed on the Chicago police force. BEBIt, William, Governor of Ohio, was born in Hamilton County in that State in 1802 ; taught school at North Bend, the home of William Henry Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton ; served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48; later led a Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out- break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago Coimty, 111., where he had purchased a large body of land. He was a man of uncompromising loyalty and high principle ; served as Examiner of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln and, in 1808, took a prominent part in the cam- paign which resulted in Grant's first election to the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873. A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, during the World's Columbian Exposition, Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. BECKER, Charles St. N., ex-State Treasurer, was born in Germany, June 14, 1840, and brought to this country by his parents at the age of 11 years, the family settling in St. Clair County, 111. Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea Ridge, was so severely wounded that it was found necessary to amputate one of his legs. In 1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888 he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 12, 1891. BECKWITB, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was born in Vermont in 1823. and educated at Provi- dence, R. I., and Wrentham, Mass. He read law and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans, Vt., where he practiced for two years. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of tlie Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months of tlie unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had resigned. On retiring from the bench he re- sumed private practice. Died, August 18, 1890. BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawjer and author, was born at Danville. 111., March 5. 1833. Mr. Beckwitli's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pio- neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the founders of the city of Danville, was a native of Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 41 his mother being, in her girlhood, Hannah York, one of the survivors of the famous Wyoming massacre of 1778. In 1817. the senior Beckvvith, in company witli his brother George, descended the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash to wliere Terre Haute now stands, but finally locating in what is now a part of Edgar County, 111. A year later he removed to the vicinity of the present site of the city of Danville. Having been employed for a time in a surveyor's corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and, on the organization of Vermilion County, served for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of the Governor, and was also employed by the General Government in surveying lands in the eastern part of the State, some of the Indian reservations in that section of the State being set off by him. In connection %vith Guy W. Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Pale.stine, 111., he donated the ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion County was located, and it took the name of Dan- ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he was elected Representative in the State Legisla- ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar, and Vermilion Counties, then including all that section of the State between Crawford County and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left fatherless at less than three years of age, received only such education as was afforded in the com- mon schools of that period. Neverthele.ss, he began the study of law in the Danville office of Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice in 18.'54, about the time of reaching his majority. He continued in their office and, on the removal of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859. he succeeded to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- trict of Columbia — was distantlj- related to Mr. Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of the latter. While engaged in the practice of his profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty years a zealous collector of records and other material bearing upon the early history of Illinois and the Northwest, and is probably now the owner of one of the most complete and valuable collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also the author of several monographs on historic themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer- gus Series, " besides having edited an edition of "Reynolds" History of Illinois" (published by the same firm) , which he has enriched by the addition of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago Tribune" on various features of early Illinois and Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, serving until the expiration of his term in 1894, and was re-appointed to the same position by Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being chosen President of the Board. BEECHER, Charles A., attorney and railway solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y. , August 27, 1839, but, in 1836, removed with his family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years. Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, in 1854 he lemoved to Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County. and began the study of law in the office of his brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to prac- , tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail- road projected from Shawneetown to Edge wood on the Illinois Central in Effingham County. This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest- ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern, under which name it was con- structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This line — which Mr. Beecher served for some time as Vice-President — now constitutes the Beards- town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Company having fallen into financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time, had control of its operation as agent for the bond- holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became General Counsel of the controlling corporation, so remaining until 1888. Since that date he has been one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore & Ohio system. His present home is in Cincin- nati, although for over a quarter of a century he has been prominently identified with one of the most important railway enterprises in Southern Illinois. In politics Mr. Beecher has always been a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne County who voted for Fremont in 1856, and for Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of the Republican State Central Committee of Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve years. 42 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BEECHER, Edward, D. D., clergyman and educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I., August 27, 1803 — the son of Rev. Lyman Beeclier and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; graduated at Yale College in 1823, taught for over a year at Hartford, Conn., studied theology, and after a year's service as tutor in Yale College, in 1826 was ordained pastor of the Park Street Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830 he became President of Illinois College at Jacksonville, remaining until 1844, when he resigned and returned to Boston, serving a.s pastor of the Salem Street Church in that city until 1856, also acting as senior editor of "The Congregationalist" for four years. In 1856 he returned to Illinois as pastor of tlie First Con- gregational Church at Galesburg, continuing until 1871, when he removed to Brooklyn, where he resided without pastoral charge, except 1885- 89, when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre- gational Church. While President of Illinois College, that institution was exposed to much hostile criticism on account of his outspoken opposition to slavery, as shown by his participa- tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti- Slavery Society and his eloquent denunciation of the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his brother Henry Ward, he was probably the most powerful orator belonging to that gifted family, and, in connection with his able associates in the faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give that institution a wide reputation as a nirrsery of independent thought. Up to a short time before his death, he was a prolific writer, his productions (besides editorials, reviews and con- tributions on a variety of subjects) including nine or ten volumes, of which the most impor- tant are: "Statement of Anti-Slavery Principles and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837); "A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of Ages" (1853) ; "The Conflict of Ages" (1854) ; "Papal Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery topics. Died in Brooklyn, July 28, 1895. BEECHER, William H., clergyman — oldest son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and brother of Edward and Henry Ward — was born at East Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An- dover, became a Congregationalist clergyman, occupying pulpits at Newport, R. I., Batavia, N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio ; came to Chicago in his later years, dying at the home of his daugh- ters in that city, June 23, 1889. BEGGS, (Rev.) Stephen R., pioneer Methodist Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentuckj^ in 1805, but remained there. only two j'ears, when he removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed but poor educational advantages here, obtaining his education chiefly by his own efforts in wliat he called "Brush College." At tlie age of 21 he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, during the next ten years traveling different circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War coming on immediately thereafter, lie retired to Plainfield. Later he traveled various circuits in Illinois, until 1868, when he was superannuated, occupying his time thereafter in writing remi- niscences of his early historj'. A volume of this character published by him, was entitled "Pages from the Early History of the West and North- west." He died at Plainfield, HI, Sept. 9, 1895, in the 95th year of his age. BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of German extraction in Bucks County, Pa., Nov. 27, 1813; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at Springfield, where he carried on the grocery business for five years, then removed to Chicago and engaged in the lumber trade in connection with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large lumber manufacturing business at Muskegon, Mich,, which proved very profitable. In 1871 Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in- vesting largely in west side real estate in the city of Cliicago, which appreciated rapidly in value, making him one of the most wealthy real estate owners in Chicago. Died, March 16, 1893. — Jacob (Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in 1843, first began working as a carpenter, but later engaged in the grocery business with his brother at Springfield, 111. ; in 1844 removed to Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four years later, when they engaged largely in the lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate investments. He was a liberal contributor to religious, educational and benevolent institutions. Died in Chicago, March 15, 1898. BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837; was educated at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in the same ; during the War of the Rebellion served in the army of the Cumberland, first as Lieuten- ant and afterwards as Adjutant of the Eighth Iowa Cavalry, still later being upon the staff of Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 43 Atlaata and Nashville campaigns. While a prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston. Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal in various public schools, including the North Division High School. He was one of the earli- est advocates or manual training, and, on the establishment of the Chicago Manual Training School in 1884, was appointed its Director — a position which he has continued to occupy. During 1891-92 he made a trip to Europe by appointment of the Government, to investigate the school systems in European countries. BELKNAP, Hu!,'h Reid, ex-Member of Congress, was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 1860, being the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre- tary of War under President Grant. After attending the public schools of his native city, he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy, Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, wlien he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, where he remained twelve years in various departments, finally becoming Chief Clerk of the General Manager. In 1892 he retired from this position to become Superintendent of the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago. He never held any political position until nomi- nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fiftj'fourth Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis- trict of Chicago. Although tlie returns showed a plurality of thirty-one votes for his Democratic opponent (Lawrence McGann), a recount proved him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun- tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected from a District usually strongly Democratic, receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retir- ing from Congress, March 3, 1899, when he re- ceived an appointment as Paymaster in the Arniy from President McKinley, with the rank of Major. BELL, Robert, lawyer, was born in Lawrence County, 111., in 1839, educated at Mount Carmel and Indiana State University at Bloomington, graduating from the law department of the latter in 1855; while yet in his minority edited "The Mount Carmel Register," during 1851-52 becoming joint owner and editor of the same with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu- ation he opened an oifice at Fairfield, Wayne County, but, in 1857, retiu-ned to IMount Carmel and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B. Green, until the appointment of the latter Chief Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in 1890. In 1869 5Ir. Bell was appointed County Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the same office in 1S94. He was also President of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company imtil it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes Road in 1867 ; later became President of the St. Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis line, and secured the construction of the division from Princeton, Ind., to Albion, III. In 1876 he visited California as Special Agent of the Treasury Department to investigate alleged frauds in the Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast; in 1878 was an imsuccessful candidate for Congress on the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic Nineteenth District; was appointed, the .same year, a member of the Republican State Central Committee for the State-at-large, and, in 1881, officiated by appointment of President Garfield, as Commissioner to examine a section of the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico. Judge BeU is a gifted stump-speaker and is known in the southeastern part of the State as the "Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash." BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been selected as the coimty-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear- ing district and contains numerous factories of various descriptions, including flouring mills, a nail mill, glass works and shoe factories. It has five newspaper establishments, two being Ger- man, which issue daily editions. Its commercial and educational facilities are exceptionally good. Its population is largely of German descent. Population (1890), 15,361 ; (1900), 17,484. BELLETILLE, CENTRALIA & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See Louisville. Evansville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Mailroad.) BELLEVILLE & CARONDELET RAILROAD, a short line of road extending from Belleville to East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was chartered Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, June 1, 1883. The annual rental is $30,000, a sum equivalent to the interest on the bonded debt. The capital stock (1895) is 8500,000 and the bonded debt §485,- 000. In addition to these sums the floating debt swells the entire capitalization to $995,054 or §57,- 317 per mile. BELLEVILLE & ELDORADO RMLROAD, a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle- ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feb. 22, 1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1, 44 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company for 486 years, and has since been operated bj' that corporation in connection with its Belleville branch, from East St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and the Sha'svneetown branch of the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville & Npshville Railroad Compan3'. Its capital stock (1895) is $1,000,000 and its bonded debt $.550,000. The corjwrate office is at Belleville. BELLEVILLE & ILLlJfOISTOWX RAILROAD. (See St. Lo2iis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad.) BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERJf ILLINOIS RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) rim- ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Duquoin it connects with the Illinois Central and forms a short line between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1. 1866, it was leased to tlie St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital stock is $1,692,000 and the bonded debt $1,000,- 000. The corporate office is at Belleville. BELLMONT, a village of Wabash County, on the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railwaj', 9 miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 487; (1900). 624. BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO, THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 22, 1883, and the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago & Western Indiana Riiilroad (which see). Its total trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66- pound steel rails) is 98.26 miles, distributed as fol- lows: Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee & St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull- man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles; second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles. The cost of construction has been §524,549; capi- tal stock, $1,300,000. It has no funded debt. The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895, were $556,847, the operating expenses $378,012, and the taxes $51,009. BELVIDERE,an incorporated city, the county- seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau- kee River, and on two divisions of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford ; is con- nected with the latter city by electric railroad. The city has twelve churches, five graded schools, and three banks (two national). Two daily and two semi-weekl)- papers are published here. Bel- videre also has very considerable manufacturing interests, including manufactories of sewing ma- chines, bicj'cles, automobiles, besides a large milk-condensing factory and two creameries. Population (1890), 3,867; (1900), 6,937. BEMENT, a village in Piatt County, at inter- section of main line and Chicago Division of Wabash Railroad, 30 miles east of Decatiu- and 166 miles south-southwest of Chicago; in agri- cultural and stock - raising district ; has three grain elevators, broom factory, water- works, elec- tric-light plant, four churches, two banks and weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 1,139; (1900), 1,484. BENJAMIJi, Reuben Moore, lawyer, born at Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June 29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am- herst, Mass. ; spent one year in the law depart- ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on an examination certificate furnished by Abraham Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, in which he took a ijrominent part in shaping the provisions of the new Constitution relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen County Judge of McLean County, by repeated re-elections holding the position until 1886, when he resumed private practice. For more than twenty years he has been connected with the law department of Weslej^an University at Blooming- ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ; is also the author of several volumes of legal text-books. BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic Medical School of Chicago, incorporated by special charter and opened in the autmun of 1868. Its first sessions were held in two large rooms; its faculty consisted of seven professors, and there were thirty matriculates. More com- modious quarters were secured the following year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871, in which all the college property was destroyed. Another change of location was made in 1874. In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a new college building, in connection with a hos- pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city. A free dispensary is conducted bj- the college. The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen professors, with four assistants and demonstra- tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal terms with men. BENT, Charles, journalist, was born in Chi- cago, Dec. 8, 1844, but removed with his family, in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where, two years later, he became an apprentice to the printing business in the office of "Tlie Whiteside Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 45 in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois (100- days' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866. with the rank of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca- tion as a printer, in July, 1867, he purchased the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he learned his trade, and has since been the editor of that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged in writing a "History of Whiteside County." He is a charter member of the local Grand Army Post and served on the staff of the Department Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for White- side and Carroll Counties, serving four years. Other positions held by him include the office of City Alderman, member of the State Board of Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93). He has also been a member of the Republican State Central Committee and served as its Chairman 1886-88. BENTON, county-seat of Franklin County, on III. Cent, and Chi. & E. 111. Railroads; has electric- light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac- tory, two banks, two flouring mills, sliale brick and tile works (projected), four churches and three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 939 ; (1900), 1,341. BERDAJf, James, lawyer and County Judge, was born in New York City, July 4, 180.5, and educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu- ating from the latter in the class of 1834. His father, James Berdan, Sr. , came west in the fall of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville, 111., but died soon after his return, in part from exposure incurred during his long and arduous winter journey. Thirteen years, later (1832) his son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same region, and Jacksonville became his home for the remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well- read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle and sound culture, with pure literary and social tastes. Although possessing unusual capabilities, his refinement of character and dislike of osten- tation made him seek rather the association and esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he was elected County Judge of Morgan County, serving by a second election until 1857. Later he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica & Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of construction), serving until it was merged into the St. Louis. Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di- vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also served for many years as a Trustee of Ilhnois College. In the latter years of his life he was, for a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov- ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge Berdan was the ardent political friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti- mate friend and frequent correspondent of the poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent, during a long period of his life, of a number of other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving, the nepliew and biographer of Washington Irving, was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson- ville, August 24, 1884. BERttEN, (Rev.) John fc}., pioneer clergyman, was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 37, 1790; studied theology, and, after two years" service as tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1838 came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the erection of the first Protestant church in the central part of the State, of which he remained pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield, Jan. 17, 1873. BERGOREX, An^astus W., legislator, bom in Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United States at 16 years of age and located at Oneida, Knox County, 111. , afterwards removing to Gales- burg; held various offices, including that of Sheriff oi Knox County (1873-81), State Senator (1881-89) — serving as President pro tern, of the Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State penitentiary at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many years the very able and efficient President of the Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and is now its Treasurer. BERlilER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in France, and an early missionar)' in Illinois. He labored among the Tamaroas. bei ng in charge of the mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710. BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was born in McDonough County, 111., Feb. 16, 1852; early left an orphan and, after working for some time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock County, where he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1877 ; in 1883 was elected Mayor of Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the State Senate in 1888 and '92, and, in 1891, took a prominent part in securing the enactment of the compulsory education clause in the common school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub- lican State Convention of 1896, tlie same year was a candidate for re-election to the State Senate, 46 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. but the certificate was awarded to liis Democratic competitor, who was declared elected by 164 plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the first session of the Fortieth General Assembly, the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of State affecting the vote of his opponent. BERRY, (Col.) William W., lawyer and sol- dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 33, 1834, and educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being then in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and, at the age of 33, began practice at Louisville, Ky., being married two years later to Miss Georgie Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the sea with Sherman and, during the period of his service, receiving four wounds. After the close of the war he was offered the position of Gov- ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining not to go further west than Illinois, declined. For three years he was located and in practice at Winchester, lU., but removed to Quincy in 1874, where he afterwards resided. He always took a warm interest in politics and, in local affairs, was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com- mander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ- ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he believed that the young minds should take an active part in politics. He was one of the com- mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois, and, after spending six months inspecting vari- ous sites offered, the institution was finally located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was frequently urged by his party friends to run for public office, but it was so much against his nature to ask for even one vote, that he would not consent. He died at his home in Quincy, much regretted. May 6, 1895. BESTOR, George C, legislator, born in Wash- ington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant docu- ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in real-estate business at Peoria; was twice ap- pointed Postmaster of that city (1843 and 1861) and three times elected Mayor ; served as finan- cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (now Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw ; a delegate to the Whig National Convention of 1853; a State Senator (1858-63), and an ardent friend of Abra- ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14, 1872, while prosecuting a claim against the Government for the construction of gimboats during the war. BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. 35 miles north of St. Louis. Popula- tion (ISf^O), 638; (1890), 879; (1900), 477. BETHAXY, a village of Moultrie County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles south- east of Decatur ; in farming district ; has one news- paper and four cliurches. Pop. , mostly American born, (1890), 688; (1900), 873; (1903, est.), 900. BETTIE STUART INSTITUTE, an institu- tion for young ladies at Springfield, 111., founded in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, wlio con- ducted it for some twenty years, until her death. Its report for 1898 shows a faculty of ten instruct- ors and 135 pupils. Its property is valued at §33,500. Its course of instruction embraces the preparatory and classical branches, together with music, oratory and fine arts. BEVERIDGE, James H., State Treasurer, was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1838; served as State Treasurer, 1865-67, later acted as Secretary of the Commission which built the State Capitol. His later years were spent in superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich, De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896. BEVERIDGE, John L., ex-Governor, was born in Greenwich, N. Y., July 6, 1834; came to Illi- nois, 1843, and, after spending some two years in Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary, went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching while studying law. Having been admitted to the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat- ing at Sycamore, but three years later established himself in Chicago. During the first year of the war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap- tain and still later Major; two years later became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry, wliich he commanded to the close of the war, being mustered out, February, 1866, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he held the office of Sheriff of Cook Coimty four years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate, and, in the following year, Congressman-at-large to succeed General Logan, elected to the United States Senate; resigned this office in January, 1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor, and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern- orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 47 by President Arthur, Assistant United States Treasurer for Chicago, serving tintil after Cleve- land's first election. His present home (1898), is near Los Angeles, Cal. BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de, was born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1680, and, was the French Governor of Louisiana at the time the Illinois country was included in that province. He had several brothers, a number of whom played important parts in the early history of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi- ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in 1698, their object being to establish a French colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699, and SanvoUe, another brother, was placed in charge. The latter was afterward made Governor of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven- teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to France in 1707, but was reinstated the following year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov- ernment the expediency of trading ofif the copper- colored aborigines for negi'oes from the West Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva- lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant- Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's first expedition arrived (see Company of the West), and brought a Governor's commission for Bienville. The latter soon after founded New Orleans, which became the seat of government for the province (which then included Illinois), in 1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned to France to answer charges; was removed in disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari- ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians, he was again superseded in 1743, returning to France, where he died in 1768. BItrGS, William, pioneer, Judge and legislator, was born in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the Revolutionary army, and served as an oflScer under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the e.\pe- dition for the capture of Illinois from the British in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Jlonroe Coimty) soon after the close of the war. He was Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Coiul of Common Pleas. He also represented his county in the Territorial Legislatures of In- diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County, in 1827. BIGGSVILLE, a village of Henderson County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Burlington ; lias a bank and two newspapers; considerable grain and live- stock are shipped here Population (1880), 358; (1890), 487; (1900), 417. BIG MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the union of two branches which rise in Jefferson County. It runs south and southwest through Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower. Its length is estimated at 140 miles. BILLINGS, Albert Merritt, capitalist, was born in New Hampshire, April 19, 1814, educated in the common schools of his native State and Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor for a time of the mail stage-coach line between Concord, N. H., and Boston, but, having sold out, invested his means in tlie securities of the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway and became identified with the business interests of Chicago. In the '50's he became associated with Cornelius K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi- cago, of which he served as President from 1859 to 1888. In 1890 Mr. BiUings became extensively interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr. C. B. Holmes, resulting in his becoming the pro- prietor of the street railway system at Memphis, Tenn., valued, in 1897, at §3,000,000. In early life he had been associated with Commodore Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudson River steamboat lines of the latter. In addition to his other business enterprises, he was principal owner and, during the last twenty-five years of his life. President of the Home National and Home Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7, 1897, leaving an estate valued at several millions of dollars. BILLINGS, Henry W., was bom at Conway, Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col- lege at twenty years of age, and began the study of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, was admitted to the bar two years later and practiced there some two years longer. He then removed to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at Waterloo and Cairo, 111., but, in 1845, settled at Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851, and the first Judge of the newly organized City Court, in 1859, serving in this position six years. In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from Madison County to the State Constitutional Convention of 48 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1869-70, but died before the expiration of the ses- sion, on April 19, 1870. BIRKBECK, Morris, early colonist, was born in England about 1TG2 or 1763, emigrated to America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County, 111. He purchased a large tract of land and in- duced a large colony of English artisans, laborers and farmers to settle upon the same, founding the town of New Albion. He was an active, un- compromising opponent of slavery, and was an important factor in defeating the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. He was appointed Secre- tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824, but resigned at the end of three months, a hostile Legislature having refused to confirm him. A strong writer and a frequent contributor to the press, his letters and published works attracted attention both in this country and in Europe. Principal among the latter were: "Notes on a Journey Through France" (181,5); "Notes on a Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in 182.5, aged about 63 years. (See Slavery and Slave Imu-s.) BISSELL, William H., first Republican Gov- ernor of Illinois, was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., on April 25, 181 1, graduated in medicine at Philadelphia in 183.5, and, after practicing a short time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Mon- roe County, 111. In 1840 he was elected a Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, where he soon attained high rank as a debater. He studied law and practiced in Belleville, St. Clair County, be- coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in 1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois Volunteers during the Mexican War, and achieved distinction at Buena Vista. He represented Illi- nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855, being first elected as an Independent Democrat. On the pas- sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left the Demo- cratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on the Republican ticket. While in Congress he was challenged by Jefferson Davis after an inter- change of heated words respecting the relative coirrage of Northern and Southern soldiers, spoken in debate. Bissell accepted the challenge, naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis's friends objected, and the duel never occurred. Died in office, at Springfield, 111., March 18, 1860. BLACK, John Charles, lawyer and soldier, born at Lexington, MLss., Jan. 29, 1889, at eight years of age came with his widowed mother to Illinois ; while a student at Wabash College, Ind., in April, 1861, enlisted in the Union array, serv- ing gallantly and with distinction until Aug. 15, 1865. when, as Colonel of the 37th 111. Vol. Inf., he retired with the rank of BrevetBrigadier-General; was admitted to the bar in 1857, and after practic- ing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana, in 1885 was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving until 1889, when he removed to Chicago; served as Congressman-at-large (1893-95), and U. S. District Attorney (1895-99); Commander of the Loyal Legion and of the G. A. R. (Department of Illinois); was elected Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army at the Grand Encampment, 1903. Gen. Black received the honorary degree of A.M. from his Alma Mater and that of LL.D. from Knox College; in January, 1904, was appointed by President Roosevelt member of the U. S. Civil Service Commission, and chosen its President. BLACKBURN UNIVERSITY, located at Car- linville, Macoupin County. It owes its origin to the efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having induced friends in the East to unite with him in the purchase of Illinois lands at Government price, in 1837 conveyed 16,656 acres of these lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust for the founding of an institution of learning, intended particularly "to qualify young men for the gospel ministry. " The citizens of Carlinville donated funds wherewith to purchase eighty acres of land, near that city, as a site, which was included in the deed of trust. The enterprise lay dormant for many years, and it was not until 1857 that the institution was formally incorpo- rated, and ten years later it was little more than a high school, giving one course of instruction considered particularly adapted to prospective students of theology. At present (1898) there are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as preparatory and collegiate departments. The institution owns property valued at §110,000, of which §50,000 is represented by real estate and §40,000 by endowment fimds. BLACK HAWK, a Chief of the Sac tribe of Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia in 1767. (It is also claimed that he was born on Rock River, as well as within the present limits of Hancock County.) Conceiving that his people had been wrongfully despoiled of lands belonging to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is com- monly known as the Black Hawk War. His Indian name was Makabaimishekiakiak, signify- ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but susceptible to flattery, and while having many of the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral force. He was always attached to British inter- ests, and unquestionably received British aid of a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 49 substantial sort. After his defeat he was laade the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which humiliation of his pride broke his heart. He died on a reservation set apart for him in Iowa, in 1838, aged 71. His body is said to have been exhumed nine months after death, and his articu- lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved in the rooms of the Burlington (la.) Historical Society until 1835, when it was destroyed by fire. (See also Black Hairk War: Ajjpendix.) BLACKSTONE, Timothy B., Railway Presi- dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28, 1839. After receiving a common school educa- tion, supplemented by a course in a neighboring academy, at 18 he began the practical study of engineering in a corps employed by the New York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and the siune year became assistant engineer on the Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While thus employed he applied himself diligently to the study of the theoretical science of engineering, and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified to accept and fill the position of division engineer (from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen- tral Railway. On the completion of the main line of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later becoming financially interested therein, and being chosen President of the corjioration on the completion of the line. In January, 1864, the Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black- stone then became a Director in the latter organi- zation and, in April following, was chosen its President. This ofliice he filled uninterruptedly until April 1,1899, when the road passed into the hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also one of the original incorporators of the Union Stock Yards Company, and was its President from 1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con- spicuous for its long service, the uninterrupted success of his management of the enterprises entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for the interests of stockholders. This was illustrated by the fact that, for some thirty years, the Chicago & Alton Railroad paid dividends on its preferred and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8 J^ per cent per annum, and, on disposing of his stock conse- quent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora- tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected off'ers for his stock — aggregating nearly one-third of the whole — which would have netted him $1,000,000 in excess of the amount received, because he was unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage over smaller stockholders Died, Mav 26, 1900. BLACKWELL, Robert S., lawyer, was bom at Belleville, 111., in 1823. He belonged to a prominent family in the early history of the State, his fatlier, David Blackwell, who was also a lawyer and settled in BelleviUe about 1819, having been a member of the Second General Assembly (1820) from St. Clair County, and also of the Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was appointed by Governor Coles Secretary of State, succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, after- wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had just received from President Monroe the appoint- ment of Receiver of Public Moneys at the Edwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had been removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert BlackweU, a brother of David and the uncle of the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald"— after- wards "The Intelligencer" — at Kaskaskia, in 1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounts, being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who had become his partner on "The Intelligencer," and served as Auditor until the organization of the State Government in 1818. BlackweU & Berry were chosen State Printers after the removal of the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell located at Vandalia and served as a member of the House from Fayette County in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in the Senate, 1840-43. Robert S.— the son of David, and the younger member of this somewhat famous and historic family — whose name stands at the head of this paragraph, attended the common schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincy, beginning practice at Rushville. where he was associated for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, having for his first partner Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of the Supreme Court, still later being associated with a number of prominent lavryers of that day. He is de- scribed by his biographers as "an able lawyer, an eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar." "Blackwell on Tax Titles," from his pen, has been accepted by the profession as a high authority on that branch of law. He also published a revision 50 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract of Decisions of the Supreme Court," wliich had reached tlie third or fourth volume at his death, May 16. 1863. BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818, being descended through five generations of New England ancestors. After attending school in the town of Cortland, wliicli became his father's residence, at the age of 14 he obtained employ- ment in a stove and hardware store, four years later (1836) coming to Joliet, III., to take charge of a branch store which the firm had established there. The next year he purchased the stock and continued the business on his own account. In August, 1843, he removed to Chicago, where he established the earliest and one of the most extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that city, with which he remained connected nearly fifty years. During this period he was associated with various partners, including C. B. Nelson, E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton and others, besides, at times, conducting the business alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common with other business men of Chicago, but promptly resumed business and, within the next two or three years, had erected business blocks, succes- sively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired from business in 1888. He was a Director of the Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its organization in 1865, as also for a time of the Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of Lake Forest University, one of the Managers of the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago, May 10, 1899. BLAKELT, Darid, journalist, was born in Franklin County, Vt., in 1834; learned the print- er's trade and graduated from the University of Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical family which, under the name of "The Blakely Family," made several successful tours of the West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester, Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of State and ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, serving until 1865, when he resigned and, in partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago Evening Post," with which he was connected at the time of the great fire and for some time after- ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and became one of the proprietors and a member of the editorial stafiFof "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press." In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also conducting a large printing business in New York, which wa.s his residence. He was manager for several j'ears of the celebrated Gilmore Band of musicians, and also instrumental in organizing the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was manager up to the time of his decease in New York, Nov. 7, 189G. BLAKEMAJf , Curtiss, sea-captain, and pioneer settler, came from New England to Madison Count}-, III., in 1819, and settled in what was afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of which he was one of the founders. This settle- ment, of which the present town of Marine (first called Madison) was tlie outcome, took its name from the fact that several of tlie early settlers, like Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre- sented Madison County in the lower branch of the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822 and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery arnendment of the Constitution. A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent- ative in the Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth General AssembUes from Madison County. BLANCHARD, Jonathan, clergyman and edu cator, was born in Rookingliam, Vt., Jan. 19, 1811; graduated at Middlebury College in»1832; then, after teaching some time, spent two years in Andover Theological Seminary, finally gradu- ating in theology at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city. Before tliis time he had become interested in various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a delegate to the second World's Anti-Slavery Convention in London, serving as the American Vice-President of that body. In 1846 he assumed the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1858, during his connection with that institution doing much to increase its capacity and resources. After two years spent in pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency of Wheaton College, which he continued to fill vmtil 1882, wlien he was chosen President Emer- itus, remaining in this position until his death. May 14, 1892. BLAKDINSTILLE, a town in McDonough County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail- road, 26 miles soutlieast of Burlington, Iowa, and 64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship ping point for the grain grown in the surround- ing country, and has a grain elevatoi and steam flour and saw mills. It also has banks, two weekly newspapers and several churches. Popu- lation ()°"'^i 877; (1900). 995. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOt'EDIA OF ILLINOIS. 51 BLANEY, Jerome Van Zaudt, early physician, born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu- cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at Philadelphia when too young to receive his diploma ; in 1842 came west and joined Dr. Daniel Brainard in founding Rush Medical College at Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that institution ; also, fpr a time, occupied the chair of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwest- ern University. In 1861 he was appointed Sur- geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the army, and was Surgeon -in-Chief on the staff of General Sheridan at the time of the battle of Winchester; after the war was delegated by the Government to pay off medical officers in the Noi-thwest, in tliis capacity disbursing over §600,- 000 : finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel. Died, Dec. 11, 1874. BLATCHFOKD, Eliphalet Wickes, LL.D., son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater, N. Y., May 31, 1S20; being a grandson of Samuel Blatchford, D.D.,who came to New York from England, in 1795. He prepared for college at Lan- singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion College, Mo. , finally graduating at Illinois College, Jacksonville, in the class of 1845. After graduat- ing, he was employed for several years in the law offices of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford, New York. For considerations of health he re- tui-nedtothe West, and, in 1850, engaged in busi- ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St. Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch- ford & ColUns. In 1854 a branch was established in Chicago, kno\vn as Collins & Blatchford. After a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch- ford taking the Chicago business, which has continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co to the pres- ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably declined political offices, he has been recognized as a staunch Republican, and the services of few men have been in more frequent request for positions of trust in connection with educational and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer- ous positions of this character which he has been called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North- we.stern Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission, during the Civil War, to which he devoted a large part of his time ; Trustee of Illi- nois College (1866-75); President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences; a member, and for seven- teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Trustee of the Chicago Art Institute ; Executor and Trustee of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its incorpoi-ation. President of the Board of Trustees of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John Crerar Library; one of the founders and Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Manual Training School; life member of the Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty years President of the Board of Directors of the Chicago Theological Seminary; during his resi- dence in Chicago an officer of the New England Congregational Chm-ch; a corporate member of the American Board of Commissioners for For- eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice- President; a charter member of the City Missionary Society, and of the Congregational Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago Union League, the University, the Literary and the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven children — four sons and three daughters — have blessed this union, the eldest son, Paul, being to-day one of Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's life has been one of ceaseless and successful activity in business, and to liim Chicago owes much of its prosperity. In the giving of time and money for Christian, educational and benevo- lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and executive ability in carrying these enterprises to success. BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was bom at New- field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799; removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., and was educated at Cambridge Academy and Union College in that State, graduating in 1820. He finished his theological course at Princeton, N. J. , in 1823, after which he ministered succes- sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate of the First Congregational Church of Bridge- port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend- ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111. , and, in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he remained until compelled by failing health to resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac- cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi- losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently assuming the Presidency. The institution having been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the remainder of his Ufe. His death occurred in St. Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served 52 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful, acceptable and successful performance of his ministerial duties. He was married in 1825 to Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliphalet Wickes, Esq., of Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y. BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law- yer, was bom in Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809; graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib- son, Indian Territory, retired from the army in 1832. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon College, Ohio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav- ing studied theology, he served for several years as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac- tice of law, remaining several years, when he removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the University of Virginia. He then entered the Confederate service with the rank of Colonel, but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of War; in 1863 visited England to collect material for a work on the Constitution, which was pub- lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, where he began the publication of "The Southern Review," which became the recognized organ of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later he became a minister of the Methodist Church. He gained considerable reputation for elocjuence during his residence in Illinois, and was the author of a nimiber of works on reUgious and political subjects, the latter maintaining the right of secession; was a man of recognized ability, but lacked stability of character. Died at Alexandria, Ta., Dec. 8, 1877. BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, was born at Amherst, Mass., in 1821. At the age of 10 years he removed with his parents to Illinois, where he attended the district schools, later returning to Amherst to spend a year at the Academy. Returning home, he spent the years 1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he began the study of law at Chicago, being admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac- tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature from Lake County, as an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 1858, to the State Senate, in the latter serving four years. He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being employed at different times by the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg & Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named road he was one of the projectors, procuring its charter, and being identified with it in the sev- eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi- dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. This position he continued to occupy for twenty-two years, resign- ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi- dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the United States before the Behriug Sea Arbitrators at Paris, which was his last official service. BLOOMIXGDALE, a village of Du Page County, 30 miles west by north from Chicago. Population (1880), 226; (1890), 463; (1900), 235. BLOOMINGTON, the county-seat of McLean County, a flourishing city and railroad center, 59 miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri- cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car shops and repair works employing some 2,000 hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur- naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wes- leyan University, has fine public schools, several newspapers (two published daily), besides educa- tional and other publications. Tlie business sec- tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin- cipal streets are paved and electric street cars con- nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or- phans' Home." Pop. (1890). 20.284; (1900), 23,286. BLOOMI>GTO>' COXVEXTION OF 1856. Although not formally called as such, this was the first Republican State Convention held in Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub- lican organization in the State. A mass conven- tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska Convention") was held at Springfield during the week of the State Fair of 1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5), and, although it adopted a platform in harmony with the principles which afterwards became tlie foundation of the Republican party, and appointed a State Central Committee, besides putting in nomination a candidate for State Treasurer — tlie only State officer elected that year — the organi- zation was not perpetuated, the State Central Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call issued by a State Central Committee appointed by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held at Decatur on February 22, 18.56. (See Anti-Neb- HISTOEICAL E^'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 53 raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not even contain the word "Republican," but was addressed to those opposed to the principles of the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing Democratic administration. The Convention met on May 29, 1856, the date designated b3- the Editorial Convention at Becatur. but was rather in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- ties of the State at that time. Consequently representation was very unequal and followed no systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties into which the State was then divided, only seventy were represented by delegates, ranging from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty counties (embracing nearly the whole of the southern part of the State) entirely unrepre- sented. Lee County had the largest representa- tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- gates, while Cook County had seventeen and Sangamon had five. The whole number of delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, John M. Pahner, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards became prominent in State politics. The delega- tion from Cook County included the names of John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and Charles L. AVilson. The temporarj' organization was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams County in the cliair, followed by the election of John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent President. The other officers were: Vice-Presi- dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook: John H. Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren; Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith of Madison: Thomas A. Marshall of Coles ; J. M. Ruggles of Mason ; G. D. A. Parks of Will, and John Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries — Henrj' S. Baker of Madison ; Charles L. Wilson of Cook ; John Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State ticket was put in nomination consisting of William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- tion) ; Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of Lawrence, for Auditor; James Miller of McLean, for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria, for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi- dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew, and his place was subsequently filled by the nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat- form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition to the extension of slavery into new territory. A delegation was appointed to the National Con- vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, following, and a State Central Committee was named to conduct the State campaign, consisting of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County; Asahel Gridley of McLean; Burton C. Cook of La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the occasion, before the convention or in popular meetings held while the members were present in Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown- ing, Owen Lovejo}', Abraham Lincoln, Burton C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out the policy of the administration for making Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has been universally regarded by those who heard it as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house- divided-against-itself" speech of Jime 17, 1858. John L. Scripps. editor of "The Chicago Demo- cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half lie (Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by the power of his argument, the intense irony of his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after cheer told how deeply their hearts had been touched and their souls warmed up to a generous enthusiasm." At the election, in November following, although the Democratic candidate for President carried the State by a pluralitj- of over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in nomination at Bloomington was successful by majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the several candidates. BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on the Calumet River and the Chicago. Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and the Illinois Central Railwavs. 1.5 miles south of 64 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago. It has a high school, churches and two newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. Population (1890). 2..V:i; (1900), 6,114. BLUE 1SL.\ND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96 miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; capital stock §25,000; operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt (1895) was $100,000 and its floating debt. §3,779. BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De- catur;: in rich grain and live-stock region; has three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 714. BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of the Wabash Railway, 53 miles west of Spring- field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 163; (1890), 421; (1900), 539. BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was brought by his parents to Ohio when five years old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1863, when, having been appointed Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for that District, he re- moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies (1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and Twentieth (1854-58), and Trustee of the Institu- tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, remaining in the latter position seventeen years under the successive administrations of Gov- ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- idge — the last five years of his service being President of the Board. He was also President of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon to reside with his daughter, the widow of the late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years Representative in Congress from the Eighth District. BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the State Government, created by an act of the Legis- lature, approved August 3, 1895. It is appointed by the Executive and is composed of three mem- bers (not more than two of whom can belong to the same political party), one of whom must be an employer of labor and one a member of some labor organization. The term of office for the members first named was fixed at two j'ears; after March 1, 1897, it is to be three years, one member retiring annually. A compensation of SI,. 500 per annum is allowed to each member of the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be a stenographer, receives a salary of $1,300 per annum. When a controversy arises between an individual, firm or corporation employing not less than twenty-five persons, and his or its employes, application may be made by the aggrieved party to the Board for an inquiry into the nature of the disagreement, or both parties may unite in the submission of a case. The Board is required to visit the locality, carefully investi- gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci- sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once made public. If the application be filed by the employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula- tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out for the space of three weeks after its date. In like manner, complaining employes must promise to continue peacefully at work, under existing conditions, for a like period. The Board is granted power to send for persons and papers and to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions are binding upon applicants for six months after rendition, or until either part}' shall have given the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or their intention not to be bound thereby. In case the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists between employes and an employer having less than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is made the duty of the body to put itself into communication with both employer and employes and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement between them by mediation. The absence of any provision in the law prescribing penalties for its violation leaves the observance of the law, in its present form, dependent upon the voluntary action of the parties interested. BOARD OF EiJUALIZATION, a body organ- ized under act of the General Assembly, ajiproved March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five members, one from each Senatorial District. The first Board was appointed by the Governor, holding office two years, afterwards becoming elective for a term of four years. In 1872 the law was amended, reducing the number of mem- bers to one for each Congressional District, the whole number at that time becoming nineteen, with the Auditor as a member ex-officio, who usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted of twenty elective members, but. in 1897, it was increased to twenty-two. The Board meets annually on the second Tuesday of August. The abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in the several counties of the State are laid before HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 55 it for examination and equalization, but it may not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase it more than one per cent. Its powers over the returns of the assessors do not extend beyond equalization of assessments between counties. The Board is required to consider the various classes of property separately, and determine such rates of addition to or deduction from the listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre- scribe rules for determining the value of all the classes of property enumerated — personal, real, railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by the Board. Its consideration having been completed, the Board is required to summarize the results of its labors in a comparative table, which must be again examined, compared and perfected. Reports of each annual meeting, with the results reached, are printed at the expense of the State and distributed as are other public documents. The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis- tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (2) John J. McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew Mc- Ansh, (5) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin, (7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers, (9) Charles A. Works, (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11) Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13) Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader, (15) J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17) Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19) Richard Cadle, (20) Charles Emerson, (21) John W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the Auditor of Public Accounts as exofficio member — the District members being divided politically in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four Democrats. BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES, a State Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in 1869, upon the recommendation of Governor Oglesby. The act creating the Board gives the Commissioners supervisory oversight of the financial and administrative conduct of all the charitable and correctional institutions of the State, with the exception of the penitentiaries, and they are especially charged with looking after and caring for the condition of the paupers and the insane. As originally constituted the Board consisted of five male members who em- ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made for the appointment of a female Commissioner. The office is not elective. The Board has always carefully scrutinized the accounts of the various State charitable institutions, and, under its man- agement, no charge of peculation against any official connected with the same has ever been substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to inmates. Its supervision of the county jails and almshouses has been careful and conscientious, and has resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers and the inmates. The Board, at the close of the year 1898, consisted of the following five mem- bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren- thesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence (1899), Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal- houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1902). J. C. Cor- bus was President and Frederick H. Wines, Secretary. BOtJARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841, and left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated in the common schools, began working in a store at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- ous service" before Petersburg. While in the service he participated in some of the most important battles in Virginia, and was once wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located in Ford County, 111., where he has been a success- ful operator in real estate. He has been twice elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and '86) and three times to the State Senate (1888, '92 and '96), and has served on the most important committees in each house, and has proved him- self one of the most useful members. At the session of 1895 he was chosen President pro tern. of the Senate. BOGGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County, 111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native town; has held the offices of State's Attorney, County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit, being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In June. 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. Baker, his term to continue until 1906. BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of William and Electa (Stetson) Bolt wood, was born at Am- herst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst College in 1853. While in college he taught school every winter, commencing on a salary of $4 per week and "boarding round" among the scholars. After graduating he taught in acad- emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pembroke and 56 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Derrj', N. H., and in tlie high school at Law- rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner for Rockingham County, N. H. In 1864 he went into the service of the Sanitary Commission in the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the close of the war ; was also ordained Chaplain of a colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered in. After the close of the war he was employed as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111. , for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- ized the first township high school ever organized in the State, where he remained eleven years. He afterwards organized the township high school at Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which, in 1883, he organized and took charge of the township liigh school at Evanston, where he has since been employed in his jsrofession as a teacher. Professor Bolt wood has been a member of the State Board of Education and has served as President of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher he has given special attention to English language and literature, and to history, being the author of an English Grammar, a High School Speller and "Topical Outlines of General History," besides many contributions to educational jour- nals. He has done a great deal of institute work, both in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known somewhat as a tariff reformer. BOND, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Raven- na, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1829 ; educated in the common schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring in local factories ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr. Bond served several terms in the Chicago City Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and served two terms in the General Assem- bly— 1866-70. BOND, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in Congress from lUinois and first Governor of the State, was born in Maryland, and, after being liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory. He served as a member of the first Territorial Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys ; he also held a comnaission as Captain in the War of 1812. On the admission of the State, in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas- kia, April 13. 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then comprehending all lUinois) to the Territorial Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly organized Territory of Indiana. BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north- east from St. Louis, having an area of 880 square miles and a population 1900) of 16,078. The first American settlers located here in 1807, com- ing from the South, and building Hill's and Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely twenty-five log cabins in the county.' The county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin was erected in 1815 by George Davidson. The county was organized in 1818, and named in honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original limits included the present counties of Clinton, Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit Court at Hill's Station. The first court house was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county contains good timber and farming lands, and at some points, coal is found near the siu-face. BONNET, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re- former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled in Peoria, 111., in 1850, where he pursued the avocation of a teacher while studying law ; was admitted to the bar in 1852, but removed to Chi- cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in practice; served as President of the National Law and Order League in New York in 1885, being repeatedly reelected, and has also been President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as well as a member of the American Bar Associa- tion. Among the reforms which he has advo- cated are constitutional prohibition of special legislation; an extension of equity practice to bankruptcy and other law proceedings ; civil serv- ice pensions ; State Boards of labor and capital, etc. He has also published some treatises in book form, chiefly on legal questions, besides editing a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arrington, with a sketch of his Character" (1869. ) As Presi- dent of tlie World's Congresses Auxiliary, in 1893, Mr. Bonney contributed largely to the success of that very interesting and important feature of the great Columbian Exposition in Chicago. BOONE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was born near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 — a descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re- ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania University and came to Edwardsville, 111., at an HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 57 early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of a cavalry company ; came to Chicago in 1836 and engaged in the insurance business, later resuming the practice of his profession; served several terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in 1855 by a combination of temperance men and Know- Nothings ; acquired a large property by operations in real estate. Died, February, 1883 BOONE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north- ern tier" of counties, liaving an area of only 290 square miles, and a population (1900) of 15,791. Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the principal products are oats and corn. The earli- est settlers came from New York and New Eng- land, and among them were included Medkiflf, Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had evaoiiated the country), came the Shattuck brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. BuUard, Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H. C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families. Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken- tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north side of the Kishwaukee River. The county -seat (Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy built soon after. The first Protestant church was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev. Dr. King. BOURBONNAIS, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (1900). 59.5. BOTJTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Boston, Mass., March 14, 1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, in the long struggle during the following session, participated in the election of Gen. John A. Logan to the United States Senate for the last time. At a special election held in the Sixth Illinois District in November, 1897, he was elected Representative in Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred- ecessor, Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719 over all. BOUTON, Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1828; in his youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut, but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards became a partner, in the manufacture of car- wheels and railway castings. Later he became associated with the American Bridge Company's works, which was sold to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863. He then became the head of the Union Foundry Works, which having been consolidated with the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr. Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms before the Civil War, and served as Assistant Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment) from 1862 until after the battle of Chickamauga. BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18; studied law at Cliambersburg and was admitted to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where he practiced until 1856, when he removed to Illi- nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist in the Seveuteentli Illinois Infantry, in which he held the position of Captain. At the close of the war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and, in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- seventh General Assemblies. He was also a Republican Representative from Ids District in the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses (1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 28, 1897. BRACEVILLE, a town in Grundy County, 61 miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining is the principal industry. The town has two banks, two churches and good public schools. Population (1890), 2,150; (1900), 1,669. BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda and Rushville branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway ; is in excellent farming region and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel- lent high school building, fine churches, good hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773. BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge, was born in Bedford County, Va., July 12, 1787. He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the first postmaster in Washington County (at Gov- 58 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ington), the first school-teacher and the first Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the time of his death he was Probate and County Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, he was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus- tody of all the county's money. For several years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor, and in that capacity surveyed much of the south part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21, 1839. BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and editor, was born at Loughborough, England, April 16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In 1833 they emigi-ated to Jacksonville, 111., but the following year removed to Wheeling, Cook County, settling on a farm, where the younger Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His first schooling was obtained in a country log- school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo- renzo Sa%vyer for an instructor. He also took a course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a manual-labor school, supporting himself by work- ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood, etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem- phis, Tenn., the same year, where they engaged in teacliing a select school, the subject of this sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to reading law. He was admitted to the bar there, but after a stay of less than two years in Mem- phis, returned to Chicago and began practice. In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook County, and re-elected four years later, but declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of his term occurring during the progress of the Civil War, he had the opportvmity of rendering some vigorous decisions which won for him the reputation of a man of courage and inflexible independence, as well as an incorruptible cham- pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly from Cook Count}', and re-elected in 1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by many believed to have been honestly elected, though his opponent received the certificate. He made a contest for the seat, and the majority of the Committee on Elections reported in his favor ; but he was defeated through the treach- ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit- ical friend. He is the author of the law making women eligible to school offices in Illinois and allowing them to become Notaries Public, and has always been a champion for equal rights for women in the professions and as citizens. He was a Second Lieutenant of the One Himdred and Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848 ; presided over the American Woman's Suffrage Associa- tion at its organization in Cleveland; has been President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi- cago Bar Association, and, for a number of years, the Historian of the latter ; one of the founders and President of the Union League Club, besides being associated with many other social and business organizations. At present (1899) he is editor of "The Chicago Legal News," founded by his wife thirty years ago, and with which he has been identified in a business capacity from its establishment. — Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife of Judge BradweU, was born at Manchester, Vt., Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's side from the Chase family to which Bishop Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter Secretary of the Treasurj' and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought to Portage, N. Y. , where she remained until she was twelve years of age, when her family re- moved west. She attended school in Kenosha, Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1852, she was married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately going to Memphis, Tenn., where, vrith the assist- ance of her husband, she conducted a select school for some time, also teaching in the public schools, when they returned to Chicago. In the early part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their families at home, becoming President of the Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1863 and in 1865. After the war she commenced the study of law and, in 1868, began the publication of "The Chicago Legal News," with which she re- mained identified until her death — also publishing biennially an edition of the session laws after each .session of the General Assembly. After passing a most creditable examination, applica- tion was made for her admission to the bar in 1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as was also done by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1873, on the latter occasion Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892, and was the first lady member of the State Bar Associ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 59 ation. Other organizations with wliich she was identified embraced the Illinois State Press Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol- diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although much before the public during the latter years of her life, she never lost the refinement and graces which belong to a true woman. Died, at her home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894. BRAIDWOOD, a city in Will County, incorpo- rated in 1860 ; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal- mining point, and in the heart of a rich agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890). 4.641 : (1900), 3,279. BRANSO\, Nathaniel W., lawyer, was born in Jacksonville, 111. , May 29, 1837 ; was educated in the private and public schools of that city and at Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1857 ; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi- nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1860, soon after establishing himself in practice at Petersburg, Menard County, where he has ever since resided. In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po- sition which he held thirteen years. He was also elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1873, by re-election in 1874 serving four years in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois to the National Republican Convention of 1876, and served for several years most efficiently as a Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the Board. Politically a conservative Republican, and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po- sitions which he has occupied have come to him unsought and in recognition of his fitness and capacity for the proper discharge of their duties. BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 33, 1813; brought up as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838 and became editor of "The Louisville Adver- tiser" in 1841. In 1843 he opened a law office in Springfield, 111., and the following year was appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was appointed to revise the statutes of the State. Later he devoted much attention to railroad enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc- tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com- pleted before the war, and almost wholly de- stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth UUnois Volunteers, taking part in a number of the early battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con- duct at the latter, and for a time served as Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler- nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep- tember, 1862, at the close of the war receiving the brevet rank of Major-General. After the close of the war he devoted considerable atten- tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the South; edited "The Illinois State Journal," 1872 73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap- pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis. Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 27, 1895. BREESE, a village in Clinton County, on Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of St. Louis ; has coal mines, water system, bank and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 808, (1900), 1,571. BREESE. Sidney, statesman and jurist, was born at Whitesboro, N. Y., (according to the generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800. Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult to secure authentic data on the subject; but his arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at Union College, and his admission to the bar in 1830, have induced many to believe that the date of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier. He was related to some of the most prominent families in' New York, including the Livingstons and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas- kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas- kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State, and, in December, 1830, superintended the re- moval of the archives of that office to Vandalia, the new State capital. Later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position from 1833 till 1837, when he became United States District Attorney for Illinois. He was the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, issuing its first volume of decisions; served" as Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the 60 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Black Hawk War (1833) ; in 1835 was elected to the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to the Supreme bench, serving less than two years, when lie resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1843 as the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter for the office. While in the Senate (1843-49) he served as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the construction of a transcontinental railway to the Pacific. He was also one of the originators and active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 , again became Circuit Judge in 1855 and returned to the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than one term as Chief Justice, the last being in 1873-74. His home during most of his public life in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred at Pinckneyville, June 38, 1878. BRE>TANO, Lorenzo, was born at Mannheim, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov. 14, 1813; was educated at the Universities ol Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of LL.D., and attaining high honors, both profes- sional and political. He was successively a member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became President of the Provisional Republican Gov- ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced to find an asylum in the United States. He first settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich., as a farmer, but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the field of journalism, becoming editor and part proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He held various public offices, being elected to the Legislature in 1863, serving five years as Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a Republican Presidential Elector in 18C8, and United States Consul at Dresden in 1873 (a gen- eral amnesty having been granted to the participants in the revolution of 1848), and Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891. BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence Coimty, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487. BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of the city) of Chicago, located at the junction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South Branch of the Cliicago River. It is now the center of the large slaughtering and packing industrj'. BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO BAIL- WAY. (See Cliicago 'TRALIA, a city and railway center of Marion County, 250 miles south of Chicago. It forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt" of Southern Illinois ; has a number of coal mines, a gla.ss plant, an envelope factory, iron foundries, railroad repair shops, flour and rolling mills, and an ice plant ; also has water-works and sewerage system, a fire department, two daily papers, and excellent graded schools. Several parks afford splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890), 4,763; (1900), 6,721; (1903, est), 8,000. CENTRALIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD. (See Cenfralia cfr Chester Railroad.) CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail way line wholly within the State, extending from Salem, in Marion Count}', to Chester, on the Mississippi River (91.6 miles), with a lateral branch from Sparta to Roxboi'ough (5 miles), and trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from the branch junction to Centralia (2 9 miles)— 86 HTSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December, 1887, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in 1889, and consolidated the same year witli the Sparta & Evansville and the Centralia & Alta- mont Railroads (projected); line completed from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. The branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in 1895, the section of the main line from Centralia to Salem (14.9 miles) in 1896, and that from Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98. The road was placed in the hands of a receiver, June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension and equipment made under authority granted by the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's certificates. The total capitalization is §3,374,- 841, of which .$978,000 is in stocks and $948,000 in bonds. CENTRAL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail road.) CERRO GORDO, a town in Piatt County, 13 miles by rail east-northeast of Decatur. The crop of cereals in the surrounding country is sufficient to support two elevators at Cerro Gordo, which has also a flouring mill, brick and tile factories, etc. There are three churches, graded schools, a bank and two newspaper offices. Population (1890), 939; (1900), 1,008. CHADDOCK COLLEGE, an institution under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Quincy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is coeduca- tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and reports 127 students— 70 male and 57 female— in the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual depart- ments in literature, science and the classics, instruction is given to classes in theology, music, the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It has property valued at $110,000, and reports an endowment fund of $8,000. CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Crowder, geologist and educator, was born near Mattoon, 111., Sept. 2S, 1845; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin, in 1866: took a course in Michigan University (1868-69); taught in various Wisconsin institu- tions, also discharged the duties of State Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at Columbian University, Washington, D. C. In IbTS, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu- cational exhibits of Wisconsin, at the Interna- tional Exposition of that year — during his visit making a special study of the Alpine glaciers. In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he became Head Professor of Geology at the Univer- sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is also editor of the University "Journal of Geol- ogy" and President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a number of volumes on educational and scientific subjects, chiefl}' in the line of geology. He received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer- sity of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian University, all on the same date (1887). CHAMP.VIGN, a flourishing city in Champaign County, 128 miles southwest of Chicago and 83 miles northeast of Springfield; is the intersecting point of three lines of railway and connected with the adjacent city of Urbana. the county- seat, by an electric railway. The University of Illinois, located in Urbana, is contiguous to the city. Champaign has an excellent system of water-works, well-paved stt'eets, and is lighted by both gas and electricity. The surrounding coun- try is agricultural, but the city has manufac- tories of carriages and machines. Three papers are published here, besides a college weekly con- ducted by the students of the Universitj-. The Burnham Hospital and the Garwood Old Ladies' Home are located in Champaign. In the resi- dence portion of the city there is a handsome park, covering ten acres and containing a notable piece of bronze statuaiy , and several smaller parks in other sections. There are several handsome cliurches, and excellent schools, both public and private. Population (1890), 5,839; (1900), 9,098. CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, situated in the eastern half of the central belt of the State; area, 1,008 square miles; population (1900), 47,622. The county was organized in 1833, and named for a county in Ohio. The physical conformation is flat, and the soil lich. The county lies in the heart of what was once called the "Grand Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal underlie the surface, but overlying quick.sands interfere with their operation. The Sangamon and Kaskaskia Rivers have their sources in this region, and several railroads cross the county. The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow clay. Urbana (with a population of 5,708 in 1900) is the county-seat. Other important points in the county are Champaign (9,000), Tolono (1.000), and Rantoul (1,200). Champaign and Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the Illinois State University extend into each corpo- ration, being largely situated in Champaign. Large drifted masses of Niagara limestone are found, interspersed with coal measure limestone and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel and quicksand of the drift formation are found beneath the subsoil to the depth of 1.50 to 300 feet. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 87 CHAMPAIGN, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL- ROAU. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at West Woodstock, Conn., July 2, 1806; graduated witli the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt., and, in 1839, located in Scituate, R. I. ; in 1832, started with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now Peoria), 111., but was stopped at Beardstown bj^ the "Black Hawk War," finally locating on the Sangamon River, in Cass Coimty, wliere, in 1848, he laid out the town of Chandlerville — Abraham Lincoln being one of the surveyors who platted the town. Here he gained a large practice, which he was compelled, in his later years, par- tially to abandon in consequence of injuries received while prosecuting his profession, after- wards turning his attention to merchandising and encouraging the development of the locality in which he lived by promoting the construction of railroads and the building of schoolhouses and churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ- ence for good extended over a large region. Died, April 7, 1879. CHANDLER, Henry B., new,spaper manager, was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 13, 1836 ; at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of the business department of "The Detroit Free Press" ; in 1861, came to Chicago with Wilbur F. Storey and became business manager of "The Chicago Times"; in 1870, disagreed with Storey and retired from newspaper business. Died, at Yonkers, N. Y.. Jan. 18, 1896. CHANDLERVILLE, a village in Cass County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, 7 miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in 1848 by Dr. Charles Chandler, and platted by Abraham Lincoln. It has a bank, a creamery, four churches, a weekly newspaper, a flour and a saw-mill. Population (1890), 910; (1900), 940. CHAPIN, a village of Morgan County, at the intersection of the Wabash and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 10 miles west of Jacksonville. Population (1890), 450; (1900), 514. CHAPPELL, Charles H., railway manager, was born in Du Page County, 111., March 3, 1841. With an ardent passion for the railroad business, (it the age of 16 he obtained a position as freight brakeman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, being steadily promoted through the ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher, until, in 1865, at the age of 24, he was appointed General Agent of the Eastern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad positions which Mr. Chappell has since held are: Superintendent of a division of the Union Pacific (1869-70); Assistant or Division Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of its branches (1870-74) ; General Superintendent of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas (1874-76) ; Superintendent of the Western Division of the Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted the position of Assistant General Superintendent of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, being advanced in the next three years through the grades of General Superintendent and Assistant General Manager, to that of General Manager of the entire system, which he has continued to fill for over twelve years. Quietly and without show or display, Mr. Chappell continues in the discharge of his duties, assisting to make tlie system with which he is identified one of the most successful and perfect in its operation in the whole country. CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles County, an incorporated city and a railway junc- tion, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It lies in the center of a farming region, yet lias several factories, including woolen and flouring mills, broom, plow and carriage factories, a foundry and a canning factory. Three newspapers are published here, issuing daily editions. Population (1890), 4,135; (1900), 5,488. The Eastern State Normal School was located here in 1895. CHARLESTON, NEOGA & ST. LOUIS RAIL- ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Lotas & Kansas City Railroad.) CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavier de, a celebrated French traveler and an early explorer of Illinois, born at St. Quentin, France, Oct. 29, 1683. He entered the Jesuit Society, and while a student was sent to Quebec (1695), where for four years he was instructor in the college, and completed his divinity studies. In 1709 he returned to France, but came again to Quebec a few j'ears later. He ascended the St. Lawrence, sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie, and finally reached the Mississippi by way of the Illinois River. After visiting Cahokia and the surrounding county (1720-21), he continued down the Jlississippi to New Orleans, and returned to France by way of Santo Domingo. Besides some works on religiovis subjects, he was the author of histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo. His great work, however, was the "History of New France," which was not published until twenty years after his death. His journal of his American explorations appeared about the same time. His history has long been cited by scholars as authority, but no English translation was made until 1865, wlien it was undertaken bv Shea. Died in France, Feb. 1, 1761. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal Bishop, was born in Cornish, Vt., Dec 14, 1775, and graduated at Dartmouth in 1795. Although reared as a Congregationalist, he adopted the Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in 1799, for several years laboring as a missionary in Nortliern and Western New York. In 1805, he went to New Orleans, but returning North in 1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven, Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio, organizing a number of parishes and founding an academy at Worthiugton ; was consecrated a Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon College and Gambler Theological Seminary, named in lionor of two English noblemen who had contributed a large portion of the funds. Differences arising with some of his clergy in reference to the proper use of the funds, he resigned both the Bishopric and the Presidency of the college in 1831. and after three years of missionary labor in Michigan, in 1835 was chosen Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to England, he succeeded in raising additional funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a charter was obtained in 1847. He was a man of great reHgious zeal, of indomitable perseverance and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop from 1843 until his death, which occurred Sept. 30, 1852. Several volumes appeared from his pen, the most important being "A Plea for the West" (1826), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography, Comprising a History of the Principal Events in the Author's Life" (1848). CHATHAM, a village of Sangamon Coimty, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of Springfield. Population (1890), 482; (1900), C29, CHATSWORTH, town in Livingston County, on 111. Cent, and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail- ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and stock-raising district; has two banks, three grain elevators, five churches, a graded school, two weekly papers, water- works, electric lights, paved streets, cement sidewalks, biick works, and other manufactories. Pop. (1890), 827; (1900), 1,038. CHEBANSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee Counties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64 miles south-southwest from Chicago; the place has two banks and one newspaper. Population (1880), 728; (1890), 616; (1900). 555. CHEXEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was bom in Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1836; graduated at Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after ordination he became rector of Christ Church, Chicago, and was prominent among those wlio, under the leadersliip of Assistant Bishop Cum- mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza- tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church, Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873. CHENEY, John Vance, author and librarian, was born at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848, though the family home was at Dorset, Vt., where he grew up and received his primary edu- cation. He acquired his academic training at Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy, Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in 1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the same institution. Having studied law, he was admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts and New York; but meanwliile having written considerablj' for the old "Scribner's Monthly" (now "Century Magazine"), while under the editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually adopted literature as a profession. Removing to the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining until 1894, when he accepted the position of Librarian of the Newberry Library in Chicago, as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased. Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney is the author of nmnerous essays on literary subjects. His published works include "Thistle- Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems (1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen," poem (1895) and "Out of tlie Silence," poem (1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild, " by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Caxton Club's edition of Derby's Phoenixiana. CHENOA, an incorporated city of McLean County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and the Chicago & Alton Rail- roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago. Agriculture, dairy farming, fruit-growing and coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur- rounding region. The city also has an electric light plant, water-work.s, canning works and tile works, besides two banks, seven churches, a graded school, two weekly papers, and telephone systems connecting with the surrounding coun- try. Population (1890), 1,226; (1900), 1,513. CHESBROUGH, Ellis Sylvester, civil engineer, was bora in Baltimore, Md . July 6, 1813; at the CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 89 age of thirteen was chainman to an engineering party on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being later employed on other roads. In 1837, he was appointed senior assistant engineer in the con- struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles- ton Railroad, and, in 1846, Chief Engineer of the Boston Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com- missioner of the Water Department of that city. In 18.J.5, he became engineer of the Chicago Board of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity designed the sewerage system of the city — also planning the river tunnels. He resigned the "iffice of Commissioner of Public Works of Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author- ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died, August 19, 1886. CHESNUT, John A., lawyer, was bom in Ken- tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. was educated principally in his native State, but came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H. Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until 1855, when he removed to Springfield and engaged in real estate and banking business. Mr. Ches- nut was associated with many local business enterprises, was for several years one of the Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same place, and was Supervisor of the United States Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880. Died, Jan. 14, 1898. CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph County, situated on the Mississippi River, 76 miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal, and is a prominent shipping point for this com- modity : also has quarries of building stone. It has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills and foundries. Population (1880), 2,580; (1890), 3,708; (1900), 2,833. CHETLAIN, Augustus Louis, soldier, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 36, 1824, of French Hugue- not stock — his parents having emigrated from Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in Manitoba. Having received a common school education, he became a merchant at Galena, and was the first to volunteer there in response to the call for troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in 1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, which General Grant had declined; participated in the campaign on the Tennessee River which resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel ; also distinguished liimself at Corinth, where he remained in command until Nay, 1863, and organized the first colored regi- ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in charge of the organization of colored troops in Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being brevetted Major-General in January, 1864. From January to October, 1865, he commanded the post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla- dega, Ala., until January, 1866, when he was mustered out of the service. General Chetlain was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United States Consul at Brussels, serving imtil 1873, on his return to the United States establishing himself as a banker and broker in Chicago. CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County, chief city of Illinois and (1890) second city in population in the United States. Situation.— The city is situated at the south- west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of the extreme southern point of the lake, at the mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash- ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis. From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles. Latitude 41° 53' north; longitude 87° 35' west of Greenwich. Area (1898), 186 square miles. Topography. — Chicago stands on the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawreice basins. It is 502 feet above sea-level, and its highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi- gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou, dividing into north and south branches about a half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering science and skill have done much for it in the way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal terminates at a point on the south branch of the .Chicago River, within the city limits, and unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Illinois River. CoMjiERCE. — The Chicago River, with its branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 60 miles, the greater part of which is utilized for the shipment and unloading of grain, Ivunber, stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Another navigable stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the 90 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi- cago River, with its branches, navigable for vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been widened and deepened. Well constructed break- Avaters protect the vessels lying inside, and the port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels arriving there exceeds that of any other port in the United States. During 1897, 9,156 vessels arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,209,443, while 9,301 cleared, representing a tonnage of 7,185,324. It is the largest grain market in the world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity of 33, 550, 000 bushels. According to the reports of the Board of Trade, the total receipts and shipments of grain for the year 1898 — counting flour as its grain equiva- lent in bushels — amounted to 323,097,453 bushels of the former, to 389,930,038 bushels of the latter. The receipts and shipments of various products for the year (1898) were as follows: Flour (bbls.) . Wheat (bu.) . . Corn "... Oats "... Rye "... Barley " . . . Cured Meats (lbs.) Dressed Beef " . Live-stock — Hogs " Cattle " Sheep Receipts. 5,316,195 35,741,555 137,436,374 110,293,647 4,935,308 18,116,594 229,005,346 110,286,653 9,360,968 2,480,632 3,503,378 Shipments. 5,033,336 38,094,900 130,397,681 85,057,636 4,453,384 6,755,347 933,637,723 1,060,859,808 1,834,768 864.408 545,001 Chicago is also an important lumber market, the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being 1,562,537 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork- packing, the city is without a rival in the amount of its products, there having been 92,459 cattle and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank clearings and general mercantile business it ranks second only to New York, while it is also one of the chief manufacturing centers of the country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu- facturing establishments, with a capital of $29?,- 477,038; employing 203,108 hands, and turning out products valued at §632,184,140. Of the out- put by far the largest was that of the slaughter- ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting to $203,825,093; men's clothing came next ($32,- "^^",236) ; iron and steel, 831,419,854; foundry and machine shop products, $29,928,616; planed lumber, $17,604,494. Chicago is also the most important live-stock market in the United States. The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of the city) are connected with all railroad lines entering the c'tv, and cover manv hundreds of acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049 animals (of all descriptions), valued at $148,057,- 626, Chicago is also a primary market for hides and leather, the production and sales being both of large proportions, and the trade in manufac- tured leather (notably in boots and shoes) exceeds that of any other market in the country. Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also brick-making, distilling and brewing. Transportation, etc. — Besides being the chief port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to no other American city as a railway center. The old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad, was operated in 1849, and within three years a substantial advance had been scored in the way of steam transportation. Since then the multi- plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In 1895 not less than thirty-eight distinct lines enter the city, although these are operated by only twenty -two companies. Some 2,600 miles of railroad track are laid within the city limits. The number of trains daily arriving and depart- ing (suburban and freight included) is about 3,000. Intramural transportation is afforded by electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches, and numerous bridges connect the various divi- sions of the city. History. — Point du Sable (a native of San Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of Chicago other than the aborigines. The French missionaries and explorers — Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Hennepin and others — came a century earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673. After the expulsion of the French at the close of the French and Indian War, the territory passed under British control, though French traders remained in this vicinity after the War of the Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc- ceeded by John Kinzie, the Indian trader, who came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa- cred by the savages. (See Fort Dearborn. ) The fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement established around it. The first Government survey was made, 1829-30. Early residents were the Kinzies, the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather aided in developing the resources and increasing Ill ^ S o HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 91 the population of the infant settlement by draw- ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of mutual protection. Town organization was effected on August 10, 1832, the total number of votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly for a time, but received a set-back in the financial crisis of 1837. During May of that year, how- ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became a cit}'. The total number of votes cast at that time was 703. Tlie census of the city for the 1st of July of that year showed a population of 4,180. Tlie following table shows the names and term of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to 1899: 1837 1838 1839 1340 1841 1842 1843 !S44 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 185S 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877-78 1879-80 1881-82 1883-84 1885-86 1887-88 1889-90 1891-92 1893-94 City Clerk. C'TY ATTORNEY. Wm. B. Ogden BucknerS. Morris Benj. W. Raymond Alexander Lloyd F. C. Sherman Benj. W. Raymond Augustus Garrett Aug Garrett, Alson S.Sherman(4) Aug.Oarrett.Al3onS.Sherman(4) John P. Chapiu James Curtisa James H. Woodworth es H. Woodworth ,es Curtisa Walters. Gurnee Walters. Gurnee Charles M. Gray Ira L Milliken Levi D. Boone Thomas Dyer John VVeutworth John C. Haines JohnC. HaineS- John Wentworth Julian S. Rumsey. C.Sherman F G.Sherman F.C.Sherman John B. Rice Johu B. Rice John B. Rice John B. Rice John B. Rice (8) R. B. Mason R. B. Mason JofephMedill Joseph Medill Harvey D. Colvin Harvey D. Colvin "onroe Heath, 1 9) H. D. Colvin Thomaa Hoyne Monroe Heath Carter H. Harriaoa iCarter H. Harrison jCarter H. Harrison Carter H. Harrison John A. Roche Dewitt C. Cregier Hempstead Washburne Carter H. Harrison, Geo. B Swift.dl) John P. Hopkins.dl Geo. B. Swift Carter H. Harrison. Jr Carter H. Harriaon, Jr I. N. Arnold, Geo. Davis (1) Geo. Davia Wm. H. Brackett Thomas Hoyne Thomas Hoyne J.Curtis James M. Lowe E. A. Rucker E. A. Rucker. Wm.S.Brown(5 Henry B. Clarke Henry B Clarke Sidney Ahei I Sidney Abell Sidney Abell Henry W. Zl Henry W. Zi Henry W. Zi Henry W. Zi Henry W. Zimmerman . Henry W. Zimmerman . H. Kreiaman H. Kreisman Abraham Kohn A. J. Marble A. J. Marble H. W. Zimmerman H. W.Zimmerman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Charles T. Hotchkisa Charles T. Hotchkisa Charles T. Hotchkiss.... Charles T. Hotchkiss Jos. K. C. Forrest Jos. K. C. Forrest Caspar Butz Caspar Butz P. J. Howard P. J. Howard John G. Neumeiater C. Herman Plautz D. W. Nickerson Franz Amberg James R. B. Van Cleave Chas. D. Oastfield James R. B. Van Cleave William Loeffler, WiUiam Loefller Hiran N. B. Judd N. B. Judd Samuel L. Smith Mark Skinner Geo. Manierre Henry Brown G. Manierre. Henry Brown(! Henry W. Clarke Henry W. Clarke Charles H. Larrabee Patrick Ballingall Giles Spring O. R. W. Lull Henry H. Clark Henry H. Clark Arno Voss Arno Vosa Patrick Ballingall J. A. Thompson , J. L Marsh JohnC. Miller Elliott Anthony Geo. F. Crocker John Lyle King Ira W. Buel Geo. A. Meech Francis Adams Francis Adams Daniel D. Driscoll Daniel D. Driscoll Hasbrouck Davia Haabrouck Davia Haalirouck Davis Israel N. Stllea larael N. Stiles Israel N. Stiles Israel N. Stiles Egbert Jamieaon Egbert Jamiesou R. S. Tuthill Clinton Briggs. R. S. Tuthill Chas. B. Larrabee. Julius S. Grlunell Iw. C. Seipp. Julius S. Grinnell iRudolph Brand. Julius S. Grinnell John M. Dunphy. Hempstead Washburne Wm. M. Deviiie. Hempstead Washburne [C. Herman Plautz. Geo. F.Sugg [Bernard Roesing. Jacob J. Kern, O.A.Trude ( 10) Peter Kiolbassa. Geo. A. Trude Michael J. Bransfield. RoyO. West Adam Wolf. Miles J. Devine Ernst Hummel. Andrew J. Ryan Adam Ortaeifen. Pearsons. Pearsons. Geo. W. Dole. W. S. Gurnee, N. H. Boll6S(2) N. H. Bolles. P. C. Sherman. Walters. Gurnee. Walter S. Gurnee. Wm. L. Church. Wm. L. Church. .\ndrew Getzler. Wm. L. Church. Wm. L. Church. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Edward IManierre. Uriah P. Harris. Wm. P De Wolf. O. J. Rose. C. N. Holden. Alonzo Harvey. Alonzo Harvey. Alonzo Harvey ,C.W.Hunt(6) W. H. Rice. P. H. Cutting, W.H:.Rice(7) David A. Gage. David A. Gage. A. G. Throop. A. G. Throop. Wm F. Wentworth. Wm. F. Wentworth. Wm. F. Wentworth. David A. Gage. David A. Gage. David A. Gage. David A. Gage. I. N. Arnold ruigned, and Geo. Davia appointed, October. 1837. Gurnee resigned, Bolles appointed his successor. April. 1840. Manierre resigned. Brown appointed his successor. July, 1843. Election of Garrett declared illegal, and Sherman elected at new election, held April, 1844. Brown appointed to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Rucker. Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to fill vacancy. Cutting having failed to qualify. Rice, who waa already in office, held over. Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the persons in office at beginning of 1869 remaining in oflQce to December of that year. City organized under general Incorporation Act in 1875, and no city election held until April, 1876. The order for a new election omitted the office of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken which gave a majority to Thomaa Hoyne. The Council then in office refused to canvass this vote, but its successor, at its first meeting, did so, declaring Hoyne duly elected. Colvin, the incumbent, refused to surrender the office, claiming the right to *' hold over:" Hoyne then made a contest for the offlce, which resulted In a decision by the Supreme Court denying the claims of both contestants when a new election was ordered by the City Council. July 12, 1876, at which Monroe Heath was elected, serving < City Attorney Kern, having resigned November 21, 1892, Geo. A. Trude was appointed to ae Mayor Harrison, having been assassinated. October 28, 1893, the City Council at its next meeting (November 6, 1893) elected Geo. B Swi f t i an .\lderman from the Eleventh Ward ) Mayor ad interim. At a special election held December 19, 1893, John P. Hopkins was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Mayor Harrison. the remainder o.f the 0-^ HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The Fire of 1871.— The city steadilj- grew i-n beauty, population and commercial importance until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the "great fire" the story of which has passed into history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 3,100 acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt, when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration, although by no means so disastrous as that of 1871. The city's recuperative power was again demonstrated, and its subsequent development has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement shows its growth in population : 1837 4.179 1840 4,470 1850 28,269 1860 . 112,163 1870 . 298.977 1880 . 503,185 1890 . 1,099,850 1900 . 1,698,575 Notwithstanding a large foreign population and a constant army of unemployed men, Chicago has witnessed only three disturbances of the peace by mobs — the railroad riots of 1S77, the Anarchist disturbance of 1886, and a strike of railroad employes in 1894. Municipal Administration. — Chicago long since outgrew its special charter, and is now incorporated under the broader provisions of the law applicable to "cities of the first class," under which the city is virtually autonomous. The personnel, drill and equipment of the police and fire departments are second to none, if not supe- rior to any, to be found in other American cities. The Cliicago River, with its branches, divides the city into three principal divisions, known respec- tively as North, South and West. Each division has its statutory geographical boundaries, and each retains its own distinct townsliip organiza- tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how- ever, botli assailants and defenders. Public Improvements. — Cliicago has a fine system of parks and boulevards, well developed, well improved and well managed. One of the parks (Jackson in the South Division) was the site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The water supply is obtained from Lake Michigan by means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction new and better facilities are being constantly introduced, and the existing water system will compare favorably with that of any other Ameri- can city. Architecture. — The public and office build- ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some instances classical, but generally severely plain. Granite and other varieties of stone are used in the City Hall, County Court House, the Board of Trade structure, and in a few commercial build- ings, as well as in many private residences. In the business part of the city, however, steel, iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most largely employed in construction, tlie exterior walls being of brick. The most approved methods of fire-proof building are followed, and tlie "Chicago construction" has been recognized and adopted (with modifications) all over the United States. Office buildings range from ten to sixteen, and even, as in the case of tlie Masonic Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of tlie largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000 occupants, including tenants and their emploj-es. In the residence sections wide diversity may be seen ; the chaste and the ornate styles being about equally popular. Among the liandsome public, or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the Public Library, the Newberry Library-, the Art Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the railroad depots. Education and Libraries. — Chicago has a public school system unsurpassed for excellence in any other city in the country. According to the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the city liad a total of 221 priraar)' and grammar schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing 5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over 286,000 pupils in the course of the year. The total expenditures during the year amounted to $6,785,601, of which nearly S4,.500,000 was on account of teachers' salaries. The city has nearly §7,500,000 invested in school buildings. Besides pupils attending public schools there are about 100,000 in attendance on private and parochial schools, not reckoning students at higher institutions of learning, such as medical, law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical schools, and tlie great University of Chicago. Near tlie city are also the Northwestern and the Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000 volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society and the Newberry and Crerar Libraries — tlie last two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by public-spirited and liberal citizens — all open to DAY AFTER CHICAGO FIRE. CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 93 the public for purposes of reference under certain conditions. This list does not include the exten- sive library of the University of Chicago and those connected with the Armour Institute and the public scliools, intended for the use of the pupils of these various institutions CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the leading commercial exchanges of the world. It was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as a voluntary association, with a membership of eighty-two. Its primarj' object was the promo- tion of the city's commercial interests by unity of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature enacted a general law authorizing the establish- ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions an incorporation was effected — a second organi- zation being effected in April, 1850. For several years the association languished, and at times its existence seemed precarious. It was, however, largely instrumental in securing the introduction of the system of measuring grain by weight, which initial step opened the way for subsequent great improvements in the methods of handling, storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds. By the close of 1856, the association had overcome the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange building began to be agitated, but the project lay dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted the first system of classification and grading of wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda- tion of the elaborate modern system, which has proved of such benefit to tlie grain-growing States of the West, and has done so much to give Chicago its commanding influence in the grain markets of the world. In 1858, the privilege of trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited to members. The same year the Board began to receive and send out daily telegraphic market reports at a cost, for the first year, of 8500,000, which was defrayed by private subscriptions. New York was the only city with which such communication was then maintained. In Febru- ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer- ring more extensive powers upon the organization, and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An important era in the Board's history was the Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its attitude was one of undeviating loyalty and gener- ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars were contributed, by individual members and from the treasury of the organization, for the work of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring for the wounded on Southern battlefields, and - Providing for the families of enlisted men. In 1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war upon the irredeemable currency with which the entire West was then flooded, and secured such action by the banks and by the railroad and express companies as compelled its replacement by United States legal-tender notes and national bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and, as then supposed, permanent) quarters were occu- pied in a new building erected by the Chicago Chamber of Commerce under an agreement with the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt, and made ready for re-occupancy in precisely one year after tlie destruction of its predecessor. Spacious and ample as these quarters were then considered, the growing membership and increas- ing business demonstrated their inadequacy before the close of 1877. Steps looking to the erection of a new building were taken in 1881, and, on May 1, 1885, the new edifice — then the largest and most ornate of its class in the world — was opened for occupancy. The membership of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con- siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the association is felt in every quarter of the com- mercial world. CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & NORTHERN R.4ILR0AD. (See Chicago, Burlington db Quincy Railroad.) CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAIL- ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is the parent organization of an extensive system which operates railroads in eleven Western and Northwestern States, furnishing connections from Chicago with Omaha, Denver, St. Paul and Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Chey- enne (Wyo. ), Billings (Mont.), Deadwood (So. Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con- nections by aflSliated roads with the Pacific Coast. The main line extends from Chicago to Denver (Colo.), 1,025.41 miles. The mileage of the various branches and leased proprietary lines (1898) aggregates 4,627.06 miles. The Company uses 207.23 miles in conjunction with other roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines controlled through the ownership of securities amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to these the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy controls 179 miles of narrow-gauge road. The whole number of miles of standard-gauge road operated by the Burlington system, and known as the Burlington Route, on June 30, 1899, is estimated at 7,419, of which 1,509 is in Illinois, all but 47 miles being owned by the Company. Tlie system in Illinois connects many important commercial 94 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. points, including Chicago, Aurora, Galesburg, Quincy, Peoria, Streator, Sterling, Mendota, Ful- ton, Lewistown, Rushville, Geneva, Keithsburg, Rock Island, Beardstown, Alton, etc. The entire capitalization of tlie line (including stock, bonds and floating debt) amounted, in 1898, to $334,884,- 600, which was equivalent to about §33,000 per mile. The total earnings of the road in Illinois, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, amounted to $8,724,997, and the total disburse- ments of the Company within the State, during the same period, to $7,469,456. Taxes paid in 1898, $377,968.— (History). The first section of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was constructed under a charter granted, in 1849, to the Aurora Branch Railroad Company, the name being changed in 1853 to the Chicago & Aurora Railroad Company. The line was completed in 1853, from the junction with the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, 30 miles west of Chi- cago, to Aurora, later being extended to Mendota. In 1855 the name of tlie Company was changed by act of the Legislatm-e to the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy. The section between Mendota and Galesburg (80 miles) was built under a charter granted in 1851 to the Central Military Tract Railroad Company, and completed in 1854. July 9, 1856, the two companies were consolidated under the name of the former. Previous to this consolidation the Company had extended aid to the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad (from Peoria to the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Burlington, Iowa), and to the Northern Cross Railroad from Quincy to Galesburg, both of wliich were com- pleted in 1855 and operated by the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy. In 1857 the name of the Northern Cross was changed to the Quincy & Chicago Railroad. In 1860 the latter was sold under foreclosure to the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and, in 1863, the Peoria & Oquawka was acquired in the same way — the former constitut- ing the Quincy branch of the main line and the latter giving it its Burlington connection. Up to 18G3, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy used the track of the Galena & Chicago Union Rail- road to enter the city of Chicago, but that year began the construction of its line from Aurora to Chicago, which was completed in 1864. In 1872 it acquired control, by perpetual lease, of the Burlington & Missouri River Road in Iowa, and, in 1880, extended this line into Nebraska, now reaching Billings, Mont., with a lateral branch to Deadwood, So. Dak. Other branches in Illinois, built or acquired by this corporation, include the Peoria & Hannibal ; Carthage & Bur- lington ; Quincy & Warsaw ; Ottawa, Cliicago & Fox River Valley; Quincj;, Alton & St. Louis, and tlie St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. The Chicago, Burlington & Northern — known as the Northern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — is an important part of the system, furnishing a connection between St. Louis on the south and St. Paul and Minneapolis on the north, of which more than half of the distance of 583 miles between terminal points, is in Illinois. The latter division was originally chartered, Oct. 21, 1885, and constructed from Oregon, 111., to St. Paul, Minn. (319 miles), and from Fulton to Savanna, 111. (16.73 miles), and opened, Nov. 1, 1886. It was formally incorporated into the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line in 1899. In June of the same year the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy also acquired by purcliase the Keokuk & Western Railroad from Keokuk to Van Wert, Iowa (143 miles), and the Des Moines & Kansas City Railway, from Des Moines, Iowa, to Gaines- ville, Mo. (113 miles). CHICAGO, DANVILLE & VINCENJfES RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- road.) CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, a channel or waterway, in course of construction (1893-99) from tlie Chicago River, within the limits of the city of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plaines River, about 13 miles above the junction of the Des Plaines with the Illinois. The primary object of the channel is the removal of the sewage of the city of Chicago and the proper drainage of the region comprised within what is called the "Sanitary District of Chicago." The feasibility of connecting the waters of Lake Slichigan by way of the Des Plaines River with those of the Illinois, attracted the attention of the earliest French explorers of this region, and was com- mented upon, from time to time, by them and their successors. As early as 1808 the subject of a canal uniting Lake Michigan with the Illinois was discussed in a report on roads and canals by Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury, and the project was touched upon in a bill relat- ing to the Erie Canal and other enterprises, intro- duced in Congress in 1811. The measure continued to receive attention in the press, in Western Territorial Legislatures and in official reports, one of the latter being a report by Jolin C. Cal- houn, as Secretary of War, in 1819, in which it is spoken of as "valuable for military purposes." In 1833 Congress passed an act granting the right of way to the State through the public lands for such an enterprise, which was followed, SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO MANCHESTER NORTH SEJ^ - 3ALTIC- •SSZ --*'-2ffZ* *ei-*i7ff*sz'*- NORTh SEA - AMSTERDAM - 200 08 SUEl azsir —- WWW''->'Wa'''W/:}: PANAMA WELLAND ILLINOIS* MISSISSIPPI HENNEPIN - ERIE ILLINOIS^MICMGAN COMPARATIVE SIZE OP NOTED CANALS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 95 five J^ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur- pose of its construction. The work was begun in 1836, and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of the passage of boats from the Chicago basin to La Salle. (See Illinois & Michigan Canal.) Under an act pa.ssed by the Legislature in 1865, the work of deepening the canal was undertaken by the city of Chicago with a view to furnishing means to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being completed some time before the fire of 1871. This scheme having failed to accomplish the object designed, other' measures began to be considered. Various remedies were proposed, but in all the authorities were confronted with the difficulty of providing a fund, under the provisions of the Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost of construction. In the closing months of the year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a member of a Board of "Drainage Commission- ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give attention to the subject. Having satisfied him- self and others that the difficulties were not insurmountable with proper action by the Legis- lature, the City Council, on Jan. 27, 1886, passed a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of reputation and experience in engineering and sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers, to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com- mission" for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon the matter of water-supply and disposition of the sewage of the citj-. As a result of this action, Rudolph Bering, of Philadel- phia, was appointed expert engineer b)^ Mayor Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G. Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers. At the succeeding session of the General Assem- bly (1887), two bills — one known as the "Hurd bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but both drawn by Mr. Hurd, the first contemplating doing the work by general taxation and the issue of bonds, and the other by special assessment — were introduced in that body. As it was found that neither of these bills could be passed at that session, a new and shorter one, which became known as the "Roche- Winston bill," was intro- duced and passed near the close of the session. A resolution was also adopted creating a com- mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre- sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further investigate the subject. The later act, just referred to. provided for the construction of a cut- off from the Des Plaines River, which would divert the flood-waters of that stream and the North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the city. Nothing was done under this act. however. At the next session (1889) the commission made a favorable report, and a new law was enacted embracing the main features of the Hurd bill, though changing the title of the organization to be formed from the "Sletropolitan Town," as proposed by Mr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis- trict." The act, as passed, provided for the election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers being confined to "providing for the drainage of the district," both as to surplus water and sew- age. Much opposition to the measure had been developed during the pendency of the legislation on the subject, especially in the Illinois valley, on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum- mer flooding of the bottom lands which are cultivated to some extent ; but this was overcome by the argument that the channel would, when the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and enlarged waterwaj' for the passage of vessels between the lake and the Mississippi River, and the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held at Peoria, Memphis and elsewhere, during the eighteen months preceding the passage of the act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes, lest the taking of so large a volume of water from Lake Michigan should affect the lake-level injuriously to navigation; but these apprehen- sions were quieted by the assurance of expert engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake- level below the present minimum would not exceed three inches, and more likely would not produce a perceptible effect. At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889, the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ- ized by an almost- imanimous popular vote — the returns showing 70,958 votes for the measure to 242 against. The District, as thus formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago north of Eighty-seventh Street, with forty- three square miles outside of the city limits but within the area to be benefited by the improvement. Though the channel is located partly in Will County, the district is wholly in Cook and bears the entire expense of construc- tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a special election, Dec. 12, 1889, the Trustees then elected to hold their offices for five years and until the following November. The second election occuned, Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board, as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz. r William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R. 9G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Carter, Bernard A. Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones, Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette. Thomas A. Smyth and Frank Wenter. The Trustees have power to sell bonds in order to procure funds to prosecute the work and to levy taxes upon prop- erty within the district, under certain limitations as to length of time the taxes run and the rate per cent imposed. Under an amendment ot the Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897, the rate of assessment upon property within the Drainage District is limited to one and one-half per cent, up to and including the year 1899, but after that date becomes one-half of one per cent. The bed of the channel, as now in process of construction, commences at Robey Street and the South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles from Lake Michigan, and extends in a south- westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit, where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From this point it follows the bed of that stream to Lockport, in Will County, where, in consequence of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of the channel comes to the surface, and where the great controlling works are situated. This has made necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles of new channel for the river — which runs parallel with, and on the west side of. the drainage canal — besides the construction of about nineteen miles of levee to separate the waters of the canal from the river. The following statement of the quality of the material excavated and the dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by Hon. H. B. Hurd, under the title, "The Chicago Drainage Channel and Waterway," published in the sixth vohune of "Industrial Chicago" (1896): "Through that portion of the channel between Chicago and Smnmit, which is being constructed to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute, which is supposed to be sufficient to dilute sew- age for about the present population (of Chicago). the width of the channel is 110 feet on the bot- tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion of the channel is ultimately to be enlarged to the capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. The bottom of the channel, at Robey Street, is 34.448 feet below Chicago datum. The width of the channel from Simimit down to the neighborhood of Willow Springs is 202 feet on the bottom, with the same side slope. The cut through the rock, which extends from the neighborhood of Willow Springs to the point where the channel runs out of ground near Lockport, is 160 feet wide at the bottom. The entire depth of the channel is substantially the same as at Robey Street, with the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet. The rock portion of the ciiannel is constructed to the full capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. From the point where the channel runs out of ground to Joliet Lake, t.here is a rapid fall; ove' this slope works are to be constructed to let the water down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. ' Ground was broken on the rock-cut near Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1892, and work has been in progress almost constantly ever since. The prog- ress of the work %vas greatly obstructed during the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur- ing the right of waj' for the discharge of the waters of the canal through the city of Joliet, but these were compromised near the close of the year, and it was anticipated that the work would be prosecuted to completion during the year 1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1898, the net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of the work aggregated .328,257,707, while the net expenditures had amoimted to §28,221 864. .'57. Of the latter, $20,099,284.67 was charged to construc- tion account, 83,156,903.12 to "land account" (including right of way), and 81,222,092.82 to tlie cost of maintaining the engineering department. When finished, the cost will reach not less than §35,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen- dous character of the work, which bids fair to stand without a rival of its kind in modern engineering and in the results it is expected to achieve. CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was 1,008 miles, of which 152.52 miles are operated and owned in Illinois. The line in this State extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the extreme terminal points being Chicago and Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kansas City in the Southwest. It has several brandies in lUi nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange- ments with several lines, the most important being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56 miles), completing the connection between St. Paul and Minneapolis ; with the Illinois Central from East Dubuque to Portage (12.23 miles), and with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago. The company's own track is single, of standard gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-five-pound steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and the equipment well maintained. The outstand- ing capital stock (1898) was §52,019,054; total capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- laneous indebtedness, §57,144,245. (History). The road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1892, under the laws of Illinois, for the pui-pose of reorganization of , kZi -''if^ ^•.-Mivas defeated 144 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by a coalition of Democrats and Independents. He died while a member of the Senate, Sept. 2, 1877. EARTHQUAKE OF 1811. A. series of the most remarkable earthquakes in the history of the Mississippi Valley began on the night of November 16, 1811, continuing for several months and finally ending with the destruction of Carac- cas, Venezuela, in March following. While the center of the earlier disturbance appears to have been in the vicinity of New Madrid, in Southeast- em Missouri, its minor effects were felt through a wide extent of country, especially in the settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous history states that, in the American Bottom, then the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the results were very perceptible. The walls of a brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom, near Edwardsville, Madison County, were cracked by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then a young man of 23, living with his father's family in what was called the "Goshen Settle- ment," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My Own Times," says of it: "Our family were all sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father leaped out of bed, crying out, 'The Indians are on the house. The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently fought, and it was supposed the Indians would attack the settlements. Not one in the family knew at that time it was an earthquake. The next morning another shock made us acquainted with it. . . . The cattle came running home bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the American Bottom many chimneys were thrown down, and the church bell at Cahokia was sounded by the agitation of the building. It is said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas- kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that time, but little is known of the effect of the con- vulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous "sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties, between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, which probably owe their origin to this or some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia River below Athens," says Governor Reynolds in his "Pioneer History," "the water and white sand were thrown up through a fissure of the earth." EAST DUBUQUE, an incorporated city of Jo Daviess County, on the east bank of the Missis- sippi, 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill and manufactories of cultivators and sand drills. It has also a bank, two churches, good public schools and a weekly newspai)er. Population (1880), 1,037; (1890), 1.069; (1900), 1,146. EASTON, (Col.) Rnfus, pioneer, founder of the city of Alton; was born at Litchfield, Conn., May 4, 1774; studied law and practiced two years in Oneida County, N. Y. ; emigrated to St. Louis in 1804, and was commissioned by President Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana, and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis, in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory, and, on the organization of the State of Missouri (1821), was appointed Attorney-General for the State, serving until 1826. His death occurred at St. Charles, Mo., July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection with Illinois history is based chiefly upon the fact that he was the founder of the present city of Alton, which he laid out, in 1817, on a tract of land of which he had obtained possession at the mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lippincott, prominently identified with the early history of that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from Alton, in the early " '20's." EAST ST. LOUIS, a flourishing city in St. Clair County, on the east bank of the Mississippi di- rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of twenty-two railroads and several electric lines, and tlie leading commercial and manufacturing point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and glass works, grain elevators and flour mills, breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The city has eleven public and five parochial schools, one high school, and two colleges; is well sup- plied with banks and has one daily and four weekly papers. Population (1890), 15,169; (1900), 29,6.5.5; (1903, est), 40,000. EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE lYSANE. The act for the establishment of this institution passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many cities offered inducements, by way of donations, for the location of the new hospital, but the site finally selected was a farm of 250 acres near Kan- kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work was begun in 1878 and the first patients received in December, 1879. The plan of the institution is, in many respects, unique. It comprises a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 145 general buildinff. three stories high, capable of accommodating 300 to 400 patients, and a number of detached buildings, technically termed cot- tages, where various classes of insane patients may be grouped and receive the particular treatment best adapted to ensure their recoverj'. The plans were maiply worked out from suggestions by Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, and have attracted generally favorable comment both in this country and abroad. The seventy-five build- ings occupied for the various purposes of the institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid ofit in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of a flourishing village with numerous small parks adorned with walks and drives. Tlie counties from which patients are received include Cook, Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Doug- las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The wliole number of patients in 1898 was 2,200, while the emploves of all classes numbered .500. EASTERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution designed to qualify teachers for giving instruction in the public schools, located at Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The act appropriated $50,000 for the erection of build- ings, to which additional appropriations were added in 1897 and 1898, of §25,000 and §50,000, respectively, with §56,216.72 contributed by the city of Charleston, making a total of $181,216.72. The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone being laid on May 27 of that year. There was delay in the progress of the work in consequence of the failure of the contractors in December, 1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and practically completed early in 1899, with the expectation that the institution would be opened for the reception of students in September fol- lowing. EASTMAJf, Zebina, anti-slavery journalist, was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8, 1815; became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later spent a short time in an academy at Hadley. Then, after a brief experience as an employe in the office of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of 18 he invested his patrimony of some §2,000 in the establishment of "The Free Pre.ss" at Fayette- ville, Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in 1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at Ann Arbor, Mich, In 1839 he visited Peoria by way of Chicago, working for a time on "The Peoria Register," but soon after joined Benjamin Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper, "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at Lowell, La Salle County. This scheme was partially defeated by Lundy's early death, but, after a few months" delay, Eastman, in conjunc- tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication of "The Genius of Liberty" as the successor of Lundy's paper, using the printing press which Warren had used in the office of "The Commer cial Advertiser, " in Chicago, a year or so before. In 1842, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists, the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was issued under the name of "The W^estern Citizen," in 1853 becoming "The Free West," and finally, in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." After the suspension of "The Free West," Mr. Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, but it reached only its fifth number when it was discontinued for want of financial -upport. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln United States Consul at Bristol, England, where he remained eight years. On his return from Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later removing to Maywood, a suburb of Chicago, where he died, June 14, 1883. During the latter years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many articles of great historical interest to the Chi- cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and Warren, Hooper. ) EBERHART, John Frederick, educator and real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County, Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teaching at 16 years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle- gheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago, locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work; a year later established "The Northwestern Home and School Journal," which he published three years, in the meantime establishing and conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School Commissioner of Cook County — a position which was afterwards changed to County Superintend- ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab- lishment of the Cook County Normal School. Since retiring from office he has been engaged in the real-estate business in Chicago. ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was born in Alsace, France (now Germany), brought to America in infancy and reared on a farm in 14f. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Vernon County, Wis. ; was educated at Milwau- kee, and, in 1868, became clerk in the office of the Eagle Milling Company of that cit}', afterwards .serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard cities. He finally established an extensive mill- ing business in Chicago, in which lie is now engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving four years and taking a prominent part in draft- ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the Thirty-sixth General Assembly. He has also been prominent in connection with various fi^nancial institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was re-elected in 1895 and chosen President of the Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres- ident in December, 1898. EDBROOKE, Willoughby J,, Supervising Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County, 111., Sept. 3, 1843; brought up to the architectural profession by his father and under the instruc- tion of Chicago architects. During Slayor Roche's administration he held the position of Comnaissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department at Washington, in that capacity supervising the construction of Govern- ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. Died, in Chicago, March 26, 1896. EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, served in the War of 1813, and was wounded in the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to Shawneetown, 111., in 1818, where he edited "The Illinois Emigrant," the earliest paper in that part of the State ; was a Presidential Elector in 1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif- teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit Judge in 1835, but resigned a few weeks later. He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he addressed the coiut, he elicited tlie most profound attention. He was a sort of walking law library. He never forgot anything that he ever knew, whether law, poetry or belles lettres." Died, June 29, 1849. EDDY, Thomas Mears, clergyman and author, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1823 ; educated at Greensborough, Ind. , and, from 1842 to 1853, was a Jlethodist circuit preacher in that State, becoming Agent of the American Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding Elder of the Indianapolis district until 1850, when he was appointed editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate," in Chicago, retiring from that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorales in Baltimore and Washington, and was chosen one of the Corresponding Secretaries of tlie Mis- sionary .Society by the General Conference of 1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the press, and, besides occasional sermons, published two volumes of reminiscences and personal sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of Illinois" (1865). Died, in New York City, Oct. 7, 1874. EDGAR, John, early settler at Kaskaskia, was born in Ireland and, during the American Revo- lution, served as an officer in the British navy, but married an American woman of great force of character who sympathized strongly with the patriot caiise. Having become involved in the desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife had promised to assist in reaching the American camp, he was compelled to flee. After remaining for a while in the American army, during which he became the friend of General La Fayette, he souglit safety by coming west, arriving at Kas- , kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but his wife succeeded in saving some §12,000 from the wreck, with which she joined him two years later. He engaged in business and became an extensive land-owner, being credited, during Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly 50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French- man named Paget, and became a large shipper of flour at an early day to the Southern markets. When St. Clair Coimty was organized, in 1790, he was appointed one of the Judges of the Common Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued for more than a quarter of a century. On the establishment of a Territorial Legislature for the Northwest Territory, he was chosen, in 1799, one of the members for St. Clair County — the Legis- lature holding its session at Chillicothe, in the present State of Ohio, imder the administration of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a Major-General of militia, retaining the office for many years. General and Jlrs. Edgar were leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, and, on the visit of La Fayette to Kaskaskia in 1825, a reception was given at their house to the distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 147 I the}- had made more than forty years before. He died at Kaskaskia, in 1832. Edgar County, in the eastern part of the State, was named in honor of General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of the first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 1806. EDGAR COUNTY, one of the middle tier of counties from north to south, lying on the east- ern border of the State; was organized in 1823, and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of Kaskaskia. It contains 630 square miles, with a population (1900) of 2S,2T3. The county is nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing and stock-raising being the principal industries. Generally, the soil is black to a considerable depth, though at some points — especiallj' adjoin- ing the timber lands in the east — the soft, brown clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are foimd in the northern portion, and some twenty-five years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon was exhumed. A bed of limestone, twenty-five feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs along Brouillefs creek to the State line. Paris, the county-seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu- lation of over 6,000. Vermilion and Dudley are prominent shipping points, while Chrisman, which was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was credited with a population of 900 in 1900. EDINBURG, a village of Christian County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railwaj', 18 miles southeast of Springfield ; has two banks and one newspaper. The region is agricultural, though some coal is mined here. Population (1880), 5b\: (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071. EDSALL, James Eirtland, former Attorney General, was born at Windham, Greene Covmty, N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the common-schools, he attended an academy at Prattsville, N.Y., supporting himself , meanwhile, by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts- ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at Albany in 1852. The next two years he spent in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, in 1854, removed to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the Legislature of that State in 1855, being a member of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken up by United States troops in 1856. In August, 1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State Senator, serving on the Committees on Munic- ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh General Assembty. In 1872 he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his second term he took up his residence in Chicago, where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac- tice of his profession, until his death, which occurred, June 20, 1892. EDUCATION. The first step in the direction of the establish- ment of a system of free schools for the region now comprised within the State of Illinois was taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20, 1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri- tory." This applied specifically to the region northwest of the Ohio River, which had been acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting under the auspices of the State of Virginia and by authority received from its Governor, the patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first time established the present system of township (or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys, devised by Capt. Thomas Hutchins, who became the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as the office was styled) of the United States under the same act. Its important feature, in this con- nection, was the provision "that there shall be reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the tovm- ship. " Tlie same reservation ( the term ' 'section' ' being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18, 1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in each township, or fractional part of a township," shall be "given perpetually for the pm-pose con- tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785). The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787 (Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion, moralitj- and knowledge being necessary for the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." The reservation referred to in the act of 1785 (and subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling act" iiassed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authoriz- ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government, and was formally accepted by the Convention which formed the first State Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one entire township (in addition to one previously donated for the same purpose by act of Congress in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning, 148 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. together with three per cent of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands within the State, "to be appropriated by the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learning, of which one- sixth part"' (or one-half of one per cent) "shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer- sity. " Thus, the plan for the establishment of a system of free public education in Illinois had its inception in the first steps for the organization of the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the Ordinance of 1787 which reserved that Territory forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in the preliminary steps for the organization of the State Government. These several acts became the basis of that permanent provision for the encouragement of education known as the "town- ship," "seminary" and "college or university" funds. Early Schools. — Previous to this, however, a beginning had been made in the attempt to estab- lish schools for the benefit of tha children of the pioneers. One John Seeley is said to have taught the first American school within the territory of Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe County, in 1783, followed by others in the next twenty years in Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun- ties. Seeley's earliest successor was Francis Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe County. Among the teachers of a still later period were John Boyle, a soldier in Col. George Rogers Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County between 1790 and 1800; John Atwater, near Edwardsville, in 1807, and John Messinger, a sur- veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House of Representatives. The latter taught in the vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Spring Seminary. The schools which existed during this period, and for many years after the organi- zation of the State Government, were necessarily few, widely scattered and of a very primitive character, receiving their support entirely by subscription from their patrons. First Free School Law and Sales of School Lands. — It has been stated that the first free school in the State was established at Upper Alton, in 1831, but there is good reason for believ- ing this claim was based upon the power granted by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to establish such schools there, which power was never carried into eff'ect. The first attempt to establish a free-school system for the whole State was made in January, 1825, in the passage of a bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a Congressman and Governor of the State. Ii nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one hundred dollars received in the State Treasury, to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or subscriptions for the support of schools. So small was the aggi'egate revenue of the State at that time (only a little over §60,000), that the sum realized from this law would have been but little more than §1,000 per year. It remained practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1839, when the State inaugurated the policy of selling the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds for the payment of current expenses. In this way 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec- tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of, realizing less than §60,000. The first sale of township school lands took place in Greene County in 1831, and, two years later, the greater part of the school section in the heart of the present city of Chicago was Sold, producing about §39,000. The average rate at which these sales were made, up to 1883, was §3. 78 per acre^ and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That these lands have, in very few instances, produced the results expected of them, was not so much the fault of the system as of those selected to administer it — whose bad judgment in premature sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of speculators, were the means, in many cases, of squandering what might otherwise have furnished a liberal provision for the support of public schools in many sections of the State. Mr. W. L. Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1885-8(5 — to which the writer is indebted for many of the facts presented in this article — gives to Chicago the credit of establishing the first free schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840. Early Hioher Institutions. — A movement looking to the establishment of a higher institu- tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at Vincennes, in November, 1806, of an act incorpo- rating the University of Indiana Territory to be located at Vincennes. One provision of the act authorized the raising of §30,000 for the institu- tion by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees was promptly organized, with Gen. William Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor, at its head ; but. beyond the erection of a building, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 149 little progress was made. Twenty-one years later (1827) the first successful attempt to found an advanced school was made by the indomitable Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish- ment of his Theological Seminary and High School at Rock Springs, St. Clair County, which, in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi- nary, establisheil in 1828. two years later expanded into JIoKendree College, while instruc- tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack- sonville, in December, 1829, as the outcome of a movement started by a band of young men at Yale College in 1S27 — these se%'eral institutions being formally incorporated by the same act of the Legislature, passed in 1835. (See sketches of these Institutions.) Educ.4^tional Conventions. —In 1833 there was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the first of a series of educational conventions, which were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty years, and whose history is remarkable for the number of tliose participating in them who after- wards gained distinction in State and National historj'. At first these conventions were held at the State capital during the sessions of the Gen- eral Assembly, when the chief actors in them were members of that body and State officers, with a few other friends of education from tlie ranks of professional or business men. At the convention of 1833, we find, among those partici- pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court; Judges. D. Lock wood, then of tlie Supreme Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov- ernor and United States Senator; O. H. Browning, afterwards United States Senator and Secretary of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell, the most notable writers in the State in their daj', besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy and others, all prominent in their several depart- ments. In a second convention at the same place, nearly two jears later, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro- fessional and literary men began to take a more prominent part, although the members of the Legislature were present ii considerable force. A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made up largeh' of professional teachers and school officers, with a few citizens of local prominence; and the same may be said of those held at Jack- sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other points. Various attempts were made to form permanent educational societies, finally result- ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the "State Teachers' Institute," which, tliree years later, took the name of the "State Teacliers' Association" — though an association of the same name was organized in 1836 and continued in existence several years. State Superintendent and School Jour- N.4LS. — The appointment of a State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in memorials and resolutions by educational conven- tions, by the educational press, and in the State Legislature; but it was not until February, 1854, that an act was passed creating the office, when the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was ajipointed by Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common School Advocate" was published for a year at Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate" began publication at Springfield, but was discon- tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 was established "The Illinois Teacher." This was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School- master," which became the organ of the State Teachers' Association, so remaining several years. Tlie State Teachers' Association has no official organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is the chief educational publication of the State. Industrial Education. — In 1851 was insti- tuted a movement which, although obstructed for some time by partisan opposition, has been followed by more far-reaching results, for the country at large, than any single measure in the history of education since the act of 1785 setting apart one section in each township for the support of public schools. This was tlie scheme formu- lated by the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of Jacksonville, for a system of practical scientific education for the agricultural, mechanical and other Industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention held under the auspices of the Buel Institute (an Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam County, Nov. 18, 1851. While proposing a plan for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo- cated, from the outset, a "University for the industrial classes in each of the States," by way of supplementing the work which a "National Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, was expected to accom- plish. The proposition attracted the attention of persons interested in the cause of industrial education in other States, especially in New York and some of the New England States, and 150 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. received their hearty endorsement and cooper- ation. The Granville meeting was followed by a series of similar conventions held at Springfield, June 8, 1852 ; Chicago, Nov. 24, 18.53 ; Springfield, Jan. 4, 18.53, and Springfield, Jan. 1, 1855, at which the scheme was still further elaborated. At the Springfield meeting of January, 1852, an organization was formed under the title of the "Industrial League of the State of Illinois," with a view to disseminating information, securing more thorough organization on the part of friends of the measure, anei the employment of lecturers to address the people of the State on the subject. At the same time, it was resolved that "tliis Con- vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and endow industrial institutions in each and every State in the Union." It is worthy of note that this resolution contains the central idea of the act passed by Congress nearly ten years after- ward, making appropriations of public lands for the establishment and support of industrial colleges in the several States, which act received the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862— a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi- dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner, Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in behalf of the objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses, adopted the resolutions commending the measure and instructing the United States Senators from Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to give it their support. Though not specifically contemplated at the outset of the movement, the Convention at Springfield, in January, 1855, pro- posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal School Department," which took form in the act passed at tlie session of 1857, for the establishment of the State Normal School at Normal. Although delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus- trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other States, finally triumphed in 1862. The lands received by the State as the result of this act amounted to 480,000 acres, besides subsequent do- nations. (See University of Illinois; also Turner, Jonathan Baldicin.) On the foundation thus furnished was established, by act of the Legisla- ture in 1867, the "Illinois Industrial University" — now the University of Illinois — at Champaign, to say nothing of more than forty similar insti- tutions in as many States and Territories, based upon the same general act of Congress. Free-School System. — While there may be said to have been a sort of f ree-scliool system in existence in Illinois previous to 1855, it was limited to a few fortunate districts possessing funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ- ated within their respective limits. The system of free schools, as it now exists, based upon general taxation for the creation of a permanent school fund, had its origin in the act of that year. As already shown, the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction had been created by act of the Legislature in February, 1854, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol- lary of the previous measure, giving to the people a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided an official for its administration. Since then there have been many amendments of the school law, but these have been generally in the direc- tion of securing greater eflSciency, but with- out departure from the principle of securing to all the children of the State the equal privileges of a common-school education. The development of the system began practically about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a century, the laws on the subject had grown into a considerable volume, while the number- less decisions, emanating from the office of the State Superintendent in construction of these laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions. The following comparative table of school statistics, for 1860 and 1896, compiled from the Reports of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the system in some of its more important features: ism. 1896. Population 1.711,951 (est.) 4,250,000 No. of Persons of School Age (be- tween 6 and 21) •549.604 1,384.367 No. of Pupils enrolled •472.247 898.619 School Districts 8.956 11,615 PubllcSchools 9.162 12,623 Graded " 294 1,887 " Public HIeh Schools 272 School Houses built during theyear. 657 267 Whole No. of School Houses 8,221 12.632 No. of Male Teachers 8,223 7.0.57 Female Teachers 6,485 18,359 Whole No. of Teachers in Public Schools 14,708 25,416 Highest Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 1180.00 8300.00 Highest Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 75.00 280.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 8.00 14.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers... 4.00 10.00 Average Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 28.82 67.76 Averat^e Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 18.80 60 63 No. of Private Schools 500 2,619 No. of Pupils in Private Schools.... 29,284 139,969 Interest on State and County Funds received t73,450.38 165,583.63 Amount of liicome from Township Funds 322,852.00 889,614.211 *Only white children were included In these statistics for 18G0. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 151 ISflO. 18%. \mount received from State T.1I.. $ 690,000.00 J 1,000,000.00 *' '■ ** Special i)is- trict Taxes 1,265,137.00 1,1.133,809.61 Aiiujunt received from Bonds dur- ing theyear 517,960.93 Totul .\iiiouiit received during the .year by School Districts 2,193,455.00 15,607.172..50 Aiuuunt paid Male TeacUera 2,772,S29.:i2 •■ Female •• 7.1SB.li:5.i;7 Whole amount paid Teachers .... 1,542,211.00 9,958,934.99 Amount paid for new School Houses 118,728.00 1,873,757.25 Amoutit paid for repairs and im- provements 1,070,755.09 Amount paid fur School Furniture. 24,837.00 154.836.64 " " Apparatus 8,563.00 164,298.92 " " " Books for Dis- trict Libraries 30,12400 13,664.97 Total E.\penditures 2.259,868.00 14,614,627.31 Estimated value of School Property 13,304,892.00 42,780.267.00 ■■ Libraries.. 377,819.00 " " " Apparatus 607,389.00 The sums annually disbursed for incidental expenses on account of superintendence and the cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab- lished, and partiall}' or wholly supported by the State, increase the total expenditures by some §600,000 per annum. These higher institutions include the Illinois State Normal University at Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon- dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana ; to which were added by the Legislature, at its ses- sion of 1895, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, afterwards established at Charleston, and the Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These institutions, although under supervision of the State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See description of these institutions under their several titles.) The normal schools — as their names indicate — are primarily designed for the training of teachers, although other classes of pupils are admitted under certain conditions, including the payment of tuition. At the Uni- versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic arts. In addition to these the State supports four other institutions of an educational rather than a custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville ; the Asylum for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and the Sol- diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated value of the property connected with these several institutions, in addition to the value of school property given in the preceding table, will increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) to $47,155,374.95, of which §4,375,107.95 repre- sents property belonging to the institutions above mentioned. Powers and Duties op Superintendents AND Other School Officers. — Each county elects a County Superintendent of Schools, whose duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti- tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and instruct them in their respective duties, conduct examinations of persons desiring to become teachers, and exercise general supervision over school affairs within his county. The subordi- nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township Treasui-er, and a Board of District Directors or — in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards of Education. The two last named Boards have power to employ teachers and, generally, to super- vise the nianagement of schools in districts. The State Superintendent is entrusted with general supervision of the common-school system of the State, and it is his duty to advise and assist County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, school officers and others in regard to their rights and duties under the general school code; to decide controverted questions of school law, com- ing to him by appeal from County Superintend- ents and others, and to make full and detailed reports of the operations of his office to the Governor, biennially. He is also made ex-officio a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools, and is empowered to grant certificates of two different grades to teachers — the higher grade to be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and the lower for two years. Certificates granted by County Superintendents are also of two grades and have a tenure of one and two years, respec- tively, in the county where given. The conditions for securing a certificate of the first (or two- years') grade, require that the candidate shall be of good moral character and qualified to teach orthography, reading in English, penmanship, arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar, the elements of the natural sciences, the history of the United States, physiology and the laws of health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi- cate calls for examination in the branches just enumerated, except the natural sciences, physi- ology and laws of health ; but teachers employed exclusivelj' in giving instruction in music, draw- ing, penmanship or other special branches, may take examinations in these branches alone, but are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they have been examined. — County Boards are empowered to establish County Normal Schools for the education of teachers for the common schools, and the management of such normal schools is placed in the hands of a County Board of Education, to consist of not less than five nor more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman of the County Board and the County Superin- tendent of Schools shall be ex-officio members. 152 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Boards of Education and Directors may establish kindergartens (when autliorized to do so by vote of a majority of the voters of their districts), for children between the ages of four and six years, but the cost of supporting the same must be defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro- vision of the School Law requires that each child, between the ages of seven and fourteen years, shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of each year, unless otherwise instructed in the elementary branches, or disqualified by physical or mental disability. — Under the provisions of an act, passed in 1891, women are made eligible to any office created by the general or special school laws of the State, when twenty-one years of age or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same qualifications for the office as are prescribed for men. (For list of incumbents in the office of State Superintendent, see Superintendents of Public Instruction. } EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 1834; educated at Albion. Mich., and the Wes- leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the latter in 1858; entered the Detroit Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year, was ordained in 1860 and, from 1861 until after the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate"' at Chicago, and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872, became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every four years thereafter to the present time. He has also been a member of each General Confer- ence since 1872, was a member of the Ecumenical Conference at London in 1881, and has held other positions of prominence within the church. EDWARDS, Cyrns, pioneer lawyer, was born in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17, 1793; at the age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- tucky, where he received his primary education, and studied law ; was admitted to the bar at Kas- kaskia. 111., in 1815, Ninian Edwards (of whom he was the youngest brother) being then Territorial Governor. During the next fourteen years he resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky, and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to abandon his profession and engage in general business, later becoming a resident of Upper Alton. In 1833 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 and '60. the last time as a Republican ; was State Senator from 1835 to '39, and was also the Whig candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to Thomas Carlin (Democrat), who was elected. He served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- cially interested in education and in public chari- ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of Shurtleff College, to which he was a most munificent benefactor, and which conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper Alton, September, 1877. EDWARDS, Ninian, Territorial Governor and United States Senator, was born in Montgomery County, Md., March 17, 1775; for a time had the celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 heemigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander- ing considerable money, he studied law and, step by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. This office he held until the admission of Illinois as a State in 1818, when he was elected United Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of his first (the short) term. In 1826 he was elected Governor of the State, his successful administra- tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a candidate for Congress, but was defeated bj' Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died, at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of cholera, the disease having been contracted through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom over the entire State. Two valuable volumes bearing upon State history, comprising his cor- respondence with many public men of his time, have been published; the first under the title of "History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards, " by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and the other "The Edwards Papers," edited by the late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. — Ninian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15, 1809, the year his father became Territorial Governor of Illinois ; spent his boyhood at Kas- kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was educated at Transylvania University, graduating in 1833, He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor- ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was elected to the Legislature from Sangamon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 153 County, as the colleague of Abraham Lincoln, being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," and was influential in securing the removal of the State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected to the House in 1838, to tlie State Senate in 1844, and again to the House in 1848; was also a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Again, in 1850, he was elected to the House, but resigned on account of his change of politics from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk- ling. He served as Sujierintendent of Public Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte- son, 1854-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- sistence, which position he filled until June, 1865, since which time he remained in private life. He is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian Edwards" (1870), which was prepared at the request of the State Historical Society. Died, at Springfield, Sept. 2, 1889. — Benjamin Stevenson (Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at EdwardsviUe, 111., June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 1838, and was admitted to the bar the following year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1863, and, in 1868, was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi- tion to Shelby M. Cullom. In 1869 he vifas elected Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but within eighteen months resigned the position, preferring the excitement and emoluments of private practice to the dignity and scanty salary attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a citizen he was universally respected. Died, at his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time of his decease being President of the Illinois State Bar Association. EDWARDS, Richard, educator, ex-Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi- ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began life on a farm; later graduated at the State Normal School, Bridge water, Mass., and from the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv- ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil Engineer ; served for a time as a civil engineer on the Boston water works, then beginning a career as a teacher which continued almost unin- terruptedly for thirty-five years. During this period he was connected with the Normal School at Bridgewater; a Boys" High School at Salem, and the State Normal at the same place, coming west in 18.57 to establish the Normal School at St. Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the St. Louis High School, and, in 1862, accepting the Presidency of the State Normal University, at Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards, remaining fourteen years, accomplished his greatest work and left his deepest impress upon the educational system of the State by personal contact with its teachers. The next nine years were spent as pastor of the First Congregational church at Princeton, when, after eighteen months in the service of Knox College as Finan- cial Agent, he was again called, in 1886, to a closer connection with the educational field by his election to the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when, having failed of a re-election, he soon aftef assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University at Carlinville. Failing health, however, com- pelled his retirement a year later, when he removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898) his place of residence. EDWARDS COUNTY, situated in the south- eastern part of the State, between Richland and White on the north and south, and Wabash and Wayne on the east and west, and touching the Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash County. The surface is diversified by prairie and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to the raising of both wheat and corn. The princi- pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek, on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map) was the seat for holding the first county court, in 1815, John Mcintosh, Seth Gard and William Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants from England), in 1819, and settled largely by their countrymen, but not incorporated until 1860. The area of the county is 220 square miles, and population, in 1900, 10,345. Grayville, with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in this county, though niostly in White. Edwards County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards, the Territorial Governor of Illinois. EDWARDSVILLE, the county-seat of Madison County, settled in 1812 and named in honor of Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards ; is on four lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 miles northeast of St. Louis. EdwardsviUe was the home of some of the most prominent men in the history of the State, including Governors Ed- 154 HISTOIUCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wards, Coles, and others. It has pressed and shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine shops, banks, electric street railway, water-works, schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city (LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani- tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, one issued semi-weekly. Population (1890), 3,561 ; (1900), 4.15T; with suburb (estimated), 5,000. EFFINGHAM, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Effingham County, 9 miles northeast from St. Louis and 199 southwest of Chicago ; has four papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice fac- tory. Population (1890), 3,260; (1900), 3,774. EFFIXGHA5I COUNTY, cut off from Fayette (and separatelj- organized) in 1831 — named for Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the central portion of the State, 63 miles northeast of St. Louis ; has an area of 490 square miles and a population(l900) of 20,465. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon and "William I. Hawkins were the first County Commissioners. Effingham, the county-seat, was platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- way cross the coxmty. Agriculture and sheep- raising are leading industries, wool being one of the principal products. EGA>', William Bradshaw, M.D., pioneer phy- sican, w-as born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent some time during his youth in the study of sur- gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub- lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in that State, later practicing in New York. In 1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- nized as a prominent physician ; on July 4, 1836, delivered the address at the breaking of ground for the Illinois & Jlichigan Canal. During the early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan was owner of the block on which the Tremont House stands, and erected a number of houses there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate to the first Convention of that party, held at Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in 1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen- eral Assembly (18.53-.54). Died, Oct. 37, 1860. ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- r)aper Population (1890), .584; (1900), 606. ELDORADO, a town in Saline Coimty. on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one newspaper; district argicultural. Population, (1900). 1,445. EIDRIDGE, Hamilton y., lawyer and soldier, was born at South "Williamstown, Mass., August, 1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class with President Garfield, in 1856, and at Albany Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to Chicago and began practice ; in 1862 assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg, winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, but, after two years' service, was compelled to retire on account of disability, being carried ea.st on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- ciently to resume his profession, but died in Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly popular. ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those conducted in accordance with United States laws, and (11) those conducted exclusively imder State laws. I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of United States Senators;- (2) Presidential Elect- ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. (United States Senators). The election of United States Senators, while an act of the State Legislature, is conducted solely under fonns pre- scribed by the laws of the United States. These make it the duty of the Legislature, on the second Tuesday after convening at the session next pre- ceding the expiration of the term for which any Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to elect his successor in the following manner: Each House is required, on the day designated, in open session and by the viva voce vote of each member present, to name some person for United States Senator, the result of the balloting to be entered on the journals of the respective Houses. At twelve o'clock (M.) on the day following the day of election, the members of the two Houses meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both Houses are read. If it appears that the same person has received a majority of all the votes in each House, he is declared elected Senator. If, however, no one has received such majority, or if either House has failed to take proceedings as required on the preceding day, then the members HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 155 of the two Houses, in joint assembly, proceed to ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members present. The person receiving a majoritj' of all the votes cast— a majority of the members of both Houses being present and voting — is declared elected ; otherwise the joint assemblj' is renewed at noon each legislative day of the session, and at least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time of the assembling of the Legislature, the same rule prevails as to the time of holding an election to fill it; and, if a vacancy occurs during the session, the Legislature is required to proceed to an election on the second Tuesday after having received official notice of such vacancy. The tenvu-e of a United States Senator for a full term is six years — the regular term beginning with a new Congress — the two Senators from each State belonging to different "classes," so that their terms expire alternately at periods of two and four years from each other. — 2. (Presidenti.\l Electors). The choice of Electors of President and Vice-President is made by popular vote taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The date of such election is fixed by act of Congress, being the same as that for Congressman, although the State Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting it and making returns of the same. The number of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the second Monday of January after their election (Act of Congress, 1887), to cast the vote of the State. — 3. (Members of Congress). The elec- tion of Representatives in Congress is also held under United States law, occurring biennially (on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- eral State election in November. Should Congress select a different date for such election, it would be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by a corresponding change in the State law relating to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a Congressman is two years, the election being by Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the case of Presidential Electors — ^the term of each Representative for a full term beginning with a new Congress, on the 4th of March of the odd years following a general election. (See Con- gressional Ap2)ortionment. ) n. All officers under the State Government — except Boards of Trustees of charitable and penal institutions or the heads of certain departments, which are made appointive by the Governor — are elected by popular vote. Apart from county officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla- tive; (2) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are chosen at different times and for different periods. 1. (LegisL-\ture). Legislative officers consist of Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, biennially. The regular term of a Senator (of whom there are fifty-one under the present Constitution) is four years; twenty-five (those in Districts bearing even numbers) being chosen on the years in which a President and Governor are elected, and the other twenty six at the intermediate period two years later. Thus, one-half of each State Senate is composed of what are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives are elected biennially at the November election, and hold office two year.s. The qualifications as to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require that the incumbent shall be 3.5 years of age, while 31 years renders one eligible to a seat in the House — the Constitution requiring that each shall have been a resident of the State for five years, and of the District for which he is chosen, two years next preceding his election. (See Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre- sentation.) — 2. (Executive Officers). The officers constituting the Executive Department include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State. Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superintendent of Pubhc Instruction, and Attorney -General. Each of these, except the State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the general election at which Presidential Electors are chosen. The election of State Superintendent occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that of State Treasurer every two years coincidently with the election of Governor and Superintendent of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu- tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers already named, three Trustees of the University of Illinois are elected biennially at the general election in November, each holding office for six years. These trustees (nine in number), with the Governor, President of the State Board of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. — 3. (Judiciary). The Judicial Department embraces Judges of the Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such other subordinate officials as may be connected with the administration of justice. For the 156 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. election of members of the Supreme Court the State is divided into seven Districts, each of which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. The elections in five of these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and Seventh — occur on the first Monday in June every ninth year from 1879, the last election having occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the other two Districts occur at similar periods of nine years from 1876 and 1873, respectively — the last election in the Fourth District having occurred in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891.— Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected every six years at the November election. — Clerks of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected at the November election for six years, the last election having occurred in 1896. Under the act of April 2, 1897. consolidating the Supreme Court into one Grand Division, the number of Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although the Clerks elected in 1896 remain in office and have charge of the records of their several Divisions until the expiration of tlieir terms in 1902. The Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday of October, December, February, April and June. (Other Officers), (a) Members of the State Board of Equalization (one for every Congres- sional District) are elective every four years at the same time as Congressmen, (b) County officers (except County Commissioners not under township organization) hold office for four years and are chosen at the November election as follows: (1) At the general election at which the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in counties having a population of 60,000 or over). Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter- mediate years — Sheriff, County Judge, Probate Judge (in counties having a population of 70,000 and over). County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend- ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of Cook County, (c) In counties not under town- ship organization a Board of County Commission- ers is elected, one being chosen in November of each year, and each holding office three years, (d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an Act of the Legislatme passed in 188.5, the hour of opening the polls is 6 a. m. , and of closing 4 p. m. (See also Australian Ballot. ) ELECTORS, QUALIFICATIOIVS OF. (See Suffrage.) ELGIJf, an important city of Northern Illinois, in Kane County, on Fox River and tlie Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroads, besides two rural electric lines, 36 miles northwest of Chicago; has valuable water- power and over fifty manufacturing establish- ments, including the National Watch Factory and the Cook Publishing Company, both among the most extensive of their kind in the world; is also a great dairy center with extensive creameries and milk-condensing works. The quotations of its Butter and Cheese Exchange are telegraphed to all the great commercial centers and regulate the prices of these commodities throughout the country. Elgin is the seat of the Nortliern (Illi- nois) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome Government (postoffice) building, fine public library and many handsome residences. It has had a rapid growth in the past twenty years. Population (1890), 17,823; (1900), 22,433. ELlilN, JOLIET & EASTERN RAILWAY. The main line of this road extends west from Dyer on the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northeast to Waukegan. The total length of the line (1898) is 192.72 miles, of which 1.59.93 miles are in Illi- nois. The entire capital of the company, includ- ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to $13,799,630— more than ?71,000 per mile. Its total earnings in Illinois for the same j'ear were $1,212,- 026, and its entire expenditure in the State, $1,1.56,146. The company paid in taxes, the same year, .$48,876. Branch lines extend southerly from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec- tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterlj' from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora. — (History). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- way was chartered in 1887 and absorbed the Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to Aurora (21 miles), which had been commenced in 1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions from Joliet to Spaulding, 111. , and from Joliet to McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company purchased all the properties and franchises of the Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies (formerly operated under lease). The former of these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened in 1890. Tlie system forms a belt line around Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly in the transportation of freight. ELIZABETHTOWJf, the county -seat of Hardin County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 157 125 miles southeast of Belleville; has a brick and tile factory, large tie trade, two churches, two flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Pop- ulation (1890), 652; (1900), 668. ELKHART, a town of Logan County, on the Chicago & Alton Raih'oad, 18 miles northeast of Springfield ; is a rich farming section ; has a coal shaft. Population (1890), 414: (1900), .553. ELKIX, William F., pioneer and early legisla- tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13, 1792; after spending several years in Oliio and Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111. , in 1825 ; was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, being one of the "Long Nine'" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was appointed by his former colleague (Abraham Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring- field, resigning in 1872. Died, in 1878. ELLIS, Edward F. W., soldier, was born at Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent tliree years (1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature of that State in 1851, and proving himself an earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the next year, and, in 1854, removed to Rockford, 111., where he embarked in the banking business. Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at the battle of Shiloh, April 6. 1862, and was killed while bravelj' leading on his men. ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis- sionary, was born in Keene, N. H., July 14. 1793; came to Illinois as a home missionary of the Presbyterian Church at an early day, and served for a time as pastor of chiu'ches at Kaskaskia and Jacksonville, and was one of the influential factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted, for some years, a private school for young ladies at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still maintained after a history of over sixty years. Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish- ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind., finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in 1840, he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci- ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855. ELLSWORTH, Epliraim Elmer, soldier, first victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics ville, Saratoga Comity, N. Y., April 23, 1837. He came to Chicago at an early age. studied law, and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became famous for the perfection of its discipline and drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to Washington, going from there to New York, where be recruited and organized a Zouave regiment composed of firemen. He became its Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- worth observed that a Confederate flag was flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before he reached the street was shot and killed by Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. Brownell, one of Ells%vorth's men. He was the first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May 24, 1.861. ELMHrRST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago; is the seat of the Evangelical Seminary ; has elec- tric interurban line, two papers, stone quarry, electric light, water and sewerage systems, high school, and churches. Pop. (1900), 1,728. ELM W OOD, a town of Peoria County, on the Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west-northwest of Peoria ; the principal industries are coal-mining and corn and tomato canning ; has a bank and one newspaper. Population (1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,582. EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles north of Bloomington, 33 miles east of Peoria, at the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; in agricultural district; has two national banks, three grain elevators, two high schools, two newspapers, nine churches. Pop. (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441; (1903, est.), 1,600. EMBARRAS RIA'ER, rises in Champaign County and runs southward through the counties of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast, passing through Lawrence County, and entering the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long. E MMERSOX, Cliarles, jurist, was bom at North Haverhill, Grafton County, N. H.. April 15, 1811; came to Illinois in 1833, first settling at Jackson- ville, where he spent one term in Illinois College, then studied law at Springfield, and, having been admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur, where he spent the remainder of his life except three years (1847-50) during which he resided at Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to 158 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Legislature, and, in 1853, to the Circuit bench, serving on the latter by re-election till 1867. The latter year he was a candidate for Justice of the Supreme Coiu-t, but was defeated by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was still in session. ENFIELD, a town of White County, at the intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10 miles west of Carmi ; is the seat of Southern Illi- nois College. The town also has a bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 717; (1890), 870; (1900), 971; (1903, est.), 1,000. ENGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was born at Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally engaging in merchandising in the former; in 1853 removed to Danville, 111., where he formed a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile business ; later conducted a private banking busi- ness and, in 1863, established the First National Bank, of which he has been President over twenty years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- ville, in 1873 was elected a member of the State Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago & Eastern Railroad. At the present time Mr. English, having practically retired from busi- ness, is spending most of his time in the West. ENOS, Pascal Paoli, pioneer, was born at Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, and, after spending some years in Vermont, where he served as High Sheriff of Windsor County, in September, 1815, removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land, finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land in Madison County, 111., he remained there about two years, when, in 1833, having received from President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of the newly established Land Office at Springfield, he removed thither, making it his permanent home. He was one of the original purchasers of the land on which the city of Springfield now stands, and joined with Maj. Elijali lies, John Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in laying out the town, to which they first gave the name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office through the administration of President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by President Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at Springfield, April, 1833.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles, Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Rejiresentative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County in 1853, and served by appointment of Justice McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the United States Circuit Court, being reappointed by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 1867. — Zimri A. (Enos), another son, was born Sept. 39, 1.S21, is a citizen of Springfield — has served as County Surveyor and Alderman of the city. — Julia B., a daughter, was born in Spring- field, Dec. 20, 1882, is the widow of the late O. M. Hatch, Secretary of State (1857-65). EPLER, Cyrns, lawyer and jurist, was born at Charleston, Clark County, Ind., Nov. 13, 1835; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law, and was admitted to the. bar in 1853, being elected State's Attorney the same year; also served as a membei- of the General Assemblj- two terms (1857-61) and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County, 1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected successively in 1879, "85 and "91, serving four terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire professional and official career his home has been in Jacksonville. EQUALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Sliavvneetown Division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the county-seat of Gallatin County and market for the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly paper is published here. Population (1880), 500; (1890), 633; (1900), 898. ERIE, a village of Whiteside Coimty, on the Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles north- east of Rock Island. Population (1880), 537; (1.S90), 535; (1900), 768. EUREKA, the county-seat of Woodford County, incorporated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and agricultural district. The principal mechanical industry is a large canning factory. Besides having good grammar and high schools, it is also the seat of Eureka College, under the control of the Cliristian denomination, in connection with which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti- tute. The town has a handsome courthouse and a jail, two weekly and one monthly paper. Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford County in 1896, the change from Metamora being HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 159 due to the central location and more convenient accessibility of the former from all parts of the county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; (1900), 1,661. EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka. Wood- ford Count}-, and chartered in 18oo, distinctively imder the care and supervision of the "Christian'' or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary aim of its founders was to prepare young men for the ministry, while at the same time affording facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in 1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been steady. Besides a preparatory department and a business school, the college maintains a collegiate department (with classical and scientific courses) and a theological school, the latter being designed to fit young men for the ministry of the denomi- nation. Both male and female matriculates are received. In 1890 there ^vas a faculty of eighteen professors and assistants, and an attendance of some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom were females. The total value of the institution's property is §1-14,000, which includes an endow- ment of 845,000 and real estate valued at §85,000. EUSTACE, John V., lawj'er and judge, was liorn in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1821 ; graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and, in 1842, at the age of 21, was admitted to the bar, removing the same j-ear to Dixon, 111. , where he resided imtil his death. In 1856 he was elected to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in March, 1878, was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885. but died in 1888, three years before the expiration of his term. EVANGELICAL SEMINAKT, an institution under the direction of the Lutheran denomina- tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm- hurst, Du Page Coimty. Instruction is given in the classics, theology, oratory and preparatory studies, bj' a faculty of eight teachers. The number of pupils during the school year (1895-96) was 133 — all young men. It has property valued at §59,305. EVANS, Henry H., legislator, was born in Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to Aurora, 111., where the latter finally became fore- man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quinc.y ma- chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the "ar. Since the war he has become most widely known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and subsequently to the Senate ever}' four years from 1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty years of almost continuous service. He is a large owner of real estate and has been prominently connected with financial and other business enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas and Street Railway Companies; also served with the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors Cullom. Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re- former, was born in Marshall County, 111., Dec. 19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1854, and, in 1872, accepted the presidencj- of Hedding College at Abingdon, which he filled for six years. He then became President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the following year returned to pastoral work. In 1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- lege, where ( 1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer- ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ; has also produced a number of volumes on reli- gious and moral questions. EVANS, John, M.D., physician and Governor, was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., but soon returned to Ohio, finally locating at Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the establishment of the fii'st insane hospital in In- diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College, in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal." He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, became a successful operator in real estate and in the promotion of various railroad enterprises, and was one of the founders of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, serving as President of the Board of Trustees over forty years. Dr. Evans was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, from whom, in 1862, he received the appointment of Governor of the Ten-itory of Colorado, con- tinuing in office \intil displaced by Andrew John- son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading factor in the construction of some of the most important railroad lines in that section, including the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was for many years the President. He was also 160 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. prominent in connection with educational and church enterprises at Denver, whicli was his home after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. EVANSTOX, a city of Cook County, situated 12 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The original town was incorporated Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1809, a special act was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town adopted village organizations under the General Village and City Incorporation Act of the same year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- tory to the village of Evanston have taken place as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts by petition; in April, 1874, the village of North Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the electors of both corporations; in April, 1886, there was another annexation of a small out-lying district by petition; in February, 1892, the ques- tion of the annexation of South Evanston was submitted to the voters of both corporations and adopted. On March 29, 1892, the question of organization under a city government was sub- mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo- ration and decided in the affirmative, the first city election taking place April 19, following. The population of the original corporation of Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was 12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,20.5, making the total population of the new city 15,967. Judged by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated city has had a healthy growth in the past ten years, giving it, at the end of the century, a population of 19,259. Evanston is one of the most attractive residence cities in Northern Illinois and famed for its educational advantages. Besides having an admirable system of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the academic and theological departments of the Northwestern University, the latter being known as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and electricity, and maintains its own system of water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced within the corporate limits imder stringent mimicipal ordinances, and the charter of the Northwestern University forbidding the sale of intoxicants within four miles of that institution. As a consequence, it is certain to attract the most desirable class of people, whether consisting of those seeking permanent homes or simply contemplating temporary residence for the sake of educational advantages. EWIXG, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer and politician, was liorn in Kentucky in 179."), and came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at Shawneetown. As earlj' as 1820 he appears from a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon- roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint- ment, presumabh' that of Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con- temporary history shows that, in 1822, he lost a deposit of §1,000 by the robbery of the bank there. He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia at an early daj-, Colonel of the "Spy Battalion" during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi- tions held by him included Clerk of the House of Representatives two sessions (1826-27 and 1828-29) ; Representative from the counties composing the Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- bly (1830-31), when he also became Speaker of the House; Senator from the same District in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of wliich he was chosen President pro tempore. While serving in this capacity he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to ac«;pt a seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- ber, 1834, assumed the Governorship as successor to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in due course at the previous election. A year later (December, 1835) he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had died in office. Failing of a re-election to the Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House of Representatives from his old district in 1838, as he was again in 1840, at each session being chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- lature at the close of his term, we find him at the beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died, March 25, 1846. His public career was as unique as it was remark- able, in the number and character of the official positions held by him within a period of twenty- five years. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers under heads of "Gorernor," "Lindniant Gov- ernor." etc.) HISTOIIICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 161 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858, by Dr. Edward L. Holmes, a distinguished Chi- cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu- tion was transferred to and accepted bj' the State, the title was changed by the substitution of the word "Illinois" for "Cliicago, '" and the Infirmary became a State institution. The fire of 1871 destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State erected another of brick, four stories in height, at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, Chicago. The institution receives patients from all the counties of the State, the same receiving board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened vinder legislative authority, which is under charge of some eminent Chicago specialists. FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings- ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon- tiac, in a fertile and thickly -settled region. Coal, sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous' quartz are found in the neighborhood. The town has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 2,140; (1890), 2,'324; (1900), 3,187. FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has an extensive woolen factory and large flouring and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers and is an important fruit and grain-shipping point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890). 1,881; (1900), 3,338. FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-southwest from Danville ; industrial interests chieflj- agri- cultural ; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 649 ; (1900), 928. FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 183.5; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, and graduated from the State University there in 1859, during a part of his university course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal church at Madison ; was next Vice-President of Gainesville University till 1861, when he was ordained to the Methodist ministry and became pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following year ne was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty- second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- dier-General. On his return to civil life he became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 111., remaining two j'ears; in 1875 united with the Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the editorship of "The Appeal." the organ of the church. He served as Regent of the University of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- plementary Dictioaarj', " published in 1884. Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed Episcopal Church work in the West and North- west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, and was Chairman of the General Committee of the Educational Congress during the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 29 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the section; the town has one newspaper. Popula- tion (1890), 618; (1900), 693; (1903, est), 800. FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 23 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railwaj-s. It is a trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- raising district, especially noted for rearing finely bred horses. The city has banks, two news- papers, churches of four denominations and good schools, including a high school. Population (1880), 1,289; (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664- FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- signed to encourage practical education among farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- tiu-al resources of the State. Its membership consists of three delegates from each county in the State, elected annually by the Farmers' Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: Tlie Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 162 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- nois, and the Presidents of tlie State Board of Agriculture. Dairymen's Association and Horti- cultural Society, exoificio. with one member from each Congressional District, chosen by the dele- gates from the district at the annual meeting of the organization. Annual meetings (between Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, which shall continue in session for not less than three days. The topics for discussion are the cuiti%-ation of crops, the care and breeding of domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, farm drainage, improvement of highways and general farm management. The reports of the annual meetings are printed by the State to the number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable quarters for the officers of tlie organization are provided in the State capitol. FARMINGTON, a city and railroad center in Fulton County, 12 miles north of Canton and 22 miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined here; there are also brick and tile factories, a foundry, one steam flour-mill, and two cigar manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for grain and live-stock. Tlie town has two banks and two newspapers, five churches and a graded school. Population (1890). 1,375; (1903, est,), 2.103. FARjVSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born at Green Oak, Livingston Countj', Mich., ip 1837. After completing a course in the public schools, he entered the University of Michigan, but left college at the end of his freshman year (1858) to serve in the Quartermaster's department of the army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter and a carrier of mails between the haunts of civilization and the then newly -discovered mines at Pike's Peak. Returning to IlUnois, he was commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of tlie Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle was Colonel. (See Farnswortli, John Franklin.) He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General Pleasanton, and, on June 29, 1863, was made a Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, while gallantly leading a cliarge at Gettysburg. FARNSWORTH, John FraiikUii, soldier and former Congressman, was born at Eaton, Canada Ea.st, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane County, where he practiced law for many years, making his home at St. Charles. He was elected to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 18.58. In September of 1861. he was commissioned Colonel of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in November. 1802, but resigned, March 4, 1S63, to take his seat in Congress to which he had been elected the November previous, by successive re-elections serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter j-ears of his life were spent in Washington, where he died, July 14, 1897. F.\RWELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and United States Senator, was born at Painted Post, N. Y., July 1, 1823; removed to Illinois in 1838, and, for six years, was employed in surveying and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He was elected County Clerk in 1853, and re-elected in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom- ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem- ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook County in 1868; and National Bank Examiner in 1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, was re-elected in 1872, but was defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which was carried into the House at "Washington. Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, making three full terms in that body. He also served for several years as Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee. After the death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) elected United States Senator, his term expiring Marcli 3, 1891. Mr. Farwell has since devoted his attention to the immense mercantile busi- ness of J. V. Farwell & Co. FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born at Campbelltown, Steuben County, N. Y., July 29, 1825, the son of a farmer ; received a common- school education and, in 1838, removed with his father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time, but, in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and secured employment in the City Clerk's office, then became a book-keeper in the dry- goods establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus received his bent towards a mercantile career, he soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of §600 a year, but was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., in 1860. About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter became associated with the concern and received their mercantile training under the supervision of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 163 became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm was incorporated under the name of The J. V. Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- well, being a member. The subject of this sketch has long been a prominent factor in religious circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men's Cliristian Association, and served as President of the Chicago Branch of the United States Christian Commission during the Civil War. Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi- dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's second election in 1864 ; also served by appoint- ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a number of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. He was also prominent in the organization of the Chicago Public Librarj', and a member of the Union League, the Chicago Historical Society and the Art Institute. FAKWELL, William Washing'ton, jurist, was born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan. 5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he removed to Chicago, but the following year went to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850. In 1854 he again settled at Chicago and soon secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six years. During this period he sat chiefly upon the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his second term he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the re- mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. FAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles south of the geographical center of the State; was organized in 1821, and named for the French General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer- tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and mining are the chief industries. The old, historic "Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. Perryville was the first county seat, but this town is now extinct. VandaUa, the present seat of county government (population, 2,144), stands upon a succession of bills upon the west bank of the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- ber, and St. Elmo. FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM FOR. This institution, originally established as a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children." Its success having been assured, the school was placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering foi-ty acres, was donated, and the erection of buildings begun. The original plan provided for a center building, with wings and a rear exten- sion, to cost §124,775. Besides a main or adminis- tration building, the institution embraces a school building and custodial hall, a hospital and industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a chapel has been added. It has control of 890 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pui'- poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- tution. The remainder is used for the purposes of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- tions constantly on file for the admission of others for whom there is no room. FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary, Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Maynooth College. He emigrated to tlie United States in 1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once appointed President of the Seminary of Caronde- let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the affairs of the diocese with gi-eat abiUty. In 1880 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch- bishop. His administration has been conserva- tive, yet efficient, and the archdiocese has greatly prospered tmder his rule. FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808; started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 164 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. van, 111., in 1833, and the next year located at Bloomington, being the first lawyer in that new- town. Later he became agent for school lands and the State Bank, but failed financially in 1837, and returned to practice; resided several years at Payson, Adams County, but returning to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton Railroad through that town, and was one of the founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated personal biography; in the campaign of 1860 he served as Secretary of the Republican State Cen- tral Committee, and, in 1862, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- ous friend of the cause of industrial education, and bore an important part in securing the location of the State Normal University at Nor- mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887. FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's productions and other works which now rank among English classics. In 1834 lie came to America, finally locating in Chicago, where, with various partners, he pursued the business of a job printer continuously some fifty years — being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was killed by being run over by a railroad train at Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of which he was so long the head is continued by his sons. FERNWOOD, a suburban station on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 12 south of ter- ftiinal station; annexed to City of Chicago, 1891. FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in Monroe, Mich., August 9, 1825; was educated in his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort "Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan, 111., the following year, served as Postmaster and, in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of Waukegan in 1859, a member of the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1863, State Bank Com- missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General (in the staff of Governor Yates during the war, and a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1864. After the war he served as direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington Territory and, in 1872 and "76, Territorial Gov- ernor. On the admission of Washington as a State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor. Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14, 1895. FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi in Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- boats between Galena and its mouth. The name originally given to it by early French explorers was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"), which has since been corrupted into its present form. FICKLIJi, Orlando B., lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky, Dec. 16, 1808, and admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was elected to the lower house of the Ninth General Assembly. After serving a term as State's Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and again in '42, he was elected to the Legislature, as he was for the last time in 1878. He was four times elected to Congress, serving from 1843 to '49, and from 1851 to '53 ; was Presidential Elector in 1856. and candidate for the same position on the Democratic ticket for the State-at-large in 1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1856 and '60. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886. FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the time of its admission into the Union, locating in Union County, which he represented in the Third, Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the first of these he was a prominent factor in the ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County and the seating of Shaw in his place, which enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the passage of a resolution submitting to the people the question of calling a State Constitutional Convention. In 1838 he was appointed Secretary of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in oflice under Governors Reynolds and Dun- can and through half the term of Governor Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure his removal in 1838 by the appointment of John A. McClernand — the courts, however, declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, the Governor's act was made effective by the confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas held the office only to the following February, when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 165 bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to succeed him. Field (who liad become a Whig) was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he • was at tlie beginning of the late war. In Decem- ber, 1863, he presented him.self as a member of the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo- quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in New Orleans, in 1877. Mr. Field was a nephew of Judge Natlianiel Pope, for over thirty years on the bench of the United States District Court. FIELD, Eug'ene, journalist, humorist and poet, was born in St. Louis. Mo., Sept. 3, 18.50. Left an orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela- tive at Amherst, Mass. , and received a portion of his literary training at Monson and Williamstown in that State, completing his course at the State University of Missouri. After an extended tour through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal- istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on "The Evening Journal," later becoming its city editor. During the next ten years he was succes- sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., at the last named city being managing editor of "The Tribune." In 1888 he removed to Chicago, becoming a special writer for "The Chicago News," his particular department for several years being a pungent, witty column with the caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con- siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among the latter being successful translations of several of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was best known through his short poems relating to childhood and home, which strongly appealed to the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 1895. FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was born in Conway, Mass., in 1835, and grew up on a farm, receiving a common school and academic education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a mercantile career as clerk in a dry -goods store at Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, FarweU & Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer having retired in 1867, the firm was continued under the name of Field, Leiter & Co., until 1881, when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of the business of this great establishment is shown by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted before the fire to some 812,000,000 annually, in 1895 they aggregated §40,000,000. Mr. Field's business career has been remarkable for its suc- cess in a city famous for its successful business men and the vastness of their commercial oper- ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- nating patron of important public enterprises, some of his more conspicuous donations being the gift of a tract of land valued at §300,000 and §100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and §1,000,000 to the endowment of tlie Field Colum- bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum- bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one of the leading institutions of its kind in the United States. Besides his mercantile interests, Mr. Field has extensive interests in various finan- cial and manufacturing enterprises, including the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is a Director. FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct. 28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111. , and worked at the manufacture and laying of brick. At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack- son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, disregarding the advice of family and friends, he rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war, wlien about 25 years of age, he entered the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint of hard work and frugality, while supporting himself in part by manual labor, he secured a diploma in 1868. He at once began tlie study of law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a practice which subsequently proved both success- ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- ney for McLean County in 1872, holding the latter office, through re-election, until 1880, when he was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty- second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, though running in advance of the national and the rest of the State ticket. FINERTY, John F., ex-Congressman and journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept. 10, 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted 166 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entered the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 days during the Civil War, in the Ninety -ninth New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from 1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, estabUshed "The Citi- zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- American interest, which he continues to pub- lish. In 1883 he was elected, as an Independ- ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- ning as an Independent Republican for re-election in 188-1, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi- cago, and, since 1889, has held no public office, giving his attention to editorial work on his paper. FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, from which State he appears to have come to Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very prominent during the Territorial period; was appointed by William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; was elected from that county to the Indiana Territorial House of Representatives in 1805, and afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; was also Representative in the First and Third Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and '16), serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele- gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but died [on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. Fisher participated in the organization of the first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi- nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one of its officers. FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout, white fish (the latter species including a lake herring), wall-ej^ed pike, three kinds of bass, three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The "fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so called, (according to the census of 1890) con- sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons burthen — was credited to Illinois. The same report showed a capital of $36,105 invested in land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet" mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- eties of craft are employed in the industry. sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound nets, and seines. The total value of these minor Illinois craft, with tlieir equipment, for 1890, was nearly §18,000, the catch aggregating 722.830 pounds, valued at between .?24,000 and $25,000. Of this draught, the entire quantity was either sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi and its tributaries yield walleyed pike, pike perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and other species available for food. FITHIAN, George W., ex-Congressman, was born on a farm near Willow Hill, 111., July 4, 1854. His early education was obtained in the common schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at Mount Carmel. While employed at the case he found time to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's Attorney for Jasper County, and re-elected in 1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics, and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his Republican opponent. FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at Urbana; later practiced two years at Mechanics- burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at Danville, Vermilion County, where he became a large land-owner; in 1832 served with the Ver- milion County militia in the Black Hawk War, and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the Ninth General Assembly, the first of which Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards served two terms in the State Senate from the Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithian was active in promoting the railroad interests of Danville, giving the right of way for railroad purposes through a large body of land belonging to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a member of various medical associations, and, during his later years, was the oldest practicing physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., April 5, 1890. FLAGG, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Rich- mond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 167 and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he became a zealous Republican on the organization of that party, dying in 1857. — Wlllard Cutting (Flagg), son of the preceding, was born in Madi- son County, 111., Sept 16, 1829, spent his early life on his father's farm and in the common schools; from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, finally graduating with honors at Yale College, in 1854. During his college course he took a number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year, served as one of the editors of "The Yale Literary Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, being the first to introduce the Devon breed of cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1860 ; in 1863, by appointment of Gov. Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Madison County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and, in 1868, was elected to the State Senate for a term of four years, and, during the last session of his term (1872), took a prominent part in the revision o/ the school law ; was appointed a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- .sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was also prominent in agricultural and horticultural organizations, serving as Secretary of the State Horticultural Society from 1861 to 'C9, when he became its President. He was one of the origi- nators of the "farmers' movement," served for some time as President of "The State Farmers' Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered addresses in various States on agricultural and horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected President of the National Agricultural Congress. In his later years he was a recognized leader in the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison County, lU., April 5, 1878. FLEMING, Robert K., pioneer printer, was born in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers' trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in control of the office of "The Republican Advo- cate," which had been established in 1823, by Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it in May, 1825, under the name of "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi- cation of "The Illinois Corrector," at Edwards- ville. Two years later he returned to Kaskaskia and resumed the publication of "The Recorder," but, in 1833, was induced to remove his office to Belleville, where he commenced the publication of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "Tlie St. Clair Mercury," both of which had a brief exist- ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo- cate," which he continued for a number of years. He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons who have been prominently identified with the history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at Belleville and elsewhere. FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga- mon County, 111., in 1819; was elected Represent- ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serving in the latter body six years. He was one of the famous "Long Nine" which represented Sangamon County in the Tenth General Assem- bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County, in 1872. FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory, flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,695; (1900), 2,311 ; (1903, est.), 3,000. FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780; came to the United States in 1817, and was associ- ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the "English Settlement"' at Albion, Edwards County, 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten- sive farm with blooded animals from England and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses which dissipated his wealth. In common with Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in Illinois in 1824, and did much to defeat that measure. He and his wife died on the same day (Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daugliter at Grayville, III. A book written by him — "History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, 111." — and published in 1883, is a valuable contri- bution to the early history of that portion of the State.— Edward Fordhams (Flower), son of the preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805, but came with Iiis father to Illinois in early life ; later he returned to England and spent nearly half a century at Stratford-onAvon, where he 168 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was four times chosen Mayor of that borough and entertained many visitors from the United States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 26, 1883. FOBES, Phllena, educator, born in Onondaga County, N. Y.. Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello Female Seminary, then newly established at Godfrey, 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin- cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843, Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship, remaining until 1866, when she retired. For some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y., and New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main- taining a lively interest in educational and benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila- delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New Haven, Conn. FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Baltimore. Md., in 1823; was ordained a prie.st in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan- cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bisliop Duggan hav- ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was prudent and eminently successful. As a man and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and classes alike, the State Legislature adopting resolutions of respect and regret upon learning of his death, whicli occurred at Baltimore, in 1879. FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer teacher, was born at Windham, Vt., July 26, 1797; in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying, and, having removed to Newburg (now South Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur- veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in the following year to Chicago, wliich then con- tained only three white families outside of Fort Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he took up his abode in what was called the "sut- ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, and opened the first school ever taught in Clii- cago, all but three of his pupils being either half-breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook County; later preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside now stands, subsequently becoming owner of some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about 18,53, to Dr. W. B. Egan at $20 per acre. In 1849, having been seized with the "gold fever," Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to California, but, not being successful, returned two years later by way of the Isthmus, and, hav- ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again returned to Chicago, but survived only a short time, dying Feb. 17, 1879. FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov- ernor, was born in Uniontown, Pa., and, in boy- hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located in Monroe County, 111. Largely through the efforts and aid of his half-brother, George Forquer, he obtained a professional education, became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, entered the field of politics. He served as a Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part of the State from 1835 to 1837, and was again commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the following year to accept the nomination of his party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was regarded as upright in his general policy, but he had a number of embarrassing questions to deal with during his administration, one of these being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to receive tlie support of his own party. He was author of a valuable 'History of Illinois," (pub- lished posthumously). He died, at Peoria, in greatly reduced circimistances, Nov. 3, 1850. The State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a monument over his grave. FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, was organized in 1859, being cut off from Vermil- ion. It is shaped like an inverted "T," and has an area of 490 square miles; population (1900), 18,359. The first County Judge was David Pat- ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United States Supreme Court) presided over the first Circuit Court. The surface of the coimty is level and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one to five feet in depth. There is little timber, nor is there any out-cropping of stone. The county is named in honor of Governor Ford. The county- seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890, of 2, 187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a population of 1,800. FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier, was born in Tioga County, N. Y., August 2.5, 1811; graduated at Union College in 1832, studied law and was admitted to the bar in New York in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 169 1835, and in the United States Supreme Court in 1836; the latter year came west and settled at Vandalia, lU., where he began practice; in 1844 was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of Fayette, Effingham. Clay and Rich- land Counties, serving two years; before the expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, after participating in a number of the most important engagements of the campaign, was mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Re- turning from the Mexican War, he brought with him and presented to the State of Illinois a six-pound cannon, which had been captured by Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield. In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential Elector for the State -at -large on the Democratic ticket ; in 1849 went to California, where he prac- ticed his profession until 18,53. meanwhile serving as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of State during the administration of Gov. John B. Weller (1858-60); in 1861 officiated, by appoint- ment of the California Legislature, as Commis- .sioner on the part of the State in fixing the boundary between California and the Territory of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving about twenty months, when he resigned. In 1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and sers'ed as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the office of State's Attorney for Fayette County. Later he returned to California, and, at the latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that State. PORMAN, William S., ex-Congressman, was born at Natchez, Miss. , Jan. 20, 1847. When he was four years old, his father's family removed to Illinois, settling in Washington County, where he has lived ever since. By profession he is a lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics, local. State and National. He represented his Senatorial District in the State Senate in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- bUes, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and again in '93, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi- nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur- phy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the "Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois, receiving 8,100 votes. FORQUER, tJeorge, early State, officer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., in 1794 — was the son of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in 1804. After learning, and, for several years, following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he returned to Illinois and purchased the tract whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he projected the town of Bridge water, on the Mis- sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business, he took up the study of law, in which he attained marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre- sent Monroe County in the House of Represent- atives, but resigned in January of the following year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt, was the fact that they had been united in their opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor. At the close of the year he resigned the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks later (January, 1829), he was elected by the Legislature Attorney-General. This position he held until January, 1833, when he resigned, hav- ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been chosen State Senator from Sangamon County, serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem- blies. Before the close of his term as Senator (1835), he received the appointment of Register of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears to have been the last office held by him, as he died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a man of recognized ability and influence, an elo- quent orator and capable writer, but, in common with some of the ablest lawyers of that time, seems to have been much embarrassed by the smaUness of his income, in spite of his ability and the fact that he was almost continually in office. FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago market. The village has several churches and a gradedschool. Population (1880), 375; (1900), 952. no HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was born in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 26, 1820; came to Chicago in 1840, soon after securing employment as a writer on "The Evening Journal," and, later on, "The Gem of tlie Prairies," the predecessor of "The Tribune," being associated with the latter at the date of its establishment, in June, 18-17. During the early years of his residence in Chi- cago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher. On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the associate of John Wentworth in the management of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which was broken up by the consolidation of the latter with "The Tribune," in 1861. He then became the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribune, " also holding a position on the staff of Governor Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis Democrat" and "Chicago Times," as Washington correspondent; assisted in founding "The Chicago Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 1865, and, some years later, became a leading writer upon the same. He served one term as Clerk of the city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to the period of his death, was a leading contributor to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News" over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now or Never." Died, in Chicago, June 23, 1896. FORRESTON, a village in Ogle County, the terminus of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and point of intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107 miles west by north from Chicago, and 12 miles south of Freeport ; founded in 18.54, incorporated by special charter in 1868, and, under the general law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the principal industries. The village has a bank, water-works, electric light plant, creamery, vil- lage hall, seven churches, a graded school, and a newspaper. Population (1890), 1,118; (1900), 1,047. FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex-Congressman, was born at New Richmond, Ohio, May 24, 1830; received his early education in the common schools, and at Asbury University. He was reared upon a farm and followed farming as his life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In politics he early became an ardent Nationalist, and was chosen President of the Illinois State Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December, 187.5, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880, though receiving the nominations of the com- bined Republican and Greenback parties, was defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat. FORT, Greenbury L., soldier and Congress- man, was born in Ohio. Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1834, removed with his parents to IlUnois. In 1850 he was elected Slierifl of Putnam County ; in 1852, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean- while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In April of the latter year he enlisted under the first call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till March 34, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of tlie Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the Sea," and was mustered out with the rank ol Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his return from the field, he was elected to the .State Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty- sixth General Assemblies, and, from 1873 to 1881, as Representative in Congress. He died, at Lacon, June 13, 1883. FORT CHARTRES, a strong fortification erected by the French in 1718, on the American Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia. The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the limestone of which its walls were built was quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on the fourth by a ravine, which, during the spring- time, was full of water. During the period of French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was the seat of government. About four miles east soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher (or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Rocher.) At the outbreak of the French and Indian War (1756), the original fortification was repaired and. virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti- mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of government until 1772, when one side of the fortification was washed away by a freshet, and headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia. The first common law court ever held in the Mis- sissippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the northwest corner of Randolph County, once con- stituted an object of no little interest to anti- quarians, but the site has disappeared during the past generation by the encroachments of the Mississippi. FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United States military post, established at the mouth of the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in EARLY HISTOUIO SCENES. CHICAGO. i;ai!LY historic scenes, Chicago. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 171 the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General Wayne in 1795. It originally consisted of two block houses located ect opposite angles (north- west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade, with the Commandanfs quarters on the east side of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, officers' barracks on the west, and magazine, contractor's (sutler's) store and general store- house on the north — all the buildings being con- structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses, being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma- ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery. Its builder and first commander was Capt. John Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who subsequently became an American citizen, and served with distinction throughout the War of 1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. Nathan Heald. As early as 1806 the Indians aroimd the fort manifested signs of disquietude, Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato- mies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St. Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack upon the United States troops under Gen. William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the settlers by their atrocities. Slany of the whites sought refuge within the stockade. Within two months after the declaration of war against England, in 1812, orders were issued for the evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that time numbered about 70, including officers, a large number of the troops being ill. Almost simultaneously with the order for evacuation appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis- tribution of the goods, to which they claimed they were entitled under treaty stipulations. Knowing that he had but about forty men able to fight and that his march would be sadly hindered by the care of about a dozen women and twent}' children, the commandant hesitated. The Pottawatomies, through whose country he would have to pass, had alwaj's been friendly, and he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600 savage warriors had assembled around the fort. Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs, Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of these, Winnemeg was friendh-. It was he who had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate. and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous. he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous departure before the Indians had time to agree upon a line of action. But Captain Heald decided to distribute the stores among the sav- ages, and thereby secure from them a friendly escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines readily assented, believing that thereby all the whisky and ammunition which they knew to be within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort. He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun- powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied the former into the lake and destroyed the latter. This was the signal for war. Black Partridge claimed he could no longer restrain his young braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort were opened and the evacuation began. A band of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted and, within a mile and a half from the fort, began the sickening scene of carnage known as the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500 Indians participated, their loss being less than twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first exchange of shots. With but four exceptions the wounded white prisoners were dispatched with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those not wounded were scattered among various tribes. The next day the fort with its stockade was burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar- racks and ofiicers' quarters, a magazine and provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock- ade, and protected by bastions at two of its angles. It was again evacuated in 1823 and re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following year during, the Black Hawk War. The final evacuation occurred in 1836. FORT GAGE, situated on the eastern bluffs of the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas- kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the British in 1773. It was built of heavy, square timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being 390x351 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was captured by a detachment of American troops commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, wh(? held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers, with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly 172 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who happened to be witliin, and the commandant, Rocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping with his wife by his side. FORT JEFFERSON. 1. A fort erected by Col. George Rogers Clark, under instructions from the Governor of Virginia, at tlie Iron Banks on the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all adult, able-bodied white males who would emi- grate thither and settle, either with or without their families. Many accepted the offer, and a considerable colony was established there. Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Vir- ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, the colony was scattered, many families going to Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley, erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler, in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the post St. Clair's army, which had been badly weakened through desertions, was cut to pieces by the enemy, and the fortification was aban- doned. FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, erected about 1711 on the Ohio River, 40 miles from its mouth, in what is now Massac County. It was the first fortification (except Fort St. Louis) in the "Illinois Country," antedating Fort Chartres by several j-ears. The origin of the name is uncertain. The best authorities are of the opinion that it was so called in honor of the engineer who superintended its construction ; by others it has been traced to the name of the French Minister of Slarine ; others assert that it is a corruption of the word "Massacre," a name given to the locality because of the massacre there of a large number of French soldiers by the Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by the French until after the evacuation of the country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. It later became a sort of depot for American settlers, a few families constantly residing within and around the fortification. At a very early day a military road was laid out from the fort to Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as milestones, the number of miles being cut with irons and painted red. After the close of the Revolutionary War, the United States Govern- ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards. With the cession of Louisiana to the United States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never re-garrisoned. According to the "American State Papers," during the period of the French occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary station and a trading post. FORT SACKVILLE, a British fortification, erected in 1769, on the Wabasli River a short distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and was for a time commanded by Captain Helm, with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois French. In December, 1778, Helm and one private alone occupied the fort and surrendered to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who led a force into the country around Vincennes. FORT SHERIDAX, United States Military Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 24 miles north of Chicago. (Highwood village adjacent onthesouth.) Population (1890), 4.'jl : (1900), 1,.575. FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a rock (widelj' known as "Starved Rock"), which consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140 feet, and its nearly round summit contains an area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. Here, in the fall of 1682, La Salle and Tonty began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth- works, palisades, store-houses and a block house, wliich also served as a dwelling and trading post. A windlass drew water from the river, and two small brass cannon, mounted on a parapet, com- prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated by Father Membre, and soon became a gathering place for the surrounding tribes, especially the lUinois. But F^ontenac having been succeeded as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis- placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack him. La Salle left the fort in 1683, to return to France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a military post, though it continued to be a trad- ing post iintil 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle.) FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway.') FORT WAYNE & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See New York. Chicago & St. Louis Railway.) FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC. Closely related in interest to the works of the mound- builders in Illinois — though, probably, owing their origin to another era and an entirely different HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 173 race — are those works which bear evidence of having been constructed for^jurposes of defense at some period anterior to the arrival of white men in the country. While there are no works in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to which have been given the names of "Fort Ancient" on the Maumee in Ohio, "Fort Azatlan"" on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan" on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are a number whose form of construction shows that they must have been intended for warlike pur- poses, and that they were formidable of their kind and for the period in which they were con- structed. It is a somewhat curious fact that, while La Salle County is the seat of the first fortification constructed by the French in Illinois that can be said to have had a sort of permanent character ( see Fort St. Louis and Starved Bock), it is also the site of a larger number of preliistoric fortifications, whose remains are in such a state of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than any other section of the State of equal area. One of the most formidable of these fortifications is on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines of circunivallation, showing evidence of consider- able engineering skill. From the size of the trees within this work and other evidences, its age has been estimated at not less than 1,200 years. On the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa, another work of considerable strength existed. It is also said that the American Fur Company had an earthwork here for the protection of its trading station, erected about 1816 or "18, and consequently belonging to the present century. Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out- line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has not been positively determined, about half a mile south of the former, has been traced in recent times. De Baugis. sent by Governor La Barre, of Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis, which belonged practically to the same era as the latter. — There are t%vo points in Southern Illinois where the aborigines had constructed fortifica- tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been given. One of these is a hill overlooking the Saline River in the southern part of Saline County, where there is a wall or breastwork five feet in height enclosing an area of less than an acre in extent. The other is on the west side of Lusk"s Creek, in Pope County, where a breast- work has been constructed by loosely piling up the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek below the fortified ridge. — The remains of an old Indian fortification were found by early settlers of McLean County, at a point called "Old Town Timber," about 1823 to 1825. It was believed then that it had been occupied by the Indians during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians was, that it was burned by General Harrison in 1812; though this is improbable in view of the absence of any historical mention of the fact. Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in 1880, is of tlie opinion that its history goes back as far as 1752, and that it was erected by the Indians as a defense against the French at Kas- kaskia. There was also a tradition that there had been a French mission at this point. — One of the most interesting stories of early fortifications in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the Chicago Historical Society. Although the work alluded to by him was evidently constructed after the arrival of the French in the country, the exact period to which it belongs is in doubt. According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the western part of Cook County. He says: "I first saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in company with other persons, some of whom are still living. I feel sure that it was not built dur- ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It seems probable that it was the work of French traders or explorers, as there were trees a century old growing in its environs. It was evidently the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the science of warfare. ... As a strategic point it most completely commanded the surrounding country and the crossing of the swamp or 'Sag'." Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied by Colonel Durantye in 1695? The remains of a small fort, supposed to have been a French trad- ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of Lake County, where the pre.sent city of Waukegan stands, giving to that place its first name of "Little Fort." This structure was seen in 1825 by Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who had served in the session of the General Assembly of that year as a Representative from Sangamon County, and was then on his way to Green Bay, and the remains of the pickets or palisades were visible as late as 1835. While the date of its 174 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. erection is unknown, it probably belonged to the latter part of the eighteenth century. There is also a tradition that a fort or trading post, erected by a Frenchman named Garay (or Guarie) stood on the North Branch of the Chicago River prior to the erection of the first Fort Dearborn in 1803. FOSS, Georffe Edmund, lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Franklin County, Vt., July 3, 1863; graduated from Harvard University, in 1885; attended the Columbia Law School and School of Political Science in New York City, finally graduating from the Union College of Law in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the bar and began practice. He never held any political office until elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress (1894), from the Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the candidate of his party, and was re-elected by a majority of over 20,000, as he was a third time, in 1898, by more than 13,000 majority. In the Fifty-fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of the Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture. FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills- borough, N. H., March 8, 1796. His early years were spent on his father's farm, but at the age of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. H., and, three years later, began teaching with an older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having spent some sixteen years teaching and practicing medicine at various places in Iiis native State, in 1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan County, 111. While there he took part in the Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before the close of the year he was coTnpelled to come to Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who was an officer in the army and had been killed by an insubordinate soldier at Green Bay. Having thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real estate, which, in subsequent years, largely appreciated in value, he became identified with early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest real-estate owners of his time in the city. He was an active promoter of education during this period, serving on both City and State Boards. His death occurred. May 18, 1874, in consequence of injuries sustained by being thrown from a vehicle in which he was i-iding nine daj's previous. FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist, was born at Brimfield, Mass., in 1815, and edu- cated at W^esleyan University, Conn ; later studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits, being employed foi; several years in the geological survey of Oliio, dming which he investigated tlie coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally devoted considerable attention to the study of metallurgy, he was employed about 1844 by mining capitalists to make the first systematic siu-vey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon which, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he made a report whicli was published in two vol- imies in 1850-.'51. Returning to Massachusetts, he participated in the organization of the "American Party" there, though we find him soon after breaking with it on the slavery question. In 1855 he was a candidate for Congress in the Springfield (Mass.) District, but was beaten by a small majority. In 1858 he removed to Chicago and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter years of his life were devoted chiefly to archaeological researches and writings, also serving for some years as Professor of Natural History in the (old) University of Chicago. His works include "Tlie Mississippi Valley ; its Physical Geography, Min- eral Resources," etc. (Chicago, 1869) ; "Mineral Wealth and Railroad Development," (New York, 1872) ; "Prehistoric Races of the United States," (Chicago, 1873), besides contributions to numer- ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of several scientific associations and, in 1809, Presi- dent of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park, now a part of Chicago, June 39, 1873. FOUKE, Philip B., lawjer and Congressman, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Jan. 23, 1818; was chiefly self-educated and began his career as a clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer ; about 1841-43 was associated with the publication of "The Belleville Advocate." later studied law, and, after being admitted to the bar, served as Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to that office in 1856. Previous to this, however, lie had been elected to the lower branch of the Seven- teenth General Assembly (1850), and, in 1858, was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-sixth Congress and re-elected two years later. While still in Congress he assisted in organizing the Thirtieth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of winch he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned on account of ill-health soon after the battle of .Sliiloh. After leaving the army he removed to New Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis- trator and practiced law for some time. He tlien took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims against the Mexican Government, in which he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 175 was engaged some seven years, finally removing to Washington City and making several trips to Europe in the interest of these suits. He won his cases, but died soon after a decision in his favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his brain in their prosecution. His death occurred in Washington, Oct. 3, 1876, when he was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant and a number of Senators and Congressmen acting as pall-bearers at his funeral. FOWLER, Charles Henry, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born in Burford. Conn., August 11, 1837; was partially educated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, finally graduating at Genesee College, N. Y., in 18.59. He then began the study of law in Chicago, but. changing his purpose, entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston, graduating in 1861. Having been admitted to the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference he was appointed successiveh' to Chicago churches till 1873; then became President of the North- we.stern University, holding this office four years, %vhen he was elected to tbe editorship of "The Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence is in San Francisco, his labors as Bishop being devoted largeh- to the Pacific States. FOX BIVER (of Illinois)— called Pishtaka by the Indians — rises in Waukesha County, Wis., and, after running southward through Kenosha and Racine Counties in that State, passes into Illinois. It intersects McHenry and Kane Coun- ties and runs southward to the city of Aurora, below which point it fiows southwest ward, until it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa. It affords abundant water power. FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Sacs ayid Fo.ves. ) FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was born at Wethersfield, Conn., May 14, 1796, learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and. in connection with a partner, published a paper at Buffalo, N. Y. In consequence of the excitement growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828, (being a Mason) he was compelled to suspend, and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 1831, com- menced the publication of "The Sangamo ' (now "The Illinois State") "Journal" at Springfield, continuing his connection therewith until 1855, when he sold out to Messrs. Bailhache & Baker. Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was active iri the organization of the State Agricul- tural Society (1853), serving as its Recording Secretary for several 3'ears. In 1859 he moved to Portland, Ore., where he published "The Oregon Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon State Agricultural Society; in 1861 was ap- pointed by President Lincoln, Pajmaster in the regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired on half -pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25, 1872. — Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding, was born at Wethersfield, Conn., April 14, 1815; in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and became a partner in the publication of "The Journal" until its sale, in 1855. In 1861 he was appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C, serving until 1871, when he engaged in the fur trade. Later he was United States Consul at Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887. — Josiah (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in 1836 engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867. FRA>'KLIX, a village of Morgan County, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles southeast of Jacksonville. The place has a news- paper and two banks; the surrounding country is agricultural. Population (1880), 316; (1890), 578; (1900). 687. FRAXKLIJf COUNTY, located in the south- central part of the State ; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 430 square miles. Population (1900), 19.675. The county is well timbered and is drained by the Big Muddj- River. The soil is fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes, sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county-seat is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The county contains no large towns, although large, well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli- est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten- nessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous, southwestern hospitality are preserved among the residents of to-day. FRANKLIN GROVE, a town of Lee County, on Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & North- western Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago. Grain, poultry, and live-stock are shipped from here. It has banks, water-works, high school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 736; (1900). CSI. FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who came to Southern Illinois at an early day and served as State .Senator from Edwards County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the 176 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. latter being an opponent of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occu- pation and, at the time he was a member of tlie Legislature, resided in what afterwards became Wabash County. Subsequently he removed to Edwards County, near Albion, where he died. "Frazier's Prairie," in Edwards County, was named for him. FREEBURG, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880), 1,038; (1890), 848; (1900), 1,214. FREEMAN, Normau L., lawyer and Supreme Court Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Living- ston County, N. Y., May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom- panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor, Mich., removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu- cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught school at Lexington, Ky. , while studying law, and was admitted to the bar in 1846 ; removed to Shawneetown, 111., in 1851, was admitted to the Illinois bar and practiced some eight years. He then began farming in Marion County, Mo., but, in 1863, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863, was appointed Reporter of Decisions by the Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his death, which occurred at Springfield near the beginning of his sixth term in office, August 23, 1894. FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in the State — known as the "Ancient Order of Free and Accepted Masons" — the first Lodge being instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen. John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones, Senior Warden; James Galbraith, Junior War- den ; W^illiam Arundel, Secretary ; Robert Robin- son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons who were, without exception, prominent in tlie early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was organized at Vandalia in 1822, with Gov. Shad- rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi- zation of the Grand Lodge, as it now exists, took place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois in 1840 was six, with 157 members; the number of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895 was 713, with a membership of 50,727, of which 47,335 resided in Illinois. Tlie dues for 1895 were §37,834.50; the contributions to members, their widows and orphans, §25,038.41 ; to non- Biembers, $6,306.38, and to the Illinois Masonic Orphans' Home, $1,315.80. — Apollo Commandery No. 1 of Knights Templar — tlie pioneer organi- zation of its kind in this or any neighboring State — was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1845, and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi- nois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney, Grand Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty- five subordinate commanderies, with a total membership of 9,355, and dues amounting to $7,754.75. The principal officers in 1895-96 were Henry Hunter Montgomery, Grand Commander; John Henry Witbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gil- bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder.— The Spring- field Chapter of Royal Arch-Masons was organized in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841, and the Royal Arch Chapter of tlie State at Jacksonville, April 9, 1850, the nine existing Chapters being formally chartered Oct. 14. of the same year. The number of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a total membership of 16,414. — The Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894, embraced 32 subordinate Councils, with a membership of 2,318. FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles west of Cliicago ; has good water-power from the Peca- tonica River, with several manufacturing estab- lishments, the output including carriages, wagon-wheels, wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs, piano-stools, leather, mineral paint, foundry pro- ducts, chicken incubators and vinegar. The Illi- nois Central Railroad lias shops here and the city has a Government postoffice building. Popula- tion (1890), 10,189; (1900), 18,258. FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free- port, 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational; had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116 pupils. FREER, Lemuel Covell Paine, early lawyer, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1840 ; was a zealous anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion; for many years was President of the Board of Trustees of Rusli Medical College. Died, in Chicago. April 14. 1892. FRENCH, Augustus C, ninth Governor of Illinois (1846-52), was born in New Hampshire, August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he became a resident of Crawford County, and a lawyer by profession. He "was a member of the Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Pales- tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844, was elected to the office of Governor as a Demo- crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over two competitors, and was the unanimous choice of his party for a second term in 1848. His adminis- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 177 tration was free from scandals. He was appointed Bank Commissioner by Governor Matteson, and later accepted the chair of Law in McKendree College at Lebanon. In 1858 he was the nominee of the Douglas wing of the democratic party for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex-Gov. John Reynolds being the candidate of the Buchanan branch of the party. Both were defeated. His last public service was as a mem- ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. 4, 1864. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. The first premonition of this struggle in the West was given in 1698, when two English vessels entered the mouth of the Mississippi, to take possession of the French Territory of Louisiana, wliich then included what afterward became the State of Illinois. This expedition, however, returned without result. Great Britain was anxious to have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict the French, and began negotiation of treaties with the Indian tribes as early as 1734, expecting thereby to fortify her original claim, which was based on the right of prior discovery. The numerous shiftings of the political kaleidoscope in Europe prevented any further steps in this direc- tion on the part of England until 1748-49, when the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, with exclu- sive trading privileges. The Company proceeded to explore and survey and, about 1752, established a trading post on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities were probable, and advanced their posts as far east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remon- strance on tlie part of Virginia. Among the ambassadors sent to the French by the Governor of Virginia was George Washington, who thus, in early manhood, became identified with Illinois history. His report was of such a nature as to induce the erection of counter fortification's by the British, one of which (at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized and occupied by the French before its completion. Then ensued a series of engagements which, while not involving large forces of men, were fraught with grave consequences, and in which the French were generally successful. In 1755 occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to recover Fort Duquesne (where Pittsburg now stands), which had been captured by the French the previous year, and the Government of Great Britain determined to redouble its efl'orts. The final result was the termination of French domi- nation in the Ohio Valley. Later came the down- fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result of the battle of Quebec ; but the vanquislied yet hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois. But France was forced to indemnify Spain for the loss of Florida, which it did by the cession of all of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (includ- ing the city of New Orleans), and this virtually ended French hopes in Illinois. The last military post in North America to be garrisoned by French troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory, where St. Ange remained in command until its evacuation was demanded by the English. FRENCH GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. French Governors began to be appointed by the Company of the Indies (which see) in 1722, the "Illinois Country" having previously been treated as a dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or "commandant") was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant. who was commandant for only three years, when lie was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc- ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt. du Tisne was in command for a short time after his departure, but was succeeded by another Captain in the royal army, whose name is vari- ously spelled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange (the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in 1742. In 1732 the Companj' of the Indies surren- dered its charter to the crown, and the Governors of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed directly by royal authority. Under the earlier Governors justice had been administered under the civil law ; with the change in tlie method of appointment the code known as the "Common Law of Paris" came into effect, although not rigidly enforced because found in many particu- lars to be ill-suited to the needs of a new country. The first of the Royal Governors was Pierre d' Artaguiette, who was appointed in 1734, but was captured while engaged in an expedition against the Chickasaws, in 1736, and burned at the stake. (See D' Artaguiette.) He was followed by Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded, in 1740, by Capt. Benoist de St. Claire. In 1742 he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Berthet, but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, who retired to St. Louis, after turning over the command to Cap- tain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede him, in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Dec. 27, 1774.) The administration of the French commandants, while firm, was usually conserva- 178 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tive and benevolent. Local self-government was encouraged as far as practicable, and, while the Governors' power over commerce was virtually unrestricted, they interfered but little with the ordinary life of the people. FREW, Calvin Hamill, lawyer and State Sena- tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in 1863 was Principal of the High School at Kalida, Ohio, where he began the study of law, which he continued the next two years with Messrs. Strain & Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting as Principal of a high school at Young America ; in 1865 removed to Paxton, Ford Count}', which has since been his home, and the same year was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illi- nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend- ent of Schools for Ford County (1865-68) ; in 1868 was elected Representative in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again in '78. While practicing law he has been con- nected with some of the most important cases before the courts in that section of the State, and his fidelity and skill in their management are testified by members of the bar, as well as Judges upon the bench. Of late years he has devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses, with a view to the improvement of his health but not with the intention of permanently abandoning his profession. FRY, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Sept. 30, 1799; learned the trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819, working first at Alton, but, in 1820, took up his residence near the present town of Carrollton, in which he built the first house. Greene County was not organized until two years later, and this border settlement was, at that time, the extreme northern white settlement in Illinois. He served as Constable and Deputy Sheriff (simultaneously) for six years, and was then elected Sheriff, being five times re-elected. He served through the Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood (afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and reappointed in 1839 and '41, later becoming Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up the business of the former commission, which was that year legislated out of office. He was afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor Ford, and, in 1847, retired from connection with canal management. In 1850 he went to Cali- fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade for three years, meanwhile serving one term in the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col- lector of the Port at Chicago by President Buch- anan, but was removed in 1859 because of his friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he returned to Greene County ; in 1861, in spite of his advanced age, was commissioned Colonel of the Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later partici- pated in numerous engagements (among them the battle of Shiloh), was captured bj- Forrest, and iiltimately compelled to resign because of im- paired health and failing eyesight, finally becom- ing totally blind. He died, June 37, 1881, and was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring- field. Two of Colonel Fry's sons achieved dis- tinction during the Civil War. — James Barnet (Fry), son of the preceding, was born at Car- rollton, 111., Feb. 22. 1827; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was assigned to artillery service ; after a short experi- ence as Assistant Instructor, joined his regiment, the Third United States Artillery, in Mexico, remaining there through 1847-48. Later, he was employed on frontier and garrison dutj-, and again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of tlie Academy during 1854-59; became Assistant Adjutant-General, March 16, 1861, then served as Chief of Staff to General McDowell and General Buell (1861-62), taking part in the battles of Bull Run, Shiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in Kentucky; was made Provost-Marshal-General of the United States, in March, 1863, and con- ducted the drafts of that year, receiving the rank of Brigadier-General, April 21, 1864. He con- tinued in this office until August 30, 1866, during which time he put in the army 1,120,631 men, arrested 76,563 deserters, collected §26,366,316.78 and made an exact enrollment of the National forces. After the war he served as Adjutant- General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1, 1881,* when he was retired at his own request. Besides his various official reports, he published a "Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, United States Army, from 1775 to 1875, " and "His- tory and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States, from their origin in 1693 to the Present Time, " (1877). Died, in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894.— William M. (Fry), another son, was Provost Marshal of the North Illinois District during the Civil War, and rendered valuable service to the Government. FULLER, Allen Curtis, lawyer, jurist and Adjutant-Genei^al, was born in Farmington, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 179 Conn., Sept. 34, 1822; studied law at Warsaw, N. y., was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to Belvidere, Boone County, 111., and, after practic- ing there some years, was elected Circuit Judge in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced to accept the office of Adjutant-General by appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon the duties of the office in November, 1861. At first it was understood that his acceptance was only temporary, so that he did not formally resign his place upon the bench until July, 1862. He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant- General until January, 1865, when, having been elected Representative in the General Assembly, he was succeeded in the Adjutant-General's office by General Isham N. Haynie. He served as Speaker of the House during the following ses- sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 — in tlie Twenty-fifth. Twenty -sixth and Twenty- seventh General Assemblies. He was also elected a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and again in 1876. Since retiring from office. General Fuller has devoted his attention to the practice of his profession and looking after a large private business at Belvidere. FULLER, Charles E., lawyer and legislator, was born at Flora, Boone County. 111., March 31, 1849 ; attended the district school until 12 years of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He then spent a couple of years in the book business in Iowa, when (1869) he began the study of law with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then Mr. Fuller has practiced his profession at Belvi- dere. was Corporation Attorney for that city in 1875-76, the latter year being elected State's "Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891 he served continuously in the Legislature, first as State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty- second General Assemblies, then as a member of the House for three sessions, in 1888 being returned to the Senate, where he served the next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and was the candidate of his party (the Republican) for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the judicial election of June, 1897. FULLER, Melville Weston, eighth Chief Jus- tice of the United States Supreme Court, was born at Augusta, Maine, Feb. 11, 1833, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago the following year. Through his mother's family he traces his descent back to the Pilgrims of the Mayflower. His literary and legal attain- ments are of a high order. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served as a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863, after that time devoting his attention to the practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888 President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, since which time he has resided at Washington, although still claiming a residence in Chicago, where he has considerable property interests. FULLERTOX, Alexander >'., pioneer settler and lawyer, born in Chester, Vt., in 1804, was educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield Law School, and, coming to Chicago in 1833, finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile business, in which he was very successful. His name has been given to one of the avenues of Chicago, as well as associated with one of the prominent business blocks. He was one of the original members of the Second Presbyterian Church of that city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880. FCLTOJf, a city and railway center in White- side County, 135 miles west of Chicago, located on the Mississippi River and the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a line of steamers which annually brought millions of bushels of grain down the Mississippi from Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, returning with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc. , but this river trade gradually died out, having been usurped by the various railroads. Fulton has extensive factories for the making of stoves, besides some important lumber industries. The Northern Illinois College is located here. Popu- lation (1890), 2,099; (1900), 2,685. FULTOX COUNTY, situated west of and bor- dering on the Illinois River ; was originally a part of Pike County, but separately organized in 1823 — named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 870 square miles with a population (1900) of 46,201. The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain- age is effected by the Illinois and Spoon Rivers (the former constituting its eastern boundary) and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the county-seat immediately after county organi- zation, and so remains to the present time (1899). The surface of the county at a distance from the 180 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. river is generally flat, although along the Illinois there are bluffs rising to the height of 125 feet. The soil is rich, and underlying it are rich, work- able seams of coal. A thin seam of cannel coal has been mined near Avon, with a contiguous vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were Messrs. Craig and Savage, who, in 1818, built a saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ross and Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on bis own land in 1822. The first hotel in the entire military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru- man Phelps, in 1827. A flat-boat ferry across the Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The principal towns are Canton(pop.6,564),Lewistown (2,166), Farmington (1,375), and Vermont (1,1.58). FULTON COUNTY NARROW-GAUGE RAIL- WAY, a line extending from the west bank of the Illinois River, opposite Havana, to Galesburg, 61 miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge (3-foot) road, although the excavations and embankments are being widened to accommodate a track of standard gauge. The grades are few, and, as a rule, are light, although, in one instance, the gradient is eighty -four feet to the mile. There are more than 19 miles of curves, the maxi- mum being sixteen degrees. The rails are of iron, thirty-five pounds to the yard, road not ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895), 1636,794; bonded debt, $484,000; miscellaneous obligations, $463,362; total capitalization, $1,583,- 156. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles) was chartered in 1 878 and opened in 1880 and the extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered in 1881 and opened in 1882. FUNK, Isaac, pioneer, was born in Clark County, Ky., Nov. 17, 1797; grew up with meager educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illi- nois, finally settling at what afterwards became known as Funk's Grove in McLean County. Here, with no other capital than industry, per- severance, and integrity, Mr. Funk began laying the foundation of one of the most ample fortunes ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of trade or speculation. By agriculture and dealing in live-stock, he became the possessor of a large area of the finest farming lands in the State, which he brought to a high state of cultivation, leaving an estate valued at his death at not less than $2,000,000. Mr. Funk served three sessions in the General Assembly, first as Representative in the Twelfth (1840-42), and as Senator in the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth (1862-66), dying before the close of his last term, Jan. 29. 1865. Originally a Whig in politics, he became a Repub- lican on the organization of that party, and gave a liberal and patriotic support to the Government during the war for the preservation of the Union. During the session of the Twenty -third General Assembly, in February, 1863, he delivered a speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which, although couched in homely language, aroused the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government throughout the State and won for its author a prominent place in State history. — Benjamin F. (Funk), son of the preceding, was born in Funk's Grove Township, McLean County, 111., Oct. 17, 1838. After leaving the district schools, he entered the Wesleyan University at Blooming- ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army in 1862, enlisting as a private in the Sixty-eighth Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service he was honorably discharged, and re-entered the University, completing a three-years' course. For three years after graduation he followed farming as an avocation, and, in 1869, took up his residence at Bloomington. In 1871 he was chosen Mayor, and served seven consecutive terms. He was a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1888, and was the suc- cessful candidate of that party, in 1892, for Repre- sentative in Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District. — Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac Funk, was a Representative from McLean County in the Thirty-third General Assembly and Sena- tor in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other sons-who have occupied seats in the same body include George W. , Representative in the Twenty- seventh, and Duncan M., Representative in the Fortieth and Forty-first Assemblies The Funk family have been conspicuous in the affairs of McLean County for a generation, and its mem- bers have occupied many other positions of im- portance and influence, besides those named, under the State, County and municipal governments. GAGE, Lyman J., Secretary of the Treasury, was born in De Ruyter, Madison County, N. Y., June 28, 1836 ; received a common school educa- tion in his native county, and, on the removal of his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y., enjoyed the advantages of instruction in an academy. At the age of 17 he entered the employment of the Oneida Central Bank as office-boy and general utility clerk, but, two years afterwards, came to Chicago, first securing employment in a planing mill, and, in 1858, obtaining a position as book- keeper of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Com- pany, at a salary of $500 a year. By 1861 he had been advanced to the position of cashier of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 181 concern, but, in 1868, he accepted the cashiership of the First National Bank of Chicago, of which he became the Vice-President in 1881 and, in 1891, the President. Mr. Gage was also one of the prominent factors in securing the location of the World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of the guarantors of the $10,000,000 promised to be raised by the city of Chicago, and being finally chosen the first President of the Exposition Company. He also presided over the bankers' section of the World's Congress Auxiliary in 1893, and, for a number of years, was President of the Civic Feder- ation of Chicago. On the assumption of the Presidency by President McKinley, in March, 1897, Mr. Gage was selected for the position of Secretary of the Treasury, which he has con- tinued to occupy up to the present time (1899). GALATFA, a village of Saline County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 40 miles southeast of Duquoin; has a bank; leading industry is coal- mining. Population (1890), 519; (1900), C4'l GALE, George Washington, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1T89. Left an orphan at eight years of age, he fell to the care of older sisters who inherited the vigorous character of their father, which they instilled into the son. He graduated at Union College in 1814, and, hav- ing taken a course in the Theological Seminary at Princeton, in 1816 was licensed by the Hudson Presbytery and assumed the charge of building up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y., serving also for six years as pastor of the Presby- terian church at Adams. Here his labors were attended by a revival in which Charles G. Fin- ney, the eloquent evangelist, and other eminent men were converts. Having resigned his charge at Adams on account of illness, he spent the winter of 1823-24 in Virginia, where his views were enlarged by contact with a new class of people. Later, removing to Oneida County, N. Y., by his marriage with Harriet Selden he acquired a considerable property, insuring an income which enabled him to extend the field of his labors. The result was the establishment of the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at Whitesboro, with which he remained from 1827 to 1834, and out of which grew Lane Seminary and Oberlin and Knox Colleges. In 1835 he con- ceived the idea of establishing a colony and an institution of learning in the West, and a com- mittee representing a party of proposed colonists was appointed to make a selection of a site, which resulted, in the following year, in the choice of a location in Knox County. 111., including the site of the present city of Galesburg, which was named in honor of Mr. Gale, as the head of the enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first practical steps in carrying out plans which had been previously matured in New York, for the establishment of an institution which first received the name of Knox Manual Labor Col- lege. The manual labor feature having been finally discarded, the institution took tlie name of Knox College in 1857. Mr. Gale was the lead- ing promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal dona- tion of lands contributing to its first endowment, and, for nearly a quarter of a century, being intimately identified with its history. From 1840 to "42 he served in the capacity of acting Professor of Ancient Languages, and. for fifteen years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 31, 1861. —William Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preced- ing, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1822, came with his father to Galesburg, 111., in 1886, and was educated there. Having read law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few years, as he began to turn his attention to measures for the development of the country. One of these was the Central Military Tract Railroad (now the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), of which he was the most active promoter and a Director. He was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of Knox County, from the adoption of township organization in 1853 to 1895, with the exception of four years, and, during the long controversy which resulted in the location of the county -seat at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg party, and subsequently took a prominent part in the erection of public buildings there. Other positions held by him include the office of Post- master of the city of Galesburg, 1849-53; member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, and Representative in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1870-72); Presidential Elector in 1872; Delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1880; City Alderman, 1872-82 and 1891-95; member of the Commission appointed by Gov- ernor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue Laws; by appointment of President Harrison, Superintendent of the Galesburg Government Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also been a frequent representative of his party (the Republican) in State and District Conven- tions, and, since 1861. has been an active and leading member of the Board of Trustees of 182 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Knox College. Mr. Gale was married, Oct. 6, 1845, to Miss Caroline Ferris, g:-anddaugliter of the financial representative of the Galesburg Colony of 1836, and has had eight children, of whom four are living. Died Sep. 1, 1900. GALE>'A,'the county-seat of Jo Daviess County, a city and port of entry, 150 miles in a direct line west by northwest of Chicago; is located on Galena River, about 4f^ miles above its junction with the Mississippi, and is an intersecting point for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the North- western, and the Illinois Central Railroads, with connections by stub with the Chicago Great Western. It is built partially in a valley and partially on the bluffs which overlook the river, the Galena River being made navigable for ves- sels of deep draught by a system of lockage. The vicinity abounds in rich mines of sulphide of lead (galena), from wliich the city takes its name. Galena is adorned by handsome public and priv- ate buildings and a beautiful park, in which stands a fine bronze statue of General Grant, and a symmetrical monument dedicated to the sol- diers and sailors of Jo Daviess County wlio lost their lives during the Civil War. Its industries include a furniture factory, a table factory, two foundries, a tub factory and a carriage factory. Zinc ore is now being produced in and near the city in large quantities, and its mining interests will become vast at no distant day. It owns an electric light plant, and water is furnished from an artesian well 1,700 feet deep. Galena was one of the earliest towns in Northern Illinois to be settled, its mines having been worked in the lat- ter part of the seventeenth century. Many men of distinction in State and National affairs came from Galena, among whom were Gen. U. S. Grant, Gen. John A. Rawlins, Gen. John E. Smith, Gen. John C. Smith, Gen. A. L. Chetlain, Gen. John O. Duer, Gen. W. R. Rowley, Gen. E. D. Baker, Hon. E. B. Washburne, Secretary of State under Grant, Hon. Thompson Campbell, Secretary of State of Illinois, and Judge Drum- mond. Population (1890), 5,635; (1900), 5.005. GALENA & CHICAGO UNION RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Northwestern Railway.) GALESBURG, the countj'-seat of Knox County and an important educational center. The first settlers were emigrants from the East, a large pro- portion of them being members of a colon}' organ- ized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro, N. Y., in whose honor the original village was named. It is situated in the heart of a rich agricultural district 53 miles northwest of Peoria, 99 miles northeast of Quincy and 163 miles south- west of Chicago; is an important railway center, being at the junction of the main line with two branch lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroads. It was incorporated as a village in 1841, and as a city by special charter in 1857. There are beauti- ful parks and the residence streets are well shaded, while 25 miles of street are paved with vitrified brick. The city owns a system of water- works receiving its supply from artesian wells and artificial lakes, has an efficient and well- equipped paid fire-department, an electric street car system with three suburban lines, gas and electric lighting systems, steam-heating plant, etc. It also has a number of flourishing mechan- ical industries, including two iron foundries, agri- cultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage and wagon works and a broom factory, besides other industrial enterprises of minor importance. The maimfacture of vitrified paving brick is quite extensively carried on at plants near the city limits, the city itself being the shipping-point as well as the point of administrative control. The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company has shops and stockyards here, while considerable coal is mined in the vicinity. The public buildings include a courthouse. Govern- ment postoffice building, an opera house, nine- teen churches, ten public schools with a high school and free kindergarten, and a handsome public library building erected at a cost of SlOO,- 000, of which one-half was contributed by Mr. Carnegie. Galesburg enjoys its chief distinction as the seat of a large number of high class liter- ary institutions, including Knox College (non- sectarian), Lombard University (Universalist), and Corpus Christi Lyceum and University, and St. Joseph's Academy (both Roman Catholic). Three interurban electric railroad lines connect Galesburg with neighboring towns. Pop. (1890), 15,264; (1900), 18,607. GALLATIN COUNTY, one of three counties organized in Illinois Territory in 1812 — the others being Madison and Johnson. Previous to that date the Territory had consisted of only two coun- ties, St. Clair and Randolph. The new county was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the Ohio and Wabash Rivers, in the extreme south- eastern part of the State, and has an area of 349 square miles; population (1900). '^5,836. The first cabin erected by an American settler was the home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw- neetown in 1800. The place early became an important trading post and distributing point. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 183 A ferry across the Wabash was established in 1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants conducted it for more than seventy-five years. Although Stephen Rector made a Government survey as early as 1807, the public lands were not placed on the market until 1818. Shawneetown, the county-seat, is the most important town, having a population of some 3,200. Bituminous coal is found in large quantities, and mining is an important industry. The prosperity of the county has been much retarded by floods, particu- larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the former point the difference between high and low water mark in the Ohio River has been as much as fifty-two feet. GALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer, was born of Scotch ancestry in Butler County, Pa., Dec. 31, 1814; came with his father to Cory- don, Ind. , in 1830, took a course in Hanover Col- lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837 ; then came to Mount Carmel, White County, 111. , with a view to employment on projected Illinois rail- roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having among his pupils a number who have since been prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained employment as an assistant engineer, serving for a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of the Illinois & Michigan Canal ; was also Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in the House in 1846-47, and again in 1848-49, in the meantime having located a farm in La Salle County, where the present city of Streator stands. In 1849 he was appointed Secretary of the Canal Trustees, and, in 1851, became assistant engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, later superin- tending its construction, and finally being trans- ferred to the land department, but retiring in 1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago, dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway was elected a County Commissioner for Cook County, and has since been connected with many measures of local importance. GALTA, a town in Henry County, 45 miles southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles north- northwest of Peoria ; the point of intersection of the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railways. It stands at the summit of the dividing ridge between the Missis- sippi and the Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac- turing and coal-mining town. It has eight churches, three banks, good schools, and two weekly newspapers. The surrounding country is agricultural and wealthy, and is rich in coal. Population (1890), 3,409; (1900), 2,683. GARDNER, a village in Garfield Township, Grundy County, on the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 65 miles south-southwest of Chicago and 26 miles north-northeast of Pontiac ; on the Kanka- kee and Seneca branch of the "Big Four," and the Elgin, JoUet & Eastern R. R. Coal-mining is the principal industry. Gardner has two banks, four cliurches, a high school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,036. GARDNER, COAL CITY & NORMANTOWN RAILWAY. (See Elgm, Joliet & Eastern Rail way. ) GARY, Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, was born of Puritan ancestry, at Potsdam, St. Law- rence County, N. Y., July 9, 1831. His early educational advantages were such as were fur- nished by district schools and a village academy, and, until he was 22 years old, he worked at the carpenter's bench. In 1843 he removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he studied law. After admis- sion to the bar, he practiced for five years in Southwest Missouri, thence going to Las "Vegas, N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal, in 1853. In 1856 he settled in Chicago, where he has since resided. After seven years of active practice he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, where he has sat for thirty years, being four times nominated by both political parties, and his last re-election — for a term of six years, occurring in 1893. He pre- sided at the trial of the Chicago anarchists in 1886 — one of the causes celebres of Illinois. Some of his rulings therein were sharply criticised, but he was upheld by the courts of appellate jurisdic- tion, and his connection with the case has given him world-wide fame. In November, 1888, the Supreme Court of Illinois transferred him to the bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal he has been three times Cliief Justice. GASSETTE, Norman Theodore, real-estate operator, wasbornatTownsend.Vt., April 21, 1839, came to Chicago at ten years of age, and, after spending a year at ShurtleflF College, took a prepar- atory collegiate course at the Atwater Institute, Rochester, N. Y. In June, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, rising in the second year to the rank of First Lieutenant, and, at the battle of Chicka- mauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder, but later engaged in the real- estate and loan business as the head of the exten- sive firm of Norman T. Cassette & Co. He was s^ 184 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Republican in politics, active in Grand Army circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the position of Eminent Grand Commander of Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the Triennial Conclave in Washington in 1889. He also had charge, as President of the Masonic Fraternity Temple Association of Chicago, for some time prior to his decease, of the erection of the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Chi- cago, March 26, 1891. GATEWOOD, William Jefferson, early lawyer, was born in "Warren Count}', Ky., came to Franklin County, 111., in boyhood, removed to Shawneetown in 1823, where he taught school two or three years while studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1828, and served in five General Assemblies — as Representative in 1830-32, and as Senator, 1834-42. He is described as a man of fine education and brilliant talents. Died, Jan. 8, 1842. GAULT, John C, railway manager, was born at Hooksett, N. H., May 1, 1829; in 1850 entered the local freight office of the JIanchester & Law- rence Railroad, later becoming General Freight Agent of the Vermont Central. Coming to Chi- cago in 1859, he successively filled the positions of Superintendent of Transportation on the Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consoli- dation of the latter with the Chicago & North- western), that of Division Superintendent, General Freight Agent and Assistant General Manager; Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; General Mana- ger of the Wabash (1879-83) ; Arbitrator for the trunk lines (1883-85), and General Manager of the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific (1885-90), when he retired. Died, in Chicago, August 29, 1891. GENERAL ASSEMBLIES. The following is a list of tlie General Assemblies which have met since the admission of Illinois as a State up to 1898 — from the First to the Fortieth inclusive — with the more important acts passed by each and the duration of their respective sessions: First General Assembly held two sessions, the first convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capi- tal, Oct. 5, and adjourning Oct. 13, 1818. The second met, Jan. 4, 1819, continuing to March 31. Lieut-Gov. Pierre Menard presided over the Sen- ate, consisting of thirteen members, while John Messinger was chosen Speaker of the House, containing twenty-seven members. The most important business transacted at the first session was the election of two United States Senators — Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr. — and the filUng of minor State and judicial offices. At the second session a code of laws was enacted, copied chiefly from the Virginia and Kentucky statutes, including the law concerning "negroes and mulattoes," which long remained on the statute book. An act was also passed appointing Commissioners to select a site for a new State Capital, which resulted in its location at Van- dalia. The sessions were held in a stone building with gambrel-roof pierced by dormer-windows, the Senate occupying the lower floor and the House the upper. The length of the first session was nine days, and of the second eighty -seven — total, ninety-six days. Second General Assembly convened at Van- dalia, Dec. 4, 1820. It consisted of fourteen Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. Jolin McLean, of Gallatin County, was chosen Speaker of the House. A leading topic of discussion was the incorporation of a State Bank. Money was scarce and there was a strong popular demand for an increase of circulating medium. To appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders and agriculturists, this General Assembly estab- lished a State Bank (see State Bank), despite the earnest protest of McLean and the executive veto. A stay-law was also enacted at this session for the benefit of the debtor class. The number of members of the next Legislature was fixed at eighteen Senators and thirty -six Representatives — this provision remaining in force until 1831. The session ended Feb. 15, having lasted seventy- four days. Third General Assembly' convened, Dec. 2, 1822. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in the Senate, while in the organization of the lower house, William M. Alexander was chosen Speaker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural, called attention to the existence of slavery in Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and urged the adoption of repressive measures. Both branches of the Legislature being pro-slavery in sympathy, the Governor's address provoked bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9, 1823, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard White and Samuel D. Lockwood. After electing Mr. Thomas and choosing State officers, the General Assembly proceeded to discuss the major- ity and minority reports of the committee to which had been referred the Governor's address. The minority report recommended the abolition of slavery, while that of the majority favored the adoption of a resolution calling a convention to amend the Constitution, the avowed object HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 185 being to make Illinois a slave State. The latter report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in the House lacked one vote of the number neces- sary to carry tlie resolution by the constitutional two-thirds majority. What followed has always been regarded as a blot upon the record of the Third General Assembly. Nicholas Hansen, who had been awarded the seat from Pike County at the beginning of the session after a contest brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was un- seated after the adoption of a resolution to reconsider the vote by which he had been several weeks before declared elected. Shaw having thus been seated, the resolution was carried by the necessary twenty-four votes. Mr. Hansen, although previously regarded as a pro-slavery man, had voted with the minority when the resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence followed his deprivation of his seat. The triumph of the friends of the convention was celebrated by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a conven- tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous procession by torchlight and liquor." (See Slavery and Slave Lazvs.) The session adjourned Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days. Fourth General Assembly. This body held two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15, 1834, by proclamation of the Executive, some three weeks before the date for the regular session, in order to correct a defect in the law relative to counting the returns for Presidential Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub- bard presided in the Senate. Having amended the law concerning the election returns for Presi- dential Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the election of two United States Senators — one to fill the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards (resigned) and the other for the full term begin- ning March 4, 1825. John McLean was chosen for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second. Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was provided that the bench of the Supreme Court should consist of four Judges, and that semi- annual sessions of that tribunal should be held at the State capital. (See Judicial Department.) The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1825, but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the body in special session on Jan. 2, 1826, to enact a new apportionment law under the census of 1825. A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1826. One of the important acts of the regular session of 1825 was the adoption of the first free-school law in Illinois, the measure having been intro- duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of the State. This Legislature was in session a total of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were during the first session and twenty-seven during the second. Fifth General Assembly convened, Dec. 4, 1826, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in the Senate and John McLean in the House. At the request of the Governor an investigation into the management of the bank at Edwardsville was had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its officers. The circuit judgeships created by the preceding Legislature were abrogated and their incumbents legislated out of office. The State was divided into four circuits, one Justice of the Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See Judicial Department.) This General Assembly also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed by the preceding Legislature, presented a well digested report on the revision of the laws, which was adopted without material alteration. One of the important measures enacted at this session was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the funds for its erection being obtained by the sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.) The session ended Feb. 19 — having continued seventy-eight days. Sixth General Assembly convened, Dec. 1, 1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large major- ity in both houses. John McLean was, for the third time, elected Speaker of the House, and, later in the session, was elected United States Senator by a unanimous vote. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also appointed or elected. The most important legis- lation of the session was as follows : Authorizing the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary governmental expenses; providing for a return to the viva voce method of voting; creating a fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge therefor ; providing for the appointment of Com- missioners to determine upon the route of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, to sell lands and com- mence its construction. The Assembly adjourned, Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four days. Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830. The newly-elected Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc Casey, and William L. D. Ewing presided over the two houses, respectively. John Rey- nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the Senate being made up of his political adversaries, 186 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. experienced no little difficulty in securing the confirmation of his nominees. Two United States Senators were elected: Elias K. Kane being chosen to succeed himself and John M. Robinson to serve the unexpired term of John McLean, deceased. The United States census of 1830 gave Illinois three Representatives in Con- gress instead of one, and this General Assembly passed a re-apportionment law accordingly. The number of State Senators was increased to twenty-six, and of members of the lower house to fifty-five. The criminal code was amended by the substitution of imprisonment in the peni- tentiary as a penalty in lieu of the stocks and public flogging. This Legislature also authorized the borrowing of 8100,000 to redeem the notes of the State Bank which were to mature the follow- ing year. The Assembly adjourned, Feb. 16, 1831, the session having lasted seventy-three days. Eighth General Assembly. The session began Dec. 3, 1832, and ended March 2, 1833. William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate, and succeeded Zadoc Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, the latter having been elected a Representative in Congress. Alexander M. Jenkins presided over the House as Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen- eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions being applicable to towns and public libraries. It also incorporated several railroad companies, — one line from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River (projected as a substitute for the canal), one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the State, running through Springfield. Other char- ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor- porators generally failed to organize under them. A notable inci dent in connection with this session was the attempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith, a Justice of the Supreme Court. This was the first and last trial of this character in the State's his- tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with four Senators excused from voting), the House attempted to remove him by address, but in this the Senate refused to concur. The first mechan- ics' lien law was enacted by this Legislature, as also a law relating to the "right of way" for "public roads, canals, or other public works."' The length of the session was ninety days. Ninth General Assembly. This Legislature held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1, 1834, and lasted to Feb. 13, 1835. Lieutenant-Governor Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Sample was elected Speaker of the House without oppo- sition. On Dec. 20, John M. Robinson was re- elected United States Senator Abraham Lincoln was among the new members, but took no con- spicuous part in the discussions of the body. The principal public laws passed at this session were: Providing for the borrowing of §500,000 to be used in the constructio'n of the Illinois & Michi- gan Canal and the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to supervise its expenditure; incorporating the Bank of the State of Illinois ; and authorizing a loan of §12,000 by Cook County, at 10 per cent interest per annum from the county school fund, for the erection of a court house in that county. The second session of this Assembly convened, Dec. 7, 183.5, adjourning, Jan. 18, 1836. A new canal act was passed, enlarging the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith of the State for the repayment of money bor- rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor- tionment law was also passed providing for the election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane, deceased. The length of the first session was seventy-five days, and of the second forty-three days — total, 118. Tenth General Assembly, like its predeces- sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5, 1836, and adjourned March 6, 1837. The Whigs controlled the Senate by a large majority, and elected William H. Davidson, of White County, President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See Jenkins. Alexander M.) James Sample was re-elected Speaker of the House, which was fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature was remarkable for the number of its members who afterwards attained National prominence. Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both voting for the same candidate for Speaker — New- ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides these, the rolls of this Assembly included the names of a future Governor, six future United States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and a Cabinet officer. The two absorbing topics for legislative discussion and action were the system of internal improvements and the removal of the State capital. (See Internal Improvement Policy and State Capitals. ) The friends of Springfield finally effected such a combination that that city was selected as the seat of the State government, while the Internal Improvement Act was passed over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second session of this Legislature met on the call of the [IISTORICxVL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 187 Governor, July 10, 1837, and adjourned July 22. An act legalizing the suspension of State lianks was adopted, but the recommendation of tlie Gov- ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement legislation was ignored. Tlie length of the fiist session was ninety-two days and of the second thirteen — total 105. Eleventh General Assembly. This body held both a regular and a special session. The former met Dec. 3, 1888, and adjourned March 4, 1839. The Whigs were in a majority in both houses, and controlled the organization of the Senate. In the House, however, their candidate for Speaker^Abraham Lincoln — failing to secure his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D. Ewing. At this session §800,000 more was appro- priated for the "improvement of water-ways and the construction of railroads, " all efforts to put an end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on account of internal improvements meeting with defeat. An appropriation (the first) was made for a library for the Supreme Court ; the Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb was established, and the further issuance of bank notes of a smaller denomination tlian $5 was prohibited. By this time the State debt had increased to over §13,000.000, and both the people and the Governor were becoming apprehensive as to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A crisis appeared imminent, and the Governor, on Dec. 9, 1839, convened the Legislature in special session to consider the situation. (This was the first session ever held at Sprmgfield ; and. the new State House not being completed, the Senate, the House and the Supreme Court found accommo- dation in three of the principal church edifices.) The struggle for a change of State policy at this session was long and hard fought, no heed being given to party lines. The outcome was the vir- tual abrogation of the entire internal improve- ment system. Provision was made for the calling in and destruction of all unsold bonds and the speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of the old Board of Public Works, which was legis- lated out of office. The special session adjourned Feb. 3, 1840. Length of regular session ninety- two days, of the special, fifty-seven — total, 149. Twelfth General Assembly. This Legisla- ture was strongly Democratic in both branches. It first convened, by executive proclamation, Nov. 23, 1840, the object being to provide for pay- ment of interest on the public debt. In reference to this matter the following enactments were made: Authorizing the hypothecation of $300,000 internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest due Jan. 1, 1841 ; directing the issue of bonds to be sold in the open market and the proceeds applied toward discharging all amounts due on interest account for which no other provision was made : levying a special tax of ten cents on the §100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple- tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring- field to Jacksonville) another appropriation of §100,000 was made. The called session adjourned, sine die, on Dec. 5, and the regular session began two days later. The Senate was presided over by the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson), and William L, D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of the House. Tlie most vital issue was the propri- ety of demanding the surrender of the charter of the State Bank, with its branches, and here party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally succeeded in averting the closing of the institu- tions which had suspended specie payments, and in securing for those institutions the privilege of issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judi- ciary was passed by the majority over the execu- tive veto, and in face of the defection of some of its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit Judges were legislated out of office and five Jus- tices added to the bench of the Supreme Court. The session was stormy, and the Assembly ad- journed March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in session ninety-eight days — thirteen during the special session and eighty-five during the regular. Thirteenth General Assembly consisted of forty-one Senators and 121 Representatives; con- vened, Dec. 5, 1842. The Senate and House were Democratic by two-thirds majority in each. Lieut.-Gov. John Moore was presiding officer of the Senate and Samuel Hackelton Speaker of the House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who liad been acting Governor and United States Senator, as Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N. Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koerner, were among the new members. The existing situation seemed fraught with peril. The State debt was nearly §14,000,000; immigration had been checked ; the State and Shawneetown banks had gone down and their currency was not worth fifty cents on the dollar; Auditor's warrants were worth no more, and Illinois State bonds were quoted at fourteen cents. On Dec. 18, Judge Sidney Breese was elected United States Senator, having defeated Stephen A. Douglas for the Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth ballot, by a majority of one vote. The State Bank (in which the State had been a large share- holder) was permitted to go into liquidation upon 188 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the surrender of State bonds in exchange for a like amount of bank stock owned by the State. The same conditional release was granted to the bank at Shawneetown. The net result was a reduction of the State debt by about 13,000,000. The Governor was authorized to negotiate a loan of §1,600,000 on the credit of the State, for the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal and meeting the indebtedness already incurred. The Executive was also made sole "Fund Com- missioner'" and, in that capacity, was empowered (in connection with the Auditor) to sell the railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public auction. Provision was also made for the redemp- tion of the bonds hypothecated with Macalister and Stebbins. (See Macalister and Stebbins Bonds.) The Congressional distribution of the moneys arising from the sale of public lands was acquiesced in, and the revenues and resources of the State were pledged to the redemption "of every debt contracted bj' an authorized agent for a good and valuable consideration." To establish a sinking fund to meet such obligation, a tax of twenty cents on every §100, payable in coin, was levied. This Legislature also made a re-appor- tionment of the State into Seven Congressional Districts. The Legislature adjourned, March 6, 1843, after a session of ninety-two days. FODRTEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened Dec. 2, 1844, and adjourned March 3, 1845, the ses- sion lasting ninety-two days. The Senate was composed of twenty-six Democrats and fifteen Whigs; the House of eighty Democrats and thirty-nine Whigs. David Davis was among the new members. William A. Richardson defeated Stephen T. Logan for the Speakership, and James Semple was elected United States Senator to suc- ceed Samuel McRoberts, deceased. The canal law was amended by the passage of a supple- mental act, transferring the property to Trustees and empowering the Governor to complete the negotiations for the borrowing of §1,600,000 for its construction. The State revenue being in- sufficient to meet the ordinary expenses of the government, to say nothing of the arrears of interest on the State debt, a tax of three mills on each dollar's worth of property was imposed for 1845 and of three and one-half mills thereafter. Of the revenue thus raised in 1845, one mill was set apart to pay the interest on the State debt and one and one-half mills for the same purpose from the taxes collected in 1846 "and forever thereafter." Fifteenth Gener.^l Assembly convened Dec. 7, 1846. The farewell message of Governor Ford and the inaugural of Governor French were lead- ing incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph B. Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud was elected Speaker of the House, the compli- mentary vote of the Whigs being given to Stephen T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cyrus Edwards. State officers were elected as follows: Auditor, Thomas H. Campbell; State Treasurer, Milton Carpenter — both by acclamation; and Horace S Coolej' was nominated and confirmed Secretary of State. A new school law was enacted ; the sale of the Gallatin County salines was authorized ; the University of Chicago was incorporated, and the Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville established; the sale of the North- ern Cross Railroad was authorized; District Courts were established ; and provision was made for refunding the State debt. The Assembly adjourned, March 1, 1847, after a session of eighty-five days. Sixteenth General Assembly. This was the first Legislature to convene under the Constitu- tion of 1847. There were twenty-five members in the Senate and seventy-five in the House. The body assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continu- ing in session until Feb. 12 — the session being limited by the Constitution to six weeks. Zadoc Casey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After endorsing the policy of the administration in reference to the Mexican War and thanking the soldiers, the Assembly proceeded to the election of United States Senator to succeed Sidney Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields, the other caucus candidates being Breese and McClernand, while Gen. William F. Thornton led tlie forlorn hope for the Whigs. The principle of the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor convened tlie Legislature in special session on Oct. 22. A question as to the eligibility of Gen. Shields having arisen (growing out of his nativity and naturalization), and the legal obstacles hav- ing been removed by the lapse of time, he was re-elected Senator at the special session. Outside of the passage of a general law authorizing the incorporation of railroads, little general legisla- tion was enacted. The special session adjourned Nov. 7. Length of regular session forty-three days ; special, seventeen — total sixty. Seventeenth General Assembly convened Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 — length of session forty-three days. Sidney Breese (ex- Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 189 characterized by a vast amount of legislation, not all of which was well considered. By joint reso- lution of both houses the endorsement of the Wilmot proviso at the previous session was rescinded. The first homestead exemption act was passed, and a stringent liquor law adopted, the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart being prohibited. Township organization was authorized and what was virtually free-banking was sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by popular vote in November, 1851. An act incorpo- rating the Illinois Central Railroad was also passed at this session, the measure being drafted by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of this Assembly was held in IS.'ia under a call by the Governor, lasting from June 7 to the 23d — seventeen days. The most important general legislation of the special session was the reappor- tionment of the State into nine Congressional Districts. This Legislature was in session a total of sixty days. Eighteenth General Assembly. The first (or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1853, and adjourned Feb. 14. The Senate was composed of twenty Democrats and five Whigs ; the House, of fifty-nine Democrats, sixteen Whigs and one "Free-Soiler." Lieutenant-Governor Koerner presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Reynolds in the lower house. Governor Matteson was inaugurated on the 16th ; Stephen A. Douglas was re-elected United States Senator, Jan. 5, the Whigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph Gillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, the majoritj' being "private acts. " The prohibitory temperance legislation of the preceding General Assembly was repealed and the license system re enacted. This body also passed the famous "black laws" designed to prevent the immigration of free negroes into the State. The sum of $18,000 was appropriated for the erection and furnishing of an executive mansion; the State Agricultural Society was incorporated; the re- mainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and any surplus funds in the treasury appropriated toward reducing the State debt. A special session was convened on Feb. 9, 1854, and adjourned March 4 The most important measures adopted were : a legislative re-apportionment, an act pro- viding for the election of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and a charter for the Missis- sippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four — total, sixty-seven. Nineteenth General Assembly met Jan. 1, 1855, and adjourned Feb. 15 — the session lasting forty-six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected Speaker of the House. The political complexion of the Legislature was much mixed, among the members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, Pro-slavery Demo- crats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while the entire strength of the opposition was forty- one. A United States Senator was to be chosen to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of free-soil had a clear majority of four on joint ballot. Abraham Lincoln was the caucus nomi- nee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Demo- crats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8. The result of the first ballot was, Lincoln, forty- five; Shields, forty -one; scattering, thirteen; present, but not voting, one. Mr. Lincoln's strength steadily waned, then rallied slightly on the sixth and seventh ballots, but again declined. Shields" forty-one votes rising on the fifth ballot to forty-two, but having dropped on the next ballot to forty-one, his name was withdrawn and that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Mat- teson gained until he received forty-seven votes, which was the limit of his strength. On the ninth ballot, Loncoln's vote having dropped to fifteen, his name was withdrawn at his own request, his support going, on the next ballot, to Lyman Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat, who received fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Matteson and one for Archibald Williams — one member not voting. Trumbull, having received a majority, was elected. Five members had voted for him from the start. These were Sena- tors John M. Palmer, Norman B. Judd and Burton C. Cook, and Representatives Henry S. Baker and George T. Allen. It had been hoped that they would, in time, come to the support of Mr. Lin- coln, but they explained that they had been instructed by their constituents to vote only for an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all sub- sequently prominent leaders in the Republican party. Having inaugurated its work by accom- plishing a political revolution, this Legislature proceeded to adopt several measures more or less radical in their tendency. One of these was the Maine liquor law, with the condition that it be submitted to popular vote. It failed of ratifica- tion by vote of the people at an election held in the following June. A new common school law was enacted, and railroads were required to fence their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso- 190 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. lution calling for a Convention to amend the Con- stitution, but this was defeated at the polls. Twentieth General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1857, and adjourned, sine die, Feb. 19. A Republican State administration, with Governor Bissell at its head, had just been elected, but the Legislature was Democratic in both branches. Lieut. -Gov. John Wood presided over the Senate, and Samuel Holmes, of Adams County, defeated Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of the House. Among the prominent members were Norman B. Judd, of Cook; A. J. Kuykendall, of Johnson ; Shelby M. Cullom, of Sangamon ; John A. Logan, of Jackson; William R. Morrison, of Jlonroe ; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook ; Joseph Gilles- pie, of Madison, and S. W. Moulton, of Shelby. Among the important measui-es enacted by this General Assembly were the following: Acts establishing and maintaining free schools; estab- lisliing a Normal University at Normal; amending the banking law ; providing for the general incor- poration of railroads : providing for the building of a new penitentiary ; and funding the accrued arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of session, forty-six days. Twenty-first General Assembly convened Jan. 3, 1859, and was in session for fifty-three days, adjourning Feb. 24. The Senate consisted of twenty-five, and the House of seventy -five members. Tlie presiding officers were; — of the Senate, Lieut. -Gov. Wood; of the House, W. R. Morrison, of Monroe County, who defeated his Republican opponent. Vital Jarrot, of St. Clair, on a viva voce vote. The Governor's message showed a reduction of §1,166,877 in the State debt during two years preceding, leaving a balance of principal and arrears of interest amounting to $11,138,454. On Jan. 6, 1859, the Assembly, in joint session, elected Stephen A. Douglas to suc- ceed himself as United States Senator, by a vote of fifty-four to forty-six for Abraham Lincoln. The Legislature was thrown into great disorder in consequence of an attempt to prevent the receipt from the Governor of a veto of a legisla- tive apportionment bill which had been passed by the Democratic majority in the face of bitter opposition on the part of the Republicans, who denounced it as partisan and unjust. Twenty-second General Assembly convened in regular session on Jan. 7, 1861, consisting of twenty-five Senators and seventy-five Represent- atives. For the first time in the State's history, the Democrats failed to control the organization of either house. Lieut. -Gov. Francis A. Hoffman presided over the Senate, and S. M. Cullom, of Sangamon, was chosen Speaker of the House, the Democratic candidate being James W. Singleton. Thomas A. Marshall, of Coles County, was elected President pro tem. of the Senate over A. J. Kuy- kendall, of Johnson. The message of the retiring Governor (John Wood) reported a reduction of the State debt, during four years of Republican administration, of §3,860,403, and showed the number of banks to be 110, whose aggregate cir- culation was §12,320,964. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected United States Senator on January 10, receiving fifty-four votes, to forty-six cast for Samuel S. Marshall. Governor Yates was inau- gurated, Jan. 14. The most important legislation of this session related to the following subjects: the separate property rights of married women ; the encouragement of mining and the support of public schools ; the payment of certain evidences of State indebtedness ; protection of the purity of the ballot-bos, and a resolution submitting to the people the question of the calling of a Convention to amend the Constitution. Joint resolutions were passed relative to the death of Governor Bissell ; to the appointment of Commissioners to attend a Peace Conference in Washington, and referring to federal relations. The latter deprecated amendments to the United States Constitution, but expressed a willingness to unite with any States which might consider themselves aggrieved, in petitioning Congress to call a convention for the consideration of such amendments, at the same time pledging the entire resources of Illi- nois to the National Government for the preser- vation of the Union and the enforcement of the laws. The regular session ended Feb. 22, having lasted forty-seven days. — Immediately following President Lincoln's first call for volunteers to suppress the rebellion. Governor Yates recon- vened the General Assembly in special session to consider and adopt methods to aid and support the Federal authority in preserving the Union and protecting the rights and property of the people. The two houses assembled on April 23. On April 25 Senator Douglas addressed the members on the issues of the day, in response to an invitation con- veyed in a joint resolution. The special session closed May 3, 1861, and not a few of the legislators promptly volunteered in the Union army. Length of the regular session, forty-seven days; of the special, eleven — total fifty-eight. Twenty'-third General Assembly' was com- posed of twenty-five Senators and eighty-eight Representatives. It convened Jan. 5, 1863, and was Democratic in both branches. The presiding officer of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 191 Hoffman; Samuel A. Buckmaster was elected Speaker of the House by a vote of fiftj'-three to twenty-five. On Jan. 12, William A. Richardson was elected United States Senator to succeed S. A. Douglas, deceased, the Republican nominee being Governor Yates, who received thirty-eight votes out of a total of 103 cast. Much of the time of the session was devoted to angry discussion of the policy of the National Government in the prosecution of the war. The views of the oppos- ing parties were expressed in majoritj' and minor- ity reports from the Committee on Federal Relations — the former condemning and the latter upholding the Federal administration. The majority report was adopted in the House on Feb. 12, by a vote of fifty-two to twenty-eight, and the resolutions which it embodied were at once sent to the Senate for concurrence. Before they could be acted upon in that body a Demo- cratic Senator — J. M. Rodgers, of Clinton County — died. This left the Senate politically tied, a Republican presiding oiEcer having the deciding vote. Consequently no action was taken at the time, and, on Feb. 14, the Legislature adjourned till June 2. Immediately upon re-assembling, joint resolutions relating to a sine die adjourn- ment were introduced in both houses. A disagree- ment regarding the date of such adjournment ensued, when Governor Yates, exercising the power conferred upon him by the Constitution in such eases, sent in a message (June 10, 1863) proroguing the General Assembly until "the Saturday next preceding the first Monday in January, 1865." The members of the Republican minority at once left the hall. The members of the majority convened and adjourned from day to day until June 24. when, having adopted an address to the people setting forth their grievance and denouncing the State executive, they took a recess until the Tuesday after the first Monday of January, 1864. The action of the Governor, hav- ing been submitted to the Supreme Court, was sustained, and no further session of this General Assembly was held. Owing to the prominence of political issues, no important legislation was effected at this session, even the ordinary appro- priations for the State institutions failing. This caused much embarrassment to the State Govern- ment in meeting current expenses, but banks and capitalists came to its aid, and no important interest was permitted to suffer. The total length of the session was fifty days — forty-one days before the recess and nine days after. Twenty-fourth Gener.\l Assembly convened Jan. 2, 1865, and remained in session forty-six days. It consisted of twenty-rive Senators and eighty-five Representatives. The Republicans had a majority in both houses. Lieutenant-Gov- ernor Bross presided over the Senate, and Allen C. Fuller, of Boone County, was chosen Speaker of the House, over Ambrose M. Miller, Democrat, the vote standing 48 to 23. Governor Yates, in his valedictory message, reported that, notwith- standing the heavy expenditvire attendant upon the enlistment and maintenance of troops, etc., the State debt had been reduced §987,786 in four years. On Jan. 4, 1865, Governor Yates was elected to the United States Senate, receiving sixty-four votes to forty three cast for James C. Robinson. Governor Oglesbj- was inaugurated Jan. 16. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified by this Legisla- ture, and sundry special appropriations made. Among the latter was one of .$3,000 toward the State's proportion for the establishment of a National Cemetery at Gettysburg; §25,000 for the purchase of the land on which is the tomb of the deceased Senator Douglas; besides sums for establishing a home for Soldiers' Orphans and an experimental school for the training of idiots and feeble-minded children. The first act for the registry of legal voters was passed at this session. Twenty-fifth General Assembly. This body held one regular and two special sessions. It first convened and organized on Jan. 7, 1867. Lieutenant-Governor Bross presided over the upper, and Franklin Corwin, of La Salle County, over the lower house. The Governor (Oglesby), in his message, reported a reduction of §2,607,958 in the State debt during the two years preceding, and recommended various appropriations for pub- lic purposes. He also urged the calling of a Con- vention to amend the Constitution. On Jan. 15, Lyman Tnimbull was chosen United States Sena- tor, the complimentary Democratic vote being given to T. Lyle Dickey, who received thirty- three votes out of 109. The regular session lasted fifty-three days, adjourning Feb. 28. The Four- teenth Amendment to the United States Constitu- tion was ratified and important legislation enacted relative to State taxation and the regulation of public warehouses ; a State Board of Equalization of Assessments was established, and the office of Attorney-General created. (Under this law Robert G. IngersoU was the first appointee.) Provision was made for the erection of a new State House, to establish a Reform School for Juvenile Offenders, and for the support of other State institutions. The first special session con- 192 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. vened on June 11, 1867, having been summoned to consider questions relating to internal revenue. The lessee of the penitentiary having surrendered his lease without notice, the Governor found it necessary to make immediate provision for the management of that institution. Not having included this matter in his original call, no ne- cessity then existing, he at once summoned a second special session, before the adjournment of the first. This convened on June 14, remained in session until June 28, and adopted what is substantially the present penitentiary law of the State. This General Assembly was in session seventy-one days — fifty-three at the regular, three at the first special session and fifteen at the second. Twenty-sixth General Assembly convened Jan. 4, 1869. The Republicans had a majority in each house. The newly elected Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, Jolm Dougherty, presided in the Senate, and Franklin Corwin. of Peru, was again chosen Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby sub- mitted his final message at the opening of the session, showing a total reduction in the State debt during his term of §4,743,831. Governor John M. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The most important acts passed by this Legislature were the following: Calling the Constitutional Convention of 1869; ratifying the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ; granting well behaved convicts a reduction in their terms of imprisonment ; for the prevention of cruelty to animals; providing for the regula- tion of freights and fares on railroads; estab- lishing the Southern Kormal University; pro- viding for the erection of the Northern Insane Hospital; and establishing a Board of Com- missioners of Public Charities. The celebrated "Lake Front Bill," especially affecting the interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a great deal of time during this session, and though finally passed over the Governor's veto, was repealed in 1873. Tliis session was inter- rupted by a recess which extended from March 12 to April 13. The Legislature re-assem- bled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20, having been in actual session seventy-four days. Twenty-seventh General Assembly had four sessions, one regular, two special and one adjourned. The first convened Jan. 4, 1871, and adjourned on April 17, having lasted 104 days, when a recess was taken to Nov. 15 following. The body was made up of fifty Senators and 177 Representatives. The Republicans again con- trolled both houses, electing William M. Smith, Speaker (over William R. Morrison, Democrat), while Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presided in the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Rep- resentatives in the old State Capitol, while the House held its sessions in a new church edifice erected by the Second Presbyterian Church. John A. Logan was elected United States Sena- tor, defeating Tliomas J. Turner (Democrat) by a vote, on joint ballot, of 131 to 89. This was the first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption of the Constitution of 1870, and its time was mainly devoted to framing, discussing and pass- ing laws required by the changes in the organic law of the State. The first special session opened on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continu- ing thirty days. It was convened by Governor Palmer to make additional appropriations for the necessary expenses of the State Government and for the continuance of work on the new State House. The purpose of the Governor in sum- moning the second special session was to provide financial reUef for the city of Chicago after the great fire of Oct. 9-11, 1871. Members were sum- moned by special telegrams and were in their seats Oct. 13, continuing in session to Oct. 24 — twelve days. Governor Pahuer had already suggested a plan by which the State might aid the stricken city without doing violence to either the spirit or letter of the new Con- stitution, which expressly prohibited special legislation. Chicago had advanced $2,500,000 toward the completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, under the pledge of the State that this outlay should be made good. The Legislature voted an appropriation sufficient to pay both principal and interest of this loan, amounting, in round numbers, to about §3,000,000. The ad- journed session opened on Nov. 15, 1871, and came to an end on April 9, 1872 — having continued 147 days. It was entirely devoted to considering and adopting legislation germane to tlie new Consti- tution. The total length of all sessions of this General Assembly was 293 days. Twenty-eighth General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1873. It was composed of fifty-one Sena- tors and 153 Representatives; the upper liouse standing thirty-three Republicans to eighteen Democrats, and the lower, eighty-six Republicans to sixty-seven Democrats. The Senate chose John Early, of Winnebago, President pro tempore, and Shelby M. CuUom was elected Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 13, but, eight days later, was elected to the United States Senate, being succeeded in the Governor- ship by Lieut. -Gov. John L. Beveridge. An HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 193 appropriation of $1,000,000 was made for carrying on the work on the new capitol and various other acts of a public character passed, the most impor- tant being an amendment of the railroad law of the previous session. On May 6, the Legislature adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874. The purpose of the recess was to enable a Commission on the Revision of the Laws to complete a report. The work was duly completed and nearly all the titles reported by the Commissioners were adopted at the adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die, was taken March 31, 1874 — the two sessions having lasted, respectively, 119 and 83 days — total 202. Twenty-ninth General Assembly convened Jan 6, 1875. While the Republicans had a plu- rality in both houses, they were defeated in an effort to secure their organization through a fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tem- pore of the Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant- Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive, and the session, as a whole, was one of the most turbulent and disorderly in the history of the State. Little legislation of vital importance (outside of regular appropriation bills) was enacted. This Legislature adjourned, April 15, having been in session 100 days. Thirtieth General Assembly convened Jan. 3 ; 1877, and adjourned, sine die, on May 24. The Democrats and Independents in the Senate united in securing control of that body, although the House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La Salle County, was chosen President pro tempore of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of the lower, house. The inauguration of State officers took place Jan. 8, Shelby M. Cullom becoming Governor and Andrew Shunian, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor. This was one of the most exciting years in American political history Both of the domi- nant parties claimed to have elected the President, and the respective votes in the Electoral College were so close as to excite grave apprehension in many minds. It was also the year for the choice of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the attention of the entire country was directed toward this State. Gen. John M. Palmer was the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John A. Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty- fourth ballot the name of General Logan was withdrawn, most of the Republican vote going to Charles B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going over to David Davis, who, although an original Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr. Lin- coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25), Judge Davis received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawrence (Republican) and five scattering, thus securing Davis' election. Not many acts of vital impor- tance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate Courts were established and new judicial districts created; the original jurisdiction of county courts was enlarged; better safeguards were thrown about miners ; measures looking at once to the supervision and protection of railroads were passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to the police administration of the State and of municipalities. The length of the session was 142 days. Thirty-first General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu- tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and William A. James of Lake County was chosen Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of McLean County (afterwards Governor), was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate. John A. Logan was elected United States Senator on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote being given to Gen. John C. Black. Various laws of public importance were enacted by this Legislature, among them being one creating the Bureau of Labor Statistics ; the first oleomargar- ine law ; a drainage and levee act ; a law for the reorganization of the militia; an act for the regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the pardoning power, and various laws looking toward the supervision and control of railways. The session lasted 144 days, and the Assembly adjourned, sine die. May 31, 1879. Thirty second General Assembly convened Jan. 5. 1881, the Republicans having a majority in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamil- ton presided in the Senate, William J. Campbell of Cook County being elected President pro tem- pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou- tine legislation, the most important measures enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle: regulating the sale of firearms; providing more stringent penalties for the adulteration of food, drink or medicine ; regulating the practice of pharmacy and dentistry ; amending the revenue and school laws ; and requiring annual statements from official custodians of public moneys. The Legislature adjourned May 30, after having been 194 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in session 146 days, but was called together again in special session by the Governor on March 23, 1S83, to pass new Legislative and Congressional Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration of other subjects. The special session lasted forty-four days, adjourning May 5— both sessions occupying a total of 190 days. Thirty-third General Assembly convened Jan. 2, 1883, with the Republicans again in the majority in both houses. William J. Campbell was re-elected President pro tempore of the Senate, but not imtil the sixty-first ballot, six Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina- tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, was elected Speaker of the House. The compliment- ary Democratic vote was given to Thomas M. Shaw in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the House. Governor CuUom, the Republican caucus nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan. 16, receiving a majority in each branch of the General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper High-License Bill," and the first "Compulsory School Law" were passed at this session, the other acts being of ordinary character. The Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in session 168 days. Thirty-fourth General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a majority of one, there being twenty -six members of that party, twenty-four Democrats and one greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of Cook County, was for the third time chosen President pro tempore. The House stood seventy- six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with one member — Elijah M. Haines of Lake County — calling himself an "Independent." The contest for the Speakership continued until Jan. 29, when, neither party being able to elect its nomi- nee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate and placed him in the chair, with Haines' assist- ance, filling the minor offices with their own men. After the inauguration of Governor Oglesby, Jan. 30, the first business was the elec- tion of a United States Senator. The balloting proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re- ceived 103 votes to ninety -six for Lambert Tree and five scattering. Three members — one Republican and two Democrats — had died since the opening of the session ; and it was through the election of a Republican in place of one of the deceased Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in electing their candidate. Tlie session was a Btormy one throughout, the Speaker being, much of the time, at odds with the House, and an unsuccessful effort was made to depose him. Charges of briberj' against certain members were preferred and investigated, but no definite result was reached. Among the important measures passed by this Legislature were the following : A joint resolution providing for submission of an amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con- tract labor in penal institutions; providing by resolution for the appointment of a non-partisan Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue code ; the Crawford primary election law ; an act amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab- lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse- quently located at Quincy ; creating a Live-Stock Commission and appropriating §531,712 for the completion of the State House. The Assembly adjourned, sine die, June 26, 1885, after a session of 171 days. ' Thirty-fifth General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majority of twelve in the Senate and three in the House. For President pro tempore of the Senate, August W. Berggren was chosen; for Speaker of the House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt County. The death of General Logan, which had occurred Dec. 26, 1886, was officially an- nounced by Governor Oglesby^ and, on Jan. 18, Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as United States Senator. William R. Morrison and Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively. Some of the most important laws passed by this General Assembly were the following: Amend ing the law relating to the spread of contagious diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to prohibit book-making and pool-selling; regulat- ing trust companies; making the Trustees of the University of Illinois elective; inhibiting aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually creating a new State banking system was also passed, subject to ratification by popular vote. Other acts, having more particular reference to Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making cities and counties responsible for three-fourths of the damage resulting from mobs and riots ; the Merritt conspiracy law; the Gibbs Jury Commis- sion law, and an act for the suppression of bucket-shop gambling. The session ended June 15, 1887. having continued 162 days. Thirty-sixth General Assembly convened Jan. 7. 1889, in its first (or regular) session, the Republicans being largely in the majority. The Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey County, President pro tempore, and the House HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 195 Asa C. Matthews of Pike County, Speaker. Mr. Matthews was appointed First Comptroller of the Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see Matthews, Asa C. ), and resigned the Speakership on the following day. He was succeeded by James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M. Cullom was re-elected to the United States Senate on January 22, the Democrats again voting for ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drain- age District Law," designed for the benefit of the city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an asylum for insane criminals was established at Chester ; the annexation of cities, towns, villages, etc., under certain conditions, was authorized; more stringent legislation was enacted relative to the circulation of obscene literature ; a new com- pulsory education law was passed, and the em- ployment on public works of aliens who had not declared their intention of becoming citizens was prohibited. This session ended. May 28. A special session was convened by Governor Fifer on July 24, 1890, to frame and adopt legislation rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat- ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Mr. Miller having died m the interim, William G. Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker of the House. The special session concluded Aug. 1, 1890, having enacted the following meas- ures ; An Act granting the use of all State lands, (submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to the World's Colxmibian Exposition for a period to extend one year after the closing of the Exposi- tion; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park Commissioners to grant the use of the public parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects of such Exposition ; a joint resolution providing for the submission to the people of a Constitu- tional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago the power (provided a majority of the qualified voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not exceeding $5,000,000, the same to bear interest and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the use and for the benefit of the Exposition. (See also World's Columbian Exposition.) The total length of the two sessions was 150 days. Thirty-seventh General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following. Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being elected President pro tern. The Democrats had control in the House and elected Clayton E. Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most exciting feature of the session was the election of a United States Senator to succeed Charles B. Farwell. Neither of the two leading parties had a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power being held by three "Independent" members of the House, who had been elected as represent- atives of the Farmers' Mutual Benevolent Alli- ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer of the Democrats. For a time the Independents stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of the three voted for ex-Governor Pahner, finally, on March 11, securing his election on the 154th ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub- licans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J. Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw- ing the Independents to their support, but without effective result. The final ballot stood — Palmer, 103; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,296 bills intro- duced in both Houses at this session, only 151 became laws, the most important being: The Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build- ing and loan associations ; prohibiting the employ- ment of children under thirteen at manual labor ; fixing the legal rate of interest at seven per cent ; prohibiting the "truck system" of paying em- ployes, and granting the right of suffrage to women in the election of school officers. An amendment of the State Constitution permitting the submission of two Constitutional Amend- ments to the people at the same time, was sub- mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the election of 1892. The session covered a period of 157 days. Thirty-eighth General Assembly. This body convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were in the ascendency in both houses, having a majority of seven in the Senate and of three in the lower house. Joseph R. Gill, the Lieutenant- Governor, was ex-officio President of the Senate, and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen President pro tem. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook County was again chosen Speaker of the House. The inauguration of the new State officers took place on the afternoon of Tuesday, Jan. 10. This Legislatvire was in session 164 days, adjourning June 16, 1893. Not very much legislation of a general character was enacted. New Congres- sional and Legislative apportionments were passed, the former dividing the State into twenty- two districts; an Insurance Department was created; a naval militia was established; the scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged and the compulsory education law was amended. Thirty-ninth General Assembly. This Legislature held two sessions — a regular and a special. The former opened Jan. 9, 1895, and 196 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. closed June 14, following. The political com- plexion of the Senate was — Republicans, thirty- three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House, ninety-two Republicans and sixty-one Democrats. John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt County, President pro tern, of the Senate. Acts were passed making appropriations for improve- ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield ; authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos- pital for the Insane (§100,000) ; appropriating §100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane ; $65,000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane; §50,- 000, each, for two additional Normal Schools — one in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois; $25,000 for a Soldiers' Widows' Home — all being new institutions — besides §15,000 for a State exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition; §65,000 to mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois troops on the battlefields of Chiokamauga, Look- out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen- eral Assembly at §1,000 each for each regular session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln monument at Springfield, authorized provision for the retirement and pensioning of teachers in public schools, and authorized the adoption of civil service rules for cities. The special session convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on June 25. 1895, took a recess, June 28 to July 9, re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned, sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legisla- tion, no laws were passed except one providing additional necessary revenue for State purposes and one creating a State Board of Arbitration. The regular session continued 157 days and the special twenty-nine — total 186. Fortieth General Assembly met in regular session at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1897, and adjourned, sine die, June 4. The Republicans had a major- ity in both branches, the House standing eighty- eight Republicans to sixty-three Democrats and two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub- licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist, giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot of fifty votes. Both houses were promptly organ- ized by the election of Republican officers, Edward C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen Speaker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher, of Henry County, President pro tern, of the Sen- ate. Governor Tanner and the other Republican State officers were formally inaugurated on Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason (Republican) was chosen United States Senator to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint session 125 votes to seventy-seven for John P. Altgeld (Democrat). Among the principal laws enacted at this session were the following: An act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and conditions for the conveyance of the same; empowering the Commissioners who were ap- pointed at the previous session to ascertain and mark the positions occupied by IlUnois Volunteers in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Moun- tain and Missionary Ridge, to expend the remain- ing appropriations in their hands for the erection of monuments on the battle-grounds ; authorizing the appointment of a similar Commission to ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois troops in the battle of Shiloh ; to reimburse the University of Illinois for the loss of funds result- ing from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming the liability of the State for "the endowment fund of the University, amounting to §456,712.91, and for so much in addition as may be received in future from the sale of lands"; authorizing the adoption of the "Torrens land-title system" in the conveyance and registration of land titles by vote of the people in any county; the consoUda- tion of the three Supreme Court Districts of the State into one and locating the Court at Spring- field; creating a State Board of Pardons, and prescribing the manner of applying for pardons and commutations. An act of this session, which produced much agitation and led to a great deal of discussion in the press and elsewhere, was the street railroad law empowering the City Council, or other corporate authority of any city, to grant franchises to street railway companies extending to fifty years. This act was repealed by the General Assembly of 1899 before any street rail- way corporation had secured a franchise under it. A special session was called by Governor Tanner to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming five topics for legislative action. The session continued to Feb. 24, 1898, only two of the meas- ures named by the Governor in his call being affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an elaborate act prescribing the manner of conduct- ing primary elections of delegates to nominating conventions, and (2) a new revenue law regulat- ing the manner of assessing and collecting taxes. One provision of the latter law limits the valuation of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth its cash value. The length of the regular session was 150 days, and that of the special session eighty days — total, 230 days. GEJfESEO, a city in Henry County, about two miles south of the Green River. It is on the Chi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 197 cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 23 miles east of Rock Island and 75 miles west of Ottawa. It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is also carried on to a considerable extent here, furniture, wagons and farming implements con- stituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven churches, a graded and a high school, a col- legiate institute, two banks, and two newspapers, one issuing a daily edition. Population (1890), 3,182; (1900), 3,356. GENEVA, a city and railway junction on Fox River, and the county -seat of Kane County ; 35 miles west of Chicago. It has a fine courthouse, completed in 1893 at a cost of §250,000, and numerous handsome churches and school build- ings. A State Reformatory for juvenile female offenders has been located here. There is an ex- cellent water-power, operating six manufac- tories, including extensive glucose works. The town has a bank, creamery, water-works, gas and electric light plant, and two weekly news- papers. The surrounding country is devoted to agriculture and dairy farming. Population (1880), 1,239; (1890), 1,692; (1900), 2.446. GENOA, a village of De Kalb County, on Omaha Division of the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul, the 111. Cent, and Chi. & N.W. Railroads, 59 miles west of Chicago. Dairying is a leading industry ; has two banks, shoe and telephone factories, and two newspapers. Population (1890), 634; (1900), 1,140. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological structure of Illinois embraces a representation, more or less complete, of the whole paleonic series of formations, from the calciferous group of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal meas- ures. In addition to these older rocks there is a limited area in the extreme southern end of the State covered with Tertiary deposits. Over- spreading these formations are beds of more recent age, comprising sands, clays and gravel, varying in thickness from ten to more than two hundred feet. These superficial deposits may be divided into AUuvixun, Loess and Drift, and con- stitute the Quaternary system of modern geolo- gists. Lower Silurian System.— Under this heading may be noted three distinct groups: the Calcifer- ous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sand- stone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The former outcrops only at a single locality, in La Salle County, extending about two miles along the valley of the IlUnois River in the vicinity of Utica. The thickness of the strata appearing above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of Magnesian limestone alternating with layers of Calciferous sandstone. Many of the layers con- tain good hydraulic rock, which is utilized in the manufacture of cement. The entire thickness of the rock below the surface has not been ascer- tained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the bluffs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops on the Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon City, and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as a building stone, though some of the upper strata in Lee County have been utilized for caps and sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's Sandstone, consists of three divisions. The low- est is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite, usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying from four inches to two feet in thickness. The aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in the northern portion of the State, to sixty or seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in fossils, including a large Lituites and several specimens of Orthoceras, Maclurea, etc. The middle division of the Trenton group consists of light gray, compact limestones in the southern and western parts of the State, and of light blue, thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern por- tions. The upper division is the well-known Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rock of the Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite, sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured, giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevices, caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from crystallization or by some disturbing force from beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi- tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to a lower order of marine animal than the coral are found in this rock, as are also marine shells, corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone crops out over a considerable portion of the terri- tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River, the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to Jo Daviess and Stephenson Counties. All the divisions of the Trenton group afford good build- 198 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. ing material, some of the rock being susceptible of a high polish and making a handsome, durable marble. About seventy feet are exposed near Thebes, in Alexander County. All through the Southwest this stone is known as Cape Girardeau marble, from its being extensively quarried at Cape Girardeau, Mo. The Cincinnati group immediately succeeds the Trenton in the ascend- ing scale, and forms the uppermost member of the Lower Silurian system. It usually consists of argillaceous and sandy shales, although, in the northwest portion of the State, Maguesian lime- stone is found with the shales. The prevailing colors of the beds are light blue and drab, weathering to a light ashen gray. T!'his group is found well exposed in the vicinity of Thebes, Alexander County, furnishing a durable building stone extensively used for foundation walls. Fossils are found in profusion in all the beds, many fine specimens, in a perfect state of preser- vation, having been exhumed. Upper Silurian System. — The Niagara group in Northern Illinois consists of brown, gray and buff magnesian limestones, sometimes evenly bedded, as at Joliet and Athens, and sometimes concretionary and brecciated, as at Bridgeport and Port Byron. Near Chicago the cells and pockets of this rock are filled with petroleum, but it has been ascertained that only the thirty upper feet of the rock contain bituminous matter. The quarries in Will and Jersey Counties furnish fine building and flagging stone. The rock is of a light gray color, changing to buff on exposure. In Pike and Calhoun Counties, also, there are out- croppings of this rook and quarries are numerous. It is usually evenly bedded, the strata varying in thickness from two inches to two feet, and break- ing evenly. Its aggregate thickness in Western and Northern Illinois ranges from fifty to 150 feet. In Union and Alexander Counties, in the southern part of the State, the Upper Silurian series consists chiefly of thin bedded gray or buff-colored limestone, silicious and cherty, flinty material largely preponderating over the lime- stone. Fossils are not abundant in this formation, although the quarries at Bridgeport, in Cook County, have afforded casts of nearly 100 species of marine organisms, the calcareous portion hav- ing been washed away. Devonian System.— This system is represented in Illinois by three well marked divisions, cor- responding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onon- daga limestone and the Hamilton and Corniferous beds of New York. To these the late Pi-ofessor Worthen, for many years State Geologist, added, although with some hesitancy, the black shale formation of Illinois. Although these comprise an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their exposure is limited to a few isolated outcroppings along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and Rock Rivers. The lower division, called "Clear Creek Limestone," is about 250 feet thick, and is only found in the extreme southern end of the State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and thin-bedded silico-magnesian limestones, rather compact in texture, and of buff or light gray to nearly white colors. When decomposed by atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay, resembling common chalk in appearance. Some of the cherty beds resemble burr stones in poros- ity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in Union County. Some of the stone is bluish-gray, or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving a high polish, and making an elegant and durable building stone. The Onondaga group comprises some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and striped silicious shales. The structure of the rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter's Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in Union County are found fine beds of potter's clay, also variegated in color. The rock strata are about twenty feet thick, evenly bedded and of a coarse, granular structure, which renders the stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group has not been found north of Jackson County. Large quantities of characteristic fossils abound. The rocks composing the Hamilton group are the most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian system, and the outcrops can be identified only by their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is found from eighty to 100 feet in thickness, two beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone being sepa- rated by about twenty feet of calcareous shales. The limestones are highly bituminous. In Jersey and Calhoun Counties the group is only six to ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous, as at Grafton. The most northern outcrop is in Rock Island County, where the rock is concretion- ary in structure and is utilized for building pur- poses and in the manufacture of quicklime. Fossils are numerous, among them being a few fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains of vertebrate animals yet found in the State. The black shale probably attains its maximum development in Union County, where it ranges from fifty to seventy-five feet in thickness. Its lower portion is a fine, black, laminated slate, sometimes closely resembling the bituminous HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 199 shales associated with the coal seams, which cir- cumstance has led to the fruitless expenditure of much time and money. The bituminous portion of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely resembling petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites are abundant in the argillaceous portion of the group, which does nou extend north of the coun- ties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike. Lower Carbonifeuous System. — This is di- visible into five groups, as follows : The Kinder- hook group, the Burlington limestone, and the Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its greatest development is in the southern portion of the State, where it has a thickness of 1,400 or 1,500 feet. It thins out to the northward so rapidly that, in the vicinity of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, it is only 300 feet thick, while it wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinder- hook group is variable in its lithological charac- ter, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales, with thin beds of compact and oolitic limestone, passing locally into calcareous shales or impure limestone. The entire formation is mainly a mechanical sediment, with but a very small por- tion of organic matter. The Burlington lime- stone, on the other hand, is composed almost entirely of the fossilized remains of organic beings, with barely enough sedimentary material to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal out- crops are in the counties of Jersej', Greene, Scott, Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson. The rock is usually a light gray, buff or brown limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline in structiire. The Keokuk group immediately succeeds the Burlington in the ascending order, with no well defined line of demarcation, the chief points of difference between the two being in color and in the character of fossils found. At the upper part of this group is found a bed of calcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony, dolomite and iron pyrites. In Jersey and Monroe Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to the manufacture of cement, is found at the top of this formation. The St. Louis group is partly a fine-grained or semi-crystallized bluish-gray limestone, and partly concretionary, as around Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of receiving a high polish, being used as a black marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found here and there, which furnish a good stone for foundation walls. In Ha,rdin County, the rock is traversed by veins of fluor spar, carrying galena and zinc blonde. The Chester group is only found in the southern part of the State, thinning out from a thickness of eight hundred feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray, crystalline, argillaceous limestones, alternating with sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones, which locally replace each other. A few species of true carboniferous flora are found in the are- naceous shales and sandstones of tliis group, the earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt from the southern part of Hardin County to the southern line of St. Clair County, passing around the southwest border of the coal field. Upper C.\rboniperous System.— This includes the Conglomerate, or ''Mill Stone Grit" of Euro- pean authors, and the true coal measures. In the southern portion of the State its greatest thick- ness is about 1,200 feet. It becomes thinner toward the north, scarcely exceeding 400 or 500 feet in the vicinity of La Salle. The word "con- glomerate" designates a thick bed of sandstone that lies at the base of the coal measures, and appears to have resulted froni the culmination of the arenaceous sedimentary accumulations. It consists of massive quartzose sandstone, some- times nearly white, but more frequently stained red or brown by the ferruginous matter wliich it contains, and is frequently composed in part of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size of a pea to several inches in diameter. When highly ferruginous, the oxide of iron cements the sand into a hard crust on the surface of the rock, which successfully resists the de- nuding influence of the atmosphere, so that the rock forms towering cliffs on the banks of the stream along which are its outcrops. Its thickness varies from 200 feet in the southern part of the State to twenty-five feet in the northern. It has afforded a few species of fossil plants, but no animal remains. The coal measures of Illinois are at least 1,000 feet thick and cover nearly three-foirrths of its entire area. The strata are horizontal, the dip rarely exceeding six to ten feet to the mile. The formation is made up of sandstone, shales, thin beds of limestone, coal, and its associated fire clays. The thickness of the workable beds is from six to twenty-four inches in the upper measures, and from two to five feet in tlie lower measures. The fire clays, on which the coal seams usually rest, probably represent the ancient soil on which grew the trees and plants from which the coal is formed. 200 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. When pure, these clays are valuable for the manufacture of fire brick, tile and common pottery. Illinois coal is wholly of the bitumi- nous variety, the metamorphic conditions which resulted in the production of anthracite coal in Pennsylvania not having extended to this State. Fossils, both vegetable and animal, abound in the coal measures. Tertiary System.— This system is represented only in the southern end of the State, where cer- tain deposits of stratified sands, shales and con- glomerate are found, which appear to mark the northern boundary of the great Tertiary forma- tion of the Gulf States. Potter's clay, lignite and silicious woods are found in the formation. Quaternary System. — This system embraces all the superficial material, including sands, clay, gravel and soil which overspreads the older for- mations in all portions of the State. It gives origin to the soil from which the agricultural wealth of Illinois is derived. It may be properly separated into four divisions; Post-tertiary sands. Drift, Loess and Alluvium. The first- named occupies the lowest position in tlie series, and consists of stratified beds of yellow sand and blue clay, of variable thickness, overlaid by a black or deep brown, loamy soil, in which are found leaves, branches and trunks of trees in a good state of preservation. Next above lie the drift deposits, consisting of blue, yellow and brown clays, containing gravel and boulders of various sizes, the latter the water-worn frag- ments of rocks, many of which have been washed down from the northern shores of the great lakes. This drift formation varies in thickness from twenty to 120 feet, and its accumulations are probably due to the combined influence of water currents and moving ice. The subsoil over a large part of the northern and central portions of the State is composed of fine brown clay. Prof. Desquereux (Illinois Geological Sur- vey, Vol. I. ) accounts for the origin of this clay and of the black prairie soil above it, by attribut- ing it to the growth and decomposition of a peculiar vegetation. The Loe.ss is a fine mechan- ical sediment that appears to have accumulated in some body of fresh water. It consists of marly sands and clays, of a thickness varying from five to sixty feet. Its greatest development is along the bluffs of the principal rivers. The fossils found in this formation consist chiefly of the bones and teeth of extinct mammalia, such as the mam- moth, mastodon, etc. Stone implements of primeval man are also discovered. The term alluvium is usually restricted to the deposits forming the bottom lands of the rivers and smaller streams. They consist of irregularly stratified sand, clay and loam, which are fre- quently found in alternate layers, and contain more or less organic matter from decomposed animal and vegetable substances. When suffi- ciently elevated, they constitute the richest and most productive farming lands in the State. UEORGETOWN, a village of Vermilion County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles south of Danville. It has a bank, telegraph and express office and a news- paper. Population (1890), 662; (1900), 988. GERMAN EVANGELICAL SCHOOL, located at Addison, Du Page County ; incorporated in 1852 ; has a faculty of three instructors and reports 187 pupils for 1897-98, with a property valuation of §9,600. GERMANTOWN, a village of Vermilion County, and suburb of Danville ; is the center of a coal- mining district. Population (1880), 540; (1890), 1,178; (1900), 1,782. GEST, William H., lawyer and ex-Congress- man, was born at Jacksonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1838. When but four years old his parents removed to Rock Island, where he has since resided. He graduated from Williams College in 1860, was admitted to the bar in 1862, and has always been actively engaged in practice. In 1886 he was elected to Congress by the Republicans of the Eleventh Illinois District, and was re-elected in 1888, but in 1890 was defeated by Benjamin T. Cable, Democrat. GIBAULT, Pierre, a French priest, supposed to have been born at New Madrid in what is now Southeastern Missouri, early in the eighteenth century ; was Vicar-General at Kaskaskia, with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches at Cahokia, St. Genevieve and adjacent points, at the time of the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, and rendered Clark important aid in conciliating the French citizens of Illinois. He also made a visit to Vincennes and induced the people there to take the oath of allegi- ance to the new government. He even advanced means to aid Clark's destitute troops, but beyond a formal vote of thanks by the Virginia Legisla- ture, he does not appear to have received any recompense. Governor St. Clair, in a report to Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, dwelt impressively upon the value of Father Gibault's services and sacrifices, and Judge Law said of him, "Next to Clark and (Francis) Vigo, the United States are indebted more to Father Gibault for the accession of the States comprised HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 201 in what was the original Northwest Territory than to any other man." The date and place of his death are unknown. GIBSON CITY, a town in Ford County, situ- ated on the Lake Erie & Western Railroad. 34 miles east of Blooniington, and at the intersec- tion of the Wabash Railroad and the Springfield Division of the Illinois Central. The principal mechanical industries are iron works, canning works, a shoe factory, and a tile factory. It has two banks, two newspapers, nine churches and an academy. A college is projected. Popula- tion (1890), 1,803; (1900), 2,0o4: (1903, est), 3,165. GILL, Joseph B., Lieutenant-Governor (1893- 97), was born on a farm near Marion, Williamson County, 111., Feb. 17, 1862. In 1868 his father settled at Murphysboro, where Mr. Gill still makes his home. His academic education was received at the school of the Christian Brothers, in St. Louis, and at the Southern IlUnois Normal University, Carbondale. In 1886 he graduated from the Law Department of the Michigan State University, at Ann Arbor. Returning home he purchased an interest in "The Murphysboro Inde- pendent," which paper he conducted and edited up to January, 1893. In 1888 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature and re-elected in 1890. As a legislator he was prominent as a champion of the labor interest. In 1892 he was nominated and elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket, serving from January, 1893, to '97. GILLESPIE, a village of Macoupin County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles southwest of Litchfield. This is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising region ; the town has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1890), 948; (1900), 873. GILLESPIE, Joseph, lawyer and Judge, was born in New York City, August 22, 1809, of Irish parents, who removed to Illinois in 1819, settling on a farm near Edwardsville. After coming to Illinois, at 10 years, he did not attend school over two months. In 1827 he went to the lead mines at Galena, remaining until 1829. In 1831, at the invitation of Cyrus Edwards, he began the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837, having been elected Probate Judge in 1836. He also served during two campaigns (1831 and '32) in the Black Hawk War. He was a Whig in politics and a warm personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. In 1840 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, serving one term, and was a member of the State Senate from 1847 to 1859. In 1858 he received the few votes of the Whig members of the Legislature for United States Senator, in opposition to Stephen A. Douglas, and, in 1860, presided over the second Republican State Convention at Decatur, at which elements were set in motion which resulted in the nomi- nation of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency for the first time, a week later. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1867 for a second term, serving until 1873. Died, at his home at Edwards- ville, Jan. 7, 1885. GILLETT, John Dean, agriculturist and stock- man, was born in Connecticut, April 28, 1819; spent several years of his youth in Georgia, but, in 1838, came to IlUnois by way of St. Louis, finally reaching "Bald Knob," in Logan County, where an uncle of the same name resided. Here he went to work, and, by frugality and judicious investments, finally acquired a large body of choice lands, adding to his agricultural operations the rearing and feeding of stock for the Chicago and foreign markets. In this he was remarkably successful. In his later years he was President of a National Bank at Lincoln. At the time of his death, August 27, 1888, he was the owner of 16,500 acres of improved lands in the vicinity of Elkhart, Logan County, besides large herds of fine stock, both cattle and horses. He left a large family, one of his daughters being the wife of the late Senator Richard J. Oglesbj . GILLETT, Philip Goode, specialist and edu- cator, born in Madison, Ind., March 24, 1833; was educated at Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind. , graduating in 1852, and the same year became an instructor in the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb in that State. In 1856 he became Principal of the Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville, remaining there until 1893, when he resigned. Thereafter, for some years, he was President of the Association for the Promotion of Speech by the Deaf, with headquarters in Wash- ington, D. C, but later returned to Jacksonville, where he has since been living in retirement. GILLHAM, Daniel B., agriculturist and legis- lator, was born at a place now called Wanda, in Madison County, 111., April 29, 1826— his father being a farmer and itinerant Methodist preacher, who belonged to one of the pioneer families in the American Bottom at an early day. The sub- ject of this sketch was educated in the common schools and at McKendree College, but did not graduate from the latter. In his early life he followed the vocation of a farmer and stock- grower in one of the most prosperous and highly 202 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cultivated portions of the American Bottom, a few miles below Alton, but, in 1873, removed to Alton, where he spent the remainder of his life. He became a member of the State Board of Agri- culture in 1866, serving eight j'ears as Superin- tendent and later as its President; was also a Trustee of Shurtleff College some twenty-five years, and for a time President of the Board. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and to the State Senate in 1882, serving a term of four years in the latter. On the night of March 17, 1890, he wEis assaulted by a burglar in his house, receiving a wound from a pistol-shot in consequence of which he died, April 6, following. The identity of his assailant was never discovered, and the crime consequently went unpunished. GILMAN, a city in Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the To- ledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 81 miles south by west from Chicago and 208 miles northeast of St. Louis. It is in the heart of one of the richest corn districts of the State and has large stock-raising and fruit-growing interests. It has an opera house, a public library, an extensive nursery, brick and tile works, a linseed oil mill, two banks and two weekly newspapers. Arte- sian well water is obtained by boring from 90 to 200 feet Population (1890), 1,112; (1900), 1,441. GILMAN, Arthur, was born at Alton, 111., June 22, 1837, the son of Winthrop S. Oilman, of the firm of Gilman & Godfrey, in whose warehouse the printing press of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored at the time of its destruction by a mob in 1837 ; was educated in St. Louis and New York, began business as a banker in 1857, but, in 1870, removed to Cambridge, Mass., and connected himself with "The Riverside Press." Mr. Gilman was one of the prime movers in what is known as "The Harvard Annex" in the interest of equal collegiate advantages for women, and has written much for the periodical press, besides publishing a number of volumes in the line of history and English literature. GILMAN, CLINTON & SPRINGFIELD RAIL- ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad. ) GIRARD, a city in Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 25 miles south by west from Springfield and 13 miles north-northeast of Carlinville. Coal-mining is carried on extensively here. The city also has a bank, five churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,024; (1890), 1,524; (1900), 1,661. GLENCOE, a village of Cook County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwest- em Railway, 19 miles north of Chicago. Popu- lation (1880), 387; (1890), .569; (1900), 1,020. GLENN, Archibald A., ex-Lieutenant-Governor, was born in Nicholas County, Ky., Jan. 30, 1819. In 1828 his father's family removed to Illinois, settling first in Vermilion, and later in Schuyler County. At the age of 13, being forced to abandon school, for six years he worked upon the farm of his widowed mother, and, at 19, entered a printing office at Rushville, where he learned the trade of compositor. In 1844 he published a Whig campaign paper, which was discontinued after the defeat of Henry Clay. For eleven years he was Circuit Clerk of Brown County, during which period he was admitted to the bar ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention o'' 1862, and of the State Board of Equalization from 1868 to 1872. The latter year he was elected to the State Senate for four years, and, in 1875, chosen its President, thus becoming ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. He early abandoned legal practice to engage in banking and in mercan- tile investment. After the expiration of his term in the Senate, he removed to Kansas, where, at latest advices, he still resided. GLENN, John J,, lawyer and jurist, was born in Ashland County, Ohio, March 2, 1831 ; gradu- ated from Miami University in 1856 and, in 1858. was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. Removing to Illinois in 1860, he settled in Mercer County, a year later removing to Monmouth in Warren County, where he still resides. In 1877 he was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial Cir- cuit and re-elected in 1879, '85, "91, and "97. After his last election he served for some time, by appointment of the Supreme Court, as a mem- ber of the Appellate Court for the Springfield District, but ultimately resigned and returned to Circuit Court duty. His reputation as a cool- headed, impartial Judge stands ver}- high, and his name has been favorably regarded for a place on the Supreme Bench. GLOVER, Joseph Otis, lawyer, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y.. April 13, 1810, and edu- cated in the high-school at Aurora in that State. In 1835 he came west to attend to a land case at Galena for his father, and, although not then a lawyer, he managed the case so successfully that he was asked to take charge of two others. This determined the bent of his mind towards the law, to the study of which he turned his attention ixnder the preceptorship of the late Judge The- ophilus L. Dickey, then of Ottawa. Soon after being admitted to the bar in 1840, he formed a partnership with the late Burton C. Cook, which HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. J03 lasted over thirty years. In 1846 he was elected as a Democrat to the lower branch of the Fif- teenth General Assembly, but, on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became one of the founders of the Republican party and a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he entertained, at the time of his (Lincoln's) debate with Senator Douglas, at Ottawa, in 1858. In 1868 he served as Presidential Elector at the time of General Grant's first election to the Presidency, and the following year was appointed United States Dis- trict Attorney for the Northern District, serving until 18T5. In 1877 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Cullom a memjjer of the Board of Railway and Canal Commissioners, of which he afterwards became Presfdent, serving six years. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 10, 1893. GODFREY, a village of Madison County, on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 5 miles north of Alton. It is the seat of Monticello Female Seminary, and named for Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, an early settler who was chiefly instrumental in founding that institution. Population (1890), 228. GODFREY, (Capt.) Benjamin, sea captain and philanthropist, was born at Chatham, Mass., Dec. 4, 1794: at nine years of age he ran away from home and went to sea, his first voyage being to Ireland, where he spent nine years. The War of 1812 coining on, he returned home, spending a part of the next three years in the naval service, also gaining a knowledge of the science of navi- gation. Later, he became master of a merchant- vessel making voyages to Italy, Spain, the West Indies and other countries, finally, by shipwreck in Cuban waters, losing the bulk of his fortune. In 1824 he engaged in mercantile business at Matamoras, Mex., where he accumulated a hand- some fortune ; but, in transferring it (amounting to some 1200,000 in silver) across the country on pack-animals, he was attacked and robbed by brigands, with which that country was then infested. Resuming business at New Orleans, he was again successful, and, in 1832, came north, locating near Alton, 111., the next year engaging in the warehouse and commission business as the partner of Winthrop S. Gilman, under the name of Godfrey & Gilman. It was in the warehouse of this firm at Alton that the printing-press of Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored when it was seized and destroyed by a mob, and Lovejoy was killed, in October, 1837. (See Lovejoy, Elijah P. ) Soon after establishing himself at Alton, Captain God- frey made a donation of land and money for the erection of a young ladies' seminary at the village of Godfrey, four miles from Alton. (See Monti- cello Female Seminary.) The first cost of the erection of buildings, borne by him, was $53,000. The institution was opened, April 11, 1838, and Captain Godfrey continued to be one of its Trustees as long as he lived. He was also one of the lead- ing spirits in the construction of the Alton & Springfield Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Alton), in which he invested heavily and un- profitably. Died, at Godfrey, April 13, 1862. GOLCONDA, a village and county -seat of Pope County, on the Ohio River, 80 miles northeast of Cairo; located in agricultural and mining dis- trict; zinc, lead and kaolin mined in the vicinity; has a courthouse, eight churches, schools, one bank, a newspaper, a box factory, flour and saw mills, and a fluor-spar factory. It is the termi- nus of a branch of the Illinois Central Railroad. Population (1890), 1,174: (1900), 1,140. GOLDZIER, Julins, ex-Congressman, was born at Vienna, Austria, Jan. 20, 1854, and emigrated to New York in 1866. In 1872 he settled in Chicago, where he was admitted to the bar in 1877, and where he has practiced law ever since. From 1890 to 1892 he was a member of the Chicago City Council, and, in 1892, was the successful Democratic candidate in the Fourth District, for Congress, but was defeated in 1894 by Edward D. Cooke. At the Chicago city election of 1899 he was again re- turned to the Council as Alderman for the Thirty- second Ward. GOODING, James, pioneer, was born about 1767, and, in 1832, was residing at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., when he removed to Cook County, 111., settling in what was later called "Gooding's Grove," now a part of Will Count}'. The Grove was also called the "Yankee Settlement," from the Eastern origin of the principal settlers. Mr. Gooding was accompanied, or soon after joined, by three sons — James, Jr., William and Jasper — and a nephew, Charles Gooding, all of whom became prominent citizens. The senior Gooding died in 1849, at the age of 82 years.— William (Gooding), civil engineer, son of the preceding, was born at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y.. April 1, 1803; educated in the common schools and by private tuition, after which he divided his time chiefly between teaching and working on the farm of his father, James Gooding. Having devoted considerable attention to surveying and civil engineering, he obtained employment in 1826 on the Welland Canal, where he remained three years. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lock- port, N. Y., but sold out at the end of the first year and went to Ohio to engage in his profession. 204 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Being unsuccessful in this, he accepted employ- ment for a time as a rodman, but later secured a position as Assistant Engineer on the Ohio Canal. After a brief visit to his father's in 1832, he returned to Ohio and engaged in business there for a short time, but the following year joined his father, who had previously settled in a portion of what is now Will County, but then Cook, mak- ing the trip by the first mail steamer around the lakes. Heat first settled at "Gooding's Grove" and engaged in farming. In 1836 he was ap- pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, but, in 1843, became Chief Engi- neer, continuing in that position until the com- pletion of the canal in 1848, when he became Secretary of the Canal Board. , Died, at Lockport, Will County, in May, 1878. GOODRICH, Grant, lawyer and jurist, was born in Milton, Saratoga, County, N. Y., August 7, 1811; grew up in Western New York, studied law and came to Chicago in 1834, becoming one of tlie most prominent and reputable members of his profession, as %vell as a leader in many of the movements for the educational, moral and reli- gious advancement of the community. He was one of the founders of the First Methodist Epis- copal Church of Chicago, an active member of the Union Defense Committee during the war, an incorporator and life-long Trustee of the North- western University, and President of the Board of Trustees of Garrett Biblical Institute, besides being identified with many organizations of a strictly benevolent character. In 1859 Judge Goodrich was elected a Judge of the newly organ- ized Superior Court, but, at the end of his term, resumed the practice of his profession. Died, March 15, 1889. GORE, David, ex-State Auditor, was born in Trigg County, Ky., Aprils, 1827; came with his parents to Madison County, 111., in 1834, and served in the Mexican War as a Quartermaster, afterwards locating in Macoupin County, where he has been extensively engaged in farming. In 1874 he was an unsuccessful Greenback-Labor candidate for State Treasurer, in 1884 was elected to the State Senate from the Macoupin-Morgan District, and, in 1893, nominated and elected, as a Democrat, Auditor of Public Accounts, serving until 1897. For some sixteen years he was a member of the State Board of Agriculture, the last two years of that period being its President. His home is at CarUnville. GOTJDT, Calvin, early printer and physician, was born in Ohio, June 2, 1814; removed with his parents, in childhood, to Indianapolis, and in 1883 to 'Vandalia, 111., where he worked in the State printing office and bindery. In the fall of 1833 the family removed to Jacksonville, and the following year he entered Illinois College, being for a time a college-mate of Richard Yates, after- wards Governor. Here lie continued his vocation as a printer, working for a time on "Peck's Gazetteer of Illinois" and "Goudy's Almanac," of which his father was publisher. In association with a brother wliile in Jacksonville, he began the publication of "The Common School Advo- cate," the pioneer publication of its kind in the Northwest, which was continued for about a year. Later he studied medicine with Drs. Henry and Merriman in Springfield, finally graduating at the St. Louis Medical College and, in 1844. began practice at Taylorville ; in 1847 was elected Probate Judge of Christian County for a term of four years; in 1851 engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he continued nineteen years. In 1856 he was elected to tlie lower house of the General Assembly and, in the session of the following year, was a leading supporter of the act estab- lishing the State Normal Sc)iool at Normal, still later serving for some sixteen years on the State Board of Education. Died, at Taylorville, in 1877. Dr. Goudy was an older brother of the late William C. Goudy of Chicago. GOTJDT, William C, lawyer, was born in Indiana, May 15, 1824; came to Illinois, with his father, first to Vandalia and afterwards to Jack- sonville, previous to 1833, where the latter began the publication of "The Farmer's Almanac" — a well-known publication of that time. At Jack- sonville young Goudy entered Illinois College, graduating in 1845, when he began the study of law with Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield ; was admitted to the bar in 1847, and the next year began practice at Lewistown, Fulton County; served as State's Attorney (1852-55) and as State Senator (1856-60) ; at the close of his term re- moved to Chicago, where he became prominent as a corporation and railroad lawyer, in 1886 be- coming General Solicitor of tlie Chicago & North- western Railroad. During President Cleveland's first term, Mr. Goudy was believed to exert a large influence with the administration, and was credited with having been largely instrumental in securing the appointment of his partner, Mel- ville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Died, April 27, 1893. GRAFF, Josepli V., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Terre Haute, Ind., July 1, 1854; after graduating from the Terre Haute high-school, spent on6 year in Wabash College at Crawfords- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 205 ville, but did not graduate ; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Delavan, 111., in 1879; in 1892 was a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Minneapolis, but, with the excep- tion of President of the Board of Education, never held any public office until elected to Con- gress from the Fourteeifth Illinois District, as a Republican, in November, 1894. Mr. Graff was a successful candidate for re-election in 1896, and again in '98. GRAFTON, a town in Jersey County, situated on the Mississippi one and a half miles below the mouth of the Illinois River. The bluffs are high and fine river views are obtainable. A fine quality of fossiliferous limestone is quarried here and exported by the river. The town has a bank, three churches and a graded school. Pop- ulation (1880), 807, (1890), 927; (1900), 988. tJRAIlV INSPECTION, a mode of regulating the grain-trade in accordance with State law, and under the general supervision of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission. The principal exec- utive officer of the department is the Chief Inspector of Grain, the expenses of whose adminis- tration are borne by fees. The chief business of the inspection department is transacted in Chi- cago, where the principal oflBces are located. (See Railroad and Warehouse Commission.) GRAMMAR, John, pioneer and early legislator, came to Southern Illinois at a very early date and served as a member of the Third Territorial Council for Johnson County (1816-18); was a citizen of Union County when it was organized in 1818, and served as State Senator from that county in the Third and Fourth General Assem- blies (1832-26), and again in the Seventh and Eighth General Assemblies (1830-34), for the Dis- trict composed of Union, Johnson and Alexander Counties. He is described as having been very illiterate, but a man of much slirewdness and considerable influence. GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, a fra- ternal, charitable and patriotic association, limited to men who served in tlie Union army or navy during the Civil War, and received hon- orable discharge. Its founder was Dr. B. F. Stephenson, who served as Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry. In this task he had the cooperation of Rev. William J. Rutledge, Chaplain of the same regiment, Col. John M. Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Maj. Robert M. Woods, Maj. Robert Allen, Col. Martin Flood, Col. Daniel Grass, Col. Edward Prince, Capt. John S. Phelps, Capt. John A. Lightfoot, Col. B. F. Smith, Maj. A. A. North, Capt. Henry E. Howe, and Col. B. F. Hawkes, all Illinois veter- ans. Numerous conferences were held at Spring- field, in this State, a ritual was prepared, and the first post was chartered at Decatur, 111., April 6, 1866. The charter members were Col. I. C. Pugh, George R. Steele, J. W. Bouth, Joseph Prior, J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, G. H. Dunning, B. F. Sibley, M. F. Kanan, C. Reibsame, I. N. Coltrin, and Aquila Toland. All but one of these had served in Illinois regiments. At first, the work of organization proceeded slowly, the ex-soldiers generally being somewhat doubtful of the result of the project; but, before July 13, 1866, the date fixed for the assembling of a State Convention to form the Department of Illinois, thirty-nine posts had been chartered, and, by 1869, there were 330 reported in Illinois. By October, 1866, Depart- ments had been formed in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and posts established in Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Massa- chiissetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, and the first National Encampment was held at Indianapolis, November 20 of that year. In 1894 there were 7,500 posts, located in every State and Territory of the Union, with a membership of 450,000. The scheme of organization provides for precinct. State and National bodies. The first are known as posts, each having a number, to which the name of some battle or locality, or of some deceased soldier may be prefixed; the second (State organizations) are known as Departments; and the supreme power of the Order is vested in the National En- campment, which meets annually. As has been said, the G. A. R. had its inception in Illinois. The aim and dream of Dr. Stephenson and his associates was to create a grand organization of veterans which, through its cohesion, no less than its incisiveness, should constitute a potential fac- tor in the inculcation and development of patriot- ism as well as mutual support. While he died sorrowing that he had not seen the fruition of his hopes, the present has witnessed the fullest realization of his dream. (See StejJhenson, B. F. ) The constitution of the order expressly prohibits any attempt to use the organization for partisan purposes, or even the discussion, at any meeting, of partisan questions. Its aims are to foster and strengthen fraternal feelings among members ; to assist comrades needing help or protection and aid comrades' widows and orphans, and to incul- cate unswerving loyalty. The "Woman's Relief Corps" is an auxiliary organization, originating at Portland, Maine, in 1869. The following is a list of Illinois Department Commanders, chronolog- 206 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. ically arranged: B. F. Stephenson (Provisional, 1866), John M. Pahner (1866-68), Thomas O. Osborne (1869-70), Charles E. Lippincott (1871), Hubert Dilger (1872), Guy T. Gould (1873), Hiram Hilliard (1874-76), Joseph S. Reynolds (1877), T. B. Coulter (1878), Edgar D. Swain (1879-80), J. W. Burst (1881), Thomas G. Lawler (1882), S. A. Harper (1883), L. T. Dickason (1884), William W, Berry (1885), Philip Sidney Post (1886), A. C. Sweetser (1887), James A. Sexton (1888), James S. Martin (1889), William L. Distin (1890), Horace S. Clark (1891), Edwin Harlan (1892), Edward A. Blodgett (1893), H. H. McDowell (1894), W. H. Powell (189.5), William G. Cochran (1896), A. L. Schimpff (1897), John C. Black (1898), John B. Inmau (1899). The fol- lowing lllinoisans have held the position of Com- mander-in-Chief: S. A. Hurlbut, (two terms) 1866-67; John A. Logan, (three terms) 1868-70; Thomas G. Lawler, 1894; James A. Sexton, 1898. GRAND PRAIRIE SEMINARY, a co educa- tional institution at Onarga, Iroquois County, in- corporated in 1863 ; had a faculty of eleven teach- ers in 1897-98, with 285 pupils— 145 male and 140 female. It reports an endowment of §10,000 and property valued at $55,000. Besides the usual classical and scientific departments, instruction is given in music, oratory, fine arts and prepara- tory studies. GRAND TOWER, a town in Jackson County, situated on the Mississippi River, 27 miles south- west of Carbondale; the western terminus of the Grand Tower & Carbondale Railroad. It received its name from a high, rocky island, lying in the river opposite the village. It has four churches, a weekly newspaper, and two blast furnaces for iron. Population (1890), 624; (1900), 881. GRAND TOWER & CAPE GIRARDEAU RAILROAD. (See Chicago <& Texas Railroad.) GRAND TOWER & CARBONDALE RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.) GRANGER, Flavel K., lawyer, farmer and legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., May 16, 1832, educated in public schools at Sodus in the same State, and settled at Waukegan, 111., in 1853. Here, having studied law, he was admitted to the bar in 1855, removing to McHenry County the same year, and soon after engaging in the live-stock and wool business. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, being succes- sively re-elected to the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and Thirty -first, and being chosen Temporary Speaker of the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth. He is now a member of the State Senate for the Eighth District, having been elected in 1896. His home is at West McHenry. GRANT, Alexander Fraeser, early lawyer and juri.st, was born at Inverness, Scotland, in 1804; came to Illinois at an early day and located at Shawneetown, where he studied law with Henry Eddy, the pioneer lawj'er and editor of that place. Mr. Grant is described as a man of marked ability, as were many of the early settlers of that region. In February, 1835, he was elected by the General Assembly Judge for the Third Circuit, as succes- sor to his preceptor, Mr. Eddy, but served only a fe%v months, dying at Vandalia the same year. GRANT, Ulysses Simpson, (originally Hiram Ulysses), Lieutenant - General and President, was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio, April 27, 1822 ; graduated from West Point Military Academy, in 1843, and served through the Mexican War. After a short resi- dence at St. Louis, he became a resident of Galena in 1860. His war-record is a glorious part of the Nation's history. Entering the service of the State as a clerk in the oSice of the Quartermaster- General at Springfield, soon after the breaking out of the war in 1861, and still later serving as a drill-master at Camp Yates, in June following he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, which he immediately led into the field in the State of Missouri ; was soon after promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship and became a full Major-General of Volunteers on the fall of Forts Donelson and Henry, in February following. His successes at Fort Gibson, Raymond, Champion Hill, and Big Black River, ending with the capture of Vicks- burg, were the leading victories of the Union armies in 1863. His successful defense of Chat- tanooga was also one of his victories in the West in the same year. Commissioned a Major-General of tlie Regular Army after the fall of Vicksburg, he became Lieutenant-General in 1864, and, in March of that year, assumed command of all the Northern armies. Taking personal command of the Army of the Potomac, he directed the cam- paign against Richmond, wliich resulted in the final evacuation and downfall of the Confederate capital and the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox on April 8, 1865. In July, 1866, he was made General — the office being created for him. He also served as Secretary of War, ad interim, under President Johnson, from Au- gust, 1867, to January, 1868. In 1868 he was elected President of the United States and re- elected in 1872. His administration may not have been free from mistakes, but it was charac- O'S. c S 5 11 a P3 .< a " So 3Z HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 307 terized by patriotism and integrity of purpose. During 1877-79 he made a tour of the world, being received everywhere with the highest honors. In 1880 his friends made an unsuccessful effort to secure his renomination as a Presidential candi- date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount McGregor. N. Y., July 33, 1885. His chief literary work was his "Memoirs" (two volume.s, 1885-86), which was very extensively sold. GRAPE CREEK, a surburban mining village in Vermilion County, on the Big Vermilion River and the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, six miles south of Danville. The chief industry is coal mining, which is extensively carried on. Population (1890), 778; (1900), 610 GRATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage, born at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1753. After receiving a mercantile training in the counting house of an uncle in London, he emigrated to Canada, entering the employ of another uncle at Montreal. He first came to the "Illinois Coun- try" in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one year. In 1777 he returned and formed a partner- ship with David McRae and John Kay, two young Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered that commander material financial assistance, becoming personallj' responsible for the supplies needed by the penniless American army. When the transfer of sovereignty took place at St. Louis, on March 10, 1804, and Louisiana Territory became a part of the United States, it was from the balcony of his house that the first American flag was unfurled in Upper Louisiana. In recom- pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised 30,000 acres of land near the present site of Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at St. Louis, April 21, 1817. GRAYIER, Father Jacqnes, a Jesuit mission- ary, born in France, but at what date cannot be stated with certainty. After some years spent in Canada he was sent by his ecclesiastical superiors to the Illinois Mission (1688), succeeding AUouez as Superior two years later, and being made Vicar-General in 1691. He labored among the Miamis, Peorias and Kaskaskias — his most numer- ous conversions being among the latter tribe — as also among the Cahokias, Osages, Tamaroas and Missouris. It is said to have been largely through his influence tliat the Illinois were induced to settle at Kaskaskia instead of going soutli. In 1705 he received a severe wound during an attack by the Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually led, by one of their medicine men. It is said that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed to find a cure. Accounts of his death vary as to time and place, but all agree that it resulted from the wound above mentioned. Some of his biographers assert that he died at sea; others that he returned from France, yet suffering from the Indian poison, to Louisiana in February, 1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same year. GRAY, Elisha, electrician and inventor, was born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a course at Oberlin College, devoting especial attention to the physical sciences, meanwhile supporting himself by manual labor. In 1865 he began his career as an electrician and, in 1867, received his first patent; devised a method of transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc- ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane- ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a year later accomplishing the same with eight messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro- fessor Gray has invented a telegraph switch, a repeater, enunciator and type-writing telegraph. From 1869 to '73 he was employed in the manu- facture of telegraph apparatus at Cleveland and Chicago, but has since been electrician of the Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest invention, the "telautograph" — for reproducing by telegraph the handwriting of the sender of a telegram — attracted great interest at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He is author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and "Experimental Researches in Electro- Harmonic Telegraphy and Telephony." GRAY, TVilUam C, Ph.D., editor, was born in Butler County, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from the Farmers' (now Belmont) College in 1850, read law and began secular editorial work in 1852, being connected, in the next fourteen years, with "The Tiffin Tribune," "Cleveland Herald" and "Newark American." Then, after several years spent in general publishing business in Cincinnati, after the great fire of 1871 he came to Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior," the organ of the Presbyterian Church, which he has since conducted. The success of the paper under his management affords the best evidence of his practical good sense. He holds the degree of Ph.D., received from Wooster University in 1881. GRAYVILLE, a city situated on the border of White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in the former, on the Wabash River, 35 miles north- west of Evansville, Ind., 16 miles northeast of Carmi, and forty miles southwest of Vincennes. It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered 208 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. region and is an important hard-wood market. Valuable coal deposits exist. The industries in- clude flour, saw and planing mills, stave factories and creamery. The city has an electric light and water plant, two banks, eight churches, and two weekly papers. Population i,1900), 1,948. GRAYTIILE & MATT003V RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway. ) GREATHOUSE, Lucien, soldier, was born at Carlinville, 111., in 1843; graduated at Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, and studied law ; enlisted as a private at the beginning of the War of the Rebellion and rose to the rank of Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers; bore a conspicuous part in the movements of the Army of the Tennessee ; was killed in battle near Atlanta, Ga., June 21, 1864. GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and '49). (See Hlmois Central Railroad.) GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (2). (See Wabash Railway. ) GREEN RIVER, rises in Lee County, and, after draining part of Bureau County, flows west- ward through Henry County, and enters Rock River about 10 miles east by south from Rock Island. It is nearly 120 miles long. GREEN, William H., State Senator and Judge, was born at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8, 1830. In 1847 he accompanied his father's family to Illinois, and, for three years following, taught school, at the same time reading law. He was admitted to the bar in 1852 and began practice at Mount Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year, and to Cairo in 1863. In 1858 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, was re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was elected to the State Senate for four years. In December, 1865, he was elected Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Mulkey, retiring with the expiration of nis term in 1867. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions of 1860, '64, '68, '80, '84 and '88, besides being for many years a member of the State Central Committee of that party, and also, for four terms, a member of the State Board of Education, of which he has been for several years the President. He is at present (1899) engaged in the practice of his profession at Cairo. GREENE, Henry Sacheveral, attorney, was bom in the North of Ireland, July, 1833, brought to Canada at five years of age, and from nine com- pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk and at others setting type in a printing office. After spending some time in Western New York, in 1853 he commenced the study of law at Dan- ville, Ind.. with Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, 111. ; four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he taught and studied law with Lawrence Weldon, now of the Court of Claims, Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar at Springfield, on the motion of Abraham Lin- coln, and was associated in practice, for a time, with Hon. Clifton H. Moore of Clinton; later served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term (1867-69) as Representative in the General Assem- bly. At the close of his term in the Legislature he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner- ship with Milton Hay and David T. Littler, under the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later becoming the head of the firm of Greene & Humphrey. From the date of his removal to Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ- ment was as a corporation lawyer, for the most part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and the Wabash Railways. His death occurred at his home in Springfield, after a protracted illness, Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly devoted to his profession, high minded and honor- able in all his dealings, he commanded respect wherever he was known. GREENE, William G., pioneer, was born in Tennessee in 1812 ; came to Illinois in 1822 with his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County. The younger Greene was an intimate friend and fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, under whom he held an appointment in Utah for some years. He died at Tallula, Menard County, in 1894. GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. Louis Railways, 12 miles east of Carrollton and 55 miles north of St. Louis ; is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising region. The city has several churches, public schools, a seminary, electric light plant, steam flouring mill, and one weekly paper. It is an important shipping point for cattle, horses, swine, corn, grain and produce. Population (1890), 1,131; (1900), 1,085. GREENE COUNTY, cut off from Madison and separately organized in 1821 ; has an area of 544 square miles; population (1900), 23,403; named for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol- dier. The soil and climate are varied and adapted to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being among the principal. Building stone and clay HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 209 are abundant. Probably the first English-speak- ing settlers were David Stockton and James Whiteside, who located south of Macoupin Creek in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others (among them Gen. Jacob Fry) followed soon afterward. The Indians were numerous and aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the monuments of the Government surveys, erected some years before. Immigration of the whites, however, was rapid, and it was not long before the nucleus of a village was established at Car- rollton, where General Fry erected the first house and made the first coffin needed in the settle- ment. This town, the county-seat and most important place in the county, was laid off by Thomas Carlin in 1821. Other flourishing towns are Whitehall (population, 1,961), and Roodhouse (an important railroad center) with a population of 2,360. GREENUP, village of Cumberland County, at intersection of the Vandalia Line and Evansville branch 111. Cent. Ry. ; in farming and fruit- growing region ; has powder mill, bank, broom factory, five churches, public library and good schools. Population (1890), 8,58; (1900), 1,08.5. GREENVIEW, a village in Menard County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 32 miles north-northwest of Springfield and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a coal mine, bank, two weekly papers, seven churches, and a graded and high school. Popu- lation (1890), 1,106; (1900), 1,019; (1903), 1,245. GREENVILLE, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Bond County, on the East Fork of Big Shoal Creek and the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 50 miles east-northeast of St. Louis ; is in a rich agricultural and coal-min- ing region. Com and wheat are raised exten- sively in the surrounding country, and there are extensive coal mines adjacent to the city. The leading manufacturing product is in the line of wagons. It is the seat of Greenville College (a coeducational institution) ; has several banks and three weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 1,868; (1900), 2,504. GREENTILLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti- ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of Indian tribes (see Indian Treaties), at Green- ville, after his victory over the savages at the battle of Maumee Rapids, in August, 1795. This was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in which a number of tribes united. The lands con- veyed within the present limits of the State of Illinois were as follows: A tract six miles iiquare at the mouth of the Chicago River; another, twelve miles square, near the naouth of the Illinois River; another, six miles square, around the old fort at Peoria ; the post of Fort Massac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty lands for the army of Gen. George Rogers Clark, and "the lands at all other places in the posses- sion of the French people and other white set- tlers among them, the Indian title to which has been thus extinguished. " On the other hand, the United States relinquished all claim to all other Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of the Mis- sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash consideration paid by the Government was §210,000. GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of State, emigrated from Albany, N. Y., and began the practice of law at Joliet, 111., where, in 1839, he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first paper established in Will County. From 1842 to 1846, he represented Will, Du Page and Iroquois Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen- eral Assemblies; later removed to Chicago, after which he served for a time as United States Dis- trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti- tutional Convention of that year, and served as Secretary of State from 1850 to 1853, as successor to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former year. In the Democratic State Convention of 1853, Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the nomination for Governor, though finally defeated by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential Elector for that year, and, in 1853, was appointed by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, still later for a time acting as the minis- ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, who died in 1868. Returning to California he was ap- pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public Moneys at Carson City, Nev. , %vhere he died, Dec. 28, 1868. GREGORY, Johiw Milton, elergyman and edu- cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., July 6, 1823; graduated from Union Col- lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the study of law, studied theology and entered the Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the East he came West, becoming Principal of a classical school at Detroit. His ability as an educator was soon recognized, and, in 1858, he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec- tion in 1863. In 1854. he assisted in founding "The Michigan Journal of Education," of which he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years 210 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later was called to that of the newly founded University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he remained until 1880. He was United States Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition in 1873, Illinois State Commissioner to the Paris Exposi- tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in the educational department of the Philadelphia Centennial of 1876. From 1883 to '85 he was a member of the United States Civil Service Com- mission. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Madison University (Hamilton, N. Y.) in 1866. While State Superintendent he published a "Compeud of School Laws" of Michi- gan, besides numerous addresses on educational subjects. Other works of his are "Handbook of History" and "Map of Time" (Chicago, 1866) ; "A New Political Economy" (Cincinnati, 1882); and "Seven Laws of Teaching" (Chicago, 1883). While holding a chair as Professor Emeritus of Political Economy in the University of Illinois during the latter years of his life, he resided in Washington, D. C, where he died, Oct. 20, 1898. By his special request he was buried on the grounds of the University at Champaign. GRESHAM, Walter Qulnton, soldier, jurist and statesman, was born near Lanesville, Harri- son County, Ind., March 17, 1832. Two years at a seminary at Corydon, followed by one year at Bloomington University, completed his early education, which was commenced at the common schools. He read law at Corydon, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1860 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature, but resigned to become Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- eighth Indiana Volunteers, and was almost immediately commissioned Colonel of the Fifty- third Regiment. After the fall of Vicksburg he was promoted to a Brigadier-Generalship, and was brevetted Major-General on March 13, 1865. At Atlanta he was severely wounded, and disabled from service for a year. After the war he re- sumed practice at New Albany, Ind. His polit- ical career began in 1856, when he stumped his county for Fremont. From that time until 1893 he was always prominently identified with the Republican party. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- ful Republican candidate for Congress, and, in 1867-68, was the financial agent of his State (Indiana) in New York. In 1869 President Grant appointed him Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court for Indiana. In 1883 he resigned this position to accept the portfolio of Postmaster-Gen- eral in the Cabinet of President Arthur. In July, 1884, upon the death of Secretary Folger, he was made Secretary of the Treasury. In Oct. 1884, he was appointed United States Judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, and thereafter made his home in Chicago. He was an earnest advo- cate of the renomination of Grant in that year, but subsequently took no active personal part in politics. In 1888 he was the substantially unani- mous choice of Illinois Republicans for the Presi- dency, but was defeated in convention. In 1893 he was tendered the Populist nomination for President, but declined. In 1893 President Cleve- land offered him the portfolio of Secretary of State, which he accepted, dying in office at Washington, D. C, May 28, 1895. GREUSEL, Nicholas, soldier, was born in Ger- many, July 4, 1817, the son of a soldier of Murat; came to New York in 1833 and to Detroit, Mich., in 1835 ; served as a Captain of the First Michigan Volunteers in the Mexican War ; in 1857, came to Chicago and was employed on the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, until the firing on Fort Sumter, when he promptly enrolled himself as a private in a company organized at Aurora, of which he was elected Captain and attached to the Seventh Illinois (three-months' men), later being advanced to the rank of Major. Re-enlisting for three years, he was commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, but, in August following, was commis- sioned Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Illinois; took part in the battles of Pea Ridge and Perryville and the campaign against Corinth ; compelled to resign on account of failing health, in February, 1863, he removed to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, whence he returned to Aurora in 1893. Died at Aurora, April 35, 1896. GRIDLEY, Asahel, lawyer and banker, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., April 31, 1810; was educated at Pompey Academy and, at the age of 21, came to Illinois, locating at Bloomington and engaging in the mercantile business, which he carried on quite extensively some eight years. He served as First Lieutenant of a cavalry com- pany during the Black Hawk War of 1833, and soon after was elected a Brigadier-General of militia, thereby acquiring the title of "General." In 1840 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth General Assembly, and soon after began to turn his attention to the study of law, subse- quently forming a partnership with Col. J. H. Wickizer, which continued for a number of years. Having been elected to the State Senate in 1850, he took a conspicuous part in the two succeeding sessions of the General Assembly in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads by way of Bloomington; was also, at a later period, a leading promoter of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 211 Indiana, Blooinington & Western and other lines. In 1858 he joined J. Y. Scammon and J. H. Buroh of Chicago, in the establishment of the McLean County Bank at Bloomington, of which he became President and ultimately sole proprietor ; also be- came proprietor, in 18.57, of the Bloomington Gas- Light & Coke Company, which he managed some twenty-five years. Originally a Whig, he identi- fied himself with the Republican cause in 1856, serving upon the State Central Committee during the campaign of that year, but, in 1872, took part in the Liberal Republican movement, serv- ing as a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention, where he was a zealous supporter of David Davis for the Presidency. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 20, 1881. GRIER, (Col.) David Perkins, soldier and mer- chant, was born near Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1837; received a common school education and, in 1852, came to Peoria, III., where he engaged in the grain business, subsequently, in partnership with his brother, erecting the first grain-elevator in Peoria, with three or four at other points. Early in the war he recruited a company of which he was elected Captain, but, as the State quota was already full, it was not accepted in Illinois, but was mustered in, in June, as a part of the Eighth Missoui'i Volunteers. With this organi- zation he took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battle of Shiloh and the siege and capture of Corinth. In August, 1862, he was ordered to report to Governor Yates at Spring- field, and, on his arrival, was presented with a commission as Colonel of the Seventy-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which he retained command up to the siege of Vicksburg. During that siege he commanded a brigade and, in sub- sequent operations in Louisiana, was in command of the Second Brigade, Fourtli Division of the Thirteenth Army Corps. Later he had command of all the troops on Dauphin Island, and took a conspicuous part in the capture of Fort Morgan and Mobile, as well as other operations in Ala- bama. He subsequently had command of a division until his muster-out, July 10, 1865, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war, General Grier resumed his business as a grain merchant at Peoria, but, in 1879, removed to East St. Louis, where he had charge of the erection and management of the Union Elevator there — was also Vice-President and Director of the St. Louis Merchants' Exchange. Died, April 22, 1891. GRIEESON, Benjamin H., soldier, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., July 8, 1826; removed in boyhood to Trmnbull County, Ohio, and, about 1850, to Jacksonville, 111., where he was engaged for a time in teaching music, later embarking in the grain and produce business at Meredosia. He enlisted promptly at the beginning of the Civil War, becoming Aid-de-camp to General Prentiss at Cairo during the three-months' service, later being commissioned Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry. From this time his promotion was rapid. He was commissioned Colonel of the same regiment in March, 1862, and was commander of a brigade in December following. He was promi- nent in nearly all the cavalry skirmishes between Memphis and the Tennessee river, and, in April and May, 1863, led the famous raid from La Grange, Tenn., through the States of Mississippi and Louisiana to Baton Rouge in the latter— for the first time penetrating the heart of the Con- federacy and causing consternation among the rebel leaders, while materially aiding General Grant's movement against Vicksburg. This dem- onstration was generally regarded as one of the most brilliant events of the war, and attracted the attention of tlie whole country. In recog- nition of this service he was, on June 3, 1863. made a Brigadier-General, and May 27, 1865, a full Major-General of Volunteers. Soon after the close of the war he entered the regular army as Colonel of the Tenth United States Cavalry and was successively brevetted Brigadier- and Major- General for bravery shown in a raid in Arkansas during December, 186-t. His subsequent service was in the West and Southwest conducting cam- paigns against the Indians, in the meanwhile being in command at Santa Fe, San Antonio and elsewhere. On the promotion of General Miles to a Major-Generalship following the death of Maj.-Gen. George Crook in Chicago, March 19, 1890, General Grierson, who had been the senior Colonel for some years, was promoted Brigadier- General and retired with that rank in July fol- lowing His home is at Jacksonville. GRIGGS, Samnel Chapman, publisher, was born in ToUand, Conn., July 20, 1819; began business as a bookseller at Hamilton, N Y., but removed to Chicago, where he established the largest bookselling trade in the Northwest. Mr. Griggs was a heavy loser by the fire of 1871, and the following year, having sold out to his part- ners, established himself in the publishing busi- ness, which he conducted until 1896, when he retired. The class of books published by him include many educational and classical, with others of a high order of merit. Died in Chi- cago, April 5, 1897. 212 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. GRIGfiSVILLE, a city in Pike County, on the Wabash Railroad, 4 milas we.st of the Illinois River, and 50 miles east of Quincy. Flour, camp stoves, and brooms are manufactured here. The city has churches, graded schools, a public library, fair grounds, opera house, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,400; (1900), 1,404. GRIMSHAW, Jackson, lawyer and politician, was bom in Philadelphia, Nov. 22, 1820, of Anglo- Irish and Revolutionary ancestry. He was par- tially educated at Bristol College, Pa., and began the study of law witli his father, who was a lawyer and an author of repute. His professional studies were interrupted for a few years, during whicli he was employed at surveying and civil engineering, but he was admitted to the bar at Harrisburg, in 1843. The same year he settled at Pittsfield, 111. , where he formed a partnership with his brother, William A. Grimshaw. In 1857 he removed to Quincy, where he resided for the remainder of his life. He was a member of the first Republican Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress (1856 and '58) in a strongly Democratic District. He was a warm personal friend and trusted coun- sellor of Governor Yates, on whose staff he served as Colonel. During 1861 the latter sent Sir. Grimshaw to Washington with dispatches an- nouncing the capture of Jefferson Barracks, Mo. On arriving at Annapolis, learning that the rail- roads had been torn up by rebel sympathizers, he walked from that city to the capital, and was summoned into the presence of the President and General Scott with his feet protruding from his boots. In 1865 Mr. Lincoln appointed him Col- lector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy Dis- trict, which office he held until 1869. Died, at Quincy, Dec. 13, 1875. GRIMSHAW, William A., early lawyer, was born in Philadelphia and admitted to the bar in his native city at the age of 19 ; in 1833 came to Pike County, 111., where he continued to prac- tice until his death. He served in the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1847, and had the credit of preparing the article in the second Constitution prohibiting dueling. In 1864 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention which nominated Mr. Lincoln for President a second time ; also served as Presidential Elector in 1880. He was, for a time, one of the Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville, and, from 1877 to 1882, a member of the State Board of Public Charities, being for a time Presi- dent of the Board. Died, at Pittsfield, Jan. 7, 1895. GRIN NELL, Jnlins S., lawyer and er- Judge, was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1842, of New England parents, who were of French descent. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1866, and, two years later, was admitted to the bar at Ogdensburg, N. Y. In 1870 he removed to Chicago, where he soon attained a prominent position at the bar ; was elected City Attorney in 1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 he was elected State's Attorney for Cook County, in which capacity he successfully conducted some of the most celebrated criminal prosecutions in the history of Illinois. Among these may be mentioned the cases against Joseph T. Mackin and William J. Gallagher, growing out of an election conspiracy in Chicago in 1884; the conviction of a number of Cook County Commis- sioners for accepting bribes in 1885, and the con- viction of seven anarchistic leaders charged with complicity in tlie Haymarket riot and massacre in Chicago, in May, 1886 — tlie latter trial being held in 1887. The same year (1887) he was elected to the Circuit bench of Cook County, but resigned his seat in 1890 to become counsel for the Chicago City Railway. Died, in Chicago, June 8, 1898. GROSS, Jacob, ex-State Treasurer and banker, was born in Germany, Feb. 11, 1840; having lost his father by death at 13, came to the United States two years later, spent a year in Chicago schools, learned the trade of a tinsmith and clerked in a store until August, 1862, when he enlisted in the Eightj'-Second Illinois Volunteers (the second "Hecker Regiment"); afterwards par- ticipated in some of the most important battles of the war, including Chancellorsville, Gettys- burg, Lookout Mountain, Resaca and others. At Dallas, Ga., he had his right leg badly shattered by a bullet-wound above the knee, four successive amputations being found necessary in order to save his life. Having been discharged from the service in February, 1865, he took a course in a commercial college, became deputy clerk of the Police Court, served three terms as Collector of the West Town of Chicago, and an equal number of terms (12 years) as Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and, in 1884, was elected State Treasurer. Since retiring from the latter office, Mr. Gross has been engaged in the banking busi- ness, being President, for several years, of the Commercial Bank of Chicago. GROSS, William L., Iaw3'er, was born in Her- kimer County, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1839, came with his father to Illinois in 1844, was admitted to the bar at Springfield in 1862, but almost immediately HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.' 213 entered the service of the Government, and, a year later, was appointed by President Lincohi Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and, under command of General Stager, assigned to the Department of the Ohio as Jlilitary Superintend- ent of Telegraphs. At the close of the war he was transferred to the Department of the Gulf, taking control of military telegraphs in that Department with headquarters at New Orleans, remaining until August, 1866, meanwhile being brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. For the next two years he occupied various positions in the civil telegraph service, but, in 1868, resumed the practice of law at Springfield, in conjunction with his brother (Eugene L. ) issuing the first volume of "Gross' Statutes of Illinois," followed in subsequent years by two additional volumes, besides an Index to all the Laws of the State. In 1878 he was elected as a Republican to the General Assembly from Sangamon County, and, in 1884, was appointed by Governor Hamilton Circuit Judge to succeed Judge C. S. Zane, who had been appointed Chief Justice of Utah. Upon the organi- zation of the Illinois State Bar Association, Judge Gross became its first Secretary, serving until 1883, when he was elected President, again serv- ing as Secretary and Treasurer in 1893-94. GKOSSCUPj Peter Stenger, jurist, born in Ashland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1852 ; was educated in the local schools and Wittenberg College, graduating from the latter in 1872 ; read law in Boston, Mass. , and settled down to practice in his native town, in 1874. He was a candidate for Congress in a Democratic District before he was 25 years old, but, being a Republican, was defeated. Two years later, being thrown by a reapportionment into the same district with William McKinley, he put that gentleman in nomination for the seat in Congress to which he was elected. He re- moved to Chicago in 1883, and, for several years, was the partner of the late Leonard Swett ; in December, 1893, was appointed by President Harrison Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois as suc- cessor to Judge Henry W. Blodgett. On the death of Judge Showalter, in December, 1898, Judge Grosscup was appointed his successor as Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the Seventh Judicial District. Although one of the youngest incumbents upon the bench of the United States Court, Judge Grosscup has given .ample evidence of his ability as a jurist, besides proving himself in harmony with the progressive spirit of the time on questions of national and international interest. GRUNDY COUNTY, situated in the northeast- ern quarter of the State, having an area of 440 square miles and a population (1900) of 24, 136. The surface is mainly rolling prairie, beneath which is a continuous coal seam, three feet thick. Building stone is abundant (particularly near Morris), and there are considerable beds of pot- ter's clay. The county is crossed by the Illinois River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, also by the Rock Island and the Chicago & Alton Railways. The chief occupation of the people is agriculture, although there are several manufacturing estab- lishments. The first white settler of whom any record has been preserved, was William Marquis, who arrived at the mouth of the Mazon in a "prairie schooner" in 1828. Other pioneers were Colonel Sayers, W. A. Holloway, Alex- ander K. Owen, John Taylor, James McCartney and Joab Chappell. The first public land sale was made in 1835, and, in 1841, the county was organized out of a part of La Salle, and named after Felix Grundy, the eminent Tennesseean. The first pollbook showed 148 voters. Morris was chosen the county-seat and has so re- mained. Its present population is 3,653. Another prosperous town is Gardner, with 1,100 inhab- itants. GULLIVER, John Putnam, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born in Boston, Mass., May 12, 1819; graduated at Yale College, in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1845, meanwhile serving two years as Principal of Randolph Academy. From 1845 to 1865 he was pastor of a church at Norwich, Conn., in 1865-68, of the New England Church, of Chicago, and, 1868-72, President of Knox College at Gales- burg, 111. The latter year he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Binghamton, N. Y. , remaining until 1878, when he was elected Professor of the "Relations of Christianity and Secular Science" at Andover, holding this posi- tion actively until 1891, and then, as Professor Emeritus, until his death, Jan. 25, 1894. He was a member of the Corporation of Yale College and had been honored with the degrees of D.D. and LL.D. GURLEY, William F. E., State Geologist, was born at Oswego, N. Y., June 5, 1854; brought by his parents to Danville, 111., in 1864, and educated in the public schools of that city and Cornell University, N. Y. ; served as city engineer of Danville in 1885-87, and again in 1891-93. In July of the latter year he was appointed by Gov- ernor Altgeld State Geologist as successor to Prof. Joshua Lindahl. 214 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. HACKER, John S., pioneer and soldier of the Mexican War, was born at Owensburg, Ky., Not ember, 1797; in early life removed to Mis- souri, where he was employed in the stock and produce trade with New Orleans. Having married in 1817, he settled at Jonesboro, Union County, 111., where he kept a tavern for a number of years, and was also engaged some thirty years in mercantile business. It is said that he was unable to read until taught after marriage by his wife, who appears to have been a woman of intelligence and many graces. In 1824 he was elected Representative in the Fourth General Assembly and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serv- ing by re-election in 1838 until 1842, and being a supporter of the internal improvement scheme. In 1837 he voted for the removal of the State capital from Vandalia to Springfield, and, though differing from Abraham Lincoln politically, was one of his warm personal friends. He served in the War of 1812 as a private in the Missouri militia, and, in the Mexican War, as Captain of a company in the Second Regiment, Illinois Volun- teers—Col. W. H. Bissell's. By service on the staff of Governor Duncan, he had already obtained the title of Colonel. He received the nomination for Lieutenant-Governor from the first formal State Convention of the Democratic party in December, 1837, but the head of the ticket (Col. J. W. Stephenson) having withdrawn on account of charges connected with his administration of the Land Office at Dixon, Colonel Hacker also declined, and a new ticket was put in the field headed by Col. Thomas L. Carlin, which was elected in 1838. In 1849 Colonel Hacker made the overland journey to California, but returning with impaired health in 1852, located in Cairo, where he held the position of Surveyor of the Port for three years, when he was removed by F*resident Buchanan on account of his friendship for Senator Douglas. He also served, from 1854 to '56, as Secretary of the Senate Committee on Territories under the Chairmanship of Senator Douglas, and, in 1856, as Assistant Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives in Washington. In 1857 he returned to Jonesboro and spent the remainder of his life in practical retirement, dying at the home of his daughter, in Anna, May 18, 1878. HADLET, William F. L., lawyer and Con- gressman, was bom near Collinsville, 111., June 15, 1847; grew up on a farm, receiving his educa- tion in the common schools and at McKendree College, where he graduated in 1867. In 1871 he graduated from the Law Department of the University of Michigan, and established him self in the practice of his profession at Edwardsville. He was elected to the State Sen- ate from Madison County in 1886, serving four years, and was nominated for a second term, but declined ; was a delegate-at-large to the Repub- lican National Convention of 1888, and, in 1895, was nominated and elected, in the Eighteenth District, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Con- gress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Frederick Remann, who had been elected in 1894, but died before taking his seat. Mr. Hadley was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but was prevented by protracted illness from making a canvass, and suffered a defeat. He is a son-in-law of the late Edward M. West, long a prominent business man of Edwards- ville, and since his retirement from Congress, haa devoted his attention to his profession and the banking business. HAHNEMANN HOSPITAL, a homeopathic hos- pital located in Chicago. It was first opened with twenty beds, in November, 1870, in a block of wooden buildings, the use of which was given rent free by Mr. J. Young Scammon, and was known as the Scammon Hospital. After the fire of October, 1871, Mr. Scammon deeded the prop- erty to the Trustees of the Hahnemann Medical College, and the hospital was placed on the list of pubUc charities. It also received a donation of $10,000 from the Relief and Aid Society, besides numerous private benefactions. In April, 1873, at the suggestion of Mr. Scammon, the name of the institution was changed to the Hahnemann Hospital, by which designation it has since been known. In 1893 the corner-stone of a new hospital was laid and the building com- pleted in 1894. It is seven stories in height, with a capacity for 225 beds, and is equipped with all the improved appliances and facilities for the care and protection of the sick. It has also about sixty private rooms for paying patients. HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chicago, chartered in 1834-35, but not organ- ized until 1860, when temporary quarters were secured over a drug-store, and the first college term opened, with a teaching faculty numbering nine professors, besides clinical lecturers, demon- strators, etc. In 1866-67 the institution moved into larger quarters and, in 1870, the corner-stone of a new college building was laid. The six suc- ceeding years were marked by internal dissen- sion, ten of the professors withdrawing to establish a rival school. The faculty was cur- tailed in numbers and re-organized. In August, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 215 1892, the comer-stone of a second building was laid with appropriate Masonic ceremonies, the new structure occupying the site of the old, but being larger, better arranged and better equipped. Women were admitted as students in 1870-71 and co-education of the sexes has ever since continued an established feature of the institution. For more than thirty-five years a free dispensary has been in operation in connection with the college. HAINES, John Charles, Mayor of Chicago and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., May 26, 1818 ; came to Chicago in 1835, and, for the next eleven j'ears, was employed in various pursuits; served three terms (1848-54) in the City Council ; was twice elected Water Commissioner (1853 and '56), and, in 1858, was chosen Mayor, serving two terms. lie also served as Delegate from Cook County in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected to the State Senate from the First District, serving in the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assem- blies. At the session of 1877 he received sixty- nine votes for the seat in the United States Senate to which Judge David Davis was after- wards elected. Mr. Haines was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, was interested in the old Chicago West Division Railway and President of the Savings Institute. During his later years he was a resident of Waukegau. dying there, July 4, 1896. — Elijah Middlebrook (Haines), brother of the preceding, lawyer, politician and legislator, was born in Oneida Count j-, N. Y., April 21, 1822; came to Illinois in boyhood, locat- ing first at Chicago, but, a year later, went to Lake County, where he resided until his death. His education, rudimentary, classical and profes- sional, was self-acquired. He began to occupy and cultivate a farm for himself before attaining his majority ; studied law, and, in 1851, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Wau- kegan ; in 1860 opened an office in Chicago, still, however, making his home at Waukegan. In 1855 he published a compilation of the Illinois township laws, followed by a "Treatise on the Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace. " He made similar compilations of the township laws of Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri. By nature Mr. Haines was an agitator, and his career as a poUtician both checkered and unique. Originally a Democrat, he abandoned that or- ganization upon the formation of the Republican party, and was elected by the latter to the Legis- lature from Lake County in 1858, '60 and '62. In 1867 he came into prominence as an anti-monopo- list, and on this issue was elected to the Consti- tutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1870 he was again chosen to the Legislature as an "independ- ent," and, as such, re-elected in '74, '82, '84, '86 and '88, receiving the support, however, of the Demo- crats in a District normally Republican. He served as Speaker during the sessions of 1875 and '85, the party strength in each of these Assemblies being so equally divided that he either held, or was able to control, the balance of power. He was an adroit parliamentarian, but his decisions were the cause of much severe criticism, being regarded by both Democrats and Republicans as often arbitrary and unjust. The two sessions over which he presided were among the stormiest in the State's history. Died, at Waukegan, April 25, 1889. HALE, Albert, pioneer clergyman, was born at Glastonbury, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; after some years spent as a clerk in a country store at Wethersfteld, completed a course in the theolog- ical department of Yale College, later serving as a home missionary, in Georgia ; came to Illinois in 1831, doing home missionary work in Bond County, and. in 1833, was sent to Chicago, where his open candor, benignity and blameless conduct enabled him to exert a powerful influence over the drunken aborigines who constituted a large and menacing class of the population of what was then a frontier town. In 1839 he assumed the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church in Springfield, continuing that connection until 1865. From that time until his death, his life was largely devoted to missionary work among the extremely poor and the pariahs of society. Among these he wielded a large influence and alwaj'S commanded genuine respect from all denominations. His forte was love rather than argument, and in this lay the secret of his suc- cess. Died, in Springfield, Jan. 30, 1891. HALE, (Dr.) Edwin M., physician, was born in Newpor*^, X. H. , in 1829, commenced the study of medicine in 1848 and, in 1850, entered the Cleveland Homeopathic College, at the end of the session locating at Jonesville, Mich. From 1855 he labored in the interest of a representation of homeopathy in the University of Michigan. When this was finally accomplished, he was offered the chair of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics, but was compelled to decline in conse- quence of having been elected to the same position in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. In 1876 he made a visit to Europe, and, on his return, severed his connection with the Hahne- mann and accepted a similar position in the Chi- cago Homeopathic College, where he remained 216 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. five years, when he retired with the rank of Pro- fessor Emeritus. Dr. Hale was the author of several volumes held in high esteem by members of the profession, and maintained a high reputa- tion for professional skill and benevolence of character. He was a member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of various home and foreign associations. Died, in Chicago, Jan. 18, 1899. HALL, (Col.) Cyrus, soldier, was born in Fay- ette County, 111., August 29, 1823 — the son of a pioneer who came to Illinois about the time of its admission as a State. He served as Second Lieutenant in the Third Illinois Volunteers (Col. Foreman's regiment), during the Mexican War, and, in 1860, removed to Shelbyville to engage in hotel-keeping. The Civil War coming on, he raised the first company for the war in Shelby County, which was attached to the Fourteenth Illinois (Col. John M. Palmer's regiment); was promptly promoted from Captain to Major and finally to Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Palmer to Brigadier-General, succeeding to command of the regiment. The Fourteenth Regiment having been finally consolidated with the Fifteenth, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall was transferred, with the rank of Colonel, to the command of the One Hundred and Forty-fourth Illinois, which he resigned in March, 18t)4, was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallant and meritorious service in the field, in March, 1865, and mustered out Sept. 16, 1865. Returning to Shelbyville, he engaged in the furniture trade, later was appointed Postmaster, serving some ten years and until his death, Sept. 6. 1878. HALL, James, legislator, jiu-ist. State Treasurer and author, was born in Philadelphia, Augvist 19, 1793; after serving in the War of 1813 and spending some time with Com. Stephen Decatur in the Mediterranean, in 1815, he studied law, beginning practice at Shawneetown, in 1820. He at once assumed prominence as a citizen, was appointed State's Attorney in 1821, and elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court in 1825. He was legislated out of ofiice two years later and resumed private practice, making his home at Vandalia, where he was associated with Robert Blackwell in the publication of "The Illinois Intelligencer." The same year (1827) he was elected by the Legislature State Treasiu-er, con- tinuing in office four years. Later he removed to Cincinnati, where he died, July 5, 1868. He con- ducted "The Western Monthly Magazine," the first periodical published in Illinois. Among his published volumes may be mentioned "Tales of the Border," "Notes on the Western States," "Sketches of the West," "Romance of Western History," and "History of the Indian Tribes." HAMER, Thomas, soldier and legislator, was born in Union County, Pa., June 1, 1818; came to Illinois in 1846 and began business as a mer- chant at Vermont, Fulton County; in 1862 assisted in recruiting the Eighty-fourth Illinois Volunteers and was elected Lieutenant-Colonel; was wounded in the battle of Stone River, re- turned to duty after partial recovery, but was finally compelled to retire on account of disabil- ity. Returning home he resumed business, but retired in 1878 ; was elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1886 and to the Senate in 1888, and re-elected to the latter in 1892, making ten years of continuous service. H.4MILT0N, a city in Hancock County, on the Mississippi River opposite Keokuk, Iowa; at junc- tion of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and Keokuk branch of the Wabash Railway. Its position at the foot of the lower rapids insures abundant water power for manufacturing purposes. An iron railroad and wagon bridge connects the Illi- nois city with Keokuk. It has two banks, elec- tric lights, one newspaper, six churches, a high school, and an apiary. The surrounding country is a farming and fruit district. A sanitarium is located here. Population (1890), 1,301; (1900), 1,344. HAMILTON, John B., M.D, LL.D., surgeon, was born of a pioneer family in Jersey County, 111., Dec. 1, 1847, liis grandfather, Thomas M. Hamilton, having removed from Ohio in 1818 to Monroe County, 111. , where the father of the sub- ject of this sketch was born. The latter (Elder Benjamin B. Hamilton) was for fifty years a Baptist preacher, chiefly in Greene County, and, from 1862 to '65, Chaplain of the Sixty-first Illi- nois Volunteers. Young Hamilton, having re- ceived his literary education at home and with a classical teacher at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1863 began the study of medicine, and the following year attempted to enlist as a soldier, but was rejected on account of being a minor. In 1869 he graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago, and, for the next five years, was engaged in gen- eral practice. Then, having passed an examina- tion before an Army Examining Board, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the regular army with the rank of First Lieutenant, serving suc- cessively at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis; Fort Colville. Washington, and in the Marine Hospital at Boston ; in 1879 became Supervising Surgeon- General as successor to Gen. John M. Woodworth HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 217 and, during the yellow-fever epidemic in the South, a few years later, rendered efficient service in checking the spread of the disease by taking charge of the camp of refugees from Jacksonville and other stricken points. Resigning the position of Surgeon-General in 1891, he took charge of the Marine Hospital at Chicago and became Pro- fessor of Surgery in Rush Medical College, besides holding other allied positions ; was also editor of "The Journal of the American Medical Associ- ation." In 1896 he resigned his position in the Medical Department of the United States Army, in 1897 was appointed Superintendent for the Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, but died. Dec. 24, 1898. HAMILTON, John L., farmer and legislator, was born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 9, 1829; emi- grated to Jersey County, 111., in 1851, where he began life working on a farm. Later, he followed the occupation of a farmer in Mason and Macou- pin Counties, finally locating, in 1864, in Iroquois County, which has since been his home. After filling various local offices, in 1875 lie was elected County Treasurer of Iroquois County as a Repub- lican, and twice re-elected (1877 and "79), also, in 1880, being Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee. In 1884 he was elected to the House of Representatives, being one of the "103'' who stood by General Logan in the mem- orable Senatorial contest of 1885; was re-elected in 1886, and again returned to the same body in 1890 and '98. HAMILTON, John Marshall, lawyer and ex- Governor, was born in Union County, Ohio, May 28, 1847; when 7 years of age, was brought to Illinois by his father, who settled on a farm in Marshall County. In 1864 (at the age of 17) he enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illi- nois Volunteers — a 100-day regiment. After being mustered out, he matriculated at the Wes- ley an (Ohio) University, from which he gradu- ated in 1868. For a year he taught school at Henry, and later became Professor of Languages at the Wesleyan (111.) University at Blooming- ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1870, and has been a successful practitioner at the bar. In 1876 he was elected State Senator from McLean County, and, in 1880, Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket with Gov. Shelby M. Cullom. On Feb. 6, 1883, he was inaugurated Governor, to succeed Governor Cullom. who had been chosen United States Senator. In 1884 he was a candidate for the gubernatorial nomination before the Repub- lican State Convention at Peoria, but that body selected ex-Gov. and ex-Senator Richard J. Oglesby to head the State ticket. Since then Governor Hamilton has been a prominent practi- tioner at the Chicago bar. HAMILTON, Richard Jones, pioneer lawyer, was born near Danville, Ky., August 31, 1799; studied law and, about 1820, came to Jonesboro, Union County, 111., in company with Abner Field, afterwards State Treasurer ; in 1821 was appointed cashier of the newly established Branch State Bank at Brownsville, Jackson County, but, in 1881, removed to Chicago, Governor Reynolds having appointed him the first Probate Judge of Cook County. At the same time he also held the offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and Commissioner of School lands — the sale of the Chicago school section being made under his administration. He was a Colonel of State militia and, in 1832, took an active part in raising volun- ters for defense during the Black Hawk War; also was a candidate for the colonelcy of the Fifth Regiment for the Mexican War (1847), but was defeated by Colonel Newby. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieu- tenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket. Died, Dec. 26, 1860. HAMILTON, William Stephen, pioneer — son of Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secre- tary of the Treasury — was born in New York City, August 4, 1797; spent three years (1814-17), at West Point ; came west and located at an early day at Springfield, III. ; was a deputy surveyor of public lands, elected Representative from Sanga- mon County, in the Fourth General Assembly (1824-26); in 1827 removed to the Lead Mine region and engaged in mining at "Hamilton's Diggings" (now Wiota) in southwest Wisconsin, and occasionally practiced law at Galena ; was a member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature of 1842-43, emigrated to California in 1849, and died in Sacramento, Oct. 9, 1850, where, some twenty years later, a monument was erected to his memory. Colonel Hamilton was an aid-de- camp of Governor Coles, who sent him forward to meet General La Fayette on his way from New Orleans, on occasion of La Fayette's visit to Illi- nois in 1825. HAMILTON COUNTY, situated in the south- eastern part of the State; has an area of 440 square miles, and population (1900) of 20,197 — named for Alexander Hamilton. It was organ- ized in 1831, with McLeansboro as the county- seat. The surface of the county is rolling and the fertile soil well watered and drained by numerous creeks, flowing east and south into the Wabash, which constitutes its southeastern 218 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. boundary. Coal crops out at various points in the southwestern portion. Originally Hamilton County was a dense forest, and timber is still abundant and saw-mills numerous. Among the hard woods found are black and white oak, black walnut, ash and hickory. The softer woods are in unusual variety. Corn and tobacco are the principal crops, although considerable fruit is cultivated, besides oats, winter wheat and pota- toes. Sorghum is also extensively produced. Among the pioneer settlers was a Mr. Auxier (for whom a water course was named), in 1815; Adam Crouch, the Biggerstaffs and T. Stelle, in 1818, and W. T. Golson and Louis Baxter, in 1821. The most important town is McLeausboro, whose population in 1890 was 1,355. HAMMOND, Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana- ger, was born at Bolton, Conn., June 4, 1804, spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y. , where he became Principal of the Whitesboro Seminary (in which he was partially educated), and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua; in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held various offices, including member of the Legisla- ture and Auditor; in 1852 completed the con- struction of the Michigan Central Railroad (the first line from the East) to Chicago, and took up his residence in that city. In 1855 he became Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a trip to Europe for the benefit of his health. Returning from Europe in 1869, he accepted the Superintendency of the Union Pacific Railroad, but was compelled to resign by failing health, later becoming Vice-President of the Pullman Palace Car Company. He was Treasurer of the Chicago Relief & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and one of the founders of the Chicago Theological Seminary (Congregational); also President, for several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend- less. Died, April 15, 1884. HAMPSHIRE, a village of Kane County, on the Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 51 miles west-northwest from Chicago. There are brick and tile works, a large canning factory, pickle factory, and machine shop; dairy and stock interests are large. The place has a bank, electric lights and water-works, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 760. HANCOCK COUNTY, on the western border of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River ; was organized in 1825 and named for John Hancock ; has an area of 769 square miles ; popu- lation (1900), 32,215. Its early settlers were chiefly from the Middle and Southern States, among them being I. J. Waggen, for nearly sixty years a resident of Montebello Township. Black Hawk, the famous Indian Chief, is reputed to have been born within the limits of Camp Creek Township, in this county. Fort Edwards was erected on the present site of Warsaw, soon after the War of 1812, but was shortly afterwards evac- uated. Abraham Lincoln, a cousin of the Presi- dent of that name, was one of the early settlers. Among the earliest were John Day, Abraham Brevier, Jacob Compton, D. F. Parker, the Dixons, Mendenhalls, Logans, and Luther Whitney. James White, George Y. Cutler and Henry Nich- ols were the first Commissioners. In 1839 the Mormons crossed the Mississippi, after being expelled from Missouri, and founded the city of Nauvooin this county. (See Mormo7is, Nauvoo.) Carthage and Appanoose were surveyed and laid out in 1835 and 1836. A ferry across the Missis- sippi was established at Montebello (near the present site of Hamilton) in 1829, and another, two years later, near the site of old Fort Edwards. The county is crossed by six lines of railway, has a fine public school system, numerous thriving towns, and is among the wealthy counties of the State. HANDY, Moses Pnrnell, journalist, was born at Warsaw, Mo., April 14, 1847; before he was one year old was taken back to Maryland, his parents' native State. He was educated at Ports- mouth, Va., and was a student at the Virginia Collegiate Institute at the breaking out of the Civil War, when he joined the Confederate army at the age of seventeen. When the war ended Handy found himself penniless. He was school- teacher and book-canvasser by turns, meantime writing some for a New York paper. Later he became a clerk in the office of "The Christian Observer'" in Richmond. In 1867, by some clever reporting for "The Richmond Dispatch," he was able to secure a regular position on the local staff of that paper, quickly gaining a reputation as a successful reporter, and, in 1869, becoming city editor. From this time until 1887 his promotion was rapid, being employed at different times upon many of the most prominent and influential papers in the East, including "The New York Tribune," "Richmond Enquirer," and, in Phila- delphia, upon "The Times," "The Press" and "Daily News. " In 1893, at the request of Director- General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposi- tion, Mr. Handy accepted the position of Chief of the Department of Publicity and Promotion, pre- ferring this to the Consul-Generalship to Egypt, tendered him about the same time by President HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 319 Harrison. Later, as a member of the National Commission to Europe, he did much to arouse the interest of foreign countries in the Exposition. For some time after the World's Fair, he was associate editor of "The Chicago Times-Herald." In 1897, having been appointed by President •McKinley United States Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1900, he visited Paris. Upon his return to this country lie found himself in very poor health, and went South in a v^in attempt to regain his lost strength and vigor, but died, at Augusta, Ga., Jan. 8, 1898. HANKS, Dennis, pioneer, born in Hardin County, Ky., May 10, 1799; was a cousin of the mother of Abraham Lincoln and, although ten years the senior of the latter, was his intimate friend in boyhood. Being of a sportive disposi- tion, he often led the future President in boyish pranks. About 1818, he joined the Lincoln house- hold in Spencer County, Ind. , and finally married Sarah Johnston, the step-sister of Mr. Lincoln, the families removing to Macon County, 111., together, in 1830. A year or so later, Mr. Hanks removed to Coles County, where he remained until some three years before his death, when he went to reside with a daughter at Paris, Edgar County. It has been claimed that he first taught the youthful Abraham to read and write, and this has secured for him the title of Mr. Lincoln's teacher. He has also been credited with having once saved Lincoln from death by drowning while crossing a swollen stream. Austin Gollaher, a school- and play-mate of Lincoln's, has also made the same claim for himself — the two stories pre- sumably referring to the same event After the riot at Charleston, 111,, in March, 1863, in which several persons were killed, Hanks made a visit to President Lincoln in Washington in the inter- est of some of the arrested rioters, and, although they were not immediately released, the fact that they were ordered returned to Charleston for trial and finally escaped punishment, has been attributed to Hanks' influence with the President. He died at Paris, Edgar County, Oct. 31. 1892, in the 94th year of his age, as the result of injuries received from being run over by a buggy while returning from an Emancipation-Day celebra- tion, near that city, on the 32d day of September previous. HANKS, John, pioneer, a cousin of the mother of Abraham Lincoln, was born near Bardstown, Ky., Feb. 9, 1802; joined the Lincolns in Spencer County, Ind., in 1822, and made his home with them two years; engaged in flat-boating, making numerous trips to New Orleans, in one of them being accompanied by Abraham Lincoln, then about 19 years of age, who then had his feelings aroused against slavery by his first sight of a slave-mart. In 1828 Mr. Hanks removed to Macon County, 111., locating about four miles west of Decatur, and it was partly through his influence that the Lincolns were induced to emi- grate to the same locality in 1830. Hanks had cut enough logs to build the Lincolns a house when they arrived, and these were hauled by Abraham Lincoln to the site of the house, which was erected on the north bank of the Sangamon River, near the present site of Harristown. Dur- ing the following summer he and Abraham Lin- coln worked together splitting rails to fence a portion of the land taken up by the elder Lincoln — some of these rails being the ones displayed during the campaign of 1860. In 1831 Hanks and Lincoln worked together in the construction of a flat-boat on the Sangamon River, near Spring- field, for a man named Offutt, which Lincoln took to New Orleans — Hanks only going as far as St. Louis, when he returned home. In 1832, Hanks served as a soldier of the Mexican War in the company commanded by Capt. I. C. Pugh. afterwards Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantrj' during the Civil War. He followed the occupation of a farmer until 1850, when he went to California, where he spent three years, returning in 1853. In 1861 he enlisted as a soldier in the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry (afterwards commanded by General Grant), but being already 59 years of age. was placed by Grant in charge of the baggage-train, in which capacity he remained two years, serving in Missoui-i, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, Alabama and Mississippi. While Grant was with the regiment. Hanks had charge of the staff team. Being disabled by rheumatism, he was finally discharged at Winchester, Tenn. He made three trips to California after the war. Died, July 1, 1891. HANNIIUL & NAPLES KAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) HANON, Martin, pioneer, was born near Nash- ville, Tenn., April, 1799; came with his father to Gallatin County, Illinois Territory, in 1812, and, in 1818, to what is now a portion of Christian County, being the first white settler in that region. Died, near Sharpsburg, Christian County, April 5, 1879. HANOVER, a village in Jo Daviess County, on Apple River, 14 miles south-southeast of Galena. It has a woolen factory, besides five churches and a graded school. The Township (also called Han- 220 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. over) extends to the Mississippi, and has a popu- lation of about 1.700. Population of the village (1890), 743; (1900), 785. HARDIN, the county-seat of Calhoun County, situated in Hardin Township, on the west bank of the Illinois River, some 30 miles northwest of Alton. It has two churches, a graded school and two newspaper offices. Population (1880), 500; (1890), 311; (1900). 494. HAKDIN, John J., lawyer. Congressman and soldier, was born at Frankfort, Ky., Jan. 6, 1810. After graduating from Transylvania University and being admitted to the bar, he began practice at Jacksonville, 111., in 1830; for several years he was Prosecuting Attorney of Morgan County, later being elected to the lower house of the Legislature, where he served from 1836 to '42. The latter year he was elected to Congress, his term expiring in 1845. During the later period of his professional career at Jacksonville he was the partner of David A. Smith, a prominent law- yer of that city, and had Richard Yates for a pupil. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he was commissioned Colonel of the First Illinois Volunteers (June 30, 1846) and was killed on the second day of the battle of Buena Vista (Feb. 27, 1847) while leading the final charge. His remains were brought to Jacksonville and buried with distinguished honors in the cemetery there, his former pupil, Richard Yates, delivering the fu- neral oration. — Gen. Martin D. (Hardin), soldier, son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111., June 26, 1837 ; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1859, and entered the service as brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery, a few months later becoming full Second Lieu- tenant, and, in May, 1861, First Lieutenant. Being assigned to the command of volunteer troops, he passed through various grades until May, 1864, when he was brevetted Colonel of Volunteers for meritorious conduct at North River, Va., became Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, July 2, 1864, was brevetted Brigadier- General of the regular army in March, 1865, for service during the war, and was finally mus- tered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866. He continued in the regular service, how- ever, until December 15, 1870, when he was retired with the rank of Brigadier-General. General Hardin lost an arm and suffered other wounds during the war. His home is in Chicago. — Ellen Hardin (Walworth), author, daughter of Col. John J. Hardin, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 20, 1832, and educated at the Female Seminary in that place; was married about 1854 to Mansfield Tracy Walworth (son of Chancellor R. H. Walworth of New York). Her husband became an author of considerable repute, chiefly in the line of fiction, but was assassinated in 1873 by a son who was acquitted of the charge of murder on the ground of insanity. Mrs. Walworth is a leader of the Daughters of the Revolution, and- has given much attention, of late years, to literary pursuits. Among her works are accounts of the Burgoyne Campaign and of the battle of Buena Vista — the latter contributed to "The Magazine of American History"; a "Life of Col. John J. Hardin and History of the Hardin Family," besides a number of patriotic and miscellaneous poems and essays. She served for several years as a member of the Board of Education, and was for six years principal of a young ladies' school at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. HARDIN COUNTY, situated on the southeast border of the State, and bounded on the east and south by the Ohio River. It has an area of 194 square miles, and was named for a county in Kentucky. The surface is broken by ridges and deep gorges, or ravines, and well timbered with oak, hickory, elm, maple, locust and cotton- wood. Corn, wheat and oats are the staple agricultural products. The minerals found are iron, coal and lead, besides carboniferous lime- stone of the Keokuk group. Elizabethtown is the county-seat. Population (1880), 6,024; (1890), 7,234; (1900), 7,448. HARDING, Abner Clark, soldier and Member of Congress, born in East Hampton, Middlesex County, Conn., Feb. 10, 1807; was educated chiefly at Hamilton Academy, N. Y. , and, after practic- ing law for a time, in Oneida County, removed to Illinois, resuming practice and managing several farms for twenty-five years. He was also a mem- ber of the State Constitutional Convention of 1847 from Warren County, and of the lower branch of the Sixteenth General Assembly (1848.50). Between 1850 and 1860 he was engaged in railroad enterprises. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Eighty-third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, was commissioned Colonel and, in less than a year, was promoted to Brigadier-General. In 1864 he was elected to Congress and re-elected in 1866. He did much for the development of the western part of the State in the construction of railroads, the Peoria & Oquawka (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) being one of the lines constructed by him. He left a fortune of about $2,000,000, and, before his death, en- dowed a professorship in Monmouth College. Died, July 19, 1874. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 221 HARGRAVE, Willis, pioneer, came from Ken- tucky to Illinois in 1816. settling near Carmi in White County; served in the Third Territorial Legislature (1817-18; and in the First General Assembly of the State (1818-20). His business- life in Illinois was devoted to farming and salt- manufacture. HARLAN, James, statesman, was born in Clark County, 111. , August 25, 1820 ; graduated at Asbury University, Ind. ; was State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Iowa (1847), President of Iowa Wesleyan University (1853), United States Senator (1855-65), Secretary of the Interior (1865-66), but re-elected to the Senate the latter year, and, in 1869, chosen President of Iowa Uni- versity. He was also a member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and a delegate to the Phila- delphia Loyalists' Convention of 1866; in 1873, after leaving the Senate, was editor of "The Washington Chronicle," and, from 1882 to 1885. presiding Judge of the Court of Commissioners of the Alabama Claims. A daughter of ex-Senator Harlan married Hon. Robert. T. Lincoln, son of President Lincoln, and (1889-93) United States Minister to England. Mr. Harlan's home is at Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Died, Oct. 5, 1899. HARLAN, Justin, jurist, was born in Ohio about 1801 and, at the age of 25, settled in Clark County, 111. ; served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 and, in 1885, was appointed a Justice of the Circuit Court; was a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847 and the following year was elected to the Circuit bench under the new Constitution, being re-elected in 1855. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln Indian Agent, continuing in ofKce until 1865; in 1872 was elected County Judge of Clark County. Died, while on a visit in Kentucky, in March, 1879. HARLOW, George H., ex-Secretary of State, born at Sackett's Harbor. N. Y., in 1830, removed to Tazewell County, 111., in 1854, and engaged in business as a commission merchant ; also served a term as Mayor of Pekin. For many years he took a prominent part in the history of the State. Early in the '60's he was one of seven to organize, at Pekin, the "Union League of America," a patriotic secret organization sworn to preserve the Union, working in harmony with the war party and against the "Sons of Liberty." In 1862 he enlisted, and was about to go to the front, when Governor Yates requested him to remain at home and continue his effective work in the Union League, saying that he could accomplish more for the cause in this way than in the field. Accordingly Mr. Harlow continued to labor as an organizer, and the League became a powerful factor in State politics. In 1865 he was made First Assistant Secretary of the State Senate, but soon after became Governor Oglesby's private secretary. For a time he also served as Inspector- General on the Governor's staff, and had charge of the troops as they were mustered out. During a portion of Mr. Rummel's term (1869-73) as Secre- tary of State, he served as Assistant Secretary, and, in 1872, was elected as successor to Secretary Rummel and re-elected in 1876. While in Spring- field he acted as correspondent for several news- papers, and, for a year, was city editor of "The Illinois State Journal." In 1881 he took up his residence in Chicago, where he was engaged at different periods in the commission and real estate business, but has been retired of late years on account of ill health. Died May 16, 1900. HARPER, William H., legislator and commis- sion merchant, born in Tippecanoe County, Ind., May 4, 1845 ; was brought by his parents in boy- hood to Woodford County, 111., and served in the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteers; took a course in a commercial college and engaged in the stock and grain-shipi^ing business in Wood- ford County until 1868, when he entered upon the commission business in Chicago. From 1872 to '75 he served, by appointment of the Governor, as Chief of the Grain Inspection Department of the city of Chicago; in 1882 was elected to the Thirty-third General Assembly and re-elected in 1884. During his first term in the Legislature, Mr. Harper introduced and secured the passage of the "High License Law," which has received his name. Of late years he has been engaged in the grain commission business in Chicago. HARPER, William Rainey, clergyman and educator, was born at New Concord, Ohio, July 26, 1856 ; graduated at Muskingum College at the age of 14, delivering the Hebrew oration, this being one of the principal coniraencement honors in that institution. After three years' private study he took a post-graduate course in philology at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph. D., at the age of 19. For several years he was engaged in teaching, at Macon, Tenn., and Denison Uni- versity, Ohio, meanwhile continuing his philo- logical studies and devoting special attention to Hebrew. In 1879 he accepted the chair of Hebrew in the Baptist Union Theological Semi- nary at Morgan Park, a suburb of Chicago. Here he laid the foundation of the "inductive method" of Hebraic study, which rapidly grew in favor. The school by correspondence was known as the Z%2 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "American Institute of Hebrew," and increased so rapidly that, by 1885, it had enrolled 800 stu- dents, from all parts of the world, many leading professors co-operating. In 1886 he accepted the professorship of Semitic Language and Literature at Yale University, having in the previous year become Principal of the Chautauqua College of Liberal Arts, and, in 1891, Principal of the entire Chautauqua system. During the winters of 1889-91, Dr. Harper delivered courses of lec- tvires on the Bible in various cities and before several universities and colleges, having been, in 1889, made Woolsey Professor of Biblical Literature at Yale, although still filling his former chair. In 1891 he accepted an invitation to the Presidency of the then incipient new Chi- cago University, which has rapidly increased in wealth, extent and influence. (See University of Chicago.) He is also at present (1899) a mem- ber of the Chicago Board of Education. Dr. Harper is the author of numerous philological text-books, relating chiefly to Hebrew, but ap- plying the "inductive method" to the study of Latin and Greek, and has also sought to improve the study of English along these same lines. In addition, he has edited two scientific periodicals, and published numerous monographs. HARRIS, Thomas L., lawyer, soldier and Mem- ber of Congress, was born at Norwich, Conn., Oct. 29, i816; graduated at Trinity College, Hart- ford, in 1841, studied law with Gov. Isaac Toucey, and was admitted to the bar in Virginia in 1843, the same year removing to Petersburg, Menard County, 111. Here, in 1845, he was elected School Commissioner, in 1846 raised a company for the Mexican War, joined the Fourth Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) and was elected Major. He was present at the capture of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo, after the wounding of General Shields at the latter, taking command of the regiment in place of Colonel Baker, who had assumed command of the brigade. During his absence in the army (1846) he was chosen to the State Senate; in 1848 was elected to the Thirty-first Congress, but was defeated by Richard Yates in 1850; was re-elected in 1854, '56, and '58, but died Nov. 24, 1858, a few days after his fourth election and before completing his preceding term. HARRIS, William Logan, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born near Mansfield, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1817; was educated at Norwalk Seminary, licensed to preach in 1836 and soon after admitted to the Michigan Conference, being transferred to the Ohio Conference in 1840. In 1845-46 he was a tutor in the Ohio Wesleyan University; then, after two years" pastoral work and some three years as Principal of Baldwin Seminarj', in 1851 returned to the Wesleyan, filling the position first of Principal of the Academic Department and then a professorship; was Secretary of the General Conferences (1856-72) and, during 1860-72, Secretary of the Church Missionary Society ; in 1872 was elected Bishop, and visited the Methodist Mission stations in China, Japan and Europe; joined the Illinois Conference in 1874, remaining until his death, which occurred in New York, Sept. 2, 1887. Bishop Harris was a recognized au- thority on Methodist Church law, and published a small work entitled "Powers of the General Conference" (1859), and, in connection with Judge William J. Henry, of this State, a treatise on "Ecclesiastical Law," having special refer- ence to the Methodist Church. HARRISBURti, county seat of Saline County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 70 miles northeast of Cairo The region is devoted to agriculture and fruit-grow- ing, and valuable deposits of salt, coal and iron are found. The town has flour and saw mills, coal mines, dairy, brick and tile works, carriage and other wood-working establishments, two banks and three weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 1,723; (1900), 2,202. HARRISON, Carter Henry, politician, Con- gressman and JIayor of Chicago, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Feb. 15, 1825; at the age of 20 years graduated from Yale College and began reading law, but later engaged in farming. After spending two years in foreign travel, he entered the Law Department of Transylvania Universitj', at Lexington, Ky., and, after graduation, settled at Chicago, where he soon became an operator in real estate. In 1871 he was elected a Commis- sioner of Cook County, serving three years. In 1874 he again visited Europe, and, on his return, was elected to Congress as a Democrat, being re-elected in 1876. In 1879 he was chosen Mayor of Chicago, filling that oflSce for four successive biennial terms, but was defeated for re-election in 1887 by his Republican competitor, John A. Roche. He was the Democratic candidate for Governor in 1888, but failed of election. He thereafter made a trip around the world, and, on his return, published an entertaining account of his journey under the title, "A Race with the Sun." In 1891 he was an Independent Demo- cratic candidate for the Chicago mayoralty, but was defeated by Hempstead Washburne, Repub- lican. In 1893 he received the regular nomina- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 223 tion of his party for the office, and was elected. In 1892, in connection with a few associates, he purchased the plant of ' 'The Chicago Times, ' ' plac- ing his sons in charge. He was a man of strong character and intense personality, making warm friends and bitter enemies ; genial, generous and kindly, and accessible to any one at all times, at either his office or his home. Taking advantage of this latter trait, one Prendergast, on the night of Oct. 28, 1893 — immediately following the clos- ing exercises of the World's Columbian Exposition — gained admission to his residence, and, without the slightest provocation, shot him down in his library. He lived but a few hours. The assassin was subsequently tried, convicted and hung HARRISON, Carter Henry, Jr., son of the preceding, was born in Chicago, April 23, 1860, being a lineal descendant of Benjamin Harrison, an early Colonial Governor of Virginia, and lat- erally related to the signer of the Declaration of Independence of that name, and to President William Henry Harrison. Mr. Harrison was educated in the public schools of Chicago, at the Gymnasium, Altenburg, Germany, and St. Igna- tius College, Chicago, graduating from the latter in 1881. Having taken a course in Yale Law School, he began practice in Chicago in 1883, remaining until 1889, when he turned his atten- tion to real estate. His father having purchased the "Chicago Times" about 1892, he became associated with the editorship of that paper and, for a time, had charge of its publication until its consolidation with "The Herald" in 1895. In 1897, he received the Democratic nomination for Mayor of Chicago, his popularity being shown by receiving a majority of the total vote. Again in 1899, he was re-elected to the same office, receiving a plurality over his Republican com- petitor of over 40,000. Mayor Harrison is one of the youngest men who ever held the office. HARRISON, William Henry, first Governor of Indiana Territory (including the present State of Illinois), was born at Berkeley, Va. , Feb 9, 1TT3, being the son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of the Declaration of Independence ; was educated at Hampden Sidney College, and began the study of medicine, but never finished it. In 1791 he was commissioned an Ensign in the First U. S. Infantry at Fort Washington (the present site of Cincinnati), was promoted a Lieutenant a year later, and, in 1797, assigned to command of the Fort with the rank of Captain. He had pre- viously served as Aid-de-Camp to Gen. Wayne, by whom he was complimented for gallantry at the battle of Miami. In 1798 he was appointed by President Adams Secretary of the Northwest Territory, but resigned in 1799 to become Dele- gate in Congress ; in 1800 he was appointed Gov- ernor of the newly created Territory of Indiana, serving by reappointment some 12 years. During his incumbency and as Commissioner, a few years later, he negotiated many important treaties with the Indians. In 1811 he won the decisive victory over Chief Tecumseh and his followers at Tippecanoe. Having been made a Brigadier- General in the War of 1812, he was promoted to Major-General in 1813 and, as Commander of the Army of the Northwest, he won the important battle of the Thames. Resigning his commission in 1814, he afterwards served as Representative in Congress from Ohio (1816-1819) ; Presidential Elector in 1820 and 1824; United States Senator (1824-1828), and Minister to the United States of Colombia (1828-29). Returning to the United States, he was elected Clerk of the Court of Com- mon Pleas of Hamilton County, serving twelve years. In 1836 he was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for President, but was elected in 1840, dying in Washington City, April 4, 1841, just one month after his inauguration. HARTZELL, William, Congressman, was born in Stark County, Ohio, Feb. 20. 1837. When he was three years old his parents removed to Illi- nois, and, four years later (1844) to Texas. In 18.53 he returned to Illinois, settling in Randolph County, which became his permanent home. He was brought up on a farm, but graduated at Mc- Kendree College, Lebanon, in June, 1859. Five years later he was admitted to the bar, and began practice. He was Representative in Congress for two terms, being elected as a Democrat, in 1874. and again in 1876. HARTARD, an incorporated city in McHenry County, 63 miles northwest of Chicago on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway. It has elec- tric light plant, artesian water system, hardware and bicycle factories, malt house, cold storage and packing plant, a flouring mill, a carriage- wheel factory and two weekly papers. The region is agricultural. Population (1890), 1,967; (1900), 2,602. HASKELL, Harriet Newell, educator and third Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, was born at Waldboro, Lincoln County, Maine, Jan. 14, 1835; educated at Castleton Seminary, Vt. , and Mount Holyoke Seminary, Mass., graduating from the latter in 1855. Later, she served as Principal of high schools in Maine and Boston until 1862, when she was called to the principal- ship of Castleton Seminary. She resigned this 224 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. position in 1867 to assume a similar one at Monti- cello Female Seminary, at Godfrey, 111., where she has since remained. The main building of this institution liaving been burned in Novem- ber, 1889, it was rebuilt on an enlarged and improved plan, largely through the earnest efforts of Miss Haskell. (See Monticello Female Semi- nary. ) HATCH, Ozias Mather, Secretary of the State of Illinois (1857-'65), was born at Hillsborough Center, N. H., April 11, 1814, and removed to Griggsville, III, in 1836. In 1829 he began life as a clerk for a wholesale and retail grocer in Bos- ton. From 1836 to 1841 he was engaged in store- keeping at Griggsville. In the latter year he was appointed Circuit Court Clerk of Pike County, holding the office seven years. In 1858 lie again embarked in business at Meredosia, 111. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature, serving one term. An earnest anti-slavery man, he was, in 1956, nominated by the newly organized Repub- lican party for Secretary of State and elected, being re-elected in 1860, on the same ticket with Mr. Lincoln, of whom he was a warm personal friend and admirer. During the war he gave a zealous and effective support to Governor Yates' administration. In 1864 he declined a renomi- nation and retired from political life. He was an original and active member of the Lincoln Monu- ment Association from its organization in 1865 to his death, and, in company with Gov. R. J. Oglesby, made a canvass of Eastern cities to col- lect funds for statuary to be placed on the monu- ment. After retiring from office he was interested to some extent in the banking business at Griggs- ville, and was influential in securing the con- struction of the branch of the Wabash Railway from Naples to Hannibal, IMo. He was, for over thirty-five years, a resident of Springfield, dying there, Marcli 12, 1893. HATFIELD, (Rev.) Robert Miller, clergy- man, was born at Mount Pleasant, Westchester County, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1819; in early life enjoyed only such educational advantages as could be obtained while living on a farm ; later, was em ployed as a clerk at White Plains and in New York City, but, in 1841, was admitted to the Providence Methodist Episcopal Conference, dur- ing the next eleven years supplying churches in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In 1852 he went to Brooklyn and occupied pulpits in that vicinity until 1865, when he assumed the pastor- ship of the Wabash Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church in Chicago, two years later going to the Centenary Church in the same city. He subse- quently had charge of churches in Cincinnati and Philadelphia, but, returning to llUnois in 1877. he occupied pulpits for the next nine years m Evanston and Chicago. In 1886 he went to Sum- merfield Methodist Episcopal Church, Brooklyn, which was his last regular charge, as, in 1889, hfe became Financial Agent of the Northwestern University at Evanston, of which he had been a Trustee from 1878. As a temporary supply for pulpits or as a speaker in popular assemblies, his services were in constant demand during this period. Dr. Hatfield served as a Delegate to the General Conferences of 1860, '64, '76, '80 and '84, and was a leader in some of the most important debates in those bodies. Died, at Evanston, March 31, 1891. HATTON, Frank, journalist and Postmaster- General, was born at Cambridge, Ohio, April 28, 1846; entered his father's newspaper office at Cadiz, as an apprentice, at 11 years of age, be- coming foreman and local editor ; in 1862, at the age of 16, he enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Ohio Infantry, but, in 1864, was transferred to the One Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio and commis- sioned Second Lieutenant — his service being chiefly in the Army of the Cumberland, but par- ticipating in Sherman's March to the Sea. After the war he went to Iowa, whither his father had preceded him, and where he edited "The Mount Pleasant Journal" (1869-74) ; then removed to Bur- lington, where he secured a controlling interest in "The Hawkeye, " which he brought to a point of great prosperity ; was Postmaster of that city under President Grant, and, in 1881, became First Assistant Postmaster-General. On the retirement of Postmaster-General Gresham in 1884, he was appointed successor to the latter, serving to the end of President Arthur's adminis- tration, being the youngest man who ever held a cabinet position, except Alexander Hamilton. From 1882 to 1884, Mr. Hatton managed "The National Republican" in Washington; in 1885 removed to Chicago, where he became one of the proprietors and editor-in-chief of "The Evening Mail"; retired from the latter in 1887, and, pur- chasing the plant of "The National Republican" in Washington, commenced the publication of "The Washington Post," with which he was con- nected until his death, April 30, 1894. HAVANA, the county-seat of JIason County, an incorporated city founded in 1827 on the Illinois River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and a point of junction for three railways. It is a ship- ping-point for corn and osage orange hedge plants. A number of manufactories are located HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 225 here. The city has several churches, three pub- lic schools and three newspapers. Population (1890). 3,525; (1900), 3,268. HAVANA, RANTOUL & EASTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad. ) HAVEN, Erastus Otis, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1820; graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1843, and taught in various institutions in Massachu- setts and New York, meanwhile studying theol- og.y. In 1848 he entered the Methodist ministry as a member of the New York Conference; five years later accepted a professorship in Michigan University, but resigned in 1856 to become editor of "Zion's Herald," Boston, for seven years — in that time serving two terms in the State Senate and a part of the time being an Overseer of Har- vard University. In 1863 he accepted the Presi- dency of Northwestern University at Evanston, 111. ; in 1872 became Secretary of the Methodist Board of Education, but resigned in 1874 to become Chancellor of Syracuse University, N.Y. In 1880 he was elected a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Died, in Salem, Oregon, in August, 1881. Bishop Haven was a man of great versatility and power as an orator, wrote much for the periodical press and published several volumes on religious topics, besides a treatise on rhetoric. HAVEN, Lnther, educator, was born near Framingham, Mass., August 6, 1806. With a meager country-school education, at the age of 17 he began teaching, continuing in this occupa- tion six or seven years, after which he spent three years in a more liberal course of study in a private academy at Ellington, Conn. He was next employed at Leicester Academy, first as a teacher, and, for eleven years, as Principal. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1849, when he removed to Chicago. After several years spent in manufacturing and real-estate business, in 1854 he became proprietor of "The Prairie Farmer," of which he remained in con- trol until 1858. Mr. Haven took an active interest in public affairs, and was an untiring worker for the promotion of popular education. For ten years following 1853, he was officially connected with the Chicago Board of Education, being for four years its President. The comptroUership of the city was offered him in 1860, but declined. During the war he was a zealous supporter of the Union cause. In October, 1861, he was appointed by President Lincoln Collector for the Port of Chicago, and Sub-Treasurer of the United States for the Department of the Northwest, serving in this capacity during a part of President Johnson's administration. In 1866 he was attacked vrith congestion of the lungs, dying on March 6, of that year. HAWK, Robert M. A., Congressman, was born in Hancock County, Ind., April 33, 1839; came to Carroll County, 111. , in boyhood, where he attended the common schools and later graduated from Eu- reka College. In 1862 he enlisted in the Union army, was commissioned First Lieutenant, next promoted to a Captaincy and, finally, brevetted Major for soldierly conduct in the field. In 1865 he was elected County Clerk of Carroll County, and three times re-elected, serving from 1865 to 1879. The latter year he resigned, having been elected to Congress on the Republican ticket in 1878. In 1880 he was re-elected, but died before the expiration of his term, his successor being Robert R. Hitt, of Mount Morris, who was chosen at a special election to fill the vacancy. HAWLEY, John B., Congressman and First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was born in Fairfield County, Conn. , Feb. 9, 1831 ; accompa- nied his parents to Illinois in childhood, residing in his early manhood at Carthage, Hancock County. At the age of 23 (1854) he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Rock Island. From 1856 to 1860 he was State's Attorney of Rock Island County. In 1861 he entered the Union army as Captain, but was so severely wounded at Fort Donelson (1862) that he was obliged to quit the service. In 1865 President Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Rock Island, but one year afterward he was removed by Presi- dent Johnson. In 1868 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, being twice reelected, and, in 1876, was Presidential Elector on the Hayes- Wheeler ticket. In the following year he was appointed by President Hayes First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, serving until 1880, when he resigned. During the last six years of his life he was Solicitor for the Chicago & North • western Railroad, with headquarters at Omaha, Neb. Died, at Hot Springs, South Dakota, May 24, 1895. HAT, John, author, diplomatist and Secretary of State, was born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1888, of Scottish ancestry; graduated at Brown Univer- sity', 1858, and studied law at Springfield, 111., his father, in the meantime, having become a resi- dent of Warsaw, 111. ; was admitted to practice in 1861, but immediately went to Washington as assistant private secretary of President Lincoln, acting part of the time as the President's aid-de- camp, also serving for some time under General 236 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hunter andGilmore, with the rank of Major and Adjutant-General. After President Lincoln's assassination lie served as Secretary of Legation at Paris and Madrid, and as Charge d'Affaires at Vienna; was also editor for a time of "The Illi- nois State Journal" at Springfield, and a leading editorial writer on "The New York Tribune." Colonel Hay's more important literary works include "CastilianDays," "Pike County Ballads, " and the ten- volume "History of the Life and Times of Abraham Lincoln," written in collabo- ration with John G. Nicolay. In 1875 he settled at Cleveland, Ohio, but, after retiring from "The New York Tribune," made Washington his home. In 1897 President McKinley appointed him Am- bassador to England, where, by his tact, good judgment and sound discretion manifested as a diplomatist and speaker on public occasions, he won a reputation as one of the most able and ac- complished foreign representatives America has produced. His promotion to the position of Secretary of State on the retirement of Secretary William R. Day, at the close of the Spanish - American War, in September, 1898, followed naturally as a just tribute to the rank which he had won as a diplomatist, and was universally approved throughout the np.tion. HAY, John B., ex-Congressman, was born at Belleville, 111., Jan. 8, 1834; attended the com- mon schools and worked on a farm until he was 16 years of age, when he learned the printer's trade. Subsequently he studied law, and won considerable local prominence in his profession, being for eight years State's Attorney for the Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit. He served in the Union army during the War of the Rebellion, and, in 1868, was elected a Representative in the Forty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1870. HAY, Milton, lawyer and legislator, was born in Fayette County, Ky., July 3, 1817; removed with his father's family to Springfield, 111., in 1833 ; in 1838 became a student in the law office of Stuart & Lincoln ; was admitted to the bar in 1840, and began practice at Pittsfield, Pike County. In 1858 he returned to Springfield and formed a partnership with Judge Stephen T. Logan (afterwards his father-in-law), which ended by the retirement of the latter from prac- tice in 1861. Others who were associated with him as partners, at a later date, were Hon. Shelby M. Cullom, Gen. John M. Palmer, Heniy S. Greene and D. T. Littler. In 1869 he was elected a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention and, as Chairman of the Committee on Revenue and member of the Judiciary Committee, was prominent in shaping the Constitution of 1870. Again, as a member of the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1873-74), he assisted in revising and adapting the laws to the new order of things under the new Constitution. The estimate in which he was held by his associ- ates is shown in the fact that he was a member of the Joint Committee of five appointed by the Legislature to revise the revenue laws of the State, which was especially complimented for the manner in which it performed its work by concurrent resolution of the two houses. A con- servative Republican in politics, gentle and unob- trusive in manner, and of calm, dispassionate judgment and unimpeachable integrity, no man was more frequently consulted by State execu- tives on questions of great delicacy and public importance, during the last thirty years of his life, than Mr. Hay. In 1881 he retired from the active prosecution of his profession, devoting his time to the care of a handsome estate. Died, Sept. 15, 1893. HAYES, Philip C, ex-Congressman, was born at Granb}-, Conn., Feb. 3, 1833. Before he wa.s a year old his parents removed to La Salle County, 111. , where the first twenty years of his life were spent upon a farm. In 1860 he graduated from Oberlin College, Ohio, and, in April, 1861, en- listed in the Union army, being commissioned successively. Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. After the war he engaged in journalism, becom- ing the publisher and senior editor of "The Morris Herald," a weekly periodical issued at Morris, Grundy County. In 1872 he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia which renominated Grant, and represented liis district in Congress from 1877 to 1881. Later he became editor and part proprietor of "The Repub- lican" at Joliet, 111., but retired some years since. HATES, Samuel Snowden, lawyer and politi- cian, was born at Nashville. Tenn., Dec. 25, 1820; settled at Shawneetown in 1838, and engaged in the drug business for two years ; then began the study of law and was admitted to practice in 1842, settling first at Mount Vernon and later at Carmi. He early took an interest in politics, stumping the southern counties for the Demo- cratic party in 1843 and '44. In 1845 he was a delegate to the Memphis Commercial Convention and, in 1846, was elected to the lower House of the State Legislature, being re-elected in '48. In 1847 he raised a company for service in the Mexican War, but, owing to its distance from the seat' of government, its muster rolls were not HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 227 received until the quota of the State had been filled. The same year he was chosen a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention for White County, and, in 1848, was a Democratic Presi- dential Elector. About 1853 he removed to Chi- cago, where he was afterwards City Solicitor and (1862-05) City Comptroller. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and an earnest worker for Douglas in the campaign which fol- lowed. "While in favor of the Union, he was strongly opposed to the policy of the administra- tion, particularly in its attitude on the question of slaverj'. His last public service was as a Dele- gate from Cook County to the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. His talents as an orator, displayed both at the bar and before popu- lar assemblies, were of a very high order. HATMARKET RIOT, THE, an anarchistic outbreak which occurred in Chicago on the evening of May 4, 1886. For several days prior, meetings of dissatisfied workingmen had been addressed by orators who sought to inflame the worst passions of their hearers. The excitement (previously more or less under restraint) culmi- nated on the date mentioned. Haymarket Square, in Chicago, is a broad, open space formed by the widening of West Randolph Street for an open-air produce-market. An immense concourse assembled there on the evening named ; inflam- matory speeches were made from a cart, which was used as a sort of improvised platform. Dur- ing the earlier part of the meeting the Mayor (Carter H. Harrison) was present, but upon his withdrawal, the oratory became more impassioned and incendiary. Towards midnight, some one whose identity has never been thoroughly proved, threw a dynamite bomb into the ranks of the police, who, under com:nand of Inspector John Bonfield, had ordered the dispersal of the crowd and were endeavoring to enforce the command. Simultaneously a score of men lay dead or bleed- ing in the street. The majority of the crowd fled, pursued by the officers. Numerous arrests followed during the night and the succeeding morning, and search was made in the ofiBce of the principal Anarchistic organ, which resulted in the discovery of considerable evidence of an incriminating character. A Grand Jury of Cook County found indictments for murder against eight of the suspected leaders, all of whom were convicted after a trial extending over several months, both the State and the defense being represented by some of the ablest counsel at the Chicago bar. Seven of the accused were con- demned to death, and one (Oscar Neebe) was given twenty years' imprisonment. The death sentence of two — Samuel Fielden and Justus Schwab— was subsequently commuted by Gov- ernor Oglesby to life-imprisonment, but executive clemency was extended in 1893 by Governor Altgeld to all three of those serving terms in the penitentiary. Of those condemned to execution, one (Louis Linng) committed suicide in the county-jail by exploding, between his teeth, a small dynamite bomb which he had surrepti- tiously obtained; the remaining four (August Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Louis Engel and Adolph Fischer) were hanged in the county-jail at Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair attracted wide attention, not only throughout the United States but in other countries also. HATNIE, Ishani Nicolas, soldier and Adju- tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn., Nov. 18, 1824; came to Illinois in boyhood and received but little education at school, but worked on a farm to obtain means to study law, and was licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the Mexican War he served as a Lieutenant in the Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return, resumed practice in 1849, and, in 18.50, was elected to the Legislature from Marion County. He graduated from the Kentucky Law School in 1833 and, in 1856, was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug- las ticket. In 1861 he entered the army as Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry, which he had assisted in organizing. He partici- pated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and was severely wounded at the latter. In 1862 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as a War Democrat, being defeated by W. J. Allen, and the same year was commissioned Brigadier- General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865, was appointed by Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in office, at Springfield, November, 1868. HAYWARD COLLEGE AND COMMERCIAL SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County ; ineoi-po- rated in 1886; is co-educational ; had 160 pupils in 1898, with a faculty of nine instructors. HEACOCK, Russell E., pioneer lawyer, was born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770; having lost his father at 7 years of age, learned the carpenter's trade and came west early in life ; in 1806 was studying law in Missouri, and, two years later, was licensed to practice in Indiana Territor}', of which Illinois then formed a part, locating first 228 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. at Kaskaskia and afterwards at Jonesboro, in Union County; in 1823 went to Buffalo, N. Y., but returned west in 1827, arriving where Chi- cago now stands on July 4 ; in 1828 was living inside Fort Dearborn, but subsequently located several miles up the South Branch of the Chicago River, where he opened a small farm at a place which went by the name of "Heacock's Point." In 1831 he obtained a license to keep a tavern, in 1833 became a Justice of the Peace, and, in 1835, had a law office in the village of Chicago, He took a prominent part in the organization of Cook County, invested liberally in real estate, but lost it in the crash of 1837. He was disabled by par- alysis in 1843 and died of cholera, June 28, 1849. — Reuben E. (Heacock), a son of Mr. Heacock, was member of the State Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, from Cook County. HEALTH, BOARD OF, a bureau of the State Government, created by act of May 2.5, 1877. It consists of seven members, named by the Gov- ernor, who hold office for seven years. It is charged with "general supervision of the inter- ests connected with the health and life of the citizens of the State. " All matters pertaining to quarantine fall within its purview, and in this respect it is invested with a power which, while discretionary, is well-nigh autocratic. The same standard holds good, although to a far less ex- tent, as to its supervisory power over conta- gious diseases, of man or beast. The Board also has a modified control over medical practitioners, under the terms of the statute popularly known as the "Medical Practice Act." Through its powers thereunder, it has kept out or expelled from the State an army of irregular practition- ers, and has done much toward raising the stand- ard of professional qualification. HEALT, George P. A., artist, was born in Boston, July 15, 1808, and early manifested a predilection for art, in which he was encouraged by the painter ScuUj'. He struggled in the face of difficulties until 1836, when, having earned some money by his art, he went to Europe to study, spending two years in Paris and a like period in London. In 1855 he came to Chicago, contemplating a stay of three weeks, but re- mained until 1867. During this time he is said to have painted 575 portraits, many of them being likenesses of prominent citizens of Chicago and of the State. Many of his pictures, deposited in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society for safe-keeping, were destroyed by the fire of 1871. From 1869 to '91 his time was spent chiefly in Rome. During his several visits to Europe he painted the portraits of a large number of royal personages, including Louis Phillippe of France, as also, in this country, the portraits of Presidents and other distinguished persons. One of his his- torical pictures was "Webster Replying to Hayne," in which 150 figures are introduced. A few years before his death, Mr. Healy donated a large number of his pictures to the Newberry Library of Chicago. He died in Chicago, June 24, 1894. HEATOX, William Weed, lawyer and jurist, was born at Western, Oneida County, X. Y., April 18, 1814. After completing his academic studies he engaged, for a short time, in teaching, but soon began the study of law, and, in 1838, was admitted to tlie bar at Terre Haute, Ind. In 1840 he removed to Dixon, 111., where he resided until his death. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Twenty-second Circuit, and occupied a seat upon the bench, through repeated re-elections, until his death, which occurred Dec. 26, 1877, while serving as a mem- ber of the Appellate Court for the First District. HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German pa- triot and soldier, was born at Baden, Germany, Sept. 28, 1811. He attained eminence in his native country as a lawyer and politician ; was a member of the Baden Assembly of 1842 and a leader in the Diet of 1846-47, but, in 1848, was forced, with many of his compatriots, to find a refuge in the United States. In 1849 he settled as a farmer at Summerfield, in St. Clair County, 111. He took a deep interest in politics and, being earnestly opposed to slavery, ultimately joined the Republican party, and took an active part in the campaigns of 1856 and "60. In 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illi- nois Volunteers, and was later transferred to the command of the Eighty-second. He was a brave soldier, and actively participated in the battles of Missionary Ridge and Chancellorsville. In 1864 he resigned his commission and returned to his farm in St. Clair County. Died, at St. Louis, Mo., March 24, 1881. HEDDING COLLEGE, an institution incorpo- rated in 1875 and conducted under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Abingdon, Knox County, 111. ; has a faculty of seventeen instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students, of whom 212 were male and 181 female. The branches taught include the sciences, the classics, music, fine arts, oratory and preparatory courses. Tlie institution has funds and endowment amounting to $55,000, and property valued at $158,000. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 229 HEMPSTEAD, Charles S., pioneer lawyer and first Mayor of Galena, was born at Hebron, Tol- land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 — the son of Stephen Hempstead, a patriot of the Revolution. In 1809 he came west in company with a brother, descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari- etta to Shawueetown, and making his way across the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and finally to St. Louis, where he joined another brother (Edward), with whom he soon began the study of law. Having been admitted to the bar in both Missouri Territory and Illinois, he re- moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the office of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the Governor, but retxu'ned to St. Louis in 1818-19 and later became a member of the Missouri Legis- lature. In 1839 Mr. Hempstead located at Galena, 111. , which continued to be his home for the re- mainder of his life, and where he was one of the earliest and best known lawyers. The late Minis- ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Mr. Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a partner. Mr. Hempstead was one of the pro- moters of the old Chicago & Galena Union Rail- road (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), serving upon the first Board of Directors; was elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in the early days of the Civil War, was appointed by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army. Died, in Galena, Dec. 10, 1874. — Edward (Hemp- stead), an older brother of the preceding, already mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding various positions at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, under Gov. William Henry Harrison, located at St Louis and became the first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory (1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an accident, August 10, 1817. — Stephen (Hemp- stead), another member of this historic family, was Governor of Iowa from 1850 to '54. Died, Feb. 16, 1883. HENDERSON, Thomas J., ex-Congressman, was born at Brownsville, Tenu., Nov. 19, 1824; came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a farm, but received an academic education. In 1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Com- missioners' Court of Stark County, and, in 1849, Clerk of the County Court of the same county, serving in that capacity for four years. Jlean- while he had studied law and had been admitted to the bar in 1852. In 1855 and '56 he was a member of the lower house of the Legislature, and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered the Union army, in 1863, as Colonel of the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and served until the close of the war, being brevetted Brigadier-General in January, 1865. He was a Republican Presidential Elector for the Stateat- large in 1868, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Seventh Illinois District, serving con- tinuously until March, 1895. His home is at Princeton. HENDERSON, William H., politician and legis- lator, was born in Garrard County, Ky. , Nov. 16, 1793. After serving in the War of 1813, he settled in Tennessee, where he held many positions of public trust, including that of State Senator. In 1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later, was elected to the General Assembly as Repre- sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties, being re-elected in 1840. In 1842 he was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant- Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In 1845 he migrated to Iowa, wliere he died in 1864. HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising 380 square miles of territory, located in the west- ern section of the State and bordering on the Mis- sissippi River. The first settlements were made about 1827-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka. Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk War, but revived after the removal of the Indians across the Mississippi. The county was set off from Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the county-seat. Population (1880), 10,733; (1890), 9,876. The soil is fertile, and underlaid by lime- stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim- bered. Population (1900), 10,836. HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois River, about 28 miles below Ottawa, 100 miles southwest of Chicago, and 3 miles southeast of Bureau Junction. It has a courthouse, a bank, two grain elevators, three churches, a graded school, a newspaper. It is a prominent shipping point for produce by the river. The Hennepin Canal, now in process of construction from the Illinois River to the Mississippi at the mouth of Rock River, leaves the Illinois about two miles above Hennepin. Population (1880), 623; (1890), 574; (1900), 533. HENNEPIN, Louis, a Franciscan (Recollect) friar and explorer, born at Ath, Belgium, about 1640. After several years of clerical service in Belgium and Holland, he was ordered (1675) by his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada. In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo- rations of the great lakes and the upper Missis- sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of Lake Michigan, early in the following year (1680;, La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east 230 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. side of the Illinois River, a little below the present site of Peoria, which afterwards received the name of Fort Creve-Cceur. In February, 1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La Salle, with two companions, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, to explore the upper Mis- sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his party was captured bj' the Sioux and carried to tlie villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes, but finally rescued. During his captivity he discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to Quebec, and thence sailed to France. There he published a work describing La Salle's first expedition and his own explorations. Although egotistical and necessarih' incorrect, this work was a valuable contribution to history. Because of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France for Holland. In 1697 lie published an extraordi- nary volume, in which he set forth claims as a discoverer which have been wholly discredited. His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in 1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country Larger than Europe." It was a compilation describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the Mississippi. His three works have been trans- lated into twenty-four different languages. He died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and 1705. HENXEPIX CAJfAL. (See Illinois & Missis- sippi Canal.) HENRY, a city in Marshall County, situated on the west bank of the Illinois River and on the Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 33 miles north-northeast of Peoria. There is a combination railroad and wagon bridge, lock and dam across the river at this point. The city is a thriving commercial center, among its industries being grain eleva- tors, flour mills, and a windmill factory ; has two national banks, eight churches and two newspapers. Population (ISWO), 1,728; (1890) 1..512; (1900). 1,037. HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born in Pennsylvania, came to Illinois in 1822, locating at Edwardsville. where, being of limited educa- tion, he labored as a mechanic during the day and attended school at night; engaged in mer- chandising, removed to Springfield in 1836, and was soon after elected Sheriff ; served in the Win- nebago War (1827) as Adjutant, and, in the Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, finallj' being placed in command of a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad Axe, his success in both winning for him great popularity. His exposures brought on disease of the lungs, and. going South, he died at New Orleans, March 4, 1834. HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of counties of Northern Illinois, near the western border of the State, having an area of 830 square miles, — named for Patrick Henry. The Ameri- can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who located in 1835 on what afterwards became the town of Colona. During the two years following several colonies from the eastern States settled at different points (Geneseo, Wethersfield, etc.;. The act creating it was passed in 1825, though organization was not completed until 1837. The first county court was held at Dayton. Subse- quent county-seats have been Richmond (1837) ; Geneseo (1840); Morristown (1842); and Cam- bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,597; (1890), 33,338, (1900), 40,049. HERNDON, Archer G., one of the celebrated "Long Nine" members of the General Assembly of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper County, Va., Feb. 13, 1795; spent his youth in Green County, Ky. , came to Madison County, 111., 1820, and to Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring- field in 1825, where he engaged in mercantile business ; served eight years in the State Senate (1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land Office 1842-49. Died, Jan. 3, 1867. Mr. Herndon was the father of William H. Herndon, the law part- ner of Abraham Lincoln. HERNDON, WiUiam H., lawyer, was born at Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi- nois by his father. Archer G. Herndon, in 1820, and to Sangamon County in 1821 ; entered Illinois College in 1836, but remained only one year on account of his father's hostility to the supposed abolition influences prevailing at that institution ; spent several years as clerk in a store at Spring- field, studied law two years with the firm of Lin- coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bai and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con- tinuing until the election of the latter to the Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo- nent of slavery and labored zealously to promote the advancement of his distinguished partner. The offices he held were those of City Attorney, Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov- ernors. Some years before his death he wrote, and, in conjunction with Jesse W. Weik, published a Life of Abraham Lincoln in three volumes — afterwards revised and issued in a two-volume edition by the Messrs. Appleton, New York. Died, near Springfield, March 18. 1891. HERRINGTON, Ausrustus M., lawyer and poli- tician, was born at or near Meadville. Pa., in 1823; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 231 when ten years of age was brought by his father to Chicago, the family removing two years later (1835) to Geneva, Kane Count}', where the elder Herrington opened the first store. Augustus was admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi- nence as a Democratic politician, serving as Presidential Elector for the Stateat-large in 1856, and as a delegate to Democratic National Conventions in 1860, '64, '68, '76 and '80, and was almost invariably a member of the State Conven- tions of his party during the same period. He also served for many years as Solicitor of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge- neva, Kane County, August 14, 1883. — James (Herrington), brother of the preceding, was born in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1824; came to Chicago in 1833, but, two years later, was taken by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1848 he was apprenticed to the printing business on the old "Chicago Democrat" (John 'Wentworth, publisher), remaining until 1848, when he returned to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being also connected for a year or two with a local paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re- maining in office eight years ; also served three terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving continuously in the lower branch of the General Assembly from 1872 to 1886. He was also a mem- ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre- quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions. Died, July 7, 1890. — James Herrington, Sr., father of the two preceding, was a Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for the District embracing the counties of Kane, McHenry, Boone and De Kalb. HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was born at Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1847; gradu- ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866, and after pursuing the study of medicine for two years, emigrated to this country in 1869. After various experiences in selling sewing-machines, as bank-clerk, and as a farm-hand, in 1876 Mr. Hertz was employed in the Recorder's office of Cook County; in 1878 was record-writer in the Criminal Court Clerk's office; in 1884 was elected Coroner of Cook County, and re-elected in 1888. In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas- urer, he was defeated, but, in 1896, again a candidate for the same office, was elected by a majority of 115,000, serving until 1899. He is now a resident of Chicago. HESING, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi- cian, was born in Prussia in 1823; left an orphan at the age of 15, he soon after emigrated to America, landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin- cinnati. From 1840 to 1842 he worked in a gro- cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small hotel. In 18.54 he removed to Chicago, where he was for a time engaged in the manufacture of brick. In 1860 he was elected Sheriff of Cook County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased an interest in "The Chicago Staats Zeitung," and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 he admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part- nership, installing him as general manager. Died, in Chicago, March 31, 1895. — Washington (Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, May 14, 1849, educated at Chicago and Yale College, graduating from the latter in 1870. After a j-ear spent in study abroad, he returned to Chicago and began work upon "The Staats Zeitung," later becoming managing editor, and finallj' editor-in-chief. While yet a young man he was made a member of the Chicago Board of Education, but declined to serve a second term. In 1872 he entered actively into politics, making speeches in both English and German in support of General Grant's Presi- dential candidacy. Later he affiliated with the Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Chicago mayoralty, being defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December, 1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving four years. His administration was characterized by a high degree of efficiency and many improve- ments in the service were adopted, one of the most important being the introduction of postal cars on the street-railroads for the collection of mail matter. In April, 1897, he became an Inde- pendent candidate for Ma}"or. but was defeated by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic nominee. Died, Dec. 18, 1897. HETWORTH, a village of McLean County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles south of Bloomington; has a bank, cliurches, gas wells, and a newspaper. Pop (1890), 566; (1900), 683. HIBBARD, Homer Nash, lavpyer, was born at Bethel, Windsor County, "7t., Nov. 7, 1824, his early life being spent upon a farm and in attend- ance upon the common schools. After a short term in an academy at Randolph, Vt. , at the age of 18 he began the study of law at Rutland — also fitting himself for college with a private tutor. Later, having obtained means by teaching, he took a course in Castleton Academy and "Ver- mont University, graduating from the latter in 1850. Then, having spent some years in teach- ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later continuing his studies at Burlington and finally, in the fall of 1853, removing to Chicago. Here he opened a law office in connection with his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame- son, but early in the following year removed to Freeport, where he subsequently served as City Attorney, Master in Chancery and President of the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in 1860, he became a member of the law firm of Cornell, Jameson & Hibbard, and still later the head of the firm of Hibbard, Rich & Noble. In 1870 he was appointed by Judge Drummond Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District, serving during the life of the law. He was also, for some time, a Director of the National Bank of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American Insurance Companj-. Died, Nov. 14, 1897. HICKS, Stephen (J., lawyer and soldier of three wars, was born in Jackson County, Ga., Feb. 22, 1807 — the son of John Hicks, one of the seven soldiers killed at the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. Leaving the roof of a stepfather at an early age, he found his way to Illinois, working for a time in the lead mines near Galena, and later at the carpenter's trade with an uncle ; served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War, finally locating in Jefferson County, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth General Assembly (1840) and re-elected succes- sively to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early in the Mexican War (1846) he recruited a com- pany for the Tliird Regiment, of which he was chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing liis profession at Salem, Marion Count}'. He promptly raised a company which became a jjart of the Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantry, of which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi- ment saw active service in the campaign in West- ern Tennessee, including the battle of Shiloh, where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded through the lungs, only recovering after some months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined his regiment in July following, but found him- self compelled to accept an honorable discharge, a few months later, on account of disability. Having finally recovered, he was restored to his old command, and served to the close of the war. In October, 1863, he was placed in command at Paducah, Ky., where he remained eighteen months, after which he was transferred to Colum- bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, the place was desperately assaulted by the rebel Colonel Forrest, but successfully defended, the rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1,200 killed and wounded. After the war Colonel Hicks returned to Salem, where he died, Dec. 14, 1869, and was buried, in accordance with his request, in tlie folds of the American flag. Born on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the death of this brave soldier should have occurred on the anniversary of that of the "Father of His Country." HKiBEE, Chauncey L., lawyer and Judge, was born in Clermont Count}', Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821, and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1844. He early took an interest in politics, being elected to the lower house of the Legislature in 1854, and two years later to the State Senate. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, and '79. In 1877, and again in '79, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfleld, Dec. 7, 1884. HIGCiilNS, Van Hollis, lawyer, was born in Genessee County, N. Y., and received his early education at Auburn and Seneca Falls ; came to Chicago in 1837 and, after spending some time as clerk in his brother's store, taught some months in Vermilion County; then went to St. Louis, %vhere he spent a year or two as reporter on "The Missouri Argus," later engaging in commercial pursuits; in 1842 removed to Iroquois Coimty, 111. , where he read law and was admitted to the bar; in 1845, established himself in practice in Galena, served two years as City Attorney there, but returned to Chicago in 1852, where he contin- ued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1858 he was elected as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-first General Assembly ; served sev- eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court, and was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Higgins was successful as a lawyer and business man, and was connected with a number of important busi- ness enterprises, especially in connection with real-estate operations ; was also a member of sev- eral local societies of a professional, social and patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis. , April 17, 1893. HIGGINSON, Charles M., civil engineer and Assistant Railway President, was born in Chica- go, July 11, 1846 — the son of George M.Higginson, who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged in the real-estate business; was educated at the Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Mass., and entered the engineering department of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867, remaining until 1875. He then became the pur- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 333 chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, but, a year later, returned to Chicago, and soon after assumed the same position in con- nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, being transferred to the Auditorship of the latter road in 1879. Later, he became assistant to President Ripley of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., May 6, 1899. Mr. Higginson was, for several years, President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and a member of the Board of Managers of the Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago. HIGH, James L., lawyer and author, was born at Belleville, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; in boyhood came to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State University, at Madison, in 18C4, also serving for a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers; studied law at the Michi- gan University Law School and. in 1867, came to Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the winter of 1871-72 in Salt Lake City and, in the absence of the United States District Attorney, conducted the trial of certain Mormon leaders for connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The New York Times,"' his letters being widely copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high rank in his profession. He was the author of several volumes, including treatises on "The Law of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of England and America, " and "Extraordinary Legal Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibi- tions," which are accepted as high authority with the profession. In 1870 he published a revised edition of Lord Erskine's Works, including all his legal arguments, together with a memoir of his life. Died, Oct. 3, 1898. HIGHLAND, a city in the southeastern part of Madison County, founded in 1836 and located on the Vandalia line, 32 miles east of St. Louis. Its manufacturing industries include a milk-con- densing plant, creamery, flour and planing mills, breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains several churches and schools, a Roman Catholic Seminary, a hospital, and has three newspapers — one German. The early settlers were Germans of the most thrifty and enterprising classes. The surrounding country is agricultuial. Popu- lation (1880). 1,960; (1890), 1,857; (1900, decennial census), 1,970. HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago. It has a salubrious site on a bluff 100 feet above Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and health resort. It has a large hotel, several churches, a military academy, and a weekly paper. Two Waukegan papers issue editions here. Population (1890), 2,163; (1900), 2,806. HILDRUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator, was bom in Middletown, Conn., March 14, 1833, at 15 removed to the State of New York and after- wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi- dere. 111., where he began the practice of law, also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im- portant elective office was tliat of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he was elected Representative in the General Assem- bly the same year, and again in 1872. While in the House he took a prominent part in the legis- lation which resulted in the organization of the Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During the last few years much of his time has been spent in California for the benefit of the health of some members of his family. HILL, Charles Augustus, ex-Congressman, was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y., August 23, 1833. He acquired his early education by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will County, where, for several years, he taught school, as he had done while in New York. Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will County in 1860, and, in 1862, enlisted in the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, participating in the battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned First Lieutenant in the First United States Regi- ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained until the close of the war, rising to tlie rank of Captain. In 1865 he returned to Joliet and to the practice of his profession. In 1868 he was elected State's Attorney for the district comprising Will and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina- tion. In 1888 he was the successful Republican candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 by Lewis Steward, Democrat. HILLSBORO, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Montgomery Coimty, on the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 67 miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures are flour, brick and tile, carriages and harness. 234 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fumitTure and woolen goods. It has a high school, banks and two weekly newspapers. The surrounding region is agricultural, though con- siderable coal is mined in the vicinity. Popula- tion (1880V 2,858; (1890), 3,500; (1900), 1,937. HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on the Rochelle Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy Railroad, 18 miles west of Aurora; in rich agricultural and dairying region ; has grain elevators, brick and tile works, water system and electric light plant. Pop. (1890), 496; (1900). 587. HINRICHSEN, William H., ex-Secretary of State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin, Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at the University of Illinois, spent four years in the office of his father, who was stock-agent of the Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as Deputy Sheriff of Morgan County ; then went into the newspaper business, editing the Jackson- ville "Evening Courier," until 1886, after which he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to 1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- sumed his place on "The Courier. " He was Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1891, and elected Secretary of State in 1892, serving until January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen has been a mem- ber of the Democratic State Central Committee since 1890, and was Chairman of that body dur- ing 1894-96. In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the nominee of his party for Congress in the Six- teenth District and was elected by over 6,000 majority, but failed to secure a renomination in 1898. HINSDALE, a village in Du Page County and popular residence suburb, on the Cliioago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-south- west of Chicago. It has four churches, a graded school, an academy, electric light plant, water- works, sewerage system, and two weekly news- papers. Population (1890), 1,584; (1900), 2.578. HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at Hanson, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1837; studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- tice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr. Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, which was the only important pub- lic oflSoe that he held, though his capacity was recognized by his election to the Presidency of that body. Died, May 6, 1881. HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergyman, was born April 13, 1813, at Lebanon, N. Y., entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1834, and, after supplying various charges in that State during the next five years, in 1839 came to Chicago, becoming one of the most influential factors in the Methodist denomination in Northern Illinois. Between that date and 1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant labors being interrupted at two or three periods by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- annuated relation. From 1852 to '80, inclusive, he was a delegate every four years to the General Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior representative, was placed in charge of the depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His subsequent service included two terms as Presid- ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts; the position of Superintendent of the Chicago Home Missionary and Church Extension Society ; Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he assisted to organize), his last position being that of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu- ates' Relief Association. He was also influential in securing the establishment of a church paper in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, N. J., Nov. 12, 1898. HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 — the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 1829 the son began the study of engineering and; removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, later being employed in survey- ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period resumed surveying and, having settled in La Salle County, became the first Surveyor of that county. In 1861 he joined Colonel Cushman, of Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into the service in March, 1863, and commissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel. The regiment took part in various battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt received an injury by being thrown from his horse which compelled his resignation and from HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 235 which he never fully recovered. Returning to Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself with the Republican party on the breaking out of the Civil War. He was a thirty-second degree Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles. HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was bom at Boonsboro, Md., June 2, 1828; in 1845 entered the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, 111., he was engaged for a time in farming, but, in 1852, entered into the forwarding and com- mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853 he began buying and selling real estate while continuing his farming operations, adding thereto coal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate from La Salle County to the State Convention at Bloomington which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate business there ; in 1862 was appointed on a com- mittee of citizens to look after the interests of wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- ing the war he engaged to some extent in the business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- mission to lay out the park system of Chicago. Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he aided in the erection of the "Woman's College in connection with the Northwestern University. In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp lands within its limits, and has given much of his attention to that business since. HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When he was three years old his parents removed to Illinois, settling in Ogle County. His education was acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who reported the celebrated debate of that year between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 1874, until March, '81, he was connected with the United States embassy at Paris, serving as First Secretary of Legation and Charge d'Affaires ad interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in 1881, but resigned the post in 1883, having been elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. M. A. Hawk. By eight successive re-elec- tions he has represented the District continuously since, his career being conspicuous for long serv- ice. In that time he has taken an important part in the deliberations of the House, serving as Chairman of many important committees, not- ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has been Chairman for several terms, and for which his diplomatic experience well qualifies him. In 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and report upon a form of government for that por- tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr. Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably considered for the position of Minister to Eng- land after the retirement of Secretary Day in 1898. HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin in 1839 ; graduated at Beloit College and, after a brief experience in newspaper work, enlisted, in 1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis- trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago Evening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and "The Chicago Morning Courier, " also being, for some years from 1869, Western Manager of the American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Hobart became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" (Chicago), with which he remained imtil the close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his attention to real-estate matters. HOFFMAjV, Francis X., Lieutenant-Governor (1861-65), was born at Herford, Prussia, in 1822, and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica- go the same year. There he became a boot-black in a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now Addison), Du Page County, and later oflSciating as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented that county in the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, and, the following year, entered the City Council. Later, he embarked in the real-estate business, and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was 236 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. forced to assign in 1861. He early became a recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor to the German press, and, in 1856, was nominated for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was found ineligible by reason of his short residence in the United States, and withdrew, giving place to John Wood of Quincy. In 1860 he was again nominated, and having in the meantime become eligible, was elected. In 1864 he was a Repub- lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul at Chicago for several German States. For a number of years past Mr. Hoffman has been editor of an agricultural paper in Southern Wisconsin. H(KiAX, Jolin, clergyman and early politician, was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, Ireland, Jan. 2, 1805; brought in childhood to Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at eight years of age, learned the trade of a shoe- maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho- dist preacher, and, coming west the same year, preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss Mary Mitcliell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. In 1836 he was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, two years later was appointed a Commissioner of Public AVorks and, being re-elected in 1840, was made President of the Board; in 1841 was ap- pointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until 1845. During the anti-slavery excitement which attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis, where he engaged in the wholesale grocery busi- ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, but later co-operated with the Democratic party ; in 1857 he was appointed by President Buchanan Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until the accession of Lincoln in 1861; in 1864 was elected as a Democrat to the Tliirty-ninth Con- gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate to the National Union (Democratic) Convention at Philadelphia in 1806. After his x-etirement from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed a speaker of Unusual eloquence and ability. His death occurred, Feb. 5, 1892. He is author of sev- eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St. Louis," and a "History of Methodism." HOGE, Joseph P., Congressman, was born in Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, 111., in 1836, where he attained prominence as a lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and be- came a Judge in that State, dying a few years since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre- sented to have been a man of much ability and a graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus- tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who held office until 1848. HOLLISTER, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- cian, was born at Riga, N. Y., in 1824; was brought to Romeo, Slich., by his parents in in- fancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17 went to Rochester, N. Y., to be educated, finally graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco, Mich. Two years later he removed to Grand Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held, for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, be- came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, in which he has held various chairs. He also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and was, for twenty years. Clinical Professor in the same institution; was President of the State Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treas- urer. Other positions held by him have been those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ- ation and editor of its journal, President of the Young Men's Christian Association and of the Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been prominent in Sunday School and church work in connection with the Armour Mission, with which he has been associated for many years. HOME FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS, (FE- MALE). The establishment of this institution was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, which appropriated §75,000 towards its erection and maintenance, not more than §15,000 to be ex- pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for Girls. ) It is designed to receive girls between the ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the term of commitment not to be less than one year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the 2>J 5Q o Q HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 837 Peace, however, may send girls for a term not less than three months. The act of incorporation provides for a commutation of sentence to be earned by good conduct and a prolongation of the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- tice the girls or to adopt them out during their minority. Temporary quarters were furnished for the Home during the first two years of its existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings for the institution have been erected on the banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-southwest from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast from Champaign. It supports a carriage factory ; also has two banks, several churches, a seminary, an opera house, and one weekly paper. The region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880), 93-1; (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080. HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws have been defined to be "legislation enacted to secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- pied by the family or individual, from liability to be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, and by restricting his rights of free alienation." In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm and dwelling thereon of every liouseholder hav- ing a family, and occupied as a residence, whether owned or possessed imder a lease, to the value of §1,000. The exemption continues after death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus- band occupying the homestead, and also of the children, if any, until the youngest attain the age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in releasing the exemption, but the property is always liable for improvements thereon. — In 1863 Congress passed an act knowTi as the "Homestead Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers on public lands under certain restrictions as to active occupancj-, under which most of that class of lands since taken for settlement have been purchased. HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 23 nailes south of Chi- cago. Population, (1900), 353. HOOLEY, Richard M., theatrical manager, was born in Ireland, April 13, 1833; at the age of 18 entered the theater as a musician and, four years later, came to America, soon after forming an association with E. P. Christy, the originator of negro minstrelsy entei'tainments which went under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted a company of minstrels through the principal towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to some of the chief cities on the continent; re- turned to America five years later, and subse- quently managed houses in San Francisco, Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of the most widely known and popular in the city. Died, Sept. 8, 1893. HOOPESTOJf, a prosperous city in Vermilion County, at the intersection of the Chicago & East- ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail- roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works, carriage and machine shops, and two large can- ning factories, besides two banks and one daily and three weekly newspapers, several churches, a high school and a business college. Population (1890), 1,911; (1900), 3,833; (1904), about 4,500. HOPKIXS, Albert J., Congressman, was born in De Kalb County, 111., August 15, 1846. After graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870, he studied law and began practice at Aurora. He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and, in 1873, was elected State's Attorney for Kane County, serving in that capacity for four years. He is an ardent Republican and high in the party's councils, having been Chairman of the State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan ticket in 1884. The same year he was elected to the Forty-ninth Congress from the Fifth District (now the Eighth) and has been continuously re- elected ever since, receiving a clear majority in 1898 of more than 18,000 votes over two competi- tors. At present fl898) he is Chairman of the Select House Committee on Census and a member of the Committees on Ways and Means, and Mer- chant Marine and Fisheries. In 1886 he was strongly supported for the Republican nomina- tion for Governor. HOUGHTON, Horace Hocking', pioneer printer and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 26, 1806, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight- een began learning the printer's trade in the otfice of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his majority became a journeyman printer and, in 1828, went to New York, spending some time in the employment of the Harper Brothers. After a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of "The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834, again went to New York, taking with him a device for throwing tlje printed sheet off the press, which was afterwards adopted on the 23S HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next move was to Marietta, Ohio, in 1834, thence by way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis, working for a time in the oflQce of the old "St. Louis Republican." He soon after went to Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later became associated with Sylvester 5L Bartlett in the management of "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole proprietor. In 1842 he sold out the paper, but resumed his connection with it the following year, remaining until 1863, when he finally sold out. He afterwards spent some time on the Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to Galena and, during the later years of his life, was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 1879. HOVEY, Charles Edward, educator, soldier and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Tt., April 26, 1827 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 18.52, and became successively Principal of high schools at Farmington, Mass., and Peoria, 111. Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State Normal School at Normal, of which he was President from 1857 to 1861 — being also President of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem- ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was composed largely of teachers and young men from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few months later, to brevet Major-General for gallant and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice of law in "Washington, D. C. Died, in Washing- ton, Nov 17, 1897. HOWLAJfD, George, educator and author, was born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in Latin, Greek and French. He began the study of law, but, after a year's reading, he abandoned it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist- ant Principal of the city's one high school, in 1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City Schools. This position he filled until August, 1891, when he resigned. _ He also served as Trus- tee of Amherst Cpllege for several years, and as a member of the Illinois State Board of Education, being President of that body in 1883. As an author he was of some note; his work being chiefly on educational lines. He published a translation of the ^neid adapted to the use of schools, besides translations of some of Horace's Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssey. He was also the author of an English grammar. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. HOTXE, Philip A., lawyer and United States Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov. 20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after spending eleven years alternately in Galena and Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, in 1852 ; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five years; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856, and appointed United States Commissioner the same year, remaining in office until his death, Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an oflScer of the Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the Union League Club. HUBBARD, Gordon Saltonstall, pioneer and Indian trader, was born at "Windsor, Vt., August 22, 1802. His early youth was passed in Canada, chiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com- pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and for nine years traveled back and forth in the interest of his employers. In 1827, having em- barked in business on his own account, he estab- lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time forward he became identified with the history and development of the State. He served with distinction diiring the Black Hav,-k and Winne- bago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited, and did much to promote the early development of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature from Vermilion Coxmty in 1832, and, in 1835, was appointed by Governor Duncan one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, no man was more active or public-spirited in promoting its commercial development and general prosperity. He was identified with almost every branch of business upon which its growth as a commercial city depended, from that of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- ing houses Of his time, as well as promoter of early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, he was one of the most earnest supporters of Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 1800, was prominently identified with every local measure IISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 'Z'69 for the maintenance of the Union cause, and, for a year, held a commission as Captain in the Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volmiteers. known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment. " HUGHITT, Marvin, Railway President, was born, August, 1837, and, in 1856, began his rail- road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- spatcher. In 1862 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, still later occupying the positions of Assistant Superintendent and General Superintendent, re- maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, when he resigned to become Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Slilwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872 he became associated with the Chicago Sc North- western Railroad, in connection with which he has held the positions of Superintendent, General Manager, Second Vice-President and President — the last of which (1899) he still occupies. HULETT, Alta M., lawyer, was born near Rockford, 111., June 4, 1854; early learned teleg- raphy and became a successful operator, but sub- sequently engaged in teaching and the study of law. In 1872, having passed the required exami- nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but was rejected on account of sex. She then, in conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, interested herself in securing the passage of an act by the Legislature giving women the right that had been denied her, which having been accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted to the bar and began practice. Died, in Cali- fornia, March 27, 1877. HUNT, Daniel D., legislator, was bom in Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi- ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in 1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous service in one or the other branch of the General Assembly of sixteen years. During the session of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in the legislation which resulted in the location of the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De Kalb. HUXT, George, lawyer and ex- Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1841; having lost both parents in childhood, came, with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 1855. In July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisting as a veteran in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaint^y. After the close of the war, he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar County, soon acquired a large practice. He was elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 1874, and re-elected in 1878 and '82. In 1884 he received his first nomination for Attorney-Gen- eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both times, serving eight years. Among the im- portant questions with which General Hunt had to deal during his two terms were the celebrated "anarcliist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-92. In tlie former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied through their counsel to the Supreme Court of the United States, for a writ of error to the Su- preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to grant them a new trial, which was refused. The case, on the part of the State, was conducted by General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia. Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Messrs. W. P. Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, who had been condemned to life imprisonment, attempted to secure their release — the former by an application similar to that of 1887, and the latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham of the United States Circuit Court refusing a, writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of these cases was had before the Supreme Court of the United States in January, 1892, General Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the plaintiffs — but with the same result as in 1887. General Hunt's management of these cases won for him much deserved commendation both at home and abroad. HUNTER, Andrew J., was bom in Greencastle, Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His early education was received in the common schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced his business life as a civil engineer, but, after three years spent in that profession, began the study of law and was admitted to the bar. He has since been actively engaged in practice at Paris, Edgar County. From 1864 to 1868 he repre- sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif- teenth Congressional District against General Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1892, having been elected Congressman for the State- 240 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. at-large on the Democratic ticket. He was a can- didate for Congress from the Nineteenth District again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. HUNTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1823, and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During this period he twice crossed the plains to the Rocky Moimtains, but, in 1836, resigned his com- mission and engaged in business in Chicago, Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1843, he was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command in'the Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed at New Orleans, Washington, Detroit, St. Louis and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of President Lincoln, whom lie accompanied when the latter set out for Washington in February, 1861, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis- sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he commanded the main column of McDowell's army and was severely wounded at Bull Run; served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded him in command in November, 1861, remaining until March, 1863. Being transferred to the Department of the South in May following, he issued an order declaring the persons held as slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina free, which order was revoked by President Lin- coln ten days later. On account of the steps taken by him for the organization of colored troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring him, in case of capture, subject to execution as a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com- mand of the Department of the West, and, in 1865, served on various courts-martial, being President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- coln's assassins ; was brevetted Major-General in March, 1865, retired from active service July, 1866, and died in AVashington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen- eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, the first permanent citizen of Chicago. HURD, Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fair- field County, Conn., Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of 15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life as office-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 1846. There he found temporary employment as a compositor, later commencing the study of law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848. A portion of the present cit}' of Evanston is built upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr. Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy with the old school and most radical type of Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan- sas-Missouri troubles of 1856, and became a mem- ber of the "National Kansas Committee" appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y. ) Convention, of which body he was a member. He was chosen Secretary of the executive committee, and it is not too much to say that, largely through his earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was finally admitted into the Union as a free State. It was mainly through his efforts that seed for planting was gratuitously distributed among the free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a member of the Commission to revise the statutes of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of his colleagues. The revision was completed in 1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- lature of 1873. While no statutory revision has been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr. Hurd has carried on the same character of work on independent lines, issuing new editions of the statutes from time to time, which are regarded as standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was nominated by the Republican party for a seat on the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College of Law. His home is in Evanston. HTJRLBUT, Stephen A., soldier. Congressman and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector on the Whig ticket, but, on the organization of the Republican party in 1856, promptly identified himself with that party and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly as a Republican in 1858 and again in 1860. During the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- tion from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered the service as Brigadier-General, commanding the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg Landing ; was made a Major-General in Septeni- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 241 ber, 1862, and later assigned to the command of the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- sequently to the command of the Department of the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he served another term in the General Assembly (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1868, and. in 1869. was appointed by President Grant Minister Resident to the United States of Colombia, serving until 1872. The latter year he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an independent Republican, but was defeated by William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and died at Lima, March 27, 1882. HTJTCHIXS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28, 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- quently called the "Geographer"; was also an officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment, and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- cau.se of his sympathy with the patriots. Three years later he was charged with being in treason- able correspondence with FrankUn, and im- prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to have devised the present system of Government surveys in this country, and his services in carry- ing it into effect were certainly of great value. He was the author of several valuable works, the best known being a "Topographical Description of Virginia." HUTSOTILLE, a village of Crawford County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 582; (1900), 743. ILLi:^OIS. (general history.) Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth in present area and the third in point of popula- tion. A concise history of the region, of which it constituted the central portion at an early period, will be found in the following pages: The greater part of the territory now comprised within the State of Illinois was known and at- tracted eager attention from the nations of the old world — especially in France, Germany and England — before the close of the third quarter of the seventeenth century. More than one hun- dred years before the struggle for American Inde- pendence began, or the geographical division known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had an existence; before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, and while the early settlers of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the maps of North America as distinct and definite as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that time forward, until it assumed its position in the Union with the rank of a State, no other section has been the theater of more momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, affording interest and instruction to the archfeol- ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than that portion of the American Continent now known as the "State of Illinois." The "Illinois Country." — What was known to the early French explorers and their followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- scribed with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who made the first survey of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who published the result of his observations in London in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, and is the more valuable because written at a transition period when it was of the first importance to preserve and hand down the facts of early French history to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the east and the Ohio on the south." From this it would appear that the country lying between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to the west and northwest of the former, was not considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 242 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. this agrees generally witli the records of the early French explorers, except that they regarded the region which comprehends the site of the present city of Chicago — the importance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first as a connecting link between the Lakes and the upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the Gulf of Mexico — as belonging thereto Origin of the Name. — The "Country" appears to have derived its name from Inini, a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- phemized by the French into lUini with the suffix ois, signifying "tribe." The root of the term, applied both to the country and the Indians occupying it, has been still further defined as "a perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and the derivative has been used by the French chroniclers in various forms though always with the same signification— a signification of which the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a different race, have not failed to be duly proud. Boundaries and Area. — It is this region wliich gave the name to the State of which it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- cerned, are identical with those given to the "Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the Ohio River ; this seems to have been a sort of concession on the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Dark and Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies between the parallels of 36° 59' and 43° 30' north latitude, and the meridian of 10° 30' and 14° of longitude west from the city of Washington. From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the nortli, its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mis- sissippi River at a point between Quincy and Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous course of its river and lake boundaries, which comprise about three-fourths of the whole, its pliysical outline is extremely irregular. Between tlie limits described, it has an estimated area of 56,650 square miles, of which 650 square miles is water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. This area is more than one and one-half times that of all New England (Maine being excepted), and is greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred square miles of the same. When these figures are taken into account some idea may be formed of the magnificence of the domain comprised within the limits of the State of Illinois — a domain larger in extent than that of England, more than one-fourth of that of all France and nearly half that of the British Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, by any other State of the Union and with re- sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of the globe, transcend all human conception. Streams and Navigation. — Lying between the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter- sected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois and its numerous affluents, and with no moun- tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once one of the best watered, as well as one of the most level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga- mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia draining the region between the Illinois and the Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion of the State, is most important on account of its valuable water-power. All of these streams were regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur- ing at least a portion of the year, in the early history of the country, and with the magnificent Mississippi along the whole western border, gave to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters than that of any other single State. Although practical navigation, apart from the lake and by natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis- sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate of about 1,000 miles — the importance of the smaller streams, when the people were dependent almost wholly upon some means of water com- munication for the transportation of heavy com- modities as well as for travel, could not be over-estimated, and it is not without its effect upon the productiveness of the soil, now that water transportation has given place to railroads. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 243 The whole number of streams shown upon the best maps exceeds 280. Topography. — In physical conformation the surface of the State presents the a.spect of an inclined plane with a moderate descent in the general direction of the streams toward the south and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the State and the point of lowest depres- sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern part of the State — 1,257 feet — while a spur from the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast comer of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of the country between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. These included some of the most valuable species of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm. Linden, hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. The native fruits included tbe persimmon, wild plum, grape and pawpaw, with various kinds of berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw- berries (in the prairie districts) and some others. Most of the native grow^ths of woods common to the south were found along the streams farther north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few others. Prairies. — A peculiar feature of the country, in the middle and northern portion of the State, which excited the amazement of early explorers, was the vast extent of the prairies or natural meadows. The origin of these has been attril> uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many sections there appears little to distinguish the soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the character of their vegetation and other causes, for the luxuriant growth of native grasses and other productions has demonstrated that they do not lack in fertility, and the readiness with which trees take root when artificially propa- gated and protected, has shown that there is nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their growth. Whatever may have been the original cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt that annually recurring fires have had much to do in perpetuating their existence, and even extending their limits, as the absence of the same agent has tended to favor the encroachments of the forests. While originally regarded as an obstacle to the occupation of the coimtry by a dense population, there is no doubt that their existence has contributed to its rapid develop- ment when it was discovered with what ease these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how productive they were capable of becoming when once brought under cultivation. In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the State as a whole, many sections present a variety of surface and a mingUng of plain and woodland of the most pleasing character. This is espe- cially the case in some of the prairie districts where the undulating landscape covered with rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish- ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than diminished in recent times by the hand of culti- vation. Along some of the streams also, espe- cially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of a most picturesque variety. Animals, etc.— From this description of the country it will be easy to infer what must have been the varieties of the animal kingdom which here found a home. These included the buffalo, various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable paradise for game, both large and small, as well as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor- ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and mink were found along the streams. Most of these, especially the larger species of game, have disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and the different varieties of fish in the streaons, pro- tected by law during certain seasons of the year, continue to exist in considerable numbers. Soil and Climate.— The capabiUties of the soil in a region thus situated can be readily under- stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe- rior quality, much of it imsurpaased in natural fertility. This is especially true of the "American Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety 244 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and of an average width of five to eight miles. This wiis the seat of the first permanent white settle- ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it have been under cultivation from one hundred to one hundred and fifty years without exliaustion. Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are found both upon the bottom-lands and in the prairies in the central portions of the State. Extending through five and one-half degrees of latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate. Though subject at times to sudden alternations of temperature, these occasions have been rare since the country has been thoroughly settled. Its mean average for a series of years has been 48° in the northern part of the State and 56° in the southern, differing little from other States upon the same latitude. The mean winter temper- ature has ranged from 25° in the north to 34° in the south, and the summer mean from 67° in the north to 78° in the south. The extreme winter temperature has seldom fallen below 20° below zero in the northern portion, wliile the highest summer temperature ranges from 95° to 102°. The average diflerence in temperature between the northern and southern portions of the State is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of the seasons for the same sections, from four to six weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor- able to the production of nearly all the grains and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone. Contest for Occupation. — Three powers early became contestants for the supremacy on the North American Continent. The first of these was Spain, claiming possession on the ground of the discovery by Columbus ; England, basing her claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a considerable part of the continent by virtue of the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, and the settlement of Quebec by Chaniplain seventy-foiir years later. The claim of Spain was general, extending to both North and South America; and, while she early established her colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru, the country was too vast and her agents too busy seeking for gold to interfere materially with her competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans established small, though flourishing colonies, but they were not colonizers nor were they numeric- ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle- ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter. Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous in proselyting the aborigines, but while the former did not hesitate to torture their victims in order to extort their gold while claiming to save their souls, the latter were more gentle and beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, succeeded in winning and retaining the friend- ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They were traders as well as missionaries, and this fact and the readiness with which they adapted them- selves to the habits of those whom they found in possession of the soil, enabled them to make the most extensive explorations in small numbers and at little cost, and even to remain for un- limited periods among their aboriginal friends. On the other hand, the English were artisans and tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they were later in planting their colonies in Virginia and New England, and less aggressive in the work of exploration, they maintained a surer foothold on the soil when they had once estab- lished themselves. To this fact is due the per- manence and steady growth of the English colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi- nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than five-sevenths of the North American Continent — a result which has been illustrated in the history of every people that has made agriculture, manu- factures and legitimate commerce the basis of their prosperity. Early Explor.a.tions. — The French explorers were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and their successors and descendants held undisputed possession of the country, as well as the greater part of the Mississippi Valle}-. It is true that Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this whole region, but she was kept too busy else- where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to strengthen herself elsewhere. There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, while the English colonists who settled about Massachusetts Bay named that region "New England," the French gave to their possessions, from tlie St. Lawrence to the mouth of the 5Iis- sissippi, the name of "New France," and the Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New Spain. " The boundaries of each were verj' indefi- nite and often conflicting, but -^ere settled by tlie treaty of 1763. As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way of Canada, discovered Lake Michigan — then HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 245 called by the French, "Lac des Illinois" — entered Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission- aries had reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by the French "Sault Ste. Marie'"), and, in 1658, two French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated as far west as "La Pointe" on Lake Superior, where they opened up a trade with the Sioux Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the Apostle Islands near wliere the towns of Ashland and Bayfield, Wis., now stand. A few years later (1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French mis- sionaries, visited the Chippewas on the southern shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab- lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. About the same time the mission of St. Ignace ■was established on the north shore of the Straits of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Miohilli- macinac"). It is also claimed that the French traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59, reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli- gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of his travels, is said to have made extensive explor- ations about the head of the great lakes as far south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 1670 and 1690, and to have held an important conference with representatives of numerous tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first discovery of lead mines in the West. Up to this time, however, no white man appears to have reached the "Illinois Country," though much bad been heard of its beauty and its wealth in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter- prising explorer who had already visited tlie Lake Superior region in search of copper mines, under a commission from the Governor of Canada, in company with Father Jacques Marquette and five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached the country of the JIascoutins on Fox River, ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis- consin, then descended the latter to the Mis- sissippi, which they discovered on June 17. Descending the Mississippi, which they named "Rio de la Conception, "they passed the mouth of the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have encountered the first Indians of the Illinois tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter- tained. Later they discovered a rude painting upon the rocks on the east side of the river, which, from the description, is supposed to have been the famous "PiasaBird," which was still to be seen, a short distance above Alton, witliin the present generation. (See Piasa Bird, The Legend of.) Pa.ssing the mouth of the Missouri River and the present site of the city of St. Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called the village of the Akanseas, which has been assumed to be identical with the mouth of the Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the Mississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf of Mexico," and fearing capture by the Spaniards, they started on their return. Reaching the mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream and ascended past the village of the Peorias and the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" — the latter being about where the town of Utica, La Salle County, now stands — at each of which they made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake Michigan where Chicago now stands, and re- turned to Green Bay, which they reached in the latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar- quette. ) The next and most important expedition to Illi- nois — important because it led to the first per- manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov- erer had spent several years in exploration in the lake region and among the streams south of the Lakes and west of the Alleghenies. It has been claimed that, during this tour, he descended the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi; also that he reached the Illinois by way of the head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage, and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to that stream by two years. The chief authority for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre Margry, who bases his statement on alleged con- versations with La Salle and letters of his friends. The absence of any allusion to these discoveries in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. However this may have been, there is conclusive evidence that, during this period, he met with Joliet while the latter was returning ."'rom one of his trips to the Lake Superior country. With an imagination fired by what he then learned, he made a visit to his native country, receiving a 246 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. liberal grant from the French Government which enabled him to carry out his plans. With the aid of Henry de Tonty. an Italian who afterward accompanied him in his most important expedi- tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- cient CO- laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, and he carried with him material for a boat which he intended to put together on that stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return with instructions, after discharging its cargo at the starting point, to join him at the head of Lake Michigan. With a force of seventeen men and three missionaries in four canoes, he started southward, following the western shore of Lake Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of the lake, which had been selected as a rendez- vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who had come by the eastern shore, but the Grififon never was heard from again, and is supposed to have been lost on the return voyage. While waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his journey on the third of December. Ascending the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., now stands, he made a portage with his canoea and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan- kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On the first of January he arrived at the great Indian town of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had left for the last time nearly five years before, but found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi- nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria Lake and the next morning reached the Indian village of that name at the foot of the lake, and established friendly relations with its people Having determined to set up his vessel here, he constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of the river about four miles south of the village. With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- quette on the South Branch of the Chicago River in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the first structure erected by white men in Illinois. This received the name "Creve-Cceur — "Broken Heart" — which, from its subsequent history, proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com- panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony, La Salle started on his return to Canada for additional assistance and the stores which he had failed to receive in consequence of the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied, and, having plundered the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled Tonty and five companions who had remained true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- nois near "Starved Rock," between where the cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where he spent the summer awaiting the return of La Salle. In September, Tonty's Indian allies hav- ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois, he and his companions were again compelled to flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after having spent the winter among the Pottawato- mies in the present State of Wisconsin. During the next three years (1681-83) La Salle made two other visits to Illinois, encountering and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at each end of the journey. At the last visit, in company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a separation of more than a year, he extended his exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of which he took formal possession on April 9, 1683, in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France and Navarre." This was the first expedition of white men to pass down the river and determine the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois.- in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into effect La Salle's scheme of fortifj'ing "The Rock, " to which reference has been made under the name of "Starved Rock." The buildings are said to have included store-houses (it was intended as a trading post), dwellings and a block-house erected on the summit of the rock, and to which the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a village of confederated Indian tribes gathered about its base on tlie south which bore the name of La Vantum. According to the historian, Parkman, the population of this colony, in the HEXItY 1>E TONTY. FORT DEARBORN FROM THE WEST. ISOS. WAR EAGLE. 1^/ ' '^Y^; 1*^ > IHP'''^ ^^HC-<'. ' w**' ^"'Tm - J^mKtf ^■E. "^'^ p^^v^aKFi ^W^^^^ H^^H^^d' / CHIEF CHICAGOU. FORT DEAHBORN 2D, IN lSr,3. FROM THE SOUTHWEST. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 247 days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than 20 000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he made extensive excursions throughout the West. The proprietorship of the fort was granted to him in 1690. but. in 1702, it was ordered by the Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the plea that the charter had been violated. It con- tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, and Starved Bock. ) Other explorers who were the contemporaries or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the Northwest, and many of whom are known to have visited the "Illinois Country," and probably all of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut (called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an account in 1703. Chicago River early became a prominent point in the estimation of the French explorers and was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably sometimes confounded with other streams about the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to have been a part of the route first used by La Salle. Aborigines and Early Missions. — When the early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois Country" they found it occupied by a number of tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the "Illinois," which consisted of several families or bands that spread themselves over the country on both sides of the Illinois River, extending even west of the Mississippi ; the Piankeshaws on the east, extending beyond the present western boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, Cahokias, Tamaroas and Mitchigamies — the last being the tribe from which Lake Michigan took its name. (See Illinois Indians. ) There seems to have been a general drift of some of the stronger tribes toward the south and east about this time, as Allouez represents that lie found the Miamis and their neighbors, the Mascoutins, about Green Bay when he arrived there in 1670. At the same time, there is evidence that the Pottawatomies were located along the southern shore of Lake Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now known as "The Soo"), though within the next fifty years they had advanced southward along the western shore of Lake Michigan until they reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- east Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says: "Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place called Chicago from the name of a small river which runs into the lake, the source of which is not far distant from that of the River Illinois. " It does not follow necessarily that this was the Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the early explorers, both to a region of country between the head of the lake and the Illinois River, and to more than one stream emptying into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con- jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix was the Calumet, as his description would apply as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is other evidence that the Miamis, who were found about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- ceived a strong liking for the French, and being pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- ning of the eighteenth century we find them, much reduced in numbers, gathered about the French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of the present counties of Randolph, Monroe and St. Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the whites was attended with the usual results — demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- nation. The latter result was hastened by the frequent attacks to which they were exposed from their more warlike enemies, so that by the latter part of the eighteenth century, they were 348 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. During the early part of the French occupation, there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to have been a man of unusual intelligence and vigor of character, and to have exercised great influence with his people. In 1725 he was sent to Paris, where he received the attentions due to a foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a command in an expedition against the Chicka- saws, who had been making incursions from the south. Such was the general distribution of the Indians in the northern and central portions of the State, within the first iif ty years after the arrival of the French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- vanced farther south and occupied a considerable share of the central portion of the State, and even extended to the mouth of the Wabash. The southern part was roamed over by bands from beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including the Cherokee.? and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas tribes, some of whom were very powerful and ranged over a vast extent of country. The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after the forts erected for purposes of defense, were undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- tary post, established by La Salle in the winter of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph River within the boundaries of what is now the State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially erected a few months later on the east side of the Illinois a few miles below where the city of Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr. Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates this fort at the present village of Wesley, in Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of "Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1682, was the second erected in the "Illinois Countrj'," but the first occupied. It has been claimed that Marquette established a mission among the Kas kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- newed it in the spring of 1675, when he visited it for the last time. It is doubtful if tliis mission was more than a season of preaching to the natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, etc. ; at least the story of an established mission has been denied. That this devoted and zealous propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, is evident from his own journal. He gave to it the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate Conception, ' ' and, although he was compelled by failing health to abandon it almost immediately, it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by Father Allouez, who had been active in founding missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led to Allouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. There is evidence that a mission had been established among the Miamis as early as 1698, under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. This, for the reasons already given showing the indefinite use made of tlie name Chicago as applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi- gan, probably referred to some other locality in the vicinity, and not to the site of the present city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there appears, from a statement in Tonty 's Memoirs, to have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the same locality as the mission. Speaking of his return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com- manded." According to the best authorities it was during the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- ment was estaiblished by Father Jacques Pinet among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia (or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles south of the present site of the city of East St. Louis. This was the first permanent settlement by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on the Illinois was broken up the same year. A few months after the establishment of the mission at Cahokia (which received the name of "St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the mouth of the river which bears their name, and the mission and village — the latter afterward becoming the first capital of the Territory and State of Illinois — came into being. This identity of names has led to some confusion in determin- ing the date and place of the first permanent settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being given by some authors as that of the settlement HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 249 at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven years later. Period of French Occupation. — As may be readily inferred from the methods of French colonization, the first permanent settlements gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later periods, but during the French occupation of the country, other villages were established, the most imj5ortant being St. Philip and Prairie du Eocher ; all of these being located in the fertile valley now known as the "American Bottom," between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- kia. There were several Indian villages in the vicinity of the French settlements, and this became, for a time, the most populous locality in the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active trade carried on with the settlements near the mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, cotton goods and such otlier fabrics as the simple wants of the people required, being brought back in return. These boats went in convoys of seven to twelve in number for mutual protection, three months being required to make a trip, of which two were made annually — one in the spring and the other in the autumn. The French possessions in North America went under the general name of "New France, ' ' but their boundaries were never clearly defined, though an attempt was made to do so through Commission- ers who met at Paris, in 1752. They were under- stood by the French to include the valley of the St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to the northern boundaries of the British colonies; the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- tested by England on the east and Spain on the southwest, they comprehended the very heart of the North American continent, a region unsur- passed in fertility and natural resources and now the home of more than half of the entire population of the American Republic. That the French should have reluctantly yielded up so magnificent a domain is natural. And yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- rendering the region east of the Mississippi (except a comparatively small district near the mouth of that stream) to England, and the remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to which they had been reduced by a long series of devastating wars. (See French and Indian Wars. ) In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters- patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a monopoly of the commerce, with control of the country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of which the celebrated John Law was the head, and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated with Louisiana and became part of that province. Law's company received enlarged powers under the name of the "East Indies Company," and although it went out of existence in 1731 with the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private fortunes in France and England, it did much to stimulate the population and development of the Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres erected, being named after the Due de Chartres, son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- briant was the first commandant of Illinois and superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort Chartres. ) One of the privileges granted to Law's com- pany was the importation of slaves ; and under it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault brought to the country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years later he received a large grant of land, and founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became slave territory before a white settlement of any sort existed in what afterward became the slave State of Missouri. During 1721 the country under control of the East Indies Company was divided into nine civil and military districts, each presided over by a commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the present State, with the country west of the Mis- ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 250 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was afterwards governed by officers appointed directly by the crown. (See French Oovernors.) As early as September, 1699, an attempt was made by an expedition fitted out by the English Government, under command of Captains Barr and Clements, to take possession of the country about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground of prior discovery; but they found the French under Bienville alreadj- in possession at Biloxi, and they sailed away without making any further effort to carry the scheme into effect- Mean- while, in the early part of the next century, the English were successful in attaching to their interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes of the French, and held possession of Western New York and the region around the headwaters of the Ohio River, extending their incursions against the Indian allies of the French as far west as Illinois. The real struggle for territory be- tween the English and French began with the formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, and the grant to it by the English Government of half a million acres of land along the Ohio River, with the exclusive right of trading with the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this grew the establishment, in the next two years, of trading posts and forts on the Miami and Maumee in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted French and Indian War, wliich was prosecuted with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- can continent. Among those who took part in this struggle, was a contingent from the French garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers, commandant of the fort, was one of these, being the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by its terms Canada, and all other territory east of the Mississippi as far south as the northern boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great Britain, while the remainder, including the vast territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was given up to Spain. Thus the "Illinois Country'" fell into the hands of the British, although the actual transfer of Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come from Vincennes to assume command on the retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- lish Government. It is worthy of note that this was the last place on the North American con- tinent to lower the French flag. British Occupation. — The delay of the British in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the surrender of their possessions in America by the treaty of 1763, was due to its isolated position and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient force to establish the British authority. The first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a force of four hundred regulars, but, being met by a superior Indian force, was compelled to retreat. In August of the same year, C*pt Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its progress was arrested, and its commander nar- rowly escaped death. The next attempt was made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name has been made historical by the celebrated speech of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- kia, but met with so rough a reception from both the French and Indians, that he thought it advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied by a party of friendly Indians, but having been captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he finally returned to Detroit without reaching his destination. The first British official to reach Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and received the surrender of the fort from the faith- ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- ing the more wealthy left rather than become British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left almost in a body. Some joined the French colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then in Spanish territory. Much the larger number followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, during the previous year, and which now received HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 251 ■what, in these later days, would be called a great "boom."' Captain Stirling was relieved of his conimand at Fort Chartres, Dec. -1, bj' Maj. Robert Farmer. Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- tel, Clievalier de Rocheblave. The last had been an oflScer in the French army, and, having resided at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu- pation of the country by the British. He was the last oflScial representative of the British Govern- ment in Illinois. The total population of the French villages in Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, has been estimated at about 1,600, of which 700 ■were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu- lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on the Wabash, at the time of his visit in 1770, at about 2.000. Of St. Louis — or "Paincourt," as it was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are about forty private houses and as many families." Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the French villages. In fact, although nominally in Spanish territor}% it was essentially a French town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant one Corporal and twenty men." Action of Continental. Congress. — The first oflBcial notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by the Continental Congress, was the adoption by that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and Southern. Ilhnois was assigned to the second, with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of Pennsj'lvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was appointed agent and successor to these Commis- sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- mediately preceding and following that event, directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the Government of King George in a quarter where it was least expected, and where it was destined to have an immense influence upon the future of the new nation, as well as that of the American continent. Col. George Rogers Clark's Expedition. — During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing the settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The report brought to him gave him encouragement, and, in December of the same year, he laid before Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for the reduction of the posts in Ilhnois. These were approved, and, on Jan. 3, 1778, Clark received authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men each for three months' service, and Governor Henry gave him §6,000 for expenses. Proceeding to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three companies, who were directed to rendezvous at Com Island, opposite the present city of Louis- ville. It has been claimed that, in order to deceive the British as to his real destination, Clark authorized the announcement that the object of the expedition was to protect the settle- ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn Island another company was organized, making four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of the Ohio, June 24. Reacliing the island at the mouth of the Tennessee on the '38th, he was met by a party of eight American hunters, who had left Kaskaskia a few days before, and who, join- ing his command, rendered good service as guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac. June 29, and, directing his course across the country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His force having, under cover of darkness, been ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile above the town, one detachment surrounded the town, while the other seized the fort, capturing Rocheblave and his little command without fir- ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been sold bj' the French Government after the country was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736, and known afterward bj- the British as Fort Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 252 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated, the proceeds of their sale being divided among Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre Gibault — the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to swear allegiance to the United States, and, altliough the place was afterward captured by a British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together with a bodj' of prisoners but little smaller than the attacking force, and §50,000 worth of prop- erty. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers.) Under Government of Virginia. — Seldom in tlie history of the world have such important results been achieved by such insignificant instru- mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely through Virginia enterprise and valor and by material aid furnished through Governor Henry, tbe Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that commonwealth over the settlements of the North- west, by organizing all the country west and north of the Ohio River into a county to be called "Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering the Governor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author- ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-officio its first Governor. Col. Jolm Todd, a citizen of Kentucky, was appointed "County-Lieutenant," Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in May following. The militia was organized, Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskia and Cahokia appointed, and the first election of civil officers ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows that he was accustomed to exercise powers scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. (See Todd, Col. John.) In 1783 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." — but the origin of his authority is not clearly understood. He assumed to act as Commandant until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven years from 1783 to 1790." During the progress of the Revolution, there were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. Tlie country, however, was singularly exempt from any serious calamity sucli as a general massacre. One reason for this was the friendly relations which had existed between the French and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. Several movements were projected by the British and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that they had little time to put their plans into execu- tion. One of these was a proposed movement from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on tlie lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge and Natchez from their British {possessors, con- vinced the latter that this was a "game at which two could play." In ignorance of these results, an expedition, 750 strong, composed largely of Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early part of May, 1780, to co-operate with the expedition on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, Jlay 26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the invading force confined their depredations to kill- ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a hasty retreat in the direction they had come. These were the last expeditions organized to regain the "Country of the Illinois" or captiure Spanish posts on the Mississippi. Expeditions Aq.unst Foet St. Joseph. — An expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. This consisted of a company of seventeen men, led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Caliokia, who, marching across the country, in the month of October, 1780, after tlie retreat of Sinclair, from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle liad erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 253 Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady and his party captured a few British prisoners, and a large quantity of goods. On their return, while encamped on the Calumet, they were attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing the Indians, whom they met on their way, with promises of plunder, they were able to reach the fort without discovery, captured it and, raising the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- session for a few days, the party returned to St. Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." The Territorial Period. — At the very outset of its existence, the new Government of the United States was confronted with an embarrass- ing question which deeply alTecteil the interests of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. This was the claim of certain States to lands lying between their western boundaries and the Mississippi River, then the western boundary of the Republic. These claims were based either upon the terms of their original charters or upon the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was under a claim of the former character, as well as by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- struction was opposed by the States which, from their geographical position or other cause, had no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, and the controversy was waged with considerable bitterness for several years, proving a formidable obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- federation. As early as 1779 the subject received the attention of Congress in the adoption of a resolution requesting the States having such claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands or granting the same during the continuance of the present (Revolu- tionary) War. " In the following year, New York authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its boundaries in such manner as they might think expedient, and to cede to the Government its claim to western lands. The case was further com- plicated by the claims of certain land companies which had been previously organized. New York filed her cession to the General Government of lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- ginia covering the southern part of the State, and Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the northern portion. It was from the splendid domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired from Virginia and other States, that the North- west Territory was finally organized. Ordinance of 1787, — The first step was taken in the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution providing for the temporary government of the Western Territory, and this was followed three years later by the enactment of the celebrated Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document contained numerous provisions which marked a new departure in the science of free government — as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Although there has been considerable contro- vecsy as to the authorship of the above and other provisions of this immortal document, it is worthy of note that substantially the same lan- guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784, by a Delegate from a slave State— Thomas Jeffer- son, of Virginia —though not, at that time, adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France), and could have had nothing directly to do with the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the principle which he had advocated finally received the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, — all that were represented in that Congress — includ- ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See Ordinance of 17S7.) Northwest Territory Organized.— Under the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest Territory, Gen. Arthur St, Clair, who had been a soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons, 254 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves Symmes, Judges. All these were reappointed by President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- torial Government was organized at Marietta, a settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) was organized at this time, embracing all the settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- tice practically abolished and many of the citizens sadly in need of tlie obligations due them from the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three montlis, the Governor returned east. In 1795, Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the disposition of the local authorities to retain the official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- agreement over the county-seat question, at least in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov- ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- tained a heavy loss of both men and property — an event which had an unfavorable effect upon conditions throughout the Northwest Territory generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin- ning of a period of comparative peace with the Indians all over the Western Country. (See Wayne, (Oen.) Anthony.) First Territorial Legislation.— In 1798, the Territory having gained the requisite population, an election of members of a Legislative Council and House of Representatives was held in accord- ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. This was the first Territorial Legislature organized in the historj' of the Republic. It met at Cincin- nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison, who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over Arthur St. Clair, Jr., son of the Governor. Ohio and Indiana Territories. — By act of Congress, May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories ; the latter embracing the region west of the pres- ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, William Henry Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con- gress from the Northwest Territor}-, was ap- pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at first consisted of three counties : Knox, St. Clair and Randolph — the two latter being within the boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their aggregate population at this time was estimated at less than 5,000. During his administration Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties with the Indians, of which six related to the ces- sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con- cluded by General Wayne in 1795, By this the Government acquired six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square at the mouth of the Illinois; six miles square at the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and 150,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of the French people and all other white settlers among them, the Indian title to which had been thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also, Oreenville, Treaty of. ) During the year 1803, the treaty with France for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida was concluded, and on March 26, 1804, an act was passed by Congress attaching all that portion of Louisiana lying north of the thirtj'-third parallel of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana Territory for governmental purposes. This in- cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Mon- tana. This arrangement continued only until the following March, when Louisiana was placed under a separate Territorial organization. P'or four years Indiana Territory was governed under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, but, the population having increased to the re- quired number, an election was held, Sept. 11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov- ernment to the "second grade" by the election of a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the vote indicated the indifference of the people on HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 255 the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition received a majority of 138. The two Illinois counties cast a total of 142 votes, of which St. Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former gave a majority of 37 against the measure and the latter 19 in its favor, sliowing a net negative majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition was due, therefore, to the affirmative vote in the other counties. There were in the Territory at this time six counties; one of tliese (Wayne) was in Michigan, which was set off, in 180.5, as a sep- arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to a Territorial Legislature, lield Jan. 3, 180.5, Shad- rach Bond, Sr. , and William Biggs were elected for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 180.5, but only to recommend a list of persons from whom it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. Clair. Illinois Territory Organized. — The Illinois counties were represented in two regular and one special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- tory. By act of Congress, which became a law Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- ern part being named Illinois. At this point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- rate political division, begins. While its bounda- ries in all other directions were as now, on the north it extended to the Canada line. From what has already been said, it appears that the earliest white settlements were established by French-Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia and the other villages in the southern part of the American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in- vasion, there were not known to have been more than two Americans among these people, except such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional visits. One of the earliest American settlers in Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who came from Massachusetts and settled at an early day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a company of immigrants, consisting (with one or two exceptions) of members of Clark's command in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- land and Virginia and established themselves on the American Bottom The "New Design" set- tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively American colony in the "Illinois Country," was established by this party. Some of its members aftertvard became prominent in the history of the Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- ber of tlie first Territorial Legislature, with others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1783, and William Arundel, the first American mer- chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years a leading citizen and merchant at the capital, arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- rison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed some years afterward by several brothers. James Lemen came before the beginning of the present cen- tury, and was the founder of a large and influ- ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony of 154 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. Among other prominent arrivals of this period were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress. Justice of the United States Court and father of the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane (first Secretary of State and afterward United States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- General and second Representative in Congress), George Forquer (at one time Secretary of State), and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri- torial or State history. (See biographical sketches of these early settlers imder their re- spective names.) The government of the new Territory was organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards, Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At that time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolpli comprised the settled portion of tlie Territory, with a white population estimated at about 9,000. The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 256 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. months, when the place \vas offered to John J. Crittenden — the well-known United States Sen- ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the Civil War — but by him declined. Thomas T. Crittenden was then appointed. An incident of the year 181.1 was the battle of Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecumseh, the great cliief of the Shawnees, by Gen. William Henr3' Harrison. Four companies of mounted rangers were raised in Illinois this year under direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky, who built Camp Russell near Edwardsville the following year. They were commanded bj- Cap- tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, James B. Moore and Jacob Short. The memo- rable earthquake which had its center about New Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this year, and was quite violent in some portions of Southern Illinois. (See Earthquake of IS 11.) War of 1812. — During the following year the second war with England began, but no serious outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1813, when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands, took place. This had long been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at first vinder French occupation and afterward under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago River on the south side, on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 1795. (See Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some alarm had been caused bj- outrages committed by Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of August, Capt. Nathan Heald, commanding the garrison of less than seventy-five men, received .instructions from General Hull, in command at Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the public property as he might see fit. Friendly Indians advised Heald either to make prepara- tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- tention to retire and divide the stores among them, with the conditions subsequently agreed upon in council, that his garrison should be afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort Wayne. On the 14th of August he proceeded to distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a bad use would be made of them, while the Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- scribed in Moses' "History of Illinois;" "Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who had been on terms of friendship with the whites, appeared before Captain Heald and informed him plainly Wiat his young men intended to imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites ; that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, surrendering a medal he had worn in token of amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy. ' In the meantime tlie Indians were riot- ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres- sive in their bearing that it was resolved to inarch out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. To each soldier was distributed twenty-five rounds of reserved ammunition. The baggage and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar- rison slowly wended its way outside the protect- ing walls of the fort — the Indian escort of 500 following in the rear. What next occurred in this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain Heald in his report, as follows: 'The situation of the country rendered it necessary for us to take the beach, with the lake on our left, and a high sand bank on our right at about three hundred yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack us from behind the bank. I immediately marched up with the company to the top of the bank, when the action commenced: after firing one round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif- teen minutes they got possession of all our horses, provisions and baggage of every description, and finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort Wayne with Captain Wells to act as an escort) did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had left and took possession of a small elevation in the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any other cover. The Indians did not follow me but assembled in a body on top of tlie bank, and after some consultation among themselves, made signs for me to approach them. I advanced toward them alone, and was met by one of the Potta- watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter- preter. After shaking hands, he requested me to surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the prisoners. On a few moments' consideration I concluded it would be most prudent to comply with this request, although I did not put entire confidence in his promise. The troops had made a brave defense, but what could so small a force do against such overwhelming numbers? It was evident with over half their number dead upon the field, or wounded, further resistance would be hopeless. Twenty-six regulars and twelve militia, with two women and twelve children, were killed. Among the slain were Captain Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George Ronan. (Captain Wells, wlien young, had been captured by Indians and had married among them.) He (Wells) was familiar with all the wiles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness of the Indian character, and when the conflict began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald), by whose side he was standing, 'We have not the slightest chance for life; we must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you.' With these words he dashed forward into the thickest of the fight. He refused to be taken prisoner, knowing what his fate would be, when a young HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 257 red-skin cut him down with his tomahawk, jumped upon his bod}', cut out liis heart and ate a portion of it with sarage deligiit. "The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and wife, both wounded. Lieutenant Helm, also wounded, and wife, witli twentj'-five non-com- missioned officers and privates, and eleven women and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen killed. Mr. Kinzie's family had been entrusted to the care of some friendly Indians and were not with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, with a few Chippewas, Ottavi'as, Winnebagoes, and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was plundered and burned on the next morning." (See Fort Dearborn: also War of IS 12.) Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as victims. The place where this affair occurred, as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in the present city of Chicago. After the destruction of the fort, the site of the pre.sent City of Chicago remained unoccupied until 1816, when the fort was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the vic- tims of the massacre of 1813 still lay bleaching upon the sands near the lake shore, but they were gathered up a few years later and buried. The new fort continued to be occupied somewhat irregularly until 1837, when it was finally aban- doned, there being no longer any reason for maintaining it as a defense against the Indians. Other Events of the War. — The part played by Illinois in the War of 1813, consisted chiefly in looking after the large Indian population within and near its borders. Two expeditions were undertaken to Peoria Lake in the Fall of 1813; the first of these, under the direction of Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo vil- lages, one of them being that of "Black Part- ridge," who had befriended the whites at Fort Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas E. Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a descent upon the ancient French village of Peoria, on the pretext that the inhabitants had har- bored hostile Indians and fired on his boats. He burned a part of the town and, taking the people as prisoners down the river, put them ashore below. Alton, in the beginning of winter. Both these affairs were severely censured. There were expeditions against the Indians on the Illinois and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and 1814. In the latter year, Illinois troops took part with credit in two engagements at Rock Island — the last of these being in co-operation with regu- lars, under command of JIaj. Zachary Taylor, afterwards President, against a force of Indians supported by the British. Fort Clark at Peoria was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at War- saw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines, at the close of the campaign of 1814. A council with the Indians, conducted by Governors Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as Government Commissioners, on the Mississippi just below Alton, in July, 1815, concluded a treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern tribes, thus ending the war. First Territorial Legislature.— By act of Congress, adopted May 21, 1813, the Territory of Illinois was raised to the second grade — i. e., em- powered to elect a Territorial Legislature. In September, three additional counties — Madison, Gallatin and Johnson — were organized, making five in all, and, in October, an election for the choice of five members of the Council and seven Representatives was held, resulting as follows: Councilmen — Pierre Menard of Randolph County ; William Biggs of St. Clair; Samuel Judy of Madison; Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, and Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin. Representatives — George Fisher of Randolph ; Joshua Oglesby and Jacob Short of St. Clair ; William Jones of Madi- son; Philip Trammel and Alexander Wilson of Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. The Legislature met at Kaskaskia, Nov. 25, the Coun- cil organizing with Pierre Menard as President and John Thomas, Secretary; and the House, with George Fisher as Speaker and William C. Greenup, Clerk. Shadrach Bond was elected the first Delegate to Congress. A second Legislature was elected in 1814, con- vening at Kaskaskia. Nov. 14. Menard was con- tinued President of the Council during the whole Territorial period ; while George Fisher was Speaker of each House, except the Second. The county of Edwards was organized in 1814, and White in 1815. Other counties organized under the Territorial Government were Jackson, Mon- roe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 1817, and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818, making fifteen in all. Of these all but the three last-named were organized previous to the passage by Congress of the enabling act author- izing the Territory of Illinois to organize a State government. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was established at Shawneetown, with branches at Edwardsville and Kaskaskia. Early Towns.— Besides the French villages in the American Bottom, there is said to have been a French and Indian village on the west bank of Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears to have been abandoned about 1775 and a new 258 niSTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. village establislied on the present site of Peoria soon after, which was maintained until 1812, when it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808 ; Belleville, established as the county-seat of St. Clair County, in 1814; Edwardsville, founded in 1815; Upper Alton, in 1816, and Alton, in 1818. Carmi, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrence- ville. Mount Carmel and Vienna also belonged to this period; while Jacksonville, Springfield and Galena were settled a few years later. Chicago is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as "a village of Pike County." Admission as a State. — The preliminary steps for the admission of Illinois as a State, were taken in the passage of an Enabling Act by Congress, April 13, 1818. An imjjortant incident in this connection was tlie amendment of the act, mak- ing the parallel of -12' 30' from Lake Jlichigan to the Mississippi River the nortliern boundary, instead of a line extending from the southerji extremity of the Lake. This was obtained through the influence of Hon. Nathaniel Pope, then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State secured a strip of country fifty-one miles in width, from the Lake to the Mississippi, embrac- ing what have since become fourteen of the most populous counties of the State, including the city of Chicago. The political, material and moral results which have followed this important act, have been the subject of much interesting dis- cussion and cannot be easily over-estimated. (See Northern Boundary Question; also Pope, Nathaniel.) Another measure of great importance, which Mr. Pope secured, was a modification of the provision of the Enabling Act requiring the appropriation of five per cent of the proceeds from the sale of pub- lic lands within the State, to tlie construction of roads and canals. Tlie amendment which he secured authorizes the application of two-fifths of this fund to tlie making of roads leading to the State, but requires "the residue to be appropri- ated bj- the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or university." This was the beginning of that system of liberal encouragement of education by the General Government, which has been at- tended with such beneficent results in the younger States, and has reflected so much honor upon the Nation. (See Education; Railroads, and Illinois & Michigan Canal.) The Enabling Act required as a precedent con- dition that a census of the Territory, to be taken that j'ear, should show a population of 40,000. Sucli a result was shown, but it is now confessed that the number was greatly exaggerated, the true population, as afterwards given, being 34,020. According to the decennial census of 1820, the population of the State at that time was .55,162. If there was any short-coming in this respect in 1818, the State has fully compensated for it by its unexampled growth in later years. An election of Delegates to a Convention to frame a State Constitution was held July 6 to 8, 1818 (extending through three days), thir*)'-three Delegates being chosen from the fifteen counties of the State. The Convention met at Kaskaskia, August 3, and organized by the election of Jesse B. Thomas, President, and "William C. Greenup, Secretary, closing its labors, August 26. The Constitution, which was modeled largely upon the Constitutions of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, was not submitted to a vote of the people. (See Constitutional Conventions, especially Conven- tion of 1S18. ) Objection was made to its accept- ance by Congress on the ground that the population of the Territory was insufficient and that the prohibition of slavery was not as ex- plicit as required by the Ordinance of 1787 ; but these arguments were overcome and the docu- ment accepted by a vote of 117 yeas to 34 nays. The only officers whose election was provided for by popular vote, were the Governor, Lieutenant- Governor, Sheriffs, Coroners and County Commis- sioners. The Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, Public Printer and Supreme and Circuit Judges were all appointive either by the Governor or General Assembly. The elective franchise was granted to all white male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, who had resided in the State six months. The first State election was held Sept. 17, 1818, resulting in the choice of Shadrach Bond for Governor, and Pierre Menard. Lieutenant- Governor. The Legislature, cliosen at the same time, consisted of thirteen Senators and twenty- seven Representatives. It commenced its session at Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1818. and adjourned after a session of ten days, awaiting the formal admis- sion of the State, which took place Dec. 3. A second session of the same Legislature was held, extending from Jan. 4 to March 31, 1819. Risdon Moore was Speaker of the first House. The other State officers elected at the first ses- sion were Elijah C. Berry, Auditor : John Thomas, Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attorney-General. Elias Kent Kane, having been appointed Secre- tary of State by the Governor, was confirmed by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 259 the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas were elected United States Senators, the former drawing the short term and serving one year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served two terms, retiring in 1829. The first Supreme Court consisted of Joseph PhilUps, Chief Justice, with Thomas C. Browne, WilUam P. Foster and John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who was a mere adventurer without any legal knowl- edge, left the State in a few months and was succeeded by William Wilson. (See State Officers, United States Senators, and Judiciary.) Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor four years, was a noteworthy man. A native of Canada and of French descent, he came to Kas- kaskia in 1790, at the age of 24 years, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hos- pitable, frank, liberal and enterprising. The fol- lowing story related of him illustrates a pleas- ant feature of his character : "At one time there was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard held the only supply outside of St. Louis. A number of his neighbors called upon him for what they wanted ; he declined to let them know whether he could supply them or not, but told them to come to his store on a certain day, when he would inform them. They came at the time appointed, and were seated. Menard passed around among them and inquired of each, 'You got money?' Some said they had and some that they had not, but would pay as soon as they killed their hogs. Those who had money he directed to range themselves on one side of the room and those who had none, on the other. Of course, those who had the means expected to get the salt and the others looked very much dis- tressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up in his brusque way, and said, 'You men who got de money, can go to St. Louis for your salt. Dese poor men who got no money shall have my salt, by gar.' Such was the man — noble-hearted and large-minded, if unpolished and uncouth." (See Menard, Pierre.) Removal of the Capital to Vandalia. — At the second session of the General Assembly, five Commissioners were appointed to select a new site for the State Capital. What is now the city of Vandalia was selected, and. in December, 1820, the entire archives of the State were re- moved to the new capital, being transported in one small wagon, at a cost of $25.00, under the supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who after- wards became United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court. (See State Capitals.) Uurine the session of the Second General Assembly, which met at Vandalia, Dec. 4, 1820, a bill was passed establishing a State Bank at Vandalia. with branches at Shawneetown, Edwardsville and Brownsville. John McLean, who had been the first Representative in Con- gress, was Speaker of the House at this session. He was twice elected to the United States Senate, though he served only about two years, dying In 1830. (See State Bank.) IXTRODUCTIOS OF THE SLAVERY QUESTION. — The second State election, which occurred in August, 1822, proved the beginning of a turbu- lent period through the introduction of some exciting questions into State politics. There were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in the field : Chief-Justice Phillips, of the Supreme Court, supported by the friends of Governor Bond; Associate- Justice Browne, of the same court, supported by the friends of Grovernor Edwards; Gen. James B. Moore, a noted Indian fighter and the candidate of the "Old Rangers," and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of Virginia, who had served as private secretary of President Monroe, and had been employed as a special messenger to Russia. He had made two visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constit u- tion being in session at the date of the latter visit, he took a deep interest in the discussion of the slavery question and exerted his influence in securing the adoption of the prohibitory article in the organic law. On April 1, 1819, he started from his home in Virginia to remove to Edwards- ville, 111., taking with him his ten slaves. The journey from Brownsville, Pa., was made in two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where he disembarked, traveling by land to Edwards- ville. While descending the Ohio River he sur- prised his slaves by announcing that they were free. The scene, as described by himself, was most dramatic. Having declined to avail them- selves of the privilege of leaving him, he took them with him to his destination, where he eventually gave each head of a family IGO acres of land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed the position of Register of the Land Oflice, to which he had been appointed by President Mon- roe, before leaving Virginia. The act of Coles with reference to his slaves established his reputation as an opponent of slavery, and it was in this attitude that he stood as a candidate for Governor — both Phillips and Browne being friendly to "the institution," which had had a virtual existence in the "Illinois Country" from the time Renavilt brought 500 260 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, one hun- dred years before. Although the Constitution declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the State," this had not been effectual in eliminating it. In fact, while this language was construed, so long as it remained in the Constitution, as prohibiting legislation authorizing the admission of slaves from without, it was not regarded as inimical to the institution as it already existed ; and, as the population came largely from the slave States, there had been a rapidly growing sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory clause. Although the pro-slavery party was divided between two candidates for Governor, it had hardly contemplated the possibility of defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv- ing 2,854 votes to 2,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for Browne and 622 for Moore — Coles' plurality being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became Governor on less than one-third of the popular vote. Daniel P. Cook, who had made the race for Congress at the same election against McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was successful by a majority of 876. (See Coles, Edicard; also Cook. Daniel Pope. ) The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis- lature, which met Dec. 2, 1822. The House organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker, while the Seilate elected Thomas Lippincott (afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin- cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge, Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk. The other State officers appointed by the Governor, or elected by the Legislature, were Samuel D. Lookwood, Secretary of State: Elijah C. Berry, Auditor: Abner Field, Treasurer, and James Turney, Attornej'-General. Lockwood had served nearly two years previously as Attorney-General, but remained in the office of Secretary of State only three months, when he resigned to accept the position of Receiver for the Land Office. (See Lockwood, Samuel Drake.) The slavery question came up in the Legisla- ture on the reference to a special committee of a portion of the Governor's message, calling atten- tion to the continued existence of slaverj' in spite of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and minority reports were submitted, the former claiming the right of the State to amend its Con- stitution and thereby make such disposition of the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a resolution submitting to the electors at the next election a proposition for a convention to revise the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a single vote — Nicholas Hansen, a Representative from Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the session, being one of those voting in the negative. The next day, without further investigation, the majority proceeded to reconsider its action in seating Hansen two and a half months previ- ously, and Shaw was seated in his place: though, in order to do this, some crooked work was nec- essary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, the submission resolution was then passed. No more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois. Of five papers then published in the State, "The Edwardsville Spectator," edited by Hooper Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein- forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois Gaz- ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on both sides of the question, though rather favoring the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican Advocate," at Kaskaskia, the organ of Senator Elias Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at Edwardsville, under direction of Judge Theophi- lus W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States Senator), favored the Convention. The latter paper was established for the especial purpose of supporting the Convention scheme and was promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas- ure. (See Newspapers, Early.) Among other supporters of the Convention proposition were Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Richard M. Young, Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds, of the Supreme Court, and many more ; while among the leading champions of the opposition, were Judge Lockwood, George Forquer (after- ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lip- pincott. Daniel P Cook, then Representative in Congress, was the leading champion of freedom on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed the salary of his entire term (84,000), as well as his influence, to the support of the cause. Gov- ernor Edwards (then in the Senate) was the owner of slaves and occupied a non-committal position. The election was held August 2, 1824, resulting in 4,972 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it, defeating the proposition by a majority of 1,668. Considering the size of the aggregate vote (11,612), the result was a decisive one. By it Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 261 countered previous to the War of the Rebellion. (See Slavery and Slave Lairs. ) At the same election Cook was re-elected to Congress by 3,016 majority over Shadrach Bond. The vote for President was divided between John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay and William H. Crawford — Adams receiving a plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect- oral College failing to elect a President, the decision of the question passed into the hands of the Congressional House of Representatives, when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook. During the remainder of his term, Governor Coles was made the victim of much vexatious litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict being rendered against him in the sum of $3,000 for bringing his emancipated negroes into the State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis- lature having passed an act releasing him from the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. Having lived a few years on his farm near Edwardsville, in 1832 he removed to Philadelphia, where he spent the remainder of his days, his death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in danger of mob violence. Governor Coles per- formed a service to the State which has scarcely yet been fully recognized. (See Coles, Edward.) A ridiculous incident of the closing year of Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut. - Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having tasted the sweets of executive power during the Governor's temporary absence from the State, to usurp the position after the Governor's return. The ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper were suppressed by the Supreme Court. An interesting event of the year 1825, was the visit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He was welcomed in an address by Governor Coles, and the event was made the occasion of much festivity by the French citizens of the ancient capital. (See La Fayette, Visit of .) The first State House at Vandalia having been destroyed by fire, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was erected during the following year at a cost of 112,381.50, toward which the people of Vandalia contributed §5,000. Edwards' Administration.— The State elec- tion of 1826 resulted in again calling Ninian Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he had filled during nearly the whole of the exist- ence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the first United States Senators, and re-elected for a second term in 1819, he had resigned this oflice in 1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico, by appointment of President Monroe. Having become involved in a controversy with William H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period of retirement to private life for the first time after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the people of the State for endorsement, with the result stated. His administration was unevent- ful except for the "Winnebago War," which caused considerable commotion on the frontier, without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school gentleman" of that period — dignified and polished in his manners, courtly and precise in his address, proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the despotic in his bearing in consequence of having been reared in a slave State and his long connec- tion with the executive office. His early educa- tion had been under the direction of the celebrated William Wirt, between whom and himself a close friendship existed. He was wealthy for the time, being an extensive land- owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of stores and mills, which were managed by agents, but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the pioneer printer, furnishing the material with which the latter published his papers at Spring- field and Galena. At the expiration of his term of office near the close of 1830, he retired to his home at Belleville, where, after making an un- successful campaign for Congress in 1882, in which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he died of cholera, July 20, 1833. (See Edwards, Ninian. ) William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a can- didate for Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M. Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu- ments used against Kinney in this campaign was that, in the Legislature of 1823, he was one of three members who voted against the Illinois & Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the canal) would make an opening for the Yankees to come to the country." During Edwards' administration the first steps were taken towards the erection of a State peni- tentiary at Alton, funds therefor being secured by the sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal- latin County. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The first 262 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Commissioners having charge of its construction were Shadraoh Bond, William P. MoKee and Dr. Gershom Jayne — the last-named the father of Dr. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in- law of the late Senator Lyman Trumbull. Governor Reynolds — Black Hawk War. — The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John Reynolds for Governor over William Kinney, by a majority of 3,899, in a total vote of 49,051, while Zadoc Casey, the candidate on the Kinney ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Reynolds, John.) The most important event of Reynolds' admin- istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight thousand militia were called out during this war to reinforce 1,500 regular troops, the final result being the driving of 400 Indians west of the Mis- sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor- ite rallying point of the Indians for generations, was the central point at the beginning of this war. It is impossible to give the details of this complicated struggle, which was protracted through two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though there was no fighting worth speaking of except in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in that, except the surprise and defeat of Stillman's command. Beardstown was the base of opera- tions in each of these campaigns, and that city has probably never witnessed such scenes of bustle and excitement since. The Indian village at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, after being pursued through Northern Illinois and Southwestern Wisconsin without being allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the Mississippi in a famishing condition and with spirits completely broken. Galena, at that time the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and the largest town in the State north of Springfield, was the center of great excitement, as the war was waged in the region surrounding it. (See Black Hatrk War.) Although cool judges have not regarded this campaign as reflecting honor upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of the whites, it was remarkable for the number of those connected with it whose names afterwards became famous in the history of the State and the Nation. Among them were two who after- wards became Presidents of the United States — Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and Abraham Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia — besides Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in the regular army and afterwards head of the Southern Confederacy; three subsequent Gov- ernors — Duncan, Carlin and Ford — besides Gov- ernor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards United States Senator; John T. Stuart, Lincoln's law preceptor and partner, and later a Member of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who, in after years, occupied prominent positions as mem- bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise. Among the latter were Gen. John J. Hardin; the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville ; Col. John Dement; William Thomas of Jackson- ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Fry; Henry Dodge and others. Under the census of 1830, Illinois became entitled to three Representatives in Congress instead of one, by whom it had been represented from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu- tenant-Governor Case}-, having been elected to the Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis- trict under the new apportionment, on March 1, 1833, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant- Governorship, and was succeeded by William L. D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate. (See Apportionment, Congressional; Casey, Zadoc, and Representatives in Congress.) Within two weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834), Governor Reynolds followed the example of his associate in office by resigning the Governorship to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or Southern) District, which had been rendered vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade, the incumbent in office, in July previous. This opened the way for a new promotion of acting Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the distinction of occupying the gubernatorial oflSce for the brief space of two weeks. (See Reynolds, John, a.nd Slade, Charles.) Ewing probably held a greater variety of oflSces under the State, than any other man who ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each branch of the General Assembly, he more than once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and President of the Senate ; served as Acting Lieu- tenant-Governor and Governor by virtue of the resignation of his superiors; was United States Senator from 1835 to 1837; still later became Clerk of the House where he had presided as Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of Public Accounts, and dying in that office three years later. In less than twenty years, he held eight or ten different offices, including the high- est in the State. (See Eicing, William Lee David- son. ) Duncan's Administration. — Joseph Duncan, who had served the State as its only Represent- ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, August, 1834, over four competitors — William HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 263 Kinney, Robert K. McLaughlin, James Evans and W. B. Archer. (See Duncan, Joseph. ) His administration was made memorable by the large number of distinguished men who either entered public life at this period or gained additional prominence by their connection with public affairs. Among these were Abraliam Lin- coln and Stephen A. Douglas; Col. E. D. Baker, who afterward and at different times represented Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation, and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1862 ; Orville H. Browning, a prospective United States Senator and future cabinet oificer; Lieut.-Gov. John Dougherty; Gen. James Shields, Col. John J. Hardin, Archibald Williams, Cyrus and Ninian W. Edwards; Dr. John Logan, father of Gen. John A. Logan ; Stephen T. Logan, and many more. During this administration was begun that gigantic scheme of "internal improvements," which proved so disastrous to the financial inter- ests of the State. The estimated cost of the various works undertaken, was over §11,000,000, and though little of substantial value was real- ized, yet, iu 1853, the debt (principal and inter- est) thereby incurred (including that of the canal), aggregated nearly .$17,000,000. The col- lapse of the sclieme was, no doubt, hastened by the unexpected suspension of specie payments by the banks all over the country, which followed soon after its adoption. (See Internal Improve- ment Policy; also State Debt.) Capital Removed to Springfield. — At the session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act was passed removing the State capital to Spring- field, and an appropriation of §50,000 was made to erect a building ; to this amount the city of Spring- field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In securing the passage of these acts, the famous "Long Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and Job Fletcher, in tlie Senate; and Abraham Lin- coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and Robert L. Wilson, in the House — all Representa- tives from Sangamon County — played a leading part. The Murder of Lovejoy. — An event occurred near the close of Governor Duncan's term, which left a stain upon the locality, but for which his administration had no direct responsibility; to- wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native of Maine, who, coining to St. Louis in 1837, had been employed upon various papers, the last being "The St. Louis Observer. " The outspoken hostility of this paper to slavery aroused a bitter local opposition which led to its removal to Alton, where the first number of "The Alton Observer" was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not until one press and a considerable portion of the material had been destroyed by a mob. On the night of August 21, 1837, there was a second destruction of the material, when a third press having been procured, it was taken from the warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A fourth press was ordered, and, pending its arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a public meet- ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned address, maintained his right to freedom of speech, declaring in conclusion: "If the civil authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to God ; and if I die, I have determined to make my grave in Alton." These words proved prophetic. The new press was stored in the warehouse of Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6, 1837. A guard of sixty volunteers remained about the building the next day, but when night came all but nineteen retired to their homes. During the night a mob attacked the building, when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop. An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire the warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To dislodge the incendiary, Lovejoy, with two others, emerged from the building, when two or three men in concealment fired upon him, the shots taking effect in a vital part of his body, causing his death almost instantly. He was buried the following day %vithout an inquest. Several of the attacking party and the defenders of the building were tried for riot and acquitted — the former probably on account of popular sympathy with the crime, and the latter because they were guiltless of any crime except that of defending private property and attempting to preserve the law. The act of firing the fatal shots has been charged upon two men — a Dr. Jennings and his comrade. Dr. Beall. The former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces yi a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Miss., while the latter, having been captured by Comanche Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the other hand, Lovejoy has been honored as a martyr and the sentiments for which he died have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish; also Alton Riots.) Carlin Succeeds to the Governorship. — Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin, who was chosen at the election of 1838 over Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov. Ninian Edwards), who was the Wliig candidate. 264 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor was Stinson H. Anderson of Jefferson County. {See CarIin,{Goi:} Thomas; Anderson. Stinson H.) Among the members of the Legislature chosen at this time we find the names of Orville H. Browning, Robert Blackwell, George Churchill, William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, J«sse K. Dubois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot, John Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald Williams — all men of prominence in the subse- quent history of the State. This was the last Legislature that assembled at Vandalia, Spring- field becoming the capital, July 4, 1839. The corner-stone of the first State eapitol at Spring- field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4, 1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent address. Its estimated cost was 8130,000, but $240,000 was expended upon it before its com- pletion. An incident of this campaign was the election to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T. Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Third District, bj' a majority of fourteen votes. Stuart was re-elected in 1840, but in 1842 he was suc- ceeded, under a new apportionment, by Col. John J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the Quincy District, then antered the National Coun- cils for the first time. Field-McClernand Contest. — An exciting event connected with Carlin's administration was the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from the office of Secretary of State, which he had held .since 1828. Under the Constitution of 1818, this office was filled by nomination by the Gov- ernor "with the advice and consent of the Senate." Carlin nominated John A. McCler- nand to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to confirm the nomination. After adjournment of the Legislature, McClernand attempted to obtain possession of the office by writ of quo warranto. The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the case in his favor, but this decision was oven-uled by the Supreme Court. A special session having been called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, then of Morgan County, was nominated and con- firmed Secretary of State, but held the position only a few months, when lie resigned to accept a place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as Secretary by Lyman Trumbull. Supreme Court Revolutionized. — Certain decisions of some of the lower courts about this time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited the apprehension of the Democrats, who had heretofore been in political control of the State, and a movement was started in the Legislature to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of whom were Whigs. The Democrats were not unanimous in favor of the measure, but, after a bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare majority of one in the House. Under this act five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scates, Samuel H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas — all Demo- crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and afterwards Governor, has characterized this step as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu- tionary measure, which could never have suc- ceeded except in times of great party excite- ment." The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was an incident of the political campaign of that year. No such popular assem- blage had ever been seen in the State before. It is estimated that 20.000 people — nearly five per cent of the entire population of the State — were present, including a large delegation from Chi- cago who marched overland, under command of the late Maj -Gen. David Hunter, bearing with them many devices so popular in that memorable campaign. Ford Elected Governor. — Judge Thomas Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov- ernor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of Col. Adam W. Snyder, who had died after nomi- nation. Ford was elected by more than 8,000 majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who had been a member of the Legislature for several terms and was afterwards State Treasurer), was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Ford, Thomas; Snyder, Adam W., and Moore, John.) Emb.4^rrassing Questions. — The failure of the State and the Shawneetown banks, near the close of Carlin's administration, had produced a condi- tion of business depression that was felt all over the State. At the beginning of Ford's adminis- tration, the State debt was estimated at §15,657,- 950 — within about one million of the highest point it ever reached — while the total population was a little over half a million. In addition to these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a source of embarrassment. This people, after having been driven from Missouri, settled at Nauvoo, in Hancock County: they increased rapidly in numbers, and, by the arrogant course of their leaders and their odious doctrines — especially with reference to "celestial marriage. " and their assumptions of authority — aroused the bitter hostility of neighboring communities not HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 265 of their faith. The popular indignation became greatly intensified by the course of unscrupulous politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by the Legislature, of certain charters and special privileges. Various charges were made against the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap- ing, robbery, coxmterfeiting, etc., and the Gov- ernor called out the militia of the neighboring counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith — the founder of the sect — with his brother Hyrum and three others, were induced to surrender to the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June, 1844, under promise of protection of their per- sons. Then the charge was changed to treason and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight men being placed about the building. A con- siderable portion of the militia had disbanded and returned home, while others were openly hostile to the prisoners. On June 27 a band of 150 disguised men attacked the jail, finding little opposition among those set to guard it. In the assault which followed both of the Smiths were killed, while John Taylor, another of the prisoners, was wounded. The trial of the murderers was a farce and they were acquitted. A state of virtual war contiuued for a year, in which Governor Ford's authority was openly defied or treated with contempt by those whom he had called upon to preserve the peace. In the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave the State, and the following spring the pilgrim- age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin, who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice called on by Governor Ford to head parties of militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray- man conducted the negotiations which resulted in the promise of removal. The great body of the refugees spent the following winter at Coun- cil Bluffs, Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June following. Another considerable body entered the service of the Government to obtain safe con- duct and sustenance across the plains. While the conduct of the Mormons during their stay at Nauvoo was. no doubt, very irritating and often lawless, it is equally true that the dis- ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest puqioses, and this episode has left a stigma upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti- Mormon hero. (See Mormons; Smith, Joseph.) Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability in certain directions have not been questioned, his administration was not a successful one, largely on account of the conditions which pre- vailed at the time and the embarrassments which he met from his own party. (See Ford, Tliomas.) Mexican War. — A still more tragic chapter opened during the last year of Ford's administra- tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico. Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, called for by the General Government from the State of Illinois, were furnished with alacrity, and many more men offered their services than could be accepted. The names of their respective commanders — Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. Bissell and Ferris Forman — have been accorded a high place in the annals of the State and the Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky family; he had achieved distinction at the bar and served in the State Legislature and in Con- gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardin, John J.) Bissell afterward served with distinc- tion in Congress and was the first Republican Governor of Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D. Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re- ceived authority to raise an additional regiment, and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad as the Nation. Two other regiments were raised in the State "for the war" during the next j'ear, led respectively by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and James Collins, beside four independent companies of mounted volunteers. The whole number of volunteers furnished by Illinois in this conflict was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 182 wounded, 12 dying of their wounds. Their loss in killed was greater than that of any other State, and the number of %vounded only exceeded by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania. Among other lUinoisans who participated in this struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A. Richardson, J. L. D. Morrison, Murray F. Tuley and Charles C. P. Holden, while still otliers. either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, received the "baptism of fire" which prepared them to win distinction as commanders of corps, divisions, brigades and regiments during the War of the Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M. Prentiss. James D. Morgan. W. H. L. Wallace (who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stephen G. Hicks, Michael K. Lawler, Leonard F. Ross, Isham N. Haynie, Theophilus Lyle Dickey, Dudley Wickersham, Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H. Flynn, J. P. Post, Nathaniel Niles, W. R. Morri- son, and others. (%&e Mexican War.) French's ADiirMSTRATioN-MASSAC Rebellion. —Except for the Mexican War, which was still in progress, and acts of mob violence in certain portions of the State— especially bv a band of self- 266 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. styled "regulators" in Pope and Massac Counties — the administration of Augustus C. French, •which began with the close of the year 1846, was a quiet one. French was elected at the previous August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36,775 for Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Wliig candidate, and 5,112 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Aboli- tion) c^andidate. The Whigs held their first State Convention this year for the nomination of a State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the same election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con- gress, defeating Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer Methodist preacher, who was the Demo- cratic candidate. At the session of the Legisla- ture which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was elected to the United States Senate as successor to James Semple. New Convention Movement. — Governor French was a native of New Hampshire, born August 2, 1808; he had practiced his profession as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a member of the Tentli and Eleventh General Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at Palestine. The State had now begun to recover from the depression caused by the reverses of 1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its growth in population had been satisfactory. The old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a hampering influence, especially in dealing with the State debt, and, as early as 1842, the question of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu- tion had been submitted to popular vote, but was defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 it was approved by the people by a majority of 35,326 in a total vote of 81,353. The State then contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate population of 662,1.50. The assessed valuation of property one year later was $92,206,493, while the State debt was 816,661,795 — or more than eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of the property of the State. Constitutional Convention of 1847. — The election of members of a State Convention to form a second Constitution for the State of Illi- nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred and sixty-two members chosen, ninety-two were Democrats, leaving seventy members to all shades of the opposition. The Convention assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; it was organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per- manent President, and concluded its labors after a session of nearly three months, adjourning August 31. The Constitution was submitted to a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati fied by 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. A special article prohibiting free persons of color from settling in the State was adopted by 49,060 votes for, to 20,883 against it; and another, pro- viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for, to 30,586 against. The Constitution went into effect April 1, 1848. (See Constitutions: also Constitutional Convention of 1847. ) The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, to be applied to the payment of the State in- debtedness, was the means of restoring the State credit, while that prohibiting the immigration of free persons of color, though in accordance with the spirit of the times, brought upon the State much opprobrium and was repudiated with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion. The demand for retrenchment, caused by the financial depression following the wild legislation of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro- visions in the new Constitution, some of which were afterward found to be serious errors open- ing the way for grave abuses. Among these was the practical limitation of the biennial ses- sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, while the per diem of members was fixed at two dollars. The salaries of State officers were also fixed at what would now be recognized as an absurdly low figure, that of Governor being $1,500; Supreme Court Judges, §1,200 each; Cir- cuit Judges, §1,000; State Auditor, $1,000; Secre- taiy of State, and State Treasurer, $800 each. Among less objectionable provisions were those restricting the right of suffrage to white male citizens above the age of 21 years, which excluded (except as to residents of the State at the time of the adoption of the Constitution) a class of unnaturalized foreigners who had exercised the privilege as "inliabitants" imder the Constitu- tion of 1818; providing for the election of all State, judicial and county officers by popular vote; prohibiting the State from incurring in- debtedness in excess of $50,000 without a special vote of the people, or granting the credit of the State in aid of any individual association or cor- poration; fixing the date of the State election on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- ber in every fourth year, instead of the firs*- Monday in August, as had been the rule under the old Constitution. The tenure of office of all State officers was fixed at four years, except that of State Treasurer, which was made two years, and the Governor alone was made ineligible to immediate re-election. The number of members of the General Assembly was fixed at twenty-five HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 26r in the Senate and seventy-five in the House, subject to a certain specified ratio of in- crease when the population should exceed 1,000,000. As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled upon the form then most popular in the Southern States — especially with reference to the large number of officers made appointive by the Gov- ernor, or elective by the Legislature — so the new Constitution was, in some of its features, more in harmony with those of other Northern States, and indicated the growing influence of New Eng- land sentiment. This was especially the case with reference to the section providing for a sys- tem of township organization in the several counties of the State at the pleasure of a majority of the voters of each county. Elections of 1848. — Besides the election for the ratification of the State Constitution, three other State elections were held in 1848, viz.: (1) for the election of State oflScers in August; (2) an election of Judges in September, and (3) the Presidential election in November. At the first of these. Governor French, whose first term had been cut short two years by the adoption of the new Constitution, was re-elected for a second term, practically without opposition, the vote against him being divided between Pierre Menard and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French tlius became his own successor, being the first Illinois Governor to be re-elected, and, though two years of his first term had been cut off by the adoption of the Constitution, he served in the gubernatorial ofHce six years. The other State ofiicers elected, were William McMurtry, of Knox, Lieutenant- Governor ; Horace S. Cooley, of Adams, Secretary of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph, Auditor; and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton, State Treasurer — all Democrats, and all but McMurtry being their own successors. At the Presidential election in November, the electoral vote was given to Lewis Cass, the Democratic candidate, who received .56,300 votes, to 53,047 for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and 1.5,774 for Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free Democracy or Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first time in the history of the State after 1824, the Democratic candidate for President failed to receive an absolute majority of the popular vote, being in a minority of 12,.521, while having a plurality over the Whig candidate of 3,2.53. The only noteworthy results in the election of Con- gressmen this year were the election of Col. E. D. Baker (Whig), from the Galena District, and that of Maj. Thomas L. Harris (Democrat), from the Springfield District. Both Baker and Harris had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which probably accounted for their election in Districts usually opposed to them politically. The other five Congressmen elected from the State at the same time — including John Wentworth, then chosen for a fourth term from the Chicago Dis- trict — were Democrats. The Judges elected to the Supreme bench were Lyman Trumbull, from the Southern Division; Samuel H. Treat, from the Central, and John Dean Caton, from the Northern — all Democrats. A leading event of this session was the election of a United States Senator in place of Sidney Breese. Gen. James Shields, who had been severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro Gordo ; Sidney Breese, who had been the United States Senator for six years, and John A. Mc- Clernand, then a member of Congress, were arrayed against each other before the Democratic caucus. After a bitter contest. Shields was declared the choice of his party and was finally elected. He did not immediately obtain his seat, however. On presentation of his credentials, after a heated controversy in Congress and out of it, in which he injudiciously assailed his prede- cessor in very intemperate language, he was declared ineligible on the ground that, being of foreign birth, the nine years of citizenship required by the Constitution after naturalization had not elapsed previous to his election. In October, following, the Legislature was called together in special session, and. Shields' disabil- ity having now been removed by the expiration of the constitutional period, he was re-elected, though not without a renewal of the bitter con- test of the regular session. Another noteworthy event of this special session was the adoption of a joint resolution favoring the principles of the "Wilmot Proviso. '■ Although this was rescinded at the next regular session, on the ground that the points at issue had been settled in the Compro- mise measures of 1850, it indicated the drift of sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the spread of the institution of slavery, and this was still more strongly emphasized by the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Illinois Central Railroad.— Two important measures which passed the General Assembly at the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law, and the act incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company. The credit of first suggest- ing this great thoroughfare has been claimed for William Smith Waite, a citizen of Bond County, 111. , as early as 1835, although a special charter 268 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS for a road over a part of this line had been passed by the Legislature in 1834. W. K. Ackerman, in his "Historical Sketch" of the Illinois Central Railroad, awards the credit of originating this enterprise to Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins, in the Legislature of 1832, of which he was a member, and Speaker of the House at the time. He afterwards became President of the first Illi- nois Central Railroad Company, organized under an act passed at the session of 1836, which pro- vided for the construction of a line from Cairo to Peru, 111., but resigned the next year on the sur- render by the road of its charter. The first step toward legislation in Congress on this subject was taken in the introduction, by Senator Breese, of a bill in March, 1843; but it was not until 1850 that the measure took the form of a direct grant of lands to the State, finally passing the Senate in May, and the House in September, following. The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for the pur- pose of aiding in the construction of a line of railroad from the junction of the Ohio and Mis- sissippi, with branches to Chicago and Dubuque, Iowa, respective!)', alternate sections of land on each side of said railroad, aggregating 2,595,000 acres, the length of the main line and branches exceeding seven hundred miles. An act incorpo- rating the Illinois Central Railroad Company passed the Illinois Legislature in February, 1851. The company' was thereupon promptly organized with a number of New York capitalists at its head, including Robert Schuyler, George Gris- wold and Gouverneur Morris, and the grant was placed in the hands of trustees to be used for the purpose designated, under the pledge of the Company to build the road by July 4, 1854, and to pay seven per cent of its gross earnings into the State Treasury perpetually. A large propor- tion of the line was constructed through sections of country either sparsely settled or wholly unpopulated, but which have since become among the richest and most populous portions of the State. The fund already received by the State from the road exceeds the amount of the State debt incurred under the internal improvement scheme of 1837. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) Election of 1852. — Joel A. Matteson (Demo- crat) was elected Governor at the November election, in" 1852, receiving 80,645 votes to 64,405 for Edwin B. Webb, Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter A. Knowlton, Free Soil. The other State officers elected, were Gustavus Kcerner, Lieutenant- Governor ; Alexander Starne, Secretary of State ; Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor ; and John Moore, Treasurer. The Whig candidates for these offices, respectively, were James L. D. Morrison, Buckner S. Morris, Charles A. Betts and Francis Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new members of the House chosen at this election as a Representative from Jackson County; while Henry W. Blodgett, since United States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and late Counsel of the American Arbitrators of the Behring Sea Commission, was the only Free-Soil member, being the Representative from Lake County. John Reynolds, who had been Gov- ernor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Mem- ber of Congress, was a member of the House and was elected Speaker. (See Webb, Edwin B.; Knowlton, Dexter A.; Koerner, Gustainis; Starne, Alexander;.. Moore, John; Morrison, James L. D.; Morris, Buckner S.; Arenz, Francis A. ; Blodgett Henry W.) Reduction of State Debt Begins.— The State debt reached its maximum at the beginning of Matteson's administration, amoimting to 116,724,177, of which §7,259.823 was canal debt. The State had now entered upon a new and pros- perous period, and, in the next four years, the debt was reduced by the sum of §4,564,840, leaving the amount outstanding, Jan. 1, 1857, §12,834,144. The three State institutions at Jacksonville — ■ the Asj'lums for the Deaf and Dumb, tlie Blind and Insane — had been in suc- cessful operation several years, but now internal dissensions and dissatisfaction with their man- agement seriously interfered with their prosperity and finally led to revolutions which, for a time, impaired their usefulness. Kansas-Nebr.\ska Excitement. — During Mat- teson's administration a period of political ex- citement began, caused by the introduction in the United States Senate, in January, 1854, by Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of the bill for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise — otherwise known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Although this belongs rather to National history, the prominent part played in it by an Illinois states- man who had won applause three or four years before, by the service he had performed in secur- ing the passage of the Illinois Central Railroad grant, and the effect which his course had in revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies reference to it here. After a debate, almost unprecedented in bitterness, it became a law, May 30, 1854. The agitation in Illinois was intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically denied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where the State Fair was in progress, during the first week of October, 1854, he made a speech in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 269 State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to whom Douglas made a rejoinder. Speeches were also made in criticism of Douglas' position by Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of whom had been prominent Democrats), and other Demo- cratic leaders were understood to be ready to assail the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, though they afterwards reversed their position imder partisan pressure and became supporters of the measure. The first State Convention of the opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the same time, but the attendance was small and the attempt to effect a permanent organization was not successful. At the session of the Nineteenth General Assembly, which met in January, fol- lowing, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first Republican United States Senator from Illinois, in place of General Shields, whose term was about to expire. Trumbull was elected on tne tenth ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Governor Matteson, though Lincoln had led on the Republican side at every previous ballot, and on the first had come within six votes of an election. Although he was then the choice of a large majority of the opposition to the Demo- cratic candidate, when Lincoln saw that the original supporters of Trumbull would not cast their votes for himself, he generouslj- insisted that his friends should support his rival, thus determining the result. (See Matteson, Joel A.; Trumbull, Lyman, and Lincoln, Abraham.) Decatue Editorial Convention. — On Feb. 22, 1856. occurred the convention of Anti-Neb- raska (Republican) editors at Decatur, which proved the first effective step in consolidating the opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into a compact political organization. The main busi- ness of this convention consisted in the adoption of a series of resolutions defining the position of their authors on National questions — especially with reference to the institution of slavery — and appointing a State Convention to be held at Bloomington, May 29, following. A State Cen- tral Committee to represent the new party was also appointed at this convention. With two or three exceptions the Committeemen accepted and joined in the call for the State Convention, which was held at the time designated, when the first Republican State ticket was put in the field. Among the distinguished men who participated in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln. O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, Owen Lovejoy, John M. Palmer, Isaac N. Arnold and John Went worth. Palmer presided, while Abraham Lin- coln, who was one of the chief speakers, was one of the delegates appointed to the National Con- vention, held at Philadelphia on the 17th of June. The candidates put in nomination for State offices were: William H. Bissell for Governor; Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward replaced by John Wood on account of Hoffman's ineligibility) ; Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor; James H. Miller for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Democratic ticket was composed of William A. Richardson for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, Lieu- tenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of State ; S. K. Casey, Auditor ; John Moore, Treas- urer, and J. H. St. Matthew, Superintendent of Public Instruction. The American organization also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S. Morris for Governor. Although the Democrats carried the State for Buchanan, their candidate for President, by a plurality of 9,1.59, the entire Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities ranging from 3,031 to 30,213— the latter being the majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas- urer, whose name was on both the Republican and American tickets. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention, and Bloomington Convention of 1856.) Administration of Governor Bissell. — With the inauguration of Governor Bissell,, the Republican party entered upon the control of the State Government, which was maintained with- out interruption until the close of the administra- tion of Governor Fifer, in January, 1893— a period of thirty -six years. On account of physical disa- bility Bissell's inauguration took place in the executive mansion, Jan. 12, 18.57. He was immediately made the object of virulent personal abuse in the House, being charged with perjury in taking the oath of office in face of the fact that, while a member of Congress, he had accepted a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis. To this, the reply was made that the offense charged took place outside of the State and be- yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of Illinois. (See Bissell, William H. ) While the State continued to prosper under Bissell's administration, the most important events of this period related rather to general than to State policy. One of these was the deliv- ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre- sentatives, on the evening of June 17, 1858, of the celebrated speech in which he announced the doctrine that "a house divided against itself can- not stand." This was followed during the next 270 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. few months by the series of memorable debates between those two great champions of their respective parties — Lincoln and Douglas— which attracted the attention of the whole land. The result was the re-election of Douglas to the United States Senate for a third term, but it also made Abraham Lincoln President of the United States. (See Lincoln and Doiighix Debates.) About the middle of Bissell's term (February, 1859), came the discovery of what has since been known as the celebrated "Canal Scrip Fraud." This consisted in the fraudulent funding in State bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had been issued for temporary purposes during the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, but wliich had been subseq\iently redeemed. A legislative investigation proved the amount ille- gally funded to have been 8323, 182, and that the bulk of the bonds issued therefor — so far as they could be traced — had been delivered to ex-Gov. Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with ac- crued interest, he gave to the State an indemnity bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from which the State eventually realized §238,000 out of $255,000 then due. Further investigation proved additional frauds of like character, aggre- gating .$165, 346, which the State never recovered. An attempt was made to prosecute Matteson criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote, to find an indictment against him. (See Canal Scrip Fraud. ) An attempt was made during Bissell's adminis- tration to secure the refunding (at par and in violation of an existing law) of one hundred and fourteen .§1,000 bonds hypothecated with Maealis- ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841, and for which the State had received an insignificant consideration. The error was discovered when new bonds for the principal had been issued, but the process was immediately stopped and the new bonds surrendered — the claimants being limited by law to 28.64 cents on the dollar. This subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol- ume. (See Maeali.iter & Stebbins Bonds. ) Governor BLssell's administration was otherwise unevent- ful, although the State continued to prosper under it as it had not done since the "internal improvement craze'' of 1837 had resulted in im- posing such a burden of debt upon it. At the time of his election Governor Bissell was an invalid in consequence of an injury to his spine, from which he never recovered. He died in office, March 18, 1860, a little over two months after having entered upon the last year of his term of office, and was succeeded bj' Lieut. -Gov. John Wood, who served out the unexpired term. (See Bissell, William H.: also Wood, John.) Political Campaign of 1860. — The political campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled excite- ment throughout the nation, but especially in Illinois, which became, in a certain sense, the chief battle-ground, furnishing the successful candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the State in which the convention which nominated him met. The Republican State Conventinii, held at Decatur, May 9, put in nomination Richard Yates of Morgan County, for Governor; Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor, O. M. Hatch for Secretary of State, Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor, William Butler for Treasurer, and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction. If this campaign was memorable for its excitement, it was also memorable for the large number of National and State tickets in the field. The National Republican Convention assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the third ballot, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for President amid a whirlwind of enthusiasm unsur- passed in the history of National Conventions, of which so many have been held in the "conven- tion city" of the Northwest. The campaign was what might have been expected from such a beginning. Lincoln, tliough receiving consider- ably less than one-half the popular vote, had a pluralitj' over his highest competitor of nearly half a million votes, and a majority in the elect- oral colleges of fifty-seven. In Illinois he received 172.161 votes to 160,215 for Douglas, his leading opjionent. The vote for Governor stood : Yates (Republican), 172,196; Allen (Douglas- Democrat), 159,253; Hope (BreckinridgeDemo- crat), 2,049; Stuart (American), 1,626. Among the prominent men of different parties who appeared for the first time in the General Assembly chosen at this time, were William B. Ogden, Richard J. Oglesbj-, AVashington Bushnell, and Henry E. Dummer, of the Senate, and Wil- liam R. Archer, J. Russell Jones, Robert H. McClellan, J. Young Scammon, William H. Brown, Lawrence Weldon, N. M. Broadwell, and John Scholfield. in the House. Slielby M. Cul- lom, who had entered the Legislature at the previous session, was re-elected to this and was chosen Speaker of the House over J. W. Single- ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to the United States Senate by the votes of the Repub- licans over Samuel S. Marshall, the Democratic candidate. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 271 Beginning of the Rebellion. — Almost simul- taneously with the accession of the new State Government, and before the inauguration of the President at Washington, began that series of startling events which ultimately culminated in the attempted secession of eleven States of the Union — the first acts in the great drama of war which occupied the attention of the world for the next four years. On Jan. 14, 1861, the new State administration was inaugurated ; on Feb. 2, Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven- tion held at Wasliington, were appointed from Illinois, consisting of Stephen T. Logan, John M. Palmer, ex-Gov. John Wood, B. C. Cook and T. J. Turner; and on Feb. 11, Abraham Lincoln took leave of his friends and neighbors at Spring- field on his departure for Washington, in that simple, touching speech which has taken a place beside his inaugural addresses and his Gettysburg speech, as an American classic. The events which followed ; the firing on Fort Sumter on the twelfth of April and its surrender; the call for 75.000 troops and the excitement which prevailed all over the country, are matters of National his- tory. Illinoisans responded with promptness and enthusiasm to the call for six regiments of State militia for three months' service, and one week later (April 21), Gen. R. K. Swift, of Chicago, at the head of seven companies numbering 595 men, was en route for Cairo to execute the order of the Secretary of War for the occupation of that place. The offer of military organizations pro- ceeded rapidly, and by the eighteenth of April, fifty companies had been tendered, while tlie public-spirited and patriotic bankers of the prin- cipal cities were ofi'ering to supply the .State with money to arm and equip the hastily organized troops. Following in order the six regiments which Illinois had sent to the Mexican War, those called out for the three months' service in 1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to twelve, and were commanded by the following officers, respectively: Cols. John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace and John McArthur, with Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss as brigade com- mander. The rank and file numbered 4,680 men, of whom 2,000, at the end of their term of serv- ice, re-enlisted for three years. (See War of the Rebellion. ) Among the many who visited the State Capitol in the early months of war to offer their services to the Government in suppressing the Rebellion, one of the most modest and unassuming was a gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of introduction to Governor Yates from Congress- man E. B. Washburne. Though he had been a Captain in the regular army and had seen service in the war with Mexico, he set up no pretension on that account, but after days of patient wait- ing, was given temporary employment as a clerk in the office of the Adjutant-General, Col. T. S. Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen requiring the services of an officer of military experience as commandant at Camp Yates (a camp of rendezvous and instruction near Spring- field), he was assigned to the place, rather as an experiment and from necessity than from convic- tion of anj- peculiar fitness for the position. Having acquitted himself creditably liere, he was assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a regiment (The Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers) which, from previous bad management, had manifested a mutinous tendency. And thus L^lysses S. Grant, the most successful leader of the war, the organizer of final victory over the Rebellion, the Lieutenant-General of the armies of the Union and twice elected President of the United States, started upon that career which won for liim the plaudits of the Nation and the title of the grandest soldier of his time. (See Grant, Ulysses S.) The responses of Illinois, under the leadership of its patriotic "War Governor," Richard Yates, to the repeated calls for volunteers through the four years of war, were cheerful and prompt. Illi- nois troops took part in nearly every important battle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of those in the East, besides accompanying Sher- man in his triumphal "March to the Sea." Illi- nois blood stained tlie field at Belmont, at Wilson's Creek, Lexington, Forts Donelson and Henry ; at Shiloh, Corinth, Nashville, Stone River and Chickamauga; at Jackson, during the siege of Vicksburg, at AUatoona Pass, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in the South and West; and at Chancellorsville, Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersburg and in the battles of "the Wilderness" in Virginia. Of all the States of the Union, Illinois alone, up to Feb. 1, 1864, presented the proud record of hav- ing answered every call upon her for troops without a draft. The whole number of enlist- ments from the State under the various calls from 1861 to 1865, according to the records of the War Department, was 255,057 to meet quotas aggi'e- gating 244,496. The ratio of troops furnished to population was 15.1 per cent, which was only exceeded by the District of Columbia (whicli had a large influx from the States), and Kansas 272 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Nevada, each of which had a much larger proportion of adult male population. The whole number of regimental organizations, according to the returns in the Adjutant General's office, was 151 regiments of infantry (numbered con- secutirely from the Sixth to the One Hundred and Fifty-seventh), 17 regiments of cavalry and 3 regiments of artillery, besides 9 independent bat- teries. The total losses of Illinois troops, officially reported by the War Department, were 34,834 (13.65 per cent), of which 5,874 were killed in battle, 4,020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease, and 2.154 from other causes. Besides the great Commander-in-Chief, Abraham Lincoln, and Lieut. -Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois furnished 11 full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz.: Generals John Pope, John A. McClernand, S. A. Hurlbut, B. M. Prentiss, John 51. Palmer, R. J. Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M. Schofield, Giles A. Smith, Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H. Grierson ; 20 Brevet Major-Generals ; 24 Brigadier- Generals, and over 120 Brevet Brigadier-Generals. (See sketches of these officers under their respec- tive names. ) Among the long list of regimental officers who fell upon the field or died from wounds, appear the names of Col. J. R. Scott of the Nineteenth ; Col. Thomas D. Williams of the Twenty-fifth, and Col. F. A. Harrington of the Twenty -seventh — all killed at Stone River; Col. John W. S. Alexander of the Twenty-first; Col. Daniel Gilmer of the Thirty -eighth ; Lieut-Col. Duncan J. Hall of the Eighty-ninth ; Col. Timothy O'Meara of the Ninetieth, and Col. Holden Put- nam, at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge; Col. John B. Wyman of tlie Thirteenth, at Chickasaw Bayou; Lieut.-Col. Thomas W. Ross, of the Thirty -second, at Shiloh; Col. John A. Davis of the Forty -sixth, at Hatchie; Col. Wil- liam A. Dickerman of the One Hundred and Third, at Resaca; Col. Oscar Harmon, at Kene- saw; Col. John A. Bross, at Petersburg, besides Col. Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut.-Col. Melancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas Applington, Col. John J. Mudd, Col. Matthew H. Starr, Maj. Wm. H. Medill, Col. Warren Stewart and many more on other battle-fields. (Biographical sketches of many of these officers will be found under the proper heads elsewhere in this volume.) It would be a grateful task to record here the names of a host of others, who, after acquitting them- selves bravely on the field, survived to enjoy the plaudits of a grateful people, were this within the design and scope of the present work. One of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the raid from La Grange, Tenn., to Baton Rouge, La., in May, 1863, led by Col. B. H. Grierson, of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation with the Seventh under command of Col. Edward Prince. Constitutional Convention of 1862. — An incident of a different character was the calling of a convention to revise the State Constitu- tion, which met at Springfield, Jan. 7, 1862. A majority of this body was composed of those opposed to the war policy of the Government, and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of the State administration and the General Gov- ernment was soon manifested, whicli was resented by the executive and many of the soldiers in the field. The convention adjourned March 24, and its work was submitted to vote of the people, June 17, 1862, when it was rejected by a majority of more than 16,000, not counting the soldiers in the field, who were permitted, as a matter of policy, to vote upon it, but who were practically unanimous in opposition to it. Death of Douglas.— A few days before this election (June 3, 1862), United States Senator Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House in Chicago, depriving the Democratic party of the State of its most sagacious and patriotic adviser. (See Douglas, Stephen A. ) Legislature of 1863.— Another political inci- dent of this period grew out of the session of the General Assembly of 1863. This body having been elected on the tide of the political revulsion which followed the issuance of President Lin- coln's preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation, was Democratic in both branches. One of its first acts was the election of William A. Richard- son United States Senator, in place of O. H. Browning, who had been appointed by Governor Yates to the vacancy caused by the death of Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tend- ency to follow in the footsteps of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1863, by attempting to cripple the State and General Governments in the prosecution of the war. Resolutions on the subject of the war, which the friends of the Union regarded as of a most mischievous charac- ter, were introduced and passed in the House, but owing to the death of a member on the majority side, they failed to pass the Senate. These denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement of compensated emancipation" and "the transpor- tation of negroes into the State;" accused the General Government of "usurpation," of "sub- verting the Constitution" and attempting to establish a "consolidated military despotism;" HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 273 charged that the war had been "diverted from its first avowed object to that of subjugation and the abolition of slavery;" declared the belief of the authors that its "further prosecution .... cannot result in the restoration of the Union .... unless the President's Emancipation Proc- lamation be withdrawn;'' appealed to Congress to secure an armistice with the rebel States, and closed by appointing six Commissioners (who were named) to confer with Congress, with a view to the holding of a National Convention to adjust the differences between the States. These measures occupied the attention of the Legisla- ture to the exclusion of subjects of State interest, so that little legislation was accomplished — not even the ordinary appropriation bills being passed. Legislature Prorogued. — At this juncture, the two Houses having disagreed as to the date of adjournment, Governor Yates exercised the constitutional prerogative of proroguing them, which he did in a message on June 10, declaring them adjourned to the last day of their constitu- tional term. The Republicans accepted the result and withdrew, but the Democratic majority in the House and a minority in the Senate continued in session for some days, without being able to transact any business except the filing of an empty protest, when they adjourned to the first Monday of Januarj', 1864. The excitement pro- duced by this affair, in the Legislature and throughout the State, was intense ; but the action of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme Court and the adjourned session was never held. The failure of the Legislature to make provision for the expenses of the State Government and the relief of the soldiers in the field, made it neces- sary for Governor Yates to accept that aid from the public-spirited bankers and capitalists of the State which was never wanting when needed during this critical period. (See Twenty-Third General Assembly.) Peace Conventions.— Largely attended "peace conventions" were held during this year, at Springfield on June 17, and at Peoria in Septem- ber, at which resolutions opposing the "further offensive prosecution of the war" were adopted. An immense Union mass-meeting was also held at Springfield on Sept. 3, which was addressed by distinguished speakers, including both Re- publicans and 'War-Democrats. An important incident of this meeting was the reading of the letter from President Lincoln to Hon. James C. Conkling, in which he defended his war policy, and especially his Emancipation Proclamation, in a characteristically logical manner. Political Campaign of 1864.— The year 1864 was full of exciting political and military events. Among the former was the nomination of George B. McClellan for President by the Democratic Con- vention held at Chicago, August 29, on a platform declaring the wara "failure" as an "experiment" for restoring the Union, and demanding a "cessa- tion of hostilities" with a view to a convention for the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been renominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia, in June previous, with Andrew Johnson as the candidate for Vice-President. The leaders of the respective State tickets were Gen. Richard J. Oglesby, on the part of the Republicans, for Gov- ernor, with 'William Bross, for Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic candidate for Governor. Camp Douglas Conspiracy. — For months rumors had been rife concerning a conspiracy of rebels from the South and their sympathizers in the North, to release the rebel prisoners confined in Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Rock Island, Springfield and Alton — aggregating over 25,000 men. It was charged that the scheme was to be put into effect simultaneously with the Novem- ber election, but the activity of the military authorities in arresting the leaders and seizing their arms, defeated it. The investigations of a military court before whom a number of the arrested parties were tried, proved the existence of an extensive organization, calling itself "American Knights" or "Sons of Liberty," of which a number of well-known politicians in Illinois were members. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy.) At the November election Illinois gave a major- ity for Lincoln of 30,7.56, and for Oglesby, for Governor, of 33,675, with a proportionate major- ity for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's total vote in the electoral college was 212, to 21 for McClellan. Legislature of 1865. — The Republicans had a decided majority in both branches of the Legis- lature of 1865, and one of its earliest acts was the election of Governor Yates, United States Sena- tor, in place of William A. Richardson, who had been elected two years before to the seat formerly held by Douglas. This was the last public posi- tion held by the popular Illinois "AVar Gov- ernor." During his official term no more popular public servant ever occupied the executive chair — a fact demonstrated by the promptness with which, on retiring from it, he was elected to the United States Senate. His personal and political integrity was never questioned by his most bitter political opponents, while those who had known 274 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. him longest and most intimatelj', trusted him most implicitly. The service which he performed iu giving direction to the patriotic sentiment of the State and in marshaling its heroic soldiers for the defense of the Union can never be over- estimated. (See Yates, Richard.) Oglesby's Administration. — Governor Ogles- by and the other State officers were inaugu- rated Jan. 17, 186.5. Entering upon its duties with a Legislature in full sympathy with it, the new administration was confronted by no such difficulties as those with which its predecessor had to contend. Its head, who had been identi- fied with the war from its beginning, was one of the first lUinoisans promoted to the rank of Major-General, was personally popular and enjoyed the confidence and respect of the people of the State. Allen C. Fuller, who had retired from a position on the Circuit bench to accept that of Adjutant-General, which he held during the last three years of the war, was Speaker of the House. This Legislature was the first among those of all the States to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, abolish- ing slavery, which it did in both Houses, on the evening of Feb. 1, 1865 — the same day the resolu- tion had been finally acted on by Congress and received the sanction of the President. The odious "black laws," which had disgraced the State for twelve years, were wiped from the statute-book at this session. The Legislature adjourned after a session of forty-six days, leav- ing a record as creditable in the disposal of busi- ness as that of its predecessor had been discredit- able. (See Oglesby, Richard J.) Assassination of Lincoln. — The war was now rapidly approaching a successful termination. Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, April 9, 1865, and the people were celebrating this event with joyful festivities through all the loyal States, but nowhere with more enthusiasm than in Illinois, the home of the two great leaders — Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of these jubilations came the assassination of Presi- dent Lincoln by John "Wilkes Booth, on the evening of April 14, 1865, in Ford's Theater, Washington. The appalling news was borne on the wings of the telegraph to every corner of the land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of gloom hung over every part of the land. Public buildings, business houses and dwellings in every city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal States were draped with the insignia of a univer- sal sorrow. Millions of strong men, and tender. patriotic women who had given their husbands, sons and brothers for the defense of the Union, wept as if overtaken by a great personal calam- ity. If the nation mourned, much more did Illi- nois, at the taking off of its chief citizen, the grandest character of the age, who had served both State and Nation with such patriotic fidel- ity, and perished in the very zenith of his fame and in the hour of his country's triumph. The Funeral. — Then came the sorrowful march of the funeral cortege from Washington to Springfield — the most impressive spectacle witnessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In aU this, Illinois bore a conspicuous part, as on the fourth day of May, 1865, amid the most solemn ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing thousands, she received to her bosom, near his old home at the State Capital, the remains of the Great Liberator. The part which Illinois played in the great struggle has already been dwelt upon as fully as the scope of this work will permit. It only remains to be said that the patriotic service of the men of the State was grandlj- supplemented by the equally patriotic service of its women in "Soldiers' Aid Societies," "Sisters of the Good Samaritan," "Needle Pickets," and in sanitary organizations for the purpose of contributing to the comfort and health of the soldiers in camp and in hospital, and in giving them generous receptions on their return to their homes. The work done by these organizations, and by indi- vidual nurses in the field, illustrates one of the brightest pages in the historj- of the war. Election of 1866.— The administration of Gov- ernor Oglesby was as peaceful as it was prosper- ous. The chief political events of 1866 were the election of Newton Bateman, State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W. Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. John A. Logan, as Representative from the State-at-large. re-entered Congress, from which he had retired in 1861 to enter the Union army. His majority was un- precedented, reaching 55,987. The Legislature of 1867 reelected Judge Trumbull to the United States Senate for a third term, his chief competi- tor in the Republican caucus being Gen. John M. Palmer. The Fourteenth Amendment to the National Constitution, conferring citizenship upon persons of color, was ratified by this Legis- lature. Election of 1868. — The Republican State Con- vention of 1868, held at Peoria, May 6, nominated the following ticket: For Governor, John M. Palmer, Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 275 Secretary of State, Edward Rummell; Auditor, Charles E. Lippincott, State Treasurer, Erastus N. Bates; Attorney General. Washington Bushnell. John R. Eden, afterward a member of Congress for three terms, headed the Democratic ticket as candidate for Governor, with William H. Van Epps for Lieutenant-Governor. The Republican National Convention was held at Chicago, May 21, nominating Gen. U. S. Grant for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice- President. They were opposed by Horatio Seymour for President, and F. P. Blair for Vice- President. The result in November was the election of Grant and Colfax, who received 214 electoral votes from 26 States, to 80 electoral votes for Seymour and Blair from 8 States — three States not voting. Grant's majority in Illinois was 51,150. Of course the Republican State ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans to nine Democrats in the Senate and fifty-eight Republicans to twenty-seven Democrats in the House. P.\lmer's Adjiinistr.\tion — Governor Palm- er's administration began auspiciously, at a time when the passions aroused by the war were sub- siding and the State was recovering its normal prosperity. (See Palmer, John 31.) Leading events of the next four years were the adoption of a new State Constitution and the Chicago fire. The first steps in legislation looking to the con- trol of railroads were taken at the session of 1869, and although a stringent law on the subject passed both Houses, it was vetoed by the Gov- ernor. A milder measure was afterward enacted, and, although superseded by the Constitution of 1870. it furnished the key-note for much of the legislation since had on the subject. The cele- brated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city ot Chicago and the Illinois Central Railroad the title of the State to certain lands included in what was known as the "Lake Front Park," was passed, and although vetoed by the Governor, was re-enacted over his veto. This act was finally repealed by the Legislature of 1873, and after many years of litigation, the rights claimed under it by the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany have been recently declared void by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Fif- teenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to "citizens of the United States .... on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude," was ratified by a strictly party vote in each House, on March 5. The first step toward the erection of a new State Capitol at Springfield had been taken in an appropriation of §450,000, at the session of 1867, the total cost being limited to §3,000,000. A second appropriation of $650,000 was made at the session of 1869. The Constitution of 1870 limited the cost to §3,500,000, but an act passed by the Legislature of 1883, making a final appropriation of 1531,713 for completing and furnishing the building, was ratified by the people in 1884. The original cost of the building and its furniture exceeded §4,000,000. (See State Houses. ) The State Convention for framing a new Con- stitution met at Springfield, Dec. 13, 1869. It consisted of eighty-five members — forty-four Republicans and fortj'-one Democrats. A num- ber classed as Republicans, however, were elected as "Independents" and co-operated with the Democrats in the organization. Charles Hitch- cock was elected President. The Convention terminated its labors, May 13, 1870; the Constitu- tion was ratified by vote of the people, July 2, and went into effect, August 8, 1870. A special provision establishing the principle of "minority representation" in tlie election of Representatives in the General Assembly, was adopted by a smaller vote than the main instrument. A lead- ing feature of the latter was the general restric- tion upon special legislation and the enumeration of a large variety of subjects to be provided for under general laws. It laid the basis of our present railroad and warehouse laws; declared the inviolability of the Illinois Central Railroad tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois & Michigan Canal without a vote of the people; prohibited municipalities from becoming sub- scribers to the stock of any railroad or private corporation; limited the rate of taxation and amount of indebtedness to be incurred ; required tlie enactment of laws for the protection of miners, etc. The restriction in the old Constitu- tion against the re-election of a Governor as his own immediate successor was removed, but placed upon the office of State Treasurer. The Legisla- ture consists of 204 members— 51 Senators and 153 Representatives — one Senator and three Repre- sentatives being chosen from each district. (.See Constitutional Convention of 1869-70; also Con- stitution of 1S70. ) At the election of 1870, General Logan was re- elected Congressman-at-large by 24,672 majority; Gen. E. N. Bates, Treasiuer, and Newton Bate- man, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Legislature of 1871. — The Twenty -seventh General Assembly (1871), in its various sessions, 276 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. spent more time in legislation than any other in the history of the State — a fact to be accounted for, in part, by the Chicago Fire and the exten- sive revision of the laws required in consequence of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides the regular session, there were two special, or called, sessions and an adjourned session, cover- ing, in all, a period of 293 days. This Legislature adopted the system of "Stat« control" in the management of the labor and discipline of the convicts of the State penitentiary, which was strongly urged by Governor Palmer in a special message. General Logan having been elected United States Senator at this session, Gen. John L. Beveridge was elected to the vacant position of Congressman-at- large at a special election held Oct. 4. Chicago Fire of 1871. — The calamitous fire at Chicago, Oct. 8-9, 1871, though belonging rather to local than to general State history, excited the profound sympathy, not only of the people of the State and the Nation, but of the civilized world. The area burned over, including streets, covered 3,134 acres, with 13,500 buildings out of 18,000, leaving 93,000 persons homeless. The loss of life is estimated at 250, and of prop- erty at §187,927,000. Governor Palmer called the Legislature together in special session to act upon the emergency, Oct. 13, but as the State was pre- cluded from affording direct aid, the plan was adopted of reimbursing the city for the amount it had expended in the enlargement of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, amounting to §2,955,340. The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet in a regiment of United States troops organized for guard duty, led to some controversy between Governor Palmer, on one side, and the Mayor of Chicago and the military authorities, including President Grant, on the other; but the general verdict was, that, while nice distinctions between civil and military authoritj- may not have been observed, the service rendered b)- the military, in a great emergency, was of the highest value and was prompted by the best intentions. (See Fire of 1S71 under title Chicago. ) Political CAiiPAiON of 1873.— The political campaign of 1873 in Illinois resulted in much con- fusion and a partial reorganization of parties. Dissatisfied with the administration of President Grant, a number of the State officers (including Governor Palmer) and other prominent Repub- licans of the State, joined in what was called the "Liberal Republican" movement, and supported Horace Greeley for the Presidency. Ex-Gov- ernor Oglesby again became the standard-bearer of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John L. Beveridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the November election, the Grant and Wilson (Repub- Ucan) Electors in Illinois received 241,944 votes, to 184,938 for Greeley, and 3,138 for O'Conor. The plurality for Oglesby, for Governor, was 40,690. Governor Oglesby's second administration was of brief duration. Within a week after his in- auguration he was nominated by a legislative caucus of his party for United States Senator to succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiv- ing an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses against 78 for Trumbull, who was supported by the party whose candidates he had defeated at three previous elections. (See Oglesby, Richard J. ) Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge thus became Governor, filling out the imexpired term of his chief. His administration was high-minded, clean and honorable. (See Beveridge, John L.) Republican Reverse of 1874. —The election of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the Republican party had experienced in Illinois since 1863. Although Thomas S. Ridgway, the Republican candidate for State Treasurer, was elected by a plvirality of nearly 35,000, by a com- bination of the opposition, S. M. Etter (Fusion) was at the same time elected State Superintend- ent, while the Fusionists secured a majority in each House of the General Assembly. After a protracted contest, E. M. Haines — wlio had been a Democrat, a Republican, and had been elected to this Legislature as an "Independent"^ — was elected Speaker of the House over Shelbs* M. Cul- lom, and A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was chosen President of the Senate, thus becoming ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. The session which fol- lowed — especially in the House — was one of the most turbulent and disorderly in the history of the State, coming to a termination, April 15, after having enacted very few laws of any im- portance. (See Twenty-ninth General Assembly.) Campaign of 1876. — Shelby M. Cullom was the candidate of the Republican partj^ for Governor in 1876, with Rutherford B. Hayes heading the National ticket. The excitement which attended the campaign, the closeness of the vote between the two Presidential candidates — Hayes and Tilden — and the determination of the result through the medium of an Electoi'al Commission, are fresh in the memorj' of the present gener- ation. In Illinois the Republican plurality for President was 19,631, but owing to the combina- tion of the Democratic and Greenback vote on Lewis Steward for Governor, the majority for BOARD OF TRADE lUlLDlNC;. ClIICACO. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 277 Ouilom was reduced to 6,798. The other State officers elected were: Andrew Shuman, Lieu- teuant-Governor; George H. Harlow, Secretary of State; Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward Rutz, Treasurer, and James K. Edsall, Attorney- General. Each of these had pluralities exceeding 20,000, except Needles, who, having a single com- petitor, had a smaller majority than Cullom. The new State House was occupied for the first time by the State officers and the Legislature chosen at this time. Although the Republicans had a majority in the House, the Independents held the "balance of power" in joint session of the General Assembly. After a stubborn and protracted struggle in the effort to choose a United States Senator to succeed Senator John A. Logan, David Davis, of Bloomington, was elected on the fortieth ballot. He had been a Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1863. His election to the L'nited States Senate by the Demo- crats and Independents led to his retirement from the Supreme bench, thus preventing his appoint- ment on the Electoral Commission of 1877 — a cir- cumstance which, in the opinion of many, may have had an important bearing upon the decision of that tribunal. In the latter part of his term he served as President pro tempore of the Senate, and more frequently acted with the Republicans than with their opponents. He supported Blaine and Logan for President and Vice-President, in 1884. (See Davis, Daind. ) Strike of 1877. — The extensive railroad strike, in July, 1877, caused widespread demoralization of business, especially in the railroad centers of the State and throughout the country generally. The newly -organized National Guard was called out and rendered efficient service in restoring order. Governor Cullom's action in the premises was prompt, and has been generally commended as eminently wise and discreet. Election of 1878. — Four sets of candidates were in the field for the offices of State Treasurer and Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1878 — Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Pro- hibition. The Republicans were successful, Gen. John C. Smith being elected Treasurer, and James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities averaging about 35,000. The .same party also elected eleven out of nineteen members of Con- gress, and, for the first time in six years, secured a majority in each branch of the General Assem- bly. At the session of this Legislature, in Janu- ary following, John A. Logan was elected to the United States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J. Oglesby, whose term expired in March following. Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served as Speaker of the House at this session. (See Smith, John Corson; Slade, James P.; sdso Thirty- first General Assembly.) Campaign of 1880. — The political campaign of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle made by the friends of General Grant to secure liis nomination for the Presidency for a third term. The Republican State Convention, begin- ning at Springfield, May 19, lasted three days, ending in instructions in favor of General Grant by a vote of 399 to 285. These were nullified, however, by the action of the National Conven- tion two weeks later. Governor Cullom was nominated for re-election ; John M. Hamilton for Lieutenant-Governor ; Henry D. Dement for Sec- retary of State; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor; Edward Rutz (for a third term) for Treasurer, and James McCartney for Attorney-General. (See Dement, Henry D.; Swigert, Charles P.; Rutz, Edward, and 3IcCartney, James.) Ex-Sena- tor Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its candidate for Governor, with General L. B. Par- sons for Lieutenant-Governor. The Republican National Convention met in Chicago, June 2. After tliirty-six ballots, in which 306 delegates stood unwaveringly by Gen- eral Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was nominated, with Chester A. "Arthur, of New York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock was the Democratic candidate and Gen. James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiv- ing a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican State ticket was elected by nearly the same plu- ralities, and the Republicans again had decisive majorities in both branches of the Legislature. No startling events occuiTed during Governor Cullom's second term. The State continued to increase in wealth, population and prosperity, and the heavy debt, by which it had been bur- dened thirty years before, was practically "wiped out." Election of 1882. — At the election of 1882, Gen. John C. Smith, who had been elected State Treasirrer in 1878, was re-elected for a second term, over Alfred Orendorff, while Charles T. Strattau, the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was de- feated by Henry Raab. The Republicans again had a majority in each House of the General Assembly, amounting to twelve on joint ballot. Loren C. Collins was elected Speaker of the 278 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. House. In the election of United States Senator, which occurred at this session, Governor Cullom was chosen as the successor to David Davis, Gen. John M. Palmer receiving the Democratic vote. Lieut.-Gov. John M. Hamilton thus became Gov- ernor, nearly in the middle of his term. (See Cullom, Shelby M.; Hamilton, John M.; Collins, Loren C, and Haab, HeiiriJ.) The "Harper High License Law," enacted by the Thirty-third General Assembly (1883), has become one of the permanent features of the Illi- nois statutes for the control of the liquor traffic, and has been more or less closely copied in other States. Political Camp.'UGN op 1884. — In 1884, Gen. R. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the Republican party for Governor, receiving at Peoria the conspicuous compliment of a nomina- tion for a third term, by acclamation. Carter H. Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats. The Republican National Convention was again held in Chicago, meeting June 3, 1884; Gen. John A. Logan was the choice of the Illinois Repub- licans for President, and was put in nomination in the Convention by Senator Cullom. The choice of the Convention, however, fell upon James G. Blaine, on the fourth ballot, his leading competitor being President Arthur. Logan was then nominated for Vice-President by acclama- tion. At the election in November the Republican party met its first reverse on the National battle- field since 1856, Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, being elected President and Vice-President by the nar- row margin of less than 1,200 votes in the State of New York. The result was in doubt for sev- eral days, and the excitement throughout the country was scarcely less intense than it had been in the close election of 1876. Tlie Green- back and Prohibition parties both had tickets in Illinois, polling a total of nearly 28,000 votes. The plurality in the State for Blaine was 25,118. The Republican State officers elected were Richard J. Oglesby, Governor; John C. Smith, Lieuten- ant-Governor; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of State; Charles P. Swigert, Auditor; Jacob Gross, State Treasurer; and George Hunt, Attorney- General — receiving pluralities ranging from 14,- 000 to 25,000. Both Dement and Swigert were elected for a second time, while Gross and Hunt were chosen for first terms. (See Gross, Jacob, and Hunt, George. ) Chicago Election Frauds. — An incident of this election was the fraudulent attempt to seat Rudolph Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of Henry W. Leman, in the Sixth Senatorial Dis- trict of Cook County. The fraud was exposed and Joseph C. Mackin, one of its alleged perpe- trators, was sentenced to the penitentiarj' for four years for perjury growing out of the investiga- tion. A motive for this attempted fraud was found in the close vote in the Legislature for United States Senator — Senator Logan being a candidate for re-election, while tlie Legislature stood 102 Republicans to 100 Democrats and two Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious contest on the election of Speaker of the House finally resulted in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending the struggle over the Senatorship, two seats in the House and one in the Senate were rendered vacant by death — the deceased Senator and one of the Representatives being Democrats, and the other Representative a Republican. The special election for Senator resulted in filling the vacancy with a new member of the same political faith as liis predecessor ; but both vacancies in the House were filled by Republicans. The gain of a Repub- lican member in place of a Democrat in the House was brought about by the election of Captain AVilliam H. Weaver Representative from the Thirty-fourth District (composed of Mason, Menard, Cass and Schuyler Counties) over the Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative J. Henry Shaw, Democrat. Tliis was accomplished by what is called a ''still hunt" on the part of the Repub- licans, in whicli the Democrats, being taken by surprise, suffered a defeat. It furnished the sen- sation not only of the session, but of special elec- tions generally, especially as every county in the District was strongly Democratic. This gave the Republicans a majoritj' in eacli House, and tlie re-election of Logan followed, though not until two months had been consumed in the contest. (See Logan, John A.) Oolesby's Third Term. — The only disturbing events during Governor Oglesby 's third term were strikes among the quarrymen at Joliet and Lemont, in May, 1885 ; by the railroad switchmen at East St. Louis, in April, 1886, and among the employes at the Union Stock-Yards, in November of the same year. In each case troops were called out and order finally restored, but not until sev- eral persons had been killed in the two former, and both strikers and employers had lost heavily in the interruption of business. At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and Dr. Richard Edwards (Republicans) were respec- tively elected State Treasurer and State Superin- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 279 tendent of Public Instruction, by 34,816 plurality for the former and 29,938 for the latter. (See Tanner, John R.; Edwards, Richard.) In the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, which met January, 1887, the Republicans had a major- it}- in each House, and Charles B. Farwell was elected to the United States Senate in place of Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. (See Fa^-u-ell, Charles B. ) FiFER Elected Governor. — The political campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though less bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex- Senator Joseph W. Fifer, of McLean County, and Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer were pitted against each other as opposing candidates for Governor. (See Fifer, Joseph W. ) Prohibition and Labor tickets were also in the field The Republican National Convention was again held in Chicago, June 20-25, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The delegates from Illinois, with two or three excep- tions, voted steadily for Judge Walter Q. Gresham. (See Gresham, Walter Q.) Grover Cleveland headed the Democratic ticket as a candidate for re-election. At the November elec- tion, 747,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving the Republican Electors a plurality of 22,104. Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 12,547, and that of the remainder of the Republican State ticket, still larger. Those elected were Lyman B. Ray, Lieutenant-Governor; Isaac N. Pearson, Secre- tary of State ; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, Auditor ; Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt, Attorney-General. (See Ray, Lyman B.; Pear- son, Isaac N.; Bavcy, Charles W; and Becker, Charles.) The Reiiublicans secured twenty-six majority on joint ballot in the Legislature — the largest since 1881. Among the acts of the Legis- lature of 1889 were the reelection of Senator Cullom to the United States Senate, practically w'thout a contest ; the revision of the compulsory education law, and the enactment of the Chicago drainage law. At a special session held in July, 1890, the first steps in the preliminary legislation looking to the holding of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in the city of Chicago, were taken. (See World's Columbian E.r2Msifio7i.) Republican Defe.^t of 1890. — The campaign of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Republicans on both the State and Legislative tickets. Edward S. Wilson was elected Treasurer by a pluralitj' of 9,847 and Prof. Henry Raab, who had been Super- intendent of Public Instruction between 1883 and 1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042. Though lacking two of an absolute majority on joint ballot in the Legislature, the Democrats were able, with the aid of two members belonging to the Farmers' Alliance, after a prolonged and exciting contest, to elect Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer United States Senator, as successor to C. B. Farwell. The election took place on Slarch 11, resulting, on the 154th ballot, in 103 votes for Palmer to 100 for Cicero J. Lindlej' (Republican) and one for A. J. Streeter. (See Palmer, John M. ) Elections op 1892. — At the elections of 1892 the Republicans of Illinois sustained their first defeat on both State and National issues since 1856. The Democratic State Convention was held at Springfield, April 27, and that of the Republicans on May 4. The Democrats put in nomination John P. Altgeld for Governor; Joseph B. Gill for Lieutenant-Governor; William II. Hiurichsen for Secretary of State; Rufus N. Ramsay for State Treasurer; David Gore for Auditor ; JIaurice T. Sloloney for Attorney-Gen- eral, with John C. Black and Andrew J. Hunter for Congressmen-at-large and three candidates for Trustees of the University of Illinois. The can- didates on the Republican ticket were : For Gov- ernor, Joseph W. Fifer; Lieutenant-Governor, Lyman B. Ray ; Secretary of State, Isaac N. Pear- son; Auditor, Charles W. Pavey; Attorney-Gen- eral, George W. Prince; State Treasurer, Henry L. Hertz ; Congressmen-at-large, George S. Willits and Richard Yates, with three University Trus- tees. The first four were all incumbents nomi- nated to succeed themselves. The Republican National Convention held its session at Minneapo- lis June 7-10, nominating President Harrison for re-election, while that of the Democrats met in Chicago, on June 21, remaining in session until June 24, for the third time choosing, as its standard-bearer, Grover Cleveland, with Adlai T. Stevenson, of Bloomington, 111., as his running- mate for Vice-President. The Prohibition and People's Party also had complete National and State tickets in the field. The State campaign was conducted with great vigor on both sides, the Democrats, under the leadership of Altgeld, mak- ing an especially bitter contest upon some features of the compulsory school law, and gaining many votes from the ranks of the German-Republicans. The result in the State showed a plurality for Cleveland of 26,993 votes out of a total 873,646— the combined Prohibition and People's Party vote amounting to 48,077. The votes for the respec- tive heads of the State tickets were: Altgeld (Dem.), 425,498; Fifer (Rep.). 402,659; Link (Pro.), 25,628 :Barnet (Peo.), 20, 108— plurality for Altgeld, 33,808. The vote for Fifer was the high- 280 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. est given to any Republican candidate on either the National or the State ticket, leading that of President Harrison by nearly 3,400, while the vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on the Democratic State ticket with the single exception of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treas- urer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in Congress from the State chosen at this time, eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats, including among the latter the two Congressmen from the State-at-large. Tlie Thirty-eighth Gen- eral Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to twenty-two Republicans in the Senate, and seventy-eight Democrats to seventy-five Republic- ans in the House. The administration of Governor Fifer — the last in a long and unbroken line under Republican Gov- ernors — closed with the financial and industrial interests of the State in a prosperous condition, the State out of debt with an ample surplus in its treasury. Fifer was the first private soldier of the Civil War to be elected to the Governorship, though the result of the next two elections have shown that he was not to be the last — both of his successors belonging to the same class. Governor Altgeld was the first foreign-born citizen of the State to be elected Governor, though the State has had four Lieutenant-Governors of foreign birth, viz. : Pierre Menard, a French Canadian ; John Moore, an Englishman, and Gustavus Koerner and Francis A. Hoffman, both Germans. Altgeld's Administration. — The Thirty- eighth General Assembly began its session, Jan. 4, 1893, the Democrats having a majority in each House. (See Thirty-eighth General Assembly.) The inaugiiratiou of the State officers occurred on January 10. The most important events con- nected with Governor Altgeld's administration were the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, and the strike of railway employes in 1894. Both of these have been treated in detail under their proper heads. (See World's Columbian Exposi- tion, and Labor Troubles.) A serious disaster befell the State in the destruction by fire, on the night of Jan. 3, 189.5, of a portion of the buildings connected with the Southern Hospital for the Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of nearly $200,000, and subjecting the inmates and officers of the institution to great risk and no small amount of suffering, although no lives were lost. The Thirty-ninth General Assembly, which met a few days after the fire, made an appropri- ation of §171,970 for the restoration of the build- ings destroyed, and work was begun immediately. The defalcation of Charles W. Spalding, Treas- urer of the University of Illinois, which came to light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term, involved the State in heavy loss (the exact amount of which is not even yet fully known), and operated mifortunately for the credit of the retiring administration, in view of the adoption of a policy which made the Governor more directly responsible for the management of the State in- stitutions than that pursued by most of his prede- cessors. The Governor's course in connection with the strike of 1894 was also severely criticised in some quarters, especially as it brought him in opposition to the policy of the National adminis- tration, and exposed him to the charge of sympa- thizing with the strikers at a time when they were regarded as acting in open violation of law. Election of 1894. — The election of 1894 showed as surprising a reaction against the Democratic pai'ty, as that of 1892 had been in an opposite direction. The two State offices to be vacated this year — State Treasurer and State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — were filled by the elec- tion of Republicans by unprecedented majorities. The plurality for Henry Wulff for State Treas- urer, was 133,427, and that in favor of Samuel M. Inglis for State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, scarcely 10,000 less. Of twenty -two Repre- sentatives in Congress, all but two returned as elected were Republicans, and these two were unseated as the result of contests. The Legisla- ture stood thirty-three Republicans to eighteen Democrats in the Senate, and eighty-eight Repub- licans to sixty -one Democrats in the House. One of the most important acts of the Thirty- ninth General Assembly, at the following session, was the enactment of a law fixing the compensa tion of members of the General Assembly at 51,000 for each regular session, with five dollars per day and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This Legislature also passed acts making appropriations for the erection of buildings for the use of the State Fair, which had been permanently located at Springfield ; for the establishment of two ad- ditional hospitals for the insane, one near Rock Island and the other (for incurables) near Peoria; for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal Schools, and for a Soldiers' Widows' Home at Wilmington. Perm.\nent Location of the State Fair. — In consequence of the absorption of public atten- tion — especially among the industrial and manu- facturing classes — by the World's Columbian Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1893 was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 281 omitted for the first time since the Civil War. The initial steps were taken by the Board at its annual meeting in Springfield, in January of that year, looking to the permanent location of the Fair ; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chi- cago, in October following, formal specifications were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met in securing the prize. These were sent to cities intending to compete for the location as the basis of proposals to be submitted by them. Responses were received from the cities of Bloomington, Decatur, Peoria and Springfield, at the annual meeting in January, 1894, with the result that, on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was accepted and the Fair permanently located at that place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to ten divided between five other points. The Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to the State Board of Agriculture of 155 acres of land — embracing the old Sangamon County Fair Grounds immediately north of the city — besides a cash contribution of §50,000 voted by the San- gamon County Board of Supervisors for the erection of permanent buildings. Other contri- butions increased the estimated value of the donations from Sangamon County (including the land) to S139,800, not including the pledge of the citj' of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates of the Fair Grounds and furnish water free, be- sides an agreement on the part of the electric liglit company to furnish light for two years free of charge. The construction of buildings was begun the same year, and the first Fair held on the site in September following. Additional buildings have been erected and other improve- ments introduced each year, until the grounds are now regarded as among the best equipped for exhibition purposes in the United States. In the meantime, the increasing success of the Fair from year to year has demonstrated the wisdom of the action taken by the Board of Agriculture in the matter of location. Campaign op 1896. — The political campaign of 1896 was one of almost unprecedented activity in Illinois, as well as remarkable for the variety and character of the issues involved and the number of party candidates in the field. As usual, the Democratic and the Republican parties were the chief factors in the contest, although there was a wide diversity of sentiment in each, which tended to the introduction of new issues and the organization of parties on new lines. The Republicans took the lead in organizing for the canvass, holding their State Convention at Springfield on April 29 and 30, while the Demo- crats followed, at Peoria, on June 23. Tlie former put in nomination John R. Tanner for Governor; William A. Northcott for Lieutenant-Governor; James A. Rose for Secretary of State; James S. McCullough for Auditor; Henry L. Hertz for Treasurer, and Edward C. Akin for Attorney- General, with Mary Turner Carriel, Thomas J. Smyth and Francis M. McKay for University Trustees. The ticket put in nomination by the Democracy for State ofBcers embraced John P. Altgeld for re-election to the Governorship ; for Lieutenant-Governor, Monroe C. Crawford; Sec- retary of State, Finis E. Downing; Auditor, Andrew L. Maxwell; Attorney-General, George A. Trude, with three candidates for Trustees. The National Republican Convention met at St. Louis on June 16, and, after a three days' session, put in nomination William McKinley, of Ohio, for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New Jersey, for Vice-President; while their Demo- cratic opponents, following a policy which had been maintained almost continuously by one or the other party since 1860, set in motion its party machinery in Chicago — holding its National Con- vention in that city, July 7-11, when, for the first time in the history of the nation, a native of Illinois was nominated for the Presidency in the person of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, with Arthur Sewall, a ship-builder of Maine; for the second place on the ticket. The main issues, as enunciated in the platforms of the respective parties, were industrial and financial, as shown by the prominence given to the tariff and monetary questions in each. This was the natural result of the business depression which had prevailed since 1893. While the Republican platform adhered to the traditional position of the party on the tariff issue, and declared in favor of maintaining the gold standard as the basis of the monetary system of the countr}^ that of the Democracy took a new departure by declaring unreservedlj- for the "free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1;" and this be- came the leading issue of the campaign. The fact that Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, who had been favored by the Populists as a candidate for Vice President, and was afterwards formally nominated by a convention of that party, with Mr. Bryan at its head, was ignored by the Chi- cago Convention, led to much friction between the Populist and Democratic wings of the party. At the same time a very considerable body — in influence and political prestige, if not in numbers —in the ranks of the old- line Democratic party, refused to accept the doctrine of the free-silver 282 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. section on the monetary question, and, adopting the name of "Gold Democrats,'" put in nomination a ticket composed of John M. Palmer, of Illinois, for President, and Simon B. Buckner, of Ken- tucky, for Vice-President. Besides these, the Pro- hibitionists, Nationalists, Socialist-Labor Party and "Middle-of-the-Road" (or "straight-out") Populists, had more or less complete tickets in the field, making a total of seven sets of candidates appealing for the votes of the people on issues assumed to be of National importance. The fact that the two gi'eat parties — Democratic and Republican — established their principal head- quarters for the prosecution of the campaign in Chicago, liad the effect to make that city and the State of Illinois the center of political activ- itj^ for the nation. Demonstrations of an impos- ing character were held by both parties. At the November election the Republicans carried the day by a plurality, in Illinois, of 141,517 for their national ticket out of a total of 1,090,869 votes, while the leading candidates on the State ticket received the following pluralities : John R. Tan- ner (for Governor), 113,381; Northcott (for Lieu- tenant-Governor), 137,834; Rose (for Secretary of State), 136,611; McCuUough (for Auditor), 138,- 013; Hertz (for Treasurer), 116,064; Akin (for Attorney-General), 132,650. The Republicans also elected seventeen Representatives in Congress to three Democrats and two People's Part}' men. The total vote cast, in this campaign, for the "Gold Democratic" candidate for Governor %vas 8,100. Gov. Tanner"s Adiiinistr.\tion — The Fortieth ■ jeneral Assembly met Jan. 6, 1897, consisting of eighty-eight Republicans to sixty-three Demo- crats and two Populists in the House, and thirty- nine Republicans to eleven Democrats and one Populist in the Senate. The Republicans finally gained one member in each house by contests. Edward C. Curtis, of Kankakee County, was chosen Speaker of the House and Hendrick V. F-sher, of Henry County, President pro tem. of the Senate, with a full set of Republican officers in the subordinate positions. The inauguration of the newly elected State officers took place on the 11th, the inaugural address of Governor Tanner taking strong ground in favor of main- taining the issues indorsed by the people at the late election. On Jan. 20, William E. Mason, of Chicago, was elected United States Senator, as the successor of Senator Palmer, whose term was about to expire. Mr. Mason received the full Republican strength (125 votes) in the two Houses, to the 77 Democratic votes cast for John P. Altgeld. (See Fortieth General Axsembly. ) Among the principal measures enacted by the Fortieth General Assembly at its regular session were: The "Torrens Land Title Sjstem, " regu- lating the conveyance and registration of land titles (svhich see) ; the consolidation of the three Supreme Court Districts into one and locating the Supreme Court at Springfield, and the Allen Street-Railroad Law, empowering City Councils and other corporate authorities of cities to grant street railway franchises for a period of fifty j-ears. On Dec. 7, 1897, the Legislature met in special session under a call of the Governor, nam- ing five subjects upon which legislation was sug- gested. Of these only two were acted upon affirmatively, viz. ; a law prescribing the manner of conducting the election of delegates to nomi- nating political conventions, and a new revenue law regulating the assessment and collection of taxes. The main feature of the latter act is the requirement that property shall be entered upon the books of the assessor at its cash value, subject to revision by a Board of Review, the basis of valuation for purposes of taxation being one-fifth of this amount. The Sp-\nish- American War.— The most not- able event in the history of Illinois during the year 1898 was the Spanish-American War, and the part Illinois played in it. In this contest lUinoisans manifested the same eagerness to serve their country as did their fathers and fel- low citizens in the War of the Rebellion, a third of a century ago. The first call for volunteers was responded to with alacrity by the men com- posing the Illinois National Guard, seven regi- ments of infantry, from the First to Seventh inclusive, besides one regiment of Cavalry and one Battery of Artillery — in all about 9,000 men — being mustered in between Jlay 7 and May 21. Although only one of these — the First, under the command of Col. Henry L. Turner of Chicago — saw practical service in Cuba before the surrender at Santiago, others in camps of instruction in the South stood ready to respond to the demand for their service in the field. Under the second call for troops two other regiments — the Eighth and the Ninth — were organized and the former (com- posed of Afro-Americans officered by men of their own race) relieved the First Illinois on guard duty at Santiago after the surrender. A body of engineers from Compan}' E of the Second United States Engineers, recruited in Chicago, were among the first to see service in Cuba, while many Illinoisans belonging to the Naval Reserve were assigned to duty on United States war vessels, and rendered most valuable service in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 283 naval engagements in Cuban waters. The Third Regiment (Col. Fred. Bennitt) also took part in the movement for the occupation of Porto Rico. The several regiments on their return for muster- out, after the conclusion of terms of peace with Spain, received most enthusiastic ovations from their fellow-citizens at home. Besides the regi- ments mentioned, several Provisional Regiments were organized and stood ready to respond to the call of the Government for their services had the emergency required. (See War. The Spanish American.) Labor Disturbances. — The principal labor disturbances in the State, under Governor Tan- ner's administration, occurred during the coal- miners' strike of 1897, and the lock-out at the Pana and Virden mines in 1898. The attempt to introduce colored laborers from the South to operate these mines led to violence between the adherents of the "Miners' Union" and the mine- owners and operators, and their employes, at these points, during which it was necessary to call out the National Guard, and a number of lives were sacrificed on both sides. A flood in the Ohio, during the spring of 1898, caused the breaking of the levee at Shawneetown, 111., on the 3d day of April, in consequence of which a large proportion of the city was flooded, many homes and business liouses wrecked or greatly injured, and much other property de- stroyed. The most serious disaster, however, was the loss of some twenty-five lives, for the most part of women and children who, being surprised in tlieir homes, were unable to escape. Aid was promptly furnished by the State Government in the form of tents to shelter the survivors and rations to feed them ; and contributions of money and provisions from the citizens of the State, col- lected by relief organizations during the next two or three months, were needed to moderate the suffering. (See Inundations, Remai-kable.) Campaign of 1898. — The political campaign of 1898 was a quiet one, at least nominally conducted on the same general issues as that of 1896, al- though the gradual return of business prosperity had greatly modified the intensity of interest with which some of the economic questions of the preceding campaign had been regarded. The only State officers to be elected were a State- Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and three State University Trustees — the total vote cast for the former being 878,622 against 1,090,869 for President in 1896. Of the former, Floyd K. Whittemore (Republican candidate for State Treasurer) received 448,940 to 405,490 for M. F. Dunlap (Democrat), with 24,193 divided between three other candidates; while Alfred Bayliss (Republican) received a plurality of 68,899 over his Democratic competitor, with 23,- 190 votes cast for three others. The Republican candidates for University Trustees were, of course, elected. The Republicans lost heavily in their representation in Congress, though electing thir- teen out of twenty-two members of the Fifty- sixth Congress, leaving nine to their Democratic opponents, who were practically consolidated in this campaign with the Populists. Forty-first General Assembly. — The Forty- first General Assembly met, Jan. 4, 1899, and adjourned, April 14, after a session of 101 days, with one exception (that of 1875), the shortest regular session in the history of the State Gov- ernment since the adoption of the Constitution of 1870. The House of Representatives consisted of eighty-one Republicans to seventy-one Democrats and one Prohibitionist ; and the Senate, of thirty- four Republicans to sixteen Democrats and one Populist — giving a Republican majorit}- on joint ballot of twenty-si.\. Of 176 bills which passed both Houses, received the approval of the Gov- ernor and became laws, some of the more impor- tant were the following: Amending the State Arbitration Law by extending its scope and the general powers of the Board ; creating the oflSce of State Architect at a salarj' of $5,000 per annum, to furnish plans and specifications for public buildings and supervise the construction and care of the same ; authorizing the consolidation of the territory of cities under township organi- zation, and consisting of five or more Congres- sional townships, into one township : empowering each Justice of the Supreme Court to employ a private secretary at a salary of §2,000 per annum, to be paid by the State; amending the State Revenue Law of 1898 ; authorizing the establish- ment and maintenance of parental or truant schools; and empowering the State to establish Free Employment Offices, in the proportion of one to each city of 50,000 inhabitants, or three in cities of 1,000,000 and over. An act was also passed requiring the Secretary of State, when an amendment of the State Constitution is to be voted upon by the electors at any general elec- tion, to prepare a statement setting forth the pro- visions of the same and furnish copies thereof to each County Clerk, whose duty it is to have said copies pubUshed and posted at the places of voting for the information of voters. One of the most important acts of this Legislature was the repeal, by a practically unanimous vote, of the Street- 284 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. railway P^anchise Law of the previous session, the provisious of which, empowering City Coun- cils to grant street-railway franchises extending over a period of fifty years, had been severely criticised by a portion of the press and excited intense hostility, especially in some of the larger cities of the State. Although in force nearly two years, not a single corporation had succeeded in obtaining a franchise under it. A Retrospect and a Look into The Future. — The history of Illinois has been traced concisely and in outline from the earUest period to the present time. Previous to the visit of Joliet and Marquette, in 1G~3, as unknown as Central Africa, for a century it continued the hunting ground of savages and the home of wild animals common to the plains and forests of the Mississippi Valley. The region brought under the influence of civili- zation, such as then existed, comprised a small area, scarcely larger than two ordinarily sized counties of the present day. Thirteen years of nominal British control( 1705-78) saw little change, except the exodus of a part of the old French population, who preferred Spanish to British rule. The period of development began with the occuijation of Illinois by Clark in 1778. That saw the "Illinois Count)'," created for the gov- ernment of the settlements northwest of the Ohio, expanded into five States, with an area of 250,000 square miles and a population, in 1890, of 13,500,000. In 1880 the population of the State equaled that of the Thirteen Colonies at the close of the Revolution. The eleventh State in the Union in this respect in 1850, in 1890 it had advanced to third rank. With its luisurpassed fertility of soil, its inexhaustible supplies of fuel for manufacturing purposes, its system of rail- roads, surpassing in extent that of any other State, there is little risk in predicting that the next forty years will see it advanced to second, if not first rank, in both wealth and i^opulation. But if the development of Illinois on material lines has been marvelous, its contributions to the Nation in philanthropists and educators, soldiers and statesmen, have rendered it conspicuous. A long list of these might be mentioned, but two names from the ranks of Illinoisans have been, by common consent, assigned a higher place than all others, and have left a deeper impress upon the history of the Nation than any others since the days of Washington. These are, Ulysses S. Grant, the Organizer of Victory for the Union arms and Conqueror of the Rebellion, and Abraham Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, the Preserver of the Republic, and its Martyred President. CIIKONOLOGICAL RECORD. Important Events in Illinois History. 1673.— Joliet and Marquette reach Illinois from Green Bay by way of the Upper Mississippi and IlliDOis Rivers. 1674-.J.— Mar(iuette makes a secutid visit to Illinois and spends the winter on the present site of Chicago. 1680.- La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois to Peoria Lake. 1681.— Tonty begins the erection of Fort St. Louis on " Starved Rock " in La Salle County. 1682.— La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois and ilissi.ssippl Rivers to the mouth of the latter, and take possession (April 9, 1682) in the name of the King of France. 1700.— First permanent French settlement in Illinois and Mis- sion of St. Sulpice established at Cahokia. 1700.— Kaskaskia Indians remove from the Upper Illinois and locate near the mouth of the Kaskaskia settlement established here the same year becomes the town of Kaskaskia and future capital of Illinois. .—The Hrst Fort Chartres. erected near Kaskaskia. —Fort St. Louis, on the Upper Illinois, burned by Indians. —Fort Chartres rebuilt and strengthened. —The Illinois country surrendered by the French to the British under the treaty of 1763. —I July 4 1 Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of an expe- dition organized under authority of Gov. Patrick Ilnnry of Virginia, arrives at Kaskaskia. The occupatiouof Illinois by the American troops follows. -Illinois County created by Act of the Virginia House of Delegates, for the government of the settlements north- west of the Ohio River. —Congress adopts the Ordinance of 1787. organizing the Northwest Territory, embracing the present Slates of Ohio. Indiana, Illinois. Michigan and Wisconsin. —General Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor of North- west Territory. —St Clair County organized. — Randolph County organized. — Northwest Territory divided into Ohio and Indiana Ter- ritories, Illinois being embraced in the latter. —Illinois Territory set off from Indiana, and Ninian Edwards appointed Governor. —(Dec. 3) Illinois admitted as a State. -Stale capital removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia. 24.— Uii.successful attempt to make Illinois a slave State. — ( April 30) General La Fayette visits Kaskaskia. -Black Hawk War. —(July 4 ( .Springfield becomes the third capital of the State under an Act of the Legislature passed in 1837. —The second Constitution adopted. —Abraham Lincoln is elected President. —War of the Rebellion begins. —(Jan. 1) Lincoln issues his final Proclamation of Eman. cipation. —Lincoln's second election to the Presidency. — ( .\pril 141 Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Washington. — ( May 4) President Lincoln's funeral in Springfield. -The War of the Rebellion ends. -Gen. U. S. Grant elected to the Presidency. —The third State Constitution adopted. POPULATION OF ILLINOIS At Each Decennial Census from J810 to 1900. 1810 (23) 12,282 1820 (24) 55.162 1830 (20) 157,445 1840 (141 476,183 1850 (II) 851,470 1860 (4) 1,711,951 1870 (4) 2,539,891 1880 (4) 3.077,871 1890 (3) 3826,3.51 1900 (3) 4,821,550 ILLINOIS CITIES Having a Population of 10,000 and Over (1900). Name. Population. Chicago 1,698.755 Peoria 56,100 Qulncy 36.252 Springfield 34.159 Rockford «I,ft51 Joliet 29,353 EastSt Louis 29,655 Aurora 24,147 Bloomiiigton '23.286 Elgin 22,433 Decalur '20.754 Rock Island 19,498 Evauston 19,259 Belleville Moline Danville.. .... 17,484 .... 17,'248 16,354 Kankakee Freeport .... 13,595 .... 13.258 Ottawa LaSaUe.. .... 10,588 10,446 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 385 INDEX, Thia index relatescxcluslvely to matter embraced In the articl** under the title "Illinois." Subjects of general State history will be found treated at length, under topical heads, in the body of the Encyclopedia. Admission of Illinois as a State, 258. Altgeld, John P., administration as Gov- ernor, 279-80 ; defeated for re-election, 281 . Anderson, Stinson H.,264. Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention. 25fi. Anti-slavery contest of 1822-24; defeat of a convention scheme. 260. Baker, Col. E. D., 26.3; orator at laying the corner-stone of State capitol. 264. Bateman, Newton, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 270.274,275. Beveridge, John L.. Congressman and Lieutenant-Governor: becomes Governor by resignation of Governor Oglesby,276. Birkbeck, Morris. 260. BisseU, William H., Colonel in Mexican War._265: Governor. 2t)9; death, 27u. the Legislature, 263 Bloomington Convention (1856 1, 269. Boisbriant, first French Commandant, 249. Bond, Shadrach, 255; Delegate in Congress, 257; first Governor, 258. Breese, Sidney, 259. Browne. Thomas C, 260. Browning. Orville H., in Bloomington Convention. 269; U. S. Senator. 278. CahoklB, first French settlement at, 252. Camp Douglas conspiracy, 273. Canal Scrip Fraud, 270. Carlin, Thomas, elected Governor, 26.3, Casey, Zadoc, elected to Congress; re- signs the Lieutenant-Governorship, 262. Charlevoix visits Illinois. 247 Chicago and Calumet Rivers, importance of in estimation of early explorers, 247 Chicago election frauds, 278. Chicago, fire of 1871,276. Chicagou, Indian Chief for whom Chicago was named, 248. Clark, Col. George Rogers, expedition to Illinois; capture of Kaskaskia. -51. Coles, Edward, emancipates his slaves; candidate forGovernor,269; his election, 260; persecuted by his enemies. 261. Constitutional Convantion of 1818, 258. Constitutional Convention of 1847,266. Constitutional Convention of 1862,^2. Constitutional Convention of 1870.2(5. Cook, Daniel P,. 255; Attorney -General, 258; elected to Congress, 260-61. Craig, Capt. Thomas, expedition against Indiana at Peuna. 257. Cullom, Shelby M., Speaker of General As- sembly, 270; elected Governor. 276; fea- tures of his administration: re-elected, 277; elected to U. S. Senate. 278. Davis. David. United States Senator, 277. Douglas, .Stephen A., 263: Justice Supreme Court, 264, U.S. Senator, 266; debates with Lincoln. 268-70: re-elected IT. S. Sen- ator. 270; deatll, 272. Duncan, Josepn, Governor; character of his administration, 262-63. Early towns. 258. Earthquake of 1811.256. Edwards. Ninlan, Governor Illinois Terri- tory. 255, elected V. .S. Senator. 259; elected Governor; adniinistratiou and death, 261. Ewing, William L. D., becomes acting Governor; occupant of many offices, 2^2. Explorers, early French, 244-5. Farwell, Charles B.,279. Field-McClernand contest. 264. Fifer, Joseph W., elected Governor, 279. Fisher, Dr. George. Speaker of Territorial Houseof Representatives, 257. Ford, Thomas, Governor; embarrassing questions of his administration, 264. Fort Chartresi surrendered to British, 250. Fort Dearborn massacre, 256-57. Fort Gage burned. 251. Fort Massac, starting point on the Ohio of Clark's expedition, 251. Fort St. Louis, 246; raided and burned by Indians. 247 Franklin, Benjamin, Indian Commissioner for Illinois ill 1775, 251. French, Augustus C, Governor, 265-7. French and Indian War, 250. French occupation; settlement about Kas- kaskia and Cahokia. 249. French villages, population of in 1765, 251. Gibault. Pierre, 2-52. Grant, Ulysses S., arrival at Springfield; Colonel of Twenty-first Illinois Volun- teers, 271; elected President. 275. Gresham. Walter Q.. supported byHllnoia Republicans for the Presidency, 279. Hamilton, John M., Lieutenant-Governor, 277; succeeds Gov. Cullom, 278. Hansen-Shaw contest, 260. Hardin, John J., 263; elected to Congress, 264; killed at Buena Vista. 265. Harrison. William Henry, first Governor of Indiana Territory, 254. Henry, Patrick, Indian Commissioner for Illinois Country: assists in planning Clark's expedition, 261; ex-offlcio Gov- ernor of territory northwest of the Ohio River Illin 242: topographv, faun; flora, 243; soil and climate, 243-44; con- test for occupation, 244: part of Louisi- ana ill 1721. 249; surrendered to the British rn 1765, 251 ; under government of Virginia. 252: part of Indiana Territory, 254; Territorial Government organized; Ninian Edwards appointed Governor, 255; admitted as a State. 258 Illinois &MichiganCanai,261. Illinois Central Railroad, 267-68. ■Illinois Country," boundaries defined bj' Captain Pittman. 241; Patrick Henry, first American Governor, 252. Ulinois County organized by Virginia House of Delegates, 252. Illinois Territory organized; first Territo- rial officers. 255. Indiana Territory organized. 254; first Territorial Legislature elected. 255. Indian tribes; location in Illinois, 247. Internal improvement scheme, 263. Joliet, Louis, accompanied by Marquette, visits Illtnois in 1673, 245. Kane, Ellas Kent. 258. Kansas-Nebraska contest, 268. Kaskaskia Indians remove from Upper Illinois to mouth of Kaskaskia. 248. Kenton, Simon, guide fur Clark's expedi- tion against Kaskaskia, 2-51. Labor disturbances. 27o. 280, 283. La Fayette, visit of, to Kaskaskia. 261. La Salle, expedition to Illinois in 1679-80, 245; builds Fort Miami, near mouth of St. Joseph; disasterof Fort Creve-Creur; erection of Fort St. Louis, 246. Lincoln, Abraham. Representative in the General Assembly. 2ij3; elected to Con- gress, 266; unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate; member of Bloomington Convention of 1856; " House-divided-against-itself" speech, 269; elected President, 270: departure for W^ashington, 271; elected for a second term, 273: assassination and funeral, 274. Lincoln-Douglas debates. 270. Lockwood, Samuel D., Attorney-General; Secretary of State; opponent of pro- slavery convention scheme, 260. Logan. Gen. John A., prominent Union soldier, 272: Cougressnian-at-large.274-76; elected United States Senator. 276: Re- publican nominee for Vlce-Preaideut; third election as Senator, 278- "LongNine."263. Louisiana united with Illinois, 254. Lovejoy, Elijah P., murdered at Alton, 263. Macalister andStebbins bonds, 270. Marquette. Father Jacques (see Joliet); his mission among the Kaskaskias. 248. Mason, William E., U. S. Senator, 282. McLean, John, Speaker; first Representa- tive in Congress: U.S Senator: death, 265. Menard. Pierre, 255; President of Terri- torial Council, 257; elected Lieutenant- Governor. 25S; anecdote of , 259. Mexican War. 265. Morgan, Col. George, Indian Agent at Kas- kaskia in 1776, 251. Mormon War, 264-65. New Design Settlement, 255. New France, 244. 249. Nicolet. Jean, French explorei, 244-5. Northwest Territory organized: Gen. Ar- thur St. Clair appointed Governor. 253; first Territorial Legislature; aeparated into Territories of Ohio and Indiana. 2-34. Oglesby, Richard J., soldier in Civil War, 271; elected Governor, 274; second elec- tion; chosen V. S. Senator. 276; third election to governorship, 278 . Ordinance of 1787, 253. "Paincourt" (early name for St Louis) settled by French from Illinois, 251. Palmer, John M., member of Peace Con- ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor; prominent events of his administration. ",.;75; unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor; elected U.S. Senator. 279; candidate for President, 282. Peace Conference of 1861,271.. Peace conventions of 1863,273. Perrot. Nicholas, explorer, 245. Pittman, Capt. Philip, defines the bounda- ries of the "Illinois Country," 241. Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of Illinois Ter- ritory, 253; Delegate in Congress; serv- ice infixing northern boundary, 258. Prairies, origin of, 243. Randolph County organized, 254. Renault, Philip F., first importer of Afri- can slaves to Illinois. 249. RepublicanState Convention of 1856,269. Reynolds, John, elected Governor: resigns to take seat in Congress, 262; Speaker of Illinois Houseof Representatives. 268. Richardson, William A., candidate for Governor, 270; U.S. Senator, 272. Rocheblave, Chevalier de. last British Commandant in Illinois. 251; sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, 252. Shawneetown Bank, 257. Shawneetuwn flood, 283, Shields, Gen. James. 263; elected U. S. Sen- ator,267; del'eated for re-election, 269. Southern Hospital for Insane burned, 230. .spani3h-.\merican War. 281. Springfield, third State capital, 263; erec- tion of new State capitol at, auihorizeu, 275; State Bank, 259. St. Clair, Arthur, fii-st Governor of North- west Territory, 253; visits Illinois, 254. St. Clair County organized, 254. State debt reaches its maximum. 268. State Fair permanently located, 281. Streams and navigation. 242. Supreme Court revolutionized. 264. Tanner. John K., State Treasurer, 278; elected Governor, 281-2. Thomas. Jesse B., 255; President of Con- stitutional Convention of 1818. 258; elected United States Senator, 259. Todd, Col . John. Co uuty-Lieu tenant of Illi- nois County, 252. Tonty, Henry de (see La'Salle). Treaty wi th Indians near AI ton, 257. Trumbull, Lyman. Secretary of State. 264; elected United States Senator. 269-70; Democratic candidate for Governor, 277. Vandalia, the second State capital, 2-59. War of 1812, 2-56; expeditions to Peoria Lake. 257. War of the Rebellion; some prominent Illinois actors: number of troops fur- nished by Illinois: important battles par- ticipated in, 271-72; some officers who fell;, Grierson raid. 272. Warren, Hooper, editor Edwardsville Spectator, 260. Wayne. Gen. Anthony. 254. Whig mass-meeting at Springfield. 264. Wilmot Proviso, action of Illiuoi* Legisla- ture upon. 267. Wood. John, Lieutenant-Governor, fills Bissell's unexpired term. 270. Yates, Richard, at Bloomington Conven- tion of 1856. 269; Governor, 270; prorogues Legislature of 1863; elected United States Senator, 273. 286 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ILES, Elijah, pioneer merchant, was bom in Kentucky, March 28, 1796; received the rudiments of an education in two winters' schooling, and began his business career by purchasing 100 head of yearling cattle upon which, after herding them three years in the valleys of Eastern Ken- tucky, he realized a profit of nearly §3,000. In 1818 he went to St. Louis, then a French village of 2,500 inhabitants, and, after spending three years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Frank- lin, " on the Missouri River, nearly opposite the present town of Boonville, in 1821 made a horse- back tour through Central Illinois, finally locating at Springfield, which had just been selected by a board of Commissioners as the temporary county -seat of Sangamon County. Here he soon brought a stock of goods by keel-boat from St. Louis and opened the first store in tlie new town. Two years later (1823), in conjunction with Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox, he entered a section of land comprised within the present area of the city of Springfield, which later became the permanent county-seat and finally the State capital. Mr. lies became the first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 1826, was elected State Senator, served as Major in the Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), but was soon advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1830 he sold his store to John Williams, who had been his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the "American House," which afterwards became the temporary stopping-place of many of Illinois' most famous statesmen. He invested largely in valuable farming lands, and, at his death, left a large estate. Died, Sept. 4, 1883. ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR INCURABLE IN SANE, an institution founded under an act of the General Assembly, passed at the session of 1895, making an appropriation of §65,000 for the pur- chase of a site and the erection of buildings with capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients. The institution was located by the Trustees at Bartonville, a suburb of the city of Peoria, and the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later these were found to be located on ground which had been undermined in excavating for coal, and their removal to a different location was under- taken in 1898. The institution is intended to relieve the other hospitals for the Insane by the reception of patients deemed incurable. ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL, a water- way connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois River, and forming a connecting link in the water-route between the St. Lawrence and the Gulf of Mexico. Its summit level is about 580 feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about five miles from the lake. Thence it flows some eight miles to the valley of the Des Plaines, fol- lowing the valley to the mouth of the Kankakee (forty-two miles), thence to its southwestern terminus at La Salle, tlie head of navigation on the Illinois. Between these points the canal has four feeders — the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport, Joliet, Morris, and Ottawa, receiving accessions from the waters of the Fox River at the latter point. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it has five feeders whose aggregate length is twentj'-five miles, forty feet wide and four feet deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The difference in level between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of vessels, there are seventeen locks, ranging from three and one half to twelve and one-half feet in lift, their dimensions being 110x18 feet, and admitting the passage of boats carrying 150 tons. At Lock- port, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are large basins, three of which supply power to fac- tories. To increase the water supply, rendered necessary by the high summit level, pumping works were erected at Bridgeport, having two thirty -eight foot independent wheels, each capa- ble of delivering (through buckets of ten feet length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per minute. These pumping works were erected in 1848, at a cost of 915,000, and were in almost con- tinuous use until 1870. It was soon found that these machines might be utilized for the benefit of Chicago, by forcing the sewage of the Chicago River to the summit level of the canal, and allow- ing its place to be filled by pure water from the lake. This pumping, however, cost a large siun, and to obviate this expense §2,955,340 was ex- pended by Chicago in deepening the canal be- tween 1865 and 1871, so that the sewage of the south division of the city might be carried through the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was returned to the City by the State after the great fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carry- ing off Chicago sewage, see Chicago Drainage Canal.) In connection with the canal three locks and dams have been built on the Illinois River, — one at Henry, about twenty-eight miles below La Salle ; one at the mouth of Copperas Creek, about sixty miles oelow Henry; and another at La Grange. The object of these works (the first HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 287 two being practically au extension of the canal) is to furnish slack-water navigation through- out the year. Tlie cost of that at Henry (S400,000) was defrayed by direct appropriation from the State treasury. Copperas Creek dam cost §410,831, of which amount the United States Government paid $62, .360. The General Government also con- structed a dam at La Grange and appropriated funds for the building of another at Kampsville Landing, with a view to making the river thor- ouglil}' navigable the year round. The beneficial results expected from these works have not been realized and their demolition is advocated. History. — The early missionaries and fur- traders first directed attention to the nearness of the waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois. The project of the construction of a canal was made the subject of a report by Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury in 1808, and, in 1811, a bill on the subject was introduced in Congress in connection with the Erie' and other canal enter- prises. In 1823 Congi'ess granted the right of way across the i)ublic lands "for the route of a canal connecting the Illinois River with the south bend of Lake Michigan," which was fol- lowed five years later by a grant of 300,000 acres of land to aid in its construction, which was to be undertaken by the State of Illinois. The earliest surveys contemplated a channel 100 miles long, and the original estimates of cost varied between $689,000 and §716,000. Later surveys and estimates (1833) placed the cost of a canal forty feet wide and four feet deep at $4,040,000. In 1836 another Board of Commissioners was created and surveys were niade looking to the construction of a waterway sixty feet wide at the surface, thirty-six feet at bottom, and six feet in depth. Work was begun in June of that year; was suspended in 1841 ; and renewed in 1846, when a canal loan of $1,000,000 was negotiated. The channel was opened for navigation in April, 1848, by which time the total outlay had readied $6,170,236. By 1871, Illinois had liquidated its entire indebtedness on account of the canal and the latter reverted to the State. The total cost up to 1879 — including amount refunded to Chi- cago — was $9,.513,831, while the sum returned to the State from earnings, sale of canal lands, etc., amounted to $8,819,731. In 1883 an offer was made to cede the canal to tlie United States upon condition that it should be enlarged and ex- tended to the Mississippi, was repeated in 1887, but has been declined. ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL (gener- ally known as "Hennepin Canal"), a projected navigable water-way in course of construction (1899) by the General Government, designed to connect the Upper Illinois with the Mississippi River. Its object is to furnish a continuous navigable water-channel from Lake Michigan, at or near Chicago, by way of the Illinois & Michi- gan Canal (or the Sanitary Drainage Canal) and the Illinois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth of Rock River, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico. The Route. —The canal, at its eastern end, leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths miles above the city of Hennepin, where the river makes the great bend to the south. Ascend- ing the Bureau Creek valley, the route passes over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River and the Mississippi to Rock River at the mouth of Green River; thence by slack-water down Rock River, and around the lower rapids in that stream at Milan, to tlie Mississippi. The esti- mated length of the main channel between its eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles — the distance having been reduced by changes in the route after the first survey. To this is to be added a "feeder" extending from the vicinity of Shefiield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight miles west of the starting point on the Illinois), north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the city of Sterling in Wliiteside County, for the purpose of obtaining an adequate supply of water for the main canal on its highest level. The length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as its dimensions are the same as those of the main channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the same class as the latter. A dam to be constructed at Sterling, to turn water into the feeder, will furnish slack-water navigation on Rock River to Dixon, practically lengthening the entire route to that extent. History. — The subject of such a work began to be actively agitated as early as 1871, and, under authority of various acts of Congress, preliminary surveys began to be made by Government engi- neers that year. In 1890 detailed plans and esti- mates, based upon these preliminary surveys, were submitted to Congress in accordance with the river and harbor act of August, 1888. Thi.s report became tho basis of an appropriation in the river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for carrj'ing the work into practical execution. Actual work was begun on the western end of the canal in July, 1892, and at the eastern end in the spring of 1894. Since then it has been prosecuted as continuously as the appropriations made by Congress from year to year would permit. Ac- cording to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of 288 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Engineers in charge of t}ie work, for the fiscal j'ear ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the canal around the lower rapids of Rock River (four and one-half miles), with three locks, three swing bridges, two dams, besides various build- ings, was completed and that portion of the canal opened to navigation on April 17. 1895. In the early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation and masonry on the eastern section was practi- cally completed, the feeder line under contract, and five out of the eighteen bridges required to be constructed in place; and it was estimated that the whole line, with locks, bridges, culverts and aqueducts, will be completed within two years, at the farthest, by 1902. Dimensions, Methods of Construction, Cost. ETC. — As already stated, the length of the main line is seventy-five miles, of which twenty-eight miles (the eastern section) is east of the junction of the feeder, and forty-seven miles (the western section) west of that point — making, with the twenty-nine miles of feeder, a total of one hun- dred and four miles, or seven miles longer than the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The rise from the Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one locks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to reach an altitude of 196 feet ; while the descent of ninety-three feet to the low- water level of the Mississippi on the western end is accomplished through ten locks, varying from six to fourteen feet each. The width of the canal, at tlie water surface, is eighty feet, with a depth below the surface-line of seven feet. The banks are rip- rapped with stone the entire length of the canal. The locks are one hundred and seventy feet long, between the quoins, by thirty-five feet in width, admitting the passage of vessels of one hundred and forty feet in length and thirty-t (vo feet beam and each capable of carrying six hundred tons of freight. The bulk of the masonry employed in the con- struction of locks, as well as abutments for bridges and aqueducts, is solid concrete manufac- tured In place, while the lock-gates and aque- ducts proper are of steel — the use of tliese materials resulting in a large saving in the first cost as to the former, and securing greater solid- ity and permanence in all. The concrete work, already completed, is found to have withstood the effects of ice even more successfully than natural stone. The smaller culverts are of iron piping and the framework of all the bridges of steel. The earlier estimates placed the entire cost of construction of the canal, locks, bridges, build- ings, etc., at §5,068,000 for the main channel and $1,808,000 for the Rock River feeder— a total of 56,926,000. This has been reduced, however, by changes in the route and unexpected saving in the material employed for masonry work. The total expenditure, as shown bj- official reports, up to June 30, 1898, was 81,748,905.13. The amount expended up to March 1, 1899, approxi- mated §2,500,000, while the amount necessary to complete the work (exclusive of an unexpended balance) was estimated, in round numbers, at $3,500,000. The completion of this work, it is estimated, will result in a saving of over 400 miles in water transportation between Chicago and the western terminus of the canal. In order to make the canal available to its full capacity between lake points and the Mississippi, the enlargement of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width and depth of channel, will be an indispensable necessity ; and it is anticipated that an effort will be made to secure action in this direction by the Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another expedient likely to receive strong support will be, to induce the General Government to accept the tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and, by the enlargement of the latter through its whole length — or, from Lockport to the Illinois River at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago Drainage Canal — furnish a national water-way between the lakes and the Gulf of Jlexico of sufficient capacity to accommodate steamers and other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen. ILLIXOIS BAND, THE, an association consist- ing of seven young men, then students in Yale College, who, in the winter of 1828-29, entered into a mutual compact to devote their lives to the promotion of Christian education in the West, especially in Illinois. It was composed of Theron Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Mason Grosvenor, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, Julian M. Sturte- vant and Asa Turner. All of these came to Illi- nois at an early day, and one of the first results of their efforts was the founding of Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, in 1829, with which all became associated as members of the first Board of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the close of their lives, while most of them were con- nected with the institution for a considerable period, either as members of the faculty or finan- cial agents — Dr. Sturtevant having been Presi- dent for thirty-two years and an instructor or professor fifty-six years. (See Baldwin, Theron; Brooks, John F. ; and Sturtevant, Julian M. ) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 289 ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, a corpo ration controlling the principal Line of railroad extending through the entire length of the State from north to south, besides numerous side branches acquired by lease during the past few years. The main lines are made up of three gen- eral divisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo, 111. (364.73 miles); from Centralia to Dubuque, Iowa. (340.77 miles), and from Cairo to New Orleans, La. (547.79 miles) — making a total of 1,353.29 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles are in Illinois. Besides this the company con- trols, through lease and stock ownership, a large number of lateral branches which are operated by the company, making the total mileage officially reported up to Jime 30, 1898, 3,130.21 miles. — (History.) The Illinois Central Railroad is not only one of the lines earliest projected in the history of the State, but has been most inti- mately connected with its development. The project of a road starting from the mouth of the Ohio and extending northward through tlie State is said to have been suggested by Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins as early as 1832; was advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breese and others in 1835 under the name of the Wabash & Mississippi Railroad, and took the form of a charter granted by the Legislature in January, 1836, to the fir.st "Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany," to construct a road from Cairo to a point near the southern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Nothing was done under this act, although an organization was effected, with Governor Jenkins as President of the Company. The Company sm-rendered its charter the next year and the work was undertaken bj' the State, under tlie internal improvement act of 1837, and considerable money expended without complet- ing any portion of the line. The State having abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in 1843, incorporated the "Great Western Railwaj' Company" under what came to be known as the "Holbrook charter," to be organized under the auspices of the Cairo City & Canal Company, the line to connect the termini named in the charter of 1836, via Vandalia, Shelbyville, Decatur and Bloomington. Considerable money was expended under this charter, but the scheme again failed of completion, and the act was repealed in 1845. A charter under the same name, with some modification as to organization, was renewed in 1849. — In January, 1850, Senator Douglas introduced a bill in the United States Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of alternate sections of land along the line of a proposed road extending from Cairo to Dunleithin the northwest corner of the State, with a branch to Chicago, which bill passed the Senate in May of the same year and the House in September, and became the basis of the Illinois Central Rail- road Company as it exists to- day. Previous to the passage of this act, however, the Cairo City & Canal Company had been induced to execute a full surrender to the State of its rights and privi- leges under the "Holbrook charter." This was followed in February, 1851, by the act of the Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under specified conditions) the grant of lands received from the General Government. This grant covered alternate sections within six miles of the line, or the equivalent thereof (when such lands were not vacant), to be placed on lands within fifteen miles of the line. The niunber of acres thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000, (about 3,840 acres per mile), which were con- veyed to Trustees as security for the performance of the work. An engineering party, organized at Chicago, May 21, 1851, began the prelim- inary survey of the Chicago branch, and before the end of the year the whole line was surveyed and staked out The first contract for grading was let on March 15, 1852. being for that portion between Chicago and Kensington (then known as Calumet), 14 miles. This was opened for traffic, May 24, 1852, and over it the Michigan Central, which had been in course of construction from the east, obtained trackage rights to enter Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other sections, some of them in June, and the last on Oct. 14, 1853. In May, 1853, the section from La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was com- pleted and opened for business, a temporary bridge being constructed over the Illinois near La Salle, and cars hauled to the top of the bluff with chains and cable by means of a stationary engine. In July, 1854, the Chicago Division was put in operation to Urbana, 128 miles; the main line from Cairo to La Salle (301 miles), completed Jan. 8, 1855, and the line from La Salle to Dunleith (now East Dubuque), 146.73 miles, on June 12, 1855— the entire road (705.5 miles) being com- pleted, Sept. 27, 1856.— (Financial Statement.) The share capital of the road was originally fixed at .$17,000,000, but previous to 1869 it had been increased to §25,500,000, and during 1873-74 to 529,000,000. The present capitalization (1898) is §163.352,593, of which §52,500,000 is in stock. §53,680,925 in bonds, and §51,367.000 in miscel laneous obligations. The total cost of the road 290 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in Illinois, as shown by a report made in 1889, was §35,110,609. By the terms of its charter the corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu thereof is required to pay into the State treasury, semiannually, seven per cent upon the gross earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus paid into the State treasurj' from Oct. 31, 18f)5. when the first payment of $39,751,59 was made, up to and including Oct. 31, 1898, aggregated $17,315,193.24. The last payment (October, 1898), amounted to !5334,.527.01. The largest paj'ment in the history of the road was that of October, 1893, amounting, for the preceding six months, to .54.50,176 34. The net income of the main line in Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was §13,399,031, and the total expenditures within the State §13,831,161.— (Leased Lines ) The first addition to the Illinois Central System was made in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuviue to Sioux Falls, Iowa. Since then it lias extended its Iowa connections, by the construction of new lines and tlie acquisition or extension of others. The most important addition to the line outside of the State of Illinois was an arrangement effected, in 1873, with the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern, and the Mississippi Central Rail- roads — with which it previously had traffic con- nections — giving it control of a line from Jackson, Tenn., to New Orleans, La. At first, connection was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and the Southern Divisions of the system, bj' means of transfer steamers, but subsequently the gap was filled in and the through line opened to traffic in December, 1873. In 1874 the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern and the Mississippi Central roads were consolidated under the title of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, but the new corporation defaulted on its interest in 1876. The Illinois Central, which was tlie owner of a majority of the bonds of the constitu- ent lines which went to make up tlie New Orleans, St Louis & Chicago Railroad, tlien acquired ownership of the whole line by foreclosure pro- ceedings in 1877, and it was reorganized, on Jan. 1, 1878, under the name of the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad, and placed in charge of one of the Vice-Presidents of the Illinois Central Company.— (Illinois Branches.) The more im- portant branches of the Illinois Central witliin the State include: (1) The Springfield Division from Chicago to Springfield (111.47 miles), chartered in 1867, and opened in 1871 as the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railroad ; passed into the hands of a receiver in 1873, sold under foreclosure in 1876, and leased, in 1878, for fifty years, to the Illinois Central Railroad: (3) The Rantoul Division from Leroy to the Indiana State line (66.31 miles in Illinois), chartered in 1876 as the Havana, Ran- toul & Eastern Railroad, built as a narrow-gauge line and operated in 1881 ; afterwards changed to standard-gauge, and controlled by tlie Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific until May, 1884, when it passed into the hands of a receiver ; in December of the same year taken in charge by the bondholders ; in 1885 again placed in the hands of a receiver, and, in October, 1886, sold to the Illinois Central: (3) The Chicago, Havana & Western Railroad, from Havana to Cliampaign, witli a branch from White- heath to Decatur (total, 131.68 miles), constructed as the western extension of the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western, and opened in 1873; sold under foreclosure in 1879 and organized as the Champaign, Havana & Western; in 1880 pur- chased by the Wabash, St, Louis & Pacific; in 1884 taken possession of by the mortgage trustees and, in September, 1886. sold under foreclosure to the Illinois Central Railroad; (4) The Freeport Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed under a charter granted to the Chicago, Madison & Northern Railroad (wliich see), opened for traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in January, 1889; (5) The Kankakee & Southwestern (131.36 miles), constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington under tlie charters of tlie Kankakee & Western and the Kankakee & Southwestern Railroads; acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in 1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1883 ; and (6) The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute (which see under its old name). Other Illinois branch lines of less importance embrace the Blue Island ; the Chicago & Texas ; the Mound City ; the South Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern, and the St. Charles Air-Line, which furnishes an entrance to the City of Chicago over an ele- vated track. The total length of these Illinois branches in 1898 was 919.72 miles, with the main lines making the total mileage of the company within the State 1,624.33 miles. For several years up to 1895 the Illinois Central had a connection with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute & Indianapolis from Effingliam, but this is now secured by way of the Springfield Division and the main line to Pana, whence its trains pass over the old Indianapolis & St. Louis — now the Cleve- land, Cinciunati. Chicago & St. Louis Railway. Between June 30, 1897 and April 30, 1898, branch lines in the Southern States (chiefly in Kentucky HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 291 and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were added to the Illinois Central System. The Cairo Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near its mouth, at a cost of §3,000,000, for the purpose of connecting the Northern and Southern Divisions of the Illinois Central System, and one of the most stupendous structures of its kind in the world, belongs wholly to the Illinois Central Railroad Company. (See Cairo Bridge.) ILLINOIS COLLEGE, an institution of learn- ing at Jacksonville, 111., which was the first to graduate a collegiate class in the history of the State. It had its origin in a movement inaugu- rated about 1827 or 1838 to secure the location, at some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college which would give the youth of the State the opportunity of acquiring a higher education. Some of the most influential factors in this move- ment were already citizens of Jacksonville, or contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828, the outline of a plan for such an institution was drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary of the Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Samuel D. Lockwood, then a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, as a basis for soliciting subscriptions for the organization of a stock-company to carry the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then proposed, contemplated provision for a depart- ment of female education, at least until a separate institution could be furnished — which, if not a forerunner of the co-educational system now so much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the estab- lishment of the Jacksonville Female Seminary, which soon followed the founding of the college. A few months after these preliminar}' steps were taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication with a group of young men at Yale College (see "Illinois Band") who had entered into a com- pact to devote their lives to the cause of educa- tional and missionary work in the West, and out of the union of these two forces, soon afterwards effected, grew Illinois College. The organization of the "Illinois" or "Yale Band," was formally consummated in February, 1829, and before the close of the year a fund of §10,000 for the purpose of laying the foundation of the proposed institu- tion in Illinois had been pledged by friends of education in the East, a beginning had been made in the erection of buildings on the present site of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in Decem- ber of the same year, the work of instruction of a preparatory class had been begun by Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, who had taken the place of ' 'avant- courier" of the movement. A year later (1831) Rev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the inde- fatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry Ward — already then well known as a leader in the ranks of those opposed to slavery — had be- come identified with the new enterprise and assumed the position of its first President. Such was the prejudice against "Yankees" in Illinois at that time, and the jealousy of theological influ- ence in education, that it was not until 1835 that the friends of the institution were able to secure a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual attempt had been made in 1830, and when it was finally granted, it was in the form of an "omni- bus bill" including three other institutions, but with restrictions as to the amount of real estate that might be held, and prohibiting the organiza- tion of theological departments, both of which were subsequently repealed. (See Early Col- leges.) The same year the college graduated its first class, consisting of two members — Richard Yates, afterwards War Governor and United States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the composer of "Sweet Afton." Limited as was this first output of alumni, it was politically and morally strong. In 1843 a medical department was established, but it was abandoned five years later for want of adequate support. Dr. Beecher retired from the Presidency in 1844, when he was succeeded by Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in that capacity until 1876 (thirty-two years), when he became Professor Emeritus, remaining until 188.5 — his connection with the institution cover- ing a period of fifty-six years. Others who have occupied the position of President include Rufus C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev, Edward A. Tanner, 1882-92; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earli- est and influential friends of the institution, besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may be enumerated such names as Gov. Joseph Dun- can, Thomas Mather, Winthrop S. Oilman, Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of Chicago), all of whom were members of the early Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to maintain a preparatory department for many years to fit pupils for the college classes proper, and, in 1866, Whipple Academy was established and provided with a separate building for this purpose. The standard of admission to the col- lege course has been gradually advanced, keeping abreast, in this respect, of other American col- leges. At present the institution has a faculty of 15 members and an endowment of some $1.50,000, with a library (1898) numbering over 15,000 vol- umes and property valued at $360,000. Degrees are conferred in both classical and scientific 292 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. courses in the college proper. The list of alumni embraces some 750 names, including many who have been prominent in State and National affairs. ILLI^VOIS COUiVTY, the name given to the first civil organization of the territory northwest of the Ohio River, after its conquest by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778. This was done by act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October of the same year, which, among other things, provided as follows: "The citizens of the commonwealth of Virginia, who are already set- tled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of the Ohio, shall be included in a distinct county which shall be called Illinois County; and the Governor of this commonwealth, with the advice of the Council, may appoint a County-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-chief of the county during pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to this commonwealth and the oath of office accord- ing to the form of their own religion. And all civil offices to which the inhabitants have been accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the peace and the administration of justice, shall be chosen by a majority of the citizens of their re- spective districts, to be convened for that purpose by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his deputy, and shall be commissioned by said County-Lieutenant." As the Commonwealth of Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's conquest, then claimed jurisdiction over the entire region west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, Illinois County nominally embraced the territory comprised within the limits of the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin, though the settlements were limited to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, Vincennes (in the present State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant under this act, holding ofiice two years. Out of Illinois County were subsequently organized the follow- ing counties by "order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, after his assumption of the duties of Governor, following the passage, by Congress, of the Ordi- nance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory, VIZ. : Name County-Seat Date op Obgaxizatio Wasbington Marietta July 27, 1788 HamiltoD Cincinnati f Cahobia Jan. 4, 1791) St. Clair ! Prairie du Rocher April 27, 17S ( Ka.sliaakia Knox Post St. Vincenr lea June 20. 17! Randolph Kaskaskia Oct. 5, 1795 Washington, originally comprising the State of Ohio, was reduced, on the organization of Hamil- ton County, to the eastern portion, Hamilton County embracing the west, with Cincinnati (originally called "Losantiville, " near old Fort Washington) as the county-seat. St. Clair, the third county organized out of this territory, at first had virtually three county-seats, but divi- sions and jealousies among the people and oflicials in reference to the place of deposit for the records, resulted in the issue, five years later, of an order creating tlie new county of Randolph, the second in the "Illinois Country" — these (St. Clair and Randolph) constituting the two counties into which it was divided at the date of organization of Illinois Territory. Out of these events grew the title of "Mother of Counties" given to Illinois County as the original of all the counties in the five States northwest of the Oliio, while St. Clair County inherited the title as to the State of Illinois. (See Illinois; also St. Clair, Arthur, and Todd, (Col.) John.) ILLIIVOIS FARMERS' RAILROAD. (See Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway.) ILLINOIS FEMALE COLLEGE, a flourishing institution for the education of women, located at Jack.sonville and incorporated in 1847. While essentially unsectarian in teaching, it is con- trolled by the Methodist Episcopal denomination. Its first charter was granted to the "Illinois Con- ference Female Academy" in 1847, but four years later the charter was amended and the name changed to the present cognomen. The cost of building and meager .support in early years brought on bankruptcj-. The friends of the insti- tution rallied to its -support, however, and the purchasers at the foreclosure sale (all of whom were friends of Methodist education) donated tlie property to what was technically a new institu- tion. A second charter was obtained from the State in 1863, and the restrictions imposed upon the grant were such as to prevent ahenation of title, by either conveyance or mortgage. While the college has only a small endowment fund (52,000) it owns 860,000 worth of real property, besides 59,000 invested in apparatus and library. Preparatory and collegiate departments are main- tained, both classical and scientific courses being established in the latter. Instruction is also given in fine arts, elocution and music. The faculty (1898) numbers 15, and there are about 170 students. ILLINOIS FEMALE REFORM SCHOOL. (See Home for Female Offenders.) ILLIIVOIS INDIANS, a confederation belong- ing to the Algonquin family and embracing five tribes, viz. : the Cahokias, Kaskaskias, Mitcha- gamies, Peorias and Tamaroas. They early ocou- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 293 pied Illinois, with adjacent portions of Iowa, Wisconsin and Slissouri. The name is derived from mini, "man," the Indian plural "ek'" being changed by the French to "ois. " They were intensely warlike, being almost constantly in conflict with the Winnebagoes, the Iroquois, Sioux and other tribes. They were migi-atory and depended for subsistence largely on the sum- mer and winter hunts. They dwelt in rudely constructed cabins, each accommodating about eight families. They were always faithful alhes of the French, whom they heartily welcomed in 1673. French missionaries labored earnestly among them — notably Fathers Marquette, AUouez and Gravier — who reduced their language to grammatical rules. Their most distinguished Chief was Chicagou, who was sent to France, where he was welcomed with the honors accorded to a foreign prince. In tlieir wars with the Foxes, from 1713 to 1719, they suffered severely, their numbers being reduced to 3,000 souls. The assassination of Pontiac by a Kaskaskian in 1765, was avenged by the lake tribes in a war of ex- termination. After taking part with the Miamis in a war against the United States, thej' partici- pated in the treaties of Greenville and Vincennes, and were gradually removed farther and farther toward the West, the small remnant of about 175 being at present (1896) on the Quapaw reservation in Indian Territory. (See also Cahokias; Foxes; Iroquois; Kaskaskias; Mitchagamies; Peorias; Tamaroas: and Winnebagoes.) ILLINOIS IXSTITUTION FOR THE EDU- CATION OF THE BLIND, located at Jackson- ville. Tlie institution had its inception in a school for the blind, opened in that town in 1847, by Samuel Bacon, who was himself blind. The State Institution was created by act of the Legis- lature, passed Jan. 13, 1849, which was introduced by Richard Yates, then a Representative, and was first opened in a rented house, early in 1850, under the temporary supervision of Mr. Bacon. Soon afterward twenty-two acres of ground were purchased in the eastern part of the city and the erection of permanent buildings commenced. By January, 1854. they were ready for use, but fif- teen years later were destroyed by fire. Work on a new bmlding was begun without unnecessary delay and the same was completed by 1874. Numerous additions of wings and shops have since been made, and the institution, in its build- ings and appointments, is now one of the most complete in the country. Instruction (as far as practicable) is given in rudimentary English branches, and in such mechanical trades and avocations as may best qualify the inmates to be- come self-supporting upon their return to active life. ILLINOIS MASONIC ORPHANS' HO.ME, an institution established in the city of Cliicago under the auspices of the Masonic Fraternity of Illinois, for the purpose of furnishing a home for the destitute children of deceased members of the Order. The total receipts of the institution, dur- ing the year 1895, were 829,304.98, and the expenditures, §27,258.70. The number of bene- ficiaries in the Home, Dec. 31, 1895, was 61. The Institution owns real estate valued at §75,000. ILLINOIS MIDLAND RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) ILLINOIS RITER, the most important stream within the State ; lias a length of about 500 miles, of which about 245 are navigable. It is formed by the junction of the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers at a point in Grundy County, some 45 miles southwest of Chicago. Its course is west, then southwest, and finally south, until it empties into the Mississippi about 30 miles north of the mouth of tlie Missouri. The Illinois & Michigan Canal connects its waters with Lake Michigan. Marquette and JoUet ascended the stream in 1673 and were probably its first white visitants. Later (1679-82) it was explored by La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and others. ILLINOIS RIVER RAILROAD. (See Cliicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.) ILLINOIS SANITARY COMMISSION, a vol untary organization formed pursuant to a sug- gestion of Governor Yates, shortly after the battle of Fort Donelsoh (1862). Its object was the relief of soldiers in actual service, whether on the march, in camp, or in hospitals. State Agents were appointed for the distribution of relief, for which purpose large sums were collected and dis- tributed. The work of the Commission was later formally recognized by the Legislature in the enactment of a law authorizing the Governor to appoint "Military State Agents," who should receive compensation from the vState treasury. Many of these "agents" were selected from the ranks of the workers in the Sanitary Commission, and a great impetus was thereby imparted to its volimtary work. Auxiliary . associations were formed all over the State, and funds were readily obtained, a considerable proportion of which was derived from "Sanitary Fairs." ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND MANUAL TRAINING FOR BOYS, an institution for the training of dependent boys, organized under the act of March 28, 1895, which was in 294 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. effect a re-enactment of tlie statute approved in 1883 and amended in 1885. Its legally defined object is to provide a home and proper training for such boys as may be committed to its charge. Commitments are made by tlie County Courts of Cook and contiguous counties. The school is located at Glenwood, in the county of Cook, and was first opened for the reception of inmates in 1888. Its revenues are derived, in part, from voluntary contributions, and in part from pay- ments by the counties sending boys to the institu- tion, which payments are fixed by law at ten dollars per month for each boy, during the time he is actually an inmate. In 1898 nearly one-half of the entire income came from the former source, but the surplus remaining in the treasury at the end of any fiscal year is never large. The school is under the inspectional control of the State Commissioners of Public Charities, as though it were an institution founded and main- tained by the State. The educational curriculum closely follows that of the ordinary grammar schools, pupils being trained in eight grades, sub- stantially along the lines established in the public schools. In addition, a military drill is taught, with a view to developing physical strength, command of limbs, and a graceful, manly car- riage. Since the Home was organized there have been received (down to 1899), 2.333 boys. The industrial training given the inmates is both agricultural and mechanical, — the institution owning a good, fairly-sized farm, and operating well equipped industrial shops for the education of pupils. A fair proportion of the boys devote themselves to learning trades, and not a few develop into excellent workmen. One of the purposes of the school is to secure homes for those thought likely to prove creditable members of respectable households. During the eleven years of its existence nearly 2,200 boys have been placed in homes, and usually with the most satisfactory results. The legal safeguards thrown around the ward are of a comprehensive and binding sort, so far as regards the parties who take the children for either adoption or apprenticeship— the welfare of the ward always being the object primarily aimed at. Adoption is preferred to institutional life by the administration, and the result usually justifies their judgment. Many of the pupils are returned to their families or friends, after a mild course of correctional treat- ment. The system of government adopted is analogous to that of the "cottage plan" employed in many reformatory institutions throughout the country. An "administration building" stands in the center of a group of structures, each of which has its own individual name: — Clancy Hall, Wallace, Plymouth, Beeoher, Pope, Windsor, Lincoln, Sunnyside and Sheridan. While never a suppliant for benefactions, the Home has always attracted the attention of philanthropists who are interested in the care of society's waifs. The average annual number of inmates is about 27.5. ILLINOIS WESLEYAX UMTERSITT, the leading educational institution of the Methodist Church in Illinois, south of Chicago; incorpo- rated in 1853 and located at Bloomington. It is co-educational, has a faculty of 34 instructors, and reports 1,106 students in 1896 — 458 male and 648 female. Besides the usual literary and scien- tific departments, instruction is given in theology, music and oratory. It also has preparatory and business courses. It has a library of 6,000 vol- umes and reports funds and endowment aggre- gating .§187, 999, and property to the value of .?380,999. ILLINOIS & INDIANA KAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western RaUiray.) ILLINOIS & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore <£• Ohio Southwestern Tiailroad.) ILLINOIS & SOUTHERN IOWA RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) ILLINOIS & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD & COAL COMPANY. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (consolidated) Railroad.) ILLINOIS & WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Northwestern Railway.) ILLIOPOLIS, a village in Sangamon County, on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles east of Spring- field. It occupies a position nearly in the geo- graphical center of the State and is in the heart of what is generally termed the corn belt of Cen- tral Illinois. It has banks, several churches, a graded school and three newspapers. Population (1880), 686; (1890), 689; (1900), 744. INDIAN MOUNDS. (See Mound-Builders, Works of The.) INDIAN TREATIES. The various treaties made by the General Government with the Indians, which affected Illinois, may be summa- rized as follows : Treaty of Greenville, August 3, 1795 — ceded 11,808,409 acres of land for the sum of $210,000; negotiated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with the Delawares, Ottawas, Miamis, Wyandots, Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Chippewas, Kaskas- kias, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Eel River Indians: First Treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7, 1803— ceded 2,038,400 acres in consideration of $4,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Miamis, Pottawato- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 295 mies, and Shawnees: First Treaty of Vincennes, August 13, 1803— ceded 8,911,850 acres for $13, 000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Caho- kias, Kaskaskias and Mitchagamies . First Treaty of St. Louis, Nov. 3, 1804— ceded 14,803,520 acres in consideration of $33,234; negotiated by Gov- ernor Harrison with the Sacs and Foxes- Second Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 30, 180.5— ceded 2,676,150 acres for $4, 100 ; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Piankeshaws: Second Treaty of Fort AVayne, Sept. 30, 1809 — ceded 2,900,000 acres; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Dela- wares, Eel River, Miamis, Pottawatomies and Weas: Third Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 9, 1809 — ceded 138,240 acres for 827,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Kickapoos: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Aug. 24, ISIG— ceded 1,418,400 acres in consideration of $12,000; negotiated by Governor Edwards, William Clark and A. Chou- teau with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawato- mies: Treaty of Edwardsville, Sept. 30, 1818— ceded 6,865,380 acres for §6,400; negotiated by Governor Edwards and A. Cliouteau with the Illinois and Peorias: Treaty of St. Mary's, Oct. 2, 1818— ceded 11,000,000 acres for §33,000; nego- tiated by Gen. Lewis Cass and others with the Weas: Treaty of Fort Harrison, Aug. 30, 1819— negotiated by Benjamin Parke with the Kicka- poos of the Vermilion, ceding 3,173,130 acres for $33,000: Treaty of St. Joseph, Sept. 20, 1828— ceded 990,720 acres in consideration of $189,795; negotiated by Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard with the Pottawatomies: Treaty of Prairie du Chien, Jan. 3, 1830— ceded 4,160,000 acres for §390,601; negotiated by Pierre Menard and others with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies: First Treaty of Chicago, Oct. 20, 1832— ceded 1,536,000 acres for §460,348; negotiated with the Pottawatomies of the Prairie: Treaty of Tippecanoe, Oct. 27, 1832 — by it tlie Pottawato- mies of Indiana ceded 737,000 acres, in consider- ation of §406, 121 : Second Treaty of Chicago, Sept. 26, 1833 — by it the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pot- tawatomies ceded 5,104,960 acres for §7, 624,289-, Treaties of Fort Armstrong and Prairie du Chien, negotiated 1829 and '33— by wliich the Winne- bagoes ceded 10,346,000 acres in exchange for §5,195,253: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Oct. 27. 1833 — the Kaskaskias and Peorias ceding 1,900 acres in consideration of §155,780 (See also Oreenville, Treaty of.) INDIAJf TRIBES. (See Algonquins; niinois Indians: Kaskxiskias; Kiekapoos: Miamis; Outa- ganiies; Piankeshaws: Potfaicatomies; Sacs and Foxes; Weas; Winnebagoes.) IIVDIAIVA, BLOOMINtJTON & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Peoria dr Eastern Railroad. ) INDIANA, DECATUR & WESTERN RAIL- WAY. The entire length of line is 153.5 miles, of which 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings amounting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It extends from Decatur almost due east to the Indiana State line, and has a single track of standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet The rails are of steel, well adapted to the traffic, and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders. The bridges (chiefly of wood) are of standard design and well maintained. The amount of capital stock outstanding (1898) is §1,834,000, or 11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including stock and all indebtedness) 3,733,983. The total earnings and income in Illinois, §240,850. (His- tory.) The first organization of this road em- braced two companies — the Indiana & Illinois and the Illinois & Indiana — which were consolidated, in 1853, under the name of the Indiana & Illinois Central Railroad Company. In 1875 the latter was sold under foreclosure and organized as the Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway Company, at which time the section from Decatur to Montezuma, lud., was opened. It was com- pleted to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1882 it was leased to the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, when it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & West- ern. Again, in 1889, default was made and the property, after being operated by trustees, was sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indi- ana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Com- pany (in Illinois), These were consolidated in July, 1895, under the present name (Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company). In December, 1895, the entire capital stock was purchased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway Company, and the line is now operated as a part of that system. INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD. This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8 miles south of Streator, on the line of the Streator Division of the Wabash Railroad, easterly to the Indiana State Line. The total length of the line is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illi- nois. Between Streator Junction and Streator, the line is owned by the Wabash Company, but this company pays rental for trackage facilities. About 75 per cent of the ties are of white-oak, the remainder being of cedar ; the rails are 56-lb. 296 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel, sand, cinders and earth. A policy of permanent improvements has been adopted, and is being carried forward. The principal traffic is the transportation of freight. The outstanding capi- tal stock (June 30, 1898) was $3,597,800; bonded debt, §1.800,000; total capitalization, §5,517,739; total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898, $413,967; total expenditures in the State, §303,- 344. — (History.) This road w-as chartered Dec. 27, 1881, and organized by the consolidation of tliree roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois & Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, 111., in 1882, and through its entire length. Sept. 15, 1883. INDIAJfA & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL- ROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Rail- way.) INDIANA & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) INDIANA & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad. ) INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINtHON & WEST- ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail- road; also Peoria 'E COUNTY, one of the wealthiest and most progressive counties in the State, situated in the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 square miles, and population (1900) of 7S,792; was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- ber and water are abundant, Fox River flowing through the county from north to south. Immi- gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus in 1835, when the Pottawatomies were removed west of the Mississippi, A school was established in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County organization was effected in June, 1836, and the public lands came on the market in 1843. The Civil War record of the county is more than creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the attention of the people. The county has many flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- seat. (See Aurora, Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva and St. Charles.) KAXGLET, a village of La Salle County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railwa)-, three miles northwest of Streator. There are several coal shafts here. Population (1900), 1,004. KANKAKEE, a city and county-seat of Kanka- kee County, on Kankakee River and 111. Cent. Raihoad, at intersection of the "Big Four" with the Indiana, 111. & Iowa Railroad, 56 miles south of Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising region, near extensive coal fields and bog iron ore; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agri- cultural implement, furniture, and piano fac- tories, knitting and novelty works, besides two quarries of valuable building stone. The East- ern Hospital for the Insane is located here. There are four papers, four banks, five schools, water-works, gas and electric light, electric car lines, and Government postofl5ce building. Popu- lation (1890). 9,035; (1900), 13,595. KANKAKEE COUNTY, a wealthy and popu- lous county in the northeast section of the State, having an area of 680 square miles — receiving its name from its principal river. It was set apart from AViU and Iroquois Counties under the act passed in 1851, the owners of the site of the present city of Kankakee contributing 55,000 toward the erection of county buildings. Agri- culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the principal pursuits. The first white settler was one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first American, Thomas Durham. Population (1880), 25,047; (1890), 28,783; (1900), 37,154. KANKAKEE RUYER, a sluggish stream, rising in St. Joseph County, Ind., and flowing west- southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it unites with the Iroquois from the south and the Des Plaines from the north, after the junction with the latter, taking tlie name of the Illinois. KANKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line lying wholly in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It has a capital stock of §10,000, bonded debt of §650,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) reaching §557,629; total capitalization, §1,217,629. This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by these two lines, but operated by the former. (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- road.) KANSAS, a village in Edgar County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian- apolis, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles west-southwest of Paris. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile works, two grain elevators, a canning factory, and railway machine shops, beside four churches, a collegiate institute, a National bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 723; (1890), 1,037; (1900), 1,049. KASKASKI.\, a village of the Illinois Indians, and later a French trading post, first occupied in 1700. It passed into the hands of the British after the French-Indian War in 1765, and was captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clai-k, George Rogers.) At that time the white inhab- itants were almost entirely of French descent. The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi- nois occurred here in the year last named, and, in 1804, the United States Government opened a land office there. For many years the most important commercial town in the Territory, it remained the Territorial and State capital down 314 niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. to 1819, when the seat of government was re- moved to Vandalia. Originally situated on the west side of tlie Kaskaskia River, some six miles from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had been swept away by the encroachments of the latter stream, so that all that is left of the princi- pal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply its name. KASKASKIA INDIANS, one of the five tribes constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed from what is now La Salle County, to Southern Illinois, where they established themselves along the banks of the river which bears their name. They were finally removed, with their b-ethren of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a distinct tribe, have become extinct. KASKASKIA RITER, rises in Champaign County, and flows southwest through the coun- ties of Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Shelby, Fayette, Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River near Chester. It is nearly 300 miles long, and flows through a fertile, undulating country, which forms part of the great coal field of the State. KEITH, Edson, Sr., merchant and manufac- turer, born at Barre, Vt., Jan. 38, 1833, was edu- cated at home and in the district schools ; spent 1850-54 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the latter year and obtaining employment in a retail dry-goods store. In 1860 he assisted in establish- ing the firm of Keith, Faxon & Co. , now Edson Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation of Keith Brothers & Co. , a Director of the Metro- politan National Bank, and the Edison Electric Light Company. — Elbridge G. (Keith), banker, brother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt., July IG, 1840; attended local schools and Barre Academy ; came to Chicago in 1857, the next year taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, Faxon & Co., in 1865 becoming a partner and, in 1884, being chosen President of the Metropolitan National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. Keith was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local literary, political and social clubs ; was also one of the Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- sition of 1893-93. KEITHSBURG, a town in Mercer County on the Mississippi River, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Cen- tral Railways; 100 miles west-northwest of Peoria. Principal industries are fisheries, ship- ping, manufacture of pearl buttons and oilers ; has one paper. Pop. (1900), 1,566; (1903, est.), 2,000. KELLOGG, Hiram Huntington, clergyman and educator, was born at Clinton (then Whites- town), N. Y., in February, 1803, graduated at Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after which he served for some years as pastor at various places in Central New York. Later, he established the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary at Clinton, claimed to be the first ladies' semi- nary in the State, and the first experiment in the country uniting manual training of girls with scholastic in.struction, antedating Mount Hoi yoke, Oberlin and other institutions which adopted this .system. Color was no bar to admission to the institution, though the daughters of some of the wealthiest families of the State were among its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co-laborer with Gerritt Smith, Beriah Green, the Tappans, Garri- son and others, in the effort to arouse public senti- ment in opposition to slavery. In 1836 he united with Prof. George W. Gale and others in the movement for the establishment of a colony and the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery institution in the West, which resulted in the location of the town of Galesburg and the found, ing there of Knox College. Mr. Kellogg was chosen the first President of the institution and, in 1841, left his thriving school at Clinton to identify himself with the new enterprise, which, in its infancy, was a manual-labor school. In the West he soon became the ally and co- laborer of such men as Owen Lovejoy, Ichabod Codding, Dr. C. V. Dyer and others, in the work of extirpat- ing slavery. In 1843 he visited England as a member of the World's Peace Convention, re- maining abroad about a year, during which time he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and others of the most prominent men of that day in England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency of Knox College in 1847, he returned to Clinton Seminary, and was later engaged in various busi- ness enterprises until 1861, when he again re- moved to Illinois, and was engaged in preaching and teaching at various points during the remainder of his life, dying suddenly, at his home school at Mount Forest, 111., Jan. 1, 1881. KELLOGG, WilHam Pitt, was born at Orwell, Vt., Dec. 8, 1831, removed to Illinois in 1848, studied law at Peoria, was admitted to the bar in 1854, and began practice in Fulton County. He was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1856 and 1860, being elected the latter year. Appointed Chief Justice of Nebraska in 1861, he resigned to accept the colonelcy of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry Fail- ing health caused his retirement from the army —Old Kaskaskia from Garrison Hill (1893). 2.— Kaskaskia Hotel where LaFayette was feted in 1875 3— First Illinois State House, 1818. 4.— Interior of Room (1893) where LaFayette banquet was held. 5.— Pierre Menard Mansion. 6.— House of Chief Ducoign, last of the Cascasquias (Kaskaskias). 1— Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (1898). 2.— View on Principal Street (1891). 3— Gi^n. John Edgar's House (1891). 4.— House of Gov. Bond (1891). 5.— "Chenu Mansion where La- Fayettc was entertained, as it appeared in 1898. 6._01d State House (1900). HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 315 after the battle of Corinth. In ISG."/ he was appointed Collector of the Port at New Orleans. Thereafter he became a conspicuous figure in both Louisiana and National politics, serving as United States Senator from Louisiana from 18G8 to 1871, and as Governor from 1873 to 1876, during the stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak- ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt was made to impeach him in 1876. In 1877 lie was elected a second time to the United States Senate by one of two rival Legislatures, being awarded his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house to which he was elected in 1882, serving until 1885. While retaining his residence in Louisiana, Mr. Kellogg has spent much of his time of late years in "Washington City. KEXD.VLL COUNTY, a northeastern county, with an area of 330 square miles and a population (1900) of 11,467. The surface is rolling and the soil fertile, although generally a light, sandy loam. The count)- was organized in 1841, out of parts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in honor of President Jackson"s Postmaster General. The Fox River (running southwestwardly through the county), with its tributaries, affords ample drainage and considerable water power; the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been rivals for the county-seat, the distinction finally resting with the former. Among the pioneers may be mentioned Messrs. John AVilson, Ed- ward Anient, David Carpenter, Samuel Smith, the Wormley and Pierce brothers, and E. Morgan. KEXDRICK, Adin A., educator, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1836; educated at Granville Academy, N. Y., and Middlebury Col- lege; removed to Janesville, Wis., in 1857, studied law and began practice at Monroe, in that State, a j'ear later removing to St. Louis, where he con- tinued practice for a short time. Then, having abandoned the law, after a course in the Theolog- ical Seminary at Rochester, N. Y. , in 1861 he became pastor of the North Baptist Church in Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis, where he remained in pastoral work until 1873, when he assumed the Presidency of Shurtleflf College at Upper Alton, 111. KENKEY, a village and railway station in Devritt County, at the intersection of the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroads, 36 miles northeast of Springfield. The town has two banks and two newspapers ; the district is agricultural. Population (1880), 418; (1890), 497; (1900y, 584. KEXT, (Rev.) Aratus, pioneer and Congrega- tional missionary, was born in SufBeld, Conn, in 1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829, as a Congregational missionary, came to the Galena lead mines — then esteemed "a place so hard no one else would take it. "' In less than two years he had a Sunday-school witli ten teachers and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also estab- lished a day-school, which he conducted himself In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian Church of Galena, of which he remained pastor until 1848, when he became Agent of the Home Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford Female Seminary, meanwhile contributing freely from his meager salary to charitable purposes. Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869. KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watchful Fox"), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him finally to displace his rival. Black Hawk. He always professed ardent friendship for the whites, although this was not infrequently attributed to a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder- acy, and wlien the latter was forced to surrender himself to the United States authorities, he was formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1832, Keo- kuk was formally recognized as the principal Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser- vation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here he lived until 1845, when he removed to Kansas, where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison, supposedly administered by some partisan of Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk War.) KERFOOT, Samuel H., real-estate operator, was born in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1823, and educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh- lenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was then associated with a brother in founding St. James College, in Washington County, Md., but, in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the real-estate business, in which he was one of the oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 28, 1896. He was one of the founders and a life member of the Chicago Historical Society and of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated with other learned and social organizations. He was also a member of the original Real Estate 316 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi- dent. KEWAJfEE, a city in Henry County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 131 miles southwest of Chicago. Agriculture and coal-mining are chief industries of the surround- ing country. The city contains eighteen churches, six graded schools, a public library of 10,000 volumes, three national banks, one weekly and two daily papers. It has extensive manufactories employing four to five thousand liands, the out- put including tubing and soil-pipe, boilers, pumps and heating apparatus, agricultural implements, etc. Population (1890), 4,569 ; (1900), 8,383 ; (1903, est.), 10,000. KEYES, Willard, pioneer, was born at New- fane, Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1792; spent his early life on a farm, enjoying only such edu- cational advantages as could be secured by a few months' attendance on school in winter; in 1817 started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally reached Prairie du Chien, after which he spent a year in the "pineries." In 1819 he descended the Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route being attracted by the present site of the city of Quincy, to which, after two years spent in exten- sive exploration of the "Militarj' Tract" in the interest of certain owners of bounty lands, he again returned, finding it still unoccupied. Then, after two years spent in farming in Pike County, in 1824 he joined his friend, the late Gov. John Wood, who had built the first house in Quincy two years previous. Jlr. Keyes thus became one of the three earliest settlers of Quincy, the other two being John Wood and a Major Rose. On the organization of Adams County, in January, 1825, he was appointed a member of the first Board of County Commission- ers, which held its first meeting in his house. Mr. Keyes acquired considerable landed property about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to the Chicago Theological Seminary, thereby fur- nishing means for the erection of "Willard Hall" in connection with that institution. His death occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872. KICKAPOOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth- nology is closely related to that of the Mascou- tins. The French orthography of the word was various, the early explorers designating them as "Kic-a-pous, " "Kick-a-poux," "Kickabou," and "Quick-apous." The significance of the name is uncertain, different authorities construing it to mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost. " according to dialect. From 1603, when the tribe was first visited bj' Samuel Champlain, the Kicka- poos were noted as a nation of warriors. They fought against Christianization, and were, for some time, hostile to the French, although they proved eflScient allies of the latter during the French and Indian War. Their first formal recognition of the authority of the United States was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819), in which reference was made to the treaties executed at Vincennes (1805 and 1809). . Nearly a century before, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and established villages along the Rock River and near Chicago (1712-15). At the time of the Edwardsville treaty they had settlements in the valleys of the Wabash, Embarras, Kaskaskia, Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they fought bravely at the battle of Tippecanoe, their chief military skill lay in predatory warfare. As compared with other tribes, they were industri- ous, intelligent and cleanlj'. In 1832-33 they were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence many of them drifted to the southwest, join- ing roving, plundering bands. In language, manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some ethnologists believe them to have been more or less closely connected. KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June 1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and, at the age of 37, removed to Scott County, 111. He was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student of public affairs, and naturally eloquent. He was twice elected to the State Senate (1840 and '44), and, in 1846, was the Whig candidate for Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C. French, Democrat. In 1850 he emigrated to California, but, after a few years, returned to Illinois and took an active part in the campaigns of 1858 and 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty- eighth Illinois Volunteers, for which regiment he had recruited a company. He was killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, while leading a charge. KINDERHOOK, a village and railway station in Pike County, on the Hannibal Division of the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal. Population (1890), 473; (1900), 370. KING, John Lyle, lawyer, was born in Madison, Ind., in 1825 — the son of a pioneer settler who was one of the founders of Hanover College and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary there, which afterwards became the "Presby- terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest, " HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDLV OF ILLINOIS. 317 now the McCormick Theological Seminary of Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Mr. King began the study of law with an uncle at Madison, and tlie following year was admitted to the bar. In 1853 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair- man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian jiatriot and exile, to the Legisla- ture ; also took a prominent part, during the next few j'ears, in the organization of the Republican party. Removing to Chicago in 1856, he soon became prominent in his profession there, and, in 1860, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A. Mulligan, who became eminent a year or two later, in connection with the war for the Union. Hav- ing a fondness for literature, Mr. King wrote much for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of sporting experiences with a party of professional friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wis- consin and Michigan, under the title. "Trouting on the Brule River, or Summer Wayfaring in the Northern Wilderness. " Died in Chicago, April 17, 1893. KIX6, William H., lawyer, was born at CUfton Park, Saratoga Cormty, N.Y., Oct. 33, 1817; gradu- ated from Union College in 1846, studied law at Waterford and, having been admitted to the bar the following year, began practice at the same place. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, where he held a number of important positions, including the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of Education, and the Union College Alumni Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty- seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses- sions following the fire of 1871 prepared the act for the protection of titles to real estate, made necessary by the destruction of the records in the Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree of LL. D from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 0, 1893. KIKCtMAN, Martin, was born at Deer Creek, Tazewell County, 111., April 1, 1844; attended school at Washington, 111., then taught two or three years, and, in June, 1863, enlisted in the Eight5'-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv- ing three years without the loss of a day — a part of the time on detached service in charge of an ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter- master. Returning from the war with the rank of First Lieutenant, in August, 1865, he went to Peoria, where he engaged in business and has re- mained ever since. He is now connected with the following business concerns: Kingman & Co., manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery, buggies, wagons, etc. ; The Kingman Plow Com- pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Company, Peoria General Electric Company, and National Hotel Company, besides various outside enter- prises — all large concerns in each of which he is a large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman was Canal Commissioner for six years — this being his only connection with politics. During 1898 he was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria Provisional Regiment organized for the Spanish- American War. His career in connection with the industrial development of Peoria has been especially conspicuous and successful. KINKADE (or Kinkead), William, a native of Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence County, in 1817, and was elected to the State Senate in 1833, but appears to have served only one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth General Assembly bj- James Bird. Although a Tenqesseean by birth, he was one of the most aggressive opponents of the scheme for making Illinois a slave State, being the only man who- made a speech against the pro-slavery convention resolution, though this was cut short by the determination of the pro-conventionists to permit no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post- master at Lawrenceville by President John Quincy Adams, and held the position for many years. He died in 1846. KINMUJfDY, a city in Marion County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 239 miles south of Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and coal-mining are the principal industries of the surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring mills and brick-making plants, with other manufacturing establishments of minor impor- tance. There are five churches, a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,096; (1890), 1,045; (1900), 1,231. KIJfNEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of Illinois from 1820 to 1830 ; was born in Kentucky in 1781 and came to Illinois early in life, finally settling in St. Clair County. Of Limited educa- tional advantages, he was taught to read by his wife after marriage. He became a Baptist preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third), was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan ; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Public Works, becoming its President. Died in 1843. — William C. (Kinney), son of the preced- ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of 318 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as Representative in the Nineteenth General Assem- bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed by Gov- ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State, dying in office tlie following year. KIXZIE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi- zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1763. His father was a Scotchman named McKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix "Mc," and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie"' — an orthography recognized by the family. Dur- ing his early childhood his father died, and his mother gave him a stepfather by the name of William Forsythe. When ten years old he left home and, for three years, devoted himself to learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci- nated by stories of adventure in the West, he removed thither and became an Indian-trader. In 1804 he established a trading post at what is now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary white settler. Later he established other posts on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He was twice married, and the father of a numerous family. His daughter Maria married Gen. David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs. John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as the authoress of "Wau Bun," etc. (N. Y. 1850.) Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828.— John Harris (Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand- wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par- ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the massacre of 1813, but returned to Chicago in 1816. Two years later his father placed him at Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Com- pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie du Chien. The following year he was Sub-Agent of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi- dence in Chicago, forming a partnership with Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointed Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 he was appointed Canal Collector, and. in 1849, President Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay- master in the army by President Lincoln, which office he held until his death, which occurred on a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1865. KIRBY, Edward P., lawyer and legislator, was born in Putnam County, 111., Oct. 28, 1834— the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the found- ers and early professors of Illinois College at Jacksonville ; graduated at Illinois College in 1854, then taught several years at St. Louis and Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864, and, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Morgan County as a Republican; was Representative in the General Assembly from Morgan County (1891-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee of the Central Hospital for the Insane and, for a long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois College. KIRK, (tien.) Edward N., soldier, was born of Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Ohio, Feb. 29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academy, at Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after teacliing for a time, began the study of law, completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in his profession until after the battle of the first Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota of the State being already full, this was not im- mediatel}' accepted; but, after some delay, was mu.stered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the subject of this sketch as Colonel. In the field he soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer; at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After remaining with the army several days, inflam- matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between life and death for some time. Having partially recovered, in August, 1863, he set out to rejoin his regiment, but was stopped en route by an order assigning him to command at Louisville. In November following he was commissioned Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry and ability" displayed on the field. In the last days of December, 1802, he had sufficiently re- covered to take part in the series of engagements at Stone River, where he was again wounded, this time fatally. He was taken to his home in Illinois, and, although he survived several months, the career of one of the most brilliant and promising soldiers of the war was cut short by his death, July 31, 1863. KIRKLAND, Joseph, joui-nalist and author, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 — the son of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College ; was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835, where he remained until 1856, when he came to the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three- months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 319 General McClellan, serving there and on the staff of General Fitz-John Porter until the retirement of the latter, meanwhile taking part in the Pen- insular campaign and in the battle of Antietam. Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some coal-mining property near Danville, but later studied law and %vas admitted to the bar in 1880. A few years later he produced his first novel, and, from 1890. devoted his attention solely to literary pursuits, for several years being liter- ary editor of "The Chicago Tribune." His works ■ — several of which first appeared as serials in the magazines — include "Zury, the Meanest Man in Spring County" (1885); "The MoVeys" (1887); "The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The Story of Chicago" — the latter in two volumes. At the time of his death he had just concluded, in collaboration with Hon. Jolm Moses, the work of editing a two- volume "History of Chicago," pub- lished by Messrs. Jlunsell & Co. (1895). Died, in Chicago, April 29, 1894.— Ellzabetli Stansbury (Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and author — was born at Geneva, N. Y. , came to Chicago in 1867 and, five years later, established a select school for young ladies, out of which grew what is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," which was continued until her death, July 30, 1896. She was the author of a number of vol- umes of decided merit, written with the especial object of giving entertainment and instruction to the young — including "Six Little Cooks, ' ' "Dora's Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners," a Child's "History of France," a "History of England," "History of English Literature," etc. At her death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the liands of the publishers. KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi- grated in 1802; located at Springfield, 111., at an early day, where he built the first horse-mill in that vicinity ; in 1829 removed to Adams County, and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 1845. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois. Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two boys) while in Adams County, he brought them to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a trade, but mysteriously disappeared— presumably having been kidnaped with the connivance of the man in whose charge they had been placed. KIRKWOOD, a city in Warren County, once known as "Young America," situated about six miles southwest of Monmouth, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; is a stock-ship- ping point and in an agricultural region. The town has two banks, five churches, and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 949; (1900), 1,008. KISHWAUKEE RIVER, rises in McHenry County, runs west through Boone, and enters Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An afflu- ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs north-northeast and northwest througli De Kalb County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- bago County, about eight miles southeast of Rockford. KITCHELL, Wickliff, lawyer and Attorney- General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross, and the same year emigrated west, passing down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 he became a resident of Southern Indiana, where he was elected sheriff, studied law and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed to Palestine. Crawford County, III., where, in 1820, he was elected Representative in the Second General Assembly, and was also a member of the State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he re- moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until near the close of the following year, when he resigned to take his seat as Representative in the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846 and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a Democrat ; but, on the passage of the Kansas-Neb- raska act, became an earnest Republican. Pub- lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of his time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 2, 1869.— Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111., March 29, 1820 ; was educated at Indiana State Univer- sity and Hillsboro Academj', admitted to the bar in 1841, and, the following year, commenced practice at Olney ; was elected State's Attorney in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the office ten years ; was a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was elected Judge of Richland County ; later assisted in establishing the first newspaper published in Olney, and in organizing the Republican party there in 1856; in 18.59 was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term. He was also influential in procuring a charter for 320 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- struction of the line, being an original corporator and subsequently a Director of the Company. Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died, Nov. 11, 1876.— Edward (Kitchell), another son, was born at Palestine, III, Dec. 21, 1829; was educated at Hillsboro Academy until 1846, when he removed with his father's family to Fort Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to continue his studies ; in 1852 made the trip across the plains to California to engage in gold mining, but the following year went to Walla Walla, Washington Territory, where he opened a law office; in 1854 returned to Illinois, locating at Olney, Richland County, forming a partnership with Horace Hayward, a relative, in the practice of law. Here, having taken position against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, in 1856, the editor of the first Republican news- paper published in that part of Illinois known as "Egypt," with his brother. Judge Alfred Kitchell, being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans in Richland County. In 1863 he assisted in organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following year having been mounted, became a part of the famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to the command of the regiment after the wounding of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep- tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo- nelcy in Julj', 1865, and mustered out with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in a district strongly Democratic; also served as Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869. — John Wickliff (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick- liff Kitchell, was born at Palestine, Crawford County, 111. , May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years he served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre- sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous to the latter date he had edited "The Jlontgomery County Herald," and later, "The Charleston Courier." Resigning his position as Reading Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the fir.st call of President Lincoln in the Nintli Illinois Volun- teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and afterwards as Captain of his company. At the expiration of his term of enlistment he established "The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con- ducted until drafted into the service in 1864, serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- ing practice there ; was a candidate for the State Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the Republican nominee for Congress in that District. KMCKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y. , Sept. 26, 1827 ; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com- mon schools of that place ; removed to Chicago in 1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 1862 ; served on the Board of Supervisors and in the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, serving one term. He was also a member of the State Board of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi-mili- tary and benevolent association founded in the City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its recognized founder. The order was established in Illinois, May 4, 1869, by the organization of "Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the city of Chicago. On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- bers. At the close of the year four additional Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate membership of 245. Early in the following year, on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, with a membership of twenty-nine Past Chancel- lors as representatives of the five subordinate Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the total membership in Illinois had increased to 850. June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the State was 525, and the membership 38,441. The assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on Jan. 1, 1894, amounted to §418,151.77. KNOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker, was born in Fairfield, Herkimer County, N. Y., March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca- reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, paying his own way ; in 1838 started on a peddling tour for the West, and, in the following year, settled at Freeport, 111., where he opened a general store; in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally laying off sundry additions to the city of Free- port, from which he realized large profits. He HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 331 was also prominently connected with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad and, in 1850, becanae a Director of the Company, remaining in office some twelve years. In 1852 he was the Free-Soil candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years later became extensively interested in the Con- gress & Empire Spring Company at Saratoga, N. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in Brookl3-n, returned to Freeport in 1870, where he engaged in banking business, dying in that city, March 10, 1876. KNOX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, Mass., Jan. 11, 180.5; studied law with his brother, Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently removing to Worcester, in the same State, where he began the practice of his profession. In 1837 be removed west, locating at Stephenson, now Rock Island, 111. , where he continued in practice for twenty-three years. During the greater part of that time he was associated with Hon. John W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury, gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer throughout Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in wliich he took part during his residence in Rock Island was the prosecution of the murderers of Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 1852 he served as a Democratic Presidential Elector, but in the next campaign identified himself with the Republican party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and, two years later, was appointed State's Attorney by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc- ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August 6, 1881. KNOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution for the higher education of the youth of both sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and graduated its first class in 1846. The number of graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 867. In 1893 it had 663 students in attendance, and a faculty of 20 professors. Its library con- tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment amounts to 5300,000 and its buildings are valued at §150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its head for more than twenty years, and, on his res- ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became its President, but resigned in 1899. KNOX COUNTY, a wealthy interior county west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 square miles and a population (1900) of 43,612. It was named in honor of Gen. Henry Knox. Its territorial limits were defined by legislative enactment in 1825, but the actual organization dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, Philip Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first Commissioners. Knoxville was the first countj'- seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31) was erected the first court house, constructed of logs, two stories in height, at a cost of 5192. The soil is rich, and agricultxrre flour- ishes. The present county-seat (1899) is Gales- burg, well known for its educational institutions, the best known of which are Knox College, founded in 1837, and Lombard University, founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi- nary is located at Knoxville, and Hedding Col- lege at Abingdon. KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the Galesburg-Peoria Division of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 50 miles west of Peoria, and 5 miles east of Galesburg: was formerly the county-seat, and still contains the fair grounds and almshouse. The municipal gov- ernment is composed of a mayor, six aldermen, with seven heads of departments. It has electric lighting and street-car service, good water-works, banks, numerous churches, three public schools, and is the seat of St. Mary's school for girls, and St. Alban's, for boys. Population (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,857. KOERNER, Gustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant- Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, and received a university education. He was a law- yer by profession, and emigrated to Illinois in 1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once affiliated with the Democratic party, and soon became prominent in politics. In 1842 he was elected to the General Assembly, and three years later was appointed to tlie bencli of the State Supreme Court. In 1852 he was elected Lieuten- ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A. Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became identified with the Republican party and was a staunch Union man during the Civil War, serving for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and General Halleck's staflis. In 1863 President Lin- coln made him Minister to Spain, a post wliich he resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of the Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Horace Greelej' for the Presidency. In 1867 he served as President of the first Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was elected to the Legislature a second time. The 322 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. following year he was appointed a member of tlie first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis- sioners, and served as its President. He is tlie author of "Collection of the Important General Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German, St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on- the-Main, 1866); "Das Deutsche Element in den Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880, second edition, New York, 1885) ; and a number of mono- graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896. KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111., Jan. 8, 1844 — his father being a native of Germany who settled in Edwards County in 183.5, while his mother was born in England. The family removed to Galena in 18.')4, where young Kohlsaat attended the public schools, later taking a course in Chicago University, after which he began the study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted to the bar in the same year, and, in 1868, accepted a position in the office of the County Clerk, where he kept the records of the County Court under Judge Bradwell's administration. During the sessions of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1871-72) , he served as First Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after which he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by Judge Prendergast; served as member of the Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90 ; in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker, who died in January of that year), and was elected to the office in November following, and re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinley, Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge Grossoup, who had been appointed United States Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter, deceased. KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news- paper publisher, was born in Edwards County, 111., March 23, 1853, and taken the following year to Galena, where he remained until 13 years of age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here, after attending the public schools some three years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car- son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after having been connected with various business concerns, he became the junior member of the firm of Blake, Shaw & Co., for whom he had been a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con- nection with which he laid the foundation of an extensive business by establishing a system of restaurants and lunch counters in the business portions of the city. In 1891, after a somewhat pro- tracted visit to Europe, Mr Kohlsaat bought a con- trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean," but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be- came principal proprietor of "The Chicago Times- Ilerald," as the successor of the late James W. Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo- cratic papers, "The Times" and "Herald," in one concern. Although changing the political status of the paper from Democratic to Independent, IMr. Kohlsaat's liberal enterprise has won for it an assured success. He is also owner and pub- lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post." His whole business career has been one of almost phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter- prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr. Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of the University of Chicago, of which he continues to be one of the Trustees. KROME, William Henry, lawyer, born of Ger- man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., July 1, 1842; in 1851 was brouglit by his father to Madison County, 111. , where he lived and worked for some years on a farm. He acquired his education in the common schools and at McKendree College, graduating from the latter in 1863. After spend- ing his summer months in farm labor and teach- ing school during the winter, for a year or two, he read law for a time with Judge M. G. Dale of Edwardsville, and, in 1866, entered the law department of Michigan University, gradu- ating in 18G9, though admitted the year previous to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. Krome has been successively the partner of Judge John G. Irwin, Hon. W. F. L. Hadley (late Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and C. W. Terry. He has held the office of Mayor of Edwardsville (1873), State Senator (1874-78), and, in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the Democratic judicial convention for the nomina- tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Justice Scbolfield, deceased. He is also President of the Madison County State Bank. KUEFFNER, William C, lawyer and soldier, was born in Germany and came to St. Clair County, 111., in 1861 Early in 1865 he was com- missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty- ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 323 Brigadier-General, serving until January, 1866. Later, General Kueffner studied law at St. Louis, and having graduated in 1871, established himself in practice at Belleville, where he has since resided. He was a successful contestant for a seat in the Republican National Convention of 1880 from the Seventeenth District. KUYKEXDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis- lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin (now Hardin) County, 111., March 3, 1815; was self-educated chiefly, but in his earlj' manhood adopted the law as a profession, locating at Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued to reside to the end of his life. In 1843 he was elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen- eral Assembly, and re-elected two years later ; in 1850 became State Senator, serving continuously in the same body for twelve years; in 1861 en- listed, and was commissioned Major, in the Thirty-first Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A. Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign, in May following, on acount of impaired health. Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent- ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one term; and, after several years in private life, was again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General Assemblies. In all. Major Kuykendall saw twenty years' service in the State Legislature, of which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four in the House, besides two years in Congress. A zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern- ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union" (Republican) State Convention of that year. He was also a member of the Senate Finance Com- mittee in the session of 1859, which had the duty of Investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud. " Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891. LABOR TROUBLES. 1. The Railroad Strike of 1877. — By this name is generally char- acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which, beginning at Pittsburg in July, spread over the entire country, interrupting transportation, and, for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi- nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the troubles was the general prostration of business resulting from the depression of values, which affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A reduction of expenses became necessary, and the wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued, which found expression in the ordering of a strike among railroad operatives on a larger scale than had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi- nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis, Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin- cipal points affected. In all these cities angry, excited men formed themselves into mobs, which tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops, in some cases destroyed roundhouses, applied tlie torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com- merce by the throat, not only defying the law, but even contending in arms against the military sent to disperse them. The entire force of the State militia was called into service, Major- General Arthur C. Ducat being in command. The State troops were divided into three brigades, commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat assumed personal command at Braidwood, where were sent the Third Regiment and the Tenth Battalion, who suppressed the riots at that point with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and Lieut. -Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective regimental commanders. Generals Bates and Pavey were in command at East St. Louis, where the excitement was at fever heat, the mobs teiTorizing peaceable citizens and destroy- ing much property. Governor CuUom went to this point in person. Chicago, however, was the chief railroad center of the State, and only prompt and severely repressive measures held in check one of the most dangerous mobs which ever threatened property and life in that city. The local police force was inadequate to control the rioters, and Mayor Heath felt himself forced to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade, I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under instructions from Governor Cullom, he promptly and effectively co-operated with the municipal authorities in quelling the uprising. He received valuable support from volunteer companies, some of which were largely composed of Union veter- ans. The latter were commanded by such ex- perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds, Martin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of veterans enlisted by himself, and General Shaff- ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized a cavalry force of 150 old soldiers, who rendered efficient service. The disturbance was promptly subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once more began to move in its accustomed channels 3. The Strike op 1894.— This was an uprising which originated in Chicago and was incited by a comparatively young labor organization called the American Railway Union. In its inception it 324 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was sympathetic, its ostensible motive, at the outset, being the righting of wrongs alleged to have been suflfered by employes of the Pullman Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on May 11, and, on June 22, the American Railway Union ordered a general boycott against all rail- road companies hauling Pullman cars after June 26. The General Managers of the lines entering Chicago took prompt action (June 25) looking toward mutual protection, protesting against the proposed boycott, and affirming their resolution to adhere to existing contracts, any action on the part of the strikers to the contrary notwithstand- ing. Trouble began on the 26th. The hauling of freight was necessarily soon discontinued ; sub- urban traffic was interrupted; switching had to be done by inexperienced hands under police or military protection (officials and clerks some- times throwing the levers), and in the presence of Jarge crowds of law-defying hoodlums gathered along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy with the strikers, but actually in the hope of plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and, in not a few instances, valuable freight %vas burned. Passengers were forced to undergo the inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in crowded cars, in transit, without food or water, sometimes almost within sight of their destina- tion, and sometimes threatened with death should they attempt to leave their prison houses. The mobs, intoxicated by seeming success, finally ven- tured to interfere with the passage of trains carrying the United States mails, and, at this juncture, the Federal authorities interfered. President Cleveland at once ordered the protec- tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be appointed by the United States Marshal. An additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn in by the Sheriff of Cook Coimty, and the city police force was augmented. The United States District Court also issued a restraining order, directed against the officers and members of the American Railway Union, as well as against all other persons interfering with the business of railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily accepted by the officers of the Union, but the copies distributed among the insurgent mob were torn and trampled upon. Thereupon the Presi- dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to protect Government property (notably the Sub- treasiu-y) and to guard mail trains. The Gov- ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, but without avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago requested the State Executive to place a force of State militia at his control for the protection of property and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen- eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of the I. N. G., at once received orders to report to the municipal authorities. The presence of the militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds, yet it proved most salutary. The troops displayed exemplary firmness under most trying circum- stances, dispersing jeering and threatening crowds by physical force or bayonet charges, the rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually order was restored. The disreputable element subsided, and wiser and more conservative coun- sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers. Impediments to traffic were removed and trains were soon running as though no interruption had occurred. The troops %vere withdrawn (first the Federal and afterwards those of the State), and the courts were left to deal with the subject in accordance with the statutes. The entire execu- tive board of the American Railway Union were indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were never pressed. The officers, however, were all found guilty of contempt of court in having dis- obeyed the restraining order of the Federal court, and sentenced to terms in the county jail. Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was convicted on two charges and given a sentence of six months on each, but the two sentences were afterward made concurrent. The other members of the Board received a similar sentence for three months each. All but the Vice-President, George W, Howard, served their terms at Woodstock, McHenry County. Howard was sent to the Will County jail at Joliet. LACET, Lyman, lawyer and jurist, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., May 6, 1832. In 1837 his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He graduated from Illinois College in 1855 and was admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In 1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower house of the Legislature ; was elected to the Cir- cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879, '85 and '91 ; also ser%'ed for several years upon the bench of the Appellate Court. LACON, a city and county-seat of Marshall County, situated on the Illinois River, and on the Dwight and Lacon branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago. A pontoon bridge connects it with Spar land on the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround- ing country raises large quantities of grain, for which Lacon is a shipping point. The river is navigable by steamboats to this point. The city HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 325 has grain elevators, woolen mills, marble works, a carriage factory and a national bank. It also has water works, an excellent telephone system, good drainage, and is lighted by electricity. There are seven churches, a graded school and 'two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,814; (1890), 1,649. (1900), 1,601. LA FAYETTE (Marquis de), TISIT OF. An event of profound interest in the history of Illi- nois, during the year 1825, was the visit to the State by the Marquis de La Fayette, who had been the ally of the American people during their struggle for independence. The distin- guished Frenchman having arrived in the coun- try during the latter part of 1824, the General Assembly in session at Vandalia, in December of that year, adopted an address inviting him to Tisit Illinois. This was communicated to La Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the General in Europe seven years before. Governor Coles" letter and the address of the General Assembly were answered with an acceptance by La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan. 16, 1825. The approach of the latter was made by way of New Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by which General La Fayette ascended the Mis- sissippi) arriving at the old French village of Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April. Col. William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County, as well as an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Gov- ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguished visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturday, April 30, the boat bearing General La Fayette, with a large delegation of prominent citizens of Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia, where a reception awaited him at the elegant residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles delivering an address of welcome. The presence of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under La Fayette at Brandywine and Yorktown, consti- tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house of William Morrison, Sr., a member of the cele- brated family of that name, and one of the lead- ing merchants of Kaskaskia. Among those participating in the reception ceremonies, who were then, or afterwards became, prominent factors in State history, appear the names of Gen. John Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel Pope, Elias Kent Kane, ex-Lieutenant-Govemor Menard, Col. Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese, a future United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at midnight for Nashville, Tenn., Governor Coles accompanying the party and returning with it to Shawneetown, where an imposing reception was given and an address of welcome delivered by Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1825. A few hours later General La Fayette left on his way up the Ohio. LAFAYETTE, BLOOMINGTON & MISSIS- SIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie <£- Western Railroad.) LAFLIJf, Matthew, manufacturer, was born at Southwick, Hampden County, Mass., Dec. 16, 1803; in his youth was clerk for a time in the store of Laflin & Loomis, powder manufactiu'ers, at Lee, Mass., later becoming a partner in the Canton Powder Mills. About 1832 he engaged in the manufacture of axes at Saugerties, N. Y., which proving a failure, he again engaged in powder manufacture, and, in 183T, came to Chi- cago, where he finally established a factory — his firm, in 1840, becoming Laflin & Smith, and, later, Laflin, Smith & Co. Becoming largely interested in real estate, he devoted his atten- tion chieflj' to that business after 1849, with great success, not only in Chicago but else- where, having done much for the develop- ment of Waukesha, Wis. , where he erected one of the principal hotels — the "Fountain Spring House"' — also being one of the original stock- holders of the Elgin Watch Company. Mr. Laflin was a zealous supporter of the Government during the war for the preservation of the Union, and, before his death, made a donation of $75,- 000 for a building for the Chicago Academy of Sciences, which was erected in the western part of Lincohi Park. Died, in Chicago, May 20. 1897. LA GRANGE, a village in Cook County, and one of the handsomest suburbs of Chicago, from which it is distant 15 miles, south-southwest, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The streets are broad and shaded and there are many handsome residences. The village is lighted by electricity, and has public water-works, seven churches, a high school and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 531 ; (1890), 2,314; (1900), 3,969. LA HARPE, a city in Hancock County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, 70 miles west by south from Peoria and 20 miles south-south- east of Burlington, Iowa. Brick, tile and cigars constitute the manufactured output. La Harpe has two banks, five cliurches, a graded and a high school, a seminary, and two newspapers. Population (1880), 9.58; (1890), 1,113; (1900), 1,591. 326 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. LAKE COUNTY, in the extreme northeast corner of the State, having an area of 490 square miles, and a population (1900) of 34,504. It was cut off from McHenry County and separately organized in 1839. Pioneer settlers began to arrive in 1839, locating chiefly along the Des Plaines River. The Indians vacated the region the following year. The first County Commission- ers (E. E. Hunter, William Brown and E. C. Berrey) located the county-seat at Libertyville, but, in 1841, it was removed to Little Fort, now Waukegan. The county derives its name from the fact that some forty small lakes are found within its limits. The surface is undulating and about equally divided between sand, prairie and second-growth timber. At Waukegan there are several maufacturing establishments, and the Glen Flora medicinal spring attracts many in- valids. Highland Park and Lake Forest are resi- dence towns of great beauty situated on the lake bluff, populated largely by the families of Chicago business men. LAKE ERIE & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie & Western Railroad.) LAKE ERIE & WESTER\ RAILROAD. Of the 710.61 miles which constitute the entire length of this line, only 118.6 are within Illinois. This portion extends from the junction of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, on the east side of the Illinois River opposite Peoria, to the Indi- ana State line. It is a single-track road of standard gauge. About one-sixth of the line in Illinois is level, the grade nowhere exceeding 40 feet to the mile. The track is of 56 and 60-pound steel rails, and lightly ballasted. The total capital of the road (1898)— including §33,680,000 capital stock, §10,875,000 bonded debt and a float- ing debt of 51,479,809— was $36,034,809, or |50,- 708 per mile. The total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898 were §559,743, and the total expenditures for the same period, §457,713. — (History.) The main line of the Illinois Division of the Lake Erie & Western Railroad was acquired by consolidation, in 1880, of the Lafayette, Bloom- ington & Mississippi Railroad (81 miles in length), which had been opened in 1871, with certain Ohio and Indiana lines. In May, 1885, the line thus formed was consolidated, without change of name, with the Lake Erie & Mississippi Railroad, organ- ized to build an extension of the Lake Erie & Western from Bloomington to Peoria (43 miles). The road was sold under foreclosure in 1886, and the present company organized, Feb. 9, 1887. LAKE FOREST, a city in Lake County, on Lake Michigan and Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way, 38 miles north by west from Chicago. It is the seat of Lake Forest Uniyersity; has four schools, five churches, one bank, gas and electric light system, electric car line, water system, fire department and hospital. Population (1890), 1,203; (1900), 3,315; (1904, est.), 3,800. LAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, an institution of learning comprising six distinct schools, viz. : Lake Forest Academy, Ferry Hall Seminary, Lake Forest College, Rush Medical College, Chi- cago College of Dental Surgery, and the Chicago College of Law. The three first named are located at Lake Forest, while the three profes- sional schools are in the city of Chicago. The college charter was granted in 1857, but the institution was not opened until nineteen years later, and the professional schools, which were originally independent, were not associated until 1887. In 1894 there were 316 undergraduates at Lake Forest, in charge of forty instructors. Dur- ing the same year there were in attendance at the professional schools. 1,557 students, making a total enrollment in the University of 1,873. While the institution is affiliated with the Pres- byterian denomination, the Board of Trustees is self-perpetuating. The Academy and Seminary- are preparatory schools for the two sexes, re- spectively. Lake Forest College is co-educational and organized upon the elective plan, having seventeen departments, a certain number of studies being required for graduation, and work upon a major subject being required for three years. The schools at Lake Forest occupy fifteen buildings, standing within a campus of sixty-five acres. LAKE MICHIGAN, one of the chain of five great northern lakes, and the largest lake lying wholly within the United States. It lies between the parallels of 41' 35' and 46° North latitude, its length being about 335 miles. Its width varies from 50 to 88 miles, its greatest breadth being opposite Milwaukee. Its surface is nearly 600 feet above the sea-level and its maximum depth is estimated at 840 feet. It has an area of about 20,000 square miles. It forms the eastern bound- ary of Wisconsin, the western boundary of the lower peninsula of Michigan and a part of the northern boundary of Illinois and Indiana. Its waters find their outlet into Lake Huron through the straits of Mackinaw, at its northeast extrem- ity, and are connected with Lake Superior by the Sault Ste. Marie River. It contains few islands, and these mainly in its northern part, the largest being some fifteen miles long. The principal rivers which empty into this lake are the Fox, HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 327 Menominee, Manistee, Muskegon, Kalamazoo, Grand and St. Joseph. Chicago, Milwaukee, Racine and Manitowoc are the chief cities on its banks. LAKE SHORE & MICHIGAX SOUTHERN RAILWAY. The main line extends from Buffalo, N. Y., to Chicago, 111., a distance of 539 miles, with various branches of leased ,ind proprietary lines located in the States of Michigan, New York and Ohio, making the mileage of lines operated 1,415.63 miles, of which 862.1.5 are owned by the company — only 14 miles being in Illinois. The total earnings and income in Illinois, in 1898, were $453,946, and the expenditures for the same period, §360,971. — (History.) The company was formed in 1869, from the consolidation of the Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana, the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula, and the Buffalo & Erie Railroad Companies. The propri- etary roads have been acquired since the consoli- dation. LAMB, James L., pioneer merchant, was born in Connellsville, Pa., Nov. 7, 1800; at 12 years of age went to Cincinnati to serve as clerk in the store of a distant relative, came to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1820, and soon after engaged in mercantile business with Tliomas Mather, who had come to Illinois two years earlier. Later, the firm estab- lished a store at Chester and shipped the first barrels of pork from Illinois to the New Orleans market. In 1831 Mr. Lamb located in Springfield, afterwards carrying on merchandising and pork- packing extensively ; also established an iron foundry, which continued in operation until a few years ago. Died, Dec. 3, 1873. * LAMB, Martha J. R. ?(., magazine editor and historian, was born (Martha Joan Reade Nash) at Plainfield, Mass., August 13, 1829, received a thorough education and, after her marriage in 1852 to Charles A. Lamb, resided for eight years in Chicago, 111. , where she was one of the prin- cipal founders of the Home for the Friendless and Half Orphan Asj'lum, and Secretary of the Sanitary Fair of 1863. In 1866 she removed to New York and gave her after Ufe to literary work, from 1883 until her death being editor of "The Magazine of American History," besides furnish- ing numerous papers on historical and other sub- jects ; also publisliing some sixteen volumes, one of her most important works being a "History o' New York City," in two volumes. She was a member of nearly thirty historical and other learned societies. Died, Jan. 2, 1893. LAMBORN, Josiah, early lawyer and Attor- ney-General; born in "Washington County, Ky., and educated at Transylvania University; was Attorney-General of the State by appointment of Governor Carlin, 1840-43, at that time being a resident of Jacksonville. He is described by his contemporaries as an able and brilliant man, but of convivial habits and unscrupulous to such a degree that liis name was mixed up with a num- ber of official scandals. Separated from his family, he died of delirium tremens, at White- hall, Greene County. LAMOILLE, a village of Bureau County, on the Mendota-Fulton branch of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railway, 9 miles northwest of Men- dota; in rich farming and stock-raising region; has a bank, three churches, fine school-building, and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 516; (1900), 576. LAMON, Ward Hill, lawyer, was born at Mill Creek, Frederick County, W. Va., Jan. 6, 1828; received a common school education and was engaged in teaching for a time ; also began the study of medicine, but relinquished it for the law. About 1847-48 he located at Danville, 111., subsequently read law with the late Judge Oliver L. Davis, attending lectures at the Louisville Law School, where he had Gen. John A. Logan for a class-mate. On admission to the bar, he became the Danville partner of Abraham Lincoln — the partnership being in existence as early as 1852. In 1859 he removed to Bloomington, and, in the Presidential campaign of 1860, was a zeal- ous supporter of Mr. Lincoln. In February, 1861, he was chosen by Mr. Lincoln to accompany him to Wasliington, making the perilous night jour- ney through Baltimore in 5Ir. Lincoln's company. Being a man of undoubted courage, as well as almost giant stature, he soon received the ap- pointment of Marshal of tlie District of Columbia, and, in the first weeks of the new administration, made a confidential visit to Colonel Anderson, then in command at Fort Sumter, to secure accurate information as to the situation there. In May. 1861, he obtained authority to raise a regiment, of which he was commissioned Colonel, remaining in the field to December, when he returned to the discharge of his duties as Marshal at Washington, but was absent from Washington on the night of the assassination — April 14, 1865. Resigning his office after this event, he entered into partnersliip for the practice of law with the late Jeremiah S. Black of Pennsylvania. Some years later he published the first volume of a pro- posed Life of Lincoln, using material which he obtained from Mr. Lincoln's Springfield partner. William H. Herndon, but the second volume was never issued. His death occurred at Martins- 328 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. burg, W. Va., not far from his birthplace, May 7, 1893. Colonel Lamon married a daughter of Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield. LANARK, a city in Carroll County, 19 miles by rail southwest of Freeport, and 7 miles east of Mount Carroll The surrounding country is largely devoted to grain-growing, and Lanark has two elevators and is an important shipping- point. Manufacturing of various descriptions is carried on. The city has two banks (one Na- tional and one State), eight churches, a graded and high school, and a weekly newspaper. Popu- lation (1880), 1,198; (1890), 1,295; (1900), 1,306. LANDES, Silas Z., ex-Congressman, was born in Augusta County, Va., May 15, 1843. In early youth he removed to Illinois, and was admitted to the bar of this State in August, 1863, and has been in active practice at Mount Carmel since 1864. In 1872 he was elected State's Attorney for Wabash County, was re-elected in 1876, and again in 1880. He represented the Sixteenth Illi- nois District in Congress from 1885 to 1889, being elected on the Democratic ticket. LANDRIGAJf, John, farmer and legislator, was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1833, and brought to America at one year of age, his parents stopping for a time in New Jersey. liis early life was spent at Lafaj'ette, Ind. After completing his education in the seminary there, he engaged in railroad and canal contracting. Coming to Illinois in 1858, he purchased a farm near Albion, Edwards County, where he has since resided. He has been twice elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives (1868 and '74) and twice to the State Senate (1870 and "96), and has been, for over twenty years, a member of the State Agricultural Society^ for four years of that time being President of the Board, and some sixteen years Vice-Presi- dent. LANE, Albert Grannis, educator, was born in Cook County, 111., March 15, 1841, and educated in the public schools, graduating with the first class from the Chicago High School in 1858. He immediately entered upon the business of teach- ing as Principal, but, in 1869, was elected Super- intendent of Schools for Cook County. After three years' service as cashier of a bank, he was elected County Superintendent, a second time, in 1877, and regularly every four j'ears thereafter until 1890. In 1891 he was chosen Superintend- ent of Schools for the city of Chicago, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Superin- tendent Howland — a position which he continued to fill until the appointment of E. B. Andrews, Superintendent, when he became First Assistant Superintendent . LANE, Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, March 27, 1842, and became a resident of Illinois at the age of 16. After receiv- ing an academic education he studied law and was admitted to the Illinois bar in February, 1865. Since then he has been a successful prac- titioner at Hillsboro. From 1869 to 1873 he served as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress from the Seventeenth Illinois District and re-elected for three successive terms, but was defeated by Frederick Remann (Republican) in 1894, and again by W. F. L. Hadley, at a special election, in 1895, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Remann. LANPHIER, Charles H., journalist, was born at Alexandria, Va., April 14, 1820; from 4 years of age lived in Washington City ; in 1836 entered the office as an apprentice of "The State Regis- ter" at Vandalia, 111., (then owned by his brother- in-law, William Walters). Later, the paper was removed to Springfield, and Walters, having enlisted for the Mexican war in 1846, died at St. Louis, en route to the field. Lanphier, having thus succeeded to the management, and, finally, to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected public printer at the next session of the Legisla- ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George Walker, who acted as editor until 1858. Jlr. Lan- phier continued the publication of the paper until 1863, and then sold out. During the war he was one of the State Board of Army Auditors appointed by Governor Yates ; was elected Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868, and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for County Treasurer but defeated with the rest of his party. LARCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, born at Beverly, Mass., in 1826; attended a grammar school and worked in a cotton mill at Lowell, becoming one of the most popular contributors to "The Lowell Offering," a magazine conducted by the factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint- ance and friendship of the poet Whittier. In 1846 she came to Illinois and, for three years, was a student at Monticello Female Seminary, near Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in tlie vicinity. Returning to Massachusetts she taught for six years; in 1865 established "Our Young Folks," of which she was editor until 1874. Her books, both poetical and prose, have taken a liigh rank for their elevated literary and moral tone. Died, in Boston, April 17, 1893. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 329 LARNED, EdTfard Channing, lawyer, was born in Providence, R. I., Julj- 14, 1820; graduated at Brown University in 1841) ; was Professor of Mathe- matics one year in Kemper College, Wis., then studied law and, in 1847, came to Chicago. He was an earnest opponent of slaverj' and gained considerable deserved celebrity by a speech which he delivered in 18.51, in opposition to the fugitive slave law. He was a warm friend of Abraham Lincoln and, in 1860, made speeches in his support; was an active member of the Union Defense Committee of Chicago during the war, and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States District Attorney of the Northern District of Illinois, but compelled to resign by failing health. Being absent in Europe at the time of the fire of 1871, he returned immediately and devoted his attention to the work of the ReUef and Aid Society. Making a second visit to Europe in 1873-73, he wrote many letters for the press, also doing much other literary work in spite of declining health. Died at Lake Forest, 111., September, 1884. LA SALLE, a city in La Salle County, 99 miles southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois River at southern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and at intersection of three trunk lines of railroads. Bituminous coal abounds and is exten.sively mined ; zinc smelting and the manufacture of glass and hydraulic and Portland cement are leading industries; also has a large ice trade with the South annually. It is connected with adjacent towns by electric rail- ways, and with Peoria by daily river packets. Population (1890), 9,85.5; (1900), 10,446. LA SALLE, Rent Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, a famous explorer, born at Rouen. France, in 1643; entered the Jesuit order, but conceiving that he had mistaken his vocation, came to America in 1666. He obtained a grant of land about the Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence, above Montreal. It was probably his intention to settle there as a grand seigneur ; but, becoming interested in stories told him by some Seneca Indians, he started two years later in quest of a great waterway, which he believed led to the South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short route to China. He passed through Lake Ontario, and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The claim that he reached the Illinois River at this time has been cjuestioned. Having re-visited France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1679 he visited the Northwest and explored the great lakes, finally reaching the head of Lake Michi- gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St. Joseph River. From there he made a portage to the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 to Lake Peoria, where he began the erection of a fort to which, in consequence of the misfortunes attending the expedition, was given the name of Creve-Coeur. Returning from here to Canada for supplies, in the following fall he again appeared in Illinois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a ruin and his followers, whom he had left there, gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in the latter part of 1681 he set out on his third expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by way of the Cliicago and Des Plaines Rivers, reached "Starved Rock," near the present city of Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already begun the erection of a fort. In 1682, accom- panied by Tonty, he descended the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi- ana. In 1683 lie again returned to France and was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, which he unsuccessfully attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally lauding about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After other fruitless attempts (death and desertions having seriously reduced the number of his colo- nists) , while attempting to reach Canada, he was murdered by his companions near Trinity River in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687. Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to contesting with the Spaniards for the possession of that region, but that the French government failed to give him the support which had been promised, leaving him to his fate. LA SALLE COUXXr, one of the wealthiest counties in the northeastern section, being second in size and in population in the State It was organized in 1831, and has an area of 1,152 square miles; population (1900), 87,776. The history of this region dates back to 1675, when Marquette established a mission at an Indian village on the Illinois River about where Utica now stands, eight miles west of Ottawa. La Salle (for whom the county is named) erected a fort here in 1682, which was, for many years, the headquarters for FVench missionaries and traders. Later, the Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated by starvation, at the same point, which has be- come famous in Western history as "Starved Rock." The surface of the county is undulat- ing and slopes toward the Illinois River. The soil is rich, and timber abounds on the bluffs and 330 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. along the streams. Water is easily procured. Four beds of coal underlie the entire county, and good building stone is quarried at a depth of 150 to 200 feet. Excellent liydraulic cement is made from the calciferous deposit, Utica being espe- cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri- can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's survey of a canal route (1816). The Illinois & Michigan Canal was located by a joint corps of State and National engineers in 1830. (See Illi- nois & Michigan Canal.) During the Black Hawk War, La Salle County was a prominent base of military operations. LATHROP, William, lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., April 17, 182.5. His early education was acquired in the common schools. Later he read law and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in 1851, making his home in Central New York until his removal to Illinois. In 1856 he represented the Rockford District in the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1876, was elected, as a Republican, to represent the (then) Fourth Illi- nois District in Congress. LA VANTUM, the name given, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, to the principal village of the Illinois Indians, situated on the Illinois River, near the present town of Utica, in La Salle County. (See Stari'ed Rock.) LAWLER, Frank, was born at Rochester, N. Y., June 25, 1842. His first active occupation was as a news-agent on railroads, which business he followed for three years. He learned the trade of a shipcalker, and was elected to the Presidency of the Ship-Carpenters' and Ship- Calkers" Association. "While yet a young man he settled in Chicago and, in 1869, was appointed to a clerical position in the postoffice in that city ; later, served as a letter-carrier, and as a member of the City Council (1876-84). In 1884 he was elected to Congress from the Second District, which he represented in that body for three suc- cessive terms. While serving his last year in Congress (1890) he was an unsuccessful candidate on the Democratic ticket for Slieriflf of Cook County; in 1893 was an unsuccessful applicant for the Chicago postmastership, was defeated as an Independent-Democrat for Congress in 1894, but, in 1895, was elected Alderman for the Nine- teenth Ward of the city of Chicago. Died, Jan. 17, 1896. LAWLER, (Gen.) Michael K., soldier, was born m County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1814, brought to the United States in 1816, and, in 1819, to Gallatin County, 111., where his father began farming. The younger Lawler early evinced a military taste bj- organizing a military company in 1842, of which he served as Captain three or four years. In 1846 he organized a companj- for the Mexican War, wliich was attached to the Tliird Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Forman's), and, at the end of its term of enlistment, raised a company of cavalry, with which he served to the end of the war — in all, seeing two and a half jears" service. He then resumed the peaceful life of a farmer; but, on the breaking out of the rebellion, again gave proof of his patri- otism by recruiting the Eighteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first regiment organized in the Eighteenth Congressional District — of which he was commissioned Colonel, entering into the three years' service in May, 1861. His regiment took part in most of the early engagements in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, including the capture of Fort Donelson, where it lost heavily, Colonel Lawler himself being severely wounded. Later, he was in command, for some time, at Jackson, Tenn. , and, in November, 1862, was com- missioned Brigadier-General "for gallant and meritorious service." He was also an active participant in the operations against Vicksburg, and was thanked on the field liy General Grant for his service at the battle of Big Black, pro- nounced by Charles A. Dana (then Assistant Secretary of War) "one of the most splendid exploits of the war. " After the fall of Vicksburg he took part in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and in the campaigns on the Teche and Red River, and in Texas, also being in command, for six months, at Baton Rouge, La. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Major-General, and mustered out, January, 1866, after a service of four years and seven months. He then returned to his Gallatin County farm, where he died, July 26, 1882. LAWLER, Thomas G., soldier and Com- mander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, was born in Liverpool, Eng., April 7, 1844; was brought to Illinois by his parents in childhood, and, at 17 years of age, enlisted in the Nineteenth Illinois Vohmteers, serv- ing first as a private, then as Sergeant, later being elected First Lieutenant, and (although not mustered in, for two months) during tlie Atlanta campaign being in command Of his com- pany, and placed on the roll of honor by order of General Rosecrans. He participated in every battle in wliich his regiment was engaged, and, at the battle of Missionary Ridge, was the first man of his command over the enemy's works. After the war he became prominent as an officer HISTORICAL EKCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 331 of the Illinois National Guard, organizing the Rockford Rifles, in 1876. and serving as Colonel of the Third Regiment for seven years; was ap- pointed Postmaster at Rockford by President Hayes, but removed by Cleveland in 1885; re- appointed by Harrison and again displaced on the accession of Cleveland. He was one of the organizers of G. L. Nevius Post, G. A. R., of which he served as Commander twenty-six years ; in 1882 was elected Department Commander for the State of Illinois and, in 1894, Commander-in- Chief, serving one year. LAWRENCE, Charles B., jurist, was born at Vergennes, Vt. . Dec. 17. 1820. After two 5'ears spent at Middlebury College, he entered the junior class at Union College, graduating from the latter in 1841. He devoted two years to teaching in Alabama, and began reading law at Cincinnati in 1843, completing his studies at St. Louis, where he was admitted to the bar and began practice in 1844. Tlie following year he removed to Quincy, III., where he was a promi- nent practitioner for ten years. The years 1856-58 he spent in foreign travel, with the pri- mary object of restoring his impaired health. On his return home he began farming in Warren Count}-, with the sarhe end in view. In 1861 he accepted a nomination to the Circuit Court bench and was elected without opposition. Before the expiration of his term, in 1864, he was elected a Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court for the Northern Grand Division, and, in 1870, became Chief Justice. At this time his home was at Galesburg. Failing of a re-election in 1873, he removed to Chicago, and at once became one of the leaders of the Cook County bar. Although persistently urged by personal and political friends, to permit his name to be used in connec- tion with a vacancy on the bench of the United States Supreme Court, he steadfastly declined. In 1877 he received the votes of the Republicans in the State Legislature for United States Senator against David Davis, who was elected. Died, at Decatur, Ala., April 9. 1883. LAWREXCE COUNTY, one of the eastern counties in the "southern tier," originally a part of Edwards, but separated from the latter in 1821, and named for Commodore La^vrence. In 1900 its area was 360 square miles, and its popu- lation. 16,523. The first English speaking settlers seem to have emigrated from the colony at Vin- cennes, lud. St. Francisville, in the southeast- ern portion, and Allison prairie, in the nortlieast, were favored by the American pioneers. Settle- ment was more or less desultory until after the War of 1812. Game was abundant and the soil productive. About a dozen negro families found homes, in 1819, near Lawrenceville, and a Shaker colony was established about Charlottesville the same year. Among the best remembered pio- neers are the families of Lautermann, Chubb, Kincaid, Buchanan and Laus — the latter having come from South Carolina. Toussaint Dubois, a Frenchman and father of Jesse K. Dubois, State Auditor (1857-64), was a large land proprietor at an early day, and his house was first utilized as a court house. The county is richer in historic associations than in populous towns. La^vrence- ville, the countj-seat, was credited with 865 inhabitants by the census of 1890. St. Francis- ville and Sumner are flourishing towns. LAWRENCEVILLE, the county-seat of Law- rence County, is situated on the Erabarras River, at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 9 miles west of Vincennes, Ind., and 139 miles east of St. Louis. It lias a courthouse, four churches, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 865; (1900), 1,300; (1903, est), 1,600. L.iWSON, Victor F., journalist and newspaper proprietor, was born in Chicago, of Scandinavian parentage, Sept 9, 1850. After graduating at the Chicago High School, he prosecuted his studies at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Harvard University. In August. 1876, he pur- chased an interest in "The Chicago Daily News," being for some time a partner of Melville E. Stone, but became sole proprietor in 1888, pub- lishing morning and evening editions. He reduced the price of the morning edition to one cent, and changed its name to "The Chicago Record." He has always taken a deep interest in the cause of popular education, and, in 1888, established a fund to provide for the distribution of medals among public school children of Chi- cago, the award to be made upon the basis of comparative excellence in the preparation of essays upon topics connected with American history. LEBANON, a city in St. Clair County, situated on Silver Creek, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 11 miles northeast of Belleville and 24 miles east of St. Louis; is lo- cated in an agricultural and coal-mining region. Its manufacturing interests are limited, a flour- ing miU being the chief industry of this charac- ter. The city has electric lights and electric trolley line connecting with Belleville and St. Louis; also has a bank, eight churches, two 332 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. newspapers and is an important educational cen- ter, being the seat of McKendree College, founded in 1828. Population (1890), 1.030; (1900), 1,812. LEE COUNTY, one of the third tier of counties south of the Wisconsin State line; named for Richard Henry Lee of Revolutionary fame : area, 740 square miles; population (1900), 29.894. It was cut off from Ogle County, and separately organized in 1839. In 1840 the population was but little over 2,000. Charles F. Ingals, Nathan R. Whitney and James P. Dixon were the first County-Commissioners. Agriculture is the prin- cipal pursuit, although stone quarries are found here and there, notably at Ashton. The county- seat is Dixon, where, in 1828, one Ogee, a half- breed, built a cabin and established a ferry across the Rock River In 1830, John Dixon, of New York, purchased Ogee's interest for 81,800. Set- tlement and progress were greatly retarded by the Black Hawk War, but immigration fairly set in in 1838. The first court house was built in 1840, and the same year the United States Land Office was removed from Galena to Dixon, Colo., John Dement, an early pioneer, being appointed Receiver. Dixon was incorporated as a city in 1859, and, in 1900, had a population of 7,917. LEGISLATIVE APPORTIOXMENT. (See Apportion inenf. Legislative.) LEGISLATURE. (See General Assemblies.) LELA?{D, a village of La Salle County, on the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 29 miles southwest of Aurora. Population (1900), 634. LELAJfD, Edwin S., lawyer and Judge, was born at Dennysville, Me., August 28, 1812, and admitted to the bar at Dedham, Mass., in 1834. In 1835 he removed to Ottawa, 111., and, in 1839, to Oregon, Ogle County, where he practiced for four years. Returning to Ottawa in 1843, he rapidly rose in his profession, until, in 1852, he was elected to the Circuit Court bench to fill the unexpired term of Judge T. Lyle Dickey, who had resigned. In 1866 Governor Oglesby ap- pointed him Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired term of Judge HoUister. He was elected by popular vote in 1867, and re-elected in 1873, being assigned to the Appellate Court of the Second District in 1877. He was prominentlj' identified with the genesis of the Republican party, whose tenets he zealously championed. He was also prominent in local affairs, having been elected the first Republican Mayor of Ottawa (1856), President of the Board of Education and County Treasurer. Died, June, 24, 1889. LEMEX, James, Sr., pioneer, was born in Berk- eley County, Va., Nov. 20, 1760; served as a soldier in the War of the Revolution, being present at the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781 ; in 1786 came to Illinois, settling at the village of New Design, near the present site of Waterloo, in Monroe County. He was a man of enterprise and sterling integrity, and ultimately became the head of one of the most prominent and influential families in Southern Illinois. He is said to have been the first person admitted to the Baptist Church by immersion in Illinois, finally becoming a minister of that denomination. Of a family of eight children, four of his sons became ministers. Mr. Lemen's prominence was indicated by the fact that he was approached by Aaron Burr, with offers of large rewards for his influence in found- ing that ambitious schemer's projected South- western Empire, but the proposals were indignantly rejected and the scheme denounced. Died, at Waterloo, Jan. 8, 1822.— Robert (Lemen), oldest son of the preceding, was born in Berkeley County, Va., Sept. 25, 1783; came with his father to Illinois, and, after his marriage, settled in St. Clair County. He held a commission as magis- trate and, for a time, was United States Marshal for Illinois under the administration of John Quincy Adams. Died in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, August 24, I860.— Rev. Joseph (Lemen), the second son, was born in Berkeley County, Va., Sept. 8, 1785, brought to Illinois in 1786, and, on reaching manhood, married Mary Kinney, a daughter of Rev. WiUiam Kinney, who after- wards became Lieutenant-Governor of the State. Joseph Lemen settled in Ridge Prairie, in the northern part of St. Clair County, and for many years supplied the pulpit of the Bethel Baptist church, which had been founded in 1809 on the principle of opposition to human slavery. His death occurred at his home, June 29, 1861. — Rev. James (Lemen), Jr., the third son, was born in Monroe County, 111., Oct. 8, 1787; early united with the Baptist Church and became a minister — assisting in the ordination of his father, whose sketch stands at the head of this article. He served as a Delegate from St. Clair County in the first State Constitutional Convention (1818). and as Senator in the Second, Fourth and Fifth General Assemblies. He also preached extensively in Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky, and assisted in the organization of many churches, although his labors were chiefly within his own. Mr. Lemen was the second child of American parents born in Illinois — Enoch Moore being the first. Died, Feb. 8, 1870,— William (Lemen), the fourth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1791 ; served as a soldier in the Black Hawk War. Died in Monroe HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 333 County, in 1857. — Rev. Josiah (Lemen), the fifth son, born in Monroe Count)', 111., August 15, 1794; was a Baptist preacher. Died near Du- quoin, July 11, 1867.— Rev. Moses (Lemen), the sixth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1797; became a Baptist minister early in life, served as Representative in the Sixth General Assembly (1828-30) for Monroe County. Died, in Montgom- ery County, 111., March 5, 1859. LEMONT, a city in Cook County, 25 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River and the Chicago & Alton Railroad. A thick vein of Silurian limestone (Athens marble) is extensively quarried here, constituting the chief industry. Owing to the number of industrial enterprises, Lemont is at times the temporary home of a large number of workmen. The city has a bank, electric lights, six churches, two papers, five public and four private schools, one business college, aluminum and concrete works. Population of the township (1890), 5,.539; (1900), 4,441. LE MOTXE, John V., ex-Congressman, was born in Washington County, Pa., in 1828, and graduated from Washington College, Pa., in 1847. He studied law at Pittsburg, where he was admitted to the bar in 1852. He at once removed to Chicago, where he continued a permanent resident and active practitioner. In 1872 he was a candidate for Congress on the I..iberal Repub- lican ticket, but was defeated by Charles B. Far- well. Republican. In 1874 he was again a candidate against Mr. Farwell. Both claimed the election, and a contest ensued which was decided by the House in favor of Mr. Le Moyne. LENA, a village in Stephenson County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, l.S miles northwest of Freeport and 38 miles east of Galena. It is in a farming and dairying district, but has some manufactures, the making of caskets being the principal industry in this line. There are six cliurches, two Danks, and two newspapers. Pop- ulation (1890), 1,270; (1900), 1,2.52. LEONARD, Edward F., Railway President, was born in Connecticut in 1836 ; graduated from Union College, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and came to Springfield, 111., in 1858; served for several years as clerk in the office of the State Auditor, was afterwards connected with the con- struction of the "St. Louis Short Line" (now a part of the Illinois Central Railway), and was private secretary of Governor Cullom during his first term. For several years he has been Presi- dent of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, with headquarters at Peoria. LEROT, a city in McLean County, 15 miles southwest of Bloomington; has two banks, sev- eral churches, a graded school and a plow factory. Two weekly papers are published there. Popu- lation (1880), 1,068; (1890), 1,258; (1900), 1,639. LEVERETT, TVashington and Warren, edu- cators and twin-brothers, whose careers were strikingly similar ; born at Brookline, Mass., Dec. 19, 1805, and passed their boyhood on a farm; in 1827 began a preparatory course of study under an elder brother at Roxbury, Mass., entered Brown University as freshmen, the next year, and graduated in 1832. Warren, being in bad health, spent the following winter in South Carolina, afterwards engaging in teaching, for a time, and in study in Newton Theological Seminary, while Washington served as tutor two years in his Alma Mater and in Columbian College in Wash- ington, D. C, then took a course at Newton, graduating there in 1836. The same year he accepted the chair of Mathematics in Shurtleflf College at Upper Alton, remaining, with slight interruption, until 1868. Warren, after suffering from hemorrhage of the lungs, came west in the fall of 1837, and, after teaching for a few months at Greenville, Bond County, in 1839 joined his brother at Shurtleff College as Principal of the preparatory department, subsequently being advanced to the chair of Ancient Languages, which he continued to occupy until June, 1868, when he retired in the same year with his brother. After resigning he established himself in the book business, which was continued until his death. Not. 8, 1872. Washington, the surviving brother, continued to be a member of the Board of Trus- tees of Shurtleff College, and to discharge the duties of Librarian and Treasurer of the institu- tion. Died, Dec. 13, 1889. LEWIS INSTITUTE, an educational institu- tion based upon a bequest of Allen C. Lewis, in the city of Chicago, established in 1895. It main- tains departments in law, the classics, prepara- torj' studies and manual training, and owns property valued at .51,600,000, vrith funds and endowment amounting to §1,100,000. No report is made of the number of pupils. LEWIS, John H., ex-Congressman, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., July 21, 1830. When six years old he accompanied his parents to Knox County, 111., where he attended the public schools, read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Knox County. In 1874 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1880, was the successful Repub- 334 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. lican candidate for Congress from the old Ninth District. In 1882, he was a candidate for re- election from the same district (then the Tentli), but was defeated by Nicholas E. Worthington, his Democratic opponent. LEWISTOWX, the county-seat of Fulton County, located on two lines of railway, fifty miles southwest of Peoria and sixty miles north- west of Springfield. It contains flour and saw- mills, carriage and wagon, can-making, duplex-scales and evener factories, six churches and four newspapers, one issuing a daily edition ; also excellent public schools. Population (1880), 1.771; (1890), 2,166; (1900), 2,504, LEXINGTON, a city in McLean County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 110 miles south of Cliicago and 16 miles northeast of Bloomington. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock- raising, and the town has a flourishing trade in horses and other live-stock. Tile is manufac- tured here, and the town has two banks, five churches, a high school and two weekly news- papers. Population (1890), 1,187; (1900), 1,415. LIBERTTVILLE, a village of Lake County, on the main line of the Chicago & Madison Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 35 miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region is agricultural. The town has some manufac- tures, two banks and a weekly paper. Popula- tion (1890), .5.50; (1900), 864. LIBRARIES. (Statistical. )— A report of the Commissioner of Education for 1895-96, on the subject of "Public, Society and Scliool Libraries in the United States, " ' jiresents some approximate statistics of libraries in tlie several States, based upon the reports of librarians, so far as they could be obtained in reply to inquiries sent out from the Bureau of Education in Washington. As shown by the statistical tables embodied in tills i-eport, there were 348 libraries in Illinois reporting 300 volumes and over, of which 134 belonged to the smallest class noted. or those con- taining less than 1,000 volumes. The remaining 214 were divided into the following classes ; Containing 300.000 and less than 500,000 volumes 1 1 00, 000 " 300,000 2 50.000 " 100,000 1 25,000 " 50,000 5 10,000 " 2,5,000 " 27 5,000 10,000 " 34 1,000 5,000 " 144 A general classification of libraries of 1,000 ■volumes and over, as to character, divides them into, General, 91; School, 36; College, 42; College Society, 7 ; Law, 3 ; Theological, 7 ; State, 2 ; Asy- lum and Reformatory, 4; Young Men's Christian Association, 2; Scientific, 0; Historical, 3; Soci- ety, 8; Medical, Odd Fellows and Social, 1 each. The total number of volumes belonging to the class of 1,000 volumes and over was 1,822,580 with 447,108 pamphlets; and, of the class between 300 and 1 , 000 volumes, 66, 992 — making a grand total of 1,889,572 volumes. The library belonging to the largest (or 300,000) class, is that of tlie University of Chicago, reporting 305,000 volumes, with 180,000 pamphlets, while the Chicago Public Library and the Newberry Library belong to the second class, reporting, respectively, 217,065 vol- umes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135.244 volumes and 35,654 pamphlets. (The report of the Clii- cago Public Library for 1898 shows a total, for that 3'ear, of 235,385 volumes and 44,009 pam- phlets.) As to sources of support or method of adminis- tration, 42 of the class reporting 1,000 volumes and over, are supported by taxation ; 27, by appro- priations by State, County or City ; 20, from endowment funds; 54, from membership fees and dues; 16, from book-rents; 26, from donations, leaving 53 to be supported from sources not stated. The total income of 131 reporting on this subject is §787,262; the aggregate endowment of 17 of this class is $2,283,197, and the value of buildings belonging to 36 is estimated at •S2,981,- 575. Of the 214 libraries reporting 1,000 volmnes and over, 88 are free, 28 are reference, and 158 are botli circulating and reference. The free public libraries in the State containing 3.000 volumes and over, in 1896, amounted to 39. Tlie following list includes those of this class con- taining 10,000 volumes and over: Chicago, Public Library . . (1896)217,065 Peoria. " " 57,604 Springfield, " " 28,639 Rockford, " " 28.000 Quincy, " " and Reading Room 19,400 Galesburg " " 18,409 Elgin, Gail Borden Public Librarv . . 17,000 Bloomington, Withers " " ... 16,068 Evanston, Free " " ... 15,515 Decatur, " " " . . . 14,766 BelleviUe, " " ... 14,511 Aurora, " " ... 14,350 Rock Island, " " ... 12,634 Joliet, " " ... 22,325 The John Crerar Library (a scientific reference library) — established in the City of Chicago in 1894, on the basis of a bequest of the late John Crerar, estimated as amounting to fully 83,000,- 000 — is rapidly adding to its resources, having, in the four years of its history, acquired over 40,000 volumes. With its princely endowment, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 335 it is destined, in the course of a few years, to be reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class in the United States, as it is one of the most modern and carefully selected. The Newberry and Chicago Historical Society Libraries fill an important place for reference pur- poses, especially on historical subjects. A tardy beginning has been made in building up a State Historical Library in Springfield; but, owing to the indifference of the Legislature and the meager support it has received, the State which was, for nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most important events in the development of the Mis- sissippi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely accomplished anything worthy of its name in collecting and preserving the records of its own history. In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois State Library, which dates from the admission of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest library in the State is that of the JlcCormick Theological Seminary, which is set down as hav- ing had its origin in 1825, though this occurred in another State. The early State College Li- braries follow next in chronological order : Shurt- leff College, at Upper Alton, 1837 ; Illinois College, at Jacksonville, 1839; McKendree College, at Lebanon, 1834; Rockford College, 1849; Lombard University, at Galesburg, 1858. In most cases, however, these are simply the dates of the estab- lishment of the institution, or the period at which instruction began to be given in the school which finally developed into the college. The school library is constantly becoming a more important factor in the liberal education of the youth of the State. Adding to this the "Illi- nois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the State Teachers' Association some ten years ago, but still in the experimental stage, and the sys- tem of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge the range of popular reading and bring the public library, in some of its various forms, within the reach of a larger class. The Free Public Library Law of Illinois. — The following history and analysis of the Free Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for the "Historical Encyclopedia," by E. S. Willcox, Librarian of the Peoria Public Library : The Library Law passed by the Legislature of Illinois in 1872 was tlie first broadly planned, comprehensive and complete Free Public Li- brary Law placed on the statute book of any State in the Union. It is true. New Hamp- shire, in 1849, and Massachusetts, in 1851, had taken steps in this direction, with three or four brief sections of laws, permissive in their character rather than directive, but lacking the vitalizing qualities of our Illinois law. in that they provided no sufficiently specific working method — no sailing directions — for starting and administering such free public libraries. They seem to have had no influence on subsequent library legislation, while, to quote the language of Mr. Fletcher in his "Public Libraries in America," "the wisdom of the Illinois law, in this regard, is probably the reason why it has been so widely copied in other States." By this law of 1872 Illinois placed herself at the head of her sister States in encouraging the spread of general intelligence among the people; but it is also a record to he equally proud of, that, within less than five years after her admission to the Union, Dec. 3, 1818 — that is. at the first ses- sion of her Third General Assembly — a general Act was passed and approved, Jan. 31, 1828, entitled: "An act to incorporate such persons as may associate for the purpose of procuring and erecting public libraries in this State," with the following preamble • "Whereas, a disposition for improvement in useful knowledge has manifested itseif in various parts of ttiis State, by associating for procuring and erecting public libraries; and, wliereas, it is of the utmost importance to the public tliat the sources of information should be multi- piied. and institutions for that purpose encouraged and pro- moted; Seel. Be it enacted, " etc. Then follow ten sections, covering five and a half pages of the published laws of that session, giving explicit directions as to the organizing and maintaining of such Associations, with pro- visions as enlightened and liberal as we could ask for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act are, of course, subscription libraries, the only kind known at that time, free public libraries supported by taxation not having come into vogue in that early day. It is the one vivifying quality of the Illinois law of 1873, that it showed how to start a free public library, how to manage it when started and how to provide it with the necessary funds. It furnished a full and minute set of sailing directions for the ship it launched, and. moreover, was not loaded down with useless limitations. With a few exceptions — notably the Boston Public Library, working under a special charter, and an occasional endowed library, like the Astor Library — all public libraries in those days were subscription libraries, like the great Mercantile Libraries of New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati, with dues of from ,$3 to SIO from each member per year. With dues at $4 a year, our Peoria Mercantile Library, at its best, never had over 286 members in any one year. Compare this with our present public membership of 6,500, and it will be seen that some kind of a free public library law was needed. That was the conclu- sion I, as one of the Directors of the Peoria Mer- cantile Library, came to in 1869. We had tried every expedient for years, in the way of lecture courses, concerts, spelling matches, "Drummer Boy of Shiloh, " and begging, to increase our membership and revenue. So far, and no farther, seemed to be the rule with all subscription libraries. They did not reach the masses who needed them most. And. for this manifest rea- 33« HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son: the necessary cost of annual dues stood in the way : the women and young people who wanted something to read, who thirsted for knowledge, and who are the principal patrons of the free public library to-day, did not hold the family purse-strings; while the men, who did hold the purse-strings, did not particularly care for books. It was my experience, derived as a Director in the Peoria Mercantile Library when it was still a small, struggling subscription library, that sug- gested the need of a State law authorizing cities and towns to tax themselves for the support of public libraries, as thej' already did for the sup- port of public schools. When, in 1870, I submitted the plan to some of my friends, they pronounced it Quixotic — the people would never consent to pay taxes for libraries. To which I replied, that, imtil sometime in the '50's, we had no free public schools in this State. I then drew up the form of a law, substantially as it now stands; and, after submitting it to Justin Winsor, then of the Boston Public Li- brary' ; William F. Poole, then in Cincinnati, and William T. Harris, then in St. Louis, I placed it in the hands of my friend, Mr. Samuel Caldwell, in December, 1870, who took it with him to Springfield, promising to do what he could to get it through the Legislature, of which he was a member from Peoria. The bill was introduced by Mr. Caldwell, March 23, 1871, as House bill No. 563, and as House bill No. 563 it finally received the Governor's signature and became a law, March 7, 1872. The essential features of our Illinois law are: I. Tlie pou'!er of initiative in starting a free public library lies in the City Council, and not in an appeal to the voters of the city at a general election. It is a weak point in the English public libra- ries act that this initiative is left to the electors or voters of a city, and, in several London and pro- vincial districts, the proposed law has been repeatedly voted down by the very people it was most calculated to benefit, from fear of a little extra taxation. //. The amount of tax to be levied is permissive, not mandatory. We can trust to the public spirit of our city authorities, supported by an intelligent public sentiment, to provide for the library needs. A mandatory law, requiring the levying of a certain fixed percentage of the city's total assessment, might invite extravagance, as it has in several instances where a mandatory law is in force. III. Tlte Library Board has exclusive control of libra ry appropriations. This is to be interpreted that Public Library Boards are separate and distinct departments of the city administration ; and experience has shown that they are as capable and honest in handling money as School Boards or City Councils. IV. Library Boards consist of nine members to serve for three years. V. The members of the Board are appointed by the Mayor, subject to the approval of the City Council, from the citizens at large tvith reference to their Jit ness for such office. VI. A7i annual report is to be made by the Board to the City Council, stating the condition of their trust on the first day of June of each year. This, with slight modifications adapting it to villages, towns and townships, is, in substance, the Free Public Library Law of Illinois. Under its beneficent operation flourishing free public libraries have been established in the principal cities and towns of our State — slowly, at first, but, of late years, more rapidly as their usefulness has become apparent. No argument is now needed to show the im- portance — the imperative necessity — of the widest possible diffusion of intelligence among the people of a free State. Knowledge and ignorance — the one means civilization, the other, barbarism. Give a man the taste for good books and the means of gratifying it, and you can hardly fail of making him a better, happier man and a wiser citizen. You place him in contact with the best society in every period of history ; you set before him nobler examples to imitate and safer paths to follow. We have no way of foretelling how many and how great benefits will accrue to society and the State, in the future, from the comparatively modern introduction of the free public library into our educational system; but when some youthful Abraham Lincoln, poring over ^^sop's Fables, Weems' Life of Washington and a United States History, by the flickering light of a pine- knot in a log-cabin, rises at length to be the hope and bulwark of a nation, then we learn what the world may owe to a taste for books. In the gen- eral spread of intelligence through our free schools, our free press and our free libraries, lies our only hope that our free American institutions shall not decay and perish from the earth. " Knowledge Is the only Rood, isnorance the only evil." " Let knowledge grow from more to more." LIEUTEXAKT-GOTERNORS OF ILLINOIS. The office of Lieutenant-Governor, created by the Constitution of 1818, has been retained in each of the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by the people at the same time with that of Gov- ernor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant- Governors of the State, from the date of its admission into the Union to the present time (1899), with the date and length of each incum- bent's term: Pierre Menard, 1818-22; Adolphus Frederick Hubbard, 1823-26; William Kinney, 1826-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-33; William Lee D. Ewing (succeeded to the office as President of the Senate), 1833-34; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834-36 William H. Davidson (as President of the Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-42 John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells, 1846-49 William McMurtry, 1849-53; Gustavus Koerner, 1853-57; John Wood, 1857-60; Thomas A. Mar- shall (as President of the Senate), Jan. 7-14, 1861 Francis A. Hoffman, 1861-65; William Bross 1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73; John L HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 337 Beveridga, Jan. 13-23, 1873; John Early (as President of the Senate). 1873-75; Archibald A. Glenn (as President of the Senate), 1875-77; ,i.ndrew Shuman, 1877-81 ; John M. Hamilton, J881-83; William J. Campbell (as President of the Senate), 1888-85; John C. Smith. 1885-89; Lyman B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B. Gill, 1893-97; William A. Northcott, 1897 — . LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsyl- vania in its output of limestone, the United States Census Report for 1890 giving tlie number of quaiTies as 104, and the total value of the product as §2,190,604. In the value of stone used for building purposes Illinois far exceeds anj- other State, the greater proportion of the output in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux. Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small percentage being used for flux, and still less for bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime. The quarries in this State employ 3,383 hands, and represent a capital of 53,316,616, in the latter par- ticular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The quarries are found in various parts of the State, but the most productive and most vali»ble are in the northern section. LlNCOLJf, an incorporated city, and county- seat of Logan County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville Divi- sions of the IlUnois Central Railroad ; is 28 miles northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest of Chicago. The surrounding country is devoted to agriculture, stock-raising and coal-mining. Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among the products being flour, brick and drain tile. The city has water-works, fire department, gas and electric lighting plant, telephone system, machine shops, eighteen churches, good schools, three national banks, a public Ubrary, electric street railways, and several newspapers. Besides possessing good schools, it is the seat of Lincoln University (a Cumberland Presbyterian institu- tion, founded in 1865). The Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home and the Illinois (State) Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children are also located here. Population (1890), 6,735; (1900), 8,962; (1903, est.), 12,000. LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Hardin County, Ky., Feb. 12, 1809, of Quaker-English descent, his grandfather having emigrated from Virginia to Kentucky about 1780, where he was killed by the Indians in 1784. Thomas Lincoln, the father of Abraham, settled in Indiana in 1816, and removed to Macon County in 1830. Abraham was the issue of his father's first marriage, his mother's maiden name being Nancy Hanks. The early occupations of the future President were varied. He served at different times as farm-laborer, flat- boatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor, lawyer. State legislator, Congressman and Presi- dent. In 1832 he enlisted for the Black Hawk War, and was chosen Captain of his companj was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature the same year, but elected two years later About this time he turned his attention to the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, and, one year later, began practice at Springfield. By successive re-elections he served in the House until 1842, when he declined a re-election. In 1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candi- date for Speaker of the House, on both occasions being defeated by William L. D. Ewing. In 1841 he was an applicant to President William Henry Harrison for the position of Commissioner of the General Land Office, the appointment going to Justin Butterfield. His next official position was that of Representative in the Thirtieth Congress (1847-49). From that time he gave his attention to his profession until 1855, when he was a lead- ing candidate for the United States Senate in opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill, but failed of election, Lyman TrimibuU being chosen. In 1856, he took a leading part in the organization of the Republican party at Bloom- ington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by the Republican State Convention for the United States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate with Senator Douglas on party issues, during which they delivered speeches at seven different cities of the State. Although he again failed to secure the prize of an election, owing to the char- acter of the legislative apportionment then in force, which gave a majority of the Senators and Representatives to a Democratic minority of the voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the subject of slavery attracted the attention of the whole country, and prepared tlie way for the future triumph of the Republican party. Previ- ous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '52. and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate for Presidential Elector. In 1860, he was the nominee of the Republican party for the Presi- dency and was chosen by a decisive majority in the Electoral College, though receiving a minor- itj' of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestion- ably his candidacy was aided by internal dissensions in the Democratic party. His election and his inauguration (on March 4, 1861) were 338 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. made a pretext for secession, and he met the issue with promptitude and firmness, tempered with kindness and moderation towards the se- cessionists. He was re-elected to the Presidency in 1864, the vote in the Electoral College standing 212 for Lincoln to 21 for his opponent, Gen. George B. McClellan. The history of Mr. Lin- coln's life in the Presidential chair is the history of the whole country during its most dramatic period. Next to his success in restoring the authority of the Government over the whole Union, history will, no doubt, record his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation of January, 1863, as the most important and far-reaching act of his administration, And yet to this act, which has embalmed his memory in the hearts of the lovers of freedom and human justice in all ages and in all lands, the world over, is due his death at the hands of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, in Washington City, April ID, 1865, as the result of an assault made upon him in Ford's Theater the evening previous — his death occurring one week after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of Lee's army — just as peace, with the restoration of the Union, was assured. A period of National mourning ensued, and he was accorded the honor of a National funeral, his remains being finally laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. His profound sympathy with every class of sufferers during the War of the Rebellion ; his forbearance in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in giving direction to public sentiment at home and in dealing with international questions abroad ; his courage in preparing the way for the removal of slavery — the bone of contention between the warring sections — have given him a place in the affections of the people beside that of Washington himself, and won for him the respect and admi- ration of all civilized nations. LINCOLN, Robert Todd, lawyer, member of the Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of Abraham Lincoln, was born in Springfield, III., August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools and at Harvard University, graduating from the latter in 1864. During the last few months of the Civil War, he served on the staff of General Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war he studied law and, on his admission to the bar, settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of the firm of Lincoln & Isham In 1880, he was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secre- tary of War by President Garfield, serving to the close of the term. In 1889 he became Minister to England by appointment of President Harrison, gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. This was the last public office held by him. After the death of George M. Pullman he became Acting President of the Pullman Palace Car Company, later being formally elected to that office, which (1899) he still holds. Mr. Lincoln's name has been frequently mentioned in connection with the Republican nomination for the Presidency, but its use has not been encouraged by him. LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS DEBATE, a name popularly given to a series of joint discussions between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Doug- las, held at different points in the State during tlie summer and autumn of 1858. while both were candidates for the position of United States Sena- tor. The places and dates of holding tliese discussions were as follows: At Ottawa, August 21; at Freeport, August 27; at Jonesboro, Sept. 15; at Charleston, Sept. 18; at Galesburg, Oct. 7; at Quinc}-, Oct. 13; at Alton, Oct. 15. Immense audiences gathered to hear these debates, which have become famous in the political history of the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted in th: history of any State. It resulted in the securing Ijy Douglas of a re-election to the Senate ; but his answers to the shrewdly-couched interrog- atories of Lincoln l:d to the alienation of his Southern following, the disruption of the Demo- cratic party in 1860, and the defeat of his Presi- dential aspirations, with the placing of Mr. Lincoln prominently before the Nation as a sagacious political leader, and his final election to the Presidency. LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, an institution located at Lincoln, Logan County, 111., incorporated in 1865. It is co-educational, has a faculty of eleven instructors and, for 1896-8, reports 209 pupils — ninety-one male and 118 female. Instruction is given in the classics, the sciences, music, fine arts and preparatory studies. The institution has a library of 3,000 volumes, and reports funds and endowment amounting to §60,000, with property valued at 155,000. LINDER, Usher F., lawyer and politician, was born in Elizabethtown. Hardin County, Ky. (ten miles from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln), March 20, 1809; came to Illinois in 1835, finally locating at Charleston, Coles Coimty ; after travel- ing the circuit a lew montlis was elected Repre- sentative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), but resigned before the close of the session to accept the office of Attorney-General, which h<» held less than a year and a half, when he resigned that also. Again, in 1846, he Was elected to the Fifteenth General Assembly and re-elected to the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 339 Sixteenth and Seventeenth, afterwards giving his attention to the practice of his profession. Mr. Linder, in his best days, was a fluent speaker with some elements of eloquence which gave him a wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally a Whig, on the dissolution of that party he became a Democrat, and, in 1860, was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Charleston, SO., and at Baltimore. During the last four years of his life he wrote a series of articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois,'" which was pub- lished in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago, June 5, 1876. LI>E(iAR, David T., legislator, was born in Ohio, Feb. 12, 1830; came to Spencer County, Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, 111., in 1858, afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as Postmaster during the Civil War ; was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 187"3, but afterwards became a Democrat, and served as such in the lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86). Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886. LIPPINCOTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 26, 182.5; attended Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis Medical College, and began the practice of medi- cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 18.52 he went to California, remaining there five years, taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, and serving as State Senator (18.53-55). In 1857, having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice at Chandlerville, and, in 1861, under authority of Governor Yates, recruited a company which was attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as Company K, and of which he was commissioned Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo- nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con- sented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a candidate for Congress in the (then) Xinth Con- gressional District, largely reducing the Demo- cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary of the State Senate, and the same year chosen Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi- tor, and re-elected in 1872 ; also served as Perma- nent President of the Republican State Conven- tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Quincy. he became its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in March. 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a result of injuries received from a runaway team while driving through the grounds of the institu- tion a few days previous. — Emily Webster Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding, was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville. Cass County, 111., the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand- ler, a prominent physician widely known in that section of the State ; was educated at Jacksonville Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott. Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem- ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was appointed Matron of the institution, serving until her death, May 21, 1895. Tlie respect in which she was held by the old soldiers, to whose com- fort and necessities she had ministered in hos- pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching manner at the time of her death, and on the removal of her remains to be laid by the side of her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring- field. UPPIXCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy- man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 started west, arriving in St. Louis in Februarj-, 1818 ; the same year established himself in mer- cantile business at Milton, then a place of some importance near Alton. This place proving unhealthy, ho subsequently removed to Edwards- ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk in the Land Office. He afterwards served as Secretary of the Senate (1822-23). That he was a man of education and high intelligence, as well as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, George Churchill and others, in oppo- sition to the scheme for securing the adoption of a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. In 1825 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a year or more, but soon after entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Church and became an influ- ential factor in building up that denomination in Illinois. He was also partly instrumental in securing the location of Illinois College at Jack- sonville. He died at Pana, 111., April 13, 1869. Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor (1869-77). was a son of the subject of this sketch. LIQl'OR LAWS. In the early history of the State, the question of the regulation of the sale of intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control of the local authorities, who granted license, col- lected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As early as 1851, however, the General Assembly, with a view to mitigating what it was felt had .•i40 HISTORICAL KN(;YCL0PEDIA OK FliUNOIS. become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly known as the "(iimrt law," which, it was hoped, wouhl do iiwiiy with the indiHcjriniinate Male of liquor hy the gliiHU. The law failed to nietit the exiwctation of its franu^rH and HupporterH, and, in 1855, a prohiliitory law wuh Buhniitted totheelect- ors, which waH rejected at the jioUn. Since that date a K(!neral licenflo HyHteni has prevailed, except in certain towns and cities where prohihitory ordinancdH were adopted. The n^gulations gov- erning the tniflic, therefore, have been widely variant in different localities. The Legi.slature, however, luis always posHeH.sed the same (U)nHlitu- tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other jjoi.sons. Tn 1H71) the Woman's Christian Tem|)erance Union liegan the agitation of the license (pu)stion from a imecting the sale of Htimulants to minors and other prohibited parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger d to the har in 1800, soon after was eleot(Ml a Justi('(( of (he Peace, and later api>oiiitod Master in Chaiicciy. In lK(i(! he was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal llevonne for the Eighth District, but resigned in IHfifl, removing to Sitringliold the same year, where lie «'iitoied into partnership with the late Henry S. (li(>ene, Ulillon Hay being admitted to the firm soon after, the partnership continuing until 1HH1. In 1883 Mr. Littler was elected ltoi)resentativo in the Thirty-fourth (leneral Assenildy from Sangamon County, was re-(dectcd in 18S(t, and returned to the Senate in 1891, serv- ing in the latter body four years. In both llou.ses Mr. Littler took a specially prominent jiart in legislation on t he n^vi'inie (luestion. LIVI'ltMOKK, Mary Ash (on, reformer and phi- lantlinipist, was born (Mary Ashton Kice) in Hoston, Mass., Dec. lit, 18^1; taught for a time in a female seminary in Charlestown, and sjieiit two years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later mairied Itev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist minister, who held pastorates at various jdaces in Massachus(>tts and at Quincy. 111., becoming editor of "The New Covenant" at Cliicago. in 18.')7. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote mucli for (h'nominational pa|)ors and in assisting her husband; in 1803 was appointed an agent, and trav(ded extensively in the interest of the United States Sanitary Commis.sion, visiting ho.spitals and canijjs in the Mississippi Valley; also took a ]iroiiiiiicnt part in the great North- western Sanitary Pair at Chicago in 18(!l!. Of late years she h.as labored and lectured exten- sively in the interest of woman suffrage and tem- perance, besides being the author of several volumes, one of these being "Pen Pictures of Chicago" (IHfi.'i). Her liomo is in Boston. LIVINGSTON COUNTV, situated about mid- way between Cliicago and Springfield. The sur- face; is rolling toward the cast, but is levid in the west; area, 1,03(1 sepiare miles; population (1900), 42,035, named for Kdward Livingston. It was organized in 181)7, the first Commissioners being Ivobert Breckenridgo, Jonathan Moon and Daniel Uockwood. Pontiac. was selected as the county- seat, the ])roprietors donating ample lands and iJH.OOO in cash for the erection of public buildings. Vermilion River and Indian Creek arc the jirin- ci|>al streams, ('oal underlies the entire county, and shafts are in sue^cessfid operation at various points. It is one of the chief agricultural coun- ties of tlie State, the yield of oats and corn being largo. Stoidi-raising is also i>xtensivi'ly carried on. The development of the county really dates from the opening of the (."hicago & Alton Hail- road in l8ril, since which date it has been cro.s,s(-d by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the county- seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad center and the site of the State Keform S(diool. Its population in 1890 was 2,781. Dwiglit has attained a wide reputation as tlut seat of tlie liarent "Keeley" Institute for the (uire of lh<' liquor habit. I,()('KrOKT,a village in Will County, laid out ill ls;tT anil imMirporated in \SM\ situated HI) miles .southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines Uiver. the Illinois it Mi(diigan (Janal, the Atchi- son, Topeka i*t Santa Fe and the Chicago it Alton Kailroads. The surrounding region is agricul- tural; limestone is extensively iiuarried. Manu- factures are Hour, oatmeal. hra.ss goods, paper and .strawboard. It has ten churches, a public and high school, parochial scdiools, a hank, gas plant, eleetrii; rnr lines, and one weekly pajier. The controlling works of the (^hii^ago Drainage Canal and ofUces of the Illinois A Michigan (Janal »re located here. Population (181)0). 3,44il; (liioo), 2,(ir)it, I,()('KWO(M», Sniiniel Ilrnke, jurist, was born at Poundridge, Westchester (.lounty, N. Y., August 2, 1789, left fatherless at the ago of ten, after a few mouths at a private siduKil in New Jersey, he went to live with an unide (Francis Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom ho .studicid law, biding admitted to the bar at Datavia, N. Y., in 1811. In ]8i;i ho removed to Auburn, and later liecame Master in Chancery. In 1818 he descended the Ohio River ujion a flat-boat in company with William If. Drown, afterwards 'ICSBUR(i, a village of Sangamon County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 426; (1900), 476. MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub- lisher, was born, April 6, 1833, in the vicinity (now a part of the city) of St. John, N. B., of Scotch- Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot descent. At nine j'ears of age he accompanied his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged to that region and period. He entered an acad- emy with a view to preparing for college, but his family having suffered from a fire, he was com- pelled to turn his attention to business ; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas County. Here he caught the spirit of journalism by frequent visits to the office of a local paper, learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In 1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers as assistants in various capacities. The name of this paper was "The Coshocton Whig," which he soon changed to "The Republican," in which he dealt vigorous blows at political and other abuses, which several times brought upon him assaults from his political opponents — that being the style of political argument in those days. Two years later, having sold out "The Repub- lican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- ties. The following year "The Forest City" was consolidated with "The Free-Democrat," a Free- Soil paper under the editorship of John C. Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new paper taking the name of "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery in one compact organization. In this he was aided by the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in Congress, in December, 1853, and, before its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had begun to agitate the question of a union of all opposed to that measure in a new party under the name "Republican." During the winter of 1854-55 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Chicago a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- est in the paper, his connection with the concern dating from June 18, 1855. He was almost immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who had been editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian," and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred Cowles. who had been associated with him on "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed the position of managing editor, and, on the retirement of Dr. Ray, in 1863, became editor-in- chief until 1866, when he gave place to Horace White, now of "The New York Evening Post." During the Civil War period he was a zealous supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation policy, and served, for a time, as President of the "Loyal League," which proved such an influ- ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- ernment during the darkest period of the rebellion. In 1869 Mr. Medill was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, and, in that body, was the leading advocate of the principle of "minority representation" in the election of Representatives, as it was finally incorporated in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed by President Grant a member of the first Civil Service Commission, representing a principle to which he ever remained thoroughly committed. A few weeks after the great fire of the same year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. The financial condition of the city at the time, and other questions in issue, involved great diflS- culties and responsibilities, which he met in a way to command general approval. During his administration the Chicago Public Library was established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his term as Mayor, he resigned the office and spent the following year in Europe. Almost simultane- ously with his return from his European trip, he secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune, " resuming control of the paper, Nov. 9, 1874, which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years. The growth of the paper in business and influence, from the beginning of his connection with it, was one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily one of the most successful newspaper ventures in the United States, if not in the world. Early in December, 1898, Mr. Medill went to San Antonio, Texas, hoping to receive relief in that HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 369 mild climate from a chronic disease which had been troubling hiui for years, but died in that city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of hav- ing reached his 76th birthday. Tlie conspicuous features of his character were a strong individu- ality and indomitable perseverance, which led him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ- ous to his death, facts were developed going to show that, in 1881, he was oifered, by President Garfield, the position of Postmaster General, which was declined, when he was tendered the choice of any position in the Cabinet except two which had been previously promised; also, that he was offered a position in President Harrison's Cabinet, in 1889. MEDILL, (Maj.) William H., soldier, was born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. .5, 1835; in 18.5.5, came to Chicago and was associated with "The Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of "The Stark County (Ohio) Republican," but again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of the war, was employed on "The Tribune," of which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was editor. After a few months' service in Barker's Dragoons (a short-time organization), in Septem- ber, 1861, he joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry (Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election as Major, was chosen Senior Captain. The regi- ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By the promotion of his superior officers Captain Medill was finally advanced to the command, and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit- ting himself with great credit. A few days after, while attacking a party of rebels %vho were attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound through the lungs, dying at Frederick City, July 16, 1863. MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New- ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of white lead until 1823, when he headed a pioneer expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena, 111., to enter upon the business of smelting lead- ore. He served as Captain of a company in the Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa County, Wis., where he built the first smelting works in that Territory, served in the Territorial Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu- tional Convention (1846). A "History of the Early Lead Regions," by him, appears in the sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci- ety Collections." Died, at ShuUsburg, Wis., July 7, 186.5. MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & North- western Railroad, upon which it is located. It has two or three churches, some manufacturing establishments and one weekly paper. Popula- tion (1890), 1,0.50; (1900). 2..592. MEMBRE, Zenobius, French missionary, was born in France in 1645 ; accompanied La Salle on his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at Fort Creve-Cojur with Henry de Tonty ; descended the Mississippi with La Salle in 1682; returned to France and wrote a historj' of the expedition, and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final expedition ; is supposed to have landed with La Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred by the natives in 1687. (See La Salle and Tonty.) MENARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine, Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790, and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected to the Territorial Council of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of Illinois Territory, being presiding officer of the latter until the admission of Illinois as a State. He was, for several years. Government Agent, and in this capacity negotiated several important treaties with the Indians, of whose characteris- tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and generous. In 1818 he was elected the first Lieu- tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of oflfice having expired, he retired to private life and the care of his extensive business. He died at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was then considered a large estate. Among his assets, however, were found a large number of promis- sory notes, which he had endorsed for personal friends, besides many uncollectable accounts from poor people, to whom he had sold goods through pure generosity. Menard County was named for him, and a statue in his honor stands in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by the son of his old partner — Charles Pierre Chou- teau, of St. Louis. MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical center of the State, and originally a part of Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat- kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson. The county was named in honor of Pierre Menard, who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial organization of Illinois. (See Menard, Pierre.) Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when 370 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. agriculture underwent a change. Stock-raising is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins of bituminous coal underlie the countj-. Among early American settlers may be mentioned the Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton, Solo- mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of Meadows, Montgomery, Green, Boyer and Grant are also familiar to early settlers. The county furnished a company of eighty -six volunteers for the Mexican War. The county -seat is at Peters- burg. The area of the county is 320 square miles, and its population, under the last census, 14,336. In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now extinct, but for some years the home of Abraham Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who marched thence to the Black Hawk War as Captain of a company. MENDON, a town of Adams County, on the Burlington & Quiucy Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast of Quincy ; has a bank and a newspaper ; is sur- rounded bj' a farming and stock-raising district. Population (1880), 652; (1890) 640; (IflOO). G2T. MENDOT.A, a city in La Salle County, founded in 18.")3, at the junction of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy with its Rochelle and Fulton branches and the Illinois Central Railway, 80 miles south- west of Chicago. It has eight churches, three graded and two high schools, and a public li- brary Wartburg Seminary (Lutheran, opened in 1853) is located here. The chief industrial plants are two iron foundries, machine shops, plow works and a brewery. The city has three banks and four weekly newspapers. The sur- rounding country is agricultural and the city has considerable local trade. Population (1890), 3,542; (1900), 3,736. MERCER COUNTY, a western county, with an area of 555 square miles and a population (1900) of 20,945— named for Gen. Hugh Mercer. The Mississippi forms the western boundary, and along this river the earliest American settlements were made. William Dennison, a Pennsylvanian, settled in New Boston Township in 1828, and, before the expiration of a half dozen years, the Vannattas, Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Farlow, Bridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Mer- cer County was separated from Warren, and specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich, black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation of cereals. A good quality of building stone is found at various points. Aledo is the county- seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced in 1845. MERCY HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, and the first permanent hospital in the State — char- tered in 1847 or 1848 as the "Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes." No steps were taken toward organization until 1850, when, with a scanty fund scarcely exceeding §150, twelve beds were secured and placed on one floor of a board- ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first physician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the hospital was given in charge of the Sisters o*" Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the accommodations, and, in 1852, changed its name to Mercy Hospital. Three or four years later, a removal was made to a building previously occu- pied as an orphan asylum. Being the only pub- lic hospital in the cit}', its wards were constantly overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and better arranged building was erected. This edifice it has continued to occupy, although many additions and improvements have been, and are stiU being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the grounds and buildings, and manage the nursing and all the domestic and financial affairs of the institution. The present medical staff (1896) consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons, besides three internes, or resident practitioners. MEREDOSIA, a town in Morgan County, on the east Ibank of the Illinois River and on the Wabash Railway, some 58 miles west of Spring- field; is a grain shipping point and fishing and hunting resort. It was the first Illinois River point to be connected with the State capital by railroad in 1838. Population (1890), 621 ; (1900), 700. MERRIAM, (CoL) Jonathan, soldier, legisla- tor and farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1, 1834; was brought to Springfield, lU., when two years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County, where he now resides — when not officially em- ployed — pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He was educated at Wesleyan University, Blooming- ton, and at McKendree College; entered the Unioa army in 1862, being commissioned Lieu- tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven- teenth Illinois Infantry, and serving to the close of the war. During the Civil War period he was one of the founders of the "Union League of America," which proved so influential a factoi in sustaining the war policy of the Government. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub- lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 371 District from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem- blies, and, in 1897, was appointed, by President McKinley, Pension Agent for the State of Illinois, with headquarters in Chicago. Tlioroughly pa- triotic and of incorruptible integrity, he has won the respect and confidence of all in every public position he has been called to fill. MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco- pal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, Sept. 16. 183.5. entered the Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1864, as a travel- ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor ^ of "The Western Christian Advocate," at Cin- cinnati. He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in 1872, and, after two years spent in Minnesota, removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University, in 1868, and that of LL.D. b3' the Northwestern University, in 1886. He has published "Christian Baptism" (Cincinnati, 1876); "New Testament Idea of Hell" (1878); "Second Coming of Christ" (1879) ; "Aspects of Christian Experience" (1882) ; "Digest of Metho- dist Law" (1885) ; and "Outlines of Thought on Probation" (1886), MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and practiced, for a time, with the celebrated James T. Brady as a partner. In 1841 he removed to St. Clair County, 111., purchased and, from 1848 to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate"; later, removed to Salem, 111., where he established "The Salem Advocate"; served as Assistant Sec- retary of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, and as Representative in the Twenty-third General Assembly. In 1864 he purchased "The State Register" at Springfield, and was its editor for several years. Died, Nov. 16, 1878. — Thomas E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, lawyer and politician, was born in New York City, April 29, 1834; at six years of age was brought by his father to Illinois, where he attended the common schools and later learned the trade of carriage- painting. Subsequently he read law, and was admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1862. In 1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower house of the General Assembly from the Salem District, and was re-elected to the same body in 1870, '74, '76, '86 and "88. He also served two terms in the Senate (1878'86), making an almost continuous service in the General Assembly of eighteen years. He has repeatedly been a mem- ber of State conventions of his party, and stands as one of its trusted representatives. — Maj.-Gen. Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi- nois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at West Point Military Academy from this State, graduating in 1860 ; became a Second Lieutenant in the regular army, the same year, and was pro- moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1862, and being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank of Major-General. He re entered the regular army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a com- mission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming Major-General. He was in command, for a time, of the Department of the Missouri, but, on his last promotion, was transferred to the Depart- ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov- ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the command of the land forces destined for the Philippines, and appointed Military Governor of the Islands. Towards the close of the year he returned to the United States and resumed his old command at New York. MESSINGER, John, pioneer surveyor and car- tographer, was born at West Stockbridge, Mass., in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good education, especially in mathematics. Going to Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a car- penter and mill-wright ; i-emoved to Kentucky in 1799, and, in 1802, to Illinois (then a part of Indi- ana Territory), locating first in the American Bottom and, later, at New Design within the present limits of Monroe County. Two years later he became the proprietor of a mill, and, between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest schools in St. Claif County. The latter year he took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he fol- lowed for many years as a sub-contractor under William Rector, surveying much of the land in St. Clair and Randolph Counties, and, still later. assisting in determining the northern boundary of the State. He also served for a time as a teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary ; in 1821 published "A Manual, or Hand-Book, intended for Convenience in Practical Survey- ing," and prepared some of the earlier State and county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy, and took part in the steps which resulted in set- ting up a separate Territorial Government for Illinois, the following year. He also received an appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair 372 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County under the new Territorial Government; was chosen a Delegate from St. Clair County to the Convention of 1818, which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly, serving as Speaker of that bodj-. After leaving New Design, the later years of his life were spent on a farm two and a half miles north of Belleville, where he died in 1846. METAMORA, a town of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago it Alton Railroad, 19 miles east-northeast of Peoria and some thirty miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a fine farming district. The town has a creamery, soda factory, one bank, three churches, two newspapers, schools and a park. Population (1880) 828; (1900), 758. Metamora was the county-seat of Woodford County until 1899, when the seat of justice was removed to Eureka. METCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was born in Guernsey County, Ohio, August 6, 1828 ; educated at Madison College in his native State, graduating in 1846, and, after studying law at Cambridge, Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in 1850. The following year he went to Appleton, Wis. , but remained only a year, when he removed to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville, and shortly after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi- ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The Alton Courier." In 1853 he returned to Edwards- ville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney for Madison County, serving one year. In 1864 he was elected State Senator for a term of four years ; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate from the Southern Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Con- ference at Baltimore ; has also been a Trustee of McKendree College, at Lebanon, 111., for more than twenty-five years. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of the most numerous Protestant church organiza- tions in the United States and in Illinois. Rev. Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. Joseph Ogle was the first class-leader (1795). It is stated that the first American preacher in the American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796). Rev. Benjamin Young took charge of the first Methodist mission in 1803, and, in 1804, this mis- sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) circuit. Revs. Joseph Oglesby and Charles R. Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in 1830, twenty-eight, the actual membership exceeding 10,000. The first' Methodist service in Chicago was held by Rev. Jesse Walker, in 1826. The first Methodist society in that city was organized by Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, in June, 1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had in- creased to 61, with 370 ministers and 15,000 mem- bers. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the early revivalists. The growth of this denomi- nation in the State has been extraordinary. By 1890, it had nearly 2,000 clmrches, 937 ministers, and 151,000 members — tlie total number of Metho- dists in the United States, by the same censuS; being 4,980,240. The church property owned in 1890 (including parsonages) approached §111,000,- 000, and the total contributions were estimated at 82,073,923. The denomination in Illinois sup- ports two theological seminaries and the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The North- western Christian Advocate," with a circulation of some 30,000, is its official organ in Illinois. (See also Religious Denominations.) METROPOLIS CITY, the county -seat of Massac County, 156 miles southeast of St. Louis, situated on the Ohio River and on the St. Louis and Paducah Division of the Illinois Central Rail- road. The city was founded in 1839, on the site of old Fort Massac, which was erected by the French, aided by the Indians, about 1711. Its industries consist largely of various forms of wood-working. Saw and planing mills are a commercial factor; other establishments turn out wheel, buggy and wagon material, barrel staves and heads, boxes and baskets, and veneers. There are also flouring mills and potteries. The city has a public library, two banks, water- works, electric lights, numerous churches, high school and graded schools, and three papers. Population (1880), 2,668; (1890), 3,573; (1900), 4,069. MEXICAN WAR. Briefly stated, this war originated in the annexation of Texas to the United States, early in 1846. There was a dis- agreement as to the western boundary of Texas. Mexico complained of encroachment upon her territory, and hostilities began with the battle of Palo Alto, May 8, and ended with the treaty of peace, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the City of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848. Among the most prominent figures were President Polk, under whose administration annexation was effected, and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in com- mand in the field at the beginning of the war, and was elected Polk's successor. Illinois furnished more than her full quota of troops for the strug- gle. May 13, 1846, war was declared. On May HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 373 25, Governor Ford issued his proclamation calling for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry, the assessed quota of the State. The response was prompt and general. Alton was named as the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General) Sylvester Churchill was the mustering officer. The regiments mustered in were commanded, respectively, by Col. John J. Hardin, Col. Wm. H. Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris Forman. An additional twelve months' regiment (the Fourth) was accepted, under command of Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States Senator from Oregon, and fell at the battle of Ball's Bluflf, in October, 1861. A second call was made in April, 1847, under which Illinois sent two more regiments, for the war, towards the Mexican frontier. These were commanded by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James Collins. Independent companies were also tendered and accepted. Besides, there were some 150 volunteers who joined the regiments already in the field. Commanders of the inde- pendent companies were Capts. Adam Dunlap, of Schuyler Comity; Wyatt B. Stapp, of "War- ren; Michael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and Josiah Little. Col. John J. Hardin, of the First, was killed at Buena Vista, and the official mor- tuary list includes many names of Illinois' best and bravest sons. After participating in the battle of Buena Vista, the IlUnois troops shared in the triumphal entry into the Citj' of Mexico, on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those from Kentucky) were especially complimented in General Taylor's official report. The Third and Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the second of these battles. General Shields fell severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally) woiinded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led a gallant charge, and really turned the day at Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably named by General Scott, in his official report, were Colonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey, Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and Davis. All the Illinois troops were mustered out between May 25, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the inde- pendent companies being the last to quit the service. The total number of volunteers was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 wounded, 12 of the latter dying of their wounds. Gallant service in the Mexican War soon became a pass- port to political preferment, and some of the brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved merited distinction in civil life. Many also be- came distinguished soldiers in the War of the Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace, B. M. Prentiss, W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The cost of the war, with §15,000,000 paid for territory annexed, is estimated at §166,500,000 and the extent of territory acquired, nearly 1,000,000 square miles — considerably more than the whole of the present territory of the Republic of Mexico. METER, John, lawyer and legislator, was born in Holland, Feb. 27, 1852 ; came to Chicago at the age of 12 years ; entered the Northwestern Uni- versity, supporting himself by labor during vaca- tions and by teaching in a night school, until his third year in the university, when he became a student in the Union College of Law, being admitted to the bar in 1879; was elected from Cook County to the Thirty-flfth General Assembly (1884), and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirty- eighth and Thirty-ninth, being chosen Speaker of the latter (Jan. 18, 1895). Died in office, at Free- port, 111., July 3, 1895, during a special session of the General Assembly. MIA3IIS, The. The preponderance of author- ity favors the belief that this tribe of Indians was originally a part of the Ill-i-ni or Illinois, but the date of their separation from the parent stock cannot be told. It is likely, however, that it occurred before the French pushed their explo- rations from Canada westward and southward, into and along the Mississippi VaUey. Father Dablon alludes to the presence of Miamis (whom he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village, near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in 1670. The orthography of their name is varied. The Iroquois and the British generally knew them as the "Twightwees," and so they were commonly called by the American colonists. The Weas and Piankeshaws were of the same tribe When La Salle founded his colony at Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which could muster some 1,950 warriors, of which the Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 150, the re- maining 1,300 being Miamis proper. In 1671 (according to a written statement by Charlevoix in 1721), the Miamis occupied three villages- — one on the St. Joseph River, one on the Mau- mee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash). They were friendly toward the French until 1694, when a large number of them were massacred by a part}' of Sioux, who carried firearms which liad been furnished them by the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was never closed. Having become possessed of guns 374 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to hold their own, but also to extend their hunting grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately warring with the French, British and Americans. General Harrison says of them that, ten years before the treaty of Greenville, they could have brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the finest light troops in the world," but lacking in discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and smallpox, however, had, by that date (1795), greatly reduced their numerical strength. The main seat of the Miamis was at Fort Wayne, whose residents, because of their superior num- bers and intelligence, dominated all other bands except the Piankeshaws. The physical and moral deterioration of the tribe began immedi- ately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by little, they ceded their lands to the United States, the money received therefor being chiefly squan- dered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and disease, the remnants of tliis once powerful abo- riginal nation gradually drifted westward across the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had emigrated two centuries before. The small rem- nant of the band finallj' settled in Indian Terri- tory, but they have made comparatively little progress toward civilization. (See also Picmke- shaws; Weas. ) MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, under care of the association known as tlie United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 this association maintained a small hospital for tlie care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was destroyed in the conflagration of that year, and no immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880, however, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman who had accumulated a large fortune in Cali- fornia, bequeathed §97,000 to the organization. With this sum, considerably increased by addi- tions from other sources, an imposing building was erected, well arranged and tlioroughly equipped for hospital purposes. The institution thus founded was named after its principal bene- factor. Patients are received without discrimi- nation as to race or religion, and more than lialf those admitted are charity patients. The present medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and pliysicians, several of whom are eminent specialists. MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. The main line of this road extends from Chicago to Detroit, 370 miles, with trackage facilities from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the Illinois Central, to its terminus in Chicago. Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the total mileage to 1,643.56 miles.— (History.) The company was chartered in 1846, and purchased from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit to Kalamazoo, 144 miles.of which construction had been begun in 1836. The road was completed to Michigan City in 1850, and, in May, 1853, reached Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are operated in Illinois, of which 39 belong to the Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). The outstanding capital stock (1898) was §18,- 738,000 and the funded debt, §19,101,000. Earn- ings in Illinois the same year, 8484,003; total operating expenses, §540,905; taxes, §34,350. MICHIGAN, LAKE. (See Lake Michigan.) MIHALOTZY, Geza, soldier, a native of Hun- gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained soldier, he served witli gallantry and distinction, but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb. 34, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864. MILAN, a town of Rock Island County, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of Rock Island. It is located on Rock River, has several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Popula- tion (1880), 845; (1890), 692; (1900), 719. MILBURN, (Rev.) WilUam Henry, clergy- man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 26. 1836. At the age of five years he almost totally lost sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident, and subsequent malpractice in their treatment. For a time he was able to decipher letters with difficulty, and thus learned to read. In tlie face of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 13 years of age, when he accompanied his father's family to Jacksonville, 111., and, five years later, became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a time he rode a circuit covering 300 miles, preach ing, on an average, ten times a week, for §100 per year. In 1845, while on a Mississippi steamboat, he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen, who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance and gaming. This resulted in his being made Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From 1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont- gomery, Ala., during which time he was tried for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Chap- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 375 lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, he took orders in the Episcopal Church, but returned to Methodism in 1871. He has since been twice Chaplain of the House (1885 and '87) and three times (1893, '95 and '97) elected to the same posi- tion in tlie Senate He is generally known as "the blind preacher" and achieved considerable prominence by his eloquence as a lecturer on "What a Blind Man Saw in Europe." Among his published writings are, "Rifle, Axe and Sad- dlebags" (1856), "Ten Years of Preacher Life" (18.58) and "Pioneers, Preachers and People of the Mississippi Valley" (1860). MILCHRIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was born in the Isle of Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight years, came to America with his parents, who settled in Peoria, 111. Here he attended school and worked on a farm until the beginning of the Civil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until 1865, and being discharged with the rank of Cap- tain. After the war he read law with John I. Bennett — then of Galena, but later Master in Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago — was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a number of years, served as State's Attorney in Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from Illinois to the Republican National Convention, and the following year was appointed by Presi- dent Harrison United States District Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. Since retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been engaged in private practice in Chicago. In 1898 he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth Dis- trict (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General Assembly. MILES, Nelson A., Major-General, was born at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged in mercantile piirsuits in the city of Boston. In October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, dis- tinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, Charles City Cross Roads and Malvern Hill, in one of which he was wounded. In Sep- tember, 1862, he was Colonel of the Sixty- first New York, which he led at Fredericksburg and at Chancellorsville, where he was again severely wounded. He commanded the First Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made Brigadier-General, May 13, 1864, and Major- General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream's Station, in December of the same year. At the close of the war he was commissioned Colonel of the Fortieth United States Infantry, and distin- guished himself in campaigns against the Indians ; became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major- General in 1890, in the interim being in command of the Department of the Columbia, and, after 1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi- cago. Here he did much to give efficiency and importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in 1894, rendered valuable service in checking the strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the year he was transferred to the Department of the East, and, on the retirement of General Schofield in 1895, was placed in command of the army, with headquarters in Washington. During the Spanish-American war (1898) General Miles gave attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago during the siege conducted by General Shafter, but took no active command iu the field until the occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted with rare discrimination and good judgment, and with comparatively little loss of life or suffering to the troops. MILFORU, a prosperous village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- road, 88 miles south of Chicago; is in a rich farm- ing region; has water and sewerage systems, electric lights, two brick and tile works, three large grain elevators, flour mill, three churches, good schools, a public library and a weekly news- paper. It is an important shipping point for grain and live-stock. Population (1890), 957; (1900), 1,077. MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS. (See Military Tract.) MILITARY TRACT, a popular name given to a section of the State, set apart under an act of Congress, passed. May 6, 1812, as bounty -lands for soldiers in the war with Great Britain commenc- ing the same year. Similar reservations in the Territories of Michigan and Louisiana (now Arkansas) were provided for in the same act. The lands in Illinois embraced in this act were situated between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, and extended from the junction of these streams due north, by the Fourth Principal Merid- ian, to the northern boundary of Township 15 north of the "Base Line." This "base line" started about opposite the present site of Beards- town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi about seven miles north of Quincy. The north- ern border of the "Tract" was identical with the northern boundary of Mercer County, which, extended eastward, reached the Illinois about the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern 376 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes a great bend towards the south, a few miles west of the city of Peru. The distance between the Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract," from its northern boundary to the junction of the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, — con- sisting of 90 miles north of the "base line" and 79 miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers. The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It com- prised 207 entire townships of six miles square, each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3,500,000 acres— a little less than two-thirds — were appropriated to military bounties. The residue consisted partly of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of fractional quarter-sections bordering on township lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, and partly of lands that were returned by the sur- veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to this, there were large reservations not coming within the above exceptions, being the overplus of lands after satisfying the military claims, and subject to entrj' and purchase on the same con- ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract" thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc- Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, Bureau, Putnam and Marshall— or so much of them as was necessary to meet the demand for bounties. Immigration to this region set in quite actively about 1833, and the development of some portions, for a time, was very rapid ; but later, its growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax- titles" and bounty -titles derived by purchase from the original holders. This led to a great deal of litigation, and called for considerable legislation; but since the adjustment of these questions, this region has kept pace with the most favored sections of the State, and it now includes some of the most important and prosperous towns and cities and many of the finest farms in Illinois. MILITIA. Illinois, taught by the experiences of the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing for protection of its citizens against the incur- sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop- tion, at an early date, of such measures as were then common in the several States for the main- tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of this State, " and declared that the militia of the State should "consist of all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu- lattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years," and this classification was continued in the later con- stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all reference to the subject of color. In each there is the same general provision exempting persons entertaining "conscientious scruples against bearing arms," although subject to payment of an equivalent for such exemption. The first law on the subject, enacted by the first General Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment of a general militia system for the State ; and the fact that this was modified, amended or wholly changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821, '23, '25, '26, '27, '29, "33, '37 and '39, shows the estimation in which the subject was held. While many of these acts were of a special character, providing for a particular class of organization, the general law did little except to require per- sons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to attend county musters, which were often con- ducted in a very informal manner, or made the occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. Tlie act of July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War), required an enrollment of "all free, white, male inhabitants of military age (except such as might be exempt under the Constitution or laws)"; divided the State into five divisions by counties, each division to be organized into a certain speci- fied number of brigades. This act was quite elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and provided for regimental, battalion and company musters, defined the duties of oflScers, manner of election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the organization of volunteer companies. The Mexi- can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this class of legislation, as also did the War of the Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adju- tant-General had existed from the first, its duties — except during the Black Hawk and Mexican Wars — were rather nominal, and were discharged without stated compensation, the incumbent being merely Chief -of-staff to the Governor as Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion at once brought it into prominence, as an impor- tant part of the State Government, which it has since maintained. The various measures passed, during this period, belong rather to the history of the late war than to the subject of this chapter. In 1865, however, the office was put on a different footing, and the important part it had played, during the preceding four years, was recognized by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap- pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 377 of Illinois." During the next four years, its most important work was the publication of eight volumes of war records, containing a com- plete roster of the oiBcers and men of the various regiments and other military organizations from Illinois, with an outline of their movements and a list of the battles in which they were engaged. To the Adjutant-General's office, as now adminis- tered, is entrusted the custody of the war- records, battle-flags and trophies of the late war. A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage of an act formulating a military code and provid- ing for more thorough organization. Modifying amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and 1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 and 45" (with certain specified exceptions), are declared "subject to military duty, and desig- nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is made for the organization of a body of "active militia," designated as the "Illinois National Guard," to consist of "not more than oighty-four companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun- tary enlistments for a period of three years, with right to re-enlist for one or more years. The National Guard, as at present constituted, con- sists of three brigades, with a total force of about 9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides the batteries and cavalry already mentioned. Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech- loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc- tion are held for the regiments, respectively — one or more regiments participating — each year, usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield, when regimental and brigade drills, competitive rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act establishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to consist of "not more than eight divisions or com- panies," divided into two battalions of four divi- sions each, was passed by the General Assembly of 1893-7-the whole to be under the command of an officer with the rank of Commander. The commanding officer of each battalion is styled a "Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com- mander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their respective staffs — their organization, in other respects, being conformable to the laws of the United States. A set of "Regulations," based upon these several laws, has been prepared by the Adjutant-General for the government of the various organizations. The Governor is author- ized, by law, to call out the miUtia to resist inva- sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution of the laws, when called upon by the civil author- ities of any city, town or county. This authoritj-. however, is exercised with great discretion, and only when the local authorities are deemed unable to cope with threatened resistance to law The officers of the National Guard, when called into actual service for the suppression of riot or the enforcement of the laws, receive the same com- pensation paid to officers of the United States army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive $2 per day. During the time they are at any encampment, the officers and men alike i-eceive $1 per day. with necessary subsistence and cost of transportation to and from the encampment. (For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's office, see Adjutants-General; see, also, Spanish- Americati War ) MILLER, James H., Speaker of the House of Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 29, 1843; in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, 111., where he finally engaged in the practice of law. At the beginning of the RebeUion he enlisted in the Union army, but before being mustered into > the service, received an injury which rendered' him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical organization and a sufferer from ill-health, he was a man of decided ability and much influence. He served as State's Attorney of Stark County (1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, at the following session being one of the most zealous supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele- brated contest which resulted in the election of the latter, for the third time, to the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he also served in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General Assemblies, during the session of the latter being chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during the session. First Comptroller of the Treasurj- at Washington. In the early part of the summer of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the bene- fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890. MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poli- tician, was a native of Western Massachusetts, and described by his contemporaries as a highly educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine Region" about Galena, as early as 1826 or '27, and was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to locate in that section of the State. He was elected a Representative in the Eighth General Assembly (1832), his district embracing the 378 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle and Cook, including all the State north of Sanga- mon (as it then stood), and extending from the Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At this session occurred the impeacliment trial of Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Court, Mr. Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment Committee, and delivering a speech of great power and brilliancy, which lasted two or three days. In 1834 he was a candidate for Congress from the Northern District, but was defeated by William L. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr. Mill's friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim to consumption and, returning to Massachusetts, died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841. Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, says of him: "He was a man of remarkable ability, learning and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his "History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common consent of all his contemporaries. Mr. Mills was regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawyer of his day at the Galena bar." MILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827; located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County. 111., in 1856, finally engaging in the banking business at that place. Having served in various local offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg before the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877. MILLSj Luther Laflin, lawyer, was born at North Adams, Mass., Sept. 3, 1848; brought to Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public schools of that city and at Michigan State Uni- versity. In 1868 he began the study of law, was admitted to practice three years later, and, in 1876, was elected State's Attorney, being re- elected in 1880. While in this office he was con- nected with some of the most important cases ever brought before the Chicago courts. Although he. has held no official position except that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar and on the rostrum are widely recognized, and his services, as an attorney and an orator, have been in frequent demand. MILLSTADT, a town in St. Clair County, on branch of Mobile & Ohio Railroad. 14 miles south- southeast of St. Louis; has electric lights, churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines, and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Popu- lation (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1,173, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. (See Chicago. Milwaukee <&■ St. Paul Railway.) MINER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in Vermont, May 13, 1825; from 1834 to '51 he lived in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where he worked at his trade of watch- maker. In 1855 he went to Central America and was with Gen- eral William Walker at Greytown. Returning to Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in 1857 he was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864, when he was elected State Auditor as successor to his chief. Retiring from office in 1869, he gave attention to his private business. He was one of the founders and a Director of the Spring- field Iron Company. Died in 1879. MINIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 26 miles southeast of Peoria ; is in fine farming district and has several grain elevators, some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper. Population (1890), 664; (1900), 746. MINONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding region is agricultural, though much coal is mined in the vicinity. The city has brick yards, tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain elevators, two private banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890), 2,316; (1900), 2,546. MINORITY REPRESENTATION, a method of choosing members of the General Assembly and other deliberative bodies, designed to secure rep- resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties. In Illinois, this method is limited to the election of members of the lower branch of the General Assembly — except as to private corporations, which may, at their option, apply it in the election of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment of members of the General Assembly (see Legis- lative Apportionment), the State Constitution requires that the Senatorial and Representative Districts shall be identical in territory, each of such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena- tor and three Representatives. The provisions of the Constitution, making specific application of the principle of "minority representation" (or "cumulative voting, " as it is sometimes called), declares that, in the election of Representatives, "eacli qualified voter may cast as many votes for one candidate as there are Representatives, or (he) may distribute the same, or equal parts tliereof, among the candidates as he shall see fit." (State Constitution, Art. IV, sections 7 and 8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter power to cast three votes for one candidate ; two HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 379 votes for one candidate and one for another, or one and a half votes to each of two candidates, or he may distribute his vote equally among three candidates (giving one to each) ; but no other division is admissible without invalidating his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minor- ity representation have been proposed by various writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most prominent ; but that adopted in Illinois seems to be the simplest and most easy of application. MIXSHALL, William A., legislator and jurist, a native of Ohio who came to Rushville, 111. , at an early day, and entered upon the practice of law; served as Representative in the Eighth, Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 18-17. He was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con- stitution, in 1848, and died in office, early in 1853, being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker. MISSIOIVARIES, EARLY. The earliest Chris- tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the French explorers and did not a little toward the extension of French dominion. They were usually members of one of two orders — the "Recollects," founded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesi- astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry ; the former having been earher in the field, but hav- ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between the two orders gradually involved the civil authorities, and continued until the suppression of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers AUouez, Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamo- ges, Binneteau and Marest. Of the Recollects, the most conspicuous were Fathers Membre, Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde. Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order, were called secular priests. The first Catholic mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at the original Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in the present county of La Salle, where Father Mar- quette did missionary work in 1673, followed by Allouez in 1677. (See Allouez, Claude Jean.) The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Grav- ier, who was followed, in 1692, by Father Sebas- tian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was in charge of the mission, and the number of Indians among whom he labored was, that year, considerably diminished by the emigration of the Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about this time, labored among the Peorias, but was incapacitated by a wound received from the medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled by Father Deville. Another early Cathohc mis- sion in Illinois was that at Cahokia. While the precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed with certainty, there is evidence tliat it was in existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region. Among the early Fatliers, who ministered to the savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and Lamoges. This mission was at first called the Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice. It was probably the first permanent mission in the Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob- ably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In 1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher preached and administered the sacraments at Fort St. Louis, where he died in 1719, having been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 1687-88. The persecution and banishment of the early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his- tory. That body, following the example of some provincial legislative bodies in France, officially declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and decreed the confiscation of all its propertj-, in- cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of its churches, as well as the banishment of its members. This decree the Louisiana Council undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the fact that that territory had passed under the jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem to have offered no resistance, either physical or legal, and all members of the order in Illinois were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author- ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported to France. Only one— Father Sebastian Louis Meurin— -was allowed to return to Illinois ; and he, only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical authority of the Superior Council as supreme, and to hold no communication with Quebec or Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart from spiritual results, were of great value. They 380 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. perpetuated the records of early discoveries, reduced the language, and even dialects, of the aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved the original traditions and described the customs of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip's "Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western His- tory," Winsor's "America," and Shea's "Catholic Church in Colonial Days.") MISSISSIPPI RIVER. (Indian name, "Missi Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head waters are in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, and which is fed by a stream having its source within one mile of the head waters of the Red River of the North. From this sheet of water to the mouth of the river, the distance is variously estimated at from 3,000 to 3,160 miles. Lake Itasca is in lat. 47° 10' north and Ion. 95° 30' west from Greenwich. The river at first runs north- ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which point it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence south- eastward to Mnneapolis, where occur the FaUs of St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a per- pendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense water-power, which is utilized in operating flour- ing-mills and other manufacturing establish- ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin, bordered by picturesque limestone bluffs, some 400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc- tion is southward, and it forms the boundary between the States of Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and the northern part of Louisiana, on tlie west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis- sissippi, on the east. After many sinuous ^turn- ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines Parish, La., in lat. 29° north and Ion. 89' 13' west. Its principal affluents on the right are the Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas and Red Rivers, and, on the left, the Wisconsin. Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer than that part of the Mississippi above the point of junction, the distance from its source to the delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which exceeds that of any other river in the world. The width of the stream at St. Louis is about 3,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500 feet, and at New Orleans about 2,500 feet. The mean velocity of the current between St. Louis and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and one-half miles per hour. The average depth below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in the vicinity of New Orleans, the maximum is said to reach 150 feet. The principal rapids below the Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former having twenty-two feet fall and the latter twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river, aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre- vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi, often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor- tant of these above the mouth of the Ohio, is the "American Bottom," extending along the east bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums have been spent in the construction of levees for the protection of the lands along the lower ri%'er from overflow, as also in the construction of a system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi- gation by deepening the channel. MISSISSIPPI RITER BRIDGE, THE, one of the best constructed railroad bridges in the West, spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111. , to Loui- siana, Mo. The construction company was char- tered, April 35, 1872, and the bridge was ready for the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec. 3, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago & Alton Railway Company, which holds all its stock and §150,000 of its bonds as an investment, paying a rental of §60,000 per annum, to be applied in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and 6 per cent on bonds. In 1894, §71,000 was paid for rental, §16,000 going toward a sinking fund. MOBILE & OHIO RAILROAD, This company operates 100.6 miles of road in Illinois, of which 151.6 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail- road. (See .S(. Louis & Cairo Railroad.) MOLINE) a flourishing manufacturing city in Rock Island County, incorporated in 1873, on the Mississippi above Rock Island and opposite Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles south of west from Chicago, and the intersecting point of three trunk lines of railway. Moline, Rock Island and Davenport are connected by steam and street railways, bridges and ferries. All three obtain water-power from the Mississippi. The region around Moline is rich in coal, and several pro- ductive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is an important manufacturing point, its chief out- puts being agricultural implements, filters, malle- able iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 381 (pipe and reed), paper, lead-roofing, wind-mills, milling machinery, and furniture. The city has admirable water-works, several churches, good schools, gas and electric light plants, a public library, five banks, three daily and weekly papers. It also has an extensive electric power plant, electric street cars and iuterurban line. Population (1890), 13,000; (1900), 17,348. MOLONEY, Maurice T., ex-Attorney-General, was Ixirn in Ireland, in 1849; came to America in 1867, and, after a course in the Seminary of "Our Lady of the Angels" at Niagara Falls, studied theology ; then tauglit for a time in Virginia and studied law at the University of that State, graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa, 111. , where he served three years as State's Attor- ney of La Salle County, and, in 1892, was nomi- nated and elected Attorney-General on the Democratic State ticket, serving until January, 1897. MOMENCE, a town in Kankakee County, situ- ated on the Kankakee River and at the intersec- tion of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles south of Chicago; has water power, a flouring mill, enameled brick factory, railway repair shops, two banks, two newspapers, five churches and two schools. Population (1890), 1,635; (1900), 3,026. JBOXMOUTH, the county-seat of Warren County, 36 miles east of the Mississippi River; at point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Rail- ways. The Santa Fe enters Monmouth on the Iowa Central lines. The surrounding countrj' is agricultural and coal yielding. The city has manufactories of agricultural implements, sewer- pipe, pottery, paving brick, and cigars. Mon- mouth College (United Presbyterian) was chartered in 1857, and the library of this institu- tion, with that of Warren County (also located at Monmouth) aggregates 30,000 volumes. There are three national banks, two daily, three weekly and two other periodical publications. An ap- propriation was made by the Fifty-fifth Congress for the erection of a Government building at Monmouth. Population (1890), 5,936; (1900), 7,460. MONMOUTH COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution, controlled by the United Presbyterian denomination, but non-sectarian ; located at Mon- rnouth. It was founded in 1856, its first class graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been Drs. D. A. Wallace (1856-78) and J. B. McMichael, the latter occupying the position from 1878 until 1897. In 1896 the faculty consisted of fifteen instructors and the number of students was 389. The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully laid out. The institution confers four degrees — A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring of the first three, four years' study is required; for the degree of B.L., three years. MONROE, George D., State Senator, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 34, 1844, and came with his parents to Illinois in 1849. His father having been elected Sheriff of Will County in 1864, he became a resident of Joliet, serving as a deputy in his father's office. In 1865 he engaged in merchandising as the partner of his father, which was exchanged, some fifteen years later, for the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally, for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in which he is still employed. He has also been extensively engaged in the stone business some twenty years, being a large stockholder in the Western Stone Company and Vice-President of the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as a Republican, to the State Senate from the Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving himself one of the most influential members of that body. MONROE COUNTY, situated in the southwest part of the State, bordering on the Mississippi — named for President Monroe. Its area is about 380 square miles. It was organized in 1816 and included within its boundaries several of the French villages which constituted, for many years, a center of civilization in the West. American settlers, however, began to locate in the district as early as 1781. The county has a diversified surface and is heavily timbered. The soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river bottom. Agriculture and the manufacture and shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat. Population (1890), 12,948; (1900), 13,847. MONTGOMERY COUNTY, an interior county, situated northeast of St. Louis and south of Springfield; area 702 square miles, population (1900) , 30,836 — derives its name from Gen. Richard Montgomery. The earliest settlements by Ameri- cans were toward the close of 1816, county organi- zation being effected five years later. The entire population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100 families. The siu-face is undulating, well watered and timbered. The seat of county government is located at HiUsboro. Litchfield is an important town. Here are situated car-shops and some manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in the county's history as pioneers were Harris Reavis, Henry Pyatt, John Levi, Aaron Casey 382 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. John Tillson, Hiram Roimtree, the Wrights (Joseph and Cliarles), the Hills (Jolin and Henry), William McDavid and John Russell. MONTICELLO, a city and the county-seat of Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway between Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central, and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railways. It lies within the "corn belt, " and stock-raising is extensively carried on in the surrounding country. Among the city industries are a foundry and machine shops, steam flour and planing mills, broom, cigar and harness-making, and patent fence and tile works. The city is lighted by electricity, has several elevators, an excellent water system, numerous churches and good schools, with banks and three weekly papers. Population (1890), 1,643; (1900), 1,982. MONTICELLO FEMALE SEMINARY, the second institution established in Illinois for the higher education of women — Jacksonville Female Seminary being the first. It was founded through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at Godfrey, Madison County, and gave §53,000 toward erecting and equipping the buildings. The institution was opened on April 11, 1838, with sixteen young lady pupils, Rev. Therou Baldwin, one of the celebrated "Yale Band," being the first Principal. In 1845 he was suc- ceeded by Miss Philena Fobes, and she, in turn, by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 1866, who still remains in charge. In November, 1883, the seminary building, with its contents, was burned ; but the institution continued its sessions in tem- porary quarters until the erection of a new build- ing, which was soon accomplished through the generosity of alumnae and friends of female edu- cation throughout the country. The new struc- ture is of stone, three stories in height, and thoroughly modern. The average number of pupils is 150, with fourteen instructors, and the standard of the institution is of a high character. MOORE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier, was born at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1817 ; after a brief season spent in two academies and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary, at Kirtland, in 1839 he came west and engaged in teaching at Pekin, 111., while giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Spring- field in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton, DeWitt County, which has since been his home. In partnership with the late Judge David Davis, of Bloomington, Mr. Moore, a few years later, began operating extensively in Illinois lands, and is now one of the largest land proprietors in the State, besides being interested in a number of manufacturing ventures and a local bank. The only oflicial position of importance he has held is that of Delegate to the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. He is an enthusi- astic collector of State historical and art treasures, of which he possesses one of the most valuable private collections in Illinois. MOORE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chi- cago from Concord, Mass., in 1834, and was almost immediately admitted to the bar, also acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col. Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all the county offices on the organization of Cook County. Mr. Moore was one of the original Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained from the Legislature the first charter for a gas company in Chicago. In 1838 he went to Ha- vana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health, but subsequently returned to Concord, Mass., where he died some years afterward. MOORE, James, pioneer, was born in the State of Maryland in 17.50; was married in his native State, about 1772, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the con- templated expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778. After the Clark expedition (in which he served as Captain, by appointment of Gov. Patrick Henry), he returned to Virginia, where he remained until 1781, when he organized a party of emigrants, which he accompanied to Illinois, spending the winter at Kaskaskia. The following year they located at a point in the northern part of Monroe County, which afterwards received the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in Illinois, he organized a company of "Minute Men," of which he was chosen Captain. He was a man of prominence and influence among the early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and influential family of his descendants have grown up in Southern Illinois. — John (Moore), son of the preceding, was born in Maryland in 1773, and brought by his father to Illinois eight years later. He married a sister of Gen. John D. Whiteside, who afterwards became State Treasurer, and also served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illi- nois under the internal improvement system. Moore was an oflScer of the State Militia, and served in a company of rangers during the War of 1812; was also the first County Treasurer of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 383 Monroe County. Died, July 4, 1833. — James B. (Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, was born in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his par- ents; in his early manhood he followed the business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and Ohio RiTers, visiting New Orleans, Pittsburg and other points ; became a prominent Indian fighter during the War of 1812, and was commissioned Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to raise a company of mounted rangers; also served as Sheriff of Monroe County, by appoint- ment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial days ; was Presidential Elector in 1830, and State Sena- tor for Madison Count}- in 1836-40, d3-ing in the latter year. — Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt. James Moore, the pioneer, was born in the old block-house at Bellefontaine in 1783, being the first child born of American parents in Illinois ; served as a "ranger" in the company of his brother, James B. : occupied the office of Clerk of the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge of Probate of Monroe Count}- during the Terri- torial period; was Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, and served as Representative from Monroe County in the Second General Assembly, later filling various county offices for some twenty years. He died in 1848. MOORE, Jesse H., clergyman, soldier and Con- gressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair County, 111., April 32, 1817, and graduated from McKen- dree College in 1842. For thirteen years he was a teacher, during portions of this period being successively at the head of three literary insti- tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but resigned pastorate duties in 1863, to take part in the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun- dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving as brigade commander during the last year of the war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its close. After the war he re-entered the ministry. • but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur District, he was elected to the Forty-first Con- gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870 ; afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring- field, and, in 1881, was appointed United States Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that city, July 11, 1883. MOORE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1843-46) ; was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., Sept. 8, 1793: came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830, spending most of his life as a resident of Bloom- ington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate, but before the close of his term, in 1843, was elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thomas Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's), of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In 1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as succes- sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 1850 he was elected to the same office, and con- tinued to discharge its duties until 1857, when he was succeeded by James MiUer. Died, Sept. 33, 1863. MOORE, Risdon, pioneer, was born in Dela- ware in 1760; removed to North Carolina in 1789, and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga., where he served two terms in the Legislature. He emigrated from Georgia in 1812, and settled in St. Clair County, 111. — besides a family of fif- teen white persons, bringing with him eighteen colored people — the object of his removal being to get rid of slavery. He purchased a farm in what was known as the "Turkey Hill Settle- ment." about four miles east of Belleville, where he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore became a prominent citizen, was elected to the Second Territorial House of Representatives, and was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two ses- sions (1814-1.5). He was also Representative from St. .Clair County in the First, Second and Third General Assemblies after the admission of Illinois into the Union. In the last of these he was one of the most zealous opponents of the pro-slavery Convention scheme of 1822-24. He left a numer- ous and highly respected family of descendants, who were afterwards prominent in public affairs. — William (Moore) , his son, served as a Captain in the War of 1812, and also commanded a company in the Black Hawk War. He represented St. Clair County in the lower bianch of the Ninth and Tenth General Assemblies; was a local preacher of the Methodist Church, and was Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of McKendree Col- lege at the time of his death in 1849. — Risdon (Moore), Jr., a cousin of the first named Risdon Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in the Sixth, but died before the expiration of his term, being succeeded at the next session by Adam W. Snyder. MOORE, Stephen Richey, lawyer, was bom of Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 33. 1832: in 1851, entered Farmers' College near Cin- cinnati, graduating in 1856, and, having qualified 384 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS himself for the practice of law, located the fol- lowing year at Kankakee, 111., which has since been his home. In 1858 he was employed in defense of the late Father Chiniquy, who recently died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits begun against him by dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church. Mr. Moore is a man of strik- ing appearance and great independence of char- acter, a Methodist in religious belief and has generally acted politically in co-operation with the Democratic party, though strongly anti- slavery in his views. In 1872 he was a delegate to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cin- cinnati which nominated Mr. Greeley for the Presidency, and, in 1896, participated in the same way in the Indianapolis Convention which nomi- nated Gen. John M. Palmer for the same oflBce, in the following campaign giving the "Gold Democ- racy" a vigorous support. MORAN, Thomas A., lawyer and jurist, was born at Bridgeport, Conn. , Oct. 7, 1839 ; received his preliminary education in the district schools of Wisconsin (to which State his father's family had removed in 1846), and at an academy at Salem, Wis. ; began reading law at Kenosha in 1859, meanwhile supporting himself by teaching. In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany (N. Y.) Law School, and the same year com- menced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1885. At the expiration of his second term he resumed private practice. While on the bench he at first heard only common law cases, but later divided the business of the equity side of the court with Judge Tuley. In June, 1886, he was assigned to the bench of the Appel- late Court, of which tribunal he was, for a year. Chief Justice. MORGAN, James Dady, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., August 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of age, went for a three years' trading voyage on the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a mutiny arose, and shortly afterward the vessel was burned. Morgan escaped to South America, and, after many hardships, returned to Boston. In 1834 he removed to Quincy, 111., and engaged in mercantile pursuits; aided in raising the "Quincy Grays" during the Mormon difSculties (1844-45) ; during the Mexican War commanded a company in the First Regiment Illinois Volun- teers; in 1861 became Lieutenant-Colonel of the Tenth Regiment in the three months' service, and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment for three years ; was promoted Brigadier-General in July, 1862, for meritorious service ; commanded a brigade at Nashville, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Benton- ville, N. C, being mustered out, August 24, 1865. After the war he resumed business at Quincy, 111., being President of the Quincy Gas Company and Vice-President of a bank; was also Presi- dent, for some time, of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland. Died, at Quincy, Sept. 12, 1896. MORGAN COUNTY, a central county of the State, lying west of Sangamon, and bordering on the Illinois River — named for Gen. Daniel Mor- gan; area, 580 square miles; population (1900), 35,006. The earliest American settlers were probably Elisha and Seymour Kellogg, who located on Mauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. George Caldwell came in 1820, and was the first phy- sician, and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the pres- ent site of the city of Jacksonville in 1821. Immigrants began to arrive in large numbers about 1822, and, Jan. 31, 1823. the county was organized, the first election being held at the liouse of James G. Swinerton, six miles south- west of the present city of Jacksonville. 01m- stead's Mound was the first county-seat, but this choice was only temporary. Two years later, Jacksonville was selected, and has ever since so continued. (See Jacksonville.) Cass County was cut off from Morgan in 1837, and Scott County in 1839. About 1837 Morgan was the most populous county in the State. The county is nearly equally divided between woodland and prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois River on its western border, there are several smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple, Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous coal underlies the eastern part of the county, and thin veins crop out along the Illinois River bluffs. Sandstone has also been quarried. MORGAN PARK, a suburban village of Cook County, 13 miles south of Chicago, on the Chi- cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; is the seat of the Academy (a preparatory branch) of the' University of Chicago and the Scandinavian De- partment of the Divinity School connected with the same institution. Population (1880), 187; (1890), 1.027; (1900), 2,329. MORMONS, a religious sect, founded by Joseph Smith, Jr., at Fayette, Seneca County, N. Y., August 6, 1830, styling themselves the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. " Membership in 1892 was estimated at 230,000, of wliom some 20,000 were outside of the United States. Their religious teachings are peculiar. They avow faith in the Trinity and in the Bible (as by them HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 385" interpreted). They believe, however, that the "Book of Mormon" — assumed to be of divine origin and a direct revelation to Smith — is of equal authority with the Scriptures, if not supe- rior to them. Among their ordinances are baptism and the laying-on of hands, and, in their church organization, tliey recognize various orders — apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangel- ists, etc. They also believe in the restoration of the Ten Tribes and the literal re assembling of Israel, the return and rule of Christ in person, and the rebuilding of Zion in America. Polyg- amy is encouraged and made an article of faith, though professedly not practiced under existing laws in the United States. The supreme power is vested in a President, who has authority in temporal and spiritual affairs alike; although there is less effort now than formerly, on the part of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities. Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his followers first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There, for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple; but, within seven years, their doctrines and prac- tices excited so much hostility that they were forced to make another removal. Their next settlement was at Far West. Mo. ; but here the hatred toward them became so intense as to result in open war. From Missouri they recrossed the Mississippi and founded the city of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County, 111. The charter granted by the Legislature was an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon obtained commercial importance, in two years becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in State politics, when there broke out a more bitter public enmity than the .sect had yet en- countered. Internal dissensions also sprang up, and, in 1844, a discontented Mormon founded a newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently assailed the prophet and threatened him with exposure. Smith's answer to this was the de- struction of the printing oflfice, and the editor promptly secured a warrant for his arrest, return- able at Carthage. Smith went before a friendly justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him, but he positively refused to appear before the Carthage magistrate. Thereupon the latter issued a second warrant, charging Smith with treason. This also was treated with contempt. The militia was called out to make the arrest, and the Mormons, who had formed a strong military organization, armed to defend their leader. After a few trifling clashes between the soldiers and the "Saints," Smith was persuaded to sur- render and go to Carthage, the county-seat, where he was incarcerated in the county jail. Within twenty-four hours (on Sunday, June 37, 1844), a mob attacked the prison. Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed, and some of their adherents, who had accompanied them to jail, were wounded. Brigham Young (then an apostle) at once assumed the leadership and, after several months of intense popular excite- ment, in the following year led his followers across the Mississippi, finally locating (1847) in Utah. (See also Nmivoo.) There their history has not been free from charges of crime; but, whatever may be the character of the leaders, they have succeeded in building up a prosperous community in a region which they found a vir- tual desert, a little more than forty years ago. The polity of the Church has been greatly modi- fied in consequence of restrictions placed upon it by Congressional legislation, especially in refer- ence to polygamy, and by contact with other communities. (See Smith, Joseph. ) MORRIS, a city and the county-seat of Grundy County, on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago. It is an extensive grain market, and the center of a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valu- able water-power here, and much manufacturing is done, including builders' hardware, plows, iron specialties, paper car- wheels, brick and tile, flour and planing-mills, oatmeal and tanned leather; There are also a normal and scientific school, two national banks and three daily and weekly news- papers. Population (1880), 3,486; (1890), 3,653; (1900), 4,273. MORRIS, Buckner Smith, early lawyer, born at Augusta, Ky., August 19, 1800; was admitted to the bar in 1827, and, for seven years thereafter, continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two terms in the Legislature of that State. In 1834 he removed to Chicago, took an active part in the incorporation of the city, and was elected its second Mayor in 1838. In 1840 he was a Whig candidate for Presidential Elector, Abraham Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in 1853, was defeated as the Whig candidate for Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a re- nomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for Governor, and, in 1860, that of the Bell-Everett party for the same office. He was vehemently opposed to the election of either Lincoln or 386 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLPPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Breckenridge to the Presidency, believing that civil war would result in either event. A shadow was thrown across his life, in 1864, by his arrest and trial for alleged complicity in a rebel plot to burn and pillage Chicago and liberate the prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The trial, however, which was held at Cincinnati, resulted in his acquittal. Died, in Kentucky, Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in spite of his opposition to the abolition of slavery — a fact which, no doubt, had much to do with his acquittal of the charge of complicity with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his being ir communication with the leading con- spirators appears to have been conclusive. (See Cainj) Douglas Conspiracy.) MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician, was born in Cook County, 111., March 19, 1854, labored on a farm and attended the district school in his youth, but completed his education in Chicago, graduating from the Union College of Law, and was admitted to practice in 1874, when he located at Watseka, Iroquois County. In 1884 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the House of Representatives from the Iroquois Dis- trict, and has since been re-elected in 1888, "94, '96, being one of the most influential members of his party in that body. In 1893 he was appointed by Governor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on his personal staff, but resigned in 1896. MORRIS, Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congress- man, was born at Bethel, Clermont County, Ohio, Jan. 23, 1813; educated at Miami Univer- sity, admitted to the bar in 183.5, and the next year removed to Quincy, 111. ; was a member and President of the Board of Canal Commissioners (1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assem- bly (1846-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Demo- crat in 1856, and again in 1858, but opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Con- stitution ; in 1868 supported General Grant — who had been his friend in boyhood — for President, and, in 1870, was appointed a member of the Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct. 29, 1879. MORRISON, a city, the county-seat of White- side County, founded in 1855; is a station on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 124 miles west of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and stock-raising are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city has good water- works, sewerage, electric lighting and several manufactories, including carriage and refriger ator works; also has numerous churches, a large graded school, a public library and adequate banking facilities, and two weekly papers. Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for winter market are carried on. Pop. (1900), 2,308. MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator, born in Barren County, Ky., in 1826; was edu- cated in the common schools and the Masonic Seminary of his native State; admitted to the bar, and came to Illinois in 1851. locating at Jacksonville, where he has become a leader of the bar and of t e Republican party, which he assisted to organize as a member of its first State Convention at Bloomington, in 1856. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was three times elected to the lower house of the General Assembly (1876, "78 and '83), and, by his clear judgment and incisive powers as a public speaker, took a high rank as a leader in tliat body. Of late years, he has given his attention solely to the practice of his profession in Jacksonville. MORRISON, James Lowery Donaldson, poli- tician, lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas- kaskia. 111., April 12, 1816; at the age of 16 was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to the bar, practicing at Belleville. He was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly from St. Clair County, in 1844, and to the State Senate in 1848, -and again in '54. In 1853 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Gov- ernorship on the Whig ticket, but, on the disso- lution of that party, allied himself with the Democracy, and was, for many years, its leader in Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Con- gress to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of Lyman Trumbull, who had been elected to the United States Senate. In 1860 he was a can- didate before the Democratic State Convention for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated by James C. Allen. After that year he took no prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he was among the first to raise a company of volunteers, and was commis- sioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment (Colonel Bissell's). For gallant services at Buena Vista, the Legislature presented him with a sword. He took a prominent part in the incor- poration of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted and introduced in the Legislature the charter of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 387 the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1888. MORRISON, William, pioneer merchant, came from Philadelphia, Pa., to Kaskaskia, III, in 1790, as representative of the mercantile house of Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally established an extensive trade throughout the Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St. Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent with a stock of goods across the plains, with a view to opening up trade with the Mexicans at Santa Fe, about 1804, but wt^ ■, defrauded by the agent, who appropriated the goods to his own benefit without accounting to his employer. He became the principal merchant in the TeiTi- tory, doing a thriving business in early days, when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point for merchants throughout the valley. He is de- scribed as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to whom was due the chief part of the credit for securing construction of a bridge across the Kas- kaskia River at the town of that name. He died at Kaskaskia in 1837, and was buried in the ceme- tery there. — Robert (Morrison), a brother of the preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 1801, retaining the position for many years, besides holding other local offices. He was the father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is given elsewhere. — Joseph (Morrison), the oldest son of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing there several years, but finally returned to Prairie du Rocher, where he died in 184.'). — James, another son, went to Wisconsin ; William located at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis* another son, settled at Covington, Washington County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to 1851 ; then engaged in mercantile business at Chester, dying there in 18.56. MORRISON, William Ralls, ex Congressman, Interstate Commerce Commissioner, was born, Sept. 14, 1825, in Monroe County, 111., and edu- cated at McKendree College ; served as a private in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 1852 was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe County, but resigned before the close of his term, accepting the office of Representative in the State Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854 ; was re-elected in 1856, and again in 1858, serving as Speaker of the House during the session of 1859. In 1861 he assisted in oiganizing the Forty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis- sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fori Donelson in February following, where he vva.s severely wounded. While yet in the service, in 1862, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, when he resigned his commission, but was de- feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as he was again in 1866. In 1870 he was again elected to the General Assembly, and, two years later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle- ville District, after which he served in that body, by successive re-elections, nine terms and until 1887, being for several terms Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee and promi- nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him a member of tlie first Interstate Commerce Com- mission for a period of five years ; at the close of his term he was reappointed, by President Harri- son, for a full term of six years, serving a part of the time as President of the Board, and retiring from office iu 1898. MORRISON VILLE, a town in Christian County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southwest of Decatur and 20 miles north- norther.st of Litchfield. Grain is extensively raised in the surrounding region, and Morrison- ville, with its elevators and mill, is an important shipping-point. It has brick and tile works, electric lights, two banks, five churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly paper. Popula- tion (1890), 844; i,1900), 934; (1903, est.), 1,200. MORTON, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles southeast of Peoria; has factories, a bank and a newspaper. Population (1890), 657; (1900), 894. MORTON, Joseph, pioneer farmer and legisla- tor, was born in Virginia, August 1, 1801 ; came to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and the follow- ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He served as a member of the House in the Tenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies, and as Senator in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a Democrat in politics, but, on questions of State and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully representing the interests of his constituents. Died, at his home near Jacksonville, March 2, 1881. MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was born in Speyer, Germany, Feb. 37, 1837, and, until fifteen years of age, was educated in the public and Latin schools of his native country ; iu the latter part of 1852, came to America, locating in New Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student 388 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in Louisiana University, under the preceptorship of Randall Hunt and other eminent lawyers of that State. In the early days of the Civil War he espoused the cause of the Confederacy, serving some two years as an officer of the Twenty-first Louisiana Regiment. Coming north at the expi- ration of this period, he resided for a time in Quincy, 111., but, in 1869, removed to Chicago, where he took a place in the front rank at the bar, and where he has resided ever since. Although in sympathy with the general princi- ples of the Democratic party, Judge Moses is an independent voter, as shown by the fact that he voted for General Grant for President in 1868, and supported the leading measures of the Repub- lican party in 1896. He is the editor and pub lisher of "The National Corporation Reporter," established in 1890, and which is devoted to the interests of business corporations. MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at Niagara Falls, Canada. Sept. 18, 1825; came to Illinois in 1837, his family locating first at Naples, Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The latter year he became the private secretary of Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that period assisting in the organization of seventy- seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While serving in this capacity, in company with Gov- ernor Yates, he attended the famous conference of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep- tember, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a few days after the issue of the preliminary proc- lamation of emancipation. Having received the appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois Dis- trict, he resigned the position of private secretary to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen Representative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly for the District composed of Scott, Pike and Calhoun Counties ; served as a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Phila- delphia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for three years (1880-83). He was then appointed Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and assigned to duty in connection with the customs revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec- retary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving until 1893. While connected with the Chicago Historical Library he brought out the most com- plete History of Illinois yet published, in two volumes, and also, in connection with the late Major Kirkland, edited a History of Chicago in two large volumes. Other literary work done by Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the War Governor of Illinois," in the form of lectirres or addresses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898. MOULTON, Samuel W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born at Wenham, Mass., Jan, 20, 1822, where he was educated in the public schools. After spending some years in the South, he removed to Illinois (1845), where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar, commencing prac- tice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assem- bly; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In 1864 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in Congress for the State-at-large, being elected again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis- trict, in 1880 and '82. During the past few years (including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton has acted in cooperation with the Republican party. MOULTRIE COUjVTY, a comparatively small county in the eastern section of the middle tier of the State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 340 square miles, and population (by the census of 1900), 15,224. Moultrie was one of the early "stamping grounds" of the Kickapoos, who were always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. County organization was effected in 1843, both Shelbj- and Macon Counties surrendering a portion of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal underlies the county, but agriculture is the more important industry. Sullivan is the county -seat, selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about 1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover- nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil War) began the practice of law here. MOUND-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One of the most conclusive evidences that the Mis- sissippi Valley was once occupied by a people different in customs, character and civilization from the Indians found occupying the soil when the first white explorers visited it, is the exist- ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, of the origin and purposes of which the Indians seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These works extend throughout the valley from the Allegheny to the Rocky Mountains, being much more numerous, however, in some portions than HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 389 in others, and also varying greatly in form. This fact, with the remains found in some of them, has been regarded as evidence that the purposes of their construction were widely variant. They have consequently been classified by archaeolo- gists as sepulchral, reUgious, or defensive, while some seem to have had a purpose of which writers on the subject are unable to form any satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore, still regarded as an unsolved mystery. Some of the most elaborate of these works are found along the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley, especially in Ohio ; and the fact that they appear to belong to the defensive class, has led to the conclusion that this region was occupied by a race practically homogeneous, and that these works were designed to prevent the encroachment of hostile races from beyond the Alleghenies. Illi- nois being in the center of the valley, compara- tively few of these defensive works are found here, those of this character which do exist being referred to a different era and race. (See Forti- fications. Prehistoric.) While these works are numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form and structure give evidence that they were erected by a peaceful people, however bloody may have been some of the rites performed on those designed for a religious purpose. Their numbers also imply a dense population. This is especially true of that portion of the American Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is the seat of the most remarkable group of earth works of this character on the continent. The central, or principal structvu'e of this group, is known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound,'' being situated near the creek of that name which empties into the Mississippi just below the city of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks' Mound, ' ' from the fact that it was occupied early in the present century by a community of Monks of La Trappe. a portion of whom succumbed to the malarial influences of the climate, while the survivors returned to the original seat of their order. This mound, from its form and com- manding size, has been supposed to belong to the class called "temple mounds," and has been de- scribed as "the monarch of all similar structures" and the "best representative of its class in North America." The late William Mc Adams, of Alton, who surveyed this group some years since, in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the fol- lowing description of this principal structure : "In the center of a great mass of mounds and earth-works there stands a mighty pyramid whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of ground. It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a httle longer north and south than east and west. Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an orchard of considerable size. This terrace is approached from the plain by a graded roadway. Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west side, is another much smaller, on which are now growing some forest trees. Tlie top, which con- tains an acre and a half, is divided into two nearly equal parts, the northern part being four or five feet the higher. . . . On the north, east and south, the structure still retains its straight side, that probably has changed but little since the settlement of the country by white men, but remains in appearance to-day the same as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, however, has its base somewhat serrated and seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms and the elements. From the second terrace a well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of the structure, which is plainly seen to be almost wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight sides." The approximate height of this mound is ninety feet. When first seen by white men, this was surmounted by a small conical mound some ten feet in height, from which human remains and various relics were taken while being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs. Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," pubUshed by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet. A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds in 1811 and pubUshed a description of them, esti- mates that the construction of this principal mound must have required the work of thousands of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace, at the time of his visit, was occupied by the Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the structure was sown in wheat. He also found numerous fragments of flint and earthern ves- sels, and concludes that "a populous city once existed here, similar to those of Mexico described by the first conquerors. The mounds were sites of temples or monuments to great men. " Accord- ing to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two moimds of considerable size within two miles of the main structure, the group extending to the mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one hundred in all. Most of these are square, rang- ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are oval and one or two conical. Scattered among 390 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the mounds are also a number of small lakes, evidently of artificial origin. From the fact that there were a number of conspicuous mounds on the Missouri side of the river, on the present site of the city of St. Louis and its environs, it is believed that they all belonged to the same system and had a common purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior size, being the center of the group — and probably used for sacrificial purposes. The whole number of these structures in the American Bottom, whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two hundred, and the presence of so large a number in close proximity, has been accepted as evidence of a large population in the immediate vicinity. Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois River, as well as on the latter some twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a burial vase, and Mr. McAdams saj's that, in thirty years, he has unearthed more than a thousand of these, many of which closely resemble those found in the mounds of Europe. Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient cemetery near Chester, in which "each grave, when explored, is found to contain a cist enclos- ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in decay. These cists are built up and covered with slabs of limestone, which here abound. "■ — Another noteworthy group of mounds — though far inferior to the Cahokia group — exists near Hutsonville in Crawford County. As described in the State Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty- five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1,500 feet, and varying from fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones having a height of five to eight feet. From their form and arrangement these are believed to have been mounds of habitation. In the southern por- tion of this group are four mounds of peculiar construction and larger size, each surrounded by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing towards each other, indicating that they were defense- works. The location of this group — a few miles from a prehistoric fortification at Merom, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been given — induces the belief that the two groups, like those in the American Bottom and at St. Louis, were parts of the same system. — Professor Engelman, in the part of the State Geological Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a remarkable group of earthworks in the Black Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive" sj'stem of "fortifications and mounds which probably belong to the same class as those in the Missis- sippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other points farther up the Ohio." In the report of Government survej' by Dan W. Beckwith, in 1834, mention is made of a very large mound on tlie Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek, now a part of Kankakee County. This had a base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of twenty feet, and contained the remains of a large number of Indians killed in a celebrated battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near by were two other mounds, said to contain the remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at a comijaratively recent period. Related to the Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of construction, is a group of nineteen in number on the site of the present city of Mon-is, in Grundy County. Within a circuit of three miles of Ottawa it has been estimated that there were 3.000 mounds — though mauj' of these are believed to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole Illinois Valley i.s full of these silent monuments of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of the conspicuous character of those found in the vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Mound Builders. — A very large and numerous group of these monuments exists along the bluffs of the Mississippi River, in the western part of Rock Island and Mercer Counties, chietiy between Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E. Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian." a few years ago, estimated that there were 2,.'j00 of these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter from fifteen to 150 feet, with an elevation of two to fifteen feet. There are also numerous burial and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of Chilli- cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern part of Peoria County. — There are but few speci- mens of the animal or eflBgy mounds, of which so many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois; and the fact that these are found chiefly on Rock River, leaves no doubt of a common origin with the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of these is the celebrated "Turtle Mound," within the present limits of the city of Rockford — though some regard it as having more resemblance to an alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 391 good state of preservation by the citizens, has an extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in width at the front legs and tliirty-nine at the land legs, and an elevation equal to the height of a man. There are some smaller mounds in the vicinity, and some bird effigies on Eock River some six miles below Rockford. There is also an animal effigy near the village of Hanover, in Jo Daviess County, with a considerable group of round mounds and embankments in the immedi- ate vicinity, besides a smaller effigy of a similar character on the north side of the Pecatonioa in Stephenson County, some ten miles east of Free- port. The Rock River region seems to have been a favorite field for the operations of the mound- builders, as shown by the number and variety of these structures, extending from Sterling, in Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A large number of these were to be found in the vicinity of the Kishwaukee River in the south- eastern part of Winnebago Count}'. The famous prehistoric fortification on Rock River, just beyond the Wisconsin boundary — which seems to have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash ^appears to have had a close relation to the works of the mound-builders on the same stream in Illinois. MOUND CITY, the county-seat of Pulaski County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of Ciii'o; is on a branch line of the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago it St. Louis Railroad. The chief industries are lumber- ing and ship-building; also has furniture, canning and other factories. One of the United States National Cemeteries is located here. The town has a bank and two weekly papers. Population (1890). 2,.550; (1900). 2,70.5; (1903, est), 3,500. MOUNT CARMEL, a city and the county-seat of Wabash County; is the point of junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis and the Southern Railroads, 133 miles northeast of Cairo, and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes, Ind. ; situated on the Wabash River, which sup- plies good water-power for saw mills, flouring mills, and some other manufactures. The town has railroad shops and two daily newspapers. Agriculture and lumbering are the principal pursuits of the people of tlie surrounding district. Population (1890). 3,376; (1900), 4,311. MOUNT CARROLL, the county-seat of Carroll County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843; is 128 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming, stock-raising and mining are the principal indus- tries. It has five churches, excellent schools, good libraries, two daily and two semi-weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,836; (1900), 1,96.5. MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, a young ladies' seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County; incorporated in 1852; had a faculty of thirteen members in 1896, with 126 pupils, prop- erty valued at §100,000, and a library of 5,000 volumes. MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situ- ated on the Chicago & Iowa Division of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 108 miles west by north from Chicago, and 24 miles south- west of Rockford; is the seat of Mount Morris College and flourishing public school; has hand- some stone and brick buildings, tliree churches and two newspapers. Population (1900), 1,048. MOUNT OLIVE, a village of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 68 miles southwest of Decatur ; in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region. Population (1880), 709; (1890), 1,986 ;(1900), 2,930. MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junc- tion in Logan County, 21 miles northwest of Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springfield. Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are leading industries. It is also an important ship- ping point for grain, and contains several elevators and flouring mills. Population (1880), 1,125; (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,643. MOUNT STERLINCJ, a city, the county -seat of Brown County, midway between Quincy and Jacksonville, on the Wabash Railway. It is sur- rounded by a rich farming country, and has ex- tensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains six churches and four schools (two large public, and two parochial). The town is lighted by elec- tricity and has public water-works. Wagons, brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured here, and three weekly newspapers are pub- lished. Population (1880), 1,445; (1890), 1,655; (1900), 1,960. MOUNT YERNON, a city and county-seat of Jefferson County, on three trunk lines of railroad, 77 miles east-southeast of St. Louis; is the center of a rich agricultural and coal region ; has many flourishing manufactories, including car-works, a plow factory, flouring mills, pressed brick fac- tory, canning factory, and is an important .ship- ping-point for grain, vegetables and fruits. The Appellate Court for the Soutliern Grand Division is held here, and the city has nine churches, fine scliool buildings, a Carnegie library, two banks heating plant, two daily and tliree weekly papers. Population (1890), 3,233; (1000), 5,216. 392 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. MOUNT VERXON & GRAYVILLE RAILROAD. (See Peoria. Decatur & Evansville Railway.) MOWEA(^UA, a village of Shelby County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 16 miles south of Decatur; is in rich agricultural and stock-raising section; has coal mine, three banks and two newspapers. Population (1890), 848; (1900), 1.478. MDDD, (Col.) John J., soldier, was born in St. Charles County, Mo., Jan. 9, 1820; his father having died in 1833, his mother removed to Pike County, 111., to free lier children from the influ- ence of slavery. In 1849, and again in 1850, he made the overland journey to California, each time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit ex- tending into 1851. In 1854 he engaged in the' commission business in St. Louis, as head of the firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash of 1857; then removed to Chicago, and, in 1861, was again in prosperous business. While on a business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1860, he had an opportunity of learning the growing spirit of secession, being advised by friends to leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col. Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was stationed successively at Cairo, Bird's Point and Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1863, led the advance of General McClernand's division in the attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely wounded ; but, after a few weeks in hospital at St. Louis, was sufficiently recovered to rejoin his regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable to perform cavalry duty, he was attached to the staff of General McClernand during the advance on Corinth, but, in October following, at the head of 400 men of his regiment, was transferred to the command of General McPherson. Early in 1868 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and soon after to a colonelcy, taking part in the movement against Vicksburg. June 13. he was again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later, was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently participated in the operations in Southwestern Louisiana and Texas. On May 1, 1864, he left Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to General McClernand, but two days later, while approaching Alexandria on board the steamer, was shot through the head and instantly killed. He was a gallant soldier and greatly beloved by his troops. MULBERRY OROYE, a village of Bond County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Greenville; has a local newspaper. Pop. (1890), 750; (1900), 632. MULLIGAN, James A., soldier, was born or Irish parentage at Utica, N. Y., June 25, 1830; in 1836 accompanied his parents to Chicago, and, after graduating from the University of St. Mary's of the Lake, in 1850, began the study of law. In 1851 he accompanied John Lloyd Ste- phens on his expedition to Panaiua, and on his return resumed his professional studies, at the same time editing "The Western Tablet," a weekly Catholic paper. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he recruited, and was made Colonel of the Twenty-third Illinois Regiment, known as the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallan- try, first in the West and later in the East, being severely wounded and twice captured. He declined a Brigadier-Generalship, preferring to remain with his regiment. He was fatally wounded during a charge at the battle of Win- chester. While being carried off the field he noticed that the colors of his brigade were en- dangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the command until it was obeyed. Before they returned he had been borne away by the enemy, and died a prisoner, at Winchester, Va., July 26, 1864. MUNN, Daniel W., lawyer and soldier, was born in Orange County, Vt., in 1834; graduated at Thetford Academy in 1852, when he taught two years, meanwhile beginning the study of law. Removing to Coles County, 111., in 1855, he resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began practice at Hillsboro, Mont- gomery County. In 1862 he joined the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the rank of Adjutant, but the following year was appointed Colonel of the First Alabama Cavalry. Compelled to retire from the service on account of declining health, he re- turned to Cairo, 111. , where he became editor of "The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the State Senate, serving four years ; served as Presi- dential Elector in 1868 ; was the Republican nomi- nee for Congress in 1870, and the following year was appointed by President Grant Supervisor of Internal Revenue for the District including the States of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in 1875, in which he has since been engaged. He has been prominently connected with a number of important cases before the Chicago courts. MUNN, Sylvester W., lawyer, soldier and legis- lator, was born about 1818, and came from Ohio at thirt}- years of age, settling at Wilmington, Will County, afterwards removing to Joliet, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 393 where he practiced law. During the War he served as Major of the Yates Phalanx (Thirty- ninth Illinois Volunteers) ; later, was State's Attorney for Will County and State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General Assemblies. Died, at Joliet, Sept. 11, 1888. He was a member of the Illinois State Bar Associ- ation from its organization. MURPHY, Everett J., ex-Member of Con- gress, was born in Nashville, 111., July 24, 1852; in early youth removed to Sparta, where he was educated in the high schools of that place ; at the age of fourteen he became clerk in a store; in 1877 was elected City Clerk of Sparta, but the next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit Clerk at Chester, remaining until 1882, when he was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In 1886 he was chosen a Representative in the Gen- eral Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by Governor Fifer, Warden of the Soutliern Illinois Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this position in 1892, and removed to East St. Louis. Two years later he was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Twenty-first District, but was defeated for re-election by a small majority in 1896, by Jeliu Baker, Democrat and Populist. In 1899 Mr. Murphj' was appointed Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to succeed Col. R. W. McClaughry. MURPHYSBORO, the county- seat of Jackson County, situated on the Big Muddy River and on main line of the Mobile & Ohio, the St. Louis Division of the Illinois Central, and a branch of the St. Louis Valley Railroaas, 52 miles north of Cairo and 90 miles south-southeast of St. Louis. Coal of a superior quality is extensively mined in the vicinity. The city has a foundry, machine shops, skewer factory, furniture factory, floirr and saw mills, thirteen churches, four schools, three banks, two daily and three weekly news- papers, city and rural free mail delivery. Popu- lation (1890), 3..380; (1900). 6.46.3; (1903, est.), 7,500. MURPHYSBORO & SHAWNEETOWN RAIL. ROAD. (See Carbondale & Shatrneetown. St. Louis Southern and St. Louis, Alton <£• Terre Haute Railroads.) NAPERVILLE, a city of Du Page County, on the we.st branch of the Du Page River and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles west-southwest of Chicago, and 9 miles east of Aurora. It has three banks, a weekly newspaper, stone quarries, couch factorj-, and nine churches; is also the seat of the Northwestern College, an institution founded in 1861 by the Evangelical Association ; the college now has a normal school department. Population (1890), 3,216; (1900), 2,629 NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the Illi- nois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch of the Wabash Railway, 21 miles west of Jackson- ville. Population (1890), 452; (1900), 398. JfASHYILLE, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Washington County, on the Centralia & Chester and the Louisville & Nashville Railways; is 120 miles south of Springfield and 50 miles east by south from St. Louis. It stands in a coal- producing and rich agricultural region There are two coal mines within the corporate limits, and two large flouring mills do a considerable business. There are numerous churches, public schools, including a high school, a State bank, and four weekly papers. Population (1880), 2,322; (1890), 2,084; (1900), 3,184. NAUVOO, a city in Hancock County, at the head of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It was foimded by the Mormons in 1840, and its early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of the "Saints" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of French Icarians, who introduced the culture of grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of communistic order, but their experiment did not prove a success, and in a few years they gave place to another class, the majority of the popu- lation now being of German extraction. The cliief industries are agriculture and horticulture. Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are raised and shipped, and considerable native wine is produced. Population (1880), 1.402; (1890), 1,208; (per census 1900), 1,321. (See also Mor- mons. ) NAVIGABLE STREAMS (by Statute). Fol- lowing the example of the French explorers, who chiefly followed the waterways in their early explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illi- nois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the principal streams, but later took especial pains to maintain their navigable character by statute. This was, of course, partly due to the absence of improved highways, but also to the belief that, as the country developed, the streams would become extremely valuable, if not indispensable, especially in the transportation of heavy commod- ities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century after the organization of the State Government, one of the .questions receiving the attention of the Legislature, at almost every session, was the enactment of laws affirming the navigability of certain streams now regarded as of little impor- tance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of 394 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. transportation. Legislation of this character began with the first General Assembly (1819), and continued, at intervals, with reference to one or two of the more important interior rivers of the State, as late as 1867. Besides the Illinois and Wabash, still recognized as navigable streams, the following were made the subject of legislation of this character: Beaucoup Creek, a branch of the Big Muddj-. in Perry and Jackson Counties (law of 1819); Big Bay, a tributary of the Ohio in Pope County (Acts of 1833); Big Muddy, to the junction of the East and West Forks in Jefferson County (1835). with various subsequent amendments ; Big Vermilion, declared navigable (1831); Bon Pas, a branch of the Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Coun- ties (1831) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable (1839); Embarras (1831), with various subsequent acts in reference to improvement; Fox River, declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840), and Fox River Navigation Company, incorpo- rated (1855) ; Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation & Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847), with various changes and amendments (1851-65) ; Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a point in Fayette County north of Vandalia (1819), with various modifying acts (1833-67) ; Macoupin Creek, to Carrollton and Alton road (1837) ; Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison Counties (1861) ; Rock River Navigation Com- pany, incorporated (1841), with subsequent acts (1845-67) ; Sangamon River, declared navigable to Third Principal Meridian — east line of Sanga- mon County — (1822), and the North Fork of same to Champaign County (1845); Sny-Carty (a bayou of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike and Adams Counties (1859) ; Spoon River, navi- gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton County (1835), with various modifying acts (1845-53); Little Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated and river declared navigable to McCawley's bridge— probably in Clay County— (1826), with various subsequent acts making appropriations for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch of the Little Wabash), declared navigable to Slocum's Mill in Marion County (1837), and to Ridgway Mills (1846). Other acts passed at various times declared a number of unim- portant streams navigable, including Big Creek in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler County, Lusk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's Creek in Pike County, Seven Mile Creek in Ogle County, besides a number of others' of similar character. XEALE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Fauquier County, Va., 1796; while yet a child removed with his parents to Bowling Green, Ky., and became a common soldier in the War of 1812; came to Springfield, 111., in 1824, and began the practice of law ; served as Colonel of a regi- ment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties for the Winnebago War (1827), and afterwards as Surveyor of Sangamon County, appointing Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, at Springfield. Died. August 7, 1840. NEECE, William H„ ex-Congressman, was born, Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of Logan County. 111. , but which was then within the limits of Sangamon ; was reared on a farm and attended the public schools in McDonough County; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1858, and has been ever since engaged in practice. His political career began in 1861, when he was chosen a member of the City Coun. cil of Macomb. In 1864 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con- stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again elected to the lower house of the General Assem- bly, and, in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883 to 1887 he represented the Eleventh Illinois Dis- trict in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated for reelection in 1890 by William H. Gest, Republican. NEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) NEOOA,a village of Cumberland County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 20 miles southwest of Charleston ; has a bank, two newspapers, some manufactories, and ships grain, hay, fruit and live-stock. Pop. (1890), 829; (1900), 1,136 JfEPONSET, a village and station on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bureau County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota. Popula- tion (1880), 652; (1890), 542; (1900), 516. NEW ALBANY & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consoli- dated) Railroad.) NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi- nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas- kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis ; has one newspaper and considerable grain trade. Population (1880), 603; (1890), 624; (1900), 856. NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County, on the Wabash Railway, 17 miles west of Spring- field. Population (1880). 403; (1900), 533. NEWBERRY LIBRARY, a large reference li- brary, located in Chicago, endowed by Walter L. Art Institute. Public Library. Armour Institute. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Court-House. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 39c Newberry, an early business man of Chicago, who left half of his estate (aggregating over §2,000,000) for the purpose. The property bequeathed was largely in real estate, which has since greatly in- creased in value. The library was established in temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section of a permanent building was opened in the autumn of 1893. B}' that time there had been accumulated about 160,000 books and pamphlets. A collection of nearly fifty portraits — chiefly of eminent Americans, including many citizens of Chicago — was presented to the library by G. P. A. Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased. The site of the building occupies an entire block, and the original design contemplates a handsome front on each of the four streets, with a large rectangular court in the center. The section already completed is massive and imposing, and its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes of a library, and at the same time rich and beautiful. When completed, the building will have a capacity for four to six million vokumes. XEWBERRY, Walter C, ex-Congressman, was born at Sangerfield, Oneida County, N. Y., Deo. 23, 1835. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcj', and was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second Congress (1891-93). His home is in Chicago. NEWBERRY, Walter L., merchant, banker and philanthropist, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry. He was President Jackson's personal appointee to the United States Military Academy at West Point, but was prevented from taking the exami- nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in business at Buffalo, N. Y., going to Detroit in 1828, and settUng at Chicago in 1833. After engaging in general merchandising for several years, he turned his attention to banking, in which he accumulated a large fortime. He was a prominent and influential citizen, serving several terms as President of the Board of Edu- cation, and being, for six years, the President of the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea, Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a free reference library in Chicago. (See Neicberry Library. ) XEW BOSTON, a city of Mercer County, on the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Qviincy Railway. Population (1890), 445; (1900), 703. NEW BRIGHTON, a village of St. Clair County and suburb of East St. Louis. Population (1890), 868. NEW BURNSIDE, a village of Johnson County, on the Cairo Division of tlie Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 53 miles nortlieast of Cairo. Population (1880), 650; (1890), 596; (1900), 468. NEW D0UGL.4S, a village in Madison County, on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad ; in farming and fruit-growing region ; has coal mine, flour mill and newspaper. Population (1900), 469. NEWELL, John, Railway President, was born at West Newbury, Mass., March 31, 1830, being directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At the age of 16 he entered the employment of the Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen months later he was appointed an assistant engi- neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 1850, he accepted a responsible position on the Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for roads in Kentucky and New York, and. during the latter year, held the position of engineer of the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- road Company, as Division Engineer, where his remarkable success attracted the attention of the owners of the old ATinona & St. Peter Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern system), who tendered him the presidency. This he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four j-ears later, he accepted the position of General Superin- tendent and Cliief Engineer of the New York Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but retired in September, 1874, to accept the position of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, of which he was elected President, in May, 1883, and continued in office until the time of his death, which occurred at Young.stown, Ohio, August 25, 1894. NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis, Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1827, and engaged in min- ing and smelting, but abandoned this business, the follo%ving year, for the practice of his profes- sion; soon afterward became interested in the publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which Hooper Warren and Dr. Pliilleo were associated. 396 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the United States Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebago, but retired from the service, in 1833, and returned to Galena. When the Black Hawk War broke out he volunteered his services, and, by order of General Scott, was placed in charge of a military hospital at Galena, of whicli he had control until the close of the war. The difficulties of the posi- tion were increased by the appearance of the Asiatic cholera among the troops, but he seems to have discharged his duties with satisfaction to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide reputation for professional ability, and liad an extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 1870. NEWMAN, a village of Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway, 52 miles east of Decatur; has a hank, a newspaper, can- ning factory, broom factory, electric lights, and large trade in agricultural products and live- stock. Population (1890), 990; (1900), 1,166. NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The iirst newspaper published in the Northwest Territory, of which the present State of Illinois, at the time, com- posed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest Territory," established at Cincinnati by William Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November, 1793. This was also the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1796 it was sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis (grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab- lished "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe, in 1790. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799. Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri- torial Government on the removal of the capital to Chillicothe, in 1800. The first nevrspaper in Indiana Territory (then including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout at Vincennes, beginning publication, July 4, 1804. It took the name of "The Western Sun and Gen- eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The Western Sun," having had a continuous exist- ence for ninety-five years. The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri- tory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the absence of early files and other specific records, the date of its establishment has been involved in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun- can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, who was after- wards a member of Congress and Governor of the State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of pub- lication Kaskaskia, at that time the Territorial capital. Duncan, who was a native of Kentucky, brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds, who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest Territory," in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," has fixed the date of the first issue of this paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois was severed from Indiana Territory and placed under a separate Territorial Government. There is good reason, however, for believing that the Governor was mistaken in this statement. If Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 — which is probable — ^it does not seem to have been emploj-ed at once in the publication of a news- paper, as Hooper Warren (the founder of the third paper established in Illinois) says it "was for years only used for the public printing." The earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known to be in existence, is No. 32 of Vol. II, and bears date, April 18, 1816. Calculating from these data, if the paper was issued continuously from its establishment, the date of the first issue would have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri Gazette," the original of the old "Missouri Repub- lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic""), which was established in 1808, makes no mention of the Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communi- cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was most intimate, and these two were, for several years, the only papers published west of Vin- cennes, Ind. In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and the name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois Intelligencer." Cook — who had previously been Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge, the first Attorney-General under the new State Government, and, for eight years, served as the only Representative in Congress from Illinois — for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelli- gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication. The size of the paper, which had been four pages of three wide columns to the page, was increased, by the new publishers, to four columns to the page. On the removal of the State capital to Vandalia, in 1820, "The Intelligencer" was removed thither also, and continued under its later name, afterwards becoming, after a change of management, an opponent of the scheme for the calling of a State Convention to revise the State Constitution with a view to making Illinois a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 397 The second paper established on Illinois soil was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publica- tion at Shawueetown, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry Eddy— who afterwards became a prominent law- yer of Southern Illinois — as its editor. The name of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to "The Illinois Emigrant, ' and some years later, became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among others who were associated with the Shawnee- town paper, in early days, was James Hall, after- wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, without doubt, the most prolific and popular writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab- lished "The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia, sub- sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine." He was also a frequent contributor to other maga- zines of that period, and author of several vol- umes, including "Legends of the West" and "Border Tales." During the contest over the slavery question, in 1823-34, "The Gazette" rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery party by the publication of articles in opposition to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Morris Birkbeck and others. The third Illinois paper— and, in 1833-24, the strongest and most influential opponent of the scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois — was "The Edwardsville Spectator," whicli began pub- lication at Edwardsville, Madison County, May 23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and responsible editor, thougli he received valuable aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George Churchill, Kev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and others. (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold "The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in 1825, and was afterwards associated with papers at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewliere. The agitation of the slavery question (in part, at least) led to the establishment of two new papers in 1823. The first of tliese was "The Republican Advocate," which began publication at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspir- ant to the United States Senatorship. After his election to that office in 1824, "The Advocate" passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who, after a period of suspension, established "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a year or two later, removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the West" was established at Edwardsville, as an opponent of Warren's "Spectator." the first issue making its appearance, Sept. 14, 1823, with Theophilus W. Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1833, assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican," Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the pro-slavery party. With the settlement of the slavery question in Illinois, by the election of 1834, Illinois journal- ism may be said to have entered upon a new era. At tlie close of this first period there were only five papers publislied in the State— all established within a period of ten years ; and one of these ("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville) promptly ceased publication on the settlement of the slavery question in opposition to the views which it had advocated. The next period of fif- teen years (182,5-40) was prolific in the establish- ment of new newspaper ventures, as might be expected from the rapid increase of the State in population, and tlie development in tlie art of printing during the same period. "Tlie Western Sun," established at Belleville (according to one report, in December, 1825, and according to another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph Green, appears to have been the first paper pub- lished in St. Clair County. This was followed by "The Pioneer," begun, April 35, 1839, at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," as its editor. It was removed in 1836 to Upper Alton, when it took the name of "The Western Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this, however. Hooper Warren, having come into pos- session of the material upon which he had printed "The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to Springfield, and, in the winter of 1826-37, began the publication of the first paper at the present State capital, which he named "The Sangamo Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of the State, in conjunction with his half-brother, Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor) , was engaged in the publication of a paper called "The Cour- ier," at Springfield, which was continued only a short time. The earliest paper north of Spring- field appears to have been "The Hennepin Jour- nal," which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827. "The Sangamo Journal" — now "The Illinois State Journal," and the oldest paper of continu- ousi existence in the State — was established at Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous- ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before tlie close of the same year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder of "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," began the 398 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. publication of "The Illinois Patriot'' at Jackson- ville. Another paper, established the same year, was "The Gazette" at Vandalia, then the State capital. (See Forquer, George; Ford, Thomas; Francis. Simeon.) At this early date the development of the lead mines about Galena had made that place a center of great business activity. On July 8, 1828, James Jones commenced the issue of "The Miners" Joiu'nal, ' ' the first paper at Galena. Jones died of cholera in 1833, and his paper passed into other hands. July 20, 1829, "The Galena Adver- tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began pub- lication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addi.son Pliilleo as editors, and Hooper Wan-en as pub- lislier. but appears to have been discontinued before the expiration of its first year. "The Galenian" ivas established as a Democratic paper by Philleo, in May, 1832, but ceased publication in September, 1836. "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser, " founded in November, 1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being now known as "The Galena Advertiser." Benja- min Mills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of his time, was editor of this paper during a part of the first 5-ear of its publication. Robert K. Fleming, who has already been mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane in the publication of "The Republican Advocate, ' ' at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his establishment to Edwardsville, where he began the publication of "The Corrector." The latter was continued a little over a year, when it was suspended. He then resumed the publication of "The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In December, 1833, he removed to Belleville and began the pub- lication of "The St. Clair Gazette," which after- wards passed, tlu-ough various changes of owners, under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury" and "Representative and Gazette." This was suc- ceeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate," which has been published continuously to the present time. Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at differ- ent times published papers at various points in the State. His first enterprise was "The Crisis" at Edwardsville, which he changed to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close of his first year, sold out to Judge John York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western Plowboy, " which he had established a few months previous. "The Advocate" was removed to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (wlio had been appointed State Printer), was consoli- dated with "The Illinois Register," which had been established in 1836. The new paper took the name of "The Illinois Register and People's Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield, and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis- ter." Other papers established between 1830 and 1840 include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The Alton Spectator," the first paper published in Alton (January, 1834) ; "The Chicago Demo- crat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 26, 1833); "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833); "The Alton American" (1833); "The White County News," at Carmi (1833); "The Danville Enquirer" (1833); "The Illinois Champion," at Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and Wabash Advocate" (1834); "The Illinois State Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville (1835); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty Land Register," at Quincy (1835); "The Rushville Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835); "The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car- thage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer" (1837) ; "The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig" (1838) ; "The Illinois Statesman," at Paris, Edgar County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). The second paper to be established in Chicago was "The Chicago American," whose initial number was issued, June 8, 1835, with Thomas O. Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co., and, on April 9, 1839, its publishers began the issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago. "The Chicago Express" succeeded "The Ameri- can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner of "The Chicago Journal." The third Chicago paper was "The Commercial Advertiser." founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived only about a 3"ear. Zebina Eastman, who was afterwards associated with Warren, and became one of the most influential journalistic opponents of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839. and, in the latter part of that year, was associated with the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in the preliminary steps for the issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation." projected by Lundy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy 's untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 399 vented liim from seeing the consummation of his plan, althougli Eastman lived to carry it out in part. A paper whose career, although extending only a little over one year, marked an era in Illi- nois journalism, was "The Alton Observer," its history closing with the assassination of its editor. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoj-, on the night of Nov. 8, 1837, while unsuccessfully attempting to protect his press from destruction, for the fourth time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of the institution in whose behalf it was committed. That the development in the field of journal- ism, within the past sixty years, has more than kept pace with the growth in population, is shown by the fact that there is not a county in the State without its newspaper, while every town of a few hundred population has either one or more. According to statistics for 1898, there were 605 cities and towns in the State having periodical publications of some sort, making a total of 1.709, of which 174 were issued daily, 3-1 semi- weekly, 1,20.5 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 238 monthly, and the remainder at various periods ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year. NEWTOX, the county-seat of Jasper County, situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec- tion of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central Railroad from Peoria and Effingham; is an in- corporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-mining and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city has water- power, which is utilized to some extent in manu- facturing, but most of its factories are operated by steam. Among these establishments are flour and saw mills, and grain elevators. There are a half-dozen churches, a good public school system, including parochial school and high school, besides two banks and three weekly papers. Population (1890), 1.428; (1900), 1,630. NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAIL- WAT (Nickel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length, of which (1898) only 9.96 miles are operated in Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad (9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total capitalization of the New York, Chicago & St. Louis, in 1898, is §50,222,568, of which $19,425,000 is in bonds.— (History.) The New York, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun immediately, and the road put in operation in 1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and reorganized by the consolidation of various east- ern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad, forming the line under its present name. The road between Buffalo, N. Y., and the west line of Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as well as the owner of its capital stock. The main line of the " Nickel Plate" is controlled by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which owns more than half of both the preferred and common stock. NIANTIC, a town in Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 27 miles east of Springfield. Agriculture is the leading industry. The town has three elevators, three churches, school, coal mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1900), 654. NICOLAY, John George, author, was born in Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832; at 6 years of age was brought to the United States, lived for a time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools there, and then came to Illinois; at 16 entered the office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pitts- field, and, while still in his minority, became editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M. Hatch, the first Republican Secretary, but during Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860, aided him as private secretary, also acting as a correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat." After the election he was formally selected by Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany- ing him to Washington and remaining until Mr. Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed United States Consul at Paris, remaining until 1869; on his return for some time edited "The Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the United States Supreme Court in Washington from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay is author, in col- laboration with John Hay, of "Abraham Lincoln: A History," first published serially in "The Cen- tury Magazine." and later issued in ten volumes; of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" in "Cam- paigns of the Civil War, " besides numerous maga- zine articles. He lives in Washington, D. C. NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came from Cherbourg, France, in 1618, and, for several years, lived among the Algonquins, whose lan- guage he learned and for whom he acted as interpreter. On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois," 400 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and visited the Chippewas, Menominees and Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Baj', among whom he was received kindly. From the Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose northern villages he also visited. He subse- quently returned to Quebec, where he was drowned, in October, 1642. He was probably the first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and Illinois. JflLES, Nathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier, born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., Feb. 4, 1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830 to '34. was licensed to practice law and removed west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and Frankfort, Ind., and at Owensburg, Ky., until 1842, when he settled in Belleville, 111. In 1846 he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Bissell's) for the Mexican War, but, after the battle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General Wool to the captaincy of an independent com- pany of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives at the session of 1849, and the same year was chosen County Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861. With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to '59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle- ville Advocate, " a paper originally Democratic, but which became Republican on the organiza- tion of the Republican party. In 1861 he was appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its organization having been delayed, he resigned, and, the following year, was commissioned Colo- nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving until May, 1864, when he resigned — in March, 1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga- dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862 63 he was in command at Memphis, but later took part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam- paigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After the war he served as Representative in the General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ; as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville; on the Commission for building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as Commissioner (by appointment of Governor Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers' Orphans' Home. His later years have been spent chiefly in the practice of his profession, with occasional excursions into journalism. Originally an anti- slavery Democrat, he became one of the founders of the Republican party in Southern Illinois. NIXO\, William Penn, journalist, Collector of ■Customs, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in 1832. In 1853 he graduated from Farmers" (now Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After devoting two years to teaching, he entered the law department of the University bf Pennsyl- vania (1855), graduating in 1859. For nine years thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism, he and his older brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, with a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron- icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur- chased, and the two papers were consolidated under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In May, 1872, having disposed of his interests in Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage- ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 he and his brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a controlling interest in the paper, when the former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he continued to occupy until 1897, when he was appointed Collector of Customs for the City of Chicago — a position which he now holds. NOKOMIS, a city of Montgomery County, on the "Big Four" main line and " 'Frisco" Rail- roads. 81 miles east by north from St. Louis and 52 miles west of Mattoon; in important grain- growing and hay -producing section; has water- works, electric lights, three flour mills, two machine shops, wagon factory, creamery, seven churches, high school, two banks and three papers; is noted for shipments of poultry, butter and eggs. Population (1890), 1,305; (1900), 1,371. NORMAL, a city in McLean County, 3 miles north of Bloomington and 124 southwest of Chi- cago; at intersecting point of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies in a rich coal and agricultural i^egion, and has extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning fac- tories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. It is the seat of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal University, founded in 1857; has city and rural mail deliverv. Pop. (1890), 3,459; (1900). 3,795. NORMAL " UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern Illinois Normal University; State Normal Uni- versity. ) NORTH ALTON, a village of Madison County and suburb of the city of Alton. Population (1880), 838; (1890), 762; (1900), 904. NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 28, 1854 — the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 401 Rebellion, compelled him to leave his Southern home and seek safety for himself and family in the North. He went to West Virginia, was com- missioned Colonel of a regiment and served through the war, being for some nine months a prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his literary education in the public schools, the younger Northcott spent some time in the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., after which he was engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar- ing for the practice of law and was admitted to the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green- ville, Bond County, 111., which has since been his home. In 1880, by appointment of President Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for the Seventh District ; in 1882 was elected State's Attorney for Bond Countj' and re-elected suc- cessively in "84 and '88; in 1890 was appointed on the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy, and, by selection of the Board, delivered the annual address to the graduating class of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub- lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis- trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over his Democratic opponent. NORTH PEORIA, formerly a suburban village in Peoria County, 2 miles north of the city of Peoria; annexed to the citv of Peoria in 1900. NORTHERN BOINDART QUESTION, THE. The Ordinance of 1787. making the first specific provision, by Congress, for the government of the country lying northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi (known as the Northwest Territory), provided, among other things (Art. v., Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed in the said Territory not less than three nor more than five States." It then proceeds to fix the boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump- tion that there shall be three in number, adding thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how- ever, and it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said Territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan." On the basis of this provision it has been claimed that the north- ern boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio should have been on the exact ld,titude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the failure to establish this boundary was a violation of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec- tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said Territory, and for- ever remain unalterable, unless bj' common con- sent." — In the limited state of geographical knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of the Ordinance, there seems to have been con- siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The map of Mitchell (17.5.5) had placed it on the paral- lel of 42' 20', while that of Thomas Hutchins (1778) fixed it at 41' 37'. It was officially estab- lished bj' Government siu-vey, in 1835, at 41° 37' 07.9". Asapiatterof fact, the northern bound- ary of neither of the three States named was finally fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above quoted from the Ordinance — that of Ohio, where it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little north of 41' 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some 10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), and that of Illinois at 42' 30'— about 61 miles north of the same line. The boundary line between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a bitter controversy, ou the admission of the latter State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance by her of certain conditions proposed by Congress. These included the annexation to Michigan of what is known as the "Upper Peninsula," lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior, in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her southern border, which she demanded from Ohio. — The establishment of the northern bound- ary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now exists, is universally conceded to have been due to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. While it was then acquiesced in without ques- tion, it has since been the subject of considerable controversy and has been followed by almost incalculable results. The "enabling act," as originally introduced early in 1818, empowering the people of Illinois Territory to form a State Government, fixed the northern boundary of the proposed State at 41° 39', then the supposed lati- tude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. While the act was under consideration in Com- mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amend- ment advancing the northern boundary to 42° 30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex- plained) was to gain for the new State a coast line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political and commercial relations with the States east of 402 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. it — Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York — thus "affording additional security to the per- petuity of the Union." He argued that the location of the State between the Mississippi, Wabash and Ohio Rivers — all flowing to the south — would bring it in intimate communica- tion with the Southern States, and that, in the event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it was important that it should be identified with the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left entirely to the waters of the south-flowing rivers. "Thus," said he, "a rival interest would be created to check the wish for a Western or South- ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be balanced and her inclinations turned to the North." He recognized Illinois as already "the key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that the time might come when it would be the Key- stone of the Union. While this evinced wonder- ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his argument that, in time, a commercial emporium would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi- nois River — a work which was realized in the completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal thirty years later, but which would scarcely have been accomplished had the State been practically cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium left to grow up in another commonwealth, or rfot at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted without division, and, in this form, a few days later, the bill became a law. — The almost super- human sagacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argu- ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the commercial and political history of the State since, but never more significantly than in the commanding position which Illinois occupied during the late Civil War, with one of its citi- zens in the Presidential chair and another leading its 2.50,000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the Union in battling for the perpetuity of the Republic— a position which more than fulfilled every prediction made for it. — The territory affected by this settlement of the northern boundary, includes all that part of the State north of the northern line of La Salle County, and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, Boone, DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen- son, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with por- tions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island— estimated at 8, .500 square miles, or more than one-seventh of the present area of the State. It has been argued that this territory belonged to the State of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi- nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839 and 1843, to induce the people of these counties to recognize this claim. These were, in a few instances, partiallj' successful, although no official notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi- nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by Governor Ford — who wrote his "History of Illi- nois" when the subject was fresh in the public mind — was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 gave Congress power to organize a State north of the parallel running through the southern bend of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi- nance requiring such additional State to be organized of the territory north of that line. " In other words, that, when Congress, in 1818, authorized the organization of an additional State north of and in (i. e., within) the line named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, but acted in accordance with it — in practically assuming that the new State "need not neces- sarily include the whole of the region north of that line." The question was set at rest by Wis- consin herself in the action of her Constitutional Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con- stitution, in form recognizing the northern boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act of 1818. NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April 16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted 'of August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. Joslyn, D, S. Hammond and William Adams. After considering many offers and examining numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, IVi miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox River, and overlooking that stream, as a site — this having been tendered as a donation by the citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the latter part of 1869, the system of construction chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash- ington, D. C. By January, 1872, the north wing and rear building were so far advanced as to per- mit the reception of sixty patients. The center building was ready for occupancy in April, 1873, and the south wing before the end of the follow- ing year. The total expenditures previous to 1870 had exceeded §637,000, and since that date liberal appropriations have been made for addi- tions, repairs and improvements, including the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 403 addition of between 300 and 400 acres to the lands connected -nith the institution The first Board of Trustees consisted of Charles N. Holden, Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr. E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend- ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head of the institution until his death, Feb. 37, 1890, covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil- bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, and he, by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was $883,745.66, of which 5701,330 was in land and buildings. Under the terms of the law estab- lishing the hospita;!, provision is made for the care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is .both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- ber of patients under treatment, for the two years preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,0.54, and the average daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 1,396. The following counties comprise the dis- trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital ; Boone, Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken- dall, Lake, Stephenson, Wliiteside and Winne- bago. NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction in branches related to the art of teaching. Its last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 88.5 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- tion from thirtj'-six teachers. The total value of property was estimated at more than §200,000, of which 5160,000 was in real estate and §45,000 in apparatus. Attendance on the institution has been affected by the establishment, under act of the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State Normal School at DeKalb (which see). NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti- tution for the confinement of criminals of the State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- prises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was found necessary because of the inadequacy of the first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Peni- tentiary.) The original plan contemplated a cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was thought, would meet the public necessities for many years to come. Its estimated cost was 5550,000; but, within ten j-ears, there had been expended upon the institution the sum of 5934,- 000, and its capacitj- was taxed to the utmost. Subsequent enlargements have increased the cost to over .51,600,000. but by 1877, the institution had become so overcrowded that the erection of another State penal institution became positively necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The prison has always been conducted on "the Auburn system," which contemplates associate labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at night. The system of labor has varied at differ- ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract system" and the "State account plan" being successively in force. (See Convict Labor. ) The whole number of convicts in the institution, at the date of the oflicial report of 1895, was 1,566. The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894, were reported at 52,121,308.86, of which 51,644,- 601.11 was in real estate. NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Peoria &• NorViern Railway.) NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution for the education of teachers of the common schools, authorized to be established by act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The act made an appropriation of 550,000 for the erection of buildings and other improve- ments. The institution was located at DeKalb, DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the erection of buildings commenced soon after — Isaac F. EUwood, of DeKalb, contributing §30,- 000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixty- seven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897, the appropriations and contributions, in land and money, aggregated 5175,000. The school was expected to be ready for the reception of pupils in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will accommodate 1,000 students. NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name formerly applied to that portion of the United States north and west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin. The claim of the Government to the land had been acquired partly through conquest, by the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark (which see), under the auspices of the State of Virginia in 1778 ; partly through treaties with the Indians, and partly through cessions from those of the original States laying claim thereto. The first plan for the government of this vast region was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson, in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed 404 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of ultimate passage. But three years later a broader scheme was evolved, and the famous Ordinance of 1787, with its clause prohibiting the extension of slavery beyond the Ohio River, passed the Continental Congress. This act has been sometimes termed "The American Magna Charta," because of its engrafting upon the organic law the principles of human freedom and equal rights. The plan for the establishment of a. distinctive territorial civil government in a Aew Territory — the first of its kind in the new republic — was felt to be a tentative step, and too much power was not granted to the residents. All the officers were appointive, and each official was required to be a land-owner. The elective francliise (but only for members of the General Assembly) could first be exercised only after the population had reached 5,000. Even then, every elector must own fifty acres of land, and every Representative, 200 acres. More liberal provisions, however, were subsequently incorporated by amendment, in 1809. The first civil government in the Northwest Territory was established by act of the Virginia Legislature, in the organization of all the country west of the Ohio under the name "Illinois County," of which the Governor was authorized to appoint a "County Lieuten- ant" or "Commandant-in-Chief. " The first "Commandant" appointed was Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge the duties for only a short period, being killed in the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782. After that the Illinois Coimtry was almost without the semblance of an organized civil government, until 1788, when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the first Governor of Northwest Territory, under the Ordinance of 1787, serving until the separation of this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indi- ana in 1800, when William Henry Harrison became the Governor of the latter, embracing all that portion of the original Northwest Territory except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's administration (1790) that part of the preseutState of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers on the west, and a line extending north from about the site of old Fort Massac, on the Ohio, to the mouth of the Mackinaw River, in the present county of Tazewell, on the east, was erected into a county under the name of St. Clair, with three county -seats, viz. : Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher. (See St. Clair County. ) Between 1830 and 1834 the name Nortli- west Territory was applied to an unorganized region, embracing the present State of Wisconsin, attached to Michigan Territory for governmental purposes. (See Illinois County; St Clair, Arthur; and Todd, Jolin.) NORTHWESTERN COLLEGE, located at Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in 1865, under the auspices of the Evangelical Asso- ciation. It maintains business, preparatory and collegiate departments, besides a theological school. In 1898 it had a faculty of nineteen profes- sors and assistants, with some 300 students, less than one-third of the latter being females, though both sexes are admitted to the college on an equal footing. The institution owns property to the value of §207,000, including an endowment of §85,000. NORTHWESTERN GRAND TRUNK RAIL- WAT. (See Chicago d- Grand Trunk Railway.) NORTHWESTERN NORMAL, located at Gene- seo, Henry County, lU. , incorporated in 1884; in 1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171 pupils, of whom ninety were male and eighty-one female. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, an impor- tant educational institution, established at Evanston, in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it reported 3,599 students (1,980 male and 619 female), and a faculty of 234 instructors. It embraces the following departments, all of which confer degrees; A College of Liberal Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women exclusively); a Law School; a School of Phar- macy and a Dental College. The Garrett Bibli- cal Institute, at which no degrees are con- ferred, constitutes the theological department of the University. The charter of the institution requires a majority of the Trustees to be mem- bers of the Jlethodist Episcoiml Church, and the University is the largest and wealthiest of the schools controlled by that denomination. The College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical Institute are at Evanston ; the other departments (all professional) are located in Chicago. In the academic department (Liberal Arts School), pro- vision is made for both graduate and post-gradu- ate courses. The Medical School was formerly known as the Chicago Medical College, and its Law Department was originally the Union Col- lege of Law, both of which have been absorbed by the University, as have also its schools of dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly independent institutions. The property owned by the University is valued at §4,870,000, of which §1,100,000 is real estate, and §2,250,000 in endow- ment funds. Its income from fees paid by students in 1898 was §215,288, and total receipts from all sources, §483,389. Co-education of the sexes pre- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 405 vails in the College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Henry Wade Rogers is President. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, located in Chicago; was organized in 1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five months each, at first constituted a course, although attendance at two only was compul- sory. The institution first opened in temporary quarters, Oct. 9, 18.59, with thirteen professors and thirty-three students. By 1863 more ample accommodations were needed, and the Trustees of the Lind Unirersity being unable to provide a building, one was erected by the faculty. In 1864 the University relinquished all claim to the institution, which was thereupon incorporated as the Chicago Medical College. In 1868 the length of the annual terms was increased to six months, and additional requirements were imposed on candidates for both matriculation and gradu- ation. The same year, the college building was sold, and the erection of a new and more commo- dious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hos- pital, was commenced. This was completed in 1870, and the college became the medical depart- ment of the Northwestern University. The number of professorships had been increased to eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. Since that date new laboratory and clinical build- ings have been erected, and the growth of the institution has been steady and substantial. Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South Side Free Dispensary afford resources for clinical instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in- cluding professors, lectirrers, demonstrators, and assistants. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro fessional education of women, located in Chicago. Its first corporate name was the "Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago," and it was in close connection with the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it severed its connection with the hospital and took the name of the "Woman's Medical College of Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1868 to 1870, but the experiment proved repugnant to the male students, who unanimously signed a protest against the continuance of the system. The result was the establishment of a separate school for women in 1870, with a facultj' of six- teen professors. The requirements for graduation were fixed at four years of medical study, includ- ing three annual graded college terms of six months each. The first term opened in the autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty students. The original location of the school was in the "^forth Division" of Chicago, in tem- porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal was effected to the "West Division," where (in 1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was erected. A larger structure was built in 1884, and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the Northwestern University. The college, in all its departments, is organized along the lines of the best medical schools of the country. In 1896 there were twenty-four professorships, all capably filled, and among the faculty are some of the best known specialists in the country. NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer. Congressman and Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., April 25, 1812, and graduated from Williams College in 1835. He settled at Joliet in 1839, and soon became prominent in the affairs of Will County. His first public ofl5ce was that of City Attorney, after which he served as County Judge (1846-50). Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1852, to Con- gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At the expiration of his second term (1857) he was chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but disagreed with his party as to the legal status of the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson appointed him United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled until 1869. Immediately upon his retirement he began private practice at Chicago, where he died, August 3, 1875. NORWOOD PARK, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wis- consin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago. Incorporated in City of Chicago, 1893. NOYES, George Clement, clergyman, was born at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844, and, at the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack- sonville, graduating with first honors in the class of 1855. In the following autumn he entered Union Theological Seminar}' in New York, and, having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same year, and installed pastor of the First Presby- terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained 406 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ten years, when he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church of Evanston, III., then a small organization which developed, during the twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the strongest and most influential churches in Evans- ton. For a number of .years Dr. Noyes was an editorial writer and weekly correspondent of "The New York Evangelist," over the signature of "Clement." He was also, for several years, an active and very efficient member of the Board of Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele- brated trial of the latter for heresy before the Chicago Presbytery — his argument on that occasion winning encomiums from all classes of people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, and was deeply deplored, not only by his own church and denomination, but by the whole com- munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a union meeting was held in one of the churches at Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration of his services were delivered by some dozen ministers of that village and of Chicago, while various social and literary organizations and the press bore testimony to his high character. He was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, and, during the last year of his life, served as its President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 1858, to a daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville. OAKLAND, a city of Coles County on the Van- dalia Line and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad, 1.5 miles northeast of Charleston; is in grain center and broom-corn belt ; the town has two banks and one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 995;(1900), 1,198. OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is also upon the line of the AVisconsin Central Rail- road. The place has numerous churches, pros- perous schools, a public library, telegraph and express offices, "banks and two local papers. Population (1880), 1,888; (1890), 4,771. OBERLY, John H., journalist and Civil Serv- ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837; spent part of his boyhood in Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 1853, began learn- ing the printer's trade in the office of "The "\Voos- ter (Ohio) Republican," completing it at Memphis, Tenn , and becoming a journeyman printer in 1857. He worked in various offices, including the Wooster paper, where he also began the study of law, but, in 1860, became part proprietor of "Tlie Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which he had been employed as an apprentice, and, later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave Memphis on account of his Union principles after the beginning of the Civil War, he returned to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers there during the next four years, but, in 1865, came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin." Although the latter paper was burned out a few months later, it was immediately re-established. In 1872 he was elected Representative in the Twent3'-eiglith General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo- cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other positions held by him included Mayor of the city of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo- graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem- phis (1866); delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee (1883-84). After retiring from the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, he united in founding "The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he was editor some three years. During President Cleveland's administration he was appointed a member of the Civil Service Commission, being later transferred to the Commissionership of Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected in an editorial capacity with "The Washington Post," "The Richmond (Va.) St^te," "The Con- cord (X. H.) People and Patriot" and "The Wash- ington Times." While engaged in an attempt to reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at Concord, N. H., April 15, 1899. ODD FELLOWS. "Western Star" Lodge, No. 1, I. O. O. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11, 1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first Grand Master, and Samuel L. MiUer, Grand Sec- retary. Wildey Encampment, No. 1, was organ- ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches of the Order numbered seventy -six, with 3,291 members, and $25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the Lodges numbered 838, the membership 50,544, with §475,252.18 revenue, of which ?135,018.40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 407 was expended for relief. The Encampment branch, in 1895, embraced 179 organizations with a membership of 6,812 and §23,865.3.5 revenue, of which §6,781.40 was paid out for relief. The Rebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 422 Lodges, with 22,000 members and §43,215.65 revenue, of which §3,122.79 was for relief. The total sum distributed for relief by the several organizations (1895) was §144, 972. .59. The Order was especially liberal in its benefactions to the sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to its members calling forth a generous response throughout the United States. (See Odd Felloivs' Orphans' Home.) ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, a benevo lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at Lincoln, 111., under the auspices of the Daughters of Rebekah (see Odd Fellows), and dedicated August 19, 1892. The building is foirr stories in height, has a capacity for the accommodation of fifty children, and cost §36, .524. 76, exclusive of forty acres of land valued at §8,000. ODELL, a village of Livingston Coiinty, and station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 82 miles south-soutliwest of Chicago. It is in a grain and stock-raising region. Population (1880) , 908; (1890), 800; (1900), 1,000. ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross- ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- ways, 244 miles south by west from Chicago; in fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,180. O'FALLON, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles east of St. Louis ; has interurban railway, electric lights, water-works, factories, coal-mine, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,267. OGDEN, William Butler, capitalist and Rail way President, born at "Walton, N. Y., June 15, 1805. He was a member of the New York Legis- lature in 1834, and, the following year, removed to Chicago, where he established a land and trust agency. He took an active part in the various enterprises centering around Chicago, and, on the incorporation of the city, was elected its first Mayor. He was prominently identified with the construction of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, and, in 1847, became its President. While visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful study of the canals of Holland, which convinced him of the desirability of widening and deepen- ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con- structing a ship canal across the southern peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi- dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this consoli- dation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way Companj', of which he was elected President. In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became its President, He was largely connected with the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the success of which he was a firm believer. He also controlled various other interests of public importance, among them the great lumbering establishments at Peshtigo, "Wis., and, at the time of his death, was the owner of what was probably the largest plant of that description in the world. His benefactions were numerous, among the recipients being the Rush Medical College, of which he was President; the Theological Semi- nar}' of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University of Chicago, the Astronomical Society, and many other educational and benevolent institutions and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in New York City, August 3, 1877. (See Cliicago & Xorflt western Railroad. ) OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was born in "Virginia in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785, settling in the American Bottom within the present County of Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair County, about the site of the present town of O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville; was selected by his neighbors to serve as Captain in their skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home in St. Clair County, in February, 1821, Captain Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con- vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in Northern Illinois, was named in his honor.- — Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native of Virginia, was born about 1772, came to Illinois with his father in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in the War of 1S12. He served as a Representative from St. Clair County in the Third General Assembly (1822), and again in the Seventh (1830), in the former being an opponent of the pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two terms in the Legislature he seems to have held no public office except that of Justice of the Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Metho- dist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 72 years. OGLE COUNTY, next to the "northern tier" of coimties of the State and originally a part of Jo Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837, and Lee County was carved from its territory in 408 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1839. In 1900 its area was 780 square miles, and its population 29,139. Before the Black Hawk War immigration was slow, and life primitive. Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. Rock River flows across the county from north- east to southwest. A little oak timber grows along its banks, but, generally speaking, the sur- face is undulating prairie, with soil of a rich loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the limestones abound. An extensive peat-bed has been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, the county-seat, has fine water-power. The other principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and Mount Morris. OGLESBY, Richard James, Governor and United States Senator, was born in Oldham County, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the age of 8 years ; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1845 he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi- ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi- ment), and served through the Mexican War, taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a course of study at the Louisville Law School, graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in California, but returned to Decatur in 1851. In 1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Con- gress in the Decatur District. In 1860 he was elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861 resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry (notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being se- verely wounded in the last-named battle. He resigned his commission on account of disability, in May, 1864, and the following November was elected Governor, as a Republican. In 1872 he was re-elected Governor, but, two weeks after his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was elected Governor for the third time— being the only man in the history of the State who (up to the present time— 1899) has been thus honored. After the expiration of his last term as Governor, he devoted his attention to his private affairs at his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he died, April 24, 1899, deeply mourned by personal and political friends in all parts of the Union, who admired his strict integrity and sterling patriotism. OHIO, INDIANA & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Peoria cS: Eastern Railroad.) OHIO RIVER, an affluent of the Mississippi, formed by the union of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above sea-level. The beauty of the scenery along its banks secured for it, from the early French explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to the southwest, but with many sinuosities, form- ing the southern boundary of the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the western and north- ern boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky, until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude 37° N., and about 1,200 miles above the mouth of the latter stream. The area which it drains is computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near Louisville, where there is a descent of twenty- two feet within two miles, which is evaded by means of a canal around the falls. Large steam- boats can navigate its whole length, except in low stages of water and when closed bj^ ice in winter. Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, the Cum- berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and the Green Rivers, from the south, and the Wa- bash, the Miami. Scioto and Muskingum from the north. The principal cities on its banks are Pitts- burg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evans- ville, New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a variation of forty-two to fifty one feet between high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and its width varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See 7(1 u n dations, Rem arkable. ) OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. (See Bal- timore <& Ohio Soutlnrestern Rail}-oad.) OLNEY, an incorporated city and the county- seat of Richland County, 31 miles west of Vin- cennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo., at the junction of the Baltimore it Ohio South- western and the Peoria Division of the Illinois Central and the Ohio River Division of tlie Cin- cinnati, Hamilton & Da3'ton Railroad ; is in the center of the fruit belt and an important shipping point for farm produce and live-stock ; has flour mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair shops, banks, a public library, churches and five HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 409 newspapers, one issuing daily and another semi- weekly editions. Population (1890), 3,831; (1900), 4,260. OMELVEJfY, John, pioneer and head of a numerous family which became prominent in Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who came to America about 1798 or 1799. After resid- ing in Kentucky a few j'ears, he removed to Illi- nois, locating in what afterwards became Pope County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph County, where he served as a member of the County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a member of the Second General Assembly from Union County, having successfully contested the seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the certificate of election. He died in 1828. — Edward (Omelveny), another member of this family, and grandson of the elder John Omelvenj-, represented Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assem- bly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in 1852, but died sometime during the Civil War. — Harvey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of Wil- liam Omelveny and grandson of Jolin, was born in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern Illinois, in 1852, and engaged in the practice of law, being for a time the partner of Senator Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 1858 he was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court to succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He gained considerable notoriety by his intense hostility to the policy of the Government during the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1862, and was named as a member of the Peace Commission proposed to be appointed by the General Assembly, in 1863, to secure terms of peace with the Southern Con- federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the peace meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1863. In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles, Cal., which has since been his home, and where he has carried on a lucrative law practice. ONARGA, a town in Iroquois County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west from Cliicago, and 43 miles north by east from Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being among the products. It has a bank, eight churches, a graded school, a commercial college, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,061; (1890), 994; (1900), 1,270. ONEIDA, a city in Knox County, on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles northeast of Galesburg; has wagon, pump and furniture factories, two banks, electric lights, several churches, a graded school, and a weekly paper. The surrounding country is rich prairie, where coal is mined about twenty feet below the surface. Pop. (1890), 699; (1900), 785. OQUAWKA, the county-seat of Henderson County, situated on the Mississippi River, about 15 miles above Burlington, Iowa, and 32 miles west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region, but has some manufactories. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank and three newspapers. Population (1900). 1,010. ORDINANCE OF 1787. This is the name given to the first organic act, passed by Congress, for the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio River, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The first step in tliis direction was taken in the appointment, bj' Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair- man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern- ment of the region which had been acquired, by the capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers Clark, nearly six years previous. The necessity for some step of this sort had grown all the more urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the right of the United States to this region by the Treaty of Paris of 1783. and the surrender, by Vir- ginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on account of Clark's conquest under Tier auspices — a right which she had exercised by furnishing whatever semblance of government so far existed northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted from Jefferson's committee proposed the division of the Territory into seven States, to which was added the proviso that, after the year 1800, "there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of said States, otherwise than in punish- ment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." This report failed of adoption, however, Congress contenting itself with the passage of a resolution providing for future organization of this territory into States by the people — the measures necessary for temporary government being left to future Congressional action. While the postponement, in the reso- lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi- bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been criticised, its introduction was significant, as coming from a representative from a slave State, 410 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and being the first proposition in Congress look- ing to restriction, of an}' character, on the subject of slavery. Congress having taken no further step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the condition of the country (thus left practically without a responsible government, while increas- ing in population) became constanth- more deplorable. An appeal from the people about Kaskaskia for some better form of government, in 1786, aided by the influence of the newly organized "Ohio Company," who desired to en- courage emigration to the lands which they were planning to secure from the General Government, at last brought about the desired result, in the passage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th day of July, 1787. While making provision for a mode of temporary self-government by the people, its most striking features are to be found in the six "articles" — a sort of "Bill of Rights" — with which the document closes. These assert: (1) the right of freedom of worship and religious opinion: (2) the right to the benefit of habeas corpus and trial by jury ; to proportionate repre- sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop- erty; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged" ; (4) that the States, formed within the territory referred to, "shall forever remain a part of this confeder- acy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation and to such alter- ations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ' ; (5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be formed therein and the conditions of their admis- sion into the Union ; and (6 — and most significant of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the introduction of slavery into the Northwest Terri- tory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any qualification as to time. There has been consider- able controversy regarding the authorship of this portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not necessary to enter here. While it has been char- acterized as a second and advanced Declaration of Independence — and probably no single act of Congress was ever fraught with more important and far-reaching results — it seems remarkable that a majority of the States supporting it and securing its adoption, were then, and long con- tinued to be, slave States. OREGOX, tlie county-seat of Ogle County, situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road. 100 miles west from Chicago. The sur- rounding region is agricultural; the town has water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It has two banks, vcater-works supplied by flowing artesian wells, cereal miU, and two weekly news- papers ; has also obtained some repute as a summer resort. Pop. (1880), 1,088; (1890), 1,.566; (1900),!,. 577. ORION, a village of Henry County, at the inter- section of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 19 miles southeast of Rock Island. Pop. (1890), 624; (1900), 584. OSBORX, William Henry, Railway President, was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After receiving a higli school education in his native town, he entered the counting room of the East India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subse- quently sent to represent the firm at Manila, finally engaging in business on liis own account, during which he traveled extensively in Europe. Returning to the United States in 1853, he took up his residence in New York, and, having mar- ried the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the original incorporators and promoters of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, he soon after became asso- ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving in the latter position nearly ten years (until July 11, 1865), and, as a Director, \mtil 1877 — in all, twenty-two years. After retiring from his con- nection with the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises of an educational and benevolent character in aid of the unfortunate classes in the State of New York, OSBORN, Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist, was born in Licking County, Ohio, August 11, 1832; graduated from the Ohio University at Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville, Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in the war for the Union he joined the "Yates Phalanx," which, after some delay on account of the quota being full, was mustered into the serv- ice, in August, 1861, as the Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, the subject of fhis sketch being com- missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion to the colonelcy soon followed, the regiment being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Oliio Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall Jackson, and took part in many important en- gagements, including the battles of Winchester, Bermuda Hundreds, and Drury's Bluff, besides the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 411 wounded, losing the use of his right arm. He bore a conspicuous part in the operations about Richmond %vhich resulted in the capture of the rebel capital, his services being recognized by promotion to the brevet rank of Major-General. At the close of the war he returned to the prac- tice of law in Chicago, but, in 1874, was appointed Consul-General and Minister-Resident to the Argentine Republic, remaining in that position until Jime, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his residence in Chicago. OSWEGO, a village in Kendall Countj% on the Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of Aurora. Population (1890), 641 ; (1900), 618. OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal city of La Salle County, being incorporated as a vil- lage in 1838, and, as a city, in 1853. It is located at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Chi- cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal. Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of glass is fo\ind in the vicinity and the place has extensive glass works. Other manufactured products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile- roofing, pottery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons and carriages, agricultural implements, hay carriers, hay presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet work, saddler.v and harness and pumps. The city has some handsome public buildings including the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House for the Northern Division. It also has several public parks, one of which (South Park) contains a medicinal spring. There are a dozen churches and numerous public school buildings, including a high school. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has electric street railways, good sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 150 artesian wells and numerous natural springs. It has one private and two national banks, five libraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three German), of which four issue daily editions. Pop. (1890), 9,985; (1900), 10,588. OTTAWA, CHICAGO & FOX RIVER VALLEY RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) OUTAGAMIES, a name given, by the French, to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See Sacs ayid Foxes.) OWE>', Thomas J. V., early legislator and Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5, 1801 ; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in 1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem- bly from Randolph County; the following year was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc- cessor to Dr. Alexander Wolcott, who had died in the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi- cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of the Government Commissioners who conducted the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1833. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835. P.\DDOCK, Gaius, pioneer, a native of Massa- chusetts, was born in 1758; at the age of 17 he entered the Colonial Army, serving until the close of the Revolutionary War, and being in AVashington's command at the crossing of the Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver- mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a year later, to St. Charles, Mo. Then, after hav- ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he located in Madison County, 111., at a point after- wards known as "Paddock's Grove," and which became one of the most prosperous agricultural sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831. PAINE, (Gen.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry, serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practiced at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth, 111., (1848-61), meanwhile serving in the lower branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly (1853-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- Colonel of the State Militia, and, in Illinois, became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48). He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in April, 1861, and served through the war. being promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861. The first duty performed by his regiment, after this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky., where he was in command. Later, it took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battles of Shiloh, New Madrid and Corinth, and also in the various engagements in Northern Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From November, 1863, to May, 1864, General Paine was guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee, and, during a part of 1864, in command of the Western District of Kentucky. He resigned, April 5, 1865, and died in Jersey City, Dec. 16, 412 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1883. A sturdy Union man, he performed his duty as a soldier witli great zeal and efficiency. PALATIXE, a village of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Division of tlie Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroad, 26 miles northwest from Chicago. There are flour and planing mills here; dairying and farming are leading industries of the sur- rounding country. Population (1880), 731 ; (1890), 891; (1900), 1,020. PALESTINE, a town in Ci-awford County, about 3 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of Robinson, and S.'j miles southwest of Terre Haute, on the Illinois Central Railway ; has five churches, a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment factory, and municipal light and power plant. Pop. (1890), 732; (1900), 979. PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress- man and Public Printer, was born at !JIanchester, Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards edited "The Jamestown Journal," and served two terms in the New York Legislature ; in 18.58 removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860, and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean," remaining two years ; in 1877 was appointed Post- master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- ing in office until the accession of President Cleve- land in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work, but resumed his old place at the head of the Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura- tion of President McKinley in 1897. PALMER, John McAnley, lawyer, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Scott County, Ky., Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to Madison County, 111., in 1831, and, four years later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, as a student ; later taught and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was elected Probate Judge of Macoupin County, also served in the State Constitutional Convention of 1847 ; after discharging the duties of Probate and County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancj', in 18.52, and re-elected in 18.54, as an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting his vote for Lyman Trumbull for United States Senator in 1855, but resigned his seat in 1856 ; was President of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1859, and chosen a Presidential Elector on tlie Republican ticket in 1860 ; served as a member of the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga- dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to command of the Military Department of Ken- tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring- field. The following year he was elected Gov- ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1873, supported Horace Greeley for President, and has since co- operated with the Democratic party. He was three times the unsuccessful candidate of his party for United States Senator, and was their nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator by the Democratic State Convention and elected in joint session of the Legislature, March 11, 1891, receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and two Farmers' Mutual Alliance votes. He became an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for President, although receiving no electoral votes, proving his devotion to principle. His last years were occupied in preparation of a volume of personal recollections, which was completed, under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life,'' a few weeks before his death, which occurred at his home in Springfield, September 35, 1900. P.\LMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist, was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825; received an English education and became a junior clerk in a country store at Durham, Greene County, in that State, three years later being placed in charge of the business, and finally engaging in business on his own account. Com- ing to Chicago in 1853, he embarked in the dry- goods business on Lake Street, establishing the house which afterwards became Field, Leiter & Co. (now Marshall Field & Co.), from which here- tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, which has since been immensely increased by fortunate operations in real estate. Mr. Palmer was Second Vice-President of the first Board ct Local Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- sition in 1891.— Mrs. Bertha M. Honore (Palmer), wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 413 Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner and operator of Chicago. She is a native of Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly spent, though she was educated at a convent near Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her family to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized leader in many social and benevolent movements, but won the highest praise bj' her ability and administrative skill, exhibited as President of the Board of Lady JIanagers of the World's Colum- bian Exposition of 1893. PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railway, 33 miles southwest from Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank and a newspaper. Population (1900), 813. PANA, an important railway center and prin- cipal city of Christian County, situated in the southeastern part of the County, and at the inter- secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 miles south by west from Decatur, and 42 miles southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its mechanical establishments include two flouring mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has banks, several churches, graded schools, and three papers issuing daily and weeklj' editions. Population (1890). r,,077; O'-IOO), .n,-530. PANA, SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore ^ miles broad at the widest part. PEORIA, ATLANTA & DECATUR RAIL- ROAD. (See Tcrre Haute d- Peoria Railroad.) PEORIA, DECATUR & EVANSVILLE BAIL- WAT. The total length of this line, extending from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 330.87 miles, all owned by the company, of which 373 miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, southeast to Grayville, on the Wabash River— is single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge. Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of which it is one-fourth owner. Between Hervey City and Midland Junction it has trackage privi leges over the line owned jointly by the Peoria. Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute & Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between Midland Junction and Decatiu- (2,4 miles) the tracks of the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The rails are of fifty-two and sixty-pound steel.— (History.) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli- dation of several lines built under separate char- ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1867, built in 1869-71, and operated the latter year, was leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railway, but sold to representatives of the bond-holders, on account of default on interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871, completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872, and, the same year, consolidated with the Chi- cago & Great Southern; in January, 1874, the Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, and, in 1877, having been sold imder foreclosure, was reorganized as the Decatur, Mattoon & South- ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway having acquired a controlling interest during the same year, the two lines were con- solidated under the name of the Peoria. Decatur & Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Gray- ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon & Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo- ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both consolidations, however, were set aside by decree of the United States District Court, in 1876, and the partially graded road and franchises of the Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure, to the contractors for the construction ; 20 miles of the line from Olney to Newton, were completed during the month of September of that year, and the entire Une, from Grayville to Mattoon, in 1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Company, which had already acquired the Decatur & Mattoon Division— thus placing the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the hands of one corporation. A line under the name of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, with the Illinois corporation under the name of the latter, and completed from Grayville to Evansville in 1882. (4) The Chicago & Ohio River Railroad — chartered, in 1869, as the Dan- ville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad — was con- structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to West Liberty, in 1878-81 ; in the latter year was changed to standard gauge and completed, in 1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorgan- ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad ; was consolidated with the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway, in 1893, and used as the Chicago Division of that line. The property and franchises of the entire line passed into the. hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898) under their management. PEORIA, PEKIN & JACKSONVILLE RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis RaU- road of Ulinoi.'i.) PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a short line, 46.7 miles in length, operated by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com- pany, extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction, 111. It was incorporated, Feb. 12, 1853, com- pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock Island in perpetuity, April 14, 1854, the annual rental being $135,000. The par value of the HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 421 capital stock is §1,500,000. Annual dividends of 8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi-annu- ally. (See Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. ) PEORIA & EASTERJI RAILROAD. Of this line the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total length is 3o0>2 miles, 132 of which lie in Illinois — 123 being owned by the Company. That por- tion within this State extends east from Pekin to the Indiana State line, in addition to which the Company has trackage facilities over the line of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway (9 miles) to Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is single, laid with sixty and sixty-seven-pound steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with gravel. The capital stock is 810,000,000. In 1895 it had a bonded debt of 813,603,000 and a floating debt of $1,261,130, making a total capitalization of §24,864,130.— (History.) The original of this corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Blooming- ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, in July, 1869, with the Indianapolis, Crawfords- ville & Danville Railroad — the new corporation taking the name of the Indianapolis, Blooming- ton & Western — and was opened to Pekin the same year. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railway Companj'. The next change occurred in 1881, when it was consolidated with an Oliio corporation (the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific Railroad), again undergoing a slight cliange of name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom- ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 it again got into financial straits, was placed in charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name of the Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway Com- pany. The final reorganization, under its present name, took place in February, 1890, when it was leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated. (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. ) PEORIA & HANNIBAL RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington tfc Quincy Railroad. ) PEORIA & OQUAWKA RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) PEORIA & PEKIiV UNION RAILWAY. A line connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekin, which are onl}' 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880, and acquired, by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Spring- field Railroads, between the two cities named in its title, giving it control of two lines, which are used by nearly all the railroads entering both cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The mileage, including both divisions, is 18.14 miles, second tracks and sidings increasing the total to nearly 60 miles. The track is of standard gauge, about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The total cost of construction was §4,350,987. Its total capitalization (1898) was §4,177,763, includ- ing §1,000,000 in stock, and a funded deljt of §3,904,000. The capital stock is held in ecjual amounts (each 2,500 shares) by the Wabash, the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria & Eastern com- panies, with 1,000 shares by the Lake Erie & Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals are also paid by tlie Terre Haute & Peoria and the Iowa Central Railwajs. PEORIA & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.) PEOTONE, a village of Will County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south-southwest from Chicago; has some manufactures, a bank and a newspaper. The surrounding country is agricultural. Population (1890), 717; (1900), 1,003. PERCY, a village of Randolph County, at the intersection of the Wabash, Chesapeake & West- ern and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population (1890), 360; (1900), 660. PERROT, Nicholas, a French explorer, wno visited the valley of the Fox River (of Wisconsin) and the country around the great lakes, at various times between 1670 and 1690. He was present, as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated con- ference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1671, which was attended by fifteen Frenchmen and repre- sentatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at which the Sieur de Lusson took formal possession of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the surround- ing region and "all the country southward to the sea," in the name of Louis XIV. of France. Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West, and, for several years, was Commandant in the Green Bay district. As a chronicler he was intelligent, interesting and accurate. His writ ings were not published until 1864, but have always been highly prized as authority. PERRY, a town of Pike County ; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 770; (1890), 705; (1900;, 643. PERRY COUNTY, lies in the southwest quarter of the State, with an area of 440 square miles and a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized as a county in 1827, and named for Com. Oliver H. Perry. The general surface is rolling. 422 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. although flat prairies occupy a considerable por- tion, interspersed with "post-oak flats. " Limestone is found in the southern, and sandstone in the northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth of the county is coal, which is abundant, and, at several points, easily mined, some of it being of a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, to some extent, and the chief agricultural output is wheat. Pinckneyville, the county-seat, has a central position and a population of about 1,300. Duquoir is the largest city. Beaucoup Creek is the principal stream, and the county is crossed by several lines of railroad. PERU, a city in La Salle County, at the head of navigation on the Illinois River, which is here spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100 miles southwest from Chicago, and the same dis- tance north-northeast from Springfield. It is connected by street cars with La Salle, one mile distant, which is the terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is situated in a rich coal- mining region, is an important trade center, and has several manufacturing establishments, includ- ing zinc smelting works, rolling mills, niokeloid factor}-, metal novelty works, gas engine factory, tile works, plow, scale and patent-pump factories, foundries and machine shops, flour and saw mills, clock factory, etc. Two national banks, with a combined capital of §200,000, are located at Peru, and one daily and one weeklj- paper. Population (1870), 3,050; (1880), 4,683; (1890), 5,550, (1900), 6,86.3. PESOTUM, a village in Champaign County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles south of Tolono. Population (1890), 575. PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and the county-seat, on the Sangamon River, at the intersection Chicago & Alton with the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway ; 23 miles northwest of Springfield and 38 miles northeast of Jackson- ville. The town was surveyed and platted by Abraham Lincoln in 1837, and is the seat of the "Old Salem" Chautauqua. It has machine shops, two banks, two weekly papers and nine churches. The manufactures include woolen goods, brick and drain-tile, bed-springs, mattresses, and canned goods. Pop. (1890), 2,343, (1900), 2,807. PETERS, OnsloTf, lawyer and jurist, was born in Massachusetts, graduated at Brown Univer- sity, and was admitted to the bar and practiced law in his native State until 1837, when he set- tled at Peoria, 111. He served in the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847, was elected to the bench of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit in 1853, and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 1856. PHILLIPS, David L , journalist and politician, was born where the town of Marion, Williamson County, 111., now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to St. Clair County in childhood, his father settling near Belleville ; began teaching at an early age, and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church, and, after a brief course with the distinguished Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years later entered the ministry, serving churches in Washington and other Southern Illinois counties, finally taking charge of a church at Jonesboro. Though originally a Democrat, his advanced views on slavery led to a disagreement with his church, and he withdrew ; then accepted a posi- tion as paymaster in the construction department of the Illinois Central Railroad, finally being transferred to that of Land Agent for the South- ern section, in this capacity visiting different parts of the State from one end of the main line to the other. About 1854 he became associated with the management of "The Jonesboro Ga- zette," a Democratic paper, which, during bis con- nection with it {some two years), he made an earnest ojjponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. At the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention (which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 23, 1856, he was appointed a member of their State Central Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloom- ington in Slay following, where he served as Vice-President for his District, and was nomi- nated for Presidential Elector on the Fremont ticket. Two years later (18.58) he was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress in the Southern District, being defeated by John A. Logan; was again in the State Convention of 1860, and a delegate to the National Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President the first time; was appointed by Mr. Lincoln L^nited States Marshal for the Southern District in 1861, and re-appointed in 1865, but resigned after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. Dur- ing 1862 Mr. Phillips became part proprietor of "The State Journal" at Springfield, retaining this relation until 1878, at intervals performing editorial service; also took a prominent part in organizing and equipping the One Hundred and Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (sometimes called the "Phillips Regiment"), and, in 1865, was one of the committee of citizens sent to escort the remains of President Lincoln to Springfield. He joined in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati in 1873, but, in 1876, was in line with his former party associates, and served in that year as an unsuccessful candidate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 423 for Congress, in the Springfield District, in oppo- sition to William M. Springer, early the following year receiving the appointment of Postmaster for the city of Springfield from President Hayes. Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880. PHILLIPS, George S., author, was born at Peterborough, England, in January, 1816 ; gradu- ated at Cambridge, and came to the United States, engaging in journalism. In 1845 he returned to England, and, for a time, was editor of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal of the People's College at Huddersfield. Return- ing to the United States, he came to Cook County, and, about 1866-68, was a writer of sketches over the nom de plume of "January Searle" for "The Chicago Republican" — later was literary editor of "The New York Sun" for several years. His mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally dying at Morris- town, N. J., Jan. 14. 1889. Mr. Phillips was the author of several volumes, chiefly sketches of travel and biography. PHILLIPS, Jesse J., lawyer, soldier and jurist, was born in Montgomery County, 111., May 22, 1837. Shortly after graduating from the Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized a company of volunteers, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was attached to the Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was successively advanced to the rank of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on account of disability, in August, 1864, but was brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the war. His military record was exceptionally brilliant. He was wounded three times at Shiloh, and was personally thanked and compli- mented by Generals Grant and Oglesby for gal- lantry and eflicient service. At the termination of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868, he was the Democratic candidate for State Treas- urer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1885. In 1890 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacanc)' created by the death of Justice John M. Scholfield, his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected to succeed himself. Judge Phillips" present term will expire in 1906. PHILLIPS, Joseph, early jurist, was born in Tennessee, received a classical and legal edu- cation, and served as a Captain in the War of 1813 ; in 1816 was appointed Secretary of Illinois Territory, serving until the admission of Illinois as a State, when he became the first Chief Jus- tice of the Supreme Court, serving until July, 1822, when he resigned, being succeeded on the bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor. In 1822 he was a candidate for Governor in the interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amend- ment of the State Constitution, but was defeated by Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and Slavery and Slave Latcs.) He appears from the "Edwards Papers" to have been in Illinois as late as 1833, but is said eventuallj' to have returned to Tennessee. The date of his death is unknown. PIAXKESHAWS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. Their name, like those of their brethren, underwent many mutations of orthog- raphy, the tribe being referred to, variously, as the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs," the "Pi-an-gie-shaws," the "Pi-an-qui-shaws," and the "Py-an-ke- shaws." They were less numerous than the Weas, their numerical strength ranking lowest among the bands of the Miamis. At the time La Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock, their warriors numbered 1,50. Subsequent to the dispersion of this colony they (alone of the Miamis) occupied portions of the present territorj- of Illi- nois, having villages on the Vermilion and Wabash Rivers. Tlieir earliest inclinations toward the whites were friendly, the French traders having intermarried with women of the tribe soon after the advent of the first explor- ers. Col. George Rogers Clark experienced little difiiculty in securing their allegiance to the new government which he proclaimed. In the san- guinary raids (usually followed by reprisals), which marked Western history during the years immediately succeeding the Revolution, the Piankeshaws took no part ; yet the outrages, per- petrated upon peaceable colonists, had so stirred the settlers' blood, that all Indians were included in the general thirst for vengeance, and each was unceremoniously dispatched as soon as seen. The Piankeshaws appealed to Washington for protec- tion, and the President issued a special procla- mation in their behalf. After the cession of the last remnant of the Miami territory to the United States, the tribe was removed to a Kansas reser- vation, and its last remnant finally found a home in Indian Territory. (See also Miamis: Weas. ) "PIASA BIRD," LEGEND OF THE. When the French explorers first descended the Upper Mississippi River, they found some remarkable figures depicted upon the face of the bluff, just 424 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. above the site of the present city of Alton, which excited their wonder and continued to attract interest long after the country was occupied by the whites. The account given of the discov- ery by Marquette, who descended the river from the mouth of the Wisconsin, in June, 1673, is as follows: "As we coasted along" (after passing the mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for their height and length, we saw two monsters painted on one of the rocks, which startled us at first, and upon which the boldest Indian dare not gaze long. They are as large as a calf, with horns on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat like a man's, the body covered with scales, and the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of the body, passing over the head and down be- tween the legs, ending at last in a fish's tail. Green, red and black are the colors employed. On the whole, these two monsters are so well painted that we could not believe any Indian to have been the designer, as good painters in France would find it hard to do as well. Besides this, they are painted so high upon the rock that it is hard to get conveniently at them to paint them." As the Indians could give no account of the origin of these figures, but had their terror even more excited at the sight of them than Mar- quette himself, they are supposed to have been the work of some prehistoric race occupying the country long before the arrival of the aborigines whom Marquette and his companions found in Illinois. There was a tradition that the figures were intended to represent a creature, part beast and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers of the inhabitants by swooping down upon them from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is said to have offered himself a victim for his people, and when the monster made its appear- ance, twenty of his warriors, concealed near by, discharged their arrows at it, killing it just before it reached its prey. In this manner the life of the chief was saved and his people were preserved from further depredations; and it was to commemorate this event that the figure of the bird was painted on the face of the cliff on whose summit the chief stood. This story, told in a paper by Mr. John Russell, a pioneer author of Illinois, obtained wide circulation in tliis country and in Europe, about the close of the first quarter of the present century, as the genuine "Legend of the Piasa Bird." It is said, however, that Mr. Russell, who was a popular writer of fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics and human remains are said, by the late 'William McAdams. the antiquarian of Alton, to have been found in caves in the vicinity, and it seems a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when passing the spot, were accustomed to discharge their arrows — and, later, their firearms — at the figure on the face of the cliff. Traces of this celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1840 to 1845, but liave since been entirely quarried away. PIATT COUNTY, organized in 1841. consist- ing of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. Its area is 440 square miles ; population (1900), 17,706. The first Commissioners were John Hughes, W. Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose family the county was named, was the first Sheriff. The North Fork of the Sangamon River flows centrally through the county from north- east to southwest, and several lines of railroad afford transportation for its products. Its re- sources and the occujjation of the people are almost wholly agricultural, the surface being level prairie and the soil fertile. Monticello, the county-seat, has a population of about 1,700. Other leading towns are Cerro Gordo (939) and Bement (1,139). PICKETT, Thomas Johnson, journalist, was born in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1831; spent six years (1830-36) in St. Louis, when his family removed to Peoria ; learned the printer's trade in the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publica- tion of "The Peoria News," then sold out and established "The Republican" (afterwards "The Transcript") ; was a member of the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1S56, serving on the Committee on Resolutions, and being appointed on the State Central Com- mittee, which called the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington, in Ma}' follow- ing, and was tliere appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadelphia, whicli nominated General Fremont for President. Later, he published papers at Pekin and Rock Island, at the latter place being one of tlie first to name Abraham Lincoln for tlie Presidency ; was elected State Senator in 1860, and, in 1862. com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel, to the One Hundred and Thirty-second Illinois (100-days' men), and serving at Camp Douglas during the "Conspiracj-" excitement. After the war. Colonel Pickett removed to Paducah, K)'., published a paper there called "The Fedei'al Union." was appointed Postmaster, and, later, Clerk of the United States District Court, and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 425 was the Republican nominee for Congress, in tliat District, in 18T4. Removing to Nebraska in 1879, lie at different times conducted several papers in that State, residing for the most part at Lincoln. Died, at Ashland, Neb., Dec. 24, 1891. PIERSO>i', David, pioneer banker, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., July 9, 1806; at the age of 13 removed west with his parents, arriving at St. Louis, June 3, 1820. The family soon after set- tled near Collinsville, Madison County, 111., where the father having died, they removed to the vi- cinity of CarroUton, Greene County, in 1821, Here they opened a farm, but, in 1827, Mr. Pierson went to the lead mines at Galena, where he re- mained a year, then returning to CarroUton, In 1834, having sold his farm, he began merchandis- ing, still later being engaged in the pork and grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added the bank- ing business to his dry-goods trade at CarroUton, also engaged in milling, and, in 1862-63, erected a woolen factory, which was destroyed by an incendiary fire in 1872. Originally an anti-slavery Clay Whig, Mr. Pierson became a Republican on the organization of that party in 1856, served for a time as Collector of Internal Revenue, was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia in 1872, and a prominent candi- date for the Republican nomination for Lieuten- ant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and unswerving patriotism, Mr. Pierson was generous in his benefactions, being one of the most liberal contributors to the establishment of the Langston Scliool for the Education of Freed men at Holly Springs, Miss., soon after the war. He died at CarroUton, May 8, 1891. — Oman (Pierson), a son of the subject of this sketch, was a member of the Thirty-second General Assembly (1881) from Greene County, and is present cashier of the Greene County National Bank at CarroUton. PIGGOTT, Isaac N., early politician, was born about 1792 ; served as an itinerant Methodist preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819 and 1824, but finally located southwest of Jersey- ville and obtained a license to run a ferry be- tween Grafton and Alton; in 1828 ran as a candidate for the State Senate against Thomas Carlin (afterwards Governor) ; removed to St. Louis in 1858, and died there in 1874. PIKE COUNTY, situated in the western por- tion of the State, lying between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 795 square miles — named in honor of the explorer, Capt. Zebulon Pike The first American settlers came about 1820, and, in 1831, the county was organ- ized, at first embracing all the country north and west of the lUinois River, including the present county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally organized about one fourth of the counties of the State. Coles' Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun County) was the first county-seat, but the seat of justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is undulating, in some portions is hilly, and diversified with prai ries and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals and hay are the staple products, while coal and Niagara limestone are found in abundance. Population (1890), 31,000; (1900), 31,595. PILLSBURT, Nathaniel Joy, lawyer and judge, was born in York County, Maine, Oct. 21, 1834; in 1855 removed to Illinois, and, in 1858, began farming in Livingston County. He began the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to the bar, commenced practice at Pontiac. He represented La Salle and Livingston Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1873, was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit. He was re-elected in 1879 and again in 1885. He was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court in 1877, and again in 1879 and "85. He was severely wounded by a shot received from strikers on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, near Chicago, in 1880, resulting in his being permanently disabled physically, in consequence of which he declined a re-election to the bench in 1891. PINCKNETTILLE, a city and the county-seat of Perry County, situated at the intersection of the Paducah Division Illinois Central and the Wabash, Chester efe Western Railways, 10 miles west-northwest of Duquoin. Coal-mining is carried on in the immediate vicinity, and flour, carriages, plows and dressed lumber are among the manufactured products. Pinckneyville has two banks — one of which is national — two weekly newspapers, seven churches, a graded and a high school. Population (1880), 964; (1890), 1,298; (1900), 2,357. PITTSBURG, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, one of the Pennsyl- vania Company's lines, operating 1,403 miles of road, of which 1,090 miles are owned and the remainder leased — length of line in Illinois, 28 miles. The Company is the outgrowth of a con- solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St, Louis RaUway with the Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & Richmond and the Jeffer.sonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company controls the entire line through ownership of stock. Capital stock outstanding, in 1898, $47,791,601; 426 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. funded debt, $48,433,000; floating debt, $2,214,703 —total capital $98,500,584. — (History.) The Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Railroad, em- bracing the Illinois division of this line, was made up of various corporations organized under the laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo- nent parts was the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway, organized, in 1865, by consolidation of the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (chartered in 1857), the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway of Indiana, the Cincinnati & Chicago Air-Line (organized 1860), and the Cincinnati. Logans- port & Chicago Railway. In 1869, the consoli- dated line was leased to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway Company, and operated under the name of the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central between Bradford, Ohio, and Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, under the present name, in 1890. (See Pennsylvania Railroad.) PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayjie & Chi- cago Raihrat/.) PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILWAY. The total length of this line is nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles are within Illinois. It was operated by the Penn- sylvania Railroad Company as lessee. The entire capitalization in 1898 was $52,549,990; and the earnings in Illinois, $472,228.— (History.) The Pittsburg. Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the result of the consolidation. August 1, 1856, of the Ohio & Pennsylvania, the Ohio & Indiana and the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies, under the name of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1859; was sold under foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present title, in 1862, and leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1, 18G9. (See Prnnsi/lvaiiia Railroad.) PITTSFIELD, the county-seat of Pike County, situated on the Hannibal ct Naples branch of the Wabash Railway, about 40 miles southeast of Quincy, and about the same distance south of west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings include a handsome court house and graded and high school buildings. The city has an electric light plant, city water-works, a flour mill, a National and a State bank, nine churches, and four weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890). 2,295; (1900), 2,293. PLAINFIELD, a village of Will County, on the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and an interur- ban electric line, 8 miles northwest of Joliet; is in a dairying section; has a bank and one news- paper. Pop. (1890), 852; (1900), 920. PLAJJO, a city in Kendall County, situated near the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, 14 miles west-southwest of Aurora. There are manufactories of agri- cultural implements and bedsteads. The city has banks, several churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,825; (1900), 1,634; "(1903, est.), 2,250. PLEASANT PLAINS, a village of Sangamon County, on Springfield Division Baltimore &. Ohio S. W. Railroad, 16 miles northwest of Spring- field; in rich farming region; has coal-shaft, bank, five churches, college and two newspapers. Population (1890), 518; (1900). 575. PLEASANTS, George Washington, jurist, was born in Harrodsburg, Ky., Nov. 24. 1823: received a classical education at Williams College, Mass. graduating in 1842; studied law in New York City, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1845, establishing himself in practice at Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until 1849. In 1851 he removed to Washington, D. C, and, after residing there two years, came to Illi- nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven- tion which met at Springfield in January follow- ing, and, in 1867, was chosen Judge for the Sixth (now Tenth) Judicial Circuit, having served by successive re-elections until June, 1897, retiring at the close of his fifth term— a record for length of service seldom paralleled in the judicial his- tory of the State. The last twenty years of this period were spent on the Appellate bench. For several years past Judge Pleasants has been a sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faith- ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a judicial officer and a man, his reputation stands among the highest. PLUMB, Ralph, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., March 29, 1816. After leaving school he became a mer- chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for eighteen years. From New York he removed to Ohio, where he was elected a member of the Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois. During the Civil War he served four years in the Union army as Captain and Quartermaster, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He made his home at Streator, where he was elected Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coal- mining and has been connected with several important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 427 represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- gress, after which he retired to private life. PLYMOUTH, a village of Hancock County, on the Chicago, Burlington efc Quincy Railway, 41 miles nortlieast of Quincy ; is trade center of rich farming district ; has two banks, electric lights, water-works, and one paper. Pop. (1900), 854. POIXTE DE SAIBLE, Jean Baptiste, a negro and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first settler on the present site of the city of Chicago. He is said to have been a native of San Domingo, but is described bj' his contemporaries as "well educated and handsome," though dissipated. He appears to have been at the present site of Chi- cago as early as 1794, his house being located on the north side near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River, where he carried on a considerable trade with the Indians. About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French trader named Le Mai, and joined a countryman of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin- ity of St. Louis, is said to have been associated with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias, before the latter came to Chicago. POLO, a city in Ogle County, at intersection of the IlUnois Central and the Chicago, Burling- ton & Northern Railways, 23 miles south of Free- port and 12 miles north of Dixon. The surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural implements (including harvesters) and buggies are manufactured here. The city has banks, one weekly and one semi weeklj' paper, seven churches, a graded public and high school, and a public Ubrary. Pop. (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,869. PONTIAC, an Ottawa chief, born on the Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. While yet a young man he became the principal Chief of the allied Ottawas, Ojibways and Potta watomies. He was always a firm ally of the French, to whose interests he was devotedly attached, defending them at Detroit against an attack of the Northern tribes, and (it is generally believed) leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock. He reluctantly acquiesced in the issue of the French and Indian War, although at first strongly disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers, the British officer sent to take possession of the western forts. In 1762 he dispatched emissaries to a large number of tribes, whom he desired to unite in a league for the extermination of the English. His proposals were favorably received, and thus was organized what is commonly spoken of as the "Conspiracy of Pontiac." He himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit. The garrison, however, was apprised of his inten- tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian settlers furnishing supplies to both besieged and besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finally a boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made an unsuccessful sortie on July 31, 1763. After a desultory warfare, lasting for nearly three months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana, where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another movement. Although Detroit had not been taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St. Joseph, Miami, Ouiatanon. LeBoeuf and Venango, besides the posts of Mackinaw and Presque Isle. The garrisons at all these points were massacred and innumerable outrages jjerpetrated elsewhere. Additional British troops were sent west, and the Indians finally brought under control. Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treaty was signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in heart, but still proud in spirit and relentless in purpose, he applied to the former (and last) French Governor of Illinois, the younger St. Ange, who was then at St. Louis, for co-operation and support in another raid against the British. Being refused aid or countenance, according to a story long popularly received, he returned to the vicinity of Cahokia, where, in 1769, he was mur- dered by a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of a barrel of liquor. N. Matson, author of several volumes bearing on early history in Illinois, cit- ing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated half- breed of Kansas, as authority for his statement, asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an impostor, and that the true Pontiac was assassi- nated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois, in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian trader, of the truth of this last story, that he caused a monument, which he had erected over the grave of the false Pontiac, to be removed. Out of the murder of Pontiac, whether occurring at Cahokia or Joliet, it is generally agreed, resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the tragedy of ' 'Starved Rock. " " (See Starved Hock. ) PO>'TIAC, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Livingston County. It stands on the bank of the Vemillion River, and is also a point 428 HISTORICiAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of intersection of tlie Chicago & Alton, tlie Wabasli and the Illinois Central Railroads It is 33 miles north-northeast from Bloor.iington and 93 miles south-southwest of Cliicago. The sur- rounding region is devoted to agriculture, stock- raising and coal-mining. Pontiac has four banks and four weekly newspapers (two issuing daily editions), numerous churches and good schools. Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted, among the principal establishments being flour- ing mills, three shoe factories, straw paper and candy factories and a foundry. Tlie State Re- formatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here. Pop. (1890), 2,784; (1900), 4,360. POOL, Orvalj merchant and banker, was born in Union County, Ky., near Shawneetcwn, 111., Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Shawneetowu from seven years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's trade, but, in 1843, engaged in the dry-goods business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg- way becoming his partners in 1846. In 1850 he retired from the dry-goods trade and became an extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco. In 1871 he established the Gallatin County National Bank, of which he was the first Presi- dent. Died, June 30, 1871. POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer, librarian and historical writer, was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821, graduated from Yale College in 1849, and, at the close of his sophomore year, was appointed assistant librarian of his col- lege society, which owned a librar)' of 10,000 vol- umes. Here he prepared and published the first edition of his now famous "Index to Periodical Literature." A second and enlarged addition was published in 1853, and secured for its author wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 1853 he was made Librarian of tlie Boston Mercantile Library, and, from 1856 to 1869, had charge of the Boston Athenaeum, then one of the largest li- braries in the United States, which he relinquished to engage in expert library work. He organized libraries in several New England cities and towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and the Cincinnati Public Library, finall}- becoming Librarian of the latter institution. In October, 1873, he assumed charge of the Chicago Public Library, then being organized, and, in 1887, became Librarian of the Newberry Library, organizing this institution and remaining at its head until his death, which occurred, March 1, 1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the Northwestern University in 1883. Dr. Poole took a prominent part in the organization of library associations, and was one of the Vice- Presidents of the International Conference of Librarians, held in London in 1871. His advice was much sought in relation to library architec- ture and management. He wrote much on topics connected with his profession and on historical subjects, frequently contributing to "The North American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a liter- ary paper at Chicago, called "The Owl," and was later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He was President of the American Historical Society and member of State Historical Societies and of other kindred associations. POPE, Nathaniel, first Territorial Secretary of Illinois, Delegate in Congi-ess and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., in 1774; graduated with high honor from Transylvania University, at Lexing- ton, Ky., read law with his brother. Senator John Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans, later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, Mo. In 1808 he became a resident of Kaskaskia and, the next year, was appointed the first Territorial Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was strong and profound and his intellect quick and far-reaching, while both were thoroughly trained and disciplined by study. In 1816 he was elected a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved himself, not only devoted to the interests of his constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was largely instrumental in securing the passage of the act authorizing the formation of a State government, and it was mainly through his efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was fixed at lat. 42° 30' north, instead of the southern bend of Lake Michigan. L^pon the admission of Illinois into the Union, he was made United States Judge of the District, which then embraced the entire State. This office he filled with dig- nity, impartiality and acceptability until his death, at the hon>e of his daughter, Mrs. Lu- cretia Yeatman, in St. Louis. Mo., Jan. 23, 1850. Pope County was named in his honor. — (Jen. John (Pope), son of the preceding, was born in Louis- ville, Ky., March 16, 1823 ; graduated at the United States Military Academy, 1843, and appointed brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers; served in Florida (1843-44), on the northeast boundary survey, and in the Mexican War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe- dition in Minnesota, was in charge of topograph- ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-53), and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific Railway (1853-59), meanwhile experimenting on the feasibility of artesian wells on the "Staked HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 439 Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal- ous friend of Abraham Lincoln in the political campaign of 18G0, and was court-martialed for criticising the policy of President Buchanan, in a paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati, the proceedings being finally dropped on the recommendation of tlie (then) Secretary of War, Joseph Holt. In 1861 he was one of the officers detailed by the War Department to conduct Mr. Lincoln to the cajjital, and, in May following, was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and assigned to command in Missouri, where he per- formicd valuable service in protecting railroad communications and driving out guerrillas, gain- ing an important victory over Sterling Price at Blackwater, in December of that year; in 1863 had command of the land forces co-operating with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the cajjture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners, 125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win- ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav- ing participated in the operations against Corinth, he was transferred to command of the Army of Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga- dier-General in the regular army. Here, being forced to meet a greatly superior force under General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which led to his falling back on Washington and a request to be relieved of his command. For fail- ure to give him proper support, Gen. Fitzjohn Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having been convicted, was cashiered and declared for- ever disqualified from holding any office of trust or profit under the United States Government — altliough this verdict was finally set aside and Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub- sequent service was performed chiefly against the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, when he took command of the military division of Mis- souri, and, in June following, of the Department of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern States and Territories, from which he was relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command, under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala- bama and Florida (1867-68) ; the Department of the Lakes (1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870- 84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to his retirement, March 16, 1886. General Pope published "Explorations from the Red River to the Rio Grande'' and "Campaigns in Virginia" (1863). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio, Sept 23, 1892. POPE COUNTY, lies on the southern border of the State, and contains an area of about 360 square miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel Pope. It was erected in 1816 (two years before the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of Gallatin and Johnson Counties. The county-seat was first located at Sandsville, but later changed to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners; Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff ; John Scott, Recorder ; Tliomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor- ney, and Samuel Omelveney, Treasurer. The highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north- eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation of 1,046 feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick- ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, at times, during a part of the year and are covered with cypress timber. The remains of Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sand- stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found here and there. Mineral springs (with copperas as the chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is found in limited quantities, among the rocks toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are found in the north. The chief agricultural products are potatoes, corn and tobacco. Popu- lation (1890). 14.01C; (1900), 13,.585. PORT B YROX, a village of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock Island; has lime kilns, grain elevator, two banks, academy, public schools, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 732. The (Illinois) Western Hospital for the Insane is located at Watertown, twelve miles below Port Bj'ron. PORTER, (Rev.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergy- man, was born at Hadley, Mass., in 1804; gradu- ated from Williams College in 1825, and studied theology at both Andover and Princeton semi- naries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The same year he made the (then) long and perilous journej' to Fort Brady, a military post at the Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a missionary. In 1833 he came to Chicago, where he remained for two years, organizing the First Presbyterian Church of Cliicago, with a member- ship of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm- ington. While in Chicago he was married to Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers in Chicago. From 1840 to '58 he was located at Green Baj', Wis. , accepting a call from a Chicago Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service 430 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 18G5. The next five years were divided between labors at Brownsville, Tex., in the service of the Sani- tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du Chien. In 18T0 he was commissioned Chaplain in the regular army, remaining in the service (with occasional leaves of absence) until 1882, when he was retired from active service on account of advanced age. His closing years were spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1893, at the age of 89 years. POSEY, ((ieii.) Thomas, Continental and Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July 9, 17.50 ; in 17T4 took part in Lord Dunmore's expe- dition against the Indians, and, later, in various engagements of the Revolutionary War, being part of the time under the immediate command of Washington ; was with General Wayne in the assault on Stony Point and present at Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown ; also served, after the war, with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North- west Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he served in the State Senate, for a time being presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Governor ; later (1812), was elected United States Senator from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to "16, served as Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at Shawneetown, 111. , March 18, 1818, where he lies buried. At the time of his death General Posey was serving as Indian Agent. POST, Joel S., lawyer and soldier of the Mexi- can War; was born in Ontario (now Wayne) County, N. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1838 removed with his father to Washtenaw County, Mich., remaining there until 1839, when he came to Macon County, 111. The following year, he com- menced the study of law with Judge Charles Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. In 1846 he enlisted in the Mexican War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected to the State Senate, and, at the following session, was a leading supporter of the measures which resulted in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later years were spent at Decatur, where he died, June 7, 1886. POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress- man, was born at Florida, Orange County, N. Y. , March 19, 1833 ; at the age of 33 graduated from Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Fifty-nintk Illinois Volunteers. He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re- peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious service, until he attained the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. He participated in many important battles and was severely wounded at Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 he was in com- mand in Western Texas. After the close of the war he entered the diplomatic service, being appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his home in Galesburg. From 1883 to 1886 he was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee, and, during 1886, was Commander of tlie Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected to Congress from the Tenth District on the Repub- lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re- election until his death, which occurred in Washington, Jan. 6, 1895. POST, Truman Marcellus, D.D., clergyman, was born at Middlebury, Vt., June 3, 1810; gradu- ated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at Middlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. After a winter spent in Washington, listening to the orators of the time in Congress and before the Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833, first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to the bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of Classical Languages in Illinois College, and later that of History ; then began the study of theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack- sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate of the Third Presbj-terian Church of St. Louis, and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, of which the former furnished the nucleus. For a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- lege for a short period each year ; also held the professorship of Ancient and Modern History in Washington LTniversity, in St. Louis; in 1873-75 was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev- eral years. Professor of Ecclesiastical History in Chicago Theological Seminary. His splendid diction and his noble stj'le of orator3' caused him to be much sought after as a public lecturer or platform speaker at college commencements, while his purity of life and refinement of cliarac- ter attracted to him all with whom he came in personal contact. He received the degree of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 431 D.D. from Middlebury College in 1855; was a fre- quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository" and other religious publications, and, besides numerous addresses, sermons and pamphlets, he was the author of a volume entitled "The Skep- tical Era in Modern History" (New York, 1856). He resigned his pastorate in January, 1882, but continued to be a frequent speaker, either in the pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the period of his death, which occurred in St. Louis, Dec. 31, 1886. For a quarter of a century he was one of the Trustees of Monticello Female Semi- nary, at Godfrey, 111., being, for a considerable portion of the time, President of the Board. POTTATVATOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe, one of the three subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer- ous family of the Algonquins. The other branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas. The latter, however, retained the famOy name, and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib- beways" and the "Chippewas" as essentially identical. This interclianging of names has been a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis- tinction was analogous to that existing between genus and species, although a confusion of nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors more or less serious. Tnese three tribes early ■separated, the Pottawatomies going south from Green Bay along the western shore of Lake Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are making a fire, " and the word is a translation into the Pottawatomie language of the name first given to the tribe by the Miamis. These Indians were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was divided into four branches, or clans, called by names which signify, respectively, the golden carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord- ing to the "Jesuit Relations," the Pottawatomies were first met by the French, on the north of Lake Huron, in 1639-40. More than a quarter of a century later (1666) Father Allouez speaks of them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan. The same Fatlier described them as idolatrous and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civility and as being kindly disposed toward the French. This friendship continued unbroken until the expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. About 1678 they spread southward from Green Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the Winnebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west, and advancing, on the east, into the country of the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the Maumee. They fought on the side of the French in the French and Indian War, and later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiac to capture and reduce the British posts, and were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet that a considerable number of their warri- ors fought against General Harrison at Tippe- canoe. During the War of 1813 they actively supported the British. They were also prominent at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of them, "They were foremost at all treaties where lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's share of all presents and annuities, particularly where these last were the price paid for the sale of other lands than their own." The Pottawato- mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 1833 and 1833, and were among the last of the tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their final emigration not taking place until 1838. In 1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced with those of the Chippewas and Ottawas, and formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all their lands, wherever located, to the United States, for §850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in Kansas in lieu of §87,000 of this amount. Through the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands passed into other hands. In 1867, under an ena- bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their pres- ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla- homa. POWELL, John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.D., geolo- gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount Morris N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari- ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and subsequently in Wheaton College, but, in 1854, began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching at intervals in public schools. Having a predi- lection for the natural sciences, he spent much time in making collections, which he placed in various Illinois institutions. Entering the army in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of Shiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as sufficiently recovered, and continued in active service to the close of the war. In 1865 he became Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum in Illinois Wesleyau University at Bloomington, but resigned to accept a similar position in the State Normal University. In 1867 he began his 432 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. greatest work in connection with science by leading a class of pupils to the mountains of Colorado for the study of geology, which he fol- lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of the caiion of the Colorado River than had ever before been attempted. This led to provision by Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geo- logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries, which was appropriately- placed under his direc- tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the Smithsonian Institute, and, again in 1881, was assigned to the directorship of the United States Geological Survey, later becoming Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the Smithsonian Institute in Washington City, where (1899) he still remains. In 1886 Major Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- berg University, and that of LL.D. from Har- vard the same j'ear. He is also a member of the leading scientific associations of the country, while his reports and addresses fill numerous volumes issued by the Government. POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu- facturer, was born in South Wales, May 10, 1835 ; came to America in 1830, was educated in the common schools of Tennessee, and (1856-61) was manager of a manufacturing company at Iron- ton, Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a West Virginia cavalry company, and was advanced through the grades of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge at Wytheville, Va., left on the field, captured and confined in Libby Prison six months. After ex- change he led a cavalry division in the Army of the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in October, 1864 ; after the war settled in West Vir- ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868. He is now at the head of a nail mill and foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois during 1895-96. PRAIRIE CITY, a village in McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 23 miles southwest from Galesburg and 17 miles northeast of Macomb; has a carriage factory, flour mill, elevators, lumber and stock yards, a nursery, a bank, four churches and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 812; (1900), 818. PRAIRIE DU PO>'T, (in English, Bridge Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile south of Cahokia. It was commenced about 1760, located on the banks of a creek, on which was the first mill, operated by water-power, in that section, having been erected by missionaries from St. Sulpice, in 1754. In 1765 the village contained fourteen families. In 1844' it was inundated and nearl}' destroyed. PRAIRIE du ROCHER, (in English, Prairie of the Rock), an early French village in what is now Monroe County, which began to spring up near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chartres), and by 1722 had grown to be a considerable settlement. It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about four miles northeast of the fort. Like other French villages in Illinois, it had its church and priest, its common field and commons. Many of the houses were picturesque cottages built of limestone. The ancient village is now extinct; yet, near the outlet of a creek which runs through the bluff, may be seen the vestiges of a water mill, said to have been erected by the Jesuits during the days of Frencli occupation. PRENTICE, WilUam S., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, was born in St. Clair County, 111. , in 1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849, and filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, Carlin- ville, Springfield, Jacksonville and other places — the latter part of his life, serving as Presiding Elder ; was a delegate to the General Conference of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1872 to the end of his life. During the latter part of his life his home was in Springfield. Died, June 28, 1887. PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was born at Belleville, Wood County, Va., Nov. 28, 1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis- souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincj", 111., where he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the commission business. In 1844-45 he was Lieuten- ant of a company sent against the Mormons at Nauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in the Mexican War. In 1800 he was an imsuccess- ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the outbreak of the Civil War tendered his services to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost immediatelj- promoted to Brigadier-General and placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. At the battle of Shiloh, in April following, he was captured with most of his command, after a most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major- General of Volunteers. He was a member of the court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, and, as commander at Helena, Ark. , defeated the Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July 3, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28, 1863. In 1869 he was appointed by President Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 433 years. At present (1898) General Prentiss' resi- dence is at Betlian}-. JIo. . where lie served as Postmaster, during the administration of Presi- dent Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by President McKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901. PRESIDEXTIAL ELECTORS. (See Elections.) PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, located at Chi- cago, was organized in 1883 by a number of wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur- pose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick and disabled persons, and to provide them, while inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and forms of the Presbyterian Chmxh." Rush Med- ical College offered a portion of its ground as a site (see Rush Medical College) , and through generous subscriptions, a well-planned building was erected, capable of accommodating about 250 patients. A corridor connects the college and liospital buildings. Tlie medical staff comprises eighteen of Chicago's best known physicians and surgeons. PRESBTTERIAXS, THE. Tlie first Presby- terian societ}' in Illinois was organized by Rev. James McGready, of Kentuckj-, in 181C, at Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith, also Presbyterians, had visited the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massa- chusetts Slissionary Society, but had formed no society. The members of the Sharon church were almost all immigrants from the South, and were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two other churches were established in 1819 — one at Shoal Creek, Bond County, and the other at Edwardsville. In 1823 there were but three Presbyterian ministers in Illinois — Revs. Stephen Bliss, John Brich and B. F. Spilman. Ten years later there were 80 churches, with a membership of 2,300 and 60 ministers. In 1880 the number of churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890, (as shown by the United States census) there were less. In the latter year there were 403 ministers and 52.945 members. The Synod of Illinois is the highest ecclesiastical court of the denomination in the State, and, under its jurisdiction, the church maintains two seminaries; one (the Mc- Cormick) at Cliicago, and the other (the Black- burn University) at Carlinville. The organ of the denomination is "The Interior," founded by Cyrus H. McCormick, and published weekly at Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The Illinois Synod embraced within its jurisdiction (1893) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached 483 churches. 464 ministers and a membership of 63,247. (See also Religious Denominations.) PRICKETT, Abraham, pioneer merchant, was born near Lexington, Ky. . came to Madison Count}", III., in 1808; was employed for a time in the drug business in St. Louis, then opened a store at Edwardsville, where, in 1813, he received from the first County Court of Madison County, a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served as one of the three Delegates from Madison Coimty to the Convention which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of Edwardsville for a number of years. In 1825 he removed to Adams County and laid out an addi- tion to the city of Quincy; was also engaged there in trade with the Indians. In 1836, while engaged on a Government contract for the re- moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi- gation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La. —George TV. (Prickett) a son of the preceding, and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to have been the first white child born in Edwards- ville. — Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham, came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in 1818, where he was engaged in mercantile busi- ness with his brother and, later, on his own account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub- lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of State Militia. Inspector of the State Penitentiary, and, from 1838 to 'IS. was Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844. PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawyer, was born in Franklin County, Ga., Sept. 21, 1800; in early childhood was taken by his parents to Kentuckj' and from there to Edwardsville, lU. He gradu- ated from Transylvania L'niversitj-, and, in 1831, began the practice of law ; was the first Supreme Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison County Probate Court, Representative in the General Assemblj- (1826-28), Aid-de-Camp to General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War, State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit (1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis- sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of Illi- nois (1842), Clerk of the House of Representatives for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same at the time of his death, March 1, 1847. PRI>'CE, David, physician and surgeon, was born in Brooklyne, Windham County, Conn., June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to Canandaigua, N. Y., and was educated in the academy there ; began the study of medicine in the College of Phj-sicians and Surgeons in New York, finishing at the Ohio Medical College, Cin- cinnati, where he was associated, for a year and a 434 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. half, with the celebrated surgeon, Dr. Muzzy. In 1843 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical Department of Illinois College; later, spent five years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when, returning to Jacksonville in 1853, he established himself in practice there, devoting special atten- tion to surgery, in which he had already won a wide reputation. During the latter part of the Civil War he served, for fourteen months, as Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, and, on the capture of a portion of his brigade, voluntarily surrendered himself that he might attend the captives of his command in Libby Prison. After the close of the war he was employed for some months, by the Sanitary Com- mission, in writing a medical history of the war. He visited Europe twice, first in 1881 as a dele- gate to the International Medical Congress in London, and again as a member of the Copen- hagen Congress of 1884 — at each visit making careful inspection of the hospitals in London, Paris, and Berlin. About 1867 he established a Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he stood in the front rank of his profession, and his death was mourned by large numbers who had received the benefit of his ministrations without money and without price. He was member of a number of leading professional associations, besides local literary and social organizations. Died, at Jacksonville, Deo. 19, 1889. PRINCE, Edward, lawyer, was born at West Bloomfield, Ontario County, N. Y. , Dec. 8. 1833 , attended school at Paj'son, 111., and Illinois Col lege, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in 18.52; studied law at Quincy, and after admission to the bar in 1853, began dealing in real estate. In 1861 he offered his services to Governor Yates, was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry and, a few months later, commis-sioned Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, tak- ing part, as second in command, in the celebrated "Grierson raid" through Mississippi, in 1803. serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel of his regiment, in 1864. After the war he gave considerable attention to engineering and the construction of a system of water-works for the city of Quincy. where he now resides. PRINCE, George W., lawyer and Congressman, born in Tazewell County, 111., March 4, 1854; waa educated in the public schools and at Knox Col- lege, graduating from the latter in 1878. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880; was elected City Attorney of Galesburg the following year; served as chairman of the Knox County RepubUcan Central Committee in 1884, and, in 1888, was elected Representative in the General Assembly and re-elected two years later. In 1893 lie was the Republican nominee for Attorney-General of the State of Illinois, but was defeated with the rest of the State ticket; at a special election, held in April, 1895, he was chosen Representative in Congress from the Tenth District to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had occurred in January' preceding. In common with a majority of his colleagues, Mr. Prince was re-elected in 1896, receiving a plurality of nearly 16,000 votes, and was elected for a third term in November, 1898. PRINCETON, a city and the county-seat of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 32 miles west-southwest of Mendota, and 104 miles west-southwest of Chi- cago; has a court house, gas-works, electric lights, graded and high schools, numerous churches, three newspapers and several banks. Coal is mined five miles east, and the manufac- tures include flour, carriages and farm imple- ments. Pop. (1890), 3,396; (1900), 4,023. Prince- ton is populated with one of the most intelligent and progressive communities in the State. It was the home of Owen Lovejoy during the greater part of his life in Illinois. PRINCETON & WESTERN R.ULWAY. (See ChiCLUjo cfr Xorthivestern RaHiray.) PRINCEVILLE, a village of Peoria County, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Rock Island & Peoria Railways, 23 miles northwest of Peoria ; is a trade center for a prosperous agricul- tural region. Population (1890), 041; (1900), 735 PROPHETSTOWN, a town in Whiteside County, on Rock River and the Fulton Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 45 miles northwest of Mendota; has some manu- factures, three banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 694; (1900), 1,143. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION. (See Minority Representation. ) PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The pioneer Episcopal clergyman in this State was the Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, who was made Bishop of Illinois in 1835, and was the founder of Jubi- lee College. (See Cliase, Rev. Philander.) The State at present is organized under the provincial HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 435 system, the province comprising the dioceses of Cliicago, Quincy and Springfield. At its head (1898) is the Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Bishop of Chicago. Rev. George F. Seymour of Spring- field is Bishop of the Springfield Diocese, with C. R. Hale, Coadjutor at Cairo, and Rev. Alex- ander Burgess, Bishop of the Quincy Diocese, with residence at Peoria. The numerical strength of the cliurch in Illinois is not great, although between 1880 and 1890 its membership was almost doubled. In 1840 there were but eighteen parishes, with thirteen clergymen and a member- ship of 367. By 1880 the number of parishes had increased to 89, there being 127 ministers and 9,843 communicants. The United States Census of 1890 showed the following figures: Parishes, 197; clergymen, 150. membership, 18,609. Total contributions (1890) for general church and mis- sion work, §373,798. The chief educational insti- tution of the denomination in the West is the Western Theological Seminary at Chicago. (See also Religious Denominations.) rRTOR, Joseph Everett, pioneer and early steamboat captain, was born in Virginia, August 10. 1787 — the son of a non-commissioned officer of the Revolution, who emigrated to Kentucky about 1790 and settled near Louisville, which was then a fort with some twenty log cabins. In 1813 the son located where Golconda, Pope County, now stands, and early in life adopted the calling of a boatman, which he pursued some forty years. At this time he held a commission as a "Falls Pilot." and piloted the first steamer that ascended the Ohio River from New Orleans. During his long service no accident happened to any steamer for which he was responsible, although the Mis- sissippi then bristled with snags. He owned and commanded the steamer Telegrajih, which was sunk, in 183.5, by collision with the Duke of Orleans on the Mississippi, but, owing to his pres- ence of mind and the good discipline of his crew, no lives were lost. The salient features of his character were a boundless benevolence mani- fested to others, and his dauntless courage, dis- played not only in the face of dangers met in his career as a boatman, but in his encounters with robbers who then infested portions of Southern Illinois. He had a reputation as a skillful pilot and popular commander not excelled by any of his contemporaries. He died, at his home in Pope County, Oct. 5, 1851, leaving one daughter, now Mrs. Cornelia P. Bozman, of Cairo, 111. PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, SUPERINTEND- ENTS OF. (See Superintendents of Public Instruction.) PUGH, Isaac C, soldier, was born in Christian County, Ky., Nov. 23, 1805; came to Illinois, in 1821, with his father, who first settled in Shelby Count}', but, in 1829, removed to Macon County, where the subject of this sketch resided until his death, at Decatur, Nov. 14, 1874. General Pugh served in three wars — first in the Black Hawk War of 1832 ; then, with the rank of Captain and Field Officer in the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) in the war with Mexico, and, during the Civil War, entering upon the latter as Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in September, 1861, and being mustered out with the rank of full Briga- dier-General in August, 1804, when his regiment was consolidated with the Fifty-third. He took part with his regiment in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the operations around Vicksburg, being wounded at the latter. In the year of Iiis retirement from the army (1864) he was elected a Representative in the Twenty-fourth General Assembly, and, the fol- lowing year, was chosen County-Clerk of Macon County, serving four j-ears. PUtiH, Jonathan H., pioneer lawyer, was born in Bath County, Ky., came to Bond County, 111., finally locating at Springfield in 1823, and being the second lawyer to establish himself in practice in that city. He served in the Tliird, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh General Assemblies, and was defeated for Congress by Joseph Duncan (after- wards Governor), in 1831. Died, in 1833. Mr. Pugh is described by his contemporaries as a man of brilliant parts, an able lawyer and a great \yit. PULASKI COUNTY, an extreme southern county and one of the smallest in the State, bordering on the Ohio River and having an area of 190 square miles and a population (1900), of 14,554. It was cut oflf from Alexander County in 1843, and named in honor of a Polish patriot who had aided the Americans during the Revolution. The soil is generally rich, and the surface varied with much low land along the Cache and the Ohio Rivers. Wheat, corn and fruit are the principal crops, while considerable timber is cut upon the bottom lands. Mound City is the county-seat and was conceded a population, by the census of 1890, of 2.550. Only the lowest, barren portion of the carboniferous formation extends under the soil, the coal measures being absent. Traces of iron have been found and sulphur and copperas springs abound. PULLMAN, a former suburb (now a part of the South Division) of the city of Chicago, 13.8 miles south of the initial station of the Illinois 436 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Central Railroad. The Pullman Palace Car Com- pany began the erection of buildings here in 1880, and, on the 1st of January, 1881, the first family settled in the future manufacturing city. Within the next few j-ears, it became the center of the largest manufacturing establishments in the country, including the Pullman Car Works, the Allen Paper Car Wheel Works and extensive steel forging works, employing thousands of mechanics. Large numbers of sleeping and din- ing cars, besides ordinary passenger coaches and freight cars, were manufactured here every year, not only for use on the railroads of the United States, but for foreign countries as well. The town was named for the late George M. Pullman, the founder of the car-works, and was regarded as a model city, made up of comfortable homes erected by the Palace Car Company for the use of its emplo3'es. It was well supplied with school- houses, and churches, and a public library was established there and opened to the public in 1883. The town was annexed to the city of Chi- cago in 1890. PULLMAN, George Mortimer, founder of the Pullman Palace Car Company, was born at Broc- ton, N. Y., March 3, 1831, enjoyed ordinary edu- cational advantages in his boyhood and, at fourteen years of age, obtained employment as a clerk, but a year later joined his brother in the cabinet-making business at Albion. His father, who was a house-builder and house-mover, hav- ing died in 1853, young Pullman assumed the responsibility of caring for the family and, hav- ing secured a contract for raising a number of buildings along the Erie Canal, made necessary by the enlargement of that tlioroughfare, in this way acquired some capital and experience which was most valuable to him in after years. Com- ing to Chicago in 1859, when the work of raising the grade of the streets in the business portion of the city had been in progress for a year or two, he found a new field for the exercise of his inventive skill, achieving some marvelous trans- formations in a number of the principal business blocks in that part of the city. As early as 1858, Mr. Pullman had had his attention tm-ned to devising some means for increasing the comforts of night-travel upon railways, and, in 1859, he remodeled two old day-coaches into a species of sleeping-cars, which were used upon the Alton Road. From 1860 to 1863 he spent in Colorado devoting his engineering skill to mining; but returning to Chicago the latter year, entered upon his great work of developing the idea of the sleeping-car into practical reality. The first car was completed and received the name of the "Pioneer." This car constituted a part of the funeral train which took the remains of Abraham Lincoln to Springfield, 111., after his assassination in April, 1865. The development of the "Pull- man palace sleeping-car," the invention of the dining-car, and of vestibule trains, and the build- ing up of the great industrial town which bears his name, and is now a part of the city of Chi- cago, constituted a work of gradual development wliich resulted in some of the most remarkable achievements in the history of the nineteenth century, both in a business sense and in promot- ing the comfort and safety of the traveling pub- lic, as well as in bettering the conditions of workingmen. He lived to see the results of his inventive genius and manufacturing skill in use upon the principal railroads of the United States and introduced upon a number of important lines in Europe also. Mr. Pullman was identified with a number of other enterprises more or less closely related to the transportation business, but the Pullman Palace Car Company was the one with which he was most closely connected, and by which he will be longest remembered. He was also associated with some of the leading educa- tional and benevolent enterprises about the city of Chicago, to which he contributed in a liberal manner during his life and in his will. His death occui'red suddenly, from heart disease, at his home in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1897. PURPLE, Norman H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Litchfield County, Conn., read law and was admitted to the bar in Tioga County, Pa., settled at Peoria, 111., in 1836, and the following year was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the Ninth Judicial District, which then embraced the greater portion of the State east of Peoria. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector, and, in 1845, Governor Ford appointed him a Justice of the Supreme Court, vice Jesse B, Thomas, Jr., who had resigned. As required by law, he at the same time served as Circuit Judge, his district embracing all the counties west of Peoria, and his home being at Quincy. After the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 he returned to Peoria and resumed practice. He compiled the Illinois Statutes relating to real property, and, in 1857, made a compilation of the general laws, gener- ally known to the legal profession as the "Purple Statutes." He subsequently undertook to com- pile and arrange the laws passed from 1857 to '63, and was engaged on this work when overtaken by death, at Cliicago, Aug 9, 1863. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 437 and, during the last ten years of his life, promi- nent at the Chicago bar. PUTERBAUGH, Sabin D., judge and author, was born in Miami County, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1834; at 8 years of age removed with his parents to Taze- well County, 111 ; settled in Pekin in 1853, where he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. At the outbreak of the rebellion he was commis- sioned, by Governor Yates, Slajor of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalr}', and took part in numerous engagements in Western Tennessee and Missis- sippi, including the battles of Shiloh and Corinth. Resigning liis commission in 18G3, he took up his residence at Peoria, where he resumed practice and began the preparation of his first legal work — "Common Law Pleading and Practice." In 1864 he formed a partnership with Col. Robert G. IngersoU, which continued until 1867, when Mr. Puterbaugh was elected Circuit Court Judge. He retired from the bench in 1873 to resume pri- vate practice and pursue his work as an author. His first work, having already run through three editions, was followed by "Puterbaugh's Chan- cery Pleading and Practice," the first edition of which appeared in 1874, and "Michigan Chancery Practice," which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republi- can ticket. Died, Sept. 25, 1893. Leslie D. (Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is Judge of the Circuit Court of the Peoria Circuit. PUTNAM COUNTY, the smallest county in the State, both as to area and population, containing only 170 square miles; population (1900), 4,746. It lies near the center of the north half of the State, and was named in honor of Gen. Israel Putnam. The first American to erect a cabin within its limits was Gurdon S. Hubbard, who was in business there, as a fur-trader, as early as 1825, but afterwards became a prominent citizen of Chicago. The county was created by act of the Legislature in 1825, although a local govern- ment was not organized until some years later. Since that date. Bureau, Marshall and Stark Counties have been erected therefrom. It is crossed and drained by the Illinois River. The surface is moderately undulating and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief staple, although wheat and oats are extensively cultivated. Coal is mined and exported. Hennepin is the county- seat QUINCT, the principal city of Western Illinois, and the county-seat of Adams County. It was founded in 1822— the late Gov. John Wood erect- ing the first log-cabin there — and was incorporated in 1839. The site is naturally one of the most beauti- ful in the State, the principal part of the city being built on a limestone bluff having an elevation of 125 to 150 feet, and overlooking the Mississippi for a long distance. Its location is 112 miles west of Springfield and 264 miles southwest of Chi- cago. Besides being a principal shipping point for the river trade north of St. Louis, it is the converging point of several important railway lines, including the Wabash, four branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City, giving east and west, as well as north and south, connections. At the present time (1904) several important Unes, or extensions of railroads already constructed, are in contemplation, which, when completed, will add largely to the commercial importance of the city. The city is regularly laid out, the streets inter- secting each other at right angles, and being lighted with gas and electricitj'. Water is obtained from the Mississippi. There are several electric railway lines, four public parks, a fine railway bridge across the Mississippi, to which a wagon bridge has been added within the past two years ; two fine railway depots, and several elegant public buildings, including a handsome county court-house, a Government building for the use of the Post-office and the United States District Court. The Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home is located here, embracing a large group of cot- tages occupied by veterans of the Civil War, besides hospital and admini.stration buildings for the use of the officers. The city has more than thirty churches, three libraries (one free-public and two college), with excellent schools and other educational advantages. Among the higher institutions of learning are the Chaddock College (Methodist Episcopal) and the St. Francis Solanus College (Roman Catholic). There are two or three national banks, a State bank with a capital of 8300,000. beside two private banks, four or five daily papers, with several weekly and one or two monthly publications. Its advantages as a shipping point by river and railroad have made it one of the most important manufacturing cen- ters west of Chicago. The census of 1890 showed a total of 374 manufacturing establishments, having an aggregate capital of S6, 187,845, employ- ing 5,058 persons, and turning out an annual product valued at $10,160,492. The cost of material used was §5,597,990, and the wages paid §3,883,571. The number of different industries reported aggregated seventy-six, the more impor- tant being foimdries, carriage and wagon fac- tories, agricultural implement works, cigar and 438 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick- yards, lime works, saddle and harness shops, paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and artificial-ice factories. Population (1880), 27,268; (1890), 31,494; (1900). 36,2.52. QUINCY, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, (See Chicago, Burlington A- Qniiicy Railroad.) QUIJfCT & CHICA(JO RAILROAD, (See Chi- cago, Burlington cf- Quinry Railroad.) QUINCT & TOLEDO RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) QCINCT & WARSAW RAILROAD, (See Chicago, Burlington d- Quincy Railroad.) RAAB, Henry, ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born in Wetzlar, Rhen- ish Prussia, June 20, 1837 ; learned the trade of a currier with his father and came to the United States in 18.53, finally locating at Belleville, 111., where, in 18.57, he became a teacher in the pub- lic schools ; in 1873 was made Superintendent of schools for that city, and, in 1882, was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket, declined a renomination in 1886; was nominated a second time in 1890, and re-elected, but defeated by S. M. Inglis in 1894. In the administration of his office, Pro- fessor Raab showed a commendable freedom from partisanship. After retiring from the office of State Superintendent, he resumed a position in connection with the public schools of Belleville. RADISSOX, Pierre Esprit, an early French traveler and trader, who is said to have reached the Upper Mississippi on his third voyage to the West in 1658-59. The period of his explorations extended from 1652 to 1684, of which he prepared a narrative which was published by the Prince Society of Boston in 1885, under the title of "Radisson's Voyages." He and his brother-in- lavp, Medard Chouart, first conceived the idea of planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. (See Chouart, Medard. ) RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMIS- SION, a Board of three Commissioners, appointed by the executive (by and with the advice and con- sent of the Senate) , under authority of an act ap- proved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of tlie provisions of the Constitution and laws in relation to railroads and warehouses. The Commission's powers are partly judicial, parti}- executive. The following is a summary of its powers and duties: To establish a schedule of maximum rates, equi- table to shipper and carrier alike; to require yearly reports from railroads and warehouses; to hear and pass upon complaints of extortion and unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condi- tion of railway road-beds, bridges and trestles ; to hear and decide all manner of complaints relative to intersections and to protect grade-crossings; to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking sys- tem, to be approved by the Commission; to enforce proper rules for the inspection and regis- tration of grain throughout the State. The prin- cipal offices of the Commission are at the State capital, where monthly sessions are held. For the purpose of properly conducting the grain inspection department, monthly meetings are also held at Chicago, where the offices of a Grain Inspector, appointed by the Board, are located. Here all business relating to this department is discussed and necessary special meetings are held. The inspection department has no revenue outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its maintenance. Fees for inspection on arrival ("inspection in'") are twenty-five cents per car- load, ten cents per wagon-load, and forty cents per 1,000 bushels from canal-boat or vessels. For inspection from store ("inspected out") the fees are fifty cents per 1,000 bushels to vessels; thirtj'-five cents per car-load, and ten cents per wagon- load to teams. While there are never wanting some cases of friction between the trans- portation companies and warehousemen on the one hand, and the Commission on the other, there can be no question that the formation of the latter has been of great value to the receiv- ers, shippers, forwarders and tax-paj'ers of the State generally. Similar regulations in regard to the inspection of grain in warehouses, at East St. Louis and Peoria, are also in force. The first Board, created under the act of 1871, consisted of Gustavus Koerner, Richard P. Morgan and David S. Hammond, holding office until 1873. Other Boards have been as follows: 1873-77 — Henry D. Cook (deceased 1873, and succeeded by James Steele), David A. Brown and John M. Pearson; 1877-83— William M. Smith, George M. Bogue and John H. Oberly (retired 1881 and succeeded by William H. Robinson) ; 1883-85— Wm. N. Brain- ard, E. C. Lewis and Charles T. Stratton; 1885-89 — John I. Rinaker, Benjamin F. Marsh and Wm. T. Johnson (retired in 1887 and succeeded by Jason Rogers); 1889-93— John R. Wheeler, Isaac N. Phillips and W. S. Crim (succeeded, 1891, by John R. Tanner) ; 1803-97— W. S. CantreU, Thomas F. Gahan and Charles F. Lape (succeeded. 1895, by George W. Fithian) ; 1897-99— Cicero J. Lindley, Charles S. Rannells and James E. Bidwell. (See also Grain Inspection.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 439 RAILROADS (IN GENERAL). The existing railroad system of Illinois had its inception in the mania for internal improvement which swept over the country in 1836-37, the basis of the plan adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being that the State should construct, maintain, own and operate an elaborate system. Lines were to be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville to Mount Carmel, from Bloomington to Mack- inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. The experiment proved extremely imfortunate to the financial interests of the State, and laid the foundation of an immense debt under which it staggered for many years. The Northern Cross Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Spring- field, was the only one so far completed as to be in operation. It was sold, in 1847, to Nicholas H. Ridgely, of Springfield for §31,100, he being the highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of the existing Wabash S3'stem. The first road to be operated by private parties (outside of a prim- itive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This was the second line completed in tlie State, and the first to run from Chicago. The subsequent development of the railway system of Illinois was at first gradual, then steady and finally rapid. A succinct description of the various lines now in operation in the State may be found under appropriate headings. At present Illinois leads all the States of the Union in the extent of railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of main track being 10,785.43 — or 19 miles for each 100 square miles of territory and 2.5 miles for each 10,000 inhabitants — estimating the population (1898) at four and a quarter millions. Every one of the 102 counties of the State is traversed by at least one railroad except three — Calhoun, Hardin and Pope. The entire capitalization of the 111 companies doing business in the State in 1896, (including capital stock, funded debt and current liabilities), was ?2,669,164,142— equal to §67,556 per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased lines paid dividends of from four to eight per cent on common, and from four to ten per cent on preferred, stock — the total amount thus paid aggregating §25,321,752. The total earnings and income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the State, aggregated §77,508,587, while the total expenditure within the State was §71,463,367. Of the 58,263,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,- 798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366 mineral products. The number of passengers (earning revenue) carried during the year, was 83,281,655. The total number of railroad em- ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for the year was §3,846,379. From 1836, when the first special charter was granted for the con- struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869^ after which all corporations of this character came under the general incorporation laws of the State in accordance vrith the Constitution of 1870 — 293 special charters for the construction of railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides numerous amendments of charters already in existence. (For the history of important indi- vidual lines see each road under its corporate name. ) RALSTON, Virgil Young, editor and soldier, was born, July 16, 1828, at Vanceburg, Ky. ; was a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47), after which he studied law in Quincy and prac- ticed for a time; also resided some time in Cali- fornia; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "The Quincy Whig," and represented that paper in the Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856. (See Anfi-Xebraska Editorial Convention.) In 1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six- teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on account of ill-health; later, enlisted in an Iowa regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864. RAMSAY, Rufus N., State Treasurer, was born on a farm in Clinton Count}-, 111. , May 20, 1838 ; received a collegiate education at Illinois and McKendree CoUeges, and at Indiana State Uni- versity ; studied law with ex-Gov. A. C. French, and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon abandoned the law for banking, in which he was engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting his business to the latter place about 1890. He served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and two terms (1889 and "91) as Representative in the General Assembly, and, in 1892, was nominated as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894. RAMSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroads, 12 miles north of Vandalia; the district is agricultural; has one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 747. RANDOLPH COUNTY, Ues in the southwest section of the State, and borders on the Missis- sippi River; area 560 square miles; named for Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair County in 1795, being the second county organ- 440 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ized in the territory which now constitutes the State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illi- nois history, Randolph County has been a pivotal point. In the autumn of 1700 a French and Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia, which subsequently became the center of French influence in the Mississippi Valley. In 1723 Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French. It was in Randolph County that Fort Chartres was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition for the seizure of the "Illinois Country" met with success in the capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration began with the close of the Revolutionary War. Among the early settlers were the Cranes (Icha- bod and George), Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones. Toward the close of the century came Shadrach Bond (afterwards the first Governor of the State) with his uncle of the same name, and the Menards (Pierre and Hippolyte), the first of whom subsequently became Lieutenant - Gov- ernor. (See Bond, Shadrach; Menard, Pierre.) In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while its surface is diversified. Timber and building stone are abundant, and coal underlies a consid- erable area. Chester, the county-seat, a city of 3,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary. The county is crossed by several railroad lines, and transportation facilities are excellent. Pop- ulation (1890), 25,049; (1900), 28,001. RANSOM, (Gen.) Thomas Edward Greenfield, soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt. , Nov. 29, 1834; educated at Norwich University, an institution under charge of his father, who was later an officer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapul- tepec. Having learned civil engineering, he entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851; in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm of A. J. Galloway & Co., Chicago, soon after removing to Fayette County, where he acted as agent of the Illinois Central Railroad. Under the first call for volunteers, in April, 1861, he organized a company, whicli having been incor- porated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected Major, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three-years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, in tliis capacity having com- mand of his regiment at Fort Donelson, where he was severely wounded and won deserved pro- motion to a colonelcy, as successor to Gen. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Shiloh. Here Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by his bravery, and though again wounded while leading his regiment, remained in command through the day. His service was recognized by promotion as Brigadier - General. He bore a prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and his numerous wounds, dying in Chicago, Oct. 29, 1864, having previously received the brevet rank of Major-General. General Ransom was con- fessedly one of the most brilliant officers contrib- uted by Illinois to the War for the Union, and was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one of the ablest volunteer generals in their com- mands. R.VNTOUL, a city in Champaign County, at tlie junction of the main line of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign and 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has a national bank, seven churches, opera house, graded school, two weekly papers, machine shops, flouring and flax mills, tile factories, and many handsome re.sidences. Pop. (1900), 1,207. RASLE, Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, born in France, in 1658; at his own request was attached to the French missions in Canada in 1689, and, about 1691 or '92, was sent to the Illi- nois Country, where he labored for two years, traveling much and making a careful study of the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts descriptive of his journeyings and of the mode of life and character of the aborigines. From Illi- nois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine, where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki language in three volumes, which is now pre- served in the library of Harvard College. His influence over his Indian parishioners was great, and his use of it, during the French and Indian War, so incensed the English colonists in Massa- chusetts that the Governor set a price upon his head. On August 12, 1724, he was slain, with seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his escape, during a night attack upon Norridge- wock by a force of English soldiers from Fort Richmond, his mutilated body being interred the next day by the Indians. In 1833, the citizens of Norridgewock erected a monument to his mem- ory on the spot where he fell. RASTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Ger- many in 1828; entered journalism and came to America in 1851, being emplo3'ed on German papers in Buffalo and New York City ; in 1867 accepted the position of editor-in-chief of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung, ' ' which he continued to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 441 fill until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for the benefit of his health, dying at Dresden, July 24, iy91. While employed on papers in this country during the Civil War, he acted as the American correspondent of papers at Berlin, Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central Europe. He served as delegate to both State and National Conventions of the Republican party, and. in 1869, received from President Grant the appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, but, during the later years of his life, cooperated with the Democratic party. RAUCH, John Henry, physician and sanitary expert, born in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1838, and graduated in medicine at the University of Penn- sylvania, in 1849. The following year he removed to Iowa, settling at Burlington. He was an active member of the lovi-a State Medical Society, and, in 18.11, prepared and published a "Report on the Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa," and, later, made a collection of ichthyologic remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 18G0 he filled the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the same position in 18.59 in the Chicago College of Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organ- izers. During the Civil War he served, until 1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in reorganizing the city's health service, and, in 1867, was appointed a member of the new Board of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 1876. The latter year he was chosen President of the American Public Health Association, and, in 1877, a member of the newly created State Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first President. Later, he became Secretary, and con- tinued in that office during his connection with the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru- mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council of the Mississippi, and in securing the adoption of a system of river inspection by the National Board of Health. He was a member of many scientific bodies, and the author of numerous monographs and printed addresses, chiefiy in the domain of sanitary science and preventive med- icine. Among them may be noticed "Intra- mural Interments and Their Influence on Health and Epidemics," ''Sanitary Problems of Chi- cago," "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North America," and a series of reports as Secretary of the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon, Pa., March 24, 1894. RAUM, (Gen.) Green Berry, soldier and author, was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Dec. 3, 1829, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, but, three years later, removed with his family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities rendering him obnoxious to the pro-slavery party there, he retvirned to Illinois in 1857, settling at Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil War he was commissioned a Major in the Fifty- sixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and, later, advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning his commission at the close of the war (May 6, 1865). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi campaign of 1863, took a conspicuous part in the battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge. He also rendered valuable service during the Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communi- cation open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman in the "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in the Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In 1866 General Rauni became President of the pro- jected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise of which he had been an active promoter. He was elected to Congress in 1806 from the South- ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serv- ing one term, and the same year presided over the Republican State Convention, as he did again in 1876 and in 1880— was also a delegate to the National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago the last two years just mentioned. From August 2, 1876, to May 31, 1883, General Raum served as Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washing- ton, in that time having superintended the col- lection of §800,000,000 of revenue, and the disbursement of §30,000,000. After retiring from the Commissionership, he resumed the practice of law in Washington. In 1889 he was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the close of President Harrison's administration, when he removed to Chicago and again engaged in practice. During the various political cam- paigns of the past thirty years, his services have been in frequent request as a campaign speaker, and he has canvassed a number of States in the interest of the Republican party. Besides his official reports, he is author of "The Existing Conflict Between Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a number of magazine articles. 442 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. RAUM, John, pioneer and earlj- legislator, was born in Hummelstown, Pa., July 14, 1793, and died at Golconda, 111., March U, 1869. Having received a liberal education in his native State, the subject of this sketch settled at Shawnee town, 111., in 1823, but removed to Golconda, Pope County, in 1836. He had previously served three years in the War of 1812, as First Lieutenant of the Sixteenth Infantrj-, and, while a resident of Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 as Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator from the District composed of Pope and Johnson Counties in the Eighth General Assembly (1833), as successor to Samuel Alexander, who had resigned. The following year he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and was also elected Clerk of the County Court the same year, lidding both offices for many years, and retaining the County Clerkship up to his death, a period of thirtj'-five years. He was married March 22, 1837, to Juliet C. Field, and was father of Brig. -Gen. Green B. Raum, and Maj. John M. Raum, both of whom served in the volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil War. RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier, Secretary of War, was born at East Galena, Feb. 13, 1831, the son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoal- burner. The son, after irregular attendance on the district schools and a year passed at Mount Morris Academy, began the study of law. He was admitted to the bar at Galena in 1854, and at once began practice. In 18.57 he was elected City Attorney of Galena, and nominated on the Doug- las electoral ticket in 1860. At the outbreak of the Civil War he favored, and publicly advocated, coercive measures, and it is said that it was partly through his influence that General Grant early tendered his services to the Government. He served on the staff of the latter from the time General Grant was given command of a brigade until the close of the war, most of the time being its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until, in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in 1865, a Major-General. His long service on the staff of General Grant indicates the estimation in which he was held by his chief. Promptlj- on the assumption of the Presidency by General Grant, in March, 1869, he was appointed Secre- tary of War, but consumption had already obtained a hold upon his constitution, and he sur- vived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6, 1869. RAY, Charles H., journalist, was born at Nor- wich, Chenango County, N. Y., March 12, 1821; came west in 1843, studied medicine and began practice at Muscatine, Iowa, afterwards locating in Tazewell County, 111., also being associated, for a time, with the publication of a temperance paper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian, " a Democratic paper, with which he remained until 1854. He took strong ground against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and, at the session of the Legislature of 1855, served as Secretary of the Senate, also acting as corre- spondent of "The New York Tribune"; a few months later became associated with Joseph Medill and John C. Vaughan in the purcliase and management of "The Chicago Tribune," Dr. Ray assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr. Ray was one of the most trenchant and powerful writers ever connected with the Illinois press, and his articles exerted a wide influence during the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which he was an influential factor. He was a member of the Convention of Anti-Neb- raska editors held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, and served as Chairman of the Committee on Reso- lutions. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Conven- tion.) At the State Republican Convention held at Bloomington, in May following, he was appointed a member of the State Central Com- mittee for that j^ear ; was also Canal Trustee by appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from 1857 to 1861. In November, 1863, he severed his connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in oil speculations in Canada which proved finan- cially disastrous. In 1865 he returned to the paper as an editorial writer, remaining only for a short time. In 1868 he assunaed the management of "The Chicago Evening Post," with which he remained identified until his death, Sept. 23, 1870. RAT, Lyman Beecher, exLieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born in Crittenden County, Vt. , August 17, 1831 ; removed to Illinois in 1853, and has since been engaged in mercantile business in this State. After filling several local offices he was elected to represent Grundy County in the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1873), and, ten years later, was chosen State Senator, serving from 1883 to 1887, and being one of the recognized party leaders on the floor. In 1888, he was elected Lieutenant-Gov- ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring in 1893. His home is at Morris, Grundy County. RAY, William H., Congressman, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1813; grew to manhood in his native State, receiving a limited HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 443 education; in 1834 removed to Rushville, III., engaging in business as a merchant and. later, as a banker ; was a member of the first State Board of Equalization (1867-69), and, in 1872, was elected to Congress as a Republican, representing his District from 1873 to 1875. Died, Jan. 35, 1881. RATMOXD, a village of Montgomery County, on the St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railway, 50 miles southwest of Decatur ; has electric lights, some manufactures and a weekly paper. Con- siderable coal is mined here and grain and fruit grown iu the surrounding country. Population (1880). 543; (1890), 841; (1900), 906. RAYMOND, (Rev.) Miner, D.D,, clergyman and educator, was born in New York City, August 29, 1811, being descended from a family of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai- monde"), who were expelled from France on account of their religion. In his youth he learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, at Rensselaerville, N. Y. He united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17, later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the New England Conference and, three years later, began pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu- pying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, on the resignation of Dr. Robert Allyn (after- wards President of McKendree College and of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale), Dr. Raymond succeeded to the principalship of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti- tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the latter institution continuing until 1895, when he resigned. For some three years of this period he served as pastor of the First Methodist Church at Evanston. His death occurred, Nov. 25, 1897. REAVIS, Logan Uriah, journalist, was born in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County, 111., March 26, 1831; in 1855 entered the office of "The Beardstown Gazette, " ' later purchased an interest in the paper and continued its publication under the name of "The Central lUinoian," until 1857, when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Return- ing, in 1860, he repurchased his old paper and conducted it until 1866, when he sold out for the last time. The remainder of his life was devoted chiefly to advocating the removal of the National Capital to Sfi. Louis, which he did by lectures and the publication of pamphlets and books on the subject; also published a "Life of Horace Greeley," another of General Harney, and two or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis, April 25, 1889. RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influ- ential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri- torial days. According to Governor Reynolds, who has left the most detailed account of them in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," they consisted of nine brothers and four daughters, all of whom were born in Fauquier County, Va., some of them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds describes them as passionate and impulsive, but possessed of a high standard of integrity and a chivalrous and patriotic .spirit. — William, the oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian campaigns between 1813 and 1814. In 1816 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Illinois, Mis- souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to St. Louis. — Steplien, another of the brothers, was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Cliarles commanded one of the two regiments organized by Governor Edwards, in 1812, for the expedition against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake. — Nelson, still another brother, served in the same expedition on the staff of Governor Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a member of the expedition sent to strengthen Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great cour- age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor (afterwards President) in an expedition on the Upper Mississippi, iu which they came in conflict with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in which Captain Rector again displayed the cour- age so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of March, 1814, while in charge of a surveying party on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians and, though severely wounded, was carried away by his horse, and recovered. — Elias, another mem- ber of the family, was Governor Edwards' first Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1809, when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was reappointed in 1810, serving for more than three years. — Thomas, one of the younger members, had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody Island," sometime between 1812 and 1814, in which he killed liis antagonist. (See Ihiels.) A portion of this historic family drifted into Arkan- sas, where they became prominent, one of their 444 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. descendants serving as Governor of that State during tlie Civil War period. RED Bl'D, a citv in Randolph Countj-, on the Mobile it Ohio Railroad, some 37 miles south- southeast of St. Louis, and 31 miles south of Belle- ville; has a carriage factory and two flouring mills, electric lights, a hospital, two banks, five churches, a graded school and a weekly news- paper. Pop. (1890), 1,176; (1900), 1,169. REEVES, Owen T., lawyer and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Dec. 18, 1829; gradu- ated at the Ohio AVeslej'an Universit3', at Dela- ware, in 1850, afterwards serving as a tutor in that institution and as Principal of a High School at Chillicothe. In 1854 he came to Bloom- ington. 111., and, as a member of the School Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system of that city; also has served continuously, for over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi- nois Wesleyan University, being a part of the time President of the Board. In the meantime, he had begun the practice of law, served as City Attorney and member of the Board of Supervis- ors. July 1, 1863, he enlisted in the Seventieth Illinois Volunteers (a lOO-days" emergency regi- ment), was elected Colonel and mustered out, with his command, in October, 1863. Colonel Reeves was subsequently connected with the construction of the Lafayette, Bloomington & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois Central), and was also one of the founders of the Law Department of the Wesleyan University. In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serv- ing continuously, by repeated re-elections, until 1891 — during the latter part of his incumbency being upon the Appellate bench. REETES, Walter, Member of Congress and lawj-er, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 1848 ; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and was reared on a farm ; later became a teacher and lawyer, following his profession at Streator; in 1894 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Eleventh District for Congress, as successor to the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected, receiving a majority over three competitors. Mr. Reeves was re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison for the incarceration of male offenders under 21 years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of reformation. It is the successor of the "State Reform School," which was created bj' act of the Legislature of 1867, but not opened for the admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at Pontiac. The number of inmates, in 1872, was 165, which was increased to 334 in 1890. The results, while moderately successful, were not altogether satisfactory. The appropriations made for con- struction, maintenance, etc.. were not upon a scale adequate to accomj^lish what was desired, and, in 1891, a radical change was effected. Previous to that date the limit, as to age, was 16 years. The law establishing the present reforma- tory provides for a system of indeterminate sen- tences, and a release upon parole, of inmates who, in the opinion of the Board of Managers, may be .safely granted conditional liberation. The inmates are divided into two classes. (1) those between the ages of 10 and 16, and (3) those between 16 and 31. The Board of Managers is composed of five members, not more than tliree of whom shall be of the same party, their term of office to be for ten years. The course of treat- ment is educational (intellectually, morally and industrially), schools being conducted, trades taught, and the inmates constantly impressed with the conviction that, only through genuine and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can they regain their freedom. The reformatory influence of the institution may be best inferred from the results of one year's operation. Of 146 inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and became fugitives, 6 were returned to the Reformatory, 1 died, and 134 remained in employment and regularly reporting. Among the industries can-ied on are painting and glaz- ing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knit- ting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering, tailoring and blacksmithing. Tlie grounds of the Reformatory contain a vein of excellent coal, which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay, thus obtained, in the manufacture of brick, which can be employed in the construction of additional needed buildings. The average num- ber of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most seri- ous offenses known to the criminal code, with the exception of homicide. The number of inmates, at the beginning of the year 1895, was 813. An institution of a similar character, for the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was established under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893, and located at Gen- eva, Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile FciiiiiU- Offiiiders.) RELUaorS DEN03IIXATI0NS. The State con.stitutiiin contains the familiar guaranty of absolute freedom of conscience. The chief denominations have grown in like ratio with the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. US population, as may be seen from figures given below. The earliest Christian services held were conducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested the sincerity of their convictions (in many instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either through violence or exposure. The aborigines, however, were not easily Christianized; and. shortly after the cession of Illinois by France to Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being gener- ally withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence upon the red men, although the French, who remained in the ceded territorj', continued to adhere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis- sionaries.) One of the first Protestant sects to hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Epis- copal ; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in 1793, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the American Bottom in 1796. (For history of Methodism in Illinois, see Methodist Episcopal Church.) The pioneer Protestant preacher, however, was a Baptist — Elder James Smith— who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance followed him in 1796, and the first denominational association was formed in 1807. (As to inception and growth of this denomination in Illinois, see also Bap- tists.) In 1814 the Massachusetts Missionary Society sent two missionaries to Illinois — Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith. Two years later (1816), the First Presbyterian Church was organized at Sharon, by Rev. James McGready, of Kentucky. (See also Presbyterians.) The Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide of immigration that set in from the Eastern States, early in the '30's. Four churches were organized in 1833, and the subsequent growth of the denomination in the State, if gradual, has been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About the same time came the Disciples of Christ (some- times called, from their founder, "Campbellites"). They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and warm hearted, and did not require belief in any particular creed as a condition of membership. The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength. (See Disciples of Christ. ) The Protestant Episco- palians obtained their first foothold in Illinois, in 183.5, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward con- secrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.) The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri Synod, only four use the English language. They are the only Protestant sect maintaining (when- ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See Lutherans. ) There are twenty -six other religious bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who have twelve .synagogues and nine rabbis. Ac- cording to the census statistics of 1890, these twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength, number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as fol- lows; Anti-Mission Baptists, 3,800 members, 78 churches and 63 ministers; Church of God, 1,300 members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards, 121,000 members, 15.5 churches, 83 ministers; Friends ("Quakers") 3,65.5 members, 25 churches; Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84 ministers; Free-Will Baptists, 4,694 members, 107 churches, 72 ministers; Evangelical Association, 15,904 members, 143 churches, 152 ministers; Cumberland Presbyterians, 11,804 members, 198 churches, 149 ministers; Methodist Episcopal (South) 3,927 members, 34 churches, 33 minis- ters; Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 8 ministers ; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgi- ans), 662 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers; Primitive Methodist, 230 members, 2 churches, 2 ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members, 91 churches, 106 ministers ; Reformed Church in United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19 ministers; Reformed Church of America, 2,200 members, 24 churches, 23 ministers; Reformed Episcopalians, 2,150 members, 13 churches, 11 ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 mem- bers, 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation Army, 1,980 members; Second Adventists, 4,500 mem- bers, fr4 churches, 35 ministers; Seventh Day Baptists, 320 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers: Universalists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37 ministers; Unitarians, 1,225 members. 19 churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical, 30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers; United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches, 260 ministers ; United Presbyterians, 11,250 mem- bers, 203 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan Methodists. 1,100 members, 16 churches. 33 min- isters. (See various Churches under their proper names ; also Roman Catholic Church. ) REXD, William Patrick, soldier, capitalist, and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim, Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840. brought to Lowell, Mass., in boyhood, and graduated from the high school there at 17; taught for a time near New York City and later in Maryland, where he began a course of classical study. The Civil War coming on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a non-commissioned officer, and participating in the battles of the second Bull Run, Malvern HiU, 446 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. After the war he came to Chicago and secured employment in a railway surveyor's ofBce, later acting as foreman of the Northwestern freight depot, and finally embarking in the coal business, which was conducted with such success that he became the owner of some of the most valuable mining properties in the country. Meanwhile he has taken a deep interest in the welfare of miners and other classes of laborers, and has sought to promote arbitration and conciliation between employers and employed, as a means of averting disastrous strikes. He was especially active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to bring about an understanding between the miners and the operators. For several years he held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by the demands of his private business, to tender his resignation. REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. The followlDR table presents the names, residence. Districts rerresented, politics (except as to earlier ones), and length of term or terms of service of Illinois Representatives in the lower House of Congress, from the organization of Illinois as a Territory down to the present time; (D, Democrat; W, Whig; R, Republican; G-B, Greenback; P, Populist). Residenck. Dist. ICaskasliia Edwardsviile Kaskaslcia Shawneetown Kaskaskia Jackson& Morgan Cos Jacksonville Springfield , Belleville , ijelleviUe .. , Belleville... , Mt. Vernon . Belleville.. . Springfield.. . Spri Sbadrach Bond... Benjamin Stephenson Nathaniel Pope John McLean Daniel P.Cook Joseph Duncan Joseph Duncan Wilham L. May,D Charles Slade John Reynolds, D John Reynolds, D Zadoc Casey, D Adam W.Snyder, D John T. Stuart, W John T. Stuart, O. P. Robert Smith, D John A . McClernand, D . . John A. McClernand, D .. Orlando B. FicKlin, U Orlando B. Ficklin, D John Wentworth, D John Wentworth, D John Wentworth, R Stephen A. Douglas, D.... William A. Richardson, D. William A. Richardson, D Joseph P. Hoge, D — •. — John J. Hardin, W EdwardD. Balier, W Edward D. Baker, W John Heurv, W Thomas J. Turner, D IFreeport Abraham Lincoln, W Springfield, William H. Bisseli, D... William H.Bissell,D.. Timothy R. Young. D.. ThomasL. Harris, D... Thomas L. Harris, D... Willis Allen, D Willis Allen, D Richard S. Maloney, 1>. Thompson Campbell, D Richard Yates, W Richard Yates, W E. B. Washburne, R.... E. B. Washburne, E Jesse O. Norton, R Jesse O. Norton, R James Knox,R James C. Allen, D James C. Allen, D James H. Woodworth, R. . Jacob C. Davis, D Lyman Trumbull, B J. L. D. Morrison, D .Samuels. Marshall, D Samuel S. Marshall, D Samuels. Marshall. D John F. Farnswnrth, R John F. Farnsworth, R Owen Lovejoy.R Owen Lovejoy. R William Kellogg. R... Isaac N, Morris, D Charles D, Hodges, D , Aaron Sliaw, D Chicago Chicago Chicago Quincy Rnshville and Quincy Quincy Galena Jac)tsonville Springfield Galena Jacksonville Belleville., Belleville Marshall — Petersburg ... Petersburg... Marlon Marion Belvidere Galena Jacksonville . Jacksonville . Galena Galena Joliet Joliet Knuxville Palestine. ... Palestine Chicago Quincy Belleville Belleville McLeansboro. McLeansboro . McLeansboro ., Chicago jst. Charles ... Princeton Princeton Canton Territory.. Territory.. Territory.. State State State Third Third First First First Second Fust Thu-d Eighth First Second Sixtn Third Third Fourth..., Second First Fifth Fifth Sixth Sixth Seventh . . Seventh . . Sixth Seventh .. Sixth Seventh.. . First Eighth Third. ... Seventh . . Sixth Second Xinth Fourth.... Sixth Seventh... Sixth First Third . Third . Sixth , Fourth . Seventh , State-at-large . . Second , Fifth , Eighth Eighth , Ninth . Eleventh , Nineteenth — Second . Second , Third . Fifth , Fourtfi , Fifth Sixth Seventh 1S12-H 1814-16 1816-18 1818-19 1819-27 1827-33 18;)3-34 1834-39 1833-34 1834-37 1839-43 , 1833-43 , 1837-39 . 1839-43 1863-65 1843-49 . 1843-51 , 18.59-62 . 1843-49 , 1851-53 . 1843-51 , 1853-65 . 1805-67 . 1843-47 , 1847-56 ! l,H4.-i-45.'.'.'. .!!.'.!!.' . 1S43-4.5 . 1,SJ5-4B . 1849-51 . Feb. to Mar., 1841 . 1847-49 . 1847-49 . 1849-53 . 1853-55 . I849-5t . 1849-51 . 1855-58 . 1851-53 . 1853-55 . 1851-53 . 1851-53 . 1851-53 . 1853-55 . 1853-63 . 1863-69 . 1853-57 . 1863-65 . 1853-57 . 1853-57 1863-65 1855-67 1866-67 . Elected U. S. Senator, 1824 and "29. , Elected Governor; resigned. To succeed Duncan. Died: term completed by Reynolds. , One and one-half terms. . Resigned, Dec, '61 ; succeeded by A. L. Knapp. Resigned, Dec, '46; succeeded by John Henry. , Served Baker's unexpired term. Died. Nuv.24,'53; . by Chas. D. Hodges. 1863-73 1857-63 1863-65 IS57-63 1857-61 Jan. to Mar., 1859. 1857-59 To fill unexpired term of Richardson. Chosen U. S. Senator; resigned. Filled Trumbull's unexpired term. Died, Mar., ^64; term filled by E.C.Ingeisoll. .Filled unexpired term of Tbos. L. Harris. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 447 Aaron Shaw, D James C. Robiuson, D James C. Robinson, D James C. Robinson, D James C. Robinson, D Philip B. Foulie, D Jolm A. Logan, R John A, Logan, D Isaac N. Arnold, R Isaac N. Arnold. R William J. Allen. D William J. Allen, D A. L. Knapp, 1) A. L. Knapp, D Charles M. Harris, R Ebon C. Ingersoll, K John R, Eden, D John R. Eden, D John R. Eden, D Lewis W. Rosn. D William R. Morrison, D.... William R. Morrison, D ... William R. Morrison. D.... S. W. Monlton, E S. W. Moulton, D S. W. MonltOQ.D Abner C. Harding, R Burton U. Cook, R H. P. H. BromweU.R Shelby M. Cnllom, R Anthony Thornton, D Jehu Baker, R Jehu Baker, R Jehu Baker, P A. J. Kuykendall, R Norman B. Judd, R Albert G. Burr, D Green B. Raum, R Horatio C. Burchard, R — Horalio C. Burchard, P. John B. Hawley, K John B. Hawlev,R Je3.65. . 1871-73.. 1873-75 . Ninth. State-at-large. Second First Ninth Thirteenth Fifth Tenth Fourth Fifth Seventh Fifteenth Seventeenth... Ninth Twelfth teenth... Eighteenth..., -State-at-large Fifteenth Seventeenth .. Fourth Siith Seventh Eighth Tenth Twelfth . Eighte( nth... First Tenth Thirteenth Third Fifth Fourth Sixth Seventh Ninth Twelfth Thirteenth State-at-large First Third Third Fifth Sixth Tenth First Second . . Fourth... Seventh.. Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Eleventh Thirteenth... Fourteenth... Twelfth. La Salle Peona Rushville Pitts field Pittsfleld Springfield — Springfield.... Bloomington. , Bloomington ., Carlyle Chester Mt. Vernon... Chicago Chicago Chicago Rockford Morris Lewiston Warsaw nth. Eighteenth... Second Third Sixth Seventh Seventh Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Twelfth Thirteenth. .. Thirteenth.. . . Thirteenth... Sixteenth Eighteenth... Nineteenth... First Second iThird iFourth Seventh Ninth iTenth 1863-66., 1861-63.. 1863-65.. 1863-65.. 1864-71.. 1863-65.. 1873-79.. 1885-87.. 1863-69.. 1863-65.. 1873-83.. 1883-87.. 1865-67.. 1881-83.. 1883-85.. 1865-69.. 1865-71.. 1865-69.. 1869-73. 1871-73.. 1871-73.. 1873-76.. 1881-83.. 1871-73., 1871-73. 1871 73. IS7.3-71. 1874-77.. 1873-75.. 1873-77.. 1873-75.. 1.S73-81.. 1873-75.. 1873-76.. 1873-75.. l,S77-79.. 1873-75.. 1873-83.. 1883-91 . 1893-95.. 1895 1873-76.. 1873-75.. 1875 79. 1876-77. 1875-83. 1883-95. 1876-77. 1875-77.. 1875-77.. 1-93. 1876-77. 1879-81.. 1875-83.. 1875-79. 1875-77. 1877-83.. 1877-79.. 1877-79.. 1877-79.. 1877-81 . 1877-81 . 1877-83.. Res'd.Apr. '62; term filled by W. J. Allen. ' Chosen U. S. Senator, 1871; resigned: term filled by John L. Beveridge. Served Logan's unexpired term. Served McClernand's unexpired term. 1864-'65 filled Lovejoy's unexpired term . Ke-elected, *70 but res'd before beg'ng of term. Filled unexpired termor Washburne. Served unexpired term of Logan. May, '76, seat awarded to J. V. Le Moyne. Filled unexpired term of B. C. Cook. Awarded seat, vice Farwell. 448 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Residencb. Benjamin F. Marsh, R.. Benjamin F. Marsh. R.. Thomas F. Tipton, R... R. W. Townshend, D. . . . GoorgeR. Davis. R George R. Da\'is, R Hiram Barber, R John C. Sherwin, R R. M. A.Hawk.R James W. Singleton. D.. A. P. Forsythe, G. B John R. Thomas, R JohnK. Thomas. R , WiUiamCulleu.R William Cullen.R Lewis E. Payson.R Lewis E. Payson. R , John H.Lewis. R Dietrich C. Smith. R R. W.Dunham.R JohnF. Finerty. R George E. Adams, R Reubea EUwood. R Robert R. Hitt, R Robert R. Hltt.R N. E. Worthington, D. . . . William H. Neece, D.... James BT. Rigga, D Jonathan H. Bowell.R.. Prank Lawler, D James H. Ward, D Albert J. Hopkins. R Albert J. Hopkins, R Ralph Plumb, R Silas G. Landes. D , William E. Mason, R Philip Sidney Post, R Charles A. Hill. R Geo. W. Fithian. D Williams. Forman.D.. James R. Williams. D.. James R. Williams. l>.. George W.Smith, R.... George W. SmI th. R . Lawrence E. McQanii. D. Allan C. Durborow, Jr., U Walter C. Newberry, D.. Lewis Steward, Ind Herman W. Snow, R Benjamin T. Cable, D. . . . Owen Scott, D Samuel T. Busey, D JohnC. Black, D Andrew J. Hunter. D Andrew J. Hunter. D J. Frank Aldrich. R Julius Goldzier. D Robert A. Childs. R Hamilton K. Wbeeler, R. John J. McDannold, D... Benjamin F. Funk. R William Lorimer, R Hugh R. Belknap. R Charles W. Woodman, B Geo. E White. R Edward D. Cooke. R George E. Foss, R..^ George W. Prin Walter Reeves, R, Vespasian Warner, R I Clinton J.V.Graff.R :peki Warsaw Warsaw Btoomingtou Shawneetown. . . . Chicago Chicago , Chicago Geneva and Elgin Mt. Carroll Quincy Isabel Metropolis , Metropolis... .. Ottawa Ottawa , Pontiac Pontiac Knoxville Pekin Chicago Chicago Chicago Sycamore Mt. Morris Mt. Morris Peoria Macomb Winchester Rloomington Chicago Chicago Aurora Aurora Streator Mt. Carmel Chicago Galesbiirg Rock Island Quincy... Hillsboro Chicago Joliet Newton Nashville Carmi Carmi IMurphysboro Murphysboro Chicago, Chicago Chicago Piano Sheldon Rock Island Bloomingtoii Urbana Chicago Paris Paris Chicago Chicago Hinsdale Kankakee Mt. Sterling Bloomington Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Galesburg Streator Eleventh Fifteenth Thirteenth.... Nineteenth.... Second Third Third Fourth Fifth Eleventh Fifteenth Eighteenth.... 1S77- ;iptb.. Twe Seven Eighth Eightli Ninth Ninth Thirteenth ., First Second Fourth Fifth Sixth Ninth Tenth Eleventh — Twelfth Fourteenth.. Second Third Fifth Eighth Eighth.. 1879-83., 1S83-S5.. , 1879-81... 1879-83... 1879-8'i... 1879-83.. X879-81.. 1879-83. . 1883-89... Sixteenth Third Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Seventeenth . . . First Eighth Sixteenth Eighteenth.... Eighteenth .... Nineteenth — Twentieth Twenty-sec' nd Second Third Fi^urth Eighth Ninth Eleventh Fourteenth .... Fifteenth State-at- large. State-at-large. Nineteenth.... First Fourth Eighth Ninth Twelfth Fourteenth.... Second Third Fourth Fifth th . I ■:!*_■ Til nth. :ith . Finis E. Downing, D Virginia.. James A. Connolly, R Springfield Frederick Remann. R Vandalia Wm. F. L. Hadley.R Edwardsville .. Benson Wood, R Effingham Orlando Burrell.R Carmi Everett J. Murphy, R East St. Louis. James R. Maim, R Chicago Daniel W. Mills, R Chicago Thomas M. Jett, D Hillsboro James R. Campbell, D.... McLeansboru... George P. Foster, R Chicago Thomas Cusack, D [Chicago Edgar T. Noonan.D |Chicago Henry S. Boutell. R [Chicago W. E. Williams, D ^Plttsfield B. F. Caldwell, D Chatham Joseph B. Crowley, 1> Robinson W. A. Rodenberg, R East St. Lnuis . Fourteenth Sixteenth.. Seventeenth.,. Eighteenth .. Eighteenth.., Nineteenth. . Twentieth ... Twenty- first First Second I Eighteenth Died, '82; succeeded by R. R. Hitt. Succeeded R. M. A. Hawk, deceased. Died, Jan. 6,1893. Awarded seat after con. with L. E. McGann. iSiedi June 4, 'bsVsuc'd.'by Henry S. BoutelL Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 449 REYNOLDS, John, Justice of Supreme Court and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish ancestrj-, in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26, 1789, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com- mon school education, and a two years' course of study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to Cahokia, where lie began the practice of law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 1830, in 1832 personally commanding the State volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk War. Two weeks before the expiration of his term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in oflBce, and was again elected in 1888, always as a Demo- crat. He also served as Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the Eighteenth (1852-54), being chosen Speaker of the latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo- cratic candidates. For some years he edited a daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar," from the time spent in a Tennessee College at that early day, this was not sustained by either his colloquial or written style. He was an ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of "secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques- tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as shown by his devotion to temperance, and his popularity among persons of opposite political opinions. Although at times crude in style, and not alwaj's reliable in his statement of historical facts and events, Governor Reynolds has rendered a valuable service to posterity by his writings relating to the early history of the State, espe- cially those connected with his own times. His best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi- nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My Life and Times" (1855). His death occurred at Belleville, May 8, 1865. REYNOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and President of State Board of Agriculture, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 1820, and graduated from the Miami University at the age of 18. In 1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law School, and soon afterward began practice. He removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win- nebago County, later, successively in Marion County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 1860 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri- cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected its President, filling that position until 1888, when he resigned. He has also occupied numer- ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public or semi-public character, having been President of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the Inter- State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago, from the date of its organization (1873) until its final dissolution. His most important public service, in recent years, was rendered as Director- in-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis- lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1839; at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated in the high school there, within a mouth after graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty- fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On his return home after nearly four years' service, he entered the law department of the Chicago University, graduating therefrom and beginning practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been prominent in public life, having served as a member of both branches of the General Assem- bly, and having been a State Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of the G. A. R. , and, in 1875, was elected Senior Vice-Commander of the order for the United States. REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was born in Fayette County, Pa. , March 4, 1812 ; after graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1832, was connected with various institutions in that State, as well as President of Capital University at 450 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Coliunbiis, Ohio, ; then, coming to Illinois, was President of the Illinois State University at Springfield, 1857-60, after which he became Prin- cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ- ously a Lutheran, he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1864, and served several parishes until his death. In his early life he founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli- gious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides issuing a number of printed addresses and other published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi- cago, Sept. 5, 1876. KHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier and steamboat captain, was born in Harrisburg, Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell County, 111., in 1836, where he learned the print- er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. Returning home he engaged in the river trade, and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In April, 1861. he was commissioned Captain of a company of three months' men attached to the Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three- years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo- nelcy, as succes.sor to Col. Richard J. Oglesby, who had been promoted Brigadier-General. After serving through the spring campaign of 1862 in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com- pelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when he located in Shawneetown. retiring in 1874 to his farm near that city. During the latter years of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at Shawneetown, Jan. 6. 1879. EHOADS, Joshua, M.D., A.M., physician and educator, was born in Pliiladelphia, Sept. 14, 1806; studied medicine and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania with the degree of M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from Princeton ; after several years spent in practice as a physician, and as Principal in some of the public schools of Philadelphia, in 1839 he was elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, and, in 18.50, took charge of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, 111., then in its infancy. Here he remained imtil 1874, when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876. RICE, Edward T., lawyer and jurist, born in Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820. was educated in the common schools and at Shurtleff College, after which he read law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845, at Hillsboro ; in 1847 was elected County Recorder of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six- teenth General Assembly, serving one term. Later he was elected County Judge of Montgom- ery County, was Master in Chancer)' from 1853 to 1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and again in 1867. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the election of the latter year, was chosen Repre- sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a Democrat. Died, April 16, 1883. RICE, John B., theatrical manager. Mayor of Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton, Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected in 1867. He was also prominent in the early stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor- folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was chosen to succeed him. RICHARDSON, William A., lawyer and poli- tician, born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 1811, was educated at Transylvania University, came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuyler County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835; was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter year being also chosen Presidential Elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding session of the General Assembly, serving as Speaker of the House. He entered the Mexican War as Captain, and won a Majority through gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 (when he resigned to become a candidate for Governor), he was a Democratic Representative in Congress from the Quincy District ; re-entered Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1868, but after that retired to private life, acting, for a short time, as editor of "The Quincy Herald." Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. RICHLAND COUNT y, situated in the south- east quarter of the State, and has an area of 361 square miles. It was organized from Edwards County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may be mentioned the Evans brothers. Thaddeus HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 451 Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 there were but thirty families in the district. The first frame houses — tlie Nelson and More- house homesteads — were built in 1821, and, some years later, James Laws erected the first brick house. The pioneers traded at Vinceunes, but, in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun- cey. The first church was erected by the Bap- tists in 1822, and services were conducted by William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time the mails were 'carried on horseback by Louis and James Beard, but, in 1824, Mills and Whet- sell established a line of four-horse stages. The principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a buffalo and Indian trail about wliere the main street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as the county-seat upon the organization of the county, and a Mr. Lilly built the first house there. The chief branches of industry followed by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit- growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890), 15,019; (1900), 16,391. RIDGE FARM, a village of Vermillion County, at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroads, 174 miles northeast of St. Louis; has electric light plant, planing mill, elevators, bank and two papers. Pop. (1900), 933; (1904), 1,300. RIDGELY, a manufacturing and mining sub- urb of the city of Springfield. An extensive rolling mill is located there, and there are several coal-shafts in the vicinity. Population(1900), 1,169. RIDGELY, Charles, manufacturer and capi- talist, born in Springfield, 111, Jan. 17, 1836; was educated in private schools and at Illinois Col- lege ; after leaving college spent some time as a clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally becoming a member of the firm and successively Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but later has affiliated with the Republican party. About 1872 he became identified with the Spring- field Iron Company, of which he has been Presi- dent for many years ; has also been President of the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and, for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Rail- road. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of Illinois College. RIDGELY, Nicholas H., early banker, was born in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the dry-goods trade, but, in 1829, came to St. Louis to assume a clerkship in the branch of the United States Bank just organized there. In 1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois vi-as established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui- dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, but this having gone into liquidation a few years later, he went into the private banking business as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the strongest financial institutions in the State out- side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying therefor $21,100. He was also one of the Spring- field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the builders and principal owner of the Springfield gas-light system. His business career was an eminently successful one, leaving an estate at his death, Jan. 31, 1888. valued at over 12,000,000. RIDGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of Shawneetown; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 523; (1900), 839; (1903, est), 1,000. RIDGWAY, Thomas S., merchant, banker and politician, was born at Carmi, 111, August 30, 1826. His father having died when he was but 4 years old and his mother when he was 14, his education was largely acquired through contact with the world, apart from such as he received from his mother and during a year's attendance at a private school. When he was 6 years of age the family removed to Shawneetown, where he ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 he em- barked in business as a merchant, and the firm of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the partners closed out their business and organized the first National Bank of Shawneetown, of which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 1874, served as its President. He was an ardent and active Republican, and served as a delegate 453 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ii^LINOIS. to every State and National Convention of liis party from 18fi8 to 1896. In 1874 he was elected State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent of Public Instruction on the same ticket being defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- ernor. Three times he consented to lead the forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate for Congress from an impregnably Democratic stronghold. For several years he was a Director of the McCormick Theological Seminary, at Chi- cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, Nov. 17, 1897. RIGGS, James M., ex-Congressman, was born in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he received a common school education, supple- mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a practicing lawyer of "Winchester. In 1864 he was elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he represented Scott Count}- in the lower house of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was State's Attorney from 1873 to 1876. In 1882, and again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois District. RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where he continued to reside until his death, Feb. 24, 1872. RINAKER, John I., lawyer and Congressman, born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 1836, and, for several years, lived on farms in Sangamon and Morgan Counties; was educated at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating from the latter in 1851 ; in 1852 began reading law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1863, he recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-seconu Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commis- sioned Colonel. Four months later he was wounded in battle, but served with his regiment through the war, and was brevetted Brigadier- General at its close. Returning from the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub- lican; has twice (1872 and "70) served his party as a Presidential Elector — the latter year for the State-at-large — and, in 1874, accepted a nomina- tion for Congress against William R. Morrison, largely reducing the normal Democratic major- ity. At the State Republican Convention of 1880 he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidatf for the Republican nomination for Governor. I; 1894 he made the race as the Republican candi- date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, although his opponent was awarded the certifi- cate of election, on a bare majoritj' of 60 votes on the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for General Rinaker, and he was seated near the close of the first session. He was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly Democratic District. RIPLEY, Edward Payson, Railway President, was born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), Mass., Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's side, to the distinguished author, Dr. Edward Payson. After receiving his education in the high school of his native place, at the age of 17 he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. About the time he became of age, he entered into the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a clerk in the freight department in the Boston office, but, a few years later,assumed a responsible position in connection with the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General Agent for the business of that road east of Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept the position of General Freight Agent of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which he remained twelve j'ears, serving successively as General Traffic Manager and General Manager, until June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become Third Vice-President of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. This relation was continued until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Riplej- accepted the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, which (1899) he now holds. Mr. Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and, in Aj^ril, 1891, was chosen one of the Directors of the Exposition, serving on the Executive Committee and the Committee of Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chair- man of the latter. RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago; has handsome parks, several churches, a bank, two local papers and numerous fine residences. Population (1890), 1,000; (1900), 1,551. RIVERTON, a village in Clear Creek Town- ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of thfl HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 453 Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon River, 6'/i miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu- lation (1880), 703: (1890), 1,137, (1900), 1,511; (1903, est), about e, 000. RIVES, John Cook, early banker and journal- ist, was born in Franklin Count}', Va., May 24, 1793; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. He received a good education and was a man of high character and attractive manners. In his early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con- nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to Shawneetown and held a position in the bank there; also studied law and was admitted to practice. Finally, having accepted a clerkship in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington, he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the establishment of "The Congressional Globe" (the predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of which he finally became sole proprietor, so remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, although a native of Virginia and a life-long Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib- uted liberally of his means for tlie equipment of soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for the support of their families, during the Civil War. His expenditures for these objects have been estimated at some 830,000. Died, in Prince George's County, Md., April 10, 1864. RO.\.\OKE, a village of Woodford County, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway. 26 miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district; has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper. Population (1880), 355; (1890), 831; (1900), 966. ROBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was born in Bath, Maine, in 1819; came to Cook Coimty, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at man- hood, established the first exclusive wholesale grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi- ness until 1830. He then went to California, establishing himself in mercantile business at Sacramento, where he remained seven years, meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city. Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor Yates with the rank of Major, and, while serv- ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving General Grant the first duty he performed in the office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary affairs until the close of the war, when he was appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia, and, still later. President of the Board of Tax Commissioners for that State. Other positions held by him were those of Postmaster and Col- lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also one of the publishers of "The New Era," a Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the Collectorship, he was appointed by the President United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi- can outrages on the Rio Grande border ; was sub- sequently identified with Texas railroad interests as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being thus engaged until 1872. Later he returned to California, dying near Glenwood, in that State, April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months. ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and educator, was born in a small village of Wales, England., Sept. 23, 1832; received his primary education in that country, but, removing to America during his minority, graduated from Princeton College in 1835, and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling vari- ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, the next year being offered tlie Presidency of Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer- sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863 he was a Trustee of Lafaj'ette College, and, in 1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma Mater. He has traveled extensively in the Orient, and was a member of the first and third councils of the Reformed Churches, held at Edin- burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons and frequent contributions to English, Ameri- can, German and Welsh periodicals. Dr. Roberts has published a Welsh translation of the West- minster shorter catecliism and a collection of letters on the great preachers of Wales, which appeared in Utica, 1868. He received the degree of D.D., from Union College in 1872, and that of LL.D., from Princeton, in 1887. ROBINSON, an incorporated city and the county-seat of Crawford Courty, 25 miles north- west of Vincennes, Ind. , and 44 miles south of Paris, 111. ; is on two lines of railroad and in the heart of a fruit and agricultural region The city has water-works, electric lights, two banks and three weekly newspapers Population (1890) 1,387; (1900), 1,683; (1904), about 2,000. 454 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ROBINSON, James C, lawyer and former Congressman, was born in Edgar County, III. , in 1822, read law and was admitted to tbe bar in 1850. He served as a pri%-ate during tbe Mexican War, and, in 1858, was elected to Congress as a Democrat, as be was again in 1860, "62, "TO and '72. In 1864 be was tbe Democratic nominee for Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi- nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886. ROBINSON, John M., United States Senator, born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberally educated and became a lawyer by profession. In early life be settled at Carmi, 111., wbere be married. He was of fine pbysique, of engaging manners, and personally popular. Througb bis association witb tbe State militia he earned tbe title of "General."' In 1830 he was elected to tbe United States Senate, to fill tbe unexpired term of John McLean. His immediate predecessor was David Jewett Baker, appointed bj- Governor Edwards, who served one month but failed of election by the Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was re- elected for a full term, which expired in 1841. In 1843 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27, of tbe same year, within three months after bis elevation. ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern and tbe Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways. It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 37 miles south of Rockford, and 23 miles east by north of Dixon. It is in a rich agricultural and stock-raising region, rendering Rochelle an important ship ping point. Among its industrial establish- ments are water- works, electric lights, a flouring mill and si Ik -underwear factory The city has three banks, five churches and three newspapers. Pop. (1890). 1,789; (1900), 2,073; (1903), 2.500. ROCHESTER, a village and early settlement in Sangamon County, laid out in 1819; in rich agricultural district, on the Baltimore & Ohio Soutbvs'estern Railroad, T/2 miles southeast of Springfield ; has a bank, two churches, one school, and a newspaper. Population (1900), 365 ROCK FALLS, a city in "Whiteside County, on Rock River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; has excellent water-power, a good public school sy.stem with a high school, banks and a weekly newspaper. Agricultural imple- ments, barbed wire, furniture, flour and paper are its chief manufactures. Water for the navigable feeder of tbe Hennepin Canal is taken from Rock River at this point. Pop. (1900), 3,176. ROCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing city, the county -seat of Winnebago County ; lies on both sides of the Rock River, 93 miles west of Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad — the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & North- western, tbe Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul — intersect here. Excellent water-power is secured by a dam across the river, and communication between the two divisions of the city is facilitated by three railway and three highway bridges. Water is provided from five artesian wells, a reserve main leading to tbe river. Tbe city is wealthy, prosperous and pro- gressive. The assessed valuation of property, in 1893, was S6, 531, 235. Churches are numerous and schools, both public and private, are abundant and well conducted. Tbe census of 1890 showed §7,715,069 capital invested in 246 manufacturing establishments, which employed 5,223 persons and turned out an annual product valued at $8,888,- 904. The principal industries are the manufac- ture of agricultural implements and furniture, though watches, silver-plated ware, paper, flour and grape sugar are among tbe other products. Pop. (1880), 13,129; (1890), 23,584; (1900), 31,051. ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, 111., incorporated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty of 21 instructors witb 161 pupils. Tbe branches taught include tbe classics, music and fine arts. It has a library of 6,150 volumes, funds and en- dowment aggregating |50,880 and property valued at $240,880, of which |150,000 is real estate. ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county- seat of Rock Island County, on tbe Mississippi River, 182 miles west by south from Chicago ; is the converging point of five lines of railroad, and tbe western terminus of the Hennepin Canal. Tbe name is derived from an island in the Missis- sippi River, opposite the city, 3 miles long, which belongs to the United States Government and contains an arsenal and armory. The river channel north of the island is navigable, the southern channel having been dammed by tbe Government, thereby giving great water power to Rock Island and Moline. A combined railway and highway bridge spans the river from Rock Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile below. The island was tbe site of Fort Arm- strong during the Black Hawk War, and was also a place for the confinement of Confederate prison- ers during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a re- gion of much picturesque .scenery and has exten- sive manufactures of lumber, agricultural imple- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 455 ments, iron, carriages and wagons and oilcloth ; also five banks and three newspapers, two issuing daily editions. Pop. (1890), 13,634; (1900), 19,493. ROCK ISLAND COUNTY, in the northwestern section of the State bordering upon the Missis- sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern boundary for more than 60 miles), and having an area of 440 square miles. In 1.S16 the Govern- ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort Armstrong. It has always remained a military post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal and work-shops. In the spring of 1828, settle- ments were made near Port Byron by John and Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island aud Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Bar- riels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak ; and among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bart- lett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and George Davenport. The countrj' was full of Indians, this being the headquarters of Black Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk War. (See Black Hatck, and Black Haivk War.) By 1829 settlers were increased in number and county organization was effected in 183.5, Rock Island (then called Stephenson) being made the county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first County Clerk, and Joel Wells. Sr., the first Treas- urer. The first court was held at the residence of John W, Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The county is irregular in shape, and the soil and scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the water-power inexhaustible, and the county's mining and manufacturing interests are very extensive. Several lines of railway cross tlie county, affording admirable transportation facili- ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock Island and MoUne (which see) are the two prin- cipal cities in the county, though there are several other important points. Coal Valley is the center of large mining interests, and Slilan is also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one of the oldest towns in the county, and has con- siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water- town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38,302; (1890), 41,917; (1900), 55,249. ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY, a standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- road, running from Milan to Cable, 111., giving it a total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal, 121.10 miles. — (History.) The company is a reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869, of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa- nies — the new organization taking the latter name. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and reorganization under its present name taking place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De- cember of the same year, sold under foreclosure in 1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- road, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for the entire period being commuted at §450,000. — (Financial.) The cost of the entire road and equipment was §2,654,487. The capital stock (1898) is 51,500,000; funded debt, §600,000; other forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital invested to $2,181,066. ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a southerly direction, a part of its course being very sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi three miles below the city of Rock Island. It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, furnish abundant water-power. The principal towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its beauty and fertility. ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 13 miles north of Rockford ; has manufactures of paper and agricultural implements, a feed mill, and local paper. Pop. (1890), 892; (1900), 936. ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician, soldier and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, June 32, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med- ical Institute in 1842 ; began practice at Anderson, Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111., where he gave much attention to geological research and made some extensive natural his- tory collections. From 1848 to '52 he resided at Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite science, wrote for the press and, for two years (18.50-52), edited "The Jacksonville Journal," still 456 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later editing the newly established "Constitu- tionalist" for a few months. During a part of this period he was lecturer on natural science at Shurtleff College ; also delivered a lecture before the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, which was immediately followed by the passage of the act establishing the State Geological Department. A majority of both houses joined in a request for his appointment as State Geolo- gist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds^ he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming- ton in 1852, Dr. Roe became prominent in educa- tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural Science in the State Normal University, and also a Trustee of the Illinois Wesle}-an University. Having identified himself with the Democratic party at this time, he became its nominee for State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1860, but, on the inception of the war in 1861, he promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised three companies (mostly Normal students) which were attached to the Thirtj'-third Illinois (Nor- mal) Regiment : was elected Captain and succes- sively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. Having been dangerously wounded in the assault at Vicksburg, on May 22, 1863, and compelled to return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the combined vote of both parties, was re-elected four years later, became editor of "The Bloom- ington Pantagraph" and, in 1870, was elected to the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where he won distinction by a somewhat notable humorous speech in opposition to removing the State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was ap- pointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illi- nois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat prolific author, having produced more than a dozen works which have appeared in book form. One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in "The Alton Courier" in 18.")2. Others of his more noteworthy productions are : "The Gray and the Blue"; "Brought to Bay": "From the Beaten Path"; "G. A. R. ; or How She Married His Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the Serpent"; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems." He died in Chicago, Nov. 6, 1893. ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in Grafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re- moved to the latter State early in life. While teaching he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1860; was the first, in 1861, to raise a com- pany in Lake County for the war, which was mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers; was chosen Second-Lieutenant and later Captain ; was wounded four times at Shiloh, but refused to leave the field, and led his regiment in the final charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three wounds, from one of which he never fully re- covered ; took a prominent part in the operations at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly two years, including the Atlanta campaign, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen- eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois and in Kansas. ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and author, was born in Central New York in 1858; entered Hamilton College, but the following year became a student in Michigan University, graduating there in 1874, also receiving the degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge Cooley, at the age of 32. Five years later he was tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the Northwestern Universitj', at Evanston, being the first layman chosen to the position, and succeed- ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is a mem- ber of the American Bar Association, has served for a nvmiber of years on its Committee on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar, and was the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Edu- cation. President Rogers was the General Chair- man of the Conference on the Future Foreign Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At the Con- gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Com- mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and was for a time associate editor of "The American Law Register," of Philadelphia. He is also the author of a treatise on "Expert Testimony," which has passed through tw'o editions, and has edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations." besides doing much other valuable literary work of a similar character. ROGERS, John Gorin, jurist, was born at Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early Virginian ancestry ; was educated at Center Col- lege, Danville, Ky., and at Transylvania Univer- sity, graduating from the latter institution in 1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For sixteen years he practiced in his native town, and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 457 attained professional prominence. In 1870 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, continuing on the bench, through repeated re-elections, until his death, which occurred suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the expiration of the term for which he had been elected. ROGERS PARK, a village and suburb 9 miles north of Chicago, on Lake Michigan and the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railways; has a bank and two weekly newspapers ; is reached by electric street- car line from Chicago, and is a jjopular residence suburb. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1893. ROLL, John E., pioneer, was born in Green Village, N. J., June 4, 1814; came to Illinois in 1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of the flat-boat with which the latter descended the Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr. Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built a number of houses in Springfield, where he has since continued to reside. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest Christians to establish places of worship in Illi- nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early Catholic missionaries were explorers and histori- ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez,- Bergier; Early 3Iissionaries; Gravier; Marquette.) The church went hand in hand with the represent- atives of the French Government, carrying in one hand the cross and in the other the flag of France, simultaneously disseminating the doc- trines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the early French settlers and the natives. They were not without factional jealousies, hovrever, and a severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the confiscation of their property. (See Early Mis- sionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the country by the English, with the contemporane- ous emigration of a considerable portion of the French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included in the diocese of Missoui'i; but at that time it was constituted a separate diocese, under the episco- pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purpose and rare administrative ability. New parishes were organized as rapidly as circimistances would permit, and the growth of the church has been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are reported 698 parishes, 764 clergymen and a Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also Religious Denominations. ) KOODHOUSE, a city in Greene County, 21 miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of three divisions of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; is in fertile agricultural and coal-mining region; city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stock- yards, railway shops, water-works, electric light plant, two private banks, fine opera house, good school buildings, one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2,360; (1900), 2,351. ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111., was born in Yorkshire, England, brought to America in childhood, his father settling in Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man- hood he, opened a farm in Tazewell County, but finally retirrned to the paternal home in Greene County, where, on the location of the Jackson- ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc- tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch with the main line. ROOT, (Teorge Frederick, musical composer and author, was born at SheflSeld, Mass., August 30, 1830. He was a natural musician, and, while employed on his father's farm, learned to play on various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos- ton, where he began his life-work. Besides teaching music in the public schools, he was employed to direct the musical service in two churches. From Boston he removed to New York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of musical study. In 1853 he made his first public essay as a composer in the song, "Hazel Dell,'" which became popular at once. From this time forward his success as a song-writer was assured. His music, while not of a high artistic character, captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly to the heart. In 1860 he took up his residence in Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal and wrote those "war songs" which created and perpetuated his fame. Among the best known are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Before the Battle, Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago" ; and "The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he composed several cantatas and much sacred music, also publishing many books of instruction and numerous collections of vocal and instru- 458 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mental music. In 1872 the University of Chicago conferred on him tlie degree of Mus. Doc. Died, near Portland, Maine, August 6, 1895. ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer, and educator, was born in Onondaga County N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools and academies of Central New York; began teaching in 1827, and, after spending a year at sea for the benefit of his health, took a course in law and civil engineering. He was employed as a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi- nois and obtained employment on the railroad projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under the "internal improvement system" of 1837. When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry County, and soon after opened a boarding school, continuing its management until 1846, when be became Principal of a seminary at Sparta. In 1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in charge of surveys and construction, later as land agent and attorne}-. He was prominent in the introduction of the graded school system in Illi- nois and in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington and the University of Illinois at Champaign : was a member of the State Board of Education from its organization, and served as delegate to the National Repub- lican Convention of 1808. Died, at his home in Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep (Roots), son of the pi-eceding, born in Tolland County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois the same year and educated in his father's school, and in an academy at CarroUton and the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of 17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served as a civil engineer in the construction and repair of military roads. Later, he was Deputy Sur- veyor-General of Nebraska ; in 1871 became Chief Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of the Iron Mountain) Railway; tlien engaged in the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of which his brotlier, Logan H.. was President. — Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama- roa, Perry County, 111., March 22, 1841, was edu- cated at home and at the State Normal at Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal of a high school at Duquoin ; in 1862 enlisted in the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and acting as Chief Commissary for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea," and participating in the great review in Wash- ington, in May, 1865. After the conclusion of the war he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was elected from that State to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870) — being, at the time, the youngest member in that body — and was appointed United States Marshal by Presi- dent Grant. He finally became President of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with which he remained nearly twenty years. Died, suddenly, of congestion of the brain. May 30, 1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and a half millions, of which he gave a large sliare to charitable purposes and to the city of Little Rock, for tlie benefit of its hospitals and the im- provement of its parks. ROSE, James A., Secretary of State, was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 18.50. The foundation of his education was secured in the public schools of his native place, and, after a term in the Normal University at Normal, 111., at the age of 18 he took charge of a country school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the Golconda graded schools, was later made County Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a second term. During his second term he was admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of Sujierintendent, was elected State's Attorney without opposition, being re-elected for anotlier term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the next j'ear, when he was transferred to the Board of Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten- tiary at Chester, which position he continued to occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secre- tary of State on tlie Republican ticket, his term extendini^ to January, 1901. ROSEVILLE, a village in Warren County, on the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles northwest of Bushnell ; has water and electric-light plants, two banks, public library and one newspaper Region agricultural and coal-mining. Pop. (1900), 1,014. ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, born in Fulton County, 111., July 18, 1823; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1845 ; the following year enlisted in the Fourth Illinois Volunteers for the Mexican War, became First Lieutenant and was commended for services at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo ; also performed im- portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 459 eral Taylor. After the war he served six j'ears as Probate Judge. In May, 1861, he enlisted in the war for the Union, and was chosen Colonel of the Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers, serving with it in Missouri and Kentucky ; was commis- sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the capture of Fort Donelson, and, after the evacu- ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn. He resigned in July, 1863, and, in 1867, was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Ninth District; has been three times a delegate to National Repub- lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi- date for Congress in a Democratic District. Since the war he has devoted his attention largely. to stock-raising, having a large stock- farm in Iowa. In his later years was President of a bank at Lewistown, 111. Died Jan. 17, 1901. ROSS, (Col.) William, ijioneer, was born at Monson, Hampden County, Mass., April 34, 1792; removed with his father's family, in 1805, to Pittsfield, Mass., where he remained until his twentieth year, when he was commissioned an Ensign in the Twenty-first Regiment United States Infantry, serving through the War of 1813- 14, and participating in the battle of Sack- ett's Harbor. During the latter part of his serv- ice he acted as drill-master at various points. Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean- while filling some local oflSces. In 1820, a com- pany consisting of himself and four brothers, with their families and a few others, started for the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reach- ing the head-waters of the Allegheny overland, they transferred their wagons, teams and other property to flat-boats, descending that stream and the Ohio to Shawneetown, 111. Here they disembarked and, crcssing the State, reached Upper Alton, where they found only one house, that of Ma j. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their families at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded north, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth, until they reached a point in the western part of the present county of Pike, where the town of Atlas was afterwards located. Here they erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing their families thither a few weeks later. They suffered the usual privations incident to life in a new country, not excepting sickness and death of some of their number. At the next session of the Legislature (1830-31) Pike County was estab- lished, embracing all that part of the State west and north of the Illinois, and including tlie present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross settlement became the nucleus of the town of Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates in 1833, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and becoming the second count3'-seat of Pike County, so remaining from 1834 to 1833, when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. During this period Colonel Ross was one of the most promi- nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane- ously or successively, the offices of Probate Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the Peace, and others of a subordinate character. As Colonel of Militia, in 1833, he was ordered by Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at Beardstown with twice the number of men called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, also serving in the Senate during the three following .sessions, a part of the time as President pro tem. of the last- named body. While in the General Assembly he was instrumental in securing legislation of great importance relating to Military Tract lands. The year following the establishment of the county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citi- zen of that place, whicli he had the privilege of naming for his early home. He was a member of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi- dent the first time. Beginning life poor he acquired considerable property ; was liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic, making a handsome donation to the first company organized in Pike County, for tlie suppression of the Rebellion. Died, at Pittsfield, May 31, 1873. EOSSVILLE, a village of Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 19 miles north of Danville; has electric-light plant, water- works, tile and brick-works, two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 879; (1900), 1,435. ROUNDS, Sterling Parker, public printer, was born in Berkshire, Vt. , June 27, 1828 ; about 1840 began learning the printer's trade at Ken- osha, Wis., and, in 1845, was foreman of the State printing office at Madison, afterward working in offices in Milwaukee, Racine and Buffalo, going to Chicago in 1851. Here he finally established a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an electrotype foundry and the manufacture of presses, also commencing tlie issue of "Round's Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which was continued during his life. In 1881 he was ap- pointed by President Garfield Public Printer at •160 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Washington, serving until 1885, when lie removed to Omaha, Neb., and was identified with "The Republican," of that city, until his death, Dec. 17, 1887. ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in Rutherford County, N. C, Dec. 32, 1794; was brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War of 1812 imder General Shelby. lu 1817 he re- moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in Madison County, where he taught school for two years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette County about the time of the removal of the State capital to Vandalia. On the organization of Montgomery County, in 1821, he was appointed to oiEce there and ever afterwards resided at Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early history of the county, he held (at the same time) the offices of Clerk of the County Commissioners Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, County Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public, Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of' the Senate and re-elected in 1830; served as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and the next year was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven- teenth General Assemblies. On retiring from the Senate (1852), he was elected County Judge without opposition, was re-elected to the same oflice in 1861, and again, in 1865, as the nominee of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted for his sound judgment and sterling integrity. Died, at Hillsboro, March 4, 1873. ROUTT, John L., soldier and Governor, was born at Eddyville, Ky., April 25, 1826, brought to Illinois in infancy and educated in the com- mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was elected and served one term as Sheriff of McLean County; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volunteers. After the war he engaged in business in Bloom- ington, and was appointed by President Grant, successively. United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a State, he was elected the first Governor under the State Government, and re-elected in 1890 — serv- ing, in all, three years. His home is in Denver. He has been extensively and successfully identi- fied with mining enterprises in Colorado. ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was born at Haverhill, N. H., Feb. 10, 1833. He is a graduate of Eureka College and of the Law Department of the Chicago University. During the War of tlie Rebellion he served three years as company officer in the Seventeenth IlUnois Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor- ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, was a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. In 1882 he was elected to Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home is at Bloomington. ROWETT, Richard, soldier, was born in Corn- wall, England, in 1830, came to the United States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near Carlinville. 111., and becoming a breeder of thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois Volunteers and was successively promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and Allatoona, especially distinguishing himself at the latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry. After the war he returned to his stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep- resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem- bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation with the Eighth District by President Cleveland. Died, in Chicago, July 13, 1887. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi- cago ; incorporated by act of March 2, 1837, the charter having been prepared the previous year by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue. The extreme financial depression of the following year prevented the organization of a faculty until 1843. The institution was named in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner, medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the latter half of the eighteenth century. The first faculty consisted of four professors, and the first term opened on Dec. 4, 1843, with a class of twenty-two students. Three years' study was required for graduation, but only two annual terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at the college itself. Instruction was given in a few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose. The next year a small building, costing between S3, 000 and $4,000, was erected. This was re-ar- ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of $15,000. The constant and rapid growth of the college necessitated the erection of a new building in 1867, the cost of which was §70,000. This was destroyed in the fire of 1871. and another, costing §54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 461 added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was located on a portion of the college lot, and the two institutions connected, thus insuring abun- dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. Shortly afterwards. Rush College became the medical department of Lake Forest University. The present faculty (1898) consists of 95 profes- sors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors of all grades, and over 600 students in attend- ance. The length of the annual terms is six months, and four years of study are required for graduation, attendance upon at least three col- lege terms being compulsory. RUSHTILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler County, .50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11 miles northwest of Beardstown ; is the southern terminiis of the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The town was selected as the county-seat in 1826, the seat of justice being removed from a place called Beardstown, about five miles eastward (not the present Beardstown in Cass County), where it had been located at the time of the organization of Schuyler County, a year previous. At first the new seat of justice was called Rush- ton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after- wards took its present name. It is a coalmining, grain and fruit-growing region, and contains se\'eral manufactories, including flour-mills, brick and tile works; also has two banks (State and private) and a public library. Four periodicals (one daily) are published here. Population (18.S0), 1,663; (1890), 3,031; (1900), 2,293. RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author, was born at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793, and educated in the common schools of his native State and at Middlebury College, where he gradu- ated in 1818 — having obtained means to supjiort himself, during his college course, by teaching and by the publication, before he had reached his 20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic History of Vermont State Prison, " After gradu- ation he taught for a short time in Georgia ; but, early in the following year, joined his father on the way to Missouri. The next five 3'ears he spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom" on the Missouri River. During this period he published, anonymously, in "The St. Charles Mis- sourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"), which gained a wide popularity and was early recognized by the compilers of school-readers as a sort of classic. Leaving this locality he taught a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vaudalia (then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper Alton, which afterwards became Shurtlefl College. In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating at a point near the Illinois River to which he gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was li- censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca- pacity only occasionally, while pursuing his calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to which he was an almost constant contributor during the last twenty-five years of his life. About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called "The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part of Greene County, but now in Jersey Coimty— to which he afterwards continued to be a contribu- tor some time longer, and, in 1841-42, was editor of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Ky. He was also, for several years. Principal of the Spring HiU Academy in East FeUciana Parish, La., meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the author of a number of stories and sketches, some of which went through several editions, and, at the time of his death, had in preparation a his- tory of "Tlie Black Hawk War," "Evidences of Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He was an accomplished linguist, being able to read with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian, besides having considerable familiarity with several other modern languages. In 1863 he received from the University of Chicago the degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 2, 1863, and was bm-ied on the old liomestead at Bluffdale. RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal- ist, born in Chicago, Dec. 30, 184.5. He was a nephew of CoL James A. Mulhgan (see Mulligan, James A.) and served with credit as Adjutant- General on the staff of the latter in the Civil War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Post," and was advanced to the position of city editor. Subsequently he was connected with "The Times," and "The Tele- gram"; was also a member of the Board of Edu- cation of Hyde Park before the annexation of that village to Chicago, and has been one of the South Park Commissioners of the city last named. After the purcha.se of "The Chicago Times" by Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on the editorial staff. In 1894 President Cleveland appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. At the expiration of his term of office he resumed editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chron- icle," the organ of the Democratic party in Chicago. Died June 2.5, 1900. RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol- dier, was born in Schenectady, X. Y., Sept. 35, 462 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1820; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi- nois, settling at Edwardsville. and finally at Alton; was a Republican candidate for Presi- dential Elector in 1856, and, in 1860, a member of the National Republican Convention at Chicago, which nominated Jlr. Lincoln for the Presidency. In September, 1862, he was commissioned Colonel of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteers, and participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in the operations about Vicksburg — also leading in the attack on Arkansas Post, and subsequently serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of fatigue and exposure in the service. June 20, 1S64, one week before his promotion to the rank of Brigadier-General. — Reuben C. (Rutherford), brother of the preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1823. but grew up in Vermont and New Hampshire ; received a degree in law when quite young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lec- turer on physiology and hygiene, upon which he lectured extensively in Michigan, Illinois and other States after coming west in 1849. During 1854-55, in co-operation with Prof. J. B. Turner and others, he canvassed and lectured extensively throughout Illinois in support of the movement which resulted in the donation of public lands, by Congress, for the establishment of "Industrial Colleges"' in the several States. The establish- ment of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he located at Quincy. where he resided some thirty years; in 1861, .served for several months as the first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo: was later associated with the State Quartermaster's Department, finally entering the secret service of the War Department, in which he remained until 1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- General. In 1886, General Rutherford removed to New York City, where he died, June 24, 1895. — (ieorge V. (Rutherford), another brother, was born at Rutland, Vt. , 1830 ; was first admitted to the bar, but afterwards took charge of the con- struction of telegraph lines in some of the South- ern States; at the beginning of the Civil "War became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the State of Illinois, at Springfield, under ex-Gov. John Wood, but subsequently entered the Quartermaster's service of the General Govern- ment in Washington, retiring after the war with the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned to Quincy, 111., where he resided until 1872, when he engaged in manufacturing business at North- ampton, Mass., but finally removed to California for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St. Helena, Cal. , August 38, 1872. RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 25 miles south of La Salle; has a bank, five churches, school, and a newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop. (1890), 509; (1900), 893; (1903), 1,093. RUTLEDOE, (Rev.) William J., clergyman. Army Chaplain, born in Augusta County, Va., June 24, 1820; was converted at the age of 12 years and, at 21, became a member of the Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, serving various churches in the central and west- ern parts of the State — also acting, for a time, as Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville. From 1861 to 18G3 he was Chap- lain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volun- teers. Returning from the war, he served as pastor of churches at Jacksonville. Bloomington, Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and other points; from 1881 to '84 was Chaplain of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr. Rutledge was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and served for many years as Chaplain of the order for the Department of Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he has occupied a supernumerary relation since 188.J. Died in Jacksonville. April 14, 1900. RUTZ, Edward, State Treasurer, was born in a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May 5, 1829; came to America in 1848, locating on a farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California in 1857, and, early in 1861, enlisted in the Third United States Artiltery at San Francisco, serving with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge in 1864, and taking part in every battle in which his command was engaged. After his return in 1865, he located in St. Clair County, and was elected Count}" Surveyor, served three consecu- tive terms as County Treasurer, aud was elected State Treasurer three times — 1872, '76 and "80. About 1892 he removed to California, where he now resides. RT.iX, Edward (i., early editor and jurist, born at Newcastle House, County Meath, Ireland, Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood, but turned his attention to law, and, in 1830, came to New York and engaged in teaching while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 re- moved to Chicago, where he was admitted to the bar and was, for a time, associated in practice with Hugh T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan assumed the editorship of a weekly paper in Chi- cago called "The Illinois Tribune," wliich he conducted for over a j'ear. and which is remem- bered chiefly on account of its bitter assaults on Judge John Pearson of Danville, who had HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 463 aroused the hostility of some members of the Chicago bar bj' his rulings upon the bench. About 1842 Ryan removed to Milwaukee, Wis., where he was, for a time, a partner of Matthew H. Carpenter (afterwards United States Senator), and was connected with a number of celebrated trials before the courts of that State, including the Barstow-Bashford case, which ended with Bashford becoming the first Republican Governor of Wisconsin. In 1874 he was appointed Chief Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death, which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He was a strong partisan, and. during the Civil War, w^as an intense opponent of the war policy of the Government. In spite of infirmities of temper, he appears to have been a man of much learning and recognized legal ability. RYAX, James, Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in childhood ; was educated for the priesthood in Kentucky, and, after ordination, was made a pro- fessor in St. Joseph's Seminary, at Bardstown, Ky. In 1878 he removed to Illinois, attaching himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In 1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish, within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Arch- bishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop of the see of Alton, the prior incumbent (Bishop Baltes) having died in 1886. SACS AND FOXES, two confederated Indian tribes, who were among the most warlike and powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country. The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-ha- kee, a name compounded of two words, signify- ing "those of red earth." The French called them Ou-taga-mies, that being their spelling of the name given them b}- other tribes, the mean- ing of which was "Foxes." and which was bestowed upon them because their totem (or armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox. They seem to have been driven westward from the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of Niagara and Mackinac, to the region around Green Bay, Wis. — Concerning their allied breth- ren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is vari- ously spelled in the Indian dialects — Ou-sa-kies, Sauks, etc. — and the term Sacs is unquestionably an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk be- longed to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed a confederation according to aboriginal tradition, on what is now known as the Sac River, near Green Bay, but the date of the alliance cannot be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally uncertain. Black Hawk claimed that his tribe originally dwelt arovmd Quebec, but, as to the authenticity of this claim, historical authorities differ widely. Subsequent to 1670 the history of the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their characteristics, location and habits are described at some length by Father AUouez, who visited them in 1666-67. He says that they were numer- ous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious, avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome." That they were cordially detested by their neighbors is certain, and Judge James Hall calls them "the Ishmaelites of the lakes." They were unfriendly to the French, who attached to themselves other tribes, and, through the aid of the latter, had well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By 1718, however, they were virtually in possession of the region around Rock River in Illinois, and, four years later, through the aid of the Mascou- tins and Kickapoos, they had expelled the Illinois, driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across the Illinois River. They abstained from taking part in the border wars that marked the close of the Revolutionary War, and therefore did not par- ticipate in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. At that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed the country as far west as Council Bluffs, Iowa, and as far north as Prairie du Chien. They offered to co-operate with the United States Government in the War of 1812, but this offer was declined, and a portion of the tribe, under the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island they ceded vast tracts of land, including a large part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body of land east of the Mississippi. (See Black Hawk War; Indian Treaties.) In 1842 the Government divided the nation into two bands, removing both to reservations in the farther West. One was located on the Osage River and the other on the south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the northwest corner of Kansas. From these reser- vations, there is little doubt, many of them have silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains, where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle, the net and the spear of the hunter. A few years ago a part of these confederated tribes were located in the eastern part of Oklahoma. SAILOR SPRINGS, a village and health resort in Clay County, 5 miles north of Clay City, has an academy and a local paper. Population (1900), 419; (1903, est.), 550. 464 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SALEM, an incorporated citj', the county-seat of Marion County, on the Baltimore & Ohio South- western, the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Illinois Southern Railroads, 71 miles east of St. Louis, and 16 miles northeast of Centralia; in agricultural and coal district. A leading indus- try is the culture, evaporation and shipment of fruit. The city has flour-mills, two banks and three weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,493; (1900), 1,642. SALINE COUNTY, a southeastern county, organized in 1817, having an area of 380 square miles. It derives its name from the salt springs which are found in every part of the county. The northern portion is rolling and yields an abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smith- ing. The bottoms are swampy, but heavily timbered, and saw-mills abound. Oak, hickory, sweet gum, mulberr}-, locust and sassafras are the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of the low lands is rich, and, when drained, makes excellent farming lands. In some localities a good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked, is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found. In the southern half of the county are the Eagle Mountains, a line of hills having an altitude of some 4.50 to 500 feet above the level of the Mis- sissippi at Cairo, and believed by geologists to have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth to the Ozark Jlountains in Missouri and Arkan- sas. The highest land in the county is 864 feet above sea-level. Tradition says that these hills are I'ich in silver ore, but it has not been found in paying quantities. Springs strongh' impreg- nated with sulphur are found on the slopes. The county-seat was originally located at Raleigh, which was platted in 1848, but it was subse- quently removed to Harrisburg, which was laid out in 1859. Population of the coimty (1880), 15,940; (1890), 19,343; (1900), 21,685. SALINE RIVER, a stream formed by the con- fluence of two branches, both of which flow through portions of Saline County, uniting in Gallatin County. The North Fork rises in Hamil- ton County and runs nearly south, while the South Fork drains part of Williamson County, and runs east through Saline. The river (which is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below Shawneetown. SALT MANUFACTURE. There is evidence going to show that the saline springs, in Gallatin County, were utilized by the aboriginal inhabit- ants in the making of salt, long before the advent of white settlers. There have been discovered, at various points, what appear to be the remains of evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay and pounded shells, varying in diameter from three to four feet. In 1813, with a view to en- couraging the manufacture of salt from these springs. Congress granted to Illinois the use of 36 square miles, the fee still remaining in the United States. These lands were leased by the State to private parties, but the income derived from them was comparatively .small and fre- quently difficult of collection. The workmen were mostly slaves from Kentucky and Tennes- see, who are especially referred to in Article VI. , Section 3, of the Constitution of 1818. The salt made brought §5 per 100 pounds, and was shipped in keel-boats to various points on the Ohio, Mis- sissippi, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, while manj- purchasers came hundreds of miles on horseback and carried it away on pack animals. In 1827, the State treasury being empty and the General Assembly having decided to erect a peni- tentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to donate these lands to the State in fee, and per- mission was granted "to sell 30.000 acres of the Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply the proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature might by law direct." The sale was made, one- half of the proceeds set apart for the building of the penitentiary, and one-half to the impro%-e- ment of roads and rivers in the eastern part of the State. The manufacture of salt was carried on, however — for a time by lessees and subse- quently by owners — until 1873, about which time it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased to be profitable on account of competition with other districts possessing superior facilities. Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County about 1824. The manufacture has been success- fully carried on in recent years, from the product of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perry _County. SANDOVAL, a village of Marion County, at the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois Central Riilroad, and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern, 6 miles north of Centralia. The town has coal mines and some manufactures, with banks and one newspaper. Population (1880), 564; (1890), 834; (1900), 1,258. SANDSTONT:. The quantity of sandstone quar- ried in Illinois is comparatively insignificant, its value being less than one-fifth of one per cent of the value of the output of the entire countrj-. In 1890 the State ranked twenty-fifth in the list of States producing this mineral, the total value HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 465 of the stone quarried being but §17,896, repre- senting 141,605 cubic feet, taken fi'om ten quar- ries, which employed fortj--six hands, and had an aggregate capital invested of §49,400. SANDWICH, a city in De Kalb County, incor- porated in 1878, on tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 58 miles southwe.st of Chicago. The principal industries are the manufacture of agricultural implements, hay-presses, corn-shell- ers, pumps and wind-mills. Sandwich ha.s two private banks, two weekly and one semi-weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2,516; (1900), 2,520; (1903), 3,86.5. S.iXGAMON COUXTT, a central county, organized under act of June 30, 1821, from parts of Bond and Madison Counties, and embracing the present covmties of Sangamon, Cass, Menard, Mason, Tazewell, Logan, and parts of Morgan, McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It was named for the river flowing through it. Though reduced in area somewhat, four years later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was reduced to its present limits by the setting apart of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian) Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderbm-k is believed to have been the first white settler, arriving there in 1817 and locating in what is now Cotton Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by William Drennan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy, Robert PuUiam and others. John Kelly located on the present site of the city of Springfield in 1818, and was there at the time of the selection of that place as the temporary seat of justice in 1821. Other settlements were made at Auburn, Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population began to flow in raj^idly. Remnants of tlie Potta- watomie and Kickapoo Indians were still there, but soon moved north or west. County organi- zation was effected in 1821, the first Board of County Commissioners being composed of Wil- liam Drennan, Zachariah Peter and Samuel Lee. John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) lield the first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor, Sheriff; Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and Charles E. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United States Land Office was established at Springfield in 1823, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the first sale of lands taking place the same year. The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantly fer- tile, with rich underlying deposits of bituminous coal, which is mined in large quantities. The chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton, Illiopolis and Pleasant Plains. The area of the county is 860 square miles. Population (1880), 52,894"; (1890), 61.195; (1900), 71,593. SAXGAMOX RIVER, formed by the union of the Xorth and South Forks, of which the former is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork rises in the northern part of Champaign County, whence it nms southwest to the city of Decatiir, thence westward through Sangamon County, forming the nortli boundary of Christian County, and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 milfes above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240 miles long, including the North Fork. The Soutli Fork flows through Cliristian County, and joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of Springfield. In the early history of the State the Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream, and its improvement was one of the measures advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1832, when he was for the first time a candidate (though unsuc- cessfully) for the Legislature. In the spring of 1832 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the "Talisman," ascended the river to a point near Springfield. The event was celebrated with great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel encountered so much diflSculty in getting out of the river that the experiment was never repeated. SAXGAMOX & MORGAN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) SANGER, Lorenzo P., railway and canal con- tractor, was born at Littleton, N. H., March 2, 1809; brouglit in childhood to Living.ston County, N. Y., where liis father became a contractor on tlie Erie Canal, tlie son also being employed upon the same work. The latter subsequently became a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his own account, being known as "the boy contract- or." Then, after a brief experience in mercantile business, and a year spent in the construction of a canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and soon after became an extensive contractor on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rock excavation at Lockport. He was also connected with the Rock River improvement scheme, and interested in a line of stages between Chicago and Galena, which, having been consolidated with the line managed by the firm of Fink & Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage Company, extending its operations throughout Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri — Mr. Sanger having charge of the Western Division, for a time, with headquarters at St. Louis. In 1851 he became the head of the firm of Sanger, Camp & Co. , contractors for the construction of the Western (or Illinois) Division of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern) Railway, upon which he 466 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was employed for several years. Other works with which he was connected were the North Missouri Railroad and the construction of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. as member of the firm of Sanger & Casey, for a time, also lessees of convict labor. In 1863 Mr. Sanger received from Governor Yates, by request of President Lincoln, a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to staff duty in Kentucky and Tennessee. After the war he became largely interested in stone quarries adjacent to Joliet ; also had an extensive contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland, Cal., March 33, 187.^, whitlier he had gone for the benefit of his health.' — James Young (Sanger), brother of the preceding, was born at Sutton, Vt., March 14, 1814; in boyhood spent some time in a large mercantile establishment at Pittsburg, Pa., later being associated with his father and elder brother in contracts on the Erie Canal and similar works in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indi- ana. At the age of 32 he came with his father's family to St. Joseph, Mich., where they estab- lished a large supply store, and engaged in bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a later period, in connection with his father and his brother, L. P. Sanger, he was prominently connected with the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal — the aqueduct at Ottawa and the locks at Peru being constructed by them. About 1850 the Construction Company, of which he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading members, undertook the construction of the Ohio & Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern) Railroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, Ind., and were prominently identified with other rail- road enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and California. Died, July 3, 1867, when consum- mating arrangements for the performance of a large contract on the Union Pacific Railroad. SANITARY COMMISSION. (See niinois San- itary Commission.) SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. (See Chicago Drainage Canal. ) SAUGANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed known as Capt. Billy Caldwell, the son of a British officer and a Pottawatomie woman, bom in Canada about 1780; received an education from the Jesuits at Detroit, and was able to speak and write English and French, besides several Indian dialects ; was a friend of Tecum- seh's and, during the latter part of his life, a devoted friend of the whites. He took up his residence in Chicago about 1830, and, in 1836. was a Justice of the Peace, while nominally a subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Otta- was and Pottawatomies. In 1838 the Govern- ment, in consideration of his services, built for him the first frame house ever erected in Chicago, which he occupied until his departure with his tribe for Council Bluffs in 1836. By a treaty, made Jan. 3, 1830, reservations were granted by the Government to Sauganash, Shabona and other friendly Indians (see Shabona), and 1,340 acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving the country. Died, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, Sept. 38, 1841. SAVAGE, George S. F., D.D., clergyman, was born at Cromwell, Conn., Jan. 39, 1817; gradu- ated at Yale College in 1844; studied theology at Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847; was ordained a home missionary the same year and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles. 111., for four years being corresponding editor of "The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational Herald." For ten years he was in the service of the American Tract Society, and, during the Civil War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work in the army. In 1870 he was appointed Western Secretary of the Congregational Publishing Society, remaining two years, after which he be- came Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theo- logical Seminary. He has also been a Director of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit College since 1850, and, for several years, editor and publisher of "The Congregational Review." SAVANNA, a city in Carroll County, situated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Bur- Ungton & Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount Carroll and about 30 miles north of Clinton, Iowa. It is an important shipping -point and con- tains several manufactories of machinery, lumber, flour, etc. It has two State banks, a public library, churches, two graded schools, township high school, and two daily and weekly news- papers. Pop. (1890), 3,097; (1900), 3,335. SAYBROOK, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 36 miles east of Bloomington; district agricultural; county fairs held here; the town has two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 851; (1900), 879. SCATES, Walter Bennett, jurist and soldier, was born at South Boston, Halifax County, \'a., Jan. 18, 1808 ; was taken in infancy to Hopkins- ville, Ky., where he resided until 1831, having meanwhile learned the printer's trade at Nash- ville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he removed to Frankfort, Franklin County, 111., HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 467 where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In 1836, having been appointed Attorney-General, he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of govern- ment, but resigned at tlie close of the same year to accept the judgeship of the Third Judicial Circuit, and took up his residence at Shawnee- town. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges added to the Supreme Court bench, the others being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas, Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson County, and. in Januarj-, 1847, resigned his seat upon the bench to resume practice. The same year he was a member of the Constitutional Con- vention and Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. In June, 1854, he again took a seat upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May, 18.57. and resumed practice in Chicago. In 1862 he volunteered in defense of the Union, received a Major's commission and was assigned to duty on the staff of General McClernand ; was made, Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at Cliicago, which position he filled imtil July 1, 1869, when he was removed bj- President Grant, during the same period, being ex-officio custodian of United States funds, the office of Assistant Treasurer not having been then created. Died, at Evan.ston, Oct. 26, 1886. SCAMMOX, Jonathan Tonng', lawyer and banker, was born at Whitefield. Maine, July 27, 1812 ; after graduating at Waterville (now Colby) University in 1831, he studied law and was admitted to the bar at Hallowell, in 1835 remov- ing to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. After a year spent as deputy in the office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during which he prepared a revision of the Illinois stat- utes, he was appointed attorney for the State Bank of Illinois in 1837, and. in 1839, became reporter of the Supreme Coiut, which oflSice he held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associ- ated with several prominent lawyers, his first legal firm being that of Scammon, McCagg & Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of 1871. A large operator in real estate and identi- fied with many enterprises of a public or benevo- lent character, his most important financial venture was in connection with the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which con- ducted an extensive banking business for many years, and of which he was the President and leading spirit. As a citizen he was progressive, public-spirited and lilseral. He was one of the main promoters and organizers of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to run west from Lake Michigan ; was also promi- nently identified with the founding of the Chi- cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old) Chicago University, and one of the founders of the Chicago Historical Society, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astro- nomical Society — being the first President of the latter body. He erected, at a cost of §30.000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in which he caused to be placed the most power- ful telescope which had at that time been brought to the West. He also maintained the observatory at his own expense. He was the pioneer of Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a staunch Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican. In 1844 he was one of the founders of "The Chi- cago American," a paper designed to advance the candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency; and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune" espoused the Liberal Republican cause, he started "The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being, for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-in- chief. He was one of the first to encourage the adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine in Chicago, and was prominently connected with the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College and the Hahnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in both for many years. As a member of the Gen- eral Assembly he secured the pas.sage of many important measures, among them being legisla- tion looking toward the bettering of the currency and the banking system. He accumulated a large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of 1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago, March 17, 1890. SCARKITT, Nathan, pioneer, was born in Con- necticut, came to Edwardsville, 111., in 1820, and, in 1821, located in Scarritt's Prairie, Madison County. His sons afterward became influential in business and Methodist church circles. Died, Dec. 12, 1847. SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the uniformity of surface which characterizes a country containing no mountain ranges, but which is made up largely of natural prairies, there are a number of localities in Illinois where scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and rugged character, may be found. One of the most striking of these features is produced by a spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Moun- tains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State from the vicinity' of Grand 468 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tower in Jackson County, through the northern part of Union, and throvigli portions of William- son, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties. Grand Tower, the initial point in the western part of the State, is an isolated cliff of limestone, standing out in the channel of the Mississippi, and forming an island nearly 100 feet above low- water level. It has been a conspicuous landmark for navigators ever since the discovery of the Mississippi. "Fountain Bluff," a few miles above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point immediately on the river bank, formed bj- some isolated hills about three miles long by a mile and a half wide, which have withstood the forces that excavated the valley now occupied by the Mississippi. About half a mile from the lower end of this hill, witli a low valley between them, is a smaller eminence known as the "Devirs Bake Oven." The main chain of bluffs, known as the "Back Bone," is about five miles from the river, and rises to a height of nearly 700 feet above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more than 400 feet above the level of the river at Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland bluff promontory near Alta Pass on the line of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, in the northern part of Union County, with an elevation above tide- water of 985 feet. The highest point in this range of hills is reached in the northeastern part of Pope County — the elevation at that point (as ascertained by Prof. Rolfe of the State University at Champaign) being 1,04G feet.^ — There is some striking scenery in the neighborhood of Grafton between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as well as some distance up the latter stream — • though the landscape along the middle section of the Illinois is generallj- monotonous or only gently undulating, except at Peoria and a few other i^oints, where bluffs rise to a considerable height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque, including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see). This rock rises to a perpendicular height of about 125 feet from the surface of the river at the ordinary stage. On the opposite side of the river, about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo Rock," an isolated ridge of rock about two miles long by forty to sixty rods wide, evidently once an island at a period when the Illinois River occupied the whole valley. Additional interest is given to both these localities by their associ- ation with early history. Deer Park, on the Ver- milion River — some two miles from where it empties into the Illinois, just below "Starved Rock" — is a peculiar grotto-like formation, caused by a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth, for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpen- dicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this point to about 130 feet in diameter at the base, with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at certain seasons of the year, a beautiul water-fall pours from the cliffs into a little lake at the bot- tom of the chasm. There is much other striking scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox Rivers. — A point which arrested the attention of the earliest explorers in this region was Mount Joliet, near the city of that name. It is first mentioned by St. Cosme in 1698, and has been variously known as Mou jolly, Mont Jolie, Mount Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, in early times, of about 30 feet with a level top 1,300 by 235 feet. Prof. O. H. Marshall, in "The American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion that, originally, it was an island in the river, which, at a remote period, swept down the valley of the Des Plaines. Mount Joliet was a favorite rallying point of Illinois Indians, who were accustomed to hold their councils at its base. — The scenery along Rock River is not striking from its boldness, but it attracted the attention of early explorers by the picturesque beauty of its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water. The highest and most abrupt elevations are met with in Jo Daviess Count}-, near the Wisconsin State line. Pilot Knob, a natural mound about three miles south of Galena and two miles from the Mississippi, has been a landmark well known to tourists and river men ever since the Upper Mississippi began to be navigated. Towering above the surrounding bluffs, it reaches an alti- tude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these mounds extends some four or five miles in a north- easterly direction from Pilot Knob, Waddel's and Jackson's Mounds being conspicuous among them. There are also some castellated rocks around the city of Galena which are very strik- ing. Charles Mound, belonging to the system already referred to, is believed to be the highest elevation in the State. It stands near the Wis consin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe, has an altitude of 314 feet above the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad at Scales' Mound Station, and, 1,257 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. SCHAUMBER(J, a village in Schaumberg Township, Cook County. Population, 578. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 469 SCH\EIDER, George, journalist and banker, was born at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1823. Being sentenced to death for his participation in the attempted rebellion of 1848. he e.scaped to America in 18-19, going from New York to Cleve- land, and afterwards to St. Louis. There, in con- nection with his brother, he established a German daily — "The New Era" — which was intensely anti-slavery and exerted a decided political influ- ence, especially among persons of Geroian birth. In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became editor of "The Staats Zeitimg," in which he vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude and articles gave such offense to the partisan friends of this measure, that "The Zeitxing" -was threatened with destruction by a mob in 185.5. He early took advanced ground in opposition to slavery, and was a member of the convention of Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, and of the first Republican State Convention, held at Blooniington the same j'ear, as well as of the National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 1860. participating in the nomination of both John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the Chicago LTnion Defense Committee, and was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General at El.sinore, Denmark. Returning to America in 1862, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On retiring from this office he engaged in banking, subsequently becoming President of the National Bank of Illinois, with which he was associated for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland, which he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi- dential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving for a number of years as a member of the Repub- lican State Central Committee. SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, Major-General, was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., Sept 29, 1831; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111., in 1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport ; graduated from the United States Military Acad- emy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPherson and Sheridan ; was assigned to the artillery ser- vice and served two years in Florida, after which he spent five years (1855-GO) as an instructor at West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor of Physics in Washington University at St. Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned to duty and was appointed mustering officer; then, by permission of the War Department, entered the First Missouri Volunteers as Major, serving as Chief of Staff to General Lyon in the early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's Creek. His subsequent career included the organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862), command of the Army of the Frontier in South- west Missouri, command of the Department of the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sher- man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina — his army having been transferred for this purpo.se, from Tennessee by way of Washington. After the close of the war he went on a special mission to Mexico to investigate the French occupation of that coimtry; was commander of the Department of the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by appointment of President Johnson, from June, 1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi- net he was commissioned a full Major-General and held various Division and Department com- mands until 1886, when, on the death of General Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the Army, with headquarters at Washington. He was retired under the age limit, Sept. 29, 1895. His present home is in Washington. SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark County, 111. , in 1834 ; acquired the rudiments of an education in the common schools during boy- hood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the higher branches through toilsome application to text-books %vithout a preceptor. At the age of 20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky., graduating two years later, and beginning prac- tice at Marshall, 111. He defrayed his expenses at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir. In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in 1860, was chosen to represent his county in the Legislature. After serving one term he returned to his professional career and succeeded in build- ing up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he repre- sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became Solicitor for the Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand Division, caused by the resignation of Judge Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without oppo- sition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13, 1893. It has been claimed that President Cleve- land would have tendered him the Chief Justice- ship of the United States Supreme Court, had he not insistently declined to accept the honor. 470 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive school-liouses of Illinois were built of logs, and were extremely rude, as regards both structure and furnishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers rarely erected a special building to be used as a school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one end of a settler's cabin not unf requently answered the purpose, and the church and the court-house were often made to accommodate the school. When a school-house, as such, was to be built, the men of the district gathered at the site selected, bringing their axes and a few other tools, with their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a cabin. Sixteen feet square was usually con- sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great labor, stone was substituted for mortar made from the clay soil. The chimneys were always wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes extending across one entire end of the building. The fuel used was wood cut directly from the forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the width of the chimney. Occasionally there was no chimney, the fire, in some of the most primi- tive structures, being built on the earth and the smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In such houses a long board was set up on the wind- ward side, and shifted from side to side as the wind varied. Stones or logs answered for andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no one complained of the lack of tongs. Roofs were made of roughly split clapboards, held in place by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup- ports starting from "eaves poles." The .space between the logs, which constituted the walls of the building, was filled in with blocks of wood or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in which straw was sometimes mixed to increase its adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the admission of light ; and, as glass could not alwajs be procured, rain and snow were excluded and light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over this space a board, attached to the outer wall by leather hinges, was sometimes suspended to keep out the storms. The placing of a glass window in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in 1824, was considered an important event. Ordi- narily the floor was of the natural earth, although this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay, firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious school-houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., floors made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had "ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually made of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The seats were also of puncheons (without backs) supported on four legs made of pieces of poles inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk, except the advanced pupils who were learning to write. For their convenience a broader and smoother puncheon was fastened into the wall by wooden pins, in such a way that it would slope downward toward tlie pupil, the front being supported by a brace extending from the wall. Wlien a pupil was writing he faced the wall. When he had finished this task, he "reversed him- self" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates. These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with the exception of a split-bottomed chair for the teacher (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or "piggin," of water, with a gourd for a drinking cup. Rough and uncouth as these structures were, they were evidences of public spirit and of appreciation of the advantages of education. They were built and maintained by mutual aid and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men of the State and Nation obtained that primary training which formed the foundation of their subsequent careers. (See Education.) SCHUYLER COUNTY, located in the western portion of the State, has an area of 430 square miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuj'ler. The first American settlers arrived in 1833, and. among the earliest pioneers, were Calvin Hobart, William H. Taylor and Orris JlcCartney. The county was organized from a portion of Pike County, in 1825, the first Commissioners being Thomas Blair, Thomas JIcKee and Samuel Hor- ney. The Commissioners ajipointed to locate the count}' -scat, selected a site in the eastern part of the county about one mile west of the present village of Pleasant View, to which the name of Beardstown was given, and where the earliest court was held, Judge John York Sa%vyer presid- ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris Mc- Cartney. Sheriff. This location, however, proving unsatisfactory, new Commissioners were ap- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 471 pointed, who, in the early part of 1826, selected the present site of the city of Rushville, some five miles west of the point originally chosen. The new seat of justice was first called Rushton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraim Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The surface of the county is rolling, and the region contains excellent farming land, which is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous creeks. Population (1890), 16,013; (1900), 16,129. SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1871, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, meantime studying law and medicine, being admitted to the bar in 1875, and graduating in medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi- tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as second in command, sailed from New York in the "Eothen," June 19, for King William's Land. The party returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's party, besides discovering relics which tended to clear up the mystery of their fate. During this period he made a sledge journey of 3,251 miles. Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition up the Yukon River. After a brief return to army duty he tendered his resignation in 1885, and the next year led a special expedition to Alaska, under the auspices of "The New York Times," later making a voj'age of discovery among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he con- ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where he found many interesting relics of Aztec civili- zation and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia ; also published several volumes relating to his re- searches, under the titles, "Along Alaska's Great River"; "The Franklin Search Under Lieutenant Schwatka" ; "Nimrod of the North" ; and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland, Ore., Nov. 3. 1892. SCOTT, James W., journalist, was born in Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy he accompanied his father to Galena, where the latter established a newspaper, and where he learned the printer's trade. After graduating from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit College, but left at the end of his sophomore year. Going to New York, he became interested in flori- culture, at the same time contributing short articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he was a compositor in Washington. His first news- paper venture was the publication of a weekly newspaper in Maryland in 1872. Returning to Illinois, conjointly with his father he started "The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875, removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The Daily National Hotel Reporter," from which he withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in conjunction with others, he organized The Chi- cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately secured a controlling interest. His journalistic and executive capability soon brought additional responsibilities. He was chosen President of the American Newspaper Publishers' Association, of the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press — the latter being an organization for the collec- tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to jovirnals throughout the United States and Can- ada. He was also conspicuously connected with the preliminary organization of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Press Committee. In 1893 he started an evening paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post." Early in 1895 he purchased "The Chicago Times," intending to consolidate it with "The Herald," but before the final consummation of his plans, he died suddenly, while on a business visit in New York, April 14, 1895. SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was bom in St. Clair Coimty, 111., August 1, 1824; his father being of Scotch-Irish descent and his mother a Virgiaian. His attendance upon dis- trict schools was supplemented by private tuition, and his early education was the best that the comparatively new country afforded. He read law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in 1848, removed to McLean County, which con- tinued to be his home for nearly fifty years. He served as County School Commissioner from 1849 to 1852, and, in the latter year, was elected County Judge. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful Repub- lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently speaking from the same platform veith Abraham Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to succeed David Davis on the elevation of the latter to the bench of the United States Supreme Court, and was re-elected in 1867. In 1870, a new judicial election being rendered necessary by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge Scott was chosen Justice of the Supreme Court 472 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. for a term of nine years ; was re-elected in 1879, but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter years of his life were devoted to his private affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898. Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a volume containing a History of the Illinois Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and early lawyers of the State. SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agricxilturist and real-estate operator, was born at Lexington, Ky., Feb. 34, 1828; graduated at Centre College in 1846, then spent several years looking after his father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came to Illinois and invested largely in lands for him- self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa in 1850; lived in Springfield in 1870-72, when he removed to Bloomington, where he organized the McLean County Coal Company, remaining as its head until his death; was also the founder of "The Bloomington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at Bloomington, May 21, 1891. SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ex-Congressman, was born in Jackson Tovvnship, EfSngham County, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, after receiving a thorough common-school edu- cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight years. Superintendent of Schools for his native county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later, to engage in newspaper work. His first pirbli- cation was "The Effingham Democrat, " which he left to become proprietor and manager of "The Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi- cal. Before removing to Bloomington he filled the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effing- ham, and also served as Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a candidate for reelection, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. Dur- ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor of "The Bloomington Leader." SCOTT COUNTY, lies in the western part of the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an area of 248 square miles. The region was origi- nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who ceded it to the Government by the treaty of Edwardsville, July 30, 1819. Six months later (in January, 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the county, John Scott the second and Adam Miller the third. About the same time came Stephen M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white woman in the county. Other pioneers were Jedediali Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens- more, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The country was rough and the conveniences of civi- lization few and remote. Settlers took their corn to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself, and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized from the best citizens, who meted out a rough and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally shooting a desperado at his cabin door. Scott County was cut off from Morgan and organized in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of it being originally timbered, and it is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 10,304; (1900), 10,455. SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to Rushville, 111., in childhood, and educated at McKendree College; studied law and came to Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in "The Chicago Tribune," which had been e.stab- lished during the previous year. In 1852 he withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc- tion with William Bross (afterwards Lieuten- ant-Governor), established "The Daily Demo- cratic Press," which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1865, when, having sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in the banking business as a member of the firm of Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however, soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. 31, 1866, at Minneapolis, Minn., whither he had gone in hopes of restoration. Sir. Scripps was a finished and able writer who did much to elevate the standard of Chicago journalism. SCROGGS, George, journalist, was born at Wilmington, Clinton, County, Ohio, Oct. 7, 1842 — the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, who came to Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858, took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette. " In 186ii-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the location of the State University at Champaign, afterwards serving as a member of the first Board HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 473 of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the age of 15, became an apprentice in his father's printing office, continuing until 1862, when he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being promoted through the positions of Sergeant- JIajor and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adju- tant of the Sixtieth Illinois. He participated in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea, in the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, N. C. He remained in the service until July, 1865. when he resigned; then entered the Uni- versity at Champaign, later studied law, mean- while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and Union," of which he finall.y became sole propri- etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Governor CuUom, and, the follow- ing year, was elected to the Thirty-first General Assembly, but, before the close of the session (1879), received the appointment of United States Consul to Hamburg, Germany. He was com- pelled to surrender this position, a year later, on account of ill-health, and, returning home, died, Oct. 15, 1880. SEATONVILLE, a village in Hall Township, Bureau County. Population (1900), 909. SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from its admission into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent; Elias Kent Kane, 1818-32; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1822-23; David Blackwell, 1823-24; Morris Birkbeck, October, 1821 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by the Senate), George Forquer, 1825-28; Alexander Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 (served thi-ee months — resigned to take a seat on the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull, 1841-43; Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 1846-50; David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alexander Starne, 1853-57 ; Ozias M. Hatch, 1857-65 ; Sharon Tyndale, 1865-69; Edward Rimimel, 1869-73; George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; William H. Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 . Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under the first Con- stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of State was filled by appointment by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, but without limitation as to term of office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by that of 1870, that officer was made elective by the people at the same time as the Governor, for a term of four years. SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at various points in the Northwest, organizations of persons disaffected toward the National Govern- ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi- ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first they were known by such titles as "Circles of Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc. But they had kindred aims and tlieir members were soon united in one organization, styled "Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets having been partially disclosed, this body ceased to exist — or, it would be more correct to say, changed its name — being soon succeeded (1863) by an organization of similar character, called the "American Knights." These societies, as first formed, were rather political than military. The "American Knights" had more forcible aiuas, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the order was re-organized under the name of "Sons of Liberty." The last named order started in Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organi- zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest, acquiring much more strength and influence than its predecessors had done. The ultimate author- ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme Council, whose officers were a "supreme com- mander," "secretary of state, "and "treasurer." Each State represented formed a division, under a "deputy grand commander." States were divided into military districts, under "major-generals." County lodges were termed "temples." The order was virtually an officered army, and its aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in- chief, its brigades and its regiments. Three degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive policy by the Government in dealing with seces- sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its methods and pm-poses were to discourage enlist- ments and resist a draft; to aid and protect deserters; to disseminate treasonable literature; to aid the Confederates in destroying Government property. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat- riated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864, claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,- 000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt 47-i HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acts were committed, but the organization, hav- ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis- banded in 1865. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy. ) SELBY, Paul, editor, was born in Pickaway County, Ohio, July 20, 1835; removed with his parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but, at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, but left the institution during his junior year to assume the editorship of ''The Morgan Journal," at Jacksonville, with which he remained until the fall of 1858, covering the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which "The Journal" took an active part. He was a member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known as Republican) State Convention, which met at Springfield, in October, 18,54 (the first ever held in the State), and, on Feb. 22, 1856, attended and presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a line of policy for the newly organizing Repub- lican party. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) This body appointed the first Republican State Central Committee and desig- nated the date of the Bloomington Convention of May 29, following, which put in nomination the first Republican State ticket ever named in Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following November (See Bloomington Convention.) In 1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was widely circulated. (See Canal So-fjj Fraud.) Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his Southern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and falsely charged with having been connected with the "underground railroad," in letters from secession sympathizers in the North, whose per- sonal and political enmit}' he had incurred while conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders as vouchers for their characters. He at once invited an investigation by the Board of Trus- tees of the institution, of which he was the Principal, when that body — although composed, for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jack- sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions declaring the charges prompted by per.sonal hos- tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into his hands. Returning North with his family in July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com- missary and transportation branches of the ser- vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1862, he became associate editor of "The Illinois State Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem- ber, 1865. The next six months were spent as Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House at New Orleans, but, returning North in June, 1866, he soon after became identified with the Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Repub- lican." In May, 1868, he assumed the editorship of "The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming part proprietor of that paper, but, in January, 1874, resumed his old place on "The State Jour- nal," four years later becoming one of its propri- etors. In 1880 he was appointed by President Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Mean- while he had sold his interest in "The Journal," but the following year organized a new company for its purchase, when he resumed his former position as editor. In 1889 he disposed of his holding in "The Journal," finally removing to Chicago, where he has been employed in literary work. In all he has been engaged in editorial work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Slater with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring- field, who died in November, 1865, leaving two daughters, and, in 18T0, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch- cock, of Quincy, by whom he had two children, both of whom died in infancj*. SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was born in Green County, Ky. , Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch descent ; after learning the tanner's trade, studied law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818, removing to Missouri four years later, where he was ad- mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1828, he began practice at Edwardsville, but later became a citizen of Alton. During the Black Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He was thrice elected to the lower house of the Legislature (1832, "34 and '36), and was Speaker during the last two terms. In 1833 he was elected Attorney-General by the Legislature, but served only until the following year, and, in 1837, was appointed Minister to Granada, South America. In 1843 he was appointed, and after- wards elected. United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 475 life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey County, just south of wliirh lie owned a large estate on the Mississippi bluflfs, where he died. Dec. 20, 1866. SENECA (formerly Crotty), a village of La Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 18 miles east of Ottawa. It has a graded school, several churches, a bank, some manufactures, grain warehouses, coal mines, telephone system and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,190; (1900), 1,036. SENN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years of age, his parents settling at Washington, Wis. He received a grammar school education at Fond du Lac, and, in 1864, began the study of medi- cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, he began practice at Ashford, Wis., but removed to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he visited Europe, graduated the following year from the University of Munich, and, on his return, became Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College in Chicago — also has held the chair of the Prac- tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. Senn has achieved great success and won an international reputation in the treatment of difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the author of a number of volumes on dififerent branches of surgery which are recognized as standard authorities. A few years ago he pur- chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will- iam Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University of Gottingen, which he presented to the New- berry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois National Guard, and has also been President of the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States, besides being identified with various other medical bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American War. he was appointed, by President McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank of Colonel, and rendered most efficient aid in the military branch of the service at Camp Chicka- mauga and in the Santiago campaign. SEXTON, (Col.) James A., Commander-in- Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, was born in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844; in April, 1861, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a private soldier under the first call for troops issued by President Lincoln ; at the close of his term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to recruit a company which afterwards was attached to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to the Seventy-second with a commission as Captain of Company D, which he had recruited. As com- mander of his regiment, then constituting a part of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash- ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a piece of shell which broke his leg. His regiment took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and men, it returned with only 332. all told, although it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old when he received his first commission, and 21 when, after participating in the Mobile cam- paign, he was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in 1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a member of the firm of Cribben. Sexton & Co., stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, and, in 1889, was appointed , by President Harrison , Postmaster of the city of Cliicago, serving over five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the State of Illinois, and, ten j'ears later, to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order, which he held at the time of his death. He had also been, for a number of years, one of the Trus- tees of the Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Quincy, and, during most of the time, President of the Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Commission to investigate the conduct of the Spanish-American War, but, before the Com- mission had concluded its labors, was taken with "the grip," which developed into pneumonia, from which he died in Washington, Feb. 5, 1899. SEYMOUR, (Jeorge Franklin, Protestant Epis- copal Bishop, was born in New York City, Jan. 5, 1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850, and from the General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1854. He received both minor 476 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter, being made deacon in 1854 and ordained priest in 1855. For several years )ie was engaged in mis- sionary work. During this period he was promi- nently identified with the founding of St. Stephen's College. After serving as rector in various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi- nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of the institution, still retaining liis professorship. Racine College conferred upon liim the degree of S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in 1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois, but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu- ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse- crated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11, 1878. He was a prominent member of the Third Pan-Anglican Council (London, 1S85), and has done much to foster the growth and extend the influence of his church in his diocese. SHABBOXA, a village of De Kalb County, on the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 25 miles west of Aurora. Population (1890), r,02; (1900), 587. SHABOXA (or Shabbona), an Ottawa Chief, was born near the Maumee River, in Ohio, about 1775, and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell (see Sauganash) to the homes of the Pottawato- mies and other tribes within tlie present limits of Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper- ation in driving the white settlers out of the country. At the battle of the Thames, he was by the side of Tecumseh wlien he fell, and both he and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies, soon after submitted to the United States tlirough General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed to Black Hawk in 1833, and did much to thwart the plans of the latter and aid the wliites. Hav- ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, who had a village on the Illinois River east of the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he remained till 1837, when he removed to Western Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a reservation near by, Ixostilities began between them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona were killed. He finally returned to his old home in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who drove him from the grove that bore his name. Some friends then bought for him twenty acres of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble specimen of his race. A life of him has been published by N. Matson (Chicago, 1878). SHAXXON, a village of Carroll County, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade center, lias a bank and one newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 591; (1900), 078. SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Goshen in that State. In 1833 he remo\'ed to Lawrence County, 111. He has held various important public offices. He was a member of the first Internal Improvement Convention of the State; was chosen State's Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he served two terms ; served four years as Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit; was elected to the Thirtj'-fiftli Congress in 1856, and to the Forty -eighth in 1882, as a Democrat. SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ire- land, May 3, 1832, brought to this country in in- fancy and grew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. ; graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after admission to the bar, began practice at Mount Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, being re-elected in 1872, '76 and '78. He was Speaker of the House during the session of 1877, and one of the Republican leaders on the floor during the suc- ceeding session. In 1873 he was chosen a Presi- dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit, and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth Circuit. SHAWXEETOWX, a city and the county-seat of Gallatin Coauty, on the Ohio River 120 miles from its mouth and at the terminus of the Shaw- neetown Divisions of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads; is one of the olde.st towns in the State, having been laid out in 1808, and noted for tlie number of prominent men who resided there at an early day. Coal is extensively mined in that section, and Shawneetown is one of the largest shipping points for lumber, coal and farm products between Cairo and Louisville, navigation being open the year round. Some manufacturing is done here; the city has sevei-al mills, a foundry and machine shop, two or tliree banks, several churches, good schools and two weekly papers. Since the disastrous floods of 1884 and 1898, Shaw- neetown has reconstructed its levee system on a substantial scale, which is now believed to furnish HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 477 ample protection against the recurrence of similar disaster. Pop. (1900), 1,698; (1903, est.), 3,300. SHEAHAX, James W., journalist, was bom in Baltimore, Md., spent his early life, after reaching manhood, in "Washington Citj^ as a Congressional Reporter, and, in 1847, reported the proceedings of tlie Illinois State Constitutional Convention at Springfield. Through the influence of Senator Douglas he was induced, in 18.')4, to accept the editorship of "The Young America" newspaper at Chicago, which was soon after changed to "The Chicago Times." Here he remained until the fall of 1860, when, "The Times" having been sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he established a new paper called "The Morning Post." This he made representative of the views of the "War Democrats" as against "The Times," which was opposed to the war. In May, 186.5, he sold the plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago Republican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few mouths later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago Tribune," which he retained until his death, June 17, 1883. SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 44 miles east of Rosk Island; has valu- able coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. Population (1890). 993; (1900), 1,365. SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of the State, and contains an area of 776 square miles. The tide of immigration to this county was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina, although later it began to set in from the Northern States. The first cabin in the county was built by Simeon AVakefield on what is now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in what is now Shelbyville, pre-empting ten acres, which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, the pioneer merchant of the count}', and father of the first white child horn within its limits. Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. The county was formed in 1827, and Shelbyville made the county-seat. Both county and town are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken- tucky. * County Judge Joseph Oliver held the first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant, and limestone and sandstone are also found. The surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. The Little AVabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow through the central and southeastern portions. The county lies in the very heart of the great corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor- tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of railway. Population (1880), 30,270; (1890), 31,- 191; (1900), 32,126. SHELBYVILLE, the county-seat and an incor- porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia River and two lines of railway, 33 miles southeast of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on exten- sively, and there is considerable coal mining in the immediate vicinity. The city has two flour- ing mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one National and one State bank, one daily and four weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an Orphans' Home, ten churches, two graded schools, and a public library. Population (1890), 3,162; (1900), SM6. SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo. Peoria & Western Rail ways, 9 miles east of Watseka ; has two banks and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. Pop. (1890), 910; (1900), 1,103. SHELDON, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williams College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at Hennepin, Putnam Count}-, but soon removed to Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, which afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re- elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc- ceeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April 13, 1897. SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1834; graduated at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1859 ; dur- ing the Civil War was special correspondent of "The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour- nal" and "Tribiuie," and, during the Franco- German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also served as special American correspondent of "The London Times," and was a contributor to "Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873 he became a lecturer on Modern English Liter: ature and Rhetoric in Chicago Universitv and. 478 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. four years later, accepted a similar position in Allegheny College; also spent four years in Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the "Athenaeum" at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of which he was President until his death, early in 1888. "The Dickens Reader, " "Character Read- ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George Eliot" were among the volumes issued by him between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, Jan. 24, 1888. SHERMAN, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, was born at Barre, Vt., April 31, 1811, remaining there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and began business as a contractor and builder. Sev- eral years later he opened the first stone quarries at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years in the service of Chicago as a public official. From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company of militia ; for two years served as Chief of the Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 1842, serving again in 1846. In 1844, he was chosen Mayor, his administration being marked by the first extensive public improvements made in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did much to secure a better water supply for the city. He was especially interested in promoting common school education, being for several years a member of the City School Board. He was Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of Northwestern University. Retired from active pursuits, Mr. Sherman is now (1899) spending a serene old age at Waukegan, 111.— Oren (Sherman) brother of the preceding and early Cliicago mer- chant, was born at Barre, Vt., March 5, 1816. After spending several years in a mercantile house in Montpelier, Vt., at the age of twenty he came west, first to New Buffalo, Mich., and, in 1836, to Chicago, opening a dry -goods store there the next spring. "With various partners Mr. Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi- ness until 1853, at the same time being extensively engaged in the provision trade, one-half the entire transactions in pork in the city passing through his hands. Next he engaged in developing stone quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively interested in the marble business, continiiing in this until a few years after the panic of 1873, when he retired in consequence of a shock of paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 15, 1898. SHERMAN, Elijah B., lawyer, was born at Fairfield, Vt., June 18, 1832— his family being distantly related to Roger Sherman, a signer of .the Declaration of Independence, and the late G3n. W. T. Sherman; gained his education in the common schools and at Middlebury College, where he graduated in 1860 ; began teaching, but soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the Union; received a Lieutenant's commission, and served until captured on the eve of the battle at Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, awaiting exchange. During this period he commenced reading law and, hav ing resigned his commission, graduated from the law department of Chicago University in 1864 In 1876 he was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Cook County, and re- elected in 1878, and the following year appointed Master in Chancery of the United States District Court, a position which he still occupies He has repeatedly been called upon to deliver addresses on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one of these being before the alumni of his alma mater, in 1884, when he was complimented with the degree of LL.D. SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated to the United States at the age of sixteen, and began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1832. He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 1845, was made Commissioner of the General Land Office. In July, 1846, he was commissioned Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo, where he was severely wounded. He was again wounded at Chapultepec, and mustered out in 1848. The same year he was appointed Governor of Oregon TeiTitory. In 1849 the Democrats in the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he removed to Minnesota, and, in 1858, was chosen United States Senator from that State, his term expiring in 1859, when he established a residence in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War (1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, but at once hastened to Washington to tender his services to the Governmnet. He was commis- sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- tinction until March, 1863, when the effect of numerous wounds caused him to resign. He sub- sequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at CarroUton and serving in the Legislature of that State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was elected United States Senator to fill out the unex- pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in office — serving only six weeks, but being the only man in the history ot the country who filled tlie office of United States Senator from three differ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 479 ent states. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. SHIPMAX, a town of Macoupin County, on the Cliicago & Alton Railway, 19 miles north-north- east of Alton and 14 miles southwest of Carlin- ville. Population (1890), 410; (1900), 396. SHIPMAX, George E., M.D,, physician and philanthropist, born in New York City, March 4, 1820 ; graduated at the University of New York in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at Peoria, 111., but, in 1846, located in Chicago, where he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 he established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at his own expense, giving to it the latter years of his life. Died, Jan. 20, 1893. SHOREY, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and philan- thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil- lips Academy, Andover, Mass. , and at Dartmouth College, graduating from the latter in 1851; taught two years in Washington City, meanwhile reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane Law School, Cambridge ; was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1854, the next year locating at Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years. In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose- cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. Mr. Shorey was prominent in the establishment of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the first Library Board ; was also a prominent member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a Director in the new University of Chicago and deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi- cago, March 4, 1899. SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to Morgan County, 111. , in childhood, and lived upon a farm until 20 years of age, when he entered McKendree College, spending his senior year, however, at AVesleyan University, Bloomington, where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile accepted a call to the Missouri Conference Semi- nary at Jackson. Mo. ; where he remained three years, when he returned to Illinois, serving churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a part of the time being Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected President of Illinois Female College at Jackson- ville, continuing in that position until 1893, when he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois State Institution for the Blind at the same place, but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University. SHOUP, (Jeorge L., United States Senator, was born at Kittanning, Pa., June 15, 1836, came to Illinois in 1852, his father locating on a stock- farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo- rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com- pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mer- cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri- torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was chosen the first Governor of the State, in October of the same year being elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one of the few Western Senators who remained faith- ful to the regular Republican organization, dimng the political campaign of 1896. SHOWALTER, Jolin W., jurist, was born in Mason Count}'. Kj-., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some j'ears in Scott County in that State, and was educated in the local schools, at Maysville and Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col- lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He returned to Kentuckj- after the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield, with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), where he remained until his appointment as United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895. Died, in Chicago, Deo. 12, 1898. SHUMAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County, Pa., Nov. 8, 18.30. His father dying in 1837, he was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan- caster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac- companied liis employer to Auburn, N. Y. , working for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that city, then known as Governor Seward's "home organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published and distributed — during his leisure hours — a small weekly paper called "The Auburnian." At the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was em- ployed, for a year or two, in editing and publish- ing "The Cayuga Chief," a temperance journal. 480 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before the completion of his junior year, consented, at the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse Daily Journal. " In July, 1856, he came to Chi- cago, to accept an editorial position on "The Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming editor-in-chief and President of the Journal Com- pany. From 1865 to 18T0 {first by executive appointment and afterward by popular election) he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- tentiary at Joliet, resigning the office four years before the expiration of his term. In 18T6 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during the latter years of his life was at Evanston. Governor Shuman was author of a romance entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous addresses before literary, commercial and scien- tific a.ssociations. SHUMWAY, Dorice Dwight, merchant, was born at Williamsburg, Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 28, 1813, descended from French Huguenot ancestry; came to Zanosville, Ohio, in 1837, and to Montgomery County, 111., in 18-11; married a daughter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian County ; was engaged for a time in merchandis- ing at Taylorville, but retired in 18.58, thereafter giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 1846 he was chosen Representative in the General Assembly, served in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870. — Hiram P. (Shumway), eldest son of tlie preceding, was born m Montgomery Count}-, 111.. June, 1843; spent his boyhood on a farm in Cliristian County and in his father's store at Taylorville; took an academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- tile business; was Representative in the Twenty- eighth General Assembly and Senator in the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards removing to Springfield, where he engaged in the stone business. SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution located at Upper Alton, and the third estab- lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" -with Illi- nois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, bj' Rev. John M. Peck. This became the "Rook Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was united with an academy at Upper Alton. This was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt- leff") College. As far as its denominational control is concerned, it has always been domi- nated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original idea was to found a school for teaching theology and Biblical literature, but this project was at first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis and John Russell were among the first instruc- tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff donated the college §10,000, and the institution was named in his honor. College classes were not organized until 1840, and several years elapsed before a class graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over §126,000, in addition to 5125,000 worth of real and personal property. About 255 students were in attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate departments, the college also maintains a theo- logical school. It has a faculty of twenty instructors and is co-educational. SIBLEY, a village of Ford County, on the Chi- cago Division of the Wabash Railway, 105 miles south-southwest of Chicago; has banks and a weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural. Population (1890), 404; (1900), 444. SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was bom at Westfield, Mass., in 1818; learned the trade of a whip-maker and afterwards engaged in mer- chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law at Sj'racuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the bar, came west, finally settling at Nauvoo. Han- cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense to a section of the community. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, but was elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1852. In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855, was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1861, '67 and '73, being assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, wliere he died, June 18, 1897. SIDELL, a village of Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati, Hamil- ton & Dayton Railroads; lias a bank, electric light plant and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 776. SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, at the junc- tion of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-north- east of Decatur. It is in a farming district ; has a bank and a newspaper. Population, (1900), 564. SIM, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born at Aberdeen. Scotland, in 1795, came to HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 481 America in early manhood, and was the first phy- sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, which he represented in the Fourth and Fifth General Assemblies (182-i and '38). He married a iliss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for that purpose on horseback. He had a family of five children, one son. Dr. Francis L, Sim, rising to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, being President of a Medical College at Memphis, Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 1868. SIMS, James, early legislator and Methodist preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but removed to Kentuck}' in early manhood, thence to St, Clair County, 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga- mon County, where he was elected, in 1823, as the first Representative from that county in the Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses- sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution designed to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard County, but finally removed to Slorgan. SIJfOER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in Schnectad}-, N. Y. , Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of repairs upon the Canal until 1853. While thus employed he became one of the proprietors of the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890, when they became the property of the Western Stone Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican during the Civil War, and served as a member of the Twentj'-fifth General Assembly (1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee in 1880. He was also associated with several financial institutions, being a director of the First National Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- cago, and a member of the Union League and Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, Cal., Dec. 28, 1896. SIXOLETOX, Jame.s W., Congressman, born at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at the Winchester (Va. ) Academy, and removed to Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterlingj Brown County, and, some twenty years later, near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer, and was prominent in political and commercial affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- able attention to stock-raising. He was elected Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, being identified to some extent with the "Mor- mon War"; was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1863, .served six terms in the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 1880. In 1882 he ran as an independent Demo- crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of his party, James M. Riggs. During the War of the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous leaders of the "peace party." He constructed the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of the Chicago, Bui'lington & Quincy) Railways, being President of both companies. His death occurred at Baltimore, Md. , April 4, 1892. SIX>'ET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex- ington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three years of age, taken by his parents to Missouri ; enlisted in the War of 1812, but, soon after the war, came to Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now Christian County, locating on land constituting a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840 he removed to Tazewell County, dj'ing there, Jan. 13, 1872. SKIXNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches- ter, Vt.. Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middle- bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836, came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master in Chancery for Cook County, and finally United States District Attorney under President Tj-ler. As member of the House Finance Committee in the Fifteenth General A.s.sembly (1846-48), he aided influentially in seeming the adoption of measures for refunding and paying the State debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of tlie Court of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook County, but declined a re-election in 1853. Origi- nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a liberal supporter of the Government policy dur- ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United States Sanitary Commission and was identified with all the leading charities of the city. Among the great business enterprises with which he was officially associated were the Galena & Chi- cago Union and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways (in each of wliich he was a Director), the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others. Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- viving son was killed in the trenches before Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. SKIXNER, Otis' Ainswortli, clergyman and author, was born at Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807; 483 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. taught for some time, became a Universalist minister, serving churches in Baltimore. Boston and New York between 1831 and 18.57; then came to Elgin, 111., was elected President of Lom- bard University at Galesburg, but the following year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several vol- umes on religious topics, and, at different times, edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haver- hill, Mass., and Boston. SKINNER, Ozias C, laws^er and jurist, was born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838 he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, removing to Quincy in 1844. During the "Mor- mon War' ' he served as Aid-de-camp to Governor Ford. In 1848 he was elected to the lower house of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for the district including Adams and Brown Coun- ties. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the (then) Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc- ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, resigning this position in April. 1858, two months before the expiration of his term. He was a large land owner and had extensive agricultural interests. He built, and was the first President of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He was a prominent member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877. SLADE, Charles, earlj- Congressman ; his early history, including date and place of birth, are unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative from Washington County in the Second General Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1833 he was elected one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, representing the First District. After attending the first session of the Twenty- third Congress, while on his way home, -he was attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes, Ind., July 11, 1834. SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo. Albany County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boy- hood with his parents on a farm, except while absent at school; in 1856 removed to Belleville, 111., where he soon became connected with the public schools, serving for a nimiber of years as Principal of the Belleville High School. While connected with the Belleville schools, he was elected County Superintendent, remaining in office some ten years ; later had charge of Almira College at Greenville, Bond County, served six years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the Republican party. On retirement from the office of State Superintendent, he resumed his place at the head of Almira College, but, for the past few years, has been Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis. SLAVERY AGITATION OF 1823-24. (See Slavery and Sla ve Laws. ) SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS. African slaves were first brought into the Illinois country by a Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 1722. At that time the present State formed a part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was regulated by French royal edicts. When Great Britain acquired the territory, at the close of the French and Indian War, the former subjects of France were guaranteed security for their per- sons "and effects," and no interference with slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers), the French very generally professed allegiance to that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession to the United States. Virginia expressly stipulated for the protection of the "riglits and liberties" of the French citizens. This was construed as recognizing the right of property in negro slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro- hibiting slaver3' in the Northwest Territory, pre- served to the settlers (reference being especially made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, their laws and customs, now (then) in force, relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- erty. ' ' A conservative construction of this clause was, that while it prohibited the extension of slavery and the importation of slaves, the status of those who were at that time in involuntary servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- changed. There were those, however, who denied the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, on the ground that Congress had exceeded its powers in its passage. There was also a party which claimed that all children of slaves, born after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a con- vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- gress was adopted, praying for the repeal — or. at least a modification — of the sixth clause of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 483 Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com- mittee, to which this petition was referred, reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit- tee recommended the suspension of the operation of the clause in question for ten years. But no action was taken by the National Legislature, and, in 1807, a counter petition, extensively signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note that some of the most earnest opponents of the measure were Representatives from Southern Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being one of tliem. The pro-slavery party in the State then prepared what is popularly known as the "Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, and was re-enacted by tlie first Territorial Legis- lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into this Territory," and gave permission to bring slaves above 15 years of age into the State, when they might be registered and kept in servitude witliin certain limitations. Slaves under that age might also be brought in, registered, and held in bondage until thej- reached the age of 35, if males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered slaves were to serve their mother's master until the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect of this legislation was rapidly to increase the number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter — that is to say, after its adoption. In 1822 the slave-holding party, with their supporters, began to agitate the question of so amending the organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To effect such a change the calling of a convention was necessary, and, for eighteen months, the struggle between "conventionists" and their opponents was bitter and fierce. The question was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes for such convention and 6,640 against. This decisive result settled the question of slave-hold- ing in Illinois for all future time, though the existence of slavery in the State continued to be recognized by the National Census until 1840. The number, according to the census of 1810, was 168; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then the number began to diminish, being reduced in 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (tlie last census which shows any portion of the population held in bondage), it was 331. Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else- where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator, " and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822 — in an article in the first number of ' 'The Genius of Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con- test, says there were, at its beginning, only three papers in the State — "The Intelligencer" at Van- dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of these, at the outset, favored the Convention scheme, while "Tlie Spectator" opposed it. The management of the campaign on the part of the pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, and a paper was established by the name of "The Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor. Among the active opponents of the measure were George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D. Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin- nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who con- tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- jamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil- liam H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of VandaUa). John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall. George For- quer, Col. Thomas Mather. Thomas Ford. Judge David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest as coming from one who probably had more to do with defeating the scheme, with the exception of Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and detailed accounts of this particular period are to be foimd in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late E. B. Washburne, and "Earlj- Movement in Illi- nois for the Legalization of Slavery." an ad- dress before the Chicago Historical Society (1864), by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago. (See also, Coles, Edward; Warren, Hooper; Brown, William H.; Churchill, George; Lippincott, Thomas; and Newspapers, Early, elsewhere in this volume. ) SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was born in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806. At the age of 17, having received a fair academic education, he accompanied his parents to Phila- delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the same time studying law, and being admitted to 484 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas- kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which continued to be his home the remainder of his life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in 1850, "53, and '56, serving three times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. He was one of the members of the first State Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 1857, and took a prominent part in the founding and organization of the State educational insti- tutions. In 1857 lie was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1861, but declined a re-election for a third term. Died, Jan. 1.3, 1887. SMITH, Abner, jurist, was born at Orange, Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1848, of an old New England family, whose ancestors came to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- cated in the public schools and at Middlebury College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1866. After graduation he spent a year as a teacher in Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of law, being admitted to the bar in 1868, The next twenty-five years were spent in the practice of his profession in Chicago, within that time serv- ing as the attorney of several important corpo- rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected in 1897, his term of service continuing until 1903. SMITH, (Dr.) Charles Gilman, physician, was born at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 1828, received his early education at Phillips Academy, in his native place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but completed his course at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1851. After two years spent as attending physician of the Alms House in South Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Chicago, where he soon acquired an extensive practice. During the Civil War he was one of six physicians employed by the Government for the treatment of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas. In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of observing the management of hospitals in Ger- many, France and England, on his return being invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, and also becoming consulting phy- sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital — a position which he continued to occupj' for the remainder of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, Jan. 10, 1894. SMITH, David Allen, lawyer, was born near Richmond, 'Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala,, where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in 1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111,, and emanci- pated, giving bond that they should not become a charge to the State, In 1839 he removed to Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his death. Col. John J. Hardin was his partner at the time of his death on the battle-field of Bueua Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a cen- tury, but never held anj' political office. As a lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the interests of his clients ; as a citizen, liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- ally to the support of the Government dur- ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka. Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to accompany an invalid son. — Thomas WilHam (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27, 1832;. died at Clear- water, Minn., Oct. 39, 1865. He graduated at Illinois College in 1852, studied law and served as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, until, broken in health, he returned home to die. SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in boyhood came to the United States, and, since 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell Count'y. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illi- nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenanc}', and, while so serving, was severely wounded at Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- dred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was mustered out of service as Captain of Company C of that regiment. His business is that of banker and manufacturer, besides which he has had con- siderable experience in the construction and management of railroads. He was a member of the Thirtieth General Assembl}-, and, in 1880, was elected Representative in Congress from what was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after- wards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Taze- well) having been attached to the district for many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- election. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 485 SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit the institution at the end of two years, because of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America, and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where he resided until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a considerable portion of the present site of Mil- waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was really the owner of the company, although Alex- ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue $1,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's tirst private banking house. About 1843 he was inter- ested in a storage and commission business in Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of construction, by loans of money; was also a charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wiscon- sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates above mentioned, Mr. Smith sold out the com- pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- powered him to issue $3,000,000 in currency. Tlie notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George Smith & Co. 's Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr. Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest- ments in railroad and other American securities, which netted him large profits. The amount of capital which he is reputed to have taken with him to his native land has been estimated at 110,000,000, though he retained considerable tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about Chicago. Among those who were associated with him in business, either as employes or otherwise, and who have since been prominently identified with Chicago business affairs, were Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (after- wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. Willard, now of Newport, R. I., and others. Mr. Smith made several visits, during the last forty years, to the United States, but divided his time chiefly between Scotland (where he was the owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. SMITH, (iJeorge W., soldier, lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- legiate education, but his father's business embarrassments having compelled the abandon- ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 1856 he returned to Albany and began the study of law, graduating from the law school in 1858. In October of that year he removed to Chicago, where he remained continuously in practice, with the exception of the years 1863-65, when he was serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he filled the ofBce of State Treasurer. He was mus- tered into service, August 27, 1862, as a Captain in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry — the second Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he was seriously wounded and captured. After four days' confinement, he was aided by a negro to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci- tated for service. On his return to duty he joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- paign, and was officially complimented for his bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he was again severely wounded, and was once more personally complimented in the official rejxirt. At Kenesaw Mountain (June 27, 1864), Capt. Smith commanded the regiment after the killing of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in June following, was mustered out. Returning to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- fession, and gained a prominent position at the bar. In 1866 he was elected State Treasurer, and, after the expiration of his term, in January, 1869, held no public office. General Smith was, for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor- ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898. SMITH, George W., lawyer and Congressman, was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18, 1846. When he was four years old, his father removed to Wayne County, 111., settling on a farm. He attended the common schools and graduated from the literary department of Mc- Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, but 486 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later determined to study law. After reading for a time at Fairfield, III., he entered the Law Department of the Bloomington (Ind.) Univer- sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year he was admitted to the bar in Illinois, and has since practiced at Murphysboro. In 1880 he was a Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was elected a Republican Representative to Congress from the Twentieth Illinois District, and has been continuously re-elected, now (1899) serving his sixth consecutive term as Representative from the Twenty-second District. SMITH, Giles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- ant Postmaster-General, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry- goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the latter place ; became a Captain in the Eighth Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1862; led his regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg. and was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- moted Brigadier-General in August, 1863, for gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade of the Fifteenth Array Corps at Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam- paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in the "March to the Sea." After the surrender of Lee he was transferred to the Twenty-fifth Army Corps, became Major-General in 1865, and resigned in 1866, having declined a commission as Colonel in the regular army: about 1869 was appointed, by President Grant, Second Assistant Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of failing health in 1873. Died, at Bloomington, Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the founders of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee. SMITH, Gustavus Adolphns, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two brothers who had located at Springfield, Ohio, where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatirr, 111., but soon after located at Springfield, where he resided some six j'ears. Then, returning to Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage manufacture, doing a large business with the South, but losing heavily as the result of the war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early took ground in favor of the Union after the firing on Fort Sumter; was offered and accepted the colonelcy of the Thirty-fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp of recruiting and instruction. Having been assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre- mont at Carthage in that State, and made a forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking part in the campaign in Arkansas and in the battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse shot under him and was severely (and, it was supposed, fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. Being compelled to return home, he received authority to raise an independent brigade, but was unable to accompany it to the field. In Sep- tember, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier- General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious conduct,"' but was unable to enter into active service on account of his wound. Later, he was assigned to the command of a convalescent camp at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. Thomas. In 1864 he took part in securing tho second election of President Lincoln, and, in the early part of 1865, was commissioned by Gov- ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on account of his wounds, was assigned to court- martial duty, remaining in tlie service until January, 1866, when he was mustered out with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During the second year of his service he was presented with a magnificent sword by the rank and file of his regiment (the Thirty-fifth), for brave and gal- lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from the army, he engaged in cotton planting in Ala- bama, but was not successful ; in 1868, canvassed Alabama for General Grant for President, but declined a nomination in his own favor for Con- gress. In 1870 he was appointed, by General Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing Agent for the District of New Mexico, where he continued to reside. SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant- Governor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he was apprenticed to a carpenter and builder. In 1854 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade, for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he finally engaged in business as a contractor. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth Illinois Volunteers, but, having received author- ity from Governor Yates, raised a company, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was incorporated in the Ninety-sixth Illinois Infan- try. Of this regiment lie was soon elected Major. After a short service about Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington and Newport, Ky. , the Ninety- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 487 sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among other battles) in the second engagement at Fort Donelson and in the bloody fight at Franklin, Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff duty under Generals Baird and Steedman. serv- ing through the TuUahoma campaign, and par- ticipating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Being promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi- ment, and was given command of a brigade. In the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, tak- ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody engagements, and being severely wounded at Kenesaw Mountain. In February, 1865, he was brevetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, Brigadier- General. Soon after his return to Galena he was appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, but was legislated out of office in 1872. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. In 1874-76 he was a member (and Secretary) of the Illinois Board of Commissione;-s to the Cen- tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, and held the office for several years. In 1872 and '76 he was a delegate to the National Republican Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1882. In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv- ing until 1889. He is a prominent Mason, Knight Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin- guished member of the Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected with the erection of the "Masonic Temple Build- ing" in Chicago. SHITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer who had served under Napoleon, and after the downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia. The subject of this sketch received an academic education and became a jeweler ; in 1861 entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry ; took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth ; was promoted a Brigadier- General in November, 1862, and placed in com- mand of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps ; led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty- seventh United States Infantry, being transferred. in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his services at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recog- nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig- adier and Major-General in the regular army. In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 29, 1897. SMITH, Joseph, the founder of the Mormon sect, was born at Sharon, Vt. , Dec. 23, 1805. In 1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and still later to Manchester. He early showed a dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. His story of the revelation of the golden plates by the angel Moroni, and of the latter's instruc- tions to him, is well known. With the aid of Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had deciphered it from heaven-sent characters, through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This was published in 1830. In later years Smith claimed to have received supplementary reve- lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol- lowers that some of them apostatized. He also claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, etc. He soon gained followers in considerable numbers, whom, in 1833, he led west, a part settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to their friends in Missouri, whence they were finally expelled after many conflicts with the authorities. Smith, witli the other refugees, fled to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here was begun, in the following year, the erection of a great temple, but again he aroused the hostility of the authorities, although soon wielding con- siderable political power. After various unsuc- cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and a number of his followers were induced to sur- render themselves under the promise of protection from violence and a fair trial. Having been taken to Carthage, the county-seat, all were dis- charged under recognizance to appear at court except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were held under the new charge of "treason. " and were placed in jail. So intense had been the feeling against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is evident that the feeling among the latter was in sympathy with that of the populace. Most of the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, one company being left on duty at Carthage, 488 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. from whom only eight men were detailed to guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, appeared before the jail on the evening of June 27, and, forcing the guards — who made only a feeble resistance,— Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who had remained with them, was wounded. The fate of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse to the Mormon faith. (See Mormons; Nauvoo.) SMITH, Jn8tin Almerin, D.D., clergyman and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y. , Dec. 29, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- ating from the latter in 1843; served a year as Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work, when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap- tist church at Rochester, N. Y., wliere he remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris- tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which he was associated for the remainder of his life. Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist churches in Chicago, serving two of them as pastor for a considerable period; made an ex- tended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist Theological Seminary; was also the author of several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1806. SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was born in Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y., March 18, 1828 ; entered Hamilton College at the age of 14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18; began reading law and was admitted to the bar on com- ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a Judge, served later in both branches of the Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lie Railway, retaining the same position in the reorganized corporation when it became the Chicago & Northvi-estern. In 1856 Mr. Smith came to Chi- cago and- resided there till his death, on Palm Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway circles and in the councils of the Democratic party, being the recognized representative of Mr. Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- paign of 1876. SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer, was born at Petersborough, N. H., June 12, 1802; was educated and admitted to the bar in his native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to the General Assembly from Madison County, and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to the Twenty -eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, serving three successive terms. During the Civil War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis. He was largely interested in the construction of water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a promi- nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, at Alton, Dec. 20. 1867. SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law School at an age too early to admit of his receiv- ing a degree. In 1836 he came to Illinois, to look after some landed interests of his father's in the vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, for a time, occupied an office with the well-known law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of the principal speakers, establishing a reputation as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and was also a prominent speaker at the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- larity, both at the bar and on the lecture platform, and had the promise of future success, which was unfortunately marred by his convivial habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, 1854. Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of Philadelphia, an eminent clergj'man of the Episcopal Church. SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing- ton County, N. Y., May 12, 1829; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, in 1851 ; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will- iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards elected to places on the bench — the first in the Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was the Republican candidate for HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 489 Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 1885, and is believed by many to have been honestlj' elected, though defeated on the face of the returns. A recount was ordered by the court, but so much delay was incurred and so many obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order into effect, that Judge Smitli abandoned the con- test in disgust, although making material gains as far as it had gone. During his professional career he was connected, as counsel, with some of the most important trials before the Chicago courts; was also one of the Directors of the Chi- cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6, 1898. SMITH, Theophilus TVashingfton, Judge and politician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28, 1784, served for a time in the United States navy, was a law student in the office of Aaron Burr, was admitted to the bar in his native State in 1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for the office of Attorney-General, being defeated by Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the State Senate in 1832, serving four years. In 1823 • he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist" party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during this period being the editor of the leading organ of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, but resigned, Dec. 26, 1842. He was im- peached in 1832 on charges alleging oppressive conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean- ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a two-thirds vote being neces.sary to conviction. The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic- tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, four being excused from voting. During the Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster- General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he was charged by his political opponents with being unable to divest himself of his partisan bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in political causes, of defects in the record, which they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was also a member of the first Board of Commission- ers of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in 1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1846. SMITH, William Henry, journalist. Associ- ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia County, N. Y. , Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he enjoyed the best educational advantages that State at the time afforded. After completing his school course he began teaching, and, for a time, served as tutor in a Western college, but soon turned his attention to journalism, at first as assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin- nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with which he was connected in a more responsible position at the beginning of the war, incidentally doing work upon "The Literary Review." His connection with a leading paper enabled him to exert a strong influence in support of the Govern- ment. This he used most faithfully in assisting to raise troops in the first years of the war, and, in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the election of John Brough as a Union candidate for Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi- gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was nominated and elected Secretary of State, being re-elected two years later. After retiring from office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West- ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success in this line was demonstrated by the final union of the New York and Western Associated Press organizations under his management, continuing until 1893, when he retired. Mr. Smith was a strong personal friend of President Hayes, by whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties he found time to do considerable Literary work, having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. After retiring from the management of the Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well advanced at the time of his death, which took place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27, 1896. SMITH, William M., merchant, stock- breeder and politician, was born near Frankfort, Ky., May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's family to Lexington, McLean County, 111., where they settled. A few years later he bought forty acres of government land, finally increasing his holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural piursuits the business of a merchant. Having earl)' identified himself with the Republican party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin- ciples during the Civil AVar, and, while declining 490 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, devoted his time and means liberally to the re- cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- ice in the field, and procuring supplies for the sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected in 1868 and "70, serving, during his last term, as Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor CuUom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, of which body he served as President until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- larity. Died, March 35, 1886. SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- neer, was born at Tarlton, Pickaway County, Ohio, July 23, 1830; graduated at Ohio University in 1849, and, at the United States Military Acad- emy, in 1853, having among his classmates, at the latter. Generals McPherson. Schofield and Sheri- dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he first found employment as an engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of a select school in Buffalo ; in 1857 made the first surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara Falls, then went into the service of extensive locomotive and bridge- works at Trenton, N. J., in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also superintending the construction of a bridge across the Savannah River. The war intervening, he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant- Colonel and assigned to dutj' as Assistant Adju- tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in June, 1863, was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shiloh and Perryville. In April, 1863, he was promoted Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall of 1863, when he joined Grant and took part in the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on account of impaired health. During the war General Smith rendered valuable service to the Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl- edge of engineering. On retiring to private life he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since has been employed by the Government on some of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and has also planned several of the most important railroad bridges across the Missouri and other streams. He has been much consulted in refer- ence to municipal engineering, and his name is connected with a number of the gigantic edifices in Chicago. SMITHBORO, a village and railroad junction in Bond County, 3 miles east of Greenville. Population, 393; (1900), 314 SNAPP, Henry, Congressman, born in Livings- ton County, N. Y., June 30, 1823, came to Illinois with his father when 11 years old, and, having read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty years before entering public life. In 1868 he was elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in that body until his election, in 1871, to the Forty- second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 33, 1895. SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for five years, while yet in his minority becoming a resident of Illinois. For several years he was a school teacher, meanwhile studying law and being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the rank of Captain. His term of service having expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago High School, and later served in the General Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood- ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in Congress, but was defeated by his Republican opponent in 1893. SNOWHOOK, WiUiam B., first Collector of Customs at Chicago, was born in Ireland in 1804; at the age of eight years was brought to New York, where he learned the printer's trade, and worked for some time in the same office with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to the United States, began the study of law ; was also emploj'ed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836, came to Chicago, and was soon after associated with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi- nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841. As early as 1840 he became prominent as a leader in the Democratic party, and, in 1846, received from President Polk an appointment as first Col- lector of Customs for Chicago (having previously served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 491 attached to the District of Detroit) ; in 1853, was re-appointed to the CoUectorship by President Pierce, serving two years. During the "Mormon War" (1844) he organized and equipped, at his own expense, the Montgomery Guards, and was commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were brought to an end before the order to march. From 1856 he devoted his attention chiefly to his practice, but, in 1862, was one of the Democrats of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus- tain the Government by stimulating enlistments ; was also a member of the Convention whicli nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872. Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1882. SXYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and early Congressman, was born at Connellsville, Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life he followed the occupation of wool-curling for a livelihood, attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emi- grated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled in Ridge Prairie, vSt. Clair County, 111. Being offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He formed the friendship of Judge Jesse B. Thomas, and, through the latter's encouragement and aid, studied law and gained a solid professional, poli- tical, social and financial position. In 1830 he was elected State Senator from St. Clair County, and re-elected for two successive terms. He served through the Black Hawk War as private. Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated in 1836. Two years later Reynolds again defeated him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Demo- cratic nominee for Governor. The election was held in August, 1842, but, in May preceding, he died at his home in Belleville. His place on the ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who was elected. — William H. (Snyder), son of the pre- ceding, was born in St. Clair Count)-, III., July 12, 1825; educated at McKendree College, studied law with Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and Adjutant of the Fiftli Illinois Volunteers. From 1850 to '54 he represented his county in the Legis- lature ; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Mat- teson. State's Attorney, which position he filled for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of Secretary of State in 1856, and, in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty- fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir- cuit in '73, '79 and '85. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, at BeUeville, Dec. 24, 1892. SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOME, a State charitable institution, founded by act of the Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy, Adams County. The object of its establish- ment was to provide a comfortable home for such disabled or dependent veterans of the United States land or naval forces as had honorably served during the Ciyil War. It was opened for the reception of veterans on March 3, 1887, the first cost of site and build- ings having been about §350,000. The total num- ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was 2,813; the number in attendance during the two previous years 988, and the whole number present on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at that time was $393,636.08. Considerable appro- priations have been made for additions to the buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla- ture. The General Government pays to the State SlOO per year for each veteran supported at the Home. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an institution, created by act of 1865, for the main- tenance and education of children of deceased soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty -acre tract, one mile north of Normal, was selected as the site, and the first principal building was com- pleted and opened for the admission of benefici- aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was Sl35,000, the site having been donated. Repairs and the construction of new buildings, from time to time, have considerablj' increased this sum. In 1875 the benefits of the institution were extended, by legislative enactment, to the children of sol- diers who had died after the close of the war. The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was 572, of whom 323 were males and 249 females. SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME, Provision was made for the establishment of this institution by the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act, approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating §20,000 for the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings and furnishing the same. It is designed for the reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows and daughters of such honorably discharged soldiers or sailors, in the United States service, as may have died, or may be physically or men- tally unable to provide for the families natu- rally dependent on them, provided that such persons have been residents of the State for at least one year previous to admission, and are without means or ability for self-support. 492 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. The affairs of the Home are managed by a boaid of five trustees, of whom two are men and three women, the former to be members of the Grand Army of the Republic and of different political parties, and the latter members of the Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institu- tion was located at Wibnington, occupying a site of seventeen acres, where it was formally opened in a house of eighteen rooms, March 11, 1896. with twenty-six applications for admit- tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge- ment by the erection of additional cottages. SOREXTO, a village of Bond County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & We.stern Railways, 14 miles southeast of Litchfield ; has a bank and a newspaper. Its interests are agricultural and mining. Pop. (1890), 538; (1900), 1,000. SOULARD, James Gaston, pioneer, born of Frencli ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 1.5, 1798; resided there until 1821, when, having married the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near the present city of St. Paul, then under command of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-in- law. The Fort was reached after a tedious jour- ney by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 1821, his wife accompanying him. Three years later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an engineer, he was engaged for several years in surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family to Galena, for the next six years had charge of a store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men of that locality. Towards the close of this period he received the appointment of County Recorder, also holding the position of County Surveyor and Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His later years were devoted to farming and horti- culture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878. Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage in freighting between Galena and Chicago. "The Galena Advertiser" of Sept. 14, 1829, makes mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the paper remarking: "This is the first wagon that has ever passed from the Mississippi River to Chicago." Great results were predicted from the exchange of commodities between the lake and the lead mine district. — Mrs. Eliza M. Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col. Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the army until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend- ants ha^•e maintained their connection with the army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery ofiicer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soular was married at St. Louis, in 1820, and survive her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galeru- nearlj' seventy years, and at the date of her death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that citv's oldest resident. SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAILROAD. (See Chicago d- Western Indiana Railroad.) SOUTH DANYILLE, a suburb of the city of Danville, Vermilion County. Population (1890), 799; (1900), 898. SOUTHEAST & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Louisville d- Nashville Railroad.) SOUTH ELGIN, a village of Kane County, near the citv of Elgin. Population (1900), r,15. SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, located at Albion, Edwards County, incorporated in 1891; had a faculty of ten teachers with 219 pupils (1897-98) — about equally male and female. Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre- paratory studies and business education. Its property is valued at §16. .500. SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, located at Anna, Union County, founded by act of the Legislature in 1869. The original site com- prised 290 acres and cost a little more than $22,000, of which one-fourth was donated by citi- zens of the county. The construction of build- ings was begun in 1869, but it was not until March, 1875, that the north wing (the first com- pleted) was ready for occupancy. Other portions were completed a year later. The Trustees pur- chased 160 additional acres in 1883. The first cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly §635,000. In 1881 one wing of the main building was de- stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt ; the patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary wooden barracks. The total value of lands and buildings belonging to the State, June 30, 1894. was estimated at §738,580, and, of property of all sorts, at §833,700. The wooden barracks were later converted into a permanent ward, additions made to the main buildings, a detached building for the accommodation of 300 patients erected, numerous outbuildings put up and general im- provements made. A second fire on the night of Jan. 3, 1895, destroyed a large part of the main building, inflicting a loss upon the State of §175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding by the Legislature of that year. The institution has capacity for about 750 patients. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 493 SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNIVER- SITY, establislied in 18G9, and located, after competitive bidding, at Carhondale. which offered lands and bond.s at first estimated to be of the value of $229,000, but which later depreciated, through shrinkage, to $75,000. Construction was commenced in Jlay, 1870, and the first or main building was completed and appropriately dedi- cated in July, 1874. Its cost was 1265,000, but it was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru- ary, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost of $150,000. Two normal courses of instruction are given — classical and scientific — each extend, ing over a period of four years. The conditions of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 years of age, and shall possess the qualifications enabling him to pass examination for a second- grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so may enter a preparatory department for six months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach in the public schools, not less than half the time of their attendance at the University, receive free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, while others pay a tuition fee. The number of students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in the southern half of the State, with represent- atives from eight other States. The teaching faculty for the same year consisted, besides the President, of sixteen instructors in the various departments, of whom five were ladies and eleven gentlemen. SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec- tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Northern Penitentiai-y.) The law providing for its estab- lishment required the Commissioners to select a site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and timber, and having a high elevation, with a never failing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were purchased at Chester, and the erection of build- ings commenced. The first appropriation was of $200,000, and $300,000 was added in 1879. By March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and their labor was utilized in the completion of the buildings, which are constructed upon approved modern principles. The prison receives convicts sent from the soutliern portion of the State, and has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In connection with this penitentiary is an asylum for insane convicts, the erection of which was provided for by the Legislature in 1889. SOUTH GROVE, a village of De Kalb County. Population (1890), 730. SPALDING, Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of Customs and Street Railway President, was born at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833; earlv commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna, and, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought the property of the New York Lumber Company at the mouth of the Menominee River in Wiscon- sin, where, with different partners, and finally practically alone, he has carried on the business of lumber manufacture on a large scale ever since. In 1881 he was appointed, by President Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 1889, received from President Harrison an appointment as one of the Government Directors of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable aid in the construction and equipment of Camp Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants in payment, when no funds in the State treasury were available for the purpose. He was a.ssoci- ated with William B. Ogden and others in the project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the General Government. He has also been identified with many other public enterprises intimately connected with the development and prosperity of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having control of the North and West Chicago Street Railway Systems. SPALDING, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated in the United States and in Europe, ordained a priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there- upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation of colored people, and built for their use the Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans- ferred from Louisville to New York, where he was attached to the missionary parish of St. Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that year, by Cardinal McCloskey at Nevi' York. His 494 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. administration has been characterized by both energj' and success. He has devoted much atten- tion to the subject of emigration, and has brought about the founding of many new settlements in the far "West. He was also largely instrumental iu bringing about the founding of the Catholic University at Washington. Ho is a frequent contributor to the reviews, and the author of a number of religious works. SPANISH INVASION OF ILLINOIS. In the montli of June, 1779, soon after the declaration of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expe- dition was organized in Canada, to attack the Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultane- ously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensa- cola against New Orleans, then commanded by a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to British Commandants, all through the Western country, to co-operate with both expeditions. De Galvez, having learned of the scheme through intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack by becoming the assailanFt. At the head of a force of 670 men, he set out and captured Baton Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost with- out opposition. The British in Canada, being ignorant of what liad been going on in the South, in February following dispatched a force from Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensa- cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were contemplated points of attack, as well as the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve. This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition, which numbered some 750 men, including a force of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The British arrived before St. Louis, early on the morning of May 26. 1780, taking the Spaniards by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers Clark, having been apprised of the project, arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his presence and readiness to co-operate with the Spanish, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of the expedition. The accounts of what followed are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. Louis shore being variously estimated from seven or eight to sixty -eight — the last being the esti- mate of Capt. Sinclair in his official report. All agree, however, that the invading party was forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont- gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, with a force of 350 and a party of Spanish allies, pursued the retreating invaders as far as the Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on the way. This movement on the part of the British served as a pretext for an attempted re- prisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid of a number of Cahokians, early in 1781. Starting early in January, this latter expedition crossed Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St. Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had been captured from the English by Thomas Brady and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com- manded by Don Eugenio Pourre, and supported by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort was easily taken and the British flag replaced by the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded as of but little moment, at the time, the post being evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious international complications, and the "conquest" was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as giving tliat country a right to the territory trav- ersed. This claim was supported by France before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but was defeated, through the combined efforts of Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti- ations with England. SPARKS, (Capt.) David R., manufacturer and legislator, was born near Lanesville, Ind., in 1823; in 1836, removed with his parents to Ma- coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe, New Mexico. In 1850 he made the overland trip to California, returning the next year by the Isthmus of Panama. In 1855 he engaged in the milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County, but, in 1860, made a third trip across the plains in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, and which was the second steam-engine in that region. He returned home in time to vote for Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year, but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks later, when the advocates of secession began to develop their policy after the election of Lincoln. In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for 500,000 vol- unteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), serving two and a half years, during which time he took part in several hard-fought battles, and being present at the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service he became associated with his former partner in the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 495 ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi- pal owner in 1881, and which has since been greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one of the most extensive establishments of its kind in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to tlie House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and '97; was also strongly supported as a candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress in 1896. SPARKS, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was born near New Albanj-, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8 years of age was brought by his parents to Illi- nois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan. Thrown on his own resources, he foimd work upon a farm, his attendance at the district schools being limited to the winter months. Later, he passed through McKendree College, supporting himself, meanwhile, bj' teaching, graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. His first public ofBce was that of Receiver of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he was appointed by President Pierce in 1853, re- maining until 1856, when he was chosen Presi- dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The same year he was elected to the lower liouse of the General Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in the State Senate for the unexpired term of James M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 to 1883. In 1885 lie was appointed, by President Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in 1887. His home is at Carlvle. SPARTA & ST. GENEVIEVE RAILROAD. (See Centralia & Chester Railroad.) SPEED, Joshna Fry, merchant, and intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln ; was educated in the local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards- town, Ky., after which he spent some time in a wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111. , where he engaged in the mercantile business, later becom- ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1886. Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1842, but the friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a most devoted character, continued until the death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson County, Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis- lature in 1848, but was never again willing to accept office, though often solicited to do so. In 1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and, during the war, was entrusted with many deli- cate and important duties in the interest of the Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently visited in Washington. His death occurred at Louisville, May 29, 1882. — James (Speed), an older brother of the preceding, was a prominent Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a leading Republican of that State, serving as dele- gate to the National Republican Conventions of 1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor- ney-General by Mr. Lincoln and served imtil 18G6, when he resigned on account of disagreement with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the age of 75 years. SPOOJf RIVER, rises in Bureau County, flows southward through Stark County into Peoria, thence southwest through Knox, and to the south and southeast, through Fulton County, entering the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 150 miles long. SPRINGER, (Rev.) Francis, D.D., educator and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin County, Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111., where he preached and taught school; in 1847 became President of Hillsboro College, which, in 1852, was removed to Springfield and became Illi- nois State University, now known as Concordia Seminary. Later, he served for a time as Super- intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry ; by suc- cessive resignations and appointments, held the positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infan- try (1863-64) and Po.st Chaplain at Fort Smith, Ark., serving in the latter position until April, 1867. when he was commissioned Chaplain of the United States Army. This position he resigned while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan. , August 23, 1867. During a considerable part of his incum- bency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen, performing important service in caring for non- combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes of war. After the war he served, for a time, as Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery County, 111. ; was instrumental in the founding of Carthage (HI.) College, and was a member of 496 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. its Board of Control at the time of his death. He was elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of Representatives at the session of the Thirt5 -fifth General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Illinois for two consecutive terms (1890-"92). He was also member of the Stephenson Post, No. 30, G. A. R. , at Springfield, and served as its Chaplain from January, 1884, to his death, which occurred at Springfield, Oct. 21, 18S2. SPRINGER, William McKendree, ex-Congress- man, Justice of United States Court, was born in Sullivan County, Ind., May 30, 1836. In 1848 he removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111., was fitted for college in the public high school at Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr. Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining three years, wlien he removed to the Indiana State University, graduating tliere in 1858. The following year he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Logan County, but soon after removed to Springfield. He entered public life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. In 1871-72 he represented Sangamon County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois District as a Democrat. From that time until the close of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he served in Congress continuously, and was recog- nized as one of the leaders of his party on the floor, being at the head of many important com- mittees when that party was in the ascendancy, and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi- nation for Speaker, in 1893, In 1894 he was the candidate of his party for Congress for the eleventh time, but was defeated by his Repub- lican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895 President Cleveland appointed him United States District Judge for Indian Territory. SPRIXGFIELD, the State capital, and the county-seat of Sangamon County, situated five miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles southwest of Chicago; is an important railway center. The first settlement on the site of the present city was made by Jolm Kelly in 1819. On April 10, 1821, it was selected, by the first Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary county-seat of Sangamon County, the organi- zation of which had been authorized by act of the Legislature in January previous, and the name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the selection was made permanent. The latter year the first sale of lands took place, the original site being entered by Pascal P. Enos, Elijah lies and Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to a section in the northwest quarter of the present city — this being the "hey-day" of the South Carolina statesman's greatest popularity — but the change was not popularly accepted, and the new name was soon dropped. It was incorpo- rated as a town, April 2, 1832, and as a city, April 6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general, law in 1882. It was made the State capital by act of the Legislature, passed at the session of 1837, which went into efltect, July 4, 1839, and the Legislature first convened there in December of the latter year. The general surface is flat, though there is rolling ground to the west. The city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart- ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine churches, numerous handsome residences, beauti- ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the best paved and handsomest cities in the State. The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four square miles, but has since been enlarged by the annexation of the following suburbs: North Springfield, April 7, 1891 ; West Springfield, Jan. 4, 1898 ; and South Springfield and the village of Laurel, April 5, 1898. These additions give to the present city an area of 5.84 square miles. The population of the original city, according to the census of 1880, was 19,743, and, in 1890, 24,96.3, while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last census, was 2,109— making a total of 29,072. The latest school census (1898) showed a total popu- lation of 33,375— population by census (1900), 34, 159. Besides the State House, the city has a handsome United States Government Building for United States Court and post-office purposes, a county courthouse (the former State capitol). a city hall and (State) Executive Mansion. Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln. His former residence has been donated to the State, and his tomb and monument are in the beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining tlie city. Springfield is an important coal-mining center, and has many important industries, notably a watcli factory, rolling mills, and exten- sive manufactories of agricultural implements and furniture. It is also the permanent location of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings have been erected on the Fair Grounds nortli of the city. There are three daily papers — two morn- ing and one evening — published liere, besides various other publications. Pop. (1900), 34,159. SPRINGFIELD, EFFINGHAM & SOUTH- EASTERN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis. Indian- apolis & Eastern Railroad. ) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 497 SPRINGFIELD & ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST- ERN RAILHOAD, (See Baltimore & Ohio Southicestfni Bailioad. ) SPRINGFIELD & NOBTHWESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St Louis Hailroad of Illinois.) SPRING VALLEY, an incorporated city in Bureau County, at intersection of the Chicago & Nortliwestern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Toluca, Marquette & Northern Railways, 100 miles soutliwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal- mining region and has important manufacturing interests as well. It has two banks, electric street and interurban railways, and two news- papers. Population (1890), 3,837; (1900), 6,214. ST. .IGATHA'S SCHOOL, an institution for young ladies, at Springfield, under the patronage of the Bishop of the Episcopal Church, incorpo- rated in 1889. It has a faculty of eight teachers giving instruction in the preparatory and higher branches, including music and fine arts. It rejiorted fifty-five pupils in 1894, and real estate valued at §15,000. ST. ALBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys" and young men's school at Knoxville, 111., incorporated in 1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church ; in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with forty-five pupils, and property valued at §61,100, of which §54,000 was real estate. Instruction is given in the classical and scientific branches, besides music and preparatory studies. ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, at tlie crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 60 miles south of Chicago. The town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,000. ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane Coimty, on both sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Cliioago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western Railways; 38 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent water-power, whicli is being utilized bj' a number of important manufacturing enterprises. The city is connected with Chicago and many towns in the Fox River valley by interurban electric trolley lines ; is also the seat of the State Home for Boys. Pop. (1890), 1,690; (1900), 2,675. ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first Governor of the Northwest Territory, was born of titled ancestry at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734; came to America in 17S7 as an ensign, having purchased his commis- sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg, Canada, in 1758, and fought under Wolfe at Quebec. In 1764 be settled in Pennsylvania, where he amassed a moderate fortune, and be- came prominent in public affairs. He served with distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, later, was censured by Washington for his hasty evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated by a military court. His Revolutionary record, however, was generally good, and even distin- guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress, and presided over that body in 1787. He served as Governor of the Northwest Territory (including the present State of Illinois) from 1789 to 1802. As an executive he was not successful, being impopular because of liis arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, and had to be carried on a litter; he was again vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His first visit to the Illinois Country was made in 1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef- ferson removed him from the governorship of Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be the Governor after its separation from Indiana and Illinois. The remainder of his life was spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn- sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at Greensburg, Pa., August 31, 1818. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ- ized within the territory comprised in the pres- ent State of Illinois — the whole region west of the Ohio River having been first placed under civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois County," by an act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark; George Rogers.) St. Clair County was finall}' set ofl by an order of Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa- sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country," in April, 1790 — more than two years after his a.ssumption of the duties of Governor of the Northwest Territory, which then comprehended the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole region within the present States of Ohio, Indiana. Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's order, which bears date, April 27, 1790, defines the boundaries of the new county — which took his own name — as follows: "Beginning at the mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River, 498 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. running thence southerly in a direct line to the mouth of the little river above Fort Massac upon the Ohio River; thence with the said river to its junction with the Mississippi ; thence up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with all the adjacent islands of said rivers, Illinois and Mississippi." The "Little Michillimackanack, " the initial point mentioned in this description — also variously spelled "Makina" and "Macki- naw," the latter being the name by which the stream is now known — empties into the Illinois River on the south side a few miles below Pekin, in Tazewell County. The boundaries of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog- raphy of the "Illinois Country" existing in that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed the longitude of the present city of Springfield, striking the Mississippi about the northwestern corner of Jackson County, twenty-five miles west of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov- ernor St. Clair's order was, of course, to include the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the new county ; and, if it had had the effect intended, the eastern border of the county would have fol- lowed a line some fifty miles farther eastward, along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson, Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties, reaching the Oliio River about the present site of Metropolis City in Massac Count}', and embracing about one-half of the area of the present State of Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced all the Illinois Country, as it included that por- tion in which the white settlements were located. (See St. Clair, Arthur; also Illinois Country.) The early records of St. Clair County are in the French language ; its first settlers and its early civilization were French, and the first church to inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court under the common law were had in 1796. The first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807, and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping- post and pillory played an important part in the code of penalties, these punishments being im- partially meted out as late as the time of Judge (afterwards Governor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the halt and the blind," for such offenses as the lar- ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three places — Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas- kia — were named as county-seats by Governor St. Clair ; but Randolph County having been set off in 1895, Cahokia became the county-seat of the older county, so remaining until 1813, when Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At that time it was a mere cornfield owned by George Blair, although settlements had previously been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley. Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first court in a log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab- lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr opened a store, and, in 1817, additional improvements were inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from Baltimore. Jolin H. Dennis and the Mitchells and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after- ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle- ville was incorporated in 1819. In 182.5 Governor Edwards bought the large landed interests of Etienne Personeau, a large French land-owner, ordered a new survey of the town and infused fresh life into its development. Settlers began to arrive in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought with them their slaves, the right to hold which was, for many years, a fruitful and perennial source of strife. Emigrants from Germany began to arrive at an early day, and now a large proportion of the population of Belleville and St. Clair County is made up of that nationality. The county, as at present organized, lies on the west- ern border of the south half of the State, immedi- ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680 square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and about one hundred feet below the surface. Con- siderable wheat is raised. The principal towns are Belleville, East St. Louis, Lebanon and Mas- coutah. Population of the county (1880), 61,806; (1890), 66,571; (1900), 86,685. ST. JOHN, an incorporated village of Perry County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mile north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu- factured here. Population about 500. ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles east of Champaign; has inter- urban railroad connection. Pop. (1900), 637. ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded in 1860, by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de- stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the following year. In 1893 it was reconstructed, en- larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint- ments. It can accommodate about 250 patients. The Sisters attend to the nursing, and conduct the domestic and financial affairs. The medical staff comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among whom are some of the most eminent in Chicago. HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 49S ST. LOUIS, ALTOX & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, ALTOJi & SPRIJiGFIELD KAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis. Chicago & St. Paul BaHroad.) ST. LOUIS, ALTOX & TERRE HAUTE RAILOAD, a corporation formerly operating an extensive system of railroads in Illinois. The Terre Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original corporation) was chartered in Januaiy, 1851, work begmi in 1852, and the main line from Terre Haute to Alton (172.5 miles) completed, March 1, 1856. The Belleville & lUinoistown branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was chartered in 1852, and completed between the points named in the title, in the fall of 1854. This corporation secured authority to construct an extension from Illinoistown (now East St. Louis) to Alton, wliich was completed in October. 1856, giving the iii'st railroad connection between Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this, these two roads (tlie Terre Haute & Alton and the Belleville & Illinoistown) were consolidated under a single charter by special act of the Legis- lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railroad. Subsequentl}' the road became financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosiu-e and reorganized, in 1862, under the name of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an Indiana corporation) guaranteed by certain other lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by the insolvency of the lessee and some of the guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went into the hands of a receiver in 1882, and was sold under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway-, by which the main line is now operated. The properties ofScially reported as remaining in the hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, June 30, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40 miles), included the following leased and subsidi- ary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois — "Cairo Short Line" (56.40 miles) ; Belleville & Eldorado, (50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27 miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail- way (53.50 miles). All these have been leased, since the close of the fiscal j-ear 1895, to the Illi- nois Central. (For sketches of these several roads see headings of each. ) ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAII^ ROAD, (Bluff Line), a line running from Spring- field to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis), 102.1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to Grafton, III, 8.4 miles— total length of line in Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails.— (His- tory.) The road was originally incorporated under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville & Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company ; was surrendered by the receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was transferred to a corporation known as the St. Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In June. 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield Railroad Company was organized, with power to build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed by a reorganization under the present name (St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made on the interest and, in June following, it was again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom it was operated until 1898. The total earnings and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were §318,815, operating expenses, §373,270; total capitalization, §4,853,526, of which, §1,500,000 was in the form of stock and .§1,235 000 in income bonds. ST. LOUIS, INDIAXAPOLIS A EASTERN RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, extending from Switz City, Ind.. to Effingham. III. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefl}- with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo- ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield. Eflingham & Qviincy Railway Company. It waa built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati, Effingham & Quincy Construction Company which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878. The road was completed by the receiver in 1880, and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a short time it was operated in connection with the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & lUinois Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to standard in 1887. Having made default in the payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure in 1S90 and purchased in the interest of the bond- holders, b}' whom it was conveyed to the St. Louis. Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company, in whose name the line is operated. Its business 500 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings in 1898 were $65,583 and the expenditures $69, 11 2. Its capital stock was |740,900: bonded debt, $978,000, other indebtedness increasing the total capital investment to $1,816,736. ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad. ) ST. LOUIS, JERSETVILLE & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago <& St. Paul Railroad. ) ST. LOUIS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL- BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisinlle, Evansville <& St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a corpo- ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and unite the properties of the St. Louis & Ea,stern, the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South Railways, and to extend the same due north from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence to Fulton or East Clinton, 111. , on the Upper Mis- sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad and the Merchants" Terminal Bridge (18 miles) to St. Louis.— (HiSTOEY.) This road has been made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The initial section of the line was constructed under the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of Illinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure in 1889, and reorganized, in 1890, as the St. Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East- em, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893 ; the following year, bought the St. Louis & Peoria line, and, in 1895, constructed tlie link (8 miles) between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North & South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago Railway Company, proceeded in the construction of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring- field, which was subsequently leased to the Chi- cago, Peoria & St. Louis, tlien under the management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway. The latter corporation having defaulted, the property passed into the hands of a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem- ber, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896. The St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of the new organization under the name of the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North & South Railroad going out of existence. In May, 1899, the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad Company, to be operated as a short line between Peoria & St. Louis. ST. LOUS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington 'CHER, John L., banker, was born in Ken- tucky in 1821 ; brought by his parents to Vermil- ion County, Ind., in 1829, and left an orphan at 17; attended school in Coles County, 111., and was employed as clerk in a store at Danville, 1843-53. He then became a member of the firm of Tincher & English, merchants, later establish- ing a bank, which became the First National Bank of Danville. In 18&4 Mr. Tincher was elected Representative in the Twenty-fourth General Assembly and, two years later, to the Senate, being reelected in 1870. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, in Springfield, Dec. 17, 1871, 524 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. while in attendance on the adjourneii session of that year. TIPTON, Thomas F., lawyer and jurist, was born in Franklin County, Ohio, August 29, 1833 ; has been a resident of McLean County, 111., from the age of 10 years, his present home being at Bloomington. He was admitted to the bar in 1857, and, from January, 1867, to December, 1868, was State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit. In 1870 he was elected Judge of the same circuit, and under the new Constitution, ■was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit. From 1877 to 1879 he represented the (then) Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in 1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was re-elected to a seat on the Circuit bench for the Bloomington Circuit, but resumed practice at the expiration of his term in 1897. TISKILWA, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 7 miles southwest of Princeton; has creameries and cheese factories, churches, school, library, water- \t'orks, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 965. TODD, (Col.) John, soldier, was born in Mont- gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the battle of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774, as Adju- tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a lawyer at Fincastle, Va., and, in 1775, removed to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating near Lexington. He was one of tlie first two Delegates from Kentucky Coimty to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and, in 1778, accompanied Col. George Rogers Clark on his expedition against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. In Decem- ber, 1778, he was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, Lieutenant -Commandant of Illinois County, embracing the region northwest of the Ohio River, serving two years; in 1780, was again a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he procured grants of land for public schools and introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue Licks, Ky., August 19, 1782. TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex- ington, Ky., April 27, 1787, was one of the earli- est gi-aduates of Transylvania University, also graduating at the Medical University of Phila- delphia; was appointed Surgeon-General of Ken- tucky troops in the War of 1812, and captured at tne battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex- ington after liis release, he practiced there and at Bardstown, removed to Edwardsville. 111., in 1817, and, in 1827, to Springfield, where he had been appointed Register of the Land Office by President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by Jackson in 1829. Dr. Todd continued to reside at Springfield until his death, which occurred, Jan. 9, 1865. He was a grandson of John Todd, who was appointed Commandant of Illinois County by Gov. Patrick Henry in 1778, and an uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln.— John Blair Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was born at Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1817 ; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1837, serving after- wards in the Florida and Mexican wars and on the frontier; resigned, and was an Indian -trader in Dakota, 1856-61 ; the latter year, took his seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota, then served as Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, 1861-62; was again Delegate in Congress in 1863-65, Speaker of the Dakota Legislature in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71. Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1872. TOLEDO, a village and the county-seat of Cumberland County, on tlie Illinois Central Rail- road; founded in 1854; has five churches, a graded school, two banks, creamery, flour mill, elevator, and two weekly newspapers. There are no manu- factories, the leading industry in tlie surrounding country being agriculture. Pop. (1890), 676; (1900), 818. TOLEDO, CnVCINNATI & ST. LOUIS RAIL- ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas Citg Railroad. ) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See Toledo, Peoria & Western Railiray.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Toledo. Peoria & We.';tcrii Raihray.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILWAY, a line of railroad wholly within the State of Illi- nois, extending from EfTner, at tlie Indiana State line, west to tlie Mississippi River at Warsaw. The length of the whole line is 230.7 miles, owned entirely by the company. It is made up of a division from Effner to Peoria (110.9 miles) — which is practically an air-line throughout nearly its entire length — and the Peoria and Warsaw Division (108.8 miles) with branches from La Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 miles) and 0.6 of a mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at Hamilton. — (History.) The original charter for this line was granted, in 1863, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad ; the main line was completed in 1868, and the La Harpe & Iowa Junction branch in 1873. Default was made in 1873. the road sold under foreclosure, in 1880, and reorganized as the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, and the line leased for ^9)4 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 525 years to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company. The latter defaulted in July, 1884, and, a year later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western was transferred to trustees for the first mortgage bond-holders, was sold under foreclosure in October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, the present company, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway Company, was organized for the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an agreement, for joint ownership and management, was entered into between that corporation and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Com- pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was §9,712,433, of which §4,076,900 was in stock and §4,895,000 in bonds. TOLEDO, ST. LOUIS Sc KANSAS CITY RAIL- ROAD. This line crosses the State in a northeast direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern terminus. The length of the entire line is 450.73 miles, of which 179i/2 miles are operated in Illi- nois. — (History.) The Illinois portion of the line grew out of the union of charters granted to the Tuscola, Charleston & Vincennes and the Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- panies, which were consolidated in 1S81 with certain Indiana lines under the name of the Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During 1882 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. Louis (172 miles). In 1885 this was sold under foreclosure and, in June, 1886, consolidated with the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- organization have been under consideration, but the receivers were still in control in 1898. TOLEDO, WABASH & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. {See Wabash Railroad.) TOLONO, a city in Champaign County, situ- ated at the intersection of the Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Cham- paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It is the business center of a prosperous agricultural region. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank, a button factor}', and a weeklv newspaper. Population (18S0), 905; (1890), 902; (1900), 845. TONICA, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railwaj-, 9 miles south of La Salle; the district is agricultural, but the place has some manufactures and a newspaper. Population (1890), 473; (1900), 497. TONTY, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol- dier, born at Gaeta, Italy, about 1650 What is now known as the Tontine sy.stem of insurance undoubtedly originated with his father. The younger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a youth, took part in numerous land and naval encounters. In the course of his experience he lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at Niagara. He advanced into the country of the Illinois and established friendly relations with them, only to witness the defeat of his putative savage allies bj- the Iroquois. After various encounters (chiefly under the direction of La Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned to Green Bay in 1681. The same year — xmder La Salle's orders — he began the erection of Fort St. Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rook" in La Salle County. In 1683 he descended the Mis- sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his commander and the loss of his early comrades, he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most effi- cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, did more than any other of the early French explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized world. TOPOiiR.iPHY. Illinois is, generally speak- ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at Cairo be adopted as the maximum depression, and the smnmits of the two ridges hereinafter men- tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- tude of this table land above the sea-level varies from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being about 600 feet. The State has no mountain chains, and its few hills are probably the result of unequal denudation during the drift epoch. In some localities, particularly in the valley of the upper Mississippi, the streams have cut channels from 300 to 300 feet deep through the nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- cipitous scarps, but, for the most part, the fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer of detrital material. In the northwest there is a broken tract of uneven ground ; the central por- 526 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tion of the State is almost wholly tiat prairie, and, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are many deep Talle3's, eroded by the action of streams. The surface generally slopes toward the south and southwest, but the uniformity is broken by two ridges, which cross the State, one in either extremity. Tlie northern ridge crosses the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 8oO feet above sea level, though the altitude of Jlount Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. That in the south consists of a range of hills in the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess County, just south of the Wisconsin State line (near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 1,257 feet above sea-level, while the highest in the south is in the northeast corner of Pope County — 1,046 feet — a spur of the Ozark moun- tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on observations made under the auspices of the Illi- nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The lowest gauge of the Ohio river, at its mouth (above sea-level), is 268.58 feet, and the mean level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet. The altitudes of a few prominent points are as follows : Highest point in Jackson County, 695 feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985; high- est point in Cook County (Barrington), 818; in La Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston (Strawn), 770; in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike (Arden), 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in Bureau, 910; in Boone, 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan), 1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; in Kane (Briar Hill), 974; in Winnebago, 985. The elevations of important towns are : Peoria, 465; Jacksonville. 602; Springfield, 596; Gales- burg, 755; Joliet, 537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- ton, 821. Outside of the immediate valleys of the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, little timber is found in the northern and central portions of the State, and such growth as there is, lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo, and, while they generally include few coniferous trees, they abound in various species of oak, black and white walnut, white and yellow pop- lar, ash, elm, sugar-maple, linden, honey locust, Cottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim- mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) the cypress. From a commercial point of view, Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timbei over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago is an accessible market for the product of the forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of tlie prairies, with its abundance of organic matter (see Geo- logical Formations) , more than compensates for the want of pine forests, whose soil is ill adapted to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire boundary of the State consists of navigable waters. These, with their tributary streams, ensure sufficient drainage. TORRENS LAXD TITLE SYSTEM. A system for the registration of titles to, and incumbrances upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended to remove all unnecessary obstructions to the cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and transfer of realty. The system has been in suc- cessful operation in Canada, Australia, New Zea- land and British Columbia for many years, and it is also in force in some States in the American Union. An act providing for its introduction into Illinois was first passed by the Twenty- ninth General Assembly, and approved, June 13, 1895. The final legislation in reference thereto was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and was approved, May 1, 1897. It is far more elabo- rate in its consideration of details, and is believed to be, in many respects, much better adapted to accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to counties of the first and second class, and can be adopted in no county except by a vote of a majority of the qualified voters of the same — the vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the November or April elections, or at an election for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only county to adopt the system has been Cook, and there it encountered strong opposition on the part of certain parties of influence and wealth. After its adoption, a test case was brought, rais- ing the question of the constitutionality of the act. T)ie issue was taken to tlie Supreme Court, which tribunal fiuallj' upheld the law. — The Torrens system substitutes a certificate of regis- tration and of transfer for the more elaborate deeds and mortgages in use for centuries. Under it there can be no actual transfer of a title until the same is entered upon the public land regis- ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere powei of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made, upon the principle of an ordinarj' stock transfer, HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 527 or of the registration of a United States bond, the actual transfer and public notice thereof being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro- visions of the Illinois statute is given below: Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and required to give bonds of either §50,000 or §200,- 000, according to the population of the county. Any person or corporation, having an interest in land, may make application to any court having chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto registered. Such application must be in writ- ing, signed and verified by oath, and must con- form, in matters of specification and detail, with the requirements of the act. The court may refer the application to one of the standing examiners appointed by the Registrar, who are required to be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- amine into the title, as well as the truth of the applicant's statements. Inmiediately upon the filing of the application, notice thereof is given by the clerk, through publication and the issuance of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned in the petition as having or claiming any inter- est in the property described. Anj- person inter- ested, whether named as a defendant or not, may enter an appearance within the time allowed. A failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a confession by default. The court, in passing upon the application, is in no case bound by the examiner's report, but maj' require other and further proof ; and, in its final adjudication, passes upon all questions of title and incumbrance, directing the Registrar to register the title in the party in whom it is to be vested, and making provision as to the manner and order in which incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the certificate to be issued. An appeal may be allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the time of entering the decree, upon like terms as in other cases in chancerj-; and a writ of error may be sued out from that tribunal within two years after the entry of the order or decree. The period last mentioned may be said to be the statutory period of limitation, after which the decree of the court must be regarded as final, although safeguards are provided for those who may have been defrauded, and for a few other classes of persons Upon the filing of the order or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form ol which is prescribed by the act, making such notations at the end as shall show and preserve the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- brances and changes to which the owner's title is subject. For the purpose of preserving evidence of the owner's handwriting, a receipt for the certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is required of him, which is preserved in the Regis- trar's office. In case any registered owner should desire to transfer the whole or any part of his estate, or any interest therein, he is required to execute a conveyance to the transferee, which, together with the certificate of title last issued, must be surrendei-ed to the Registrar. Tliat official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered certificate, as well as upon the corresponding entry in his books of record. When land is first brought within the operation of the act, the receiver of the certificate of title is required to pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of the value of the land, the aggregate so received to be deposited with and invested by the County Treasurer, and reser\"ed as an indemnity fund for the reimbursement of persons sustaining any loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The advantage claimed for the Torrens system is, chiefly, that titles registered thereunder can be dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively than under the old system ; it being possible to close the entire transaction within an hour or two, without the need of an abstract of title, while (as the law is administered in Cook County) the cost of transfer is only S3. It is asserted that a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost as quickly and cheaply, and quite as safely, as shares of stock or registered bonds. TOULOX, the county-seat of Stark County, on the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 miles north- northwest of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of Galva. Besides the county court- house, the town has five churches and a high school, an academy, steam granite works, two banks, and two weekly papers. Population (1880), 967; (1890), 945; (1900), 1,057. TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on tlie Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- roads, 7 miles east of Pana ; has bank, grain ele- vators, and coal mine. Pop. (1900), 615. TOWXSHEXD. Richard W., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Prince George's County, Md., April 30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 and 18 he attended public and private schools at Washington, D. C. In 1858 he came to Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 528 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOLS. in 1863, and where he began practice. From 1863 to 1868 he was Circuit Clerk of Hamilton County, and, from 1868 to 1872, Prosecuting Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed to Shawneetown, where he became an officer of the Gallatin National Bank. From 1C64 to 1875 he was a member of the Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, and a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1872. For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888, but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the beginning of his seventh term. TRACY, John M., artist, was born in Illinois about 1842 ; served in an Illinois regiment during the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in 1866-76; established himself as a portrait painter in St. Louis and, later, won a high reputation as a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- ity on the anatomy of the horse and the dog. Died, at Ocean Springs, Miss., March 20, 1893. TREASURERS. (See State Treasurers.) TREAT, Samuel Hubbel, lawyer and jurist, was born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and studied law at Richfield, where he was admitted to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111. , traveling most of the way on foot. Here he formed a partnership with George Forquer, who had held the offices of Secretary of State and Attorney-General. In 1839 he was appointed a Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the Supreme bench, being acting Chief Justice at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Having been elected to the Supreme bench under the new Constitution, he remained in office until March, 1855, when he resigned to take the posi- tion of Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he had been appointed by President Pierce. This position he continued to occupy until his death, which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long- est in the history of the State, covering a period of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirty-two in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court. TREATIES. {See Greenville, Treaty of: Indian Treaties. ) TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Washington, D. C. , Nov. 29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the War of the Revolution. He received a superior clas- sical and professional education, and was admit- ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 1855. Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes- sional career has been chiefly connected with that city. In 1864 he was chosen President of the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1875, when he resigned. The three following years he spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was the Democratic candidate for Congress from the Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. In 1885 he was the candi- date of his party for United States Senator, but was defeated by John A. Logan, bj' one vote. In 1884 he was a member of the National Democratic Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland appointed him Minister to Belgium, conferring the Russian mission upon him in September, 1888. On March 3, 1889, he resigned this post and returned home. In 1890 he was appointed by President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- national Monetary Conference at Washington. The year before he had attended (altliough not as a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, where he exerted all his influence on the side of humanity. In 1892 Belgium conferred upon him the distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its commission to the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, after the Spanish- American War, a zealous advo- cate of the policy of retaining the territory acquired from Spain. TREMONT, a town of Tazewell County, on the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast of Pekin; has two banks, two telephone exchanges, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 768. TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 31 miles east of St. Louis; in agricultural district; has creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six churches, a public school and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,384; (1900), 1,706; (1904), about 3,000. TROY, a village of Madison County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis railroad, 21 miles northeast of St. Louis,; has churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,080. TRUITT, James Madison, lawyer and soldier, a native of Trimble County, Ky. , was born Feb. 12, 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father having settled near Carrollton that year; was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 529 educated at Hillsboro and at McKendree College ; enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers in lH(i2, and was promoted from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of tlie Supreme Court, and, in 1872, was elected to the Twenty -eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- cessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro, where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- sion. Died July 36, 1900. TRUMBULL, Lyman, statesman, was born at Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from a historical family, being a grand-nephew of Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from whom the name "Brother Jonathan" was derived as au appellation for Americans. Having received an academic education in his native town, at the age of 16 he began teaching a district school near his home, went South four years later, and en- gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia, Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Treniont and La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice from Judge Lockwood, and, after visiting Michi- gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville, which continued to be his home for twenty years. His entrance into public life began with his elec- tion as Representative in the General Assembly in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841, by his appointment by Governor Carlin, Secre- tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. Douglas, who, after holding the position only two months, had resigned to accept a seat on the Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, when he was removed by Governor Ford. March 4, 1843, but, five years later (1848), was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 1853, but resigned in 18.'53 on account of impaired health. A year later (1854) he was elected to Congress from the Belleville District as an anti- Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking his seat, was promoted to the United States Senate, as the successor of General Shields in the memorable con- test of 1855, which resulted in the defeat of Abra- ham Lincoln. Senator Trumbull's career of eighteen years in the United States Senate (being re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most memorable in the hi.storj' of that body, covering, as it does, the whole history of the war for the Union, and the period of reconstruction which followed it. During this period, as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- struction measures than any other single member of that body. While he disagreed -with a large majority of his Republican associates on the ques- tion of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, he was always found in sympatliy with them on the vital questions affecting the war and restoration of the Union. The Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1873 he joined in the "'Liberal Republican" movement and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic party, being their candidate for Governor in 1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago, where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- tinued in the practice of his profession until his death, which occurred in that city, June 25, 1896. TUG MILLS. These were a sort of primitive machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and early State days. The mechanism consisted of an upright shaft, into the upper end of which were fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was stretched around these pins and wrapped twice around a circular piece of wood called a trundle head, through which passed a perpendicular flat bar of iron, which turned the miU-stone, usually about eighteen inches in diameter. From the upright shaft projected a beam, to which were hitched one or two hordes, which furnished the motive power. Oxen were sometimes employed as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi- mentary contrivances were capable of grinding about twelve bushels of corn, each, per day. TULET, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., March 4, 1837, of English extraction and descended from the earh' settlers of Virginia. His father died in 1833, and, eleven years later, his mother, having married Col. Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to that city. Young Tuley began reading law with his step-father and completed his studies at the Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same year being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun- teers for service in the Mexican War, and was commissioned First Lieutenant. The war ha^nng ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he 530 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. practiced law, also served as Attorney-General and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, successively, with Andrew Harvie, Judge Gary and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he was Corporation Counsel, and during this time framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, under which the City of Chicago was reincor- porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- elected every six years thereafter, his last election being in 1897. He is now serving his fourth term, some ten years of his incumbency having been spent in the capacity of Chief Justice. TENMCLIFFE, Damon G., lawyer and jurist, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y. , August 20, 1829 ; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He subsequently studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1854 he established himself at Macomb, McDonough County, where he built up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885, by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, vice Pinkney H. "Walker, deceased, who had been one of his first professional preceptors. TURCHIN, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- chinoff), soldier, engineer and author, was born in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and was commissioned ensign; participated in the Hungarian campaign of 1849, and, in 1852, was assigned to the staff of the Imperial Guards; served through the Crimean War, rising to the rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five years, was in the service of the Illinois Central Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Nine- teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship, being attached to the Army of the Cumberland until 1864, when he resigned. After the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents at Chicago, but, in 1873. returned to engineering. In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radom, in Washington County, in this State, and settled as a farmer. He is an occasional contributor to the press, writing usually on military or scientific subjects, and is the author of the "Campaign and Battle of Chickamauga" (Chicago, 1888). TURNER (now WEST CHICAGO), a town and manufacturing center in Winfield Township, Du Page County, 30 miles west of Chicago, at tlie junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The town has a rolling mill, manufactories of wagons and pumps, and railroad repair shops. It also has five churches, a graded school, and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,877; with suburb, 2,270. TURNER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real- estate operator, was born at Oberlin. Ohio, August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu- cation in the college there. During the Civil War he served as First Lieutenant in the One Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio Volunteers, and later, with the same rank in a colored regiment, taking part in the operations about Richmond, the capture of Fort Fisher, of Wilmington and of Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi- cago after the close of the war, he became con- nected with the business office of "The Advance,"' but later was employed in the banking house of Jay Cooke & Co., in Philadelphia. On the failure of that concern, in 1872, he returned to Chicago and bought "The Advance, " which he conducted some two years, when he sold out and engaged in the real estate business, with which he has since been identified — being President of the Chicago Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been President of the Western Publishing Company and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner is an enthusiastic member of the Illinois National Guard and, on the declaration of war between the United States and Spain, in April, 1898, promptly resumed his connection with the First Regiment of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de Cuba during the fighting there — his regiment being the only one from Illinois to see actual serv- ice in the field during the progress of the war. Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com- mand and the entire nation by the manner in which he discharged his duty. The regiment was mustered out at Chicago, Nov. 17, 1898, when he retired to private life. TURNER, John Bice, Railway President, was born at Colchester, Delaware County, N. Y., Jan. 14, 1799; after a brief business career in his native State, he became identified with the con- struction and operation of railroads. Among the works with which he was thus connected, were the Delaware Division of the New York & Erie and the Troy & Schenectady Roads. In 1843 he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 531 came to Chicago, having previously purchased a large body of land at Blue Island. In 1847 he joined with W. B. Ogden and others, in resusci- tating the Galena & Chicago Union Railway, which had been incorporated in 1836. He became President of the Company in 18.50, and assisted in constructing various sections of road in Northern Illinois and Wisconsin, which have since become portions of the Chicago & Northwestern system. He was also one of the original Directors of the North Side Street Railway Company, organized in 1859. Died, Feb. 26, 1871. TURJfER, Jonathan Baldwin, educator and agriculturist, was born in Templeton, Mass. , Dec. 7, 1805; grew up on a farm and, before reaching his majority, began teaching in a country school. After spending a short time in an academy at Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparatory depart- ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part, by manual labor and teaching in a gj'mnasium. In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart- ment at Yale, graduated in 1883, and the same year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, 111., which had been opened, three years previous, by the late Dr. J. M. Sturte- vant. In the next fourteen years he gave in- struction in nearly every branch embraced in the college curriculum, though holding, during most of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English Literature. In 1847 he retired from college duties to give attention to scientific agriculture, in which he had always manifested a deep inter- est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange as a hedge plant now occupied his attention for many years, and its successful introduction in Illinois and other Western States — where the absence of timber rendered some substitute a necessity for fencing purposes — was largely due to his efiforts. At the same time he took a deep interest in the cause of practical scientific edu- cation for the industrial classes, and, about 18.50, began formulating that system of industrial edu- cation which, after twelve years of labor and agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing recognized in the act adopted by Congress, and approved by President Lincoln, in July, 1862, making liberal donations of public lands for the establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the several States, out of which grew the University of Illinois at Champaign. While Professor Tur- ner liad zealous colaborers in this field, in Illinois and elsewhere, to him, more than to any other single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for this magnificent achievement. (See Education. and University of Illinois.) He was also one of the chief factors in founding and building up the Illinois State Teachers' Association, and the State Agricultural and Horticultural Societies. His address on "The Millennium of Labor," delivered at the first State Agricultural Fair at Springfield, in 1853, is still remembered as mark- ing an era in industrial progress in Illinois. A zealous champion of free thought, in both political and religious affairs, he long bore the reproach which attached to the radical Abolitionist, only to enjo}-, in later years, the respect universally accorded to those who had the courage and independence to avow their honest convictions. Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress— once as a Republican and once as an "Independent" — and wrote much on political, religious and educational topics. The evening of an honored and useful life was spent among friends in Jack.sonville, which was his home for more than sixtj' years, his death taking place in that city, Jan. 10, 1899, at the advanced age of 98 years.— Mrs. Mary Turner Carriel, at the pres- ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's only daughter. TURNER, Thomas J., lawyer and Congress- man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 1815. Leaving home at the age of 18, he spent three years in Indiana and in the mining dis- tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin, locating in Stephenson County, in 1836, where he was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected Probate Judge in 1841. Soon afterwards Gov- ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting Attorney, in which capacity he secured the conviction and punisliment of the murderers of Colonel Daven- port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress as a Demociat, and, the following year, founded "The Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport Bulletin"), the first newspaper published in the count}-. Elected to the Legislature in 1854, he was chosen Speaker of the House, the next year becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a member of the Peace Conference of 1861. and, in May of that year, was commissioned, by Governor Yates, Colonel of the Fifteenth Illinois Volun- teers, but resigned in 1862. He served as a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and. in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla- ture, where he received the Democratic caucus nomination for United States Senator against General Logan. In 1871 he removed to Chicago, and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he went to Hot Springs. Ark., for medical treatment, and died there, April 3 following. 532 IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. TUSCOLA, a city and the county-seat of Douglas County, located at the intersection of the Illinois Central and two other trunk lines of rail- way, 22 miles south of Champaign, and 36 miles east of Decatur. Besides a brick court-house it has five churches, a graded school, a national bank, two weekly newspapers and two establish- ments for the manufacture of carriages and wagons. Population (1880), 1,457; (1890), 1,897; (1900), 2,5G9. TUSCOLA, CHARLESTON & VINCENINES RAILROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad.) TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jui-ist, was born at Vergennes, Jackson County, 111., Nov. 10, 1841. After passing through the common schools of his native county, he took a preparatory course in a high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col- lege, Vt., graduating there in 1863. Immediately thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vicks- burg, and, after serving for some time in a com- pany of scouts attached to General Logan's command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the First Michigan Light Artillery, with which he served until the close of the war, meanwhile being twice promoted. During this time he was with General Sherman in the march to Meridian, and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with General Thomas in the operations against the rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the battle of Nashville. Having resigned his com- mission in May, 1865, he took up the study of law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- nity while in the army, and was admitted to the bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for a time as Prosecuting Attorney on the Nashville circuit. In 1873 he removed to Cliicago, two years later was elected City Attorney and re- elected in 1877 ; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was appointed United States District Attorney for the Northern District, serving until 1886. In 1887 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Rogers, was re-elected for a full term in 1891, and again in 1897. TTNDALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17 came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a time in mercantile business, later being employed in a surveyor's corps under the internal improve- ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839, he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he engaged in mercantile business with his father ; then came to Illinois, a second time,in 1845, spend- ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About 1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a course of mathematical study, with a view to fitting himself more thoroughly for the profession of a civil engineer. In 1851 he graduated in engineering, at Cambridge, Mass. , after which he was employed for a time on the Sunbury & Erie Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads. In 1857 he was elected County Surveyor of St. Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city of Belleville. He held this position until 1864, when he received the Republican nomination for Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in office four years. He was an earnest advocate, and virtually author, of the first act for the regis- tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session of 1865. After retiring from office in 1869, he continued to reside in Springfield, and was em- ployed for a time in the survey of the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railway — now the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early hour on the morning of April 29, 1871, while going from his home to the railroad station at Springfield, to take the train for St. Louis, he was assassinated upon the street by shooting, as sup- posed for the purpose of robbery — his dead body being found a few hours later at the scene of the tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen. Hector Tyndale of Pennsylvania, who won a high reputation by his services during the war. His second wife, who survived him, was a daughter of Shadrach Penn, an editor of con- siderable reputation who was the contemporary and rival of George D, Prentice at Louisville, for some years. "UNDERGROUND RAILROAD," THE. A liistory of Illinois would be incomplete without reference to the unique system which existed there, as in other Northern States, from forty to seventy years ago, known by the somewhat mys- terious title of "The Underground Railroad." The origin of the term has been traced (probably in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised by his sudden disappearance, as soon as he had reached the opposite shore, that he was led to remark. "The nigger must have gone off on an underground road." From "underground road" to "underground railroad," the transition would appear to have been easy, especially in view of the increased facility with which the work was performed when railroads came into use. For HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 533 readers of the present generation, it may be well to explain what "The Underground Railroad" really was. It may be defined as the figurative appellation for a spontaneous movement in the free States — extending, sometimes, into the slave States themselves — to assist slaves in their efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The movement dates back to a period close to the Revolutionary War, long before it received a definite name. Assistance given to fugitives from one State by citizens of another, became a cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- ment was organized. In fact, the first President himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was so strong against his return, that the patriotic and philosophic "Father "of his Country" chose to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite a mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the minds of well-disposed citizens. " That the mat- ter was already one of concern in the minds of slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision was inserted in the Constitution for their concili- ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from labor, as well as from justice, from one State to another. In 179.3 Congress passed tlie first Fugitive Slave Law, which was signed by President Washing- ton. This law provided that the owner, his agent or attorney, might follow the slave into any State or Territory, and, upon oath or afii- davit before a court or magistrate, be entitled to a warrant for his return. Any person who should hinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who should harbor, aid or assist him, kno\ving him to be such, was subject to a fine of §500 for each offense. — In 1850, fifty -seven years later, the first act having proved inefficacious, or conditions having changed, a second and more stringent law was enacted. This is the one usually referred to in discussions of the subject. It provided for an increased fine, not to exceed SI, 000, and im- prisonment not exceeding six months, with liability for civil damages to the party injured. No proof of ownership was required beyond the statement of a claimant, and the accused was not permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the United States Commissioner, before whom the case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed to many an indirect form of bribery ; clearly, it made it to the Judge's pecuniary advantage to decide in favor of the claimant. The law made it possible and easy for a white man to arrest, and carry into slavery, any free negro who could not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that he was born free, or had purchased his freedom. Instead of discouraging the disposition, on the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- tives in their efforts to reach a region where they would be secure in their freedom, the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (as that of 1793 had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- site of that intended by its authors — unless, indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit and refused to be made parties to its enforce ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- ment of the North, and stimulated the active friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in their behalf. New efforts on the part of the slaveholders were met by a determination to evade, hinder and nullify the law. And here a strange anomaly is presented. The slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave, was acting witliin his constitutional and legal rights. The slave was his i^roperty in law. He had purchased or inlierited his bondman on the same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart from the right to hold a human being in bond- age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good as the other. From a legal standpoint his posi- tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- senting so much of money value, and whoever was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, both theoretically and technical!}', a partner in robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under- ground Railwa}-" as the work of thieves, and en- tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its operation. On the other hand, men who were, in all other respects, good citizens — often relig- iously devout and pillars of the church — became bold and flagrant violators of the la%v in relation to this sort of property. They set at nought a plain provision of the Constitution and the act of Congress for its enforcement. Without hope of personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and imprisonment, with tlie certainty of social ostra- cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the fugitive and helped him forward on every occasion. And why? Because they saw in him a man, with the same inherent right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" that they themselves possessed. To them this was a higher law than any Legislature. State or National, could enact. They denied that there could be truly such a thing as property in man. Relieving that the law violated human rights, they justified themselves in rendering it null and void. 534 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. For the most part, the "Underground Rail- road" operators and promoters were j^lain, obscure men, ■without hope of fame or desire for notoriety. Yet there were some wliose names are conspicuous in history, such as Wendell Phillips, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Theodore Parker of Massachusetts ; Gerrit Smith and Thurlow Weed of New York: Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Lovejoy of Illinois. These had their followers and sympatliizers in all the Northern States, and even in some por- tions of the South, It is a curious fact, that some of the most active spirits connected with the "Underground Riiilroad" were natives of the South, or had resided there long enough to become thoroughly acquainted with the "insti- tution." Levi CofSn, who had the reputation of being the "President of the Underground Rail- road'' — at least so far as the region west of the Ohio was concerned — was an active operator on the line in North Carolina before his removal from that State to Indiana in 1826. Indeed, as a system, it is claimed to have had its origin at Guilford College, in the "Old North State" in 1819, though the evidence of this may not be "onclusive. Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, no official reports were made, no lists of officers, conductors, station agents or operators preserved, and few records kept which are now accessible. Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the personal recollection of individual operators for a history of their transactions. Each station on the road was the house of a "friend" and it is significant, in this connection, that in every settlement of Friends, or Quakers, there was sure to be a house of refuge for the slave. For this reason it was, perhaps, that one of the most frequently traveled lines extended from Vir- ginia and JIaryland through Eastern Pennsyl- vania, and then on towards New York or directly to Canada. From the proximity of Ohio to Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it offered the shortest route through free soil to Canada, it was traversed by more lines than any other State, although Indiana was pretty thoroughly "grid-ironed" by roads to freedom. In all, however, the routes were irregular, often zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con- ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from one station to another The "train" was some- times a farm-wagon, loaded with produce for market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre- quently a closed carriage, and it is related that once, in Ohio, a number of carriages conveying a large party, were made to represent a funeral procession. Occasionalh' the train ran on foot, for convenience of side-tracking into the woods or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loco- motive. Then, again, there were not wanting lawyers who, in case the operator, conductor or station agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or reward, to defend either him or his human freight in the courts. These included such names of national repute as Salmon P. Chase, Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, William H. Seward, Rutherford B. Hayes, Richard H. Dana, and Isaac N. Arnold, while, taking the whole country over, their "name was legion." And there were a few men of wealth, hke Thomas Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money by thousands to their assistance. Although technically acting in violation of law — or, as claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher law" — tlie time has already come when there is a disposition to look upon the actors as, in a certain sense, heroes, and tlieir deeds as fitly belonging to the field of romance. The most comprehensive collection of material relating to the history of this movement has been furnished in a recent volume entitled, "The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free- dom," by Prof. Wilbur H. Siebert, of Ohio State University; and, while it is not wholly free from errors, both as to individual names and facts, it will probably remain as the best compilation of history bearing on this subject — especially as the principal actors are fast passing away. One of the interesting features of Prof. Sieberfs book is a map purporting to give the principal routes and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio, yet the accuracy of this, as well as the correct- ness of personal names given, has been questioned by some best informed on the subject. As might be expected from its geographical position between two slave States — Kentucky and Mis- souri — on tlie one hand, and the lakes offering a highway to Canada on the other, it is naturally to be assumed that Illinois would be an attract- ive field, both for the fugitive and his sympa- thizer. The period of greatest activity of the system in this State was betw-een 1840 and 1861 — the latter being the year when the pro-slavery party in the South, by their attempt forcibly to dissolve tlie Union, took the business out of the hands of tlie secret agents of the "Underground Railroad," and — in a certain sense — placed it in the hands of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that A bra- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 535 liam Lincoln — then a conservative opponent of the extension of slavery — on an appeal from a judgment, rendered by the Circuit Court in Taze- well Countj-, in favor of the holder of a note given for the service of the indentured slave- girl "Nance," obtained a decision from the Supreme Court of IlUnois upholding the doctrine that the girl was free under the Ordinance of 1787 and the State Constitution, and that the note, given to the person who claimed to be her owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the same Abraliam Lincoln, as President of the United States, in the second year of the War of the Rebellion, issued the Proclamation of Emancipation vchich finally resulted in striking the shackles from the limbs of every slave in the Union. In the practical operation of aiding fugitives in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along the border upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, should have served as a sort of entrepots, or initial stations, for the reception of this class of freight — especially if adjacent to some anti- slavery community. Tliis was the case at Ches- ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, where a colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was located, and whence a route extended, by way of Oakdale, Nashville and Centralia, in the direction of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to Bond County, where there was a community of anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi- tives could be forwarded northward by way of JerseyviUe, Wavp.rly and Jacksonville, about each of which there was a strong anti-slavery sentiment. Quincv, in spite of an intense hos- tility among the mass of the community to anj'- thing savoring of abolitionism, became the theater of great activity on the part of the opponents of the institution, especially after the advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich- ard Eells, both of whom had rendered themselves obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending aid to fugitives. The former was a practical abolitionist who, having freed his slaves in his native State of Virginia, removed to Missouri and attempted to establish Marion College, a few miles from Palmyra, but was soon driven to Illinois. Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission Institute" there, at which he continued to dis- seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating young men for missionarj' work. The "Insti- tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis- souri, while three young men who had been connected with it, having been caught in Mis- souri, were condemned to twelve years' confine- ment in the penitentiary of that State — ijartly on the testimony of a negro, although a negro was not then a legal witness in the courts against a white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before Stephen A. Douglas (then a Judge of the Circuit Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape, and the judgment against him was finally con- firmed by the Supreme Court after bis death, in 1853, ten years after the original indictment. A map in Professor Siebert's book, showing the routes and principal stations of the "Undergound Railroad," makes mention of the following places in Illinois, in addition to those already referred to; Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Payson and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze- well; Metamora, in Woodford, Magnolia, in Put- nam; Galesburg, in Knox; Princeton (the home of Owen Love joy and the Bryants), in Bureau; and many more. Ottawa appears to have been the meeting point of a number of lines, as well as the home of a strong colon}- of practical abo- litionists. Cairo also became an important transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- road, especially as it offered the speediest way of reaching Chicago, towards which nearly all the lines converged. It was here that the fugitives could be most safely disposed of by placing them upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian soil. As to methods, these differed according to cir- cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, near Metamora, had a route towards Magnolia, Putnam County; and his favorite "car" was a farm wagon in which there was a double bottom. The passengers were snugly placed below, and grain sacks, filled with bran or other light material, were laid over, so that the whole presented the appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its way to market. The same was true as to stations and routes. One, who was an operator, says; "Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi- tive, or the converse, there was a station,' for the time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery man to the east or the north. As a general rule, the agent preferred not to know anything beyond the operation of his own immediate section of the road. If he knew nothing about the operations of another, and the other knew nothing of his, they could not be witnesses in court. We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. Hurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually 536 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the Lakes, there being several steamers available for that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the places of colored stevedores carrying wood aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a nigger in the woodpile," may have originated in this incident. Thirteen was an "unlucky num- ber" in this instance — for the masters. Among the notable trials for assisting runaways in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and Deacon Cusliing of Will County, both of whom were defended by Judge James Collins of Chi- cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 1859, for assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a techni- cality. A strong array of attorneys, afterwards widely known through tlie northern part of the State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook, J. V. Eus- tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Lamed. Joseph T. Morse, of Woodford Coimty, was also arrested, taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but acquitted on trial. Another noteworthy case was that of Dr. Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) and his father, Julius A. Willard, charged with assisting in the escape of a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. "The National Corporation Reporter," a few years ago, gave an account of this affair, together with a letter from Dr. Willard, in wliich he states that, after protracted litigation, during which the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, when he was fined one doUar and costs— the latter amounting to twenty dollars. The Doctor frankly adds: "My father, as well as myself, helped many fugitives afterwards." It did not always happen, however, that offenders escaped so easily. Judge Harvey B. Hurd, already referred to, and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the Fugitive Slave Law, relates the following: Once, when the trial of a fugitive was going on before Justice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor of a two-story frame building on Clark Street in the city of Cliicago, the crowd in attendance filled the room, the stairway and the adjoining sidewalk. In some way the prisoner got mixed in with the audience, and passed down over tlie heads of those on the stairs, where the officers were unable to follow. In anotlier case, tried before United States Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was made to hinge upon a point in the indictment to the effect that the fugitive was "copper-colored." The Commissioner, as the story goes, being in- chned to favor public sentiment, called for a large copper cent, that he might make comparison. The decision was, that the prisoner was "off color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the room before the officers could rearrest him, as they had been instructed to do. Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor Siebert's book, published in "The Dial" of Chi cago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- iam Chauncey Carter as among his active allies at Jacksonville, with Rev. Bilious Pond and Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County), Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders of Randolph County, Joseph Gerrish of Jersey and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- tors in other parts of the State. Other active agents or promoters, in the same field, included such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen- ter, Calvin De Wolf, L. C. P. Freer, Zebina East- man, James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young Scammon, Col. J. F. Farnsworth and others of Chicago, whose names have already been men- tioned ; Rev. Asa Turner, Deacon Ballard, J. K. Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and Adams County: President Rufus Blanchard of Knox College, Galesburg; John Leeper of Bond; the late Prof. J. B. Turner and EUhu Wolcott of Jacksonville; Capt. Parker Morse and his foiu- sons — Joseph T. , Levi P., Parker, Jr., and Mark • — of Woodford County ; Rev. William Sloane of Randolph ; William Strawu of La Salle, besides a host who were willing to aid their fellow men in their aspirations to freedom, without advertising their own exploits. Among the incidents of "Underground Rail- road" in Illinois is one which had some importance politically, having for its climax a dramatic scene in Congress, but of which, so far as known, no full account has ever been written. About 1855, Ephraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, but a New Englander by birth, purchased a large body of prairie land in the northeastern part of Stark County, and, taking up his residence temporarily in the village of Bradford, began its improve- ment. He had brought with him from Mississippi a negro, gray-liaired and bent witli age. a slave HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 537 of probably no great value. "Old Mose, " as he was called, soon came to be well known and a favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly stated that he had brought him there as a slave ; that, by virtue of the Dred Scott decision (then of recent date), he had a constitutional right to take his slaves wherever he pleased, and that "Old Mose" was just as much his property in Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became evident to some, that his bringing of the negro to Illinois was an experiment to test the law and the feel- ings of the Northern people. This being the case, a shrewd play would have been to let him have his way till other slaves should have been brought to stock the new plantation. But this was too slow a process for the abolitionists, to whom the holding of a slave in the free State of Illinois appeared an unbearable outrage. It was feared that he might take the old negro back to Mississippi and fail to bring any others. It was reported, also, that "Old Mose" was ill-treated; that he was given only the coarsest food in a back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog, instead of being permitted to eat at table with the family. The prairie citizen of that time was very par- ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired man or woman, debarred from the table of his or her employer, would not have remained a day. A quiet consultation with "Old Mose" revealed the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom joyously. Accordingly, one Peter Risedorf, and another equally daring, met him by the light of the stars and, before morning, he was placed in the care of Owen Lovejoy, at Princeton, twenty miles away. From there he was speedily "franked" by the member of Congress to friends in Canada. There was a great commotion in Bradford over the "stealing" of "Old Mose." Lombard and his friends denounced the act in terms bitter and profane, and threatened vengeance upon the per- petrators. The conductors were known only to a few, and they kept their secret well. Lovejoy's part in the affair, however, soon leaked out. Lombard retirmed to Mississippi, where he related his experiences to Mr. Singleton, the Representative in Congress from his district. During the next session of Congress, Singleton took occasion, in a speech, to sneer at Lovejoy as a "nigger-stealer, " citing the case of "Old Mose." Mr. Lovejoy replied in his usual fervid and dramatic style, making a speech which ensured his election to Congress for life — "Is it desired to call attention to this fact of my assisting fugitive slaves?" he said. "Owen Lovejoy lives at Prince- ton, 111., three-quarters of a mile east of the village, and he aids every slave that comes to his door and asks it. Thou invisible Demon of Slavery, dost thou think to cross my humble threshold and forbid me to give bread to the hungry and shelter to the homeless? I bid you defiance, in the name of my God!" With another incident of an amusing charac- ter tliis article may be closed: Hon. J. Young Scammon, of Chicago, being accused of conniving at the escape of a slave from oflicers of the law, was asked by the court what he would do if sum- moned as one of a posse to pursue and capture a fugitive. "I vFould certainly obey the summons," he replied, "but — I should probably stub my toe and fall down before I reached him." Note.— Those who wish to pursue the subject of the " Underground Railroad " in Illinois further, are referred to the work of Dr. Siebert, already mentioned, and to the various County Histories which have been issued and may be found in the public libraries; also for interesting inci- dents, to "Reminiscences of Levi Coffin," Johnson's "From Dixie to Canada," Petit's Sketches, "Still, Under- ground Railroad," and a pamphlet of the same title by James H. Fairchild, ex-President of Oberhn College. UNDERWOOD, William H., lawyer, legislator and jurist, was born at Schoharie Court House, N. Y., Feb. 31, 1818, and, after admission to the bar, removed to BeUeviUe, 111., where he began practice in 1840. The following year he was elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843. In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-54, sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this period he declined a nomination to Congress, although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1860. He was a member of the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70, and, in 1870. was again elected to the Senate, retiring to private life in 1872. Died, Sept. 23, 1875. UNION COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the time of its admission as a State — having been organized, under the Territorial Government, in January, 1818. It is situated in the southern division of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River, and has an area of 400 square miles. The eastern and interior portions are drained by the Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom lands lying along the Mississippi, but is subject to frequent overflow, while the eastern portion is hilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- bered. The county is especially rich in minerals. Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 538 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. I potter's clay are found in considerable abun- dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor tant being the Illinois Central) either cross or tap the county. The chief occupation is agri- culture, although manufacturing is carried on to a limited extent. Fruit is extensively cultivated. Jonesboro is tiie county-seat, and Cobden and Anna important shipping stations. The latter is the location of the Soutliern Hospital for the Insane. The population of the county, in 1890, was 21,539. Being next to St. Clair, Randolpli and Gallatin, one of the earliest settled counties in the State, many prominent men found their first home, on coming into the State, at Jones- boro, and this region, for a time, exerted a strong influence in public affairs. Pop. (1900), 22,610. UNION LEAGUE OF AMERICA, a secret polit- ical and patriotic order whicli liad its origin early in the late Civil War, for the avowed pur- pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and counteracting the machinations of the secret organizations designed to promote tlie success of tlie Rebellion. The first regular Council of the order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, June 25, 1862, consisting of eleven members, as follows: Jolm W. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. Cullom (fatlier of Senator Cullom), Alexander Small, Rev. J. W. M. Vernon, George H. Harlow (after- ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- rett. One of the number was a Union refugee from Tennessee, who dictated the first oath from memory, as administered to members of a some- what similar order which had been organized among the Unionists of his own State. It sol- emnly pledged the taker, (1) to preserve invio- late the secrets and business of the order; (2) to "support, maintain, protect and defend the civil liberties of the Union of these United States against all enemies, either domestic or foreign, at all times and under all circumstances," even "if necessary, to the sacrifice of life"; (3) to aid in electing only true Union men to offices of trust in the town, county. State and General Government; (4) to assist, protect and defend any member of the order who might be in peril from his connection with the order, and (5) to obey all laws, rules or regulations of any Council to which the taker of the oath might be attached. The oath was taken upon the Bible, the Decla- ration of Independence and Constitution of the United States, the taker pledging his sacred honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the organization existed in the activity, about this time, of the "Knights of tlie Golden Circle," a disloyal organization which had been introduced from the South, and which afterwards took the name, in the North, of "American Knights" and "Sons of Liberty. ' ' (See Secret Treasonable Soci- eties.) Three months later, the organization had extended to a number of other counties of the State and, on the 25th of September following, the first State Council met at Bloomington — twelve counties being represented — and a State organization was effected. At this meeting the following general officers were chosen: Grand President — Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall County (now of Chicago) ; Grand Vice-President — Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- tary — George H. Harlow, of Tazewell; Grand Treasurer — H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- shal— J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald— A. Gould, of Henry; Grand Sentinel — John E. Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar- land, of Morgan County ; J. K. Warren, of Macon ; Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La Salle; the President, Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this Committee, with Mr. Medill as its Chairman, the constitution and by-laws were thoroughly revised and a new ritual adopted, which materi- ally changed the phraseology and removed some of the crudities of the original obligation, as well as increased the beauty and impressiveness of the initiatory ceremonies. New signs, grips and pass-words were also adopted, which were finall.y accepted by the various organizations of the order throughout the Union, which, by this time, included many soldiers in the army, as well as civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council was held at Springfield, January 14, 1863, with only seven counties represented. The limited representation was discouraging, but the mem- bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov- ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the order who waited upon him. At a special ses- sion of the Executive Committee, held at Peoria, six days later, a vigorous campaign was mapped out, under which agents were sent into nearly every county in the State. In Oc- tober, 1862, the strength of the order in Illi- nois was estimated at three to five thousand; a few months later, the number of enrolled members had increased to 50,000 — so rapid had been the growth of tlie order. On March 25, 1863, a Grand Council met in Chicago — 404 Councils in Illinois being represented, with HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 539 a number from Oliio, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Iowa and Minnesota. At this meeting a Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of organization for a National Grand Council, which was carried out at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 20th of May following — the constitution, ritual and signs of the Illinois organization being adopted with slight modifications. The icvised obligation — taken upon the Bible, the Declaration of Inde- pendence and the Constitution of the United States — bound members of the League to "sup- port, protect and defend the Government of the United States and the flag thereof, against all enemies, foreign and domestic," and to"beartrue faith and allegiance to the same"; to "defend the State against invasion or insurrection" ; to support only "true and reliable men" for offices of trust and profit; to protect and defend worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the secrets of the order. The address to new mem- bers was a model of impressiveness and a powerful appeal to their patriotism. The organization extended rapidly, not only throughout the North- west, but in the South also, especially in the army. In 1864 the number of Councils in Illinois was estimated at 1,300, with a membership of 175,000; and it is estimated that the total mem- bership, throughout the Union, was 3,000,000. The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect- ive, operations of the organization, was shown, not only in the stimulus given to enlistments and support of the war policy of the Government, but in the raising of supplies for the sick and wounded soldiers in the field. Within a few weeks before the fall of Vicksburg, over §25,000 in cash, besides large quantities of stores, were sent to Col. John Williams (then in charge of the Sanitary Bureau at Springfield), as the direct result of appeals made through circulars sent out by the oflScers of the "League." Large contri- butions of money and supplies also reached the sick and wounded in hospital through the medium of the Sanitary Commission in Chicago. Zealous efforts were made by the opposition to get at the secrets of the order, and, in one case, a complete copy of the ritual was published by one of their organs ; but the effect was so far the reverse of what was anticipated, that this line of attack was not continued. During the stormy session of the Legislature in 1863, the League is said to have rendered effective service in protecting Gov- ernor Yates from threatened assassination. It continued its silent but effective operations until the complete overthrow of the rebellion, when it ceased to exist as a political organization. UNITED STATES SENATORS. The follow- ing is a list of United States senators from Illinois, from the date of the admission of the State into the Union imtil 1899, with the date and duration of the term of each: Ninian Edwards, 1818-24; Jesse B. Thomas, Sr., 1818-29; John McLean, 1824-25 and 1829-30; Elias Kent Kane, 1825-35; David Jewett Baker, Nov. 13 to Dec. 11, 1830; John M. Robinson, 1830-41 ; William L. D. Ewing, 1835-37; Richard M. Young, 1837-43; Samuel Mc- Roberts, 1841-43; Sidney Breese, 1843-49; James Semple. 1843-47; Stephen A. Douglas, 1847-61; James Shields, 1849-55; Lyman Trumbull, 1855-73; Orville H. Browning, 1861-63; William A. Rich- ardson, 1863-65 ; Richard Yates, 1865-71 ; John A. Logan, 1871-77 and 1879-86; Richard J. Oglesby, 1873-79; David Davis, 1877-83; Shelby M. CuUom, first elected in 1883, and re-elected in '89 and '95, his third term expiring in 1901 ; Charles B. Far- well, 1887-91; John McAuIey Palmer, 1891-97; William E. Mason, elected in 1897, for the term expiring, March 4, 1903. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The New). One of the leading educational institutions of the country, located at Chicago. It is the outgrowth of an attempt, put forth by the American Educa- tional Society (organized at Washington in 1888). to supply the place which the original institution of the same name had been designed to fill. (See University of Chicago— Tlie Old.) The following year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller of New York ten- dered a contribution of .$600, 000 toward the endow- ment of the enterprise, conditioned upon securing additional pledges to the amount of $400,000 by June 1, 1890. The offer was accejited, and the sum promptly raised. In addition, a site, covering four blocks of land in the city of Chicago, was secured — two and one-half blocks being acquired by purchase for §282,500, and one and one-half (valued at $125,000) donated by Mr. Marshall Field. A charter was secured and an organiza- tion eflfected, Sept. 10, 1890. The Presidency of the institution was tendered to, and accepted by. Dr. William R. Harper. Since that time the University has been the recipient of other gener- ous benefactions by Mr. Rockefeller and others, until the aggregate donations (1898) exceed $10,- 000,000. Of this amount over one-half has been contributed by Mr. Rockefeller, while he has pledged himself to make additional contributions of $2,000,000, conditioned upon the raising of a like sum, from other donors, by Jan. 1, 1900. The buildings erected on the campus, prior to 1896, include a chemical laboratory costing $182,000; a lecture hall, $150,000; a physical laboratory 540 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. $150,000; a museum, $100,000; an academy dor- mitory, $30,000; three dormitories for women, $150,000; two dormitories for men, $100,000, to which several important additions were made during 1896 and 97. The faculty embraces over 150 instructors, selected with reference to their fitness for their respective departments from among the most eminent scholars in America and Europe. Women are admitted as students and graduated upon an equality with men. The work of practical instruction began in October, 1893, with 589 registered students, coming from nearlj- every Northern State, and including 250 gradu- ates from other institutions, to which accessions were made, during the year, raising the aggregate to over 900. The second year the number ex- ceeded 1,100; the third, it rose to 1,750, and the fourth (1895-96), to some 2,000, including repre- sentatives from every State of the Union, besides many from foreign countries. Special features of the institution include the admission of gradu- ates from other institutions to a post-graduate course, and the University Extension Division, which is conducted largely by means of lecture courses, in other cities, or through lecture centers in the vicinity of the University, non-resident students having the privilege of written exami- nations. The various libraries embrace over 300,000 volumes, of which nearly 60,000 belong to what are called the "Departmental Libraries," besides a large and valuable collection of maps and pamphlets. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The Old), an educational institution at Chicago, under the care of the Baptist denomination, for some years known as the Douglas University. Senator Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 1854, to donate ten acres of land, in what was then near the southern border of the city of Chicago, as a site for an institution of learning, provided buildings cost- ing $100,000, be erected thereon within a stipu- lated time. The comer-stone of the main building was laid, July 4, 1857, but the financial panic of that year prevented its completion, and Mr. Doug- las extended the time, and finally deeded the land to the trustees without reserve. For eighteen years the institution led a precarious existence, struggling under a heavy debt. By 1885, mort- gages to the amount of $330,000 having accumu- lated, the trustees abandoned further effort, and acquiesced in the sale of the property under fore- closure proceedings. The original plan of the institution contemplated preparatory and col- legiate departments, together with a college of law and a theological school. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, the leading edu- cational institution under control of the State, located at Urbana and adjoining the city of Champaign. The Legislature at the session of 1863 accepted a grant of 480,000 acres of land under Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862, making an appropriation of public lands to States — 30,000 acres for each Senator and each Representative in Congress — establishing colleges for teaching agri- culture and the mechanic arts, though not to the exclusion of classical and scientific studies. Land- scrip under this grant was issued and placed in the hands of Governor Yates, and a Board of Trustees appointed under the State law was organ- ized in March, 1867, the institution being located the same year. Departments and courses of study were established, and Dr. John M. Gregory, of Michigan, was chosen Regent (President). — The landscrip issued to Illinois was sold at an early day for what it wonld bring in open market, except 25,000 acres, which was located in Ne- braska and Minnesota. This has recently been sold, realizing a larger sum than was received for all the scrip otherwise disposed of. The entire sum thus secured for permanent endowment ag- gregates $613,026. The University revenues were further increased by donations from Congress to each institution organized under the Act of 1863, of $15,000 per annum for the maintenance of an Agricultural Experiment Station, and, in 1890, of a similar amount for instruction — the latter to be increased $1,000 annually until it should reach $25,000. — A mechanical building was erected in 1871, and this is claimed to have been the first of its kind in America intended for strictly educa- tional purposes. What was called "the main building" was formally opened in December, 1873. Other buildings embrace a "Science Hall," opened in 1893; a new "Engineering Hall, " 1894; a fine Library Building, 1897. Eleven other prin- cipal structures and a number of smaller ones have been erected as conditions required. The value of property aggregates nearly $2,500,000, and appropriations from the State, for all purposes, previous to 1904, foot up $5,123,517.90.— Since 1871 the institution has been open to women. The courses of study embrace agriculture, chem- istry, polytechnics, military tactics, natural and general sciences, languages and literature, eco- nomics, household science, trade and commerce. The Graduate School dates from 1891. In 1896 the Chicago College of Pharmacy was connected with the University: a College of Law and a Library School were opened in 1897, and the same }-ear the Chicago College of Physicians and ^Sur- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 541 geons was affiliated as the College of Medicine — a Scliool of Dentistry being added to tlie latter in 1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an Agricultural Experiment Station entablished in 1888, from which bulletins are sent to farmers throughout the State who may desire them. — The first name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- trial University," but, in 1885, this was changed to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees (of whom there are nine) were made elective by popular vote — three being elected every two years, eacli holding office six years. Dr. Gregory, having resigned the office of Regent in 1880, was succeeded by Dr. Selim H. Peabody, who had been Professor of IMechanical and Civil Engineer- ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. The duties of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas J. Burrill until August, 1894, when Dr. Andrew Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of New York, was installed as President, serving until 1904. — The corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- ber of students has increased rapidly in recent years, as shown by the following totals for suc- cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 519; 58.3; 714; 743; 810; 852; 1,075; 1,582; 1,824; 2,234; 2,505; 2,932; 3,289; 3,589. Of the last num- ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 2,547 students (256 being in the Preparatory Aca- demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col- lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- sity Library contains 63.700 volumes and 14,500 pamphlets, not including 5,350 volumes and 15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- ural History. — The University occupies a con- spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres adjacent to the line between Urbana and Cham- paign, and near the residence portion of the two cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with fine landscape effects. UNORGAJflZED COUiXTIES. In addition to the 102 counties into which Illinois is divided, acts were passed by the General Assembly, at different times, providing for the organiza- tion of a number of others, a few of which were subsequently organized under different names, but the majority of which were never organized at all — the proposition for such or- ganization being rejected by vote of the people within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to lapse by non-action. These unorganized coun- ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing them, ;,nd the territory which they were in- tended to include, were as follows: Allen County (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga- mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties ; Audobon (Audubon) County (1843) — from portions of Mont- gomery, Fayette and Shelby; Benton County (1843) — from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; Coffee County (1837)— with substantially the same territory now comprised within the bound- aries of Stark County, authorized two years later; Dane County (1839) — name changed to Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855) — from McLean, Champaign and VermiUon, com- prising territory since partially incorporated in Ford County; Holmes County (1857) — from Champaign and VermiUon; Marquette County (1843), changed (1847) to Highland — compris- ing the northern portion of Adams, (tliis act was accepted, with Columbus as the county- seat, but organization finally vacated) ; Michi- gan County (1837) — from a part of Cook; Milton County (1843) — from the south part of Vermil- ion; Okaw County (1841) — comprising substan- tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized imder act of 1843; Oregon County (1851) — from parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- ties, and covering substantially the same terri- tory as proposed to be incorporated in Allen County ten years earlier. The last act of this character was passed in 1867, when an attempt was made to organize Lincoln County out oi' parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but whicU failed for want of an affirmative vote. UPPER ALTON, a city of Madison County, situated on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, about 1| miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It has several churches, and is the seat of Shurtleff College and the Western Military Academy, the former founded about 1831, and controlled by the Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery manufacture. Pop. (1890), 1,803; (1900), 2.373. UPTON, George Pntnam, journalist, was born at Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 25, 1834; graduated from Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago in 1855, and began newspaper work on "The Native American," the following year taking the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 542 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLtNOIS. nal. " In 1863, Mr. Upton became musical critic on "The Chicago Tribune," serving for a time also as its war correspondent in the field, later (about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- torial staff, which he still retains. He is regarded as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev- eral years, has been Vice-President of the "Trib- une" Company. Besides numerous contributions to magazines, his works include: "Letters of Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of German Love," translated from the German of Max Muller (1879) ; "Woman in Music" (1880) ; "Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. — 1883-84); besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, cantatas, and symphonies (18S0-88). URBANA, a flourishing city, the county-seat of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the Illinois Central and the Wabash Railways: 130 miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. The mechanical industries include extensive rail- road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' Home and Orphanage is located here. The city has water-works, gas and electric light plants, electric car-lines (local and interurban), superior schools, nine churches, three banks and three newspapers. Urbana is the seat of the University of lUinois. Pop. (1890), 3,511; (1900), 5,728. USKEY, William J., editor and soldier, was born at Washington (near Natchez), Miss., May 16. 1837; was educated at Natchez, and, before reaching manhood, came to Macon County, 111., where he engaged in teaching until 1846, when he enlisted as a private in Company C, Fourth Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican War. In 1855, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron- icle," of which he soon after took sole charge, conducting the paper until 1861, when he enlisted in the Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was appointed Adjutant. Although born and edu- cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of his paper in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. He was one of the most zealous endorsers of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree upon a line of policy in opposition to the further extension of slavery, and, wlien that body met at Decatur, on Feb. 33, 1856, he served as its Secre- tar}', thus taking a prominent part in the initial steps which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) After returning from tlie war he resumed his place as editor of "The Chronicle," but finally retired from newspaper work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of tlie city of Decatur, first previous to 1850, and again under the administration of President Grant; served also as a member of the City Council and was a member of the local Post of the G. A. R., and Secretary of the Macon Count}' Association of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, Jan. 30, 1894. UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, when he. first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is produced here ; it also has several factories or mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1880), 767; (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,150. VAN AR\AM, John, lawj^er and soldier, was born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1830. Hav- ing lost his father at five years of age, he went to live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood; later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning practice at Marshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney, being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1863 he assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign on account of illness. After spending some time in California, he resumed prac:tioe in Chicago in 1865. His later years were spent in California, dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890. YANDALIA, the principal city and county-seat of Faj-ette County. It is situated on the Kas- kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centralia, 63 miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the capital of the State from 1830 to 1839, the seat of government being removed to Springfield, the latter year, in accordance with act of the General Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- tains a court house (old State Capitol building), six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 543 graded school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, stave and lieading mill, carriage and wagon and brick works. Pop. (1890), 2,144; (1900), 3,665. VANDEVEEK, Horatio M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Washington County, In J., March 1, 1816; came with his family to Illinois at an early age, settling on Clear Creek, now in Christian County; taught school and studied law, using books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder of Christian County and, soon after, appointed Circuit Clerk, filling both offices three years. He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 to 1857 ; was twice chosen Representative in the General Assembly (1843 and 1850) and once to the State Senate (1863); in 1846, enlisted and was chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican War, but, having been rejected on account of the quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- master, in this capacity serving on the staff of General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. Among other oflSces held by Mr. Vandeveer, were those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1863, and Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 Judge Vandeveer established the private banking firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued successfully during the remainder of his life. Died, March 13, 1894. VAN HOIJNE, William C, Railway Manager and President, was born in Will County, 111., February, 1843; began his career as a telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railroad in 18.")6, was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- cago & Alton Railroads (1858-73), later being General Manager or General Superintendent of various other lines (1873-79). He next served as General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its President in 1888. His services have been recog- nized by conferring upon him the order of knighthood by the British Government. TASSEl'R, Noel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was born of French parentage in Canada, Dec. 35, 1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading party to the West, crossing Wisconsin by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route pursued by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, was associ- ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of the American Fur Company, in 1830 visiting the region now embraced in Iroquois County, where he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, believed to have been the site of the present town of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending the latter and the Iroquois. Here Vasseur re- mained in trade until the removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi, in which he served as agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of Watseka was named, and who had previously been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 13, 1879. TENICE, a city of Madison County, on the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 3 miles north of East St. Louis ; is touched by six trunk lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to the new "Merchants" Bridge," with its round- house, has two ferries to St. Louis, street car line, electric lights, water-works, .some manufactures and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 933; (1900). 3,450. VENICE & CAROXDELET RAILROAD. (See Louisi-ille. EvcKsrille & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad. } VERMILION COUNTY, an eastern county, bordering on the Indiana State line, and drained by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers, from which it takes its name. It was originally organized in 1836, when it extended north to Lake Michigan. Its present area is 936 square miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819, aided in attracting immigration to this region, but tlie manufacture of salt was abandoned many years ago. Early settlers were Se^'mour Treat, James Butler, Henry Johnston, Harvey Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan were the first County Commissioners. Many interesting fossil remains have been found, among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868). Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two coal seams cross the county. The surface is level and the soil fertile. Corn is the cliief agricultural product, although oats, wheat, rye, and potatoes are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and wool-growing are important industries. There are also several manufactories, chieflj' at Dan- ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining is carried on extensively, especially in the vicin- ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588; (1890), 49,905; (1900), 65,635. 544 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. TERMILION RIYER, a tributary of the Illi- nois; rises in Ford and the northern part of McLean County, and, running northwestward through Livingston and the southern part of La Salle Counties, enters the Illinois River nearly opposite the city of La Salle ; has a length of about 80 miles. VERMILION RIVER, an affluent of the Wa- bash, formed by the union of the North, Middle and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and come together near Danv'.Ue in this State. It flows southeastward, and enters the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. The main stream is about 28 miles long. The South Fork, however, which rises in Champaign County and runs east- ward, has a length of nearly 75 miles. The Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about 7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- times called the Big Vermilion, by way of distinction. VERMONT, a village in Fulton County, at junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 24 miles north of Beardstown ; has a carriage manu- factory, flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, electric light plant, besides two banks, four churches, two graded schools, and one weekly newspaper. An artesian well has been sunk here to the depth of 2,600 feet. Pop. (1900), 1,195. VERSAILLES, a town of Brown County, on the Wabash Railway, 48 miles east of Quincy ; is in a timber and agricultural district ; has a bank and weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 524. VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, situated on the Cairo and Vincennes branch of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 36 miles north-northwest of Cairo. It has a court house, several churches, a graded school, banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 494; (1890), 828; (1900), 1,217. VIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- trader, was bom at Mondovi, Sardinia (Western Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When he left the Spanish arm}- he came to St. Louis, then the military headquarters of Sjjain for Upper Louisiana, where he became a partner of Com- mandant de Leba. and was extensively engaged in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. On the occupation of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn- ing out supplies to feed Clark's destitute soldiers, and accepting Virginia Continental money, at par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of $20,000. This, followed by the confiscation policy of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, where Vigo had considerable property, reduced him to extreme penury. H. W. Beckwith says that, towards the close of his life, he lived on his little homestead near Vincennes, in great poverty but cheerful to the last He was never recom- pensed during his life for his sacrifices in behalf of the American cause, though a tardy restitution was attempted, after his death, by the United States Government, for the benefit of his heirs. He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind., March 22, 1835. VILLA RIDGE, a village of Pulaski Covmty, on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles north of Cairo. Population, 500. VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian explorer, born at Quebec, January, 1688, of aris- tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely connected with Louis Joliet — probably his brother-in-law, although some historians say that he was the latter's nephew. He entered the Canadian army as ensign in 1701, and had a long aiid varied experience as an Indian fighter. About 1725 he took up his residence on what is now the site of the present city of Vincennes, Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he erected an earth fort and established a trading- post. In 1726, under orders, he co-operated with D'Artaguiette (then the French Governor of Illi- nois) in an expedition against the Chickasaws. The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned at the stake, together with Father Senat (a Jesuit priest) and others of the command. (See also D'Artaguiette; French Ooremors of Illinois. ) VIRDEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 21 miles south by west from Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- sonville. It has five churches, two banks, two newspapers, telephone service, electric lights, grain elevators, machine shop, and extensive coal mines. Pop.(1900), 2,280 ; (school census 1903),3,651. VIRGINIA, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Spring- field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, 15 miles north of Jacksonville, and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It lies in the heart of a rich agricultural region. There is a flouring mill here, besides manu- factories of wagons and cigars. The city has two National and one State bank, five churches, a i HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 545 high school, and two weekly papers. Pop (1890) 1.602; (1900), 1.600. VOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min- den, Westplialia (Germany), in 1839, the son of a Government Secretary in the Prussian service. Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- grated to America in 1856, and, after a short stay in New York, came to Chicago, where he found employment as a paper-carrier for "The Staats-Zeitung, " meanwhile giving his attention to the study of law. Later, he became associated with a real-estate firm; on the commencement of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a three-months' regiment, and, finally, in the Twenty-fourth Illinois (the first Hecker regi- ment), in which he rose to the rank of Captain, iieturning from the army, he was employed as city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 1865, became Clerk of the Chicago Police Court, serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected Representative in the Twentj'-seventli General Assembly, in which he bore a leading part in framing "the burnt record act" made necessary by the fire of 1871. He has since been engaged in the practice of his profession, having been, for a number of years, attorney for the German Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. Vocke is a man of high literary tastes, as shown by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems translated from the German, which has been highly commended, besides a legal work on "The Administration of Justice in the United States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure in our Federal and State Courts and All Federal and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest to Aliens," which has been published in the Ger- man Language, and is highly valued by German lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General Grant for the Presidency a second time. TOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished Illinois sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), N. Y., Nov. 7, 1838. Later, his father, who was a marble cutter , removed to Pittsfield, Mass. , and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his shop. In 1848 he came west and began model- ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only self-taught. He married a cousin of Stephen A. Douglas, and the latter, in 1855, aided him in the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the city, having for his subject his first patron — the "Little Giant." The next year (1858) he made a life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, which passed into the possession of the Chicago His- torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire of 1871. In 1868-69, and again in 1871-72, he revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, and was its President for eiglit years. He was genial, companionable and charitable, and always ready to assist his younger and less fortunate pro- fessional brethren. His best known works are the Douglas Monument, in Cliicago, several soldiers' monuments in different parts of the country, the statuary for the Henry Keep mausoleum at Watertown, N. Y., life-size statues of Lincoln and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, and numerous portrait busts of men eminent in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895. TOSS, Arno, journalist, lawyer and soldier, born in Prussia, April 16, 1821 ; emigrated to the United States and was admitted to the bar in Chicago, in 1848, the same year becoming editor of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City Attorney in 1852, and again in 1853; in 1861 became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, still later serving with his command in Vir- ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of the capture of that place in September, 1862, but succeeded in cutting his way, with his command, through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl- vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serv- ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, but, in 1869. returned to Chicago, where he served as Master in Chancery and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876, but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- cago, March 23, 1888. WABASH, CHESTER & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD, a railway running from Chester to Mount Vernon, 111. , 63. 33 miles, with a branch extend- ing from Chester to Menard. 1.5 miles; total mileage, 64.83. It is of standard gauge, and almost entirely laid with 60-pound steel rails. — (History.) It was organized, Feb. 20. 1878, as successor to the Iron Moimtain, Chester & East- ern Railroad. During the fiscal j'ear 1893-94 the Company purchased the Tamaroa & Mount Ver- non Railroad, extending from Mount Vernon to 546 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tamaroa, 22.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), $1,- 2.50.000; bonded indebtedness, .$690,000; total capitalization. S2, 028, .573. WABASH COUNTY, situated in the southeast corner of the State; area 220 square miles. The county was carved out from Edwards in 1824, and the first court house built at Centerville, in Ma}', 1826. Later, Mount Carmel was made the county-seat. (See Mo^int Carmel.) The Wabash River drains the county on the east; other streams are the Bon Pas. Coffee and Crawfish Creeks. The surface is undulating with a fair growth of timber. The chief industries are the raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The county is crossed by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Cairo and Vincennes Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Raih-oads. Population (1880), 4,9-15; (1890), 11,866; (1900), 12,583. WABASH RAILROAD, an extensive raihoad system connecting the cities of Detroit and Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. Louis, Quincy and Altamont, 111., and to Keokuk and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) is 1.874.96 miles, of which 677.4 miles are in Illi- nois — all of the latter being the property of the company, besides 170.7 miles of yard-tracks, sid- ings and spurs. Tlie company has trackage privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (6.5 miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, and over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (21.8 miles) between Camp Point and Quincy. — (HIS- TORY.) A considerable portion of this road in Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the "internal improvement" scheme adopted in 1837, and embraces the only section of road completed under that scheme — that between the Illinois River and Springfield. (1) The construction of this section was begun Viy the State, May 11, 1837, the first rail laid, May 9, 1838, the road completed to Jacksonville, Jan. 1, 1840, and to Springfield, May 13, 1842. It was operated for a time by "mule power.'" but the income was in- sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for §21,100 to N. H. Ridgely and Thomas Mather of Springfield, and by them transferred to New York capitalists, who organized the Sangamon & Morgan Railroad Company, reconstructed the road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for business in 1849. (2) In 1853 two corporations were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively. under the name of the Toledo & Illinois Railroad and the Lake Erie, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railroad, June 25, 1856. In 18,58 these lines were sold separately under foreclo- siire, and finally reorganized, under a special char- ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the name of the Great Western Railroad Company. (3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending from Camp Point to the Illinois River opixisite Meredosia, was constructed in 1858-59, and that, with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Clay- ton to Keokuk), was united, July 1, 1865, with the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the new organization taking the name of the main line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from Bluffs to Hannibal. Mo., was chartered in 1863. opened for business in 1870 and leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western. The latter defaulted on its interest in 1875, was placed in the hands of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a new company under the name of the Wabash Railway Company. (5) In 1868 the company, as it then existed, promoted and secured the con- struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. Louis (110.5 miles) under the name of the Deca- tur & East St. Louis Railroad, (6) The Eel River Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind,, was acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to Detroit under the name of the Detroit, Butler & St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection from Logansport to Detroit. — In November, 1879, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- pany was organized, took the property and con- solidated it with certain lines west of the Mississippi, of which the chief was the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870, but, not having been constructed in 1881, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific purchased what was known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, imiting with the main line at Bemeut, and (by way of tlie Decatur and St. Louis Division) giv- ing a dii-ect line between Chicago and St. Louis. At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific wai ojierating the following additional leased lines: Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur (67.2 miles) ; Hannibal & Central Missouri (70.2 miles); Lafayette, Mun- cie & Bloomington (36.7 miles), and the Lafayette Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection between Chicago on the west and Toledo and Detroit on the east was established over the Grand Trunk road in 1882, but, in 1890, the com- 1 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 547 pany constructed a line from Montpelier, Ohio, to Clark, Ind. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease to Chicago (17,. 5 miles), giving an independent line between Chicago and Detroit by what is known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago Division. The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific system, in 1884, amounted to over 3,600 miles; but, in May of that year, default having been made in the payment of interest, the work of disintegration began. The main line east of the Mississippi and that on the west were sepa- rated, the latter taking the name of the "Wabash Western." The Eastern Division was placed in the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 1889, when the two divisions, having been bought in by a purchasing committee, were consolidated iinder the present name. The total earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for the fiscal year 1898, were 14,403,621, and the expenses $4,836,110. The total capital invested (1898) was $139,889,643, including capital stock of $53,000,000 and bonds to the amount of §81,- 534,000. WABASH RIVER, rises in northwestern Ohio, passes into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun- tington. It then flows nearly due west to Logans- port, thence southwest to Covington, finally turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles below which it strikes the western boundary of Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois and Indiana (taking into accoimt its numerous windings) for some 200 miles. Below Vincennes it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and enters the Ohio at the south-west extremity of Indiana, near latitude 37° 49' north. Its length is estimated at 557 miles. WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Illiiiois Central Railroad.) WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad. } WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, and original suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was bom in Portland, Maine, March 5, 1789, and edu- cated in the public schools of his native place. In his youth he entered a book-publishing house in which his father was a partner, and was for a time associated with the publication of a weekly paper. Later the business was conducted at Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Middle, and Southern States, the subject of this sketch making extensive tours in the interest of the firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following year, visited Bond County, 111., where he made his first entry of land from the Government. Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 1830, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 1831, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond County. Returning East in 1834, he spent the next ten years in the employment of the publish- ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 1835 he located permanently near Greenville, Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 1845 he presided as chairman over the National Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 1848, was nominated as the candidate of the National Reform Association for Vice-President on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York, but declined. He was also prominent in County . and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has been credited with being one of the first (if not the very first) to suggest the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early as 1835; was also one of the prime movers in the construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- road — now the "Vandalia Line" — giving much time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many years, and was one of the original incorporators of the St. Louis & Illinois Bridge Company. Died, July 17, 1865. WALKER, Cyrns, pioneer, lawyer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791 ; was taken while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came to Macomb, 111. , in 1833, being the second lawyer to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide reputation as a successful advocate, especially in criminal cases, and practiced extensively in the courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died, Dec. 1, 1875. Sir. Walker was uncle of the late Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who studied law with him. He was Whig candidate for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1840. WALKER, James Barr, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, July 39, 1805; in his youth served as errand-boy in a country store near Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing office ; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gradu- ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio ; edited various religious papers, including "The Watch- man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on 548 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli gion" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological Seminary. He was author of several volumes, one of which — "The Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation,"" published anonymously under the editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855) — ran through several editions and was translated into five different languages, including Hindustanee. Died, at Wheaton, 111. , March 6, 1887. WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer and Railway President, was born at Claremont, N. H., Feb. 14, 1820. At fifteen he removed with his parents to a farm in Michigan ; was educated at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and student, was admitted to the bar the next year, and soon after elected Prosecuting Attornej' of Washtenaw County ; was also local attorney for the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after his removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- wick & Walker, which had been organized in Michigan, became attorneys for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincj' Railroad, and, until his death, Mr. Walker was associated with this com- pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel or President, filling the latter position from 1870 to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington Coal Company, down to the time of his death, which occurred on Jan. 33, 1881, as a result of heart disease. WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal missionary, was born in Rockingham County, Va., June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in 1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- ship of Rev. William JlcKendree (afterwards Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair County. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later, he transferred his labors to Northern IlUnois; was at Peoria in 1834; at Ottawa in 1825, and devoted much time to missionary work among the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and there is evidence that he was a prominent resident there for several years, occupying a log house, which he used as a church and living-room, on "Wolf Point"" at the junction of the North and South Branches of the Chicago River. While acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis- eion, his residence appears to have been at Plain- field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, Oct. 5, 1835. WALKER, Pinkney H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Adair Countj', Ky., June 18, 1815. His boyhood was chiefly passed in farm work and as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi- nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a store for four years. In 1838 he removed to Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- emy and the study of law with his uncle, Cyrus Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb until 1848, when he returned to Rushville. In 1853 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. This position he resigned in 1858, having been appointed, by Governor Bissell, to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months later he was elected to the same position, and re-elected in 1807 and "76. He presided as Chief Justice from January, 1864, to June, '67, and again from June, 1874, to June, "75. Before the expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. WALL, George Willard, lawyer, politician and Judge, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, April 22, 1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, and received his preparatory education at McKen. dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1859, when he began practice at Duquoin, 111. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 18G2, and, from 1864 to "68, served as State"s Attorney for the Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- date for Congress, although running ahead of his ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Third Circuit, and re elected in "79, "85 and "91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty upon the Appellate bench. His home is at Duquoin. WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D,D., clergyman and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky., April 11, 1813; taken in infancy to Brown County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 15 j-ears of age, when he was apprenticed to a carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, where he became a contractor and builder, fol- lowing this occupation for a number of years. He was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, some years later, having decided to enter the ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 549 placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, in the next few years, held pastorates at various places in the central and eastern parts of the State. From 1867 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder of the Mattoon and Quincj' Districts, and, for six years, held the position of President of the Board of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from which he received the degree of D.D. in 1881. In the second year of the Civil War he raised a company in Sangamon County, was chosen its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' regiment" — all of its ofEcers being ministers. In 1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his commission. While pastor of the church at Say- brook, 111., he was offered the position of Post- master of that place, which he decided to accept, and was allowed to retire from the active minis- try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed by Governor Fifer the first Chaplain of the Sol- diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, but retired some four years afterward, when he returned to Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and effective preacher and continued to preach, at intervals, until within a short time of his decease, which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 21. 1897, in his 84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. Originally a Whig, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, and took pride in the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, and, at his death, Cliaplain of America Post, No. 708, G. A. R. WALLACE, William Henry Lamb, lawyer and soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1831 ; brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling near La Salle and, afterwards, at Mount Morris, Ogle County, where young Wallace attended tlie Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in 1845 ; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi- nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- tant and participting in the battle of Buena Vista (where his commander was killed), and in other engagements. Returning to his profession at Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (1852-56), then became partner of his father-in-law. Col. T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. In April, 1861, he was one of the first to answer the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. As commander of a brigade he participated in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- ruary, 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's Division, devolving on him on account of the illness of his superior officer, he showed great courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at Charleston, Tenn., April 10, 1862. His career promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly deplored.— Martin R. M. ( Wallace), brother of the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 29, 1829, came to La SaUe County, 111. , with his father's family and was educated in the local schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue (1866-69) ; County Judge (1869-77) ; Prosecuting Attorney (1884); and, for many years past, has been one of the Justices of the Peace of the city of Chicago. WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of Mendota; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- trict ; has two banks and two newspapers. Popu- lation (1890), 605; (1900), 791. WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, and most of the other tribes of Indians in the Territory of Illinois, strongly sympathized with the British. The savages had been hostile and restless for some time previous, and blockhouses and family forts had been erected at a number of points, especially in the settlements most exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov- ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person, he made this his headquarters, and collected a force of 250 mounted volunteers, who were later reinforced by two companies of rangers, under Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. An independent company of twenty -one spies, of which John Reynolds — afterwards Governor — was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 550 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Stephenson, Colonel Russell serving as second to the commander-in-chief, other mem- bers of his staflf being Secretary Nathaniel Pope and Robert K. McLaughlin. On Oct. 18, 1813, Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for Peoria, where it was expected that their force would meet that of General Hopkins, who had been sent from Kentucky with a force of 2,000 men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were burned, and a number of Indians unnecessarily slain by Edwards' party. Hopkins had orders to disperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter- mined, however, on reaching the headwaters of the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Russell. About the same time Capt. Thomas E. Craig led a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har- bored and protected by the French citizens of Peoria, he burned the greater part of the village, and capturing the population, carried them down the river, putting them on shore, in the early part of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. The Indians meanwhile gaining courage, remote settlements were continually harassed by marauding bands. Later in 1814, an expedi- tion, led by Major (afterwards President) Zachary Taylor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock Island, where he found a large force of Indians, supported by British regulars with artillery. Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- ble a foe, Major Taylor retreated down the river. On the site of the present town of Warsaw he threw up fortifications, which he named Fort Edwards, from which point he was subsequently compelled to retreat. The same year the British, with their Indian allies, descended from Macki- nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burned Forts Madison and Johnston, after which they retired to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war, although no formal treaties were made with the tribes until the year following. WAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the executive chair, in Illinois, was occupied by Gov. Richard Yates. Immedi- ately upon the issuance of President Lincoln's first call for troops (April 15, 1861), the Governor issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla- ture together in special session and, the same day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," the quota assigned to the State imder call of the President. Public excitement was at fever heat, and dormant patriotism in botli sexes was aroused as never before. Party lines were broken down and, with comparatively few excep- tions, the mass of the people were actuated by a common sentiment of patriotism. On April 19, Governor Yates was instructed, by the Secretary of War, to take posses.sion of Cairo as an important strategic point. At that time, the State militia organizations were few in number and poorly equipped, consisting chiefl}' of independent com- panies in the larger cities. The Governor acted with great promptitude, and, on April 21, seven companies, numbering 59.5 men, commanded by Gen. Richard K. Swift of Chicago, were en route to Cairo. The first volunteer company to tender its services, in response to Governor Yates' proc- lamation, on April 16, was the Zouave Grays of Springfield. Eleven otlier companies were ten- dered the same day, and, by the evening of the 18th, the number had been increased to fifty. Simultaneously with these proceedings, Chicago bankers tendered to the Governor a war loan of $500,000. and those of Springfield, §100,000. The Legislature, at its special session, passed acts in- creasing the efficiency of the militia law, and provided for the creation of a war fund of $2,- 000,000. Besides the six regiments already called for, the raising of ten additional volunteer regi- ments and one battery of light artillery was authorized. The last of the six regiments, apportioned to Illinois under the first presidential call, was dispatched to Cairo early in May. The six regiments were numbered the Seventh to Twelfth, inclusive — the earlier numbers, First to Sixth, being conceded to the six regiments which had served in the war with Mexico. The regi- ments were commanded, respectively, by Colonels John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, William H. L. Wallace, and John McArthur, constituting the "First Brigade of Illinois Volunteers." Benjamin M. Prentiss, having been chosen Brigadier-General on arrival at Cairo, assumed command, relieving General Swift. The quota under the second call, consist- ing of ten regiments, was mustered into service within sixty days, 200 companies being tendered immediately. Many more volunteered than could be accepted, and large numbers crossed to Mis- souri and enlisted in regiments forming in that State. During June and July the Secretary of War authorized Governor Yates to recruit twenty- two additional regiments (seventeen infantry and five cavalry), which were promptly raised. On HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 551 July 23, the day following the defeat of the Union army at Bull Run, President Lincoln called for 500,000 more volunteers. Governor Yates im- mediately responded with an offer to the War Department of sixteen more regiments (thirteen of infantry and three of cavalry), and a battalion of artillery, adding, that the State claimed it as her right, to do her full share toward the preser- vation of the Union. Under supplemental author- ity, received from the Secretary of War in August, 1861, twelve additional regiments of in- fantry and five of cavalry were raised, and, by De- cember, 1861, the State had 43,000 volunteers in the field and 17,000 in camps of instruction. Other calls were made in July and August, 18i!3, each for 300,000 men. Illinois' quota, under both calls, was over 53,000 men, no regard being paid to the fact that the State had already furnished 16,000 troops in excess of its quotas under previ- ous calls. Unless this number of volunteers was raised by September 1, a draft would be ordered. The tax was a severe one, inasmuch as it would fall chiefly upon the prosperous citizens, the float- ing population, the idle and the extremely poor having already followed the army's march, either as soldiers or as camp-followers. But recruiting was actively carried on, and, aided bj- liberal bounties in many of the counties, in less than a fortnight the 53,000 new troops were secured, the volunteers coming largely from the substantial classes — agricultural, mercantile, artisan and professional. By the end of December, fifty nine regiments and four batteries had been dispatched to the front, besides a considerable number to fill up regiments already in the field, which had suf- fered severel}' from battle, exposure and disease. At this time, Illinois had an aggregate of over 135.000 enlisted men in the field. The issue of President Lincoln's preliminary proclamation of emancipation, in September, 1863, was met by a storm of hostile criticism from his political opponents, who — aided by the absence of so large a proportion of the loyal population of the State in the field — were able to carry the elec- tions of that year. Consequently, when the Twenty-third General Assembly convened in regular session at Springfield, on Jan. 5, 1863, a large majority of that body was not only opposed to both the National and State administrations, but avowedly opposed to the further prosecution of the war under the existing policy. The Leg- islature reconvened in June, but was prorogued by Governor Yates Between Oct. 1, 1863, and Jiily 1, 1864. 16,000 veterans re-enlisted and 87,000 new volunteers were enrolled; and, by the date last mentioned, Illinois had furnished to the Union army 344,496 men, being 14,596 in ex- cess of the allotted quotas, constituting fifteen per cent of the entire population. These were comprised in 151 regiments of infantry, 17 of cavalry and two complete regiments of artillery, besides twelve independent batteries. The total losses of Illinois organizations, during the war, has been reported at 34,834, of which 5,874 were killed in battle, 4,030 died from wounds, 33,786 from disease and 2, 154 from other causes — being a total of thirteen per cent of the entire force of the State in the service. The part which Illinois played in the contest was conspicuous for patriot- ism, promptness in response to every call, and the bravery and efiiciency of its troops in the field — reflecting honor upon the State and its hLs- tory. Nor were its loyal citizens — who, while staying at home, furnished moral and material support to the men at the front — less worthy of praise than those who volunteere_d. By uphold- ing the Government — National and State — and by their zeal and energj- in collecting and sending forward immense quantities of supplies — surgical, medical and other — often at no little sacrifice, they contributed much to the success of the Union arms. (See also Camp Douglas; Camp Douglas Conspiracy; Secret Treasonable Soci- eties.) WAR OF THE REBELLIOJV (History of Illi NOis Regiments). The following is a list of the various military organizations mustered into the service during the Civil War (1861-65), with the terms of service and a summary of the more important events in the history of each, while in the field : Seventh Inf.\ntry. Illinois having sent six regiments to the Mexican War, by courtesy the numbering of the regiments which took part in the war for the Union began with number Seven. A number of regiments which responded to the first call of the President, claimed the right to be recognized as the first regiment in the field, but the honor was finally accorded to that organized at Springfield by Col. John Cook, and hence his regiment was numbered Seventh. It was mustered into the service, April 35, 1861, and remained at Mound City during the three months' service, the period of its first enlistment. It was subsequently reorganized and mustered for the three years' service, July 35, 1861, and was engaged in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Cherokee, Allatoona Pass, Salkahatchie Swamp, Bentonville and Columbia. The regi- ment re-enlisted as veterans at Pulaski, Tenn., 552 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Dec. 22, 1863; was mustered out at Louisville, July 9, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, July 11. Eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for three months" service, April 26, 1861, Richard J. Oglesby of Decatur, being appointed Colonel. It remained at Cairo during its term of service, when it was mustered out. July 2.5, 1861, it was reorganized and mustered in for three years' service. It participated in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Port Gibson, Thomp.son Hill, Raymond, Champion Hill, Vicks- burg, Brownsville, and Spanish Fort; re-enlisted as veterans, March 24, 1864 ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, May 4, 1866, paid off and dis- charged. May 13, liaving served five years. NiXTH IxF.\NTRY. Mustered into the service at Springfield, April 26, 1861, for the term of three months, under Col. Eleazer A. Paine. It was reorganized at Cairo, in August, for three years, being composed of companies from St. Clair, JIadisonI Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander and Mercer Counties ; was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloh, Jackson (Tenn. ), Meed Creek Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence, Montezuma, Athens and Grenada. The regiment was mounted, March lH, 1863, and so continued during the remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis- ville, July 9, 1865. Tenth Infantry. Organized and mustered into the service for three months, on April 29, 1861, dt Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered into the service for three years, with Col. James D. Morgan in command. It was engaged at Sykeston, New Madrid, Corinth, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca. Rome, Kenesaw, Chattahoocliie, Savannah and Bentonville. Re- enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, and mustered out of service, July 4, 1865. at Louisville, and received final discharge and pay, July 11, 1865, at Chicago. Eleventh Infantry. Organized at Spring- field and naustered into service, April 30, 1861, for three months. July 30, the regiment was mustered out, and re-enlisted for tliree j-ears' service. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corintli, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver- pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh, was its first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton Rouge, July 14, 1865 ; paid off and discharged at Springfield. Twelfth Infantry. Mustered into service for three years, August 1, 1861 ; was engaged at Columbus, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Lay's Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesa«', Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob, Decatur, Ezra Church, Atlanta, Allatoona and Goldsboro. On Jan. 16, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans. John McArthur was its first Colonel, sue ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both being promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered out of service at Louisville, Ky. , July 10, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, at Spring- field, July 18. Thirteenth Infantry. One of the regiments organized under the act known as the "Ten Regi- ment Bill" ; was mustered into service on May 24, 1861, for three years, at Dixon, with John B. Wyman as Colonel; was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap. Mustered out at Springfield, June 18, 1864, hav- ing served three years and two months. Fourteenth Infantry'. One of the regiments raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which anticipated the requirements of the General Government by organizing, equipping and dril- ling a regiment in each Congressional District in the State for thirty days, unless sooner required for service by the United States. It was mustered in at Jacksonville for three years. May 25, 1861, under command of John M. Palmer as its first Colonel; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Meta- mora, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Beauregard and Meridian ; consolidated with tlie Fifteenth Infan- try, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav- ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In October, 1864, the major part of the battalion was captured by General Hood and sent to Andersonville. The remainder participated in the "March to the Sea," and through the cam- paign in the Carolinas. In the spring of 1865 the battalion organization was discontinued, both regiments having been filled up by recruits. The regiment was mustered out at Fort Leaven- worth, Kan., Sept. 16, 1865; and arrived at Springfield, 111., Sept. 22, 2865, where it received final payment and discharge. The aggregate number of men who belonged to this organization was 1,980, and the aggregate mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years and four months of service, the regiment marched 4,490 miles, traveled by rail, 2,330 miles, and. by river, 4,490 miles — making an aggregate of 11,670 miles. Fifteenth Infantry. Raised imder the "Ten Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional District; was organized at Freeport, and mus- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 553 tered into sei-vice, May 24, 1861. It was engaged at Sedalia, Shiloh. Corinth, Metamora Hill, Vicksburg, Fort Beauregard, Champion Hill, Allatoona and Bentonville. In March, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July, 1864, was consolidated with the Fotuteenth Infan- try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was captured by General Hood. At Raleigh the Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1, to Sept. 1, 1865, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven- worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield for final payment and discharge — having served four years and four months. Miles marched, 4,299; miles by rail, 2,403, miles by steamer, 4,310; men enlisted from date of organization, 1,963; strength at date of muster-out, 640. Sixteenth Infantry. Organized and mus- tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten-Regi- ment Act," May 24, 1861. The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth, Buzzards' Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek. Atlanta, Savannah. Columbia, Fayetteville, Averysboro and Bentonville. In December, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 8, 1865. after a term of service of four years and three months, and, a week later, arrived at Spring- field, where it received its final pay and discharge papers. Seventeenth Inf.vntry. Mustered into the service at Peoria, 111., on May 24, 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Greenfield (Ark.), Shiloh, Corinth. Hatchie and Vicksburg. In May, 1864, tlie term of enlistment having expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield for pay and discharge. Those men and officers who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan- try, which was inu.stered out in the spring of 1866. Eighteenth Infantry. Organized under the provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill," at Anna, and mustered into the service on May 38, 1861, the term of enlistment being for three years. The regiment participated in the capture of Fort McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth. It was mustered out at Little Rock, Dec. 16, 1865, and Dec. 31, thereafter, arrived at Springfield, 111., for pay- ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments in the regiment, from its organization to date of discharge (rank and file), numbered 2,043. Nineteenth Infantry. Mustered into the United States service for three years, Jime 17, 1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies which had been accepted under the call for three months' men; participated in the battle of Stone River and in the TuUahoma and Chatta- nooga campaigns; was also engaged at Davis" Cross Roads, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Resaca. It was mustered out of service on July 9, 1864, at Chicago. Originally consisting of nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of recruits received during the war, its strength at the final muster-out was less than 350. Twentieth Infantry Organized, May 14, 1861, at Johet, and June 13, 1861, and mustered into the service for a terra of three years. It participated in the following engagements, bat- tles, sieges, etc.: Fredericktown (Mo.), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Thompson's Planta- tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks- burg, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. Afte.f marching through the Carolinas, the regiment- was finally ordered to Louisville, where it was mustered out, July 16, 1865, receiving its final discharge at Chicago, on July 24. Twenty-first Infantry. Organized under the "Ten Regiment Bill," from the (then) Sev- enth Congressional District, at Mattoon, and mustered into service for three years, June 38, 1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was in command until August 7, when he was com- missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Corinth, Perr5'ville. Mur- freesboro, Liberty Gap, Cliickamauga, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Cliattanooga, in February, 1864. From June, 1864, to December, 1865, it was on dut}' in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio. Dec. 16, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, Jan. 18, 1866. Twenty-second Infantry. Organized at Belleville, and mustered into service, for three years, at Casey ville, 111., June 25, 1861; was engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo. ), Sikestown, Tiptonville, Farmington, Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1864, the vet- erans and recruits, whose term of service had not expired, being consolidated with the Forty-second Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers. Twenty-third Infantry. Tlie organization of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com- menced, at Chicago, under the popular name of 554 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the "Irish Brigade," immediately upon the opening of hostilities at Sumter. The formal muster of the regiment, under the command of Col. James A. Mulligan, was made, June 15, 1861, at Chicago, when it was occupying barracks known as Kane's brewery near the river on West Polk Street. It was early ordered to North- ern Missouri, and was doing garrison duty at Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren- dered with the rest of the garrison, to the forces under the rebel General Price, and %vas paroled. From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862. it was detailed to guard prisoners at Camp Douglas. Thereafter it participated in engagements in the Virginias, as follows: at South Fork, Greenland Gap, Phi- lippi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights, Snicker's Gap, Kernstown, Cedar Creek, Win- chester, Charlestown, Berryville, Opequan Creek, Fisher's Hill, Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present at the surrender at Appomattox. In January and February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Va. In August, 1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then numbering 440, were consolidated into five com- panies and designated, "Battalion, Twenty-third Regiment, Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry." The regiment was thanked by Congress for its part at Lexington, and was authorized to inscribe Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulligan, James A.) Twenty-fourth Infantry, (known as the First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago, with two companies — to-wit: the Union Cadets and the Lincoln Rifles — from the three months' service, in June, 1861, and mustered in, July 8, 1861. It participated in tlie battles of Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain and other engagements in the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out of service at Chicago, August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi- ment, which had been recruited in the field, and whose term of service had not expired at the date of muster-out, was organized into one company and attached to the Third Brigade, First Divi- sion, Fourteenth Army Corps, and mustered out at Camp Butler, August 1, 1865. Twenty- FIFTH Inf.\ntry. Organized from the counties of Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Vermil- ion, Douglas, Coles, Champaign and Edgar, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 4. 1861. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, in the siege of Corinth, the battle of Kenesaw Moun- tain, the siege of Atlanta, and innumerable skir- mishes ; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5, 1864. During its three years' service the regi- ment traveled 4,963 miles, of which 3,352 were on foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad. Twenty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield, August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the commanding General to inscribe upon its ban- ners "New Madrid''; "Island No. 10;" "Farming- ton;'' "Siege of Corinth;" "luka;'' "Corinth — 3d and 4th, 1863;" "Resaca;" "Kenesaw;" "Ezra Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold- ville;" "McAllister;" "Savannah;" "Columbia," and "Bentonville." It was mustered out at Louisville, July 20, 1865, and paid off and discharged, at Springfield, July 28 — the regiment having marched, during its four years of service, 6,931 miles, and fought twenty-eight hard battles, besides innumerable skirmishes. Twenty-seventh Infantry. First organized, with only seven companies, at Springfield, August 10, 1861, and organization completed by the addition of three more companies, at Cairo, on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel- mont, the siege of Island No. 10, and the battles of Farmington, Nashville, Murfreesboro, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Calhoun, Adairsville, Dallas, Pine Top Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from duty, August 25, 1864, while at the front, and mustered out at Springfield, September 30. Its veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv- ice had not expired, were consolidated with the Ninth Infantry. Twenty-eighth Infantry. Composed of companies from Pike, Fulton, Schuyler, Slason, Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into service for three years. It participated in the battles of Shiloh and Metamora, the siege of Vicksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi, and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. From June, 1864, to March, 1866, it was stationed in Texas, and was mustered out at Brownsville, in that State, March 15, 1866, having served four years and seven months. It was discharged, at Springfield, May 13, 1866. Twenty-ninth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice at Springfield, August 19, 1861, and was engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the sieges of Corinth, Vicksburg and Mobile. Eight HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 555 companies were detailed for duty at Holly Springs, and were there captured by General Van Dorn, in December, 1863, but were exchanged, six months later. In Januarj-, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, from June, 1864, to November, 1865, was on duty in Texas. It was mustered out of service in that State, Nov. 6, 1865, and received final discharge on November 28. Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, August 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, the siege of Corinth, Medan Station, Raymond, Champion Hills, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, Big Shanty, Atlanta, Savannah, Pocotaligo, Orangeburg, Columbia, Cheraw, and Fayetteville ; mustered out, July 17, 1865, and received final payment and discharge at Springfield, July 27, 1865. Thirty-first Infantry. Organized at Cairo, and there mustered into service on Sept. 18, 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the two expeditions against Vicks- burg, at Thompson's Hill, Ingram Heights, Ray- mond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station and Jonesboro; also participated in the "March to the Sea" and took part in the battles and skir- mishes at Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville and Bentonville. A majority of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans in March, 1864. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 1865, and finally discharged at Springfield, July 23. Thirty-second Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Dec. 31, 1861. By special authority from the War Depart- ment, it originally consisted of ten companies of infantry, one of cavalrj', and a battery. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the sieges of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in the battles of La Grange, Grand Junction, Metamora, Harrison- burg, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, AUatoona, Savannah, Columbia, Cheraw and Bentonville. In January, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in June, 1865, was ordered to Fort Leavenworth. Mustered out there, Sept. 16, 1865, and finally discharged at Springfield. Thirty-third Infantry. Organized and mus- tered into service at Springfield in Septembei', 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, the assault and siege of Vicksburg, siege of Jackson, Fort Esperanza. and in the expedition against Mobile. The regiment veteranized at Vicksburg, Jan. 1, 1804 ; was mustered out, at the same point, Nov. 24. 1865. and finally discharged at Spring- field, Dec. 6 and 7, 1865. The aggregate enroll- ment of the regiment was between 1,900 and 2,000. Thirty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 7, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Murfreesboro, Rocky Face Ridge, Re- saca. Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, and, after participating in the "March to the Sea" and tlirough the Carolinas, took part in the battle of Bentonville. After the surrender of Johnston, the regiment went with Sherman's Army to Washington, D. C, and took part in the grand review. May 24, 1865; left Washington, June 12, and arrived at Louisville, Ky., June 18, where it was mustered out, on July 12 ; was dis- charged and paid at Chicago, July 17, 1865. Thirty-fifth Infantry. Organized at De- catur on July 3, 1861, and its services tendered to the President, being accepted by the Secretary of War as "Col. G. A. Smith's Independent Regi- ment of Illinois Volunteers," on July 28, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 12. It was engaged at Pea Ridge and in the siege of Corinth, also participated in the battles of Perry- ville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas and Kenesaw. Its final muster-out took place at Springfield, Sept. 27, 1864, the regiment having marched (exclusive of railroad and steamboat transportation) 3.0.56 miles. Thirty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Camp Hammond, near Aurora, 111., and mustered into service, Sept. 23, 1861, for a term of three years- The regiment, at its organization, numbered 965 officers and enlisted men, and had two companies of Cavalry ("A" and "B"), 186 officers and men. It was engaged at Leetown, Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, the siege of Chattanooga. Jlissionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge. Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Jones- boro, Franklin and Nashville. Mustered out, Oct. 8, 1865, and disbanded, at Springfield, Oct. 27, having marched and been transported, during its term of service, more than 10,000 miles. Thirty-seventh Infantry. Familiarly known as "Fremont Rifles"; organized in August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 18. The regi- ment was presented with battle-flags by the Chi- cago Board of Trade. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Neosho, Prairie Grove and Chalk Bluffs, the siege of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Yazoo City and Morgan's Bend. In October, 1863, it was ordered to the defense of the frontier along the Rio Grande; re-enlisted as §56 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. I veterans in Februar.v, 1864; took part in the siege and storming of Fort Blakely and the cap- ture of Mobile; from July, 1865, to May, 1866, was again on duty in Texas ; was mustered out at Houston, May 15, 1866, and finally discharged at Springfield, May 31, having traveled some 17,000 miles, of which nearly 3,300 were by marching. Thirty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, in September, 1861. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Fredericktown, Perryville, Knob Gap, Stone River. Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans in February, 1864 ; from June to December, 1865, was on duty in Louisi- ana and Texas; was mustered out at Victoria, Texas, Dec. 31, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield. Thirty'-ninth Infantry. The organization of this Regiment was commenced as soon as the news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Chi- cago. General Thomas O. Osborne was one of its contemplated field officers, and labored zealously to get it accepted under the first call for troops, but did not accomplish his object. The regiment had already assumed the name of the "Yates Phalanx" in honor of Governor Yates. It was accepted by the War Department on the day succeeding the first Bull Run disaster (July 33, 1861), and Austin Light, of Chicago, was appointed Colonel. Under his direction the organization was completed, and the regiment left Camp Mather, Chicago, on the morning of Oct. 13, 1861. It par- ticipated in the battles of Winchester, Malvern Hill (the second), Morris Island, Fort Wagner, Drury's Bluff, and in numerous engagements before Petersburg and Richmond, including the capture of Fort Gregg, and was present at Lee's surrender at Appomattox. In the meantime the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Hilton Head, S. C, in September, 1863. It was mastered out at Norfolk, Dec. 6, 1865, and received final dis- charge at Chicago, December 16. Fortieth Infantry. Enlisted from the coun- ties of Franklin, Hamilton, Wayne, White, Wabash, Marion, Clay and Fayette, and mustered into service for three years at Springfield, August 10, 1861. It was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth, at Jackson (Miss.), in the siege of Vicksburg, at Missionary Ridge, New Hope Church, Black Jack Knob, Kenesaw Moun- tain. Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ezra Chapel, Gris- woldville, siege of Savannah, Columbia (S. C). and Bentonville. It re-enlisted, as veterans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864, and was mustered out at Louisville, July 24, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield. Forty'- FIRST Infantry. Organized at Decatur during July and August, 1861, and was mustered into service, August 5. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corintli, the second battle of Coi-intli, the siege of Vicksburg and Jackson, in the Red River campaign, atGuntown, Kenesaw Mountain and Allatoona, and partici- pated in the "March to the Sea." It re-enlisted, as veterans, March 17, 1864, at Vicksburg, and was consolidated with the Fifty-third Infantry, Jan. 4, 1865, forming Companies G and H. FoRTY'-SECOND INFANTRY'. Organized at Chi- cago, July 23, 1861 ; was engaged at Island No. 10, the siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Columbia (Tenn.), was besieged at Nashville, engaged at Stone River, in the TuUahoma cam- paign, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It re- enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864; was stationed in Texas from July to December, 1865; was mus- tered out at Indianola, in that State, Dec. 16, 1865, and finally discharged, at Springfield, Jan. 12, 1866. Forty'-third Infantry. Organized at Spring- field in September, 1861, and mustered into service on Oct. 12. The regiment took part in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh and in the campaigns in West Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas; was mustered out at Little Rock, Nov. 30, 1865. and returned to Springfield for final pa5- and discharge, Dec. 14, 1865. Forty-fourth Infantry. Organized in Au- gust, 1861. at Chicago, and mustered into service, Sept. 13, 1861 ; was engaged at Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Shelbj'- ville. TuUahoma, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Adairsville, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene- saw Mountain, Gulp's Farm, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro. Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans in Tennessee, in January, 1864. From June to September, 1865, it was stationed in Louisiana and Texas, was mustered out at Port Lavaca, Sept. 25, 1865, and received final discharge, at Springfield, three weeks later. Forty-fifth Infantry'. Originally called the "Washburne Lead Mine Regiment"; was organized at Galena, July 23, 1861, and mustered HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 557 into service at Chicago, Dec. 25, 1861. It was engaged at Fort Donelson. Shiloli, the siege of Corinth, battle of Jledan, the campaign against Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Atlanta cam- paign, the "March to the Sea," and the advance through the Carolinas. The regiment veteran- ized in January, 1864; was mustered out of serv- ice at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1865, and arrived in Chicago, July 15, 1865, for final pay and dis charge. Distance marched in four years, 1,750 miles. Forty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, Dec. 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of Metamora, siege of Vicksburg (where five com- panies of the regiment were captured), iu the reduction of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered in as a veteran regiment. Jan. 4, 1864. From May, 1865, to January, 1866, it was on duty in Louisi- ana ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, Jan. 20, 1866, and, on Feb. 1, 1866, finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield. Forty-seventh Ixf.\ntry. Organized and mustered into service at Peoria, 111., on August 16, 1861. The regiment took part in the expe- dition against New Madrid and Island No. 10; also participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, the second battle of Corinth, the capture of Jackson, the siege of Vicksburg, the Red River expedition and the battle of Pleasant Hill, and in the struggle at Lake Chicot. It was ordered to Chicago to assist in quelling an antici- pated riot, in 1864, but, returning to the front, took part in tlie reduction of Spanish Fort and the capture of Mobile; was mustered out, Jan. 21, 1866, at Selma, Ala., and ordered to Spring- field, where it received final jjay and discharge. Those members of the regiment who did not re-en- list as veterans were mustered out, Oct. 11, 1864. Forty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, September, 1861, and participated in battles and sieges as follows: Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (siege of), Vicksburg (first expedition against). Missionary Ridge, as well as in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the Sea." The regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans, at Scott.sboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864; was mus- tered out, August 15, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark., and ordered to Springfield for final discharge, arriving, August 21, 1865. The distance marched was 3,000 miles; moved by water, 5,000; by rail- road, 3,450~total, 11,4.50. Fokty-ninth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, 111., Dec. 31. 1861; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Little Rock; took part in the campaign against Meridian and in the Red River expedition, being in the battle of Pleasant Hill, Jan. 15, 1864; three- fourths of the regiment re-enlisted and were mustered in as veterans, returning to Illinois on furlough. The non- veterans took part in the battle of Tupelo. The regiment participated in the battle of Nashville, and was mustered out, Sept. 9, 1865, at Paducah, Ky., and arrived at Springfield, Sept, 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. Fiftieth Infantry. Organized at Quinoy, in August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 12, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, Allatoona and Bentonville, besides many minor engagements. The regiment was mounted, Nov. 17, 1863; re-enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, and reached Springfield, the following day, for final pay and discharge. Fifty-first Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, Dec. 24, 1861 ; was engaged at New Madrid, Island No. 10, Farmington, the siege of Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jones- boro. Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment was mustered in as veterans, Feb. 16, 1864 ; from July to September, 1865, was on duty in Texas, and mustered out, Sept. 25. 1865, at Camp Irwin, Texas, arriving at Springfield, 111., Oct. 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. Fifty-second Infantry. Organized at Ge- neva in November, 1861, and mustered into serv- ice. Nov. 19. The regiment participated in the following battles, sieges and expeditions: Shiloh, Corinth (siege and second battle of), luka. Town Creek, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Lay's Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, Decatur, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Bentonville. It veteranized, Jan. 9, 1864; was mustered out at Louisville, July 4, 1865, and received final payment and discharge at Springfield, July 12. Fifty-third Infantry. Organized at Ottawa in the winter of 1861-62, and ordered to Chicago, Feb 27, 1862, to complete its organization. It took part in the siege of Corinth, and was engaged at Davis' Bridge, the siege of Vicksburg, in the Meridian campaign, at Jackson, the siege of Atlanta, the "March to the Sea," the capture of Savannah and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the battle of Bentonville. The regi- ment was mustered out of service at Louisville, 558 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. July 22, 1865, and received final discharge, at Chicago, July 28. It marched 2,855 miles, and was transported by boat and cars, 4,168 miles. Over 1.800 officers and men belonged to the regi- ment during its term of service. Fifty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Anna, in November, 1861, as a part of the "Kentucky Brigade," and was mustered into service, Feb. 18, 1862. No complete history of the regiment can be given, owing to the loss of its official records. It served mainly in Kentucky, Tennes- see, Mississippi and Arkansas, and always effect- ively. Three-fourths of the men re-enlisted as veterans, in January, 1864. Six companies were captured by the rebel General Shelby, in August, 1864, and were exchanged, the following De- cember. The regiment was mustered out at Little Rook, Oct. 15, 1865 ; arrived at Springfield, Oct. 26, and was discharged. Puring its organi- zation, the regiment had 1,342 enlisted men and 71 commissioned officers. Fifty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, and mastered into service, Oct. 31, 1861. The regiment originally formed a part of the "Douglas Brigade," being chiefly recruited from the young farmers of Fulton, McDonough, Grundy, La Salle, De Kalb, Kane and Winnebago Counties. It participated in the battles of Shiloh and Corinth, and in the Tallahatchie campaign; in the Vjattles of Chickasaw Ba3-ou, Arkansas Post, around Vicksburg, and at Missionary Ridge ; was in the Atlanta campaign, notably in the battles of Kenesaw Mountain and Jonesboro. In all, it was engaged in thirty one battles, and was 128 days under fire. The total mileage traveled amounted to 11,960, of which 3,340 miles were actually marched. Re-enlisted as veterans, while at Larkinsville, Tenn.,was mustered out at Little Rock, August 14, 1865, receiving final discharge at Chicago, the same month. FiFTY'-siXTH Infantry. Organized with com- panies principallj' enlisted from the counties of Massac, Pope, Gallatin, Saline, White, Hamilton, Franklin and Wayne, and mustered in at Camp Mather, near Shawneetown. The regiment par- ticipated in the siege, and second battle, of Corinth, the Yazoo expedition, the siege of Vicksburg — being engaged at Champion Hills, and in numerous assaults; also took part in the battles of Missionary Ridge and Resaca, and in the campaign in the Carolinas, including the battle of Bentonville. Some 200 members of the regiment perished in a wreck off Cape Hatteras, March 31, 1865. It was mustered out in Arkan- sas, August 12, 1865. FiFTY'-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Mustered into serv- ice, Dec. 26, 1861, at Chicago; took part in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, and the second battle at that point ; was also engaged at Resaca, Rome Cross Roads and Allatoona; participated in the investment and capture of Savannah, and the campaign through the Carolinas, including the battle of Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 7, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, July 14. FiFTY'-EiGHTH INFANTRY'. Recruited at Chi- cago, Feb. 11, 1862; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, a large number of the regiment being captured during the latter engage- ment, but subsequently exchanged. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the battle of luka, after which detachments were sent to Springfield for recruiting and for guarding prisoners. Returning to the front, the regiment was engaged in the capture of Meridian, the Red River cam- paign, the taking of Fort de Riissey, and in many minor battles in Louisiana. It was mustered out at Montgomery, Ala., April 1, 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge. FiFTY'-NiNTH INFANTRY'. Originally known as the Ninth Missouri Infantry, although wholly recruited in Illinois. It was organized at St. Louis, Sept. 18, 1861, the name being changed to the Fifty-ninth Illinois, Feb. 12, 1862, by order of tlie War Department. It was engaged at Pea Ridge, formed part of the reserve at Farmington, took part at Perryville, Nolansville, Knob Gap and Jlurfreesboro, in the Tullahoma campaign and the siege of Chattanooga, in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Kingston, Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. Having re-enlisted as veterans, the regiment was ordered to Texas, in June, 1865, where it was mustered out, December, 1865, receiving its final discharge at Springfield. Sixtieth Infantry. Organized at Anna, 111., Feb. 17, 1862; took part in the siege of Corinth and was besieged at Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans while at the front, in January, 1864; participated in the battles of Buzzard's Roost, Ringgold, Dalton, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was mustered out at Louisville, July 31, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield. Sixty-first Infantry'. Organized at Carroll- ton, 111,, three full companies being mustered HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 559 in, Feb. .5, 1862. On February 21, the regiment, being still incomplete, moved to Benton Bar- racks. Mo., where a sufficient number of recruits joined to make nine full companies. The regiment was engaged at Shiloh and Bolivar, took part in the Yazoo expedition, and re-enlisted as veter- ans early in 1864. Later, it took part in the battle of Wilkinson's Pike (near Murfreesboro), and other engagements near that point ; was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 8. 186.^, and paid off and discharged at Springiield, Septem- ber 27. Sixty-second Inf.vntry. Organized at Anna, 111., April 10, 1862; after being engaged in several skirmishes, the regiment sustained a loss of 170 men, who were captured and paroled at Holly Springs, Miss., by the rebel General Van Dorn, where the regimental records were destroyed. The regiment took part in forcing the evacuation of Little Rock ; re-enlisted, as veterans. Jan. 9, 1864; was mustered out at Little Rock. March 6, 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge. Sixty-third Infantry. Organized at Anna, in December, 1861, and mustered into service, April 10, 1862. It participated in the first invest- ment of Vicksburg. the capture of Richmond Hill, La., and in the battle of Missionary Ridge. On Jan. 1, 1864, 272 men re-enlisted as veterans. It took part in the capture of Savannah and in Sherman's march through the Carolinas, partici- pating in its important battles and skirmishes; was mustered out at Louisville. Jul}- 13, 1865, reaching Springfield, July 16. The total distance traveled was 6,453 miles, of which 2,250 was on the march. Sixty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, December. 1861, as the "First Battalion of Yates Sharp Shooters." The last company was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861, The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, the siege of Corinth, Chambers' Creek, the second battle of Corinth, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Decatur, the siege of Atlanta, the investment of Savannah and the battle of Bentonville ; re-enlisted as veterans, in January, 1864; was mustered out at Loui.sVille, July 11, 1865, and finally discharged, at Chicago, July 18. Sixty-fifth Infantry. Originally known as the "Scotch Regiment"; was organized at Chi- cago, and mustered in. May 1, 1862. It was cap- tured and paroled at Harper's Ferry, and ordered to Chicago; was exchanged in April, 1863; took part in Burnside's defense of Knoxville; re-en- listed as veterans in March, 1864, and participated in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the Sea." It was engaged in battles at Columbia (Tenn.), Franklin and Nashville, and later near Federal Point and Smithtown, N. C, being mus- tered out, July 13, 1865, and receiving final pay- ment and discharge at Chicago, July 26, 1865. Sixty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Benton Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo., during September and October, 1861 — being designed as a regiment of "Western Sharp Shooters" from Illinois, Mis- souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana and Ohio. It was mustered in, Nov. 23, 1861, was engaged at Mount Zion (Mo.), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, luka, the second battle of Corinth, in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea" and the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was variously known as the Fourteenth Missouri Volunteers, Birge's Western Sharpshooters, and the Sixty- sixth riinois Infantry. The latter (and final) name was conferred by the Secretary of War, Nov. 20, 1862. It re-enUsted (for the veteran service), in December, 1863, was mustered out at Camp Logan. Ky., July 7, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, July 15. Sixty-seventh Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, June 13, 1862, for three montlis' service, in response to an urgent call for the defense of Washington. The Sixty -seventh, by doing guard duty at the camps at Chicago and Springfield, relieved the veterans, who were sent to the front. Sixty-eighth Infantry. Enlisted in response to a call made by the Governor, early in the sum- mer of 1862, for State troops to serve for three months as State Militia, and was mustered in early in June, 1862, It was afterwards mustered into the United States service as Illinois Volun- teers, by petition of the men, and received marching orders, July 5, 1862 ; mustered out, at Springfield, Sept, 26, 1862 — many of the men re- enlisting in other regiments. Sixty-ninth Infantry. Organized at Camp Douglas, Chicago, and mustered into service for three months, June 14, 1862. It remained on duty at Camp Douglas, guarding the camp and rebel prisoners. Seventieth Infantry. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, and mustered in, July 4, 1862. It remained at Camp Butler doing guard duty. Its term of service was three months. Seventy-first Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, July 26, 1862, at Chicago, for three months. Its service was confined to garrison duty in Illi- nois and Kentucky, being niustereu out at Chi- cago, Oct. 29, 1862. 660 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Seventy-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, as the First Regiment of the Chicago Board of Trade, and mustered into service for three years, August 23, 1863. It was engaged at Cliam- pion Hill, Vicksburg. Natchez, Franklin, Nash- ville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakel}'; mustered out of service, at Vicksburg, August 6, 1865, and discharged at Chicago. Seventy-third Infantry. Recruited from the counties of Adams. Champaign, Christian, Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike, Sanga- mon, Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into service at Springfield, August 31, 1863, 900 strong. It participated in the battles of Stone River, Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickory, Pine and Lost Mountains, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill, Frank- lin and Nashville ; was mustered out at Nashville, June 12, 1865, and, a few days later, A-ent to Springfield to receive pay and final discharge. Seventy-fourth Inf.vntry. Organized at Rockford, in August, 1862, and mustered into .service September 4. It was recruited from Win- nebago, Ogle and Stephenson Counties. This regi- ment was engaged at Perryville, Murfreesboro and Nolansville, took part in the Tullahoma campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of Atlanta, and the battles of Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It was miLstered out at Nashville, June 10, 1865, with 343 officers and men. the aggregate number enrolled having been 1,001. Seventy-fifth Inf.\ntry'. Organized at Dixon- and mustered into service. Sept. 2. 1863. The regiment participated in the battles of Perry- ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Jlountain, Dalton, Resaca. Marietta, Kenesaw. Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out at Nashville, June 12, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 1, following. Seventy'-sixth Infantry. Organized at Kan- kakee, 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, August 22, 1862 ; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the cam- paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to Texas in June, 1865, and mustered out at Galves- ton, July 23, 1865, being paid off and disbanded at Chicago, August 4, 1865 — having traveled 10,000 miles. Seventt-seventb Infantry. Organized and mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1863, at Peoria; was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including the battle of Champion Hills), the capture of Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat- tles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant HOI ; the reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July 10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final pay- ment and discharge, where it arrived, July 22, 1865, having participated in sixteen battles and sieges. Seventy'-eighth Infantry'. Organized at Quincy, and mustered into service, Sept. 1, 1862; participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville ; was mustered out, Jime 7, 1865, and sent to Chicago, where it was paid off and dia- cliarged, June 12, 1865. SEVENTY--NINTH INFANTRY. Organized at Mat- toon, in August, 1862, and mustered into service, August 28, 1863; participated in the battles of Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca. Kene- saw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville ; was mustered out. June 13, 1865; arrived at Camp Butler, June 15, and, on June 23, received final pay and discharge. Eightieth Infantry'. Organized at Centralia, 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into service, August 25, 1863. It was engaged at Perryville, Dug's Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm, surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After being exchanged, it participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, Adairsville, Cassville, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The regiment traveled 6,000 miles and participated in more than twenty engagements. It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and discharge. Eighty-first Infantry. Recruited from the counties of Perry, Franklin. Williamson, Jack- son, Union, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered into service at Anna. August 26, 1863. It partici- pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later, the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides assisting in the investment of Mobile. It was mustered out at Chicago. August 5, 1864. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 561 Eighty-second Infantry. Sometimes called the "Second Hecker Regiment," in honor of Col- onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for merly Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illinois Infantry — being chiefly composed of German members of Chicago. It was organized at Spring- field, Sept. 26, 1862, and mustered into service, Oct. 23, 1862; participated in the battles of Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, Or- chard Knob, Missionary Ridge, Re.saca, New Hope Church, Dallas, Marietta, Pine Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Bentonville ; was mustered out of service, June 9, 1865, and returned to Chicago, June 16 — having marched, during its time of service, 2,503 miles. Eighty-third Infantry. Organized at Mon- mouth in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- ice, August 21. It participated in repelling the rebel attack on Fort Donelson, and in numerous hard-fought skirmishes in Tennessee, but was chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy guard duty and in protecting lines of communi- cation. The regiment was mustered out at Nash- ville, June 26, 1865, and finally paid off and discharged at Chicago, July 4, following. Eighty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and ofl5cers. The regiment was authorized to inscribe upon its battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River, Woodburj-, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Buint Hickory, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Sta- tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered out, June 8, 1865. Eighty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Peoria, about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Knoxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah. Ben- tonville, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered out at Washington, D. C. , June 5, 1865, and sent to Springfield, where the regiment was paid oflE and discharged on the 20th of the same month. Eighty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, August 27, 1862. at Peoria, at which time it numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kwiesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, Averygboro and Bentonville; was mustered out on June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C, arriving on June 11, at Chicago, where, ten days later, the men received their pay and final discharge. Eighty-seventh Inf.vntry. Enlisted in Au- gust, 1862; was composed of companies from Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties; was organized in the latter part of August, 1862, at Shawneetown; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1862, the muster to take effect from August 2. It took part in the siege and captm-e of Warrenton and Jackson, and in the entire campaign through Louisiana and Southern Mississippi, participating in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numer- ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where it arrived, June 24, 1865, and was paid off and disbanded at Camp Butler, on Julj- 2. Eighty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862, and known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment." It was mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Perry- ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, AdairsviUe, New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 9, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and discharge, June 22, 1865. Eighty-ninth Infantry. Called the "Rail- road Regiment"; was organized by the railroad companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August, 1862, and mustered into service on the 27th of that month. It fought at Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's Mills, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy "s Station, Spring Hill, Columbia, Frank- lin and Nashville; was mustered out. June 10, 1865, in the field near Nashville, Tenn. ; arrived at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- charged, Jane 24, after a service of two years, nine months and twenty -seven days. Ninetieth Infantry. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 7, 1862 ; participated in the siege of Vicksburg and the campaign against Jackson, and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, Rosswell, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After the review at Washington, the regiment was mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago, June 9, 1865, where it was finally discharged. r^^iNETYFiRST INFANTRY. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, in August, 1862, and 562 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mustered in on Sept. 8, 1863 ; participated in the campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, and all along the southwestern frontier in Louisiana and Texas, as well as in the investiture and capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Mobile, July 12, 1865, starting for home the same day, and being finally paid off and discharged on July 28, following. Ninety-second Infantry (Mounted). Organ- ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- roll Counties. During its term of service, the Ninety-second was in more tlian sixty battles and skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, and the numerous engagements on the "JIarch to the Sea," and during tlie pursuit of Johnston through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at Concord, N. C. , and paid and discharged from the service at Chicago, July 10, 1865. Ninety-third Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862. and mustered in, Oct. 13, 998 strong. It participated in the movements against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engaged at Champion Hills and at Fort Fisher ; also was engaged in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, following Sherman in his campaign though the Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23, 1865, and, on the 25th, arrived at Chicago, receiv- ing final paj'ment and discharge, July 7, 1865, the regiment having marched 2,554 miles, traveled by water, 2.296 miles, and, by railroad, 1,237 miles — total, 6,087 miles. Ninety-fourth Infantry. Organized at Bloomington in August, 1862, and enlisted wholly in McLean County. After some warm experi ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap- ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After several months of garrison duty, the regiment was mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on July 17, 1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, follow- ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and, by steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- tles, sieges and skirmishes. Ninety-fifth Infantry. Organized at Rock- ford and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862. It was recruited from the counties of McHenry and Boone — three companies from the latter and seven from the former. It took part in the cam- paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicks- burg, in the Red River expedition, the campaigns against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles in which the regiment was engaged were those of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, Champion Hills, Fort de Russey, Old River, Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown, Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw Mountain. Chattahoochie River, Atlanta. Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- try, August 25, 1865. Ninety-sixth Infantry. Recruited during the montlis of July and August, 1862, and mus- tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1862. The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, Spring Hill, Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, Shelbyville, Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kingston. New Hope Church, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Frank- lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis- charge was June 30, 1865. Ninety-seventh Infantry. Organized in August and September, 1862, and mustered in on Sept. 16 ; participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River. Vicksburg, Jackson and Mobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out and proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, August 10, after an absence of three years, less a few days. Ninety-eighth Infantry. Organized at Cen- tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. 3 ; took part in engagements at Chickamauga, Mc- Minnville, Farmington and Selma, besides many others of less note. It was mustered out, June 27, 1865, the recruits being transferred to the Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865. Ninety-ninth Infantry. Organized in Pike County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 1862; participated in the following battles and skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville, Magnolia Hills, Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Esperanza, Grand Coteau, Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men killed in battle, 38; men died of wounds and disease, 149; men discharged for disability, 127; men deserted, 35; ofEcers killed in battle, 3; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 563 officers died, 2; officers resigned, 26. The regi- ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, Jul}' 31, 1865, and paid off and discharged, August 9, following. One Hundredth Infantry. Organized at Joliet, in August, 1862, and mustered in, August 30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will County. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Nashville; was mustered out of service, June 12, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 15, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and First Infantry. Organ- ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the month of August, 1862, and, on Sept. 2, 1862, was mustered in. It participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. On Dec. 20, 1862, five companies were captured at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and formally exchanged in June, 1863. On the 7th of June, 1865, it was mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. One Hundred and Second Inf-4.ntry. Organ- ized at Knoxville, in August, 1862, and mustered in, September 1 and 2. It was engaged at Resaca, Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Slianty, Peach Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of service June 6. 1865, and started home, arriving at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received final paj'ment and discharge. One Hundred and Third Infantry. Re- cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered into the service, Oct. 2, 1862. It took part in the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Re.saca, Dal- las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville ; was also in the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, June 21, and received final discharge at Chi- cago, Jul}- 9, 1865. The original strength of the regiment was 808, and 84 recruits were enlisted. One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ- ized at Ottawa, in August, 1862, and composed almost entirely of La Salle County men. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Harts- ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission- ary Ridge, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many severe skirmishes ; was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C. , June 6, 1865, and, a few days later, received final discharge at Chicago. One Hundred and Fifth Inf.\ntrY. Mus- tered into service, Sept. 2, 1862, at Dixon, and participated in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing, also took part in the "March to the Sea"' and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C, June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- charged at Chicago, June 17. One Hundred and .Sixth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1862, eight of the ten companies having been recruited in Logan County, the other two being from San- gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C"' was captured and paroled, being e.xchanged in the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- formed service at various points in Arkansas. It was mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, Ark , and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1862; was composed of six companies from DeWitt and four companies from Piatt County. It was engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, at Salisbury, N. C, reaching Springfield, for final payment and discharge, July 2, 1865. One Hundred and Eighth Infantry. Organ- ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 28, 1862 ; took part in the first expedition against Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post (Fort Hindman), Port Gibson and Champion Hills ; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of Guntown, the reduction of Spanish Fort, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- burg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, August 11. One Hundred and Ninth Infantry. Re- cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1862. Owing to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- solidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April, 1863. (See Eleventh Infantry.) One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. Organ- ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1862 ; was 564 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. engaged at Stone River, Woodbury, and in numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee. In May, 1863, the regiment was consolidated, its numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse- quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- mauga and Missionary Ridge, the battles around Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- ment was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term of service had not expired at date of muster-out, were consolidated into four companies and trans- ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. Re- cruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv- ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1863. The regiment aided in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Dallas, Kene.saw, Atlanta and Jonesboro ; partici- pated in the "March to the Sea" and the cam- paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles of Fort McAllister and Bentonville. It was mus- tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 27, having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was on the march. .One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 30 and 33, 1863; participated in the campaign in East Ten- nessee, under Burnside, and in that against Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- ton. It was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C, June 30, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 7. 1865. One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry. Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, Nov. 6, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in the siege and captm-e of Vicksburg, was mustered out, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi- cago, five days later. One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from Cass. Menard and SanKaraon Counties. The regi- ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss.), the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Guntown and Harrisville, the pursuit of Price through Missouri, the battle of Nash- ville, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicksburg, August 3, 1865, receiving final payment and discharge at Springfield. August 15, 1865. One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry. Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 1863 ; was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, June 33, 1865, at Springfield. One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry. Recruited almost wliolly from Macon County, numbering 980 officers and men when it started from Decatur for tlie front on Nov. 8, 1863. It participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain, Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, D. C. One Hundred and Seventeenth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 19, 1863; participated in the Meridian campaign, the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, having traveled 9,376 miles, 2,307 of which were marched. One Hundred and Eighteenth Infantry. Organized and mustered into the service at Springfield, Nov. 7, 1863; was engaged at Chicka- saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cham- pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), Grand Coteau, Jackson (La. ), and Amite River. The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and dismounted. May 22, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. At the date of the muster-in, the regiment num- bered 830 men and officers, received 283 recruits, making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- bered 523. Distance marched, 2,000 miles; total distance traveled, 5,700 miles. One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in September, 1862, and was mustered into the United States service, October 10; was engaged in the Red River cam- paign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 565 Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at Mobile, August 26, 1865, and its discharge at Springfield. One Hundred and Twentiett Infantry. Mustered into tlie service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring- field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 1865, and received final payment and discharge, September 10, at Springfield. One Hundred and Twenty-first Infan- try. (Tlie organization of this regiment was not completed.) One Hundred and Twenty-second Infan- try'. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 enlisted men. It participated in the battles of Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and was mustered out, July 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis- charged at Springfield, August 4. One Hundred and Twenty-third Infan- try. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville, Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged at Springfield, July 11, 1865 — the recruits, whose terms had not expired, being transferred to the Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Twenty'-fourth Infan- try. Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the capture of Mobile. On the 16tli of August. 1865. eleven days less than three years after the first company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, stated that it had been borne 4, 100 miles, in four- teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of forty -seven days and nights, and thirteen days and nights, respectively. One Hundred and Twenty'-fifth Infan- try". Mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862; par- ticipated in the battles of Perryville, Chicka- mauga. Missionary Ridge, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in the "March to the Sea" and the Carolina cam- paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infan- try'. Organized at Alton and mu.stered in, Sept. 4, 1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near Humboldt, Tenn, , and the regiment took part in the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infan- try'. Mustered into service at Chicago. Sept. 6, 1862; took part in the first campaign against Vicksburg, and in tlie battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg under Grant, the capture of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, and in the figliting at Eesaca, Dallas, Kene.saw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- panied Sherman in his march through Georgia and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago. June 17, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty'-eighth Infan- try. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained in service less than five months, when, its num- ber of officers and men having been reduced from 860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of officers were dismissed, and the few remaining officers and men were formed into a detachment, and transferred to another Illinois regiment. One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infan- try'. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- son duty. It marched with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign and through Georgia and the Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Benton- ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- cai-o, June 10, 1865. One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Oct. 25, 1862; was engaged at Port Gib- son, Champion Hills. Black River Bridge, Vicks- burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River expedition. While on this expedition almost the entire regiment was captured at the battle of Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of the war. The remaining oflScers and men were consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry in Januarj', 1865, and participated in the capture of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, was ordered. It was mustered out at New Orleans, August 15. 1865, and discharged at Springfield, August 31. 566 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. One Hundred and Thirty-first Infan- try. Organized in September, 1863, and mus- tered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men, exclusive of officers. In October, 1863, it was consolidated with the Twenty -nintli Infantry, and ceased to exist as a separate organization. Up to that time the regiment had been in but a few conflicts and in no pitched battle. One Hundred and Thirty-second Infan- try*. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 100 days from June 1, 1864. The regiment re- mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration of its service, when it moved to Chicago, and was mustered out, Oct. 17, 186-1. One Hundred and THiRTY--TinRD Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for one hundred days, May 31, 1864; was engaged during its term of service in guarding prisoners of war at Rock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 4, 1864, at Camp Butler. One Hundred and Thirty'-fourth Inf-^n- TRY. Organized at Chicago and mustered in. May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garrison duty at Colimibus, Ky., and mustered out of service, Oct. 25, 1864, at Chicago. One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Infan- try-. Mustered in for 100-days' service at Mat- toon, June 6, 1864, having a strength of 853 men. It was chiefly engaged, during its term of service, in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 38, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Infan- try. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for 100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111., but was not mustered into service until June 1, following. Its principal service was garrison duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst guerrillas. At the end of its term of service the regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- tered out at Springfield, Oct. 32, 1864, and dis- charged eight days later One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Infan- try. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov. John Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 1864, for 100 days. Was on duty at Memphis, Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Infan- try Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, June 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garri- son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv- ice at Springfield, 111., Oct. 14, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Infan- try. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi- ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1864; was engaged in garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of the Confederate General Price in Missouri. The latter service was rendered, at the President's request, after the term of enlistment had expired. It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1864, hav- ing been in the service nearly five months. One Hundred and Fourtieth Infantry. Organized as a 100-days" regiment, at Springfield, June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that date. The regiment was engaged in guarding railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs.and in garrison duty at Memphis. After the term of enlistment had expired and the regiment had been mustei'ed out, it aided in the pui"suit of General Price through Missouri; was finally dis- charged at Chicago, after serving about five months One Hundred and Forty-first Infan- try. Mustered into service as a 100-days' regi- ment, at Elgin, June 16, 1864 — strength, 843 men; departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mus- tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864. One Hundred and Forty'-second Infan- try'. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where two companies were added and the regiment mustered into service for 100 days, June 18, 1864. It was ordered to Memphis, Tenn., five days later, and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven miles from that city, where it was employed in guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1864, the men having voluntarily served one month beyond their term of enlistment. One Hundred and Forty'-third Infan- try'. Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, June 11, 1804, for 100 days. It was assigned to garrison dutj', and mustered out at Mattoon, Sept. 36, 1864. One Hundred and Forty'-fourth Infan- try'. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year regiment; was mustered into the service, Oct. 31, its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865. One Hundred and Forty'-fifth Infan- try'. Mustered into service at Springfield, June 9, 1864 ; strength, 880 men. It dejiarted for the field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23, 1864. One Hundred and Forty'-sixth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1864, for one year. Was assigned to the dutj' of guarding drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 567 and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield, July 5, 1865. One Hundred axd Forty-seventh Infan- try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into service for one year, Feb. 18 and 19, 1865; was engaged chiefly on guard or garrison duty, in scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 1866, and received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. One Hundred and Forty-eighth Infajv- TRY. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for the term of one year ; was assigned to garrison and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn ; arrived at Springfield, Sept. 9, 1865, where it was paid off and discharged. One Hundred and Forty-ninth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865, and mustered in for one year; was engaged in garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 1866, at Dalton, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 14, 1865, for one year ; was on duty in Tennessee and Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-first Infa:ntet% This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., and mustered into the United States service, Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies from various parts of the State, recruited, under tlie call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and was present at the surrender of General War- ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 24, 1866, and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge, Feb. 8, 1866. One Hundred akd Fifty-second Infan- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in, Feb. 18, 1865, for one year; was mustered out of service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-third Infan- try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in any battles. It was mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865, and moved to Springfield, 111., and, Sept. 24, received final pay and discharge. One Hundred -vnd Fifty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for one year. Sept. 18, 1865, the regiment was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge, where it arrived, Sept. 22 ; was paid oft and dis- charged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29. One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Infa-n- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Infan- try. Organized and mustered in during the months of February and March, 1865, from the northern counties of the State, for the term of one year. The officers of the regiment have left no written record of its history, but its service seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear to have been greatly depleted by desertions and otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered out, Sept. 20, 1865. First Cavalry^. Organized — consisting of seven companies. A, B, C, D, E, F and G — at Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United States service, July 3. After some service in Missouri, the regiment participated in the battle of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861. The officers were paroled, and the men sworn not to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- change having been effected in November, the non-commissioned officers and privates were ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June, 1862, the regiment was reorganized at Benton Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in guarding supply trains and supply depots at various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- racks, July 14, 1862. Second Cavalry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, August 12, 1861, with Company M (which joined the regiment some months later), numbering 47 commissioned offi- cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was in- creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. It was engaged at Belmont ; a portion of the regi- ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Shiloh, another portion at Merriweather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. In January, 1864, the major part of the regiment re-enUsted as veterans, later, participating in the 568 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Red River expedition and the investment of Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 33, 1865, and finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 1866. Third Cavalry. Composed of twelve com- panies, from various localities in the State, the grand total of company officers and enlisted men, under the first organization, being 1,433. It was organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 ; partici- pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Bluff, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus- tered out, Sept. 5, 1864. The veterans participated in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells- ville and Franklin. From May to October, 1865, engaged in service against the Indians in the Northwest The regiment was miistered out at Springfield, Oct. 18, 1865. Fourth Cavalry. Mustered into service, Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh; in the siege of Corinth, and in many engagements of less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield in November, 1864. By order of the War Depart- ment, of June 18, 1865, the members of the regiment whose terms had not expired, were con- solidated with the Twelftli Illinois Cavalry. Fifth Cavalry, Organized at Camp Butler, in November, 1861 ; took part in the Meridian raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final muster-out took place, Oct. 27, 1865, and it re- ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. Sixth C.walry. Organized at Springfield, Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance upon Grenada ; in the Grierson raid through Mis- sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, the battles of Moscow (Tenn), West Point (Miss.), Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, March 30, 1864; was mustered out at Selraa, Ala., Nov. 5, 1865, and received discharge, November 20, at Springfield. Seventh Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, and was musteredinto service, Oct. 13, 1861. It participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, Corinth (second battle) ; in Grierson's raid through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest- ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864. 288 officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The nou- veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank- lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part of October, 1865 ; was mustered out at Nashville, and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, 1865. Eighth Cavalry. Organized at St. Charles, III., and mustered in, Sept. '18, 1861. The regi- ment was ordered to Virginia, and participated in the general advance on Manassas in March, 1862; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Hill, Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- town, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericks- burg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williams- burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received final payment and discharge. Ninth C.vvalry Organized at Chicago, in the autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November 30; was engaged at Cold water, Grenada, Wyatt, Saulsbury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- burg, Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where the men received final payment and discharge. Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in the latter part of September, 1861, and mustered into service, Nov. 25, 1861 ; was engaged at Prairie Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La.), Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Bayou La Fourche and Little Rock. In February, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re enlisted as veter- ans, the non-veterans accompanying General Banks in his Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 1865, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized under the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 32, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. Eleventh Cavalry. Robert G. Ingersoll of Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, obtained permission to raise a regiment of cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October, 1861. The regiment was recruited from the counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 569 Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 1861, and was first under fire at Shiloh. It also took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), luka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn.); in Mc- pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in numerous less important raids and skirmishes. Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in December, 1803; the non-veterans being mus- tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 180-1. The veterans were mustered out at the same place, Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, October 20. Twelfth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, in February, 1863, and remained there guarding rebel prisoners until June 25, when it was mounted and sent to Martinsburg, Va. It was engaged at Fredericksburg. Williamsport, Falling Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 26, 1863. the regiment was relieved from service and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River expedition and in Davidson's expedition against Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry was consolidated into an eight-compan}- organi- zation, and the Fourth Cavalry, having previouslj- been consolidated into a battalion of five com- panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The consolidated regiment was mustered out at Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, received final pay and discharge at Springfield. Thirteenth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago, in December, 1801 ; moved to the front from Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1802, and was engaged in the following battles and skir- mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) : Putnam's Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice). Camp Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles), Van Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, White River. Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel- phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello. The regiment was mustered out, August 31. 1805, and received final pay and discharge at Spring- field, Sept. 13, 1805. Fourteenth Cavalry. Mustered into service at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap. in the defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- street, in the engagements at Bean Station and Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavahy battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth cut its way out. On their retreat the men were betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, July 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles, exclusive of duty done by detachments. Fifteenth Cavalry'. Composed of companies originally independent, attached to infantry regi- ments and acting as such; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or- ganization was effected in the spring of 1803, and thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term ot service had not expired) being consolidated with the Tenth Cavalry. Sixteenth Cavalry. Composed principally of Chicago men — Thieleman's and Schambeck's Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The former served as General Sherman's body-guard for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the two companies named thenceforth being knowr- as Thieleman's Battahon. In September, 1862, the War Department authorized the extension of the battalion to a regiment, and, on the 11th of June, 1803, the regimental organization was com- pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- and Gap, and one battalion being captured by Longstreet. The regiment also participated in the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville, AUatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, Jonesboro, FrankUn and Nashville. It arrived in Chicago, August 23, 1805, for final payment and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles and engaged in thirty -one battles, besides numer- ous skirmishes. Seventeenth Cavalry. Mustered into serv- ice in January and February, 1804 ; aided in the repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo., and was engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 570 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. out in November and December, 1865, at Leaven- worth, Kan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who had previously been a Captain and Major of the Eighth Cavalry, was the Colonel of this regi- ment. First Light Artillery. Consisted of ten batteries. Battery A was organized under the first call for State troops, April 21, 1861, but not mustered into the three years' service until July 16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- paign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and Nashville, and mustered out July 3, 1865, at Chicago. Battery B was organized in April, 1861, en- gaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth and at La Grange, Holly Springs, Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmoud (La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- solidation with Battery A, and mustered out at Chicago, July 2, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, and mustered out, July 38, 1865, at Chicago. Batter}' E was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus- tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1864. Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- tered in at Springfield, Feb. 35, 1862. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition, and was consolidated with the other batteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865. Battery G was organized at Cairo and mus- tered in Sept. 28, 1861 ; was engaged in the siege and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered out at Springfield, July 24, 1865. Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, during January and February, 1862 ; participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksbiu-g, and in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman. Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, March 17, 1864, and was mustered out, July 26, 1865. Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and mustered in, Jan. 9, 1862, participated in Burn- side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture of Knoxville. Part of the men were mustered out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re- manider at Chicago in July. Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into the service, August 12, 1863, for three years. It served through the Chickamauga campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged at Chattanooga, and took part in all the impor- tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. Second Light Artillery. Consisted of nine batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria, and mustered into service. May 23, 1861 ; served in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at Springfield, July 27, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, and mustered into service in December, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. Battery E was organized at St. Loxiis, Mo., in August, 1861, and mustered into service, August 20, at that point. It was engaged at Fort Donel- son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition — was consolidated with Battery A. Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and mustered in, Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was mustered out, July 27, 1865, at Springfield. Battery H was organized at Springfield, De- cember, 1861, and mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was mounted as cavalry the following summer, and mustered out at Springfield, July 29, 18G5. Battery I was recruited in Will County, and mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 10, in the advance upon Cornith, and in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga. It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher- man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Springfield. Battery K was organized at Springfield and mustered in Dec. 31, 1863; was engaged at Fort Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 571 siege of Vicksburg. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865, at Chicago. Battery L was organized at Chicago aud mus- tered in, Feb. 28, 1862; participated in the ad- vance on Corintli, the battle of Hatchie and the advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered out at Chicago, August 9, 1SG5. Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus- tered in at Springfield, June, 1862 ; was engaged at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blountsville and Rogersville, being finally consolidated with other batteries of the regiment. Chicago Board op Trade Battery. Organ- ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of Trade, which raised $15,000 for its equipment, within forty-eight hours. It was mustered into service, August 1, 1862, was engaged at Law- renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus (Ga.) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30, 1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marched 5,268 miles and traveled by rail 1,231 miles. The battery was in eleven of the hardest battles fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor battles, being in action forty-two times while on scouts, reconnoissanoes or outpost duty. Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- tile Association, an association of prominent and patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It was mustered into service, August 29, 1802, at Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon Vicksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, the battles of Magnolia Hills, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson (Miss.); also took jjart in Banks' Red River ex- pedition; was mustered out at Chicago, and received final payment, July 10, 1865, having traveled, by river, sea and land, over 11,000 miles. Springfield Light Artillery. Recruited principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle- ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at Springfield, for the term of three years, August 21, 1863, numbering 199 men and ofliicers. It participated in the capture of Little Rock and in the Red River expedition, and was mustered out at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery. Organized at Ottawa, 111-, and mustered in, Nov. 11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- ing the regiment. It participated in the advance on Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the battle of Missionary Ridge, an 1 the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 14, 1865, having served three years and nine months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- pated in seven sieges and battles. Sturges Rifles. An independent company, organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges ; was mustered into service. May 6, 1861 ; in June following, was ordered to West Virginia, serving as body- guard of General McClellan; was engaged at Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in the seven days' battle of the Chickahominy. A portion of tlie company was at Antietam, the remainder having been detached as foragers, scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, Nov. 25, 1862. WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAN. The oppressions aud misrule wliich had character- ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish Government and its agents for generations, in the Island of Cuba, culminated, iu April, 1898, in mutual declarations of war between Spain and the United States. The causes leading up to this result were the injurious effects upon American commerce and the interests of American citizens owning property iu Cuba, as well as the constant expense imposed upon the Government of the United States in the maintenance of a large navy along the South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest produced among the people of this country by the long continuance of disorders and abuses so near to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy and indignation of the entire civilized world. For three years a large proportion of the Cuban population had been in open rebellion against the Spanish Government, and, while the latter had imported a large army to the island and sub- jected the insurgents and their families and sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even excepting torture and starvation itself, their policy had failed to bring the insurgents into subjection or to restore order. In this condition of affairs the United States Government had endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a miti- gation of the evils complained of, by a modifica- tion of the Spanish policy of government in the island ; but all suggestions in this direction had either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, when made, had been as invariably broken. 572 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In the meantime an increasing sentiment liad been growing up in the United States in favor of conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur- gents, or the recognition of their independence, which foimd expression in measures proposed in Congress — all offers of friendly intervention by the United States having been rejected by Spain with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insur- rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty to the insurgents on laying down their arms. The long duration of the war and the outrages perpetrated upon the helpless "reconcentrados," coupled with the increased confidence of the insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, rendered this movement — even if intended to be carried out to the letter — of no avail. The proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. In this condition of affairs and with a view to greater security for American interests, the American battleship Maine was ordered to Havana, on Jan. 24, 1898. It arrived in Havana Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a point designated by the Spanish commander. On the night of February 15, following, it was blown up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after investigation, applied from without. Of a crew of 354 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 266 were either killed outright by the explosion, or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri- can people, but the entire civilized world, was shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible treachery had been perpetrated against an American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- sion in the harbor of a professedly friendly na- tion. The successive steps leading to actual hostili- ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest and most significant of these was the passage, by a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on March 9, of an appropriation placing §50,000,000 in the hands of the President as an emergency fund for purposes of national defense. This was followed, two days later, by an order for the mobilization of the army. The more important events following this step were: An order, under date of April 5, withdrawing American consuls from Spanish stations ; the departure, on April 9, of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana; April 19, the adoption by Congress of concurrent resolutions declaring Cuba independent and directing the President to use the land and naval forces of the United States to put an end to Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the sending to the Spanish Government, by the Presi- dent, of an ultimatum in accordance with this act; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford, at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for the presentation of the ultimatum, with the departure of the Spanish Minister from Washing- ton ; April 23, the issue of a call by the President for 125,000 volunters; April 24, the final declara- tion of war by Spain ; April 25, the adoption by Congress of a resolution declaring that war had existed from April 21 ; on the same date an order to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a view to investing that city and blockading Philippine ports. The chief events subsequent to the declaration of war embraced the following: May 1, the destruction by Admiral Dewey's squadron of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender of Santiago to the forces under General Shafter; July 30, the statement by the President, through the French Ambassador at Washington, of the terms on which the United States would consent to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace terms by Spain, followed, three days later, by the signing of the peace protocol ; September 9, the appointment by the President of Peace Commis- sioners on the part of the United States; Sept. 18, the announcement of the Peace Commissioners selected by Spain; October 1, the beginning of the Peace Conference by the representatives of the two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on December 10, of the peace treaty, including the recognition by Spain of the freedom of Cuba, with the transfer to the United States of Porto Rico and her other West India islands, together with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- sideration of 120,000,000. Seldom, if ever, in the liistory of nations have such vast and far-reaching results been accom- plished within so short a period. The war, which practically began with the destruction of the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor — an event which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole American people, and won the respect and admiration of other nations — was practically ended by the surrender of Santiago and the declaration by the President of the conditions of peace just three months later. Succeeding HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 573 events, up to the formal signing of the peace treaty, were merely the recognition of results previously determined. History of Illinois Regiments.— The part played by Illinois in connection with these events may be briefly summarized in the history of Illi- nois regiments and other organizations. Under the first call of the President for 135,000 volun- teers, eight regiments — seven of infantry and one of cavalry — were assigned to Illinois, to which was subsequently added, on application through Governor Tanner, one battery of light artil- lery. The infantry regiments were made up of the Illinois National Guard, numbered consecutively from one to seven, and were practically mobilized at their home stations within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 26, the day after the issue of the Governor's call. The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for the promptness of their response and the com- pleteness of their organization — in this respect being unsurpassed by those of any other State. Under the call of May 35 for an additional force of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was two regiments, which were promptly furnished, taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The first of these belonged to the Illinois National Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a number of "Provisional Regiments" which had tendered their services to the Government. Some twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or less complete, stood ready to perfect their organi- zations should there be occasion for their serv- ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi- zations at date of muster out from the United States service was 13,380—11,789 men and 491 ofiBcers. First Regiment Illinois Volunteers (orig- inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at Chicago, and mustered into the United States service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898; left Springfield for Camp Tliomas (Chickamauga) May 17; assigned to First Brigade, Third Division, of the First Army Corps; started for Tampa, Fla., June 3, but soon after arrival there was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to provost duty in place of the First United States Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the har- bor at Key West until July 5, when the vessel sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on the 10th, the whole regiment arrived on the firing line on the 11th, spent several days and nights in the trenches before Santiago, and were present at the surrender of that city on the 17th. Two companies had previously been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty of service in the fever hospitals and in caring for their wounded comrades. The next month was spent on guard duty in the captured city, until August 35, when, depleted in numbers and weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoff, on Montauk Point, L. I. The members of the regi- ment able to travel left Camp Wikoff, September 8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they met an enthasiastic reception and were mustered out, November 17, 1,235 strong (rank and file)— a considerable number of recruits having joined the regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record of the First was conspicuous by the fact that it was the only Illinois regiment to see service in Cuba during the progress of actual hostilities Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the regiment were detailed for engineering duty in Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 13, and were among the first to perform service there. The First suffered severely from yellow fever while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while in the service, made a brilliant record, which was highly complimented in the official reports of its com- manding officers. Second Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry (originally Second I. N. G.). This regi- ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at Springfield, April 27, 1898 — at that time number- ing 1,203 men and 47 officers, under command of Col. George M. Moulton; was mustered in between May 4 and May 15; on May 17 started for Tampa, Fla. , but en route its destination was changed to Jacksonville, where, as a part of the Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at "Camp Lee" until December 8, when two battalions embarked for Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta- tioned at Camp Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan. 11, 1899, Colonel Moulton served as Chief of Police for the city of Havana. On March 28 to 30 the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach- ments for Augusta, Ga., where it arrived April 5, and was mustered out, April 26, 1,051 strong (rank and file), and returned to Chicago. Dur- 674 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing its stay in Cuba the regiment did not lose a man. A history of this regiment has been written by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain. Third Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, composed of companies of the Illinois National Guard from tlie counties of La Salle, Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenry, Ogle, Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col. Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 men and 50 officers, on April ~7; was mustered in May 7, 1898; transferred from Springfield to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14; on July 22 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico ; on the 28th sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis, arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31 ; soon after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted in the capture of Guayama, which was the beginning of General Brooke's advance across the island to San Juan, when intelligence was received of the signing of the peace protocol by Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Third continued in the performance of guard duty in Porto Rico ; on October 22, 986 men and 39 oflS- cers took transport for lionie by way of New York, arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several companies being mustered out at their respective home stations. Its strength at final muster-out was 1,273 men and officers. This regiment had the distinction of being one of the first to see service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from fever and other diseases during the three months of its stay in the island. Fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, com- posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, Jefferson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. Clair counties; mustered into tlie service at Spring- field, May 20, under command of Col. Casimer Andel; started immediately for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jackson- ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre as a part of the Seventh Corps under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward until about the first of January, when the regi- ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May 2, the companies returning to their respective home stations. During a part of its stay at Jacksonville, and again at .Savannah, the regi- ment was employed on guard duty. While at Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended by court-martial, and finally tendered his resigna- tion, his place being supplied by Lieut.-Col. Eben Swift, of the Ninth. Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer 1n- F.\^TRY was the first regiment to report, and was mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams, Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga. ), being assigned to the command of General Brooke; August 3 left Chickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the expectation of embarking for Porto Rico — a previous order of July 26 to the same purport having been countermanded; at Ne\vport News embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the order was rescinded, and, after remaining on board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem- barked. The next move was made to Lexington Ky., where the regiment — having lost hope of reaching "the front" — remained until Sept 5, when it returned to Springfield for final muster- out. This regiment was composed of some of the best material in the State, and anxious for active service, but after a succession of disappoint- ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival at Springfield the regiment was furloughed for thirty days and finally mustered out, October 16, numbering 1,213 men and 47 officers. Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, consisting of twelve companies from the counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee, Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren, Bureau, and Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under command of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left Springfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; July 5 the regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a part embarked for Sibonej", Cuba, but the whole regiment was soon after united in General Miles' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, landing at Guanico on July 2.5, and advancing into the interior as far as Adjuuta and Utuado. After several weeks' service in the interior, the regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 took transport for the return home, arrived at Springfield a week later, and was mustered out November 25, the regiment at that time consist- ing of 1,239 men and 49 officers. Seventh Illinois Volunteer Inf.\ntry (known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two battalion? of this regiment reported at Spring, field, April 27, with 33 officers and 765 enlisted men, being afterwards increased to the maxi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 57L mum ; was mustered into the United States serv- ice, imder command of Col. Marcus Kavanagli, May 18, 1898; on May 28 started for Camp Alger, Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,260 men and 49 officers. Like the Fifth, the Seventh saw no actual service in the field. Eighth Illinois Volunteer Inpantey (col- ored regiment), mustered into the service at Springfield under the second call of the Presi- dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 76 ofiScers. The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- cago, the other five being, respectively, from Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The regiment having tendered their services to relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, b}' way of New York ; immediately on arrival at Santiago, a week later, was assigned to duty, but subse- quently transferred to San Luis, where Coloue, Marshall was made military governor. The major part of the regiment remained here until ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at Chicago, March 15, and was mustered out, April 3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in service nine months and six days. Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, and mustered in at Springfield under the second call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- mand of Col. James R. Campbell; arrived at Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla. ), August 9; two months later was transferred to Savannah, Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there. May 20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,095 men and 46 officers. From Augusta the several companies returned to their respective home stations. The Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" {tool Illinois mustered into the service during the war, the other regiments all belonging to the National Guard. First Illinois Cavalry was organized at Chi- cago immediately after the President's first call, seven companies being recruited from Chicago, two from Bloomington, and one each from Springfield, Elkliart, and Lacon ; was mustered in at Springfield, May 21, 1898, under command of Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until August 34, when it returned to Fort Sheridan, near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 11, wlieu it was mustered out, at that time con- sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although the regiment saw no active service in the field, it established an excellent record for itself in respect to discipline. First Engineering Corps, consisting of 80 men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- ice in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles' expedition in the latter part of July, and being engaged for a time in the construction of bridges in aid of the intended advance across the island. On September 8 they embarked for the return home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and were mustered out November 20. Battery A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was mustered in under a special order of the War Department, May 12, 1898, under command of Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consi-sting of 118 men; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 19, and, two months later, joined in General Miles' Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua yama on the 12th. News of peace having been received, the Battery retiu-ned to Ponce, where it remained until September 7, when it started on the return home by way of New York, arrived at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The Battery was equipped with modern breech-load- ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- lerists and prepared for effective service. Natal Reserves. — One of the earliest steps taken by the Government after it became ap- parent that hostilities could not be averted, was to begin preparation for strengthening the naval arm of the service. The existence of the "Naval Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in an exceptionally favorable position for making a prompt response to the call of the Government, as well as furnishing a superior class of men for service — a fact evidenced during the operations in the West Indies. Gen. John JIcNulta, as head of the local committee, was active in calling the attention of the Navy Department to the value of the service to be rendered by this organization, which resulted in its being enlisted practically as a body, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" — all but eighty -eight of the number passing the physical examination, the places of these beirg promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 576 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS, tachment of over 200 left Chicago May 2, under the command of Lieut. -Com. John M. Hawley, followed soon after by the remainder of the First Battalion, making the whole number from Chi- cago 400, with 267, constituting the Second Bat- talion, from other towns of the State. The latter ■was made up of 147 men from Moline, 58 from Quincy, and 62 from Alton — making a total from the State of 667. This does not include others, not belonging to this organization, who enlisted for service in the navy during the war, which raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a different relation to the Government from that of the "naval militia" of other States, which retained their State organizations, wliile those from Illinois were regularly mustered into the United States service. The recruits from Illinois were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New- York, and distributed among fifty-two different vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging to the North Atlantic Squadron. They saw serv- ice in nearly every department from the position of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the turrets of the big battleships, the largest number (60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47 ; the Harvard with 35; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; Franklin, 18 ; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17 ; Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan- caster, 10 each, and others down to one each. Illinois sailors thus had the privilege of partici- pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in the West Indies of less importance, without the loss of a man while in the service, although among the most exposed. They were mustered out at different times, as they could be spared from the service, or the vessels to which they were attached went out of commission, a portion serving out their full term of one year. The Reserves from Chicago retain their organization under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build- ing, Chicago. WARD, Jame8 H., ex-Congressman, was born in Chicago, Nov. 30, 1853, and educated in the Chicago public schools and at the University of Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. Three years later he graduated from the Union College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to the bar. Since then he has continued to practice his profession in his native city. In 1879 he was elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same year, was the successful candidate of his party for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- ing one term. WINNEBAGO INDIANS, a tribe of the Da cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied a part of Northern Illinois. The word Winne- bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" taking the place of the consonant "w," which is wanting in the French alphabet. These were, in turn, French misspellings of an Algonquin term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe applied to the Winnebagoes because they had come from the western ocean — the salt (or "fetid") water. In their advance towards the East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country of the Illinois, but were finally driven north- ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num- bers rather than in bravery. The invaders settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by the fact that the treaty of Prairie du Chien (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to live in amity with the whites, it was carried away by the eloquence and diplomacy of Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet."* General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' which he attributees in part, however, to a super- stitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by the whites upon an unoffending and practically defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie du Chien brought on what is known as the 'Winnebago War." (See Winnebago War.) The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, largely because of the great influence and shrewd tactic of their chief, Naw-oaw. By treaties executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands lying east of the Mississippi. They were finally removed west of that river, and, after many shiftings of loca- tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in Eastern Nebraska, where their industry, thrift and peaceable disposition elicited high praise from Government officials. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 577 WARNER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111., April 23, 1842, and has Lived all his life in his native county — his present residence being Clinton. After a short course in Lombard Universit}', while studying law in the office of Hon. Law- rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in June, 1861, serving until July, 1866, when he was mustered out with the rank of Captain and brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta, when he was ordered North on account of dis- ability. His last service was in fighting Indians on the plains. After the war he completed his law studies at Harvard University, graduating in 1868, when he entered into a law partnership with Clifton H. Moore of CUnton. He served as Judge- Advocate General of the Illinois National Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, under the administrations of Governors Hamil- ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- nated and elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Tlurteenth District, being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a mem- ber of the Committees on Agriculture and Invalid Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws. WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 26 miles west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east b}- north of Galena. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising ; there are also lead mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory, creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a high school, an academy and a public library. Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,337. WARREN, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in Essex County, N. Y. , June 3, 1807 ; in his youth, worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., side by side with Horace Greeley, afterwards the founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" at Ballston, N. Y. , ' but, in 1832, removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, where lie began the study of law, completing his course at Transyl- vania University, Ky., in 1834, and beginning practice at. Batavia. Ohio, as the partner of Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby becoming the brother-in-law of the late Isaac N. Morris, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. Warren came to Quincy, Adams County, lU., but soon after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, where he resided until 1839, when he returned to Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- eral of the leading attorneys of that city. Although he held no office except that of Master in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen j-ears, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of liumor, with strong practical sense and decided ability as a speaker, gave him great popularity at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic party, of which he was a life-long member. He served as Presidential Elector on tlie Pierce ticket in 18.52, and was the nominee of his party for the same position on one or two other occa- sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 22, 1881. WARREN, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the print- er's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in 1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, he emigrated to Kentucky, working for a time on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 lie came to St. Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- .souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub- lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber company at Cairo, 111., when the whole popula- tion of that place consisted of one family domi- ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819, he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois Emigrant, "at Shawneetown. The name given to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution soon brought it into prominence. Backed bj' Governor Coles, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lock- wood, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H. Brown (afterwards of Chicago), George Churchill and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, which ended in defeat of the measure by the rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left the Ed%vardsville paper in 182.5, and was, for a time, associated with "The National Crisis," an anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon re- turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon Spectator" — tlie first paper ever published at the 678 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. present State capital. This he sold out in 1829, and, for the next three 3'ears, was connected with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- ald," at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1832, he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir- cuit and County Commissioners" Courts and ex- oflficio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the publication of the third paper in Chicago — "The Commercial Advertiser" (a weeklj') — wliich was continued a little more than a year, when it was abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry, Marshall County. His further newspaper ven- tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at Lowell, La Salle County, and "The 'Western Citizen" — afterwards "The Free West" — in Chi- cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and Luncly, Ben- jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at Henry, where he .spent the remainder of his days. While returning home from a visit to Chicago, in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, dying there on the 22d of the month. WAKREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, graduated at Union College and was connected with the American Legation to Spain during the administration of President Pierce; in 1859-60 was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, in 1861-62, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate business, he became known to the press as the author of a series of articles entitled "Topics of the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and "Para" are most important. WARREN COUNTY. A western county, created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but not fully organized until 1830, having at that time about 350 inhabitants ; has an area of 540 square miles, and was named for Gen. Joseiili Warren. It is drained by the Henderson River and its affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Bur- Ungton & Quincy (two divisions), the Iowa Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- stone is quarried in large quantities. The county's early development was retarded in consequence of having become the "seat of war," during the Black Hawk War. The principal products are grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is carried on to some extent. The county -seat and chief city is Slonmouth (which see). Roseville is a shipping point. Population (1880), 22,933. (1890), 21,281; (1900), 23,163. WARRENSBURG, a town of Macon County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railway, 9 miles northwest of Decatur; has elevators, canning factory, a bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 503. WARSAW, the largest town in Hancock County, and admirably situated for trade. It stands on a bluff on the Mississippi River, some three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116 miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taylor, during the War of 1812, was located within the limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the :nouth of the Des Moines River. An iron foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory and cooperage works are its principal manufac- turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers up to this point. Warsaw has eight churches, a system of common schools comprising one high and three grammar schools, a National bank and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 3.105; (1890), 2,721; (1900), 2,335. WASHBURN, a village of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 25 miles northeast of Peoria ; has banks and a weekly paper ; the district is agricultural. Popu- lation (1890), 598; (1900), 703. WASHBURNE, Elihu Beujaiuin, Congressman and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, Sept. 23, 1816 ; in early life learned the trade of a printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as such, was elected to Congress in 1852. He con- tinued to represent his District until 1869, taking a prominent position, as a Republican, on the organization of that party. On account of his long service he was known as the "Father of the House," administering the Speaker's oath three times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James G. Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port- folio to become Envoy to France, in wliich ca- pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the only official representative of a foreign govern- ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of that cit}' by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign of the "Commune." For his conduct he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. b7:' honored by the Governments of France and Ger- many alike. On his return to the United States. he made his home in Chicago, where he devoted his latter years chiefly to literary labor, and where he died, Oct. 23, 1887. He was strongly favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the Toledo/ Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 31 miles west of El Paso, and 13 miles east of Peoria. Carriages, plows and farming implements con- stitute the manufactured output. It is also an important shipping-point for farm products. It has electric light and water-works plants, eight churches, a graded school, two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,301 ; (1900), 1,451. WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of Southern Illinois, east of St Louis; is drained by the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 540 square miles. The surface is diversified, well watered and timbered. The soil is of variable fertility. Corn, wheat and oats are the chief agi-icultural products. Manu- facturing is carried on to some extent, among the products being agricultural implements, flour, carriages and wagons. The most impor- tant town is Nashville, which is also the county- seat. Population (1890), 19,2()2; (1900), 19,526. Washington was one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the organization of the State Government, being one of the last three created during the Territorial period — the other two being Franklin and Union. WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. 13 miles southwest of Chicago; has a graded school, female seminary, military school, a car factory, several churches and a newspaper. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1890. WATAGA, a village of Knox County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Galesburg. Population (1900), 545. WJ.TERLOO, the county -seat and chief town of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream- ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. The city has municipal water and electric light plants, four churches, a graded school and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1.860; (1900). 2.114. WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist, was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt., Feb. 3, 1836. After receiving an academic edu- cation and teaching for a time, he read law at Montpelier and, later, passed through the Albany Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the bar, removed to Joliet, 111., and opened an office. In 1863 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the Army of the Cumberland for two years, and being mustered out in August, 1864, with the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel. On leaving the army. Colonel Waterman commenced practice in Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court. WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi- cago it Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago, 46 miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of Oilman. It has flour-mills, brick and tile works and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a graded school and three weekly newspapers. Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some forty flowing streams frou] these shafts are in the place. Popu- lation (1890), 2,017; (1900), 2,505. WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair Coimty, lU., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash- ington County in boyhood, and was elected County Clerk in 1847, '49 and '53, and .State's Attorney for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60; then became editor and proprietor of a news- paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in ofiice until his death, at Nashville, lU. Dec. 6, 1888. WAUKEGAN, the county-seat and principal city of Lake County, situated on the shore of Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, about 36 miles north by west from Chicago, and 50 miles south of Milwaukee; is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and connected by electric lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan is about 80 miles wide opposite this point. Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort," from the remains of an old fort that stood on its site. The principal part of the city is built on a bluff, wliich rises abruptly to the height of about 680 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fifty feet. Between the blufif and the shore is a flat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu- factories. The manufactures include steel-wire, refined sugar, scales, agricultural implements, brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds, leather, beer, etc. ; the city has paved streets, gas and electric light plants, three banks, eight or ten churches, graded and liigh schools and two newspapers. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal and dairy products is carried on. Pop. (1890), 4,91.5; (1900), 9,426. WAUKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- WAY. (See Elgin, Juliet d- Eastern Railway.) WAVEULY, a city in Morgan Count}', 18 miles southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroads. It was originally settled by enter- prising emigrants from New England, whose descendants constitute a large proportion of the population. It is the center of a ricli agricultural region, has a fine graded school, six or seven oliurches, two banks, two newspapers and tile works. Population (1880), 1,134; (1890), 1,337; (1900), 1,573. WAYNE, (Gen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in Chester County, Pa., Jan. 1. 174.5, of Anglo-Irish descent, graduated as a Surveyor, and first prac- ticed his profession in Nova Scotia. During the years immediately antecedent to the Revolution he was prominent in the colonial councils of his native State, to which he had returned in 1767, where he became a member of the "Committee of Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Pennsylvania troops in the Continental army, and, during the War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his courage and ability as a leader. One of his most daring and successful achievements was the cap- ture of Stony Point, in 1779, when — the works having been carried and Wayne having received, what was supposed to be, his death-wound — he entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this service he was awarded a gold medal by Con- gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the investiture and capture of Yorktown. In October, 1788, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. A few years later he settled in Georgia, which State he repre.sented in Congress for seven months, when his seat was declared vacant after contest. In April, 1792, he was confirmed as General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on nomination of President Washington. His con- nection with Illinois history began shortly after St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio (1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, which he named Fort Recovery ; his object being to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he was eminently successful and, on August 3, 1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a daring fighter, and although Washington called him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of dress he was punctilious, and, on this account, he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne." He was one of the few white oflScers whom all the Western Indian tribes at once feared and re- spected. They named him "Black Snake" and "Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his remains were removed by one of his sons, and interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native county. The Pennsylvania Historical Society erected a marble monument over his grave, and appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same year. WAYNE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of the State ; has an area of 720 square miles ; was organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony Wayne. The count}' is watered and drained by the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life was exceedingly primitive, the first settlers pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The ■first mill erected (of tlie antique South Carolina pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. Corn, oats, tobacco, wlieat, hay and wool are the chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population (1880), 21,291; (1890), 23,806; (1900), 27,626. WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. They called themselves "We-wee- hahs," and were spoken of by the French as "Oui- at-a-nons" and "Oui-as. " Other corruptions of tlie name were common among the British and American colonists. In 1718 they had a village at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of their hostile neighbors, the Chippewas and Potta- watomies. The Weas were, at one time, brare and warlike ; but their numbers were reduced by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 581 constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, debauchery enervated and demoralized them. They were removed west of the Mississippi and given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. Tliis they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership of Baptiste Peoria, united with their few remain- ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant of the lUi-ni under the title of the "confederated tribes," and settled in Indian Territory, (See also 3Iia m is ; Pia n kesJt a ws.) WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, was born about 1803, came to the vicinity of Carmi, White County, 111., about 1838 to 1830, and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- versity. He held the office of Prosecuting Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, imtil 1843, and, in the Senate, from 1843 to "46. During his service in the House he was a col- league and political and personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many of the disasters which were actually realized a few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and '48, and, in 1853, received the nomination for Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to Judge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at Curmi, he was also a partner of his brother in the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in the 56th year of his age. WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer (an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted New York journalist), was born at Claverack, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the War of 1813, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, and became one of the founders of the town of America near the mouth of the Ohio ; was Repre- sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and Captain of volunteers and, afterwards, Colonel of regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1860 he went to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi-mili- tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at Makanda, Oct. 5, 1876. WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 33, 1813; gradu- ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at Peru, 111., where he practiced three years. His father having been appointed Secretary of State in 1841, the son became his private secretary, was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Gushing (Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor of the Port of Boston, 1850-61 ; the latter year became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, August 30, 1863. WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H., August 35, 1811. He graduated from Dart- mouth College in 1833, and afterwards read law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- nation was for engineering, and, after serv- ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, at Washington, was made a United States civil engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He served through the Mexican War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- cago, where he made his permanent home, and soon after was identified, for a time, with the proprietorship of "The Chicago Tribune." He was President of the commission that perfected the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and executed the raising of tlie grade of a large por- tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole blocks of buildings being raised by jack screws, while new foundations were inserted. At the outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- ices to the Government and superintended the erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the rank of Major, and, in February, 1863, Colonel of the First Illinois Artillery. For several months he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, and in the battle of Shiloh, in the latter as Chief of Artillery. In October, 1863, the War Depart- ment detailed him to make a survey of the lUi nois & Michigan Canal, and, tlie following month, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem- phis and Superintendent of military railroads. He was again chief of staff to General Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 until the close of the war, occupied the same relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, but, resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. From 1869 to 1872 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue 082 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. there, and, later, Assistant United States Treas- urer, and, in July, 1872, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, March 12, 1870. WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 22, 1828, educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, graduating from the academic department in 1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111., which place lie made his permanent home. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and '8.5. In 1884 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 1888. WELDOX, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the United States Court of Claims, Washington, D. C, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1829 ; while a child, removed with his parents to Madison County, and was educated in the com- mon schools, the local academy and at Wittenberg College, Springfield, in the same State ; read law with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 1854, meanwhile, in 1853-53, having served as a clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- ing at Clinton, DeWitt Coimty, where he engaged in practice ; in 1860 was elected a Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, and assisted in the first election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the position of United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office in 1866 and, the following year, removed to Bloomington, where he continued the practice of his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the United .States Court of Claims at Washington — a position which he still (1899) continues to fill. Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- coln. From the time of coming to the State in 1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most intimate traveling companions in the old Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the Supreme Court of the United States and United States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The Judge holds in bis memory many pleasant remi- niscences of that daj', especially of the eastevj portion of the District, where he was accustome-.l to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- Donald and other leading lawj-ers of Indiana, as well as the historic men whom he met at the State capital. WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was born at Woodstock, Conn., May 9, 1839, and enjoyed only such educational and other advan- tages as belonged to the average Xew England boy of that period. During his boyhood liis family removed to Xew Jersey, where he attended an academy, later, graduating from Columbia College and Law School in New York City, and began practice with State .Senator Robert Allen at Red Bank, N. J. During the Civil "War he enlisted in a New Jersey regunent and took part in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con- tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the House of Representatives from Adams County, as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where, by re-election in 1894, he served continuously until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His abilities and long service — covering the sessions of the Thirty-fifth to the Fortietli General Assem- blies — placed him at the head of the Democratic side of the Senate during the latter part of his legislative career. WELLS, WilUam, soldier and victim of the Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, about 1770. When a boy of 12, he was captured by the Miami Indians, whose chief. Little Turtle, adopted him, giving him his daughter in mar- riage when he grew to manhood. He was highly esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and, in 1790, was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. Clair was defeated. He then realized that he was fighting against his own race, and informed his father-in-law that he intended to ally himself with the whites. Leaving the Miamis, he made his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife. Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the Peace. In 1812 he learned of the contemplated evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten- tion being to furnish a body-guard to the non- combatants on their proposed march to Fort Wayne. On August 13, he marched out of the fort with fifteen of his dusky warriors behind HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 583 him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.) The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' bodj' -was riddled with bullets, his head cut o£E and his heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1812; lived on a farm until 17 years old, attending school irregularly, but made such progress that he became succes- sively a teacher in the Teachers' Seminary at Andover and Newburyport, and. finally. Principal of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass. In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend- ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' Association, one of the first editors of "The Massachusetts Teacher'' and prominently con- nected with various benevolent, educational and learned societies ; was also author of several text- books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 188.5. WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar- shall County, '20 miles south of La Salle, has zinc works, public and parochial schools, a weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- lation (1880)", 911; (1890). 1,0.53; (1900), 1,486. WENTWOKTH, John, early journalist and Congressman, was born at Sandwich, N. H., March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmoutli Col- lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- crat," which had been estabUshed by John Cal- houn three years previous. He soon after became proprietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- tinued to be the publisher until it was merged into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 1864. He also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, during his incumbency introducing a number of important municipal reforms ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice served on the Board of Education. He again represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of service in that body. In 1872 he joined in the Greeley movement, but later renewed his alle- giance to the Republican party. In 187^ At. Went- worth published an elaborate genealogical work in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- worth Family." A volume of "Congressional Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- cago," published in connection with the Fergus Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- tion on early local and national history. On account of his extraordinary height he received the sobriquet of "Long John," by which he was famiUarly known tliroughout the State. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1818 ; in 1829 became a clerk in the Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a position in the United States Land Office there. Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years — meanwhile filling the office of County Treasiirer, ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he estabUshed a bank at Edwardsville, with which he was con- nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed much ability as a public speaker. WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- pist, was born at Galesburg, 111,, July 31, 1837; graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught until 1873, when she was elected County Super- intendent of Schools, serving nine years. She took an active and influential interest in educa- tional and reformatory movements, was for two years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- nal,'' Chicago, the organ of the AVoman's Chris- tian Temperance Union^ — in which slie held the position of President ; was also President, in the latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman's Press Association of Chicago, that city having become her home in 1885. In 1892, Miss West started on a tour of the world for the benefit of her health, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1892. WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in accordance with an act of the General Assembly, approved. May 22, 1895, The Thirty-ninth Gen- eral Assembly made an appropriation of $100,000 for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while Rock Island Countv donated a tract of 400 acres 684 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of land valued at ^0,000. The site selected by the Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock Island, and five and a half miles from Moline, and the buildings are of the most modern style of con- struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of railroad — the Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — besides the Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was begun in 1896, and they were opened for the reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- pacity for 800 patients. WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, incorporated in 1892; has a faculty of eight mem- bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with property valued at §70,000. The institution gives instruction in literary and scientific branches, besides preparatory and business courses. WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 300 males and 200 females. WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 15 miles west of the initial station. Population (1890), 451; (1900), 662. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- tant Episcopal Cliurch. It was founded in 1883 througli the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- tecture — one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a school for boys is conducted on the first floor of the main building, which is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is under the general super- vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Protes- tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois. WESTFIELD, village of Clark County, on Cin., Ham. & Dayton R. R. , 10 m. s.-e. of Charleston; seat of Westfield College; has a bank, five churches and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 830. WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on the Peoria-Evansville Div. 111. Cent. R. R.. 13 miles northeast of Albion; has a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 476; (1900), 700. WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was born in Chicago, Dftc. 9, 1849; in her childhood attracted attention while singing with her father (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in Chicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of age, went to New York to study, earning her way by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; in New York was patronized by Henry Ward Beecher and others, and aided in securing the training of European masters. Compelled to sur- mount many obstacles from poverty and other causes, her after success in her profession was phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Jliss Abbott married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who died before her. WHEATON, a city and the county-seat of Du Page County, situated on the Chicago & North- western Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago. Agri- culture and stock-raising are the chief industries in the surrounding region. The cit}' owns a new water- works plant (costing §60,000) and has a public library valued at §75,000, the gift of a resident, Mr. John Quincy Adams; has a court house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage system, seven churches, three graded schools, four weekly newspapers and a State bank. Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which see). Population (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622; (1900), 3,345. WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and under Congregational control. It was founded in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- tered under its present name in 1860. Its early existence was one of struggle, but of late j-ears it has been established on a better foundation, in 1898 having $.54, 000 invested in productive funds, and property aggregating .$136,000. The faculty comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there were 321 students in attendance. It is co-edu- cational and instruction is given in business and preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, music and classical literature. WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D., clergy- man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829; graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell College, Iowa, (1857-61) ; was United States Con- sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professor of English Literature in Northwestern University (1867-75); edited "The Methodist" in New York, seven years, and was President of Allegheny College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL. D. from the Northwestern University in 1881. He is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 58&^ (two volumes, 1864) and "By-Ways of Literature" (1883), besides some translations. WHEELER, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, was born at Ballston, N. Y., August .5, 1848, but emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1852; remained on a farm until 19 years of age, his educational advantages being limited to three months' attendance upon a district school each year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- teenth District in the State Senate, where he served on many important committees, being Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. In 1892 he was elected Representative in Con- gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the Republican ticket. WHEELING, a town on the northern border of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Central Railway. Population (1890), 811; (1900), 331. WHISTLER, (Maj.) John, soldier and builder of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- land, about 1756 ; served under Burgoyne in the Revolution, and was with the force surrendered by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the peace he returned to the United States, settled at Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States Army, serving at first in the ranks and being severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn within the limits of the present city of Chicago, remaining in command until 1811, when he was succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the brevet rank of Major, in 1815 was appointed military store-keeper at Newport, Ky., and after- wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, where he died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a time, in old Fort Dearborn — but transferred, in 1809, to Fort Wayne — was of the force included in Huirs surrender at Detroit in 1812. After his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to the rank of Major in 1826 and to a Lieutenant-Colo- nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated, but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson of the first Major Whistler. WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was born in Massachusetts in 1848 ; after graduating, at the age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- seventh Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- ing under General Grant in the campaign against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder- ness until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a course in a commercial college at Worcester, Mass., in 1867 lie came to Chicago, securing em- ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later began business on his own abcount, which he has successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years later, serving in that body eight years. He declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth District, as he was again in 1896, but was defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- crat. WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- brook, N. H., August 10, 18:M; in 1853 graduated at Beloit College, Wis., whither his father had removed in 1837; engaged in journalism as city editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- une," during a part of the war acting as its Washington correspondent. He also served, in 1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1864 he purchased an interest in "The Tribune," a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but retired in October, 1874. After a protracted European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase and reorganization of "The New York Evening Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief. WHITE, JuUus, soldier, was born in Cazen- ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where he was a member of the Legislature of 1&49 ; in 1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- west Missouri. He afterwards served with Gen- eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released under parole; was tried by a court of inquiry at his own request, and acquitted, the court finding that he had acted with courage and capability. 686 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He resigned in 1864, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died, at Evanston, May 12, 1890. WHITE CaUNTY, situated in the southeastern quarter of the State, and bounded on the east by the Wabash River; was organized in 1816, being the tenth county organized during the Territorial period : area. 500 square miles. The county is crossed by three railroads and drained by the Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, for the most part, highly productive. The princi- pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and wool. The principal industrial establishments are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. Carmi is the county-seat. Other towns are En- field, Grayville and Norris City. Population (1880), 23,087; (1890). 25,005; (1900), 25,386. WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quinc}' Railroads, 65 miles north of St. Louis and 24 miles south-southwest of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has stoneware and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops, creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, electric light and power system nurseries and fruit-supply houses, and two poultry packing houses; also has five churches, a graded school, two banks and three newspapers — one daily. Pop- ulation (1890), 1,961; (1900), 2,030. WHITEHOUSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis- copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in 1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog- ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and New York until 1851, when he was chosen Assist- ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase in 1852. In 1867, by invitation of the Archbishop of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon before the Pan-AngUcan Conference held in England. During this visit he received the degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant orator and a trenchant and unyielding controver- sialist. Died, in Chicago, August 10, 1874. WHITESIDE COUNTY, in the northwestern portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi River; created by act of tlie Legislature passed in 1836, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a noted Indian fighter ; area, 700 square miles. The surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The county-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present location. The Rock River crosses the county and furnishes abundant water power for numer- ous factories, turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also distilling and brewing interests, besides saw and planing mills. Corn is the staple agricultural product, although all the leading cereals are extensively grown. The principal towns are Morrison, Sterling. Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- lation (1880),. 30,885; (I800I, 30,854; (1900), 34.710. WHITESIDE, William, pioneer and soldier of the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, to the present limits of Monroe County, 111., erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, which became widely known as "Whiteside Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, and was active in organizing the militia during the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in 1815. — John (Whiteside), a brother of the preced- ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to Illinois at the same time, as also did William B. and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- tively. All of them became famous as Indian fighters. The two latter served as Captains of companies of "Rangers"' in the War of 1812, Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island in 1814, and contributing greatlj' to the success of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) he attained the rank of Brigadier-General. Whiteside Countj' was named in his honor. He made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and represented that county in the First General Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- son County for a number of years. — John D. (Whiteside), another member of this historic family, became very prominent, serving in the lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer (1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as he was known, was the second of James Shields in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) in 1842, and, as such, carried the challenge of the former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duels.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 587 WHITING, Lorenzo D., legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- nently until 1849, when he located in Bureau County. He was a Representative from that county in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1869), and a member of the Senate continuously from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through eight General Assemblies. Died at his home near Tiskihva, Bureau Coimty, 111., Oct. 10, 1889. WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was born at West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 1826, and received a common school education. In 1862 he was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer Army of the Union, and resigned in 1866. Hav- ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fifth Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- ued until the abolition of the oflBce in 1873. On retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until March 4, 1875, when he resigned to take his seat as Republican Representative in Congress from the Peoria District, to which he had been elected in November, 1874. After the expiration of liis term he held no public office, but was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1884. Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York City, May 24, 1888. WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and early teacher, known bj- the nickname of "Lord Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some time at or near Edwardsville, then became a teacher at Atlas, Pike County, and, still later, the first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. Though nominally a'lawyer, he had little if any practice. He acquired the title, bj' which he was popularly known for a quarter of a century, by his custom of visiting the State Capital, dming the sessions of the General Assembly, when he would organize the lobbyists and visit- ors about the capital — of which there were an unusual number in those days — into what was called the "Third House." Having been regu- larly chosen to preside under the name of "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at members of the two houses and others, which would be received with cheers and laughter. The meetings of the "Third House," being held in the evening, were attended by many members and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years. was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at Quincy. Died, Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is a native of New York, came at an early age, with Ids parents, to Sj'camore, 111., where he was edu- cated in the high school there. He purposed becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, accepted the position of clerk in the office. Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the organization of the State National Bank, was chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the position some twenty years. After the appoint- ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- cago, in 1892. Mr. Whittemore became cashier in that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas- rure under the administration of State Treasurer Henry Wulff. In 1898 he was elected State Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over his Democratic opponent. WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Nov. 22. 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 184;3, and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through the Mexican War. On the return of peace he engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tentli Regi- ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, when, his regiment having been consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal Revenue for several years, after which he en- gaged in the gi-ocery trade. Died, in Springfield, Augiist 8, 1898. WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken to France at eight years of age, was educated for a CathoHc priest. Coming to the United States in 1815, he was at Cahokia. 111., in 1818, wliere, during the same year, he married into a French family of that place. He served in the House of Representatives from Randolph Covmty. in the Second and Third General Assemblies (1820-24), and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-28). During his last term in the House, he was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- kaskia, in 1833. WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was born at Meadville, Pa., April .6, 1834; at 4 years of age removed with his parents to Quincy. 111., 588 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having gradiiated from Lombard University. Galesburg, in 1857, he began reading law witli Judge O. C. Skinner of Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, hut, before commenc-ing practice, spent a year at Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. Immediately thereafter he opened an office at Pittsfield, 111., and has resided there ever since. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served two terms in the Legislature (1863-67) and. in 1874, was chosen Representative from his District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, which position he continued to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the practice of law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901 WILEY, (CoL) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was born in Smithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio, March 25, 1821, came to Illinois in 1845 and began life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. In 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly in New Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later he removed to Jonesboro, where lie spent some time at the carpenter's trade, after which he became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to edit "The Jonesboro Gazette"' until 18.53; then became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, but later engaged in the hardware trade at Jonesboro, in which he continued for several years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- didate for President, received only 825 in the same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate oflBce in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. Phillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he was connected until 1860. when he removed to Makanda, Jackson County. In September, 1861, he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri and Arkansas under Generals Steele and Curtiss, being, a part of the time, in command of the First Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks- burg. having command of the right wing of General Grant's cavalry. Being disabled by rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered his resignation, and was immediately appointed Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served as Secretary of the Board until the institution was opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was defeated as a candidate for County Judge of Jackson County, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against William Hartzell, but was defeated by only twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten counties comprising the District. In the latter years of his life. Colonel Wiley was engaged quite extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- son County, where he died, March 22, 1890. WILKIE, Franc Bangs, journalist, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y. , July 2, 1830; took a partial course at Union College, after which he edited papers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, 111., and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa ; also serving, during a part of the Civil War, as the western war correspondent of "The New York Times." In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 — a part of the time as its European correspond- ent. He was the author of a series of sketches over the nom de plume of "Poliuto," and of a volume of reminiscences under the title, "Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published shortly before his death, which took place, April 12, 1892. WILKIN, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 7, 1837 ; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree College ; served three years in the War for the Union; studied law with Judge Scholfield and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1873, he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit Court and reelected in 1885 — the latter year being assigned to the Appellate bench for the Fourth District, where he remained until his election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home is at Danville. WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the profession of the law, and, after a course of study under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fi89 was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen to the same position in 1861. At the expiration of his second term he removed to Chicago. Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. WILKIXSOX, John P., early merchant, vpas born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1828, settled in Jacksonville, III., where he engaged in mer- cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female Academy, of each of which he was a Trustee from their origin until his death, which occurred, during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 1841. WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early legislator, was born in Pliiladelpliia, June 4, 1778; about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa. . and, in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician by profession, but having leased the saline lands on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- wards became the town of Brownsville, he engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing thither in 1815, and becoming one of the founders of Brownsville, afterwards the first county-seat of Jackson County. On the organization of Jackson County, in 1816, he became a member of the first Board of County Commissioners, and, in 1818, served as Delegate from that county in the Convention which framed the first State Consti- tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a member of the Legislature from 1818 to "34 — first as Senator in the First General Assembly, then as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth — his career being conspicuous for long service. He died in office, June 11, 1834. Dr. Will was short of stature, fleshy, of jovial disposition and fond of playing practical jokes upon his associates, but very popular, as shown by his successive elections to the Legislature. He has been called "The Father of Jackson County."" Will County, organized by act of the Legislature two years after his death, was named in his honor. WILL COUJfTY, a northeastern county, em- bracing 850 square miles, named in honor of Dr. Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. Early explorations of the territory were made in 1829, when white settlers were few. The bluff west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied by David and Benjamin Maggard. Josepli Smith, the Mormon "apostle," expounded his peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- eral of the early settlers fled from the country during for after) a raid by the Sac Indians. There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will County, originally a part of Cook, was separately erected in 1836, Joliet being made the county-seat. Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are the chief industries. Joliet, Lockport and Wil- mington are the principal towns. Population (1880), 53.422; (1890), 62,007; (1900), 74,764. WILLARD, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and reformer, was born at Cliurchville, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1839. graduated from the Northwestern Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859, and, in 1862. accepted the Professorship of Natural Sciences in that institution. During 1866-67 she was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary. The next two years she devoted to travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut- ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 she was Professor of Esthetics in the Northwestern University and dean of the Woman's College. She was always an enthusiastic champion of temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- sion to identify herself with the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union. For five years she was Corresponding Secretary of the national body, and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary she organized the Home Protective Association, and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, asking for the granting to women of the right to vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1882, was elected as a member of the executive com- mittee of the National Prohibition party. In 1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- ment for the protection of women, and succeeded in securing favorable legislation, in this direc- tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she foimded the World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in 1888, was chosen its President, as also President of the International Council of Women. The latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad, much of the time as the guest and co-worker of Lady Henry .Somerset, of England, during which she devoted much attention to investigating the condition of women in tlie Orient. Miss Willard was a prolific and highly valued contributor to the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets) published several volumes, including "Nineteen Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister); "Woman in Temperance"; "How to Win," and 590 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Woman in the Pulpit." Died, in New York, Feb. 18, 1898. WILLARD, Samuel, A.M., M.D., LL.D., phy- sician and educator, was born in Lunenberg, Vt., Dec. 30, 1821— the lineal descendant of Maj. Simon Willard, one of the founders of Concord, Mass., and prominent in "King Philip's War," and of his son. Rev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the Old South Church, Boston, and seventh President of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch was taken in his infancy to Boston, and, in 1831, to CarroUton, 111., where his father pursued the avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory course at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, in 1836 he entered the freshman class in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but withdrew the following year, re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- man, afterwards State Superintendent of Public Instruction and President of Knox College, and Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y. The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of medicine at Quincy, graduating from the Medical Department of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the latter year he edited a Free-Soil campaign paper ("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The Western Temperance Magazine" at the same place. In 1849 he began the practice of his pro- fession at St. Louis, but the next year removed to CoUinsville, 111. , remaining until 1857, when he took charge of the Department of Languages in the newly organized State Normal University at Normal. The second year of the Civil War (1862) he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after commissioned as Surgeon with the rank of Major, participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and in the first attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- abled by an attack of paralysis, in February, 1863, he was compelled to resign, when he had suffici- ently recovered accepting a position in the ofBce of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- field, where he remained until the close of the war. He then became Grand Secretary of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State of Illinois— a position which he had held from 1856 to 1862 — remaining under his second appoint- ment from 1865 to "69. The next year he served as Superintendent of Schools at Springfield, meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield public library, and serving as its first librarian. In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History in the West Side High School of Chicago, which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), he continued to occupy for more than twenty- five years, retiring in 1898. In the meantime. Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, having been, for a considerable period, editor, or assistant-editor, of "The IlUnois Teacher," a con- tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a "Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- teen volumes, begim while he was Grand Secre- tary of the Order in 1864. and continued in 1872 and "82; a "Synopsis of History and Historical Chart," covering the period from B. C. 800 to A. D. 1876 — of which he has had a second edition in course of preparation. Of late years he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- ary of Names and Places," which will include some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the most important work of his life. Previous to the war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator on the "Underground Railroad,'' who made no concealment of his opinions, and, on one or two occasions, was called to answer for them in prosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act." (See "Underground Railroad.") His friend and classmate, the late Dr. Bateman, says of him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear and forcible writer; of broad and accurate scholarship; conscientious, genial and kindly, and a mo.st estimable gentleman." WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and jurist, was born in Montgomery Count}-, Ky., June 10, 1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural fondness for study, he chose the profession of law, and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee in 1828, coming to Quincy, 111., the following year. He was elected to the General Assembly three times — serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and in the House, 1836-40; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; was twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for United States Senator, and appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln, in 1861, United States District Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and high character were widely recognized. Died, in Quincy, Sept. 21, 1863— His son, John H., an attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- cuit Court 1879-85.— Another son, Abraham Lin- coln, was twice elected Attorney-General of Kansas. WILLIAMS, Erastus Smith, lawyer and ju- rist, was born at Salem, N. Y., May 22, 1821. In 1842 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading law, he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 he was appointed Master in Chancery, which HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 591 office he filled until 1863, when he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook Coxmty. After re-election in 1870 he became Chief Justice, and, at the same time, heard most of the cases on the equity side of the court. In 18T9 he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the party ticket. After his retirement from the bench he resumed private practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884. WILLIAMS, James R., Congressman, was born in White County, 111. , Dec. 27, 1850, at the age of 25 graduated from the Indiana State Uni- versity, at Bloomington, and, in 1876, from the Union College of Law, Chicago, since then being an active and successful practitioner at Carmi. In 1880 he %vas appointed Master in Chancery and served two years. From 1882 to 1886 he was County Judge. In 1893 he was a nominee on the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell (Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was again a candidate and elected to the Fifty-sixth Congress. WILLIAMS, John, pioneer merchant, was born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store in his native State; then, joining his parents, who had settled on a tract of land in a part of Sangamon (now Menard) Coimty, 111., he found employment as clerk in the store of Major Elijah lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- ness at the age of 23, continuing it without inter- ruption imtil 1880. In 1856 Mr. WiUiams was the Republican candidate for Congress in the Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed Commissary-General for the State, rendering valuable service in furnishing supplies for State troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed- ing to the field, in the first years of the war ; was also chief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis- sion for two years, and, as one of the intimate personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to accompany the remains of the martyred President, from Washington to Springfield, for burial. Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, liis name was associated with nearly every public enter- prise of importance in Springfield during his business career — being one of the founders, and, for eleven years President, of the First National Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, and the Springfield and Peoria line; a Director of the Springfield Iron Companj' ; one of the Commissioners who con- structed the Springfield water-works, send an officer of the Lincoln Monument Association, from 1865 to his death, May 29, 1890. WILLIAMS, \orman, lawyer, was born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb, 1, 1833, being related, on both the paternal and maternal sides, to some of the most prominent families of New England. He fitted for college at Union Academy, Meriden, and graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of 1855. After taking a course in the Albany Law School and with a law firm in his native town, he was admitted to practice in both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi- cago in 1858, and, in 1860, became a member of the firm of King, Kales & Williams, still later forming a partnership witli Gen. John L. Thomp- son, which ended with the death of the latter in 1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com- pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors; also assisted in organizing tlie We.stern Electric Company, and was prominently identified with the Chicago Telephone Company and the Western Union Telegraph Company. In 1881 he served as the United States Commissioner to the Electrical Exposition at Paris. In conjunction with his brother (Edward H. Williams) he assisted in foimding the public library at Woodstock, Vt.. which, in honor of his father, received the name of "The Norman Williams Public Library." With Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J. Mc- Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the will of the late John Crerar, as an executor of the Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi- dent ; was also a Director of the Cliicago Pub- lic Library, and trustee of a number of large estates. Mr. Williams was a son-in-law of the late Judge John D. Caton, and his oldest daughter became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer- ritt; a few months before his death, which oc- curred at Hampton Beach, N. H., June 19, 1899 — his remains being interred in his native town of Woodstock, Vt. WILLIAMS, Robert Ebenezer, lawyer, born Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa., his grandfathers on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary War. In 1880 his parents removed to Washing- ton in tlie same State, where in boyhood he worked as a mechanic in his father's shop, attending a common school in the vrinter until 692 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. he reached the age of 17 years, when he entered Washington College, remaining for more than a year. He then began teaching, and, in 1845 went to Kentucky, where he pursued the business of a teacher for four years. Then he entered Bethany College in West Virginia, at the same time prosecuting his law studies, but left at the close of his junior year, when, having been licensed to practice, he removed to Clinton, Texas. Here he accepted, from a retired lawyer, the loan of a law library, which he afterwards purchased ; served for two years as State's Attor- ney, and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where he spent the remainder of his life in the practice of his profession. Much of his time was devoted to practice as a railroad attorney, espe- cially in connection with the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads, in which he acquired prominence and wealth. He was a life- long Democrat and, in 1868, was the unsuccessful candidate of his party for Attorney-General of the State. The last three years of his life he had been in bad health, dying at Bloomington, Feb. 1.5, 1899. WILLIAMS, Samuel, Bank President, was born in Adams County, Ohio, July 11, 1820; came to Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and, in 1842, removed to Iroquois County, where he held vari- ous local offices, including that of County Judge, to which he was elected in 1861. During his later j'ears he had been President of the Watseka Citizens' Bank. Died, June 16, 1896. WILLIAMSON, Rollin Samuel, legislator and jurist, was born at Cornwall, Vt. , May 23, 1839. At the age of 14 he went to Boston, where he began life as a telegraph messenger boy. In two years he had become a skillful operator, and, as such, was employed in various offices in New England and New York. In 1857 he came to Chicago seeking employment and, tlirough the fortunate correction of an error on the part of the receiver of a message, secured the position of operator and station agent at Palatine, Cook County. Here he read law during his leisure time without a preceptor, and, in 1870, was admitted to the bar. Tlie same year he was elected to the lower House of the General Assembly and, in 1872, to the Senate. In 1880 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in 1887, was chosen a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court. Died, Au- gust 10. 1889. WILLIAMSON COUNTY, in the soutliern part of the State, originally set off from Franklin and organized in 1839. The county is well watered. the principal streams being the Big Muddy and the South Fork of the Saline. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The region was originally well covered with forests. All the cereals (as well as potatoes) are cultivated, and rich meadows encourage stock-raising. Coal and sandstone underlie the entire county. Area, 440 square miles; population (1880), 19,324- (1890) 22,236; (1900), 27,796. WILLIAMSVILLE, village of Sangamon Coun- ty, on Chicago & Alton Railroad, 12 miles north of Springfield : has a bank, elevator, 3 churches, a newspaper and coal-mines. Pop. (1900), .573. WILLIS, Jonathan Clay, soldier and former Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner, was born in Sumner Count}-, Tenn., June 27, 1826; brought to Gallatin County, 111., in 1834, and settled at Golconda in 1843; was elected Sheriff of Pope County in 1856, removed to Metropolis in 1859, and engaged in the wharf -boat and commission business. He entered the service as Quarter- master of the Forty -eighth Illinois Volunteers in 1861, but was compelled to resign on account of injuries, in 1863 ; was elected Representative ii' the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868), appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in 1892, as the successor of John R. Tanner, serving imtil 1893. WILMETTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles nortli of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, a handsome suburb of Chicago on the shoi-e of Lake Michigan ; principal streets paved and shaded with fine forest trees; has public library and good schools. Pop. (1900), 2,300. WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-south- west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures, two National banks, a graded school, churches and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location of the Illinois Soldiers' Widows" Home. Popu- lation (1890), 1,.576; (1900), 1,420. WILSON, Charles Lush, journalist, was born in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10, 1818, edu- cated in the common schools and at an academy in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi- cago, entering the employment of his older brothers, who were connected with the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal at Joliet. His brother, Richard L., having assumed charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" (the successor of "The Chicago American"), in;i844, Charles L. took a position in the office, ultimately securing a partnership, which continued until the death HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 593 of his brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the ownership of the paper. Mr. Wilson was an ardent friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln for the United States Senate in 1858, but, in 1860, favored the nomination of Mr. Seward for the Presidency, though earnestly supporting Mr. Lin- coln after his nomination. In 1861 he was appointed Secretary of the American Legation at London, serving with the late Minister Charles Francis Adams, until 1864, when he resigned and resumed his connection with "The Journal." In 1875 his health began to fail, and three years later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex., in the hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli- mate, he died in that city, March 9, 1878. — Richard Lnsh (Wilson), an older brother of the preceding, the first editor and publisher of "The Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native of New York. Coming to Chicago with his brother John L., in 1834, they soon after estab- lished themselves in business on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, then in course of construction. In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" for a publishing committee which had purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri- can," but soon after became principal proprietor. In April, 1847, while firing a salute in honor of the victory of Buena Vista, he lost an arm and was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can- non. Early in 1849, he was appointed, by Presi- dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, but, having failed of confirmation, was compelled to retire in favor of a successor appointed by Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr. Wilson published a little volume in 1842 entitled "A Trip to Santa Fe," and, a few years later, a story of travel under the title, "Short Ravel- lings from a Long Yarn." Died, December, 1856. — John Lush (Wilson), another brother, abo a native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was afterwards associated with his brothers in busi- ness, being for a time business manager of "The Chicago Journal;" also served one term as Sher- iff of Cook Coimty. Died, in Chicago, April 13, 1888. WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at Middlebury, N. Y., April 26, 1817, graduated from Brown University in 1838, and the same year came to Chicago, whither his father's family had preceded him in 1835. After reading law for two years, he entered the senior class at Cambridge (Mass.) Law School, graduating in 1841. In August of that year he opened an office at Elgin, and. for ten years "rode the cir- cuit." In 1851 he was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit to fiU a vacancy, and re-elected for a full term in 1855, and again in "61. In November of the latter year he was commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned, a few weeks later, and resumed his place upon the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- self to private practice, which was largely in the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resumed his seat upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- cuit), and was at once designated as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of which tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, about the close of his term, at Geneva. June 8, 1891. WILSON, James Grant, soldier and author, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 18.32, and, when only a year old, was brought by his father, William Wilson, to America. The family settled at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where James Grant was educated at College Hill and under private teachers. After finishing his studies he became his father's partner in business, but, in 1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, removed to Chicago, where he founded the first literary paper established in the Northwest. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major and after- wards promoted to the colonelcJ^ In August, 1863, while at New Orleans, by advice of General Grant, he accepted a conunission as Colonel of the Fourth Regiment United States Colored Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to the staff of the Commander of the Department of the Gulf, filling this post until April. 1865. When General Banks was relieved. Colonel Wil- son was brevetted Brigadier-General and placed in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July, 1865, since which time his home has been in New York. He is best known as an author, having pubUs'hed numerous addresses, and being a fre- quent contributor to American and European magazines. Among larger works which he has written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of Illinois Officers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of Fitz Greene Halleck" ; "Poets and Poetry of Scotland''; "Bryant and His Friends", and "Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. " WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- tarv engineer, was born near Shawneetown, 111. , Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander Wil- 50i HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur- ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson) served as Assi.stant Adjutant-General of Volun- teers during the Civil War, and as Solicitor of the United States Treasury during the "whisky ring" prosecutions. James H. was educated in the common schools, at McKendree College, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and being assigned to the Topographical Engineer Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo- graphical Engineer of the Port Royal expedition until March, 1863 ; was afterwards- attached to the Department of the South, being present at the bombardment of Fort Pulaski; was Aid-de- camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat- tles of South Mountain and Antietam ; was made Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in November, 1862; was Chief Topographical Engineer and Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee until October, 1863, being actively engaged in the operations around Vicksburg; was made Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He also conducted operations preliminary to the battle of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, and for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed in command of tlie Third Division of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac, serving from May to August, 1864, under General Sheridan. Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart- ment of the Mississippi, where he so distinguished himself that, on April 20, 1865, he was made Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight days he captured five fortified cities, twenty- three stands of colors, 288 guns and 6,820 prison- ers — among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866, and, on July 28, following, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31, 1870, he returned to civil life, and was afterwards largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) General Wilson was appointed, by the President, Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its close. He is the author of "China: Travels and Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen. U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in New York. WILSOX, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born in New Hampshire in 1802, graduated at Bowdoin College in 1834 — the classmate of Frank- lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne ; studied law in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, serving, at different periods, as attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shoi'e & Michi- gan Southern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Cook County, 1853-59, when he became Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, serving until 1808. Died, Dec. 7, 1883. WILSON, John P., lawyer, was born in White- side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg, graduating from the latter in 1865; two years later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and speedily attained prominence in his profession. During the World's Fair period he was retained as counsel by the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, and was prominently connected, as counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- tion. WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was born in Washington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833. removed to Athens (now in Menard County), 111. ; was elected Representative in 1836, and was one of the members from Sangamon County, known as the "Long Nine," who assisted in securing the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. Mr. Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as private in a battalion in Washington City under command of Cassius M. Clay, for guard duty until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- ment. He subsequently assisted in raising troops in Illinois, was appointed Paymaster by Lincoln, serving at Washington, St. Louis, and, after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield — being mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- side County, 1880. WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was born at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa. , Nov. 6, 1812; learned the printer's art, then studied law and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann Arbor, Mich. , where he served as Probate Judge HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 595 and State Senator; in 1850 came to Chicago, was elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and proving "a terror to evil-doers." Died, at Law- rence, Mich., Dec. 23, 1882. WILSOX, William, early jurist, was born in Loudoun County, Va., April 27, 1794; studied lavr with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawyer, and minister to France in the early part of the century ; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after came to Illinois, two years later locating in White County, near Carmi, which continued to be his home during the remainder of his life. In 1819 he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court as successor to William P. Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as "a great rascal and no lawj-er," and who held oiBce onlj' about nine months. Judge Wilson was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief- Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30 years old, and held office until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848 — a period of over twentj'-nine j'ears, and, with the exception of Judge Browne's, the long- est term of service in the historj' of the court. He died at his home in White County, April 29, 1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself with the Democi-atic party on the dissolution of the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring- field, says of hun, "as a writer, his style was clear and distinct; as a lawyer, his judgment was sound and discriminating," WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott County, founded in 1839, situated on Big Sandy Creek and on the line of the Cliicago, Burlington & Qiiincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beardstown and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While the surrounding region is agricultural and largely devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal mining. Winchester is an important shipping- point, having three grain elevators, two flouring mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. There are four Protestant and one Catholic church, a court house, a high school, a graded school building, two banks and two weekly news- papers. Population (1880). 1.626; (1890), 1,542; (1900), 1,711. WINDSOR, a city of Shelby County at the cross- ing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 11 miles north- east of Shelbyville. Population (1880), 768; (1890), 888; (1900), 866. WINES, Frederick Howard, clergyman and sociologist, was born in Philadelphia. Pa., April 9, 1838, graduated at Washington (Pa.) College in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- nary, but was compelled temporarily to discon- tinue his studies on account of a weakness of the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed him to preach in 1860, and, in 1862, he was com- missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army. During 1862-64 he was stationed at Springfield, Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on Jan. 8, 1863, and being personally mentioned for bravery on the field in the ofiicial report. Re- entering the seminary at Princeton in 1864, he graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years. In 1869 he was appointed Secretary of the newly created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued imtil 1893, when he resigned. For the next four years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in lecturing before universities on topics connected with social science, in aiding in the organization of charitable work, and in the conduct of a thorough investigation into the relations between liquor legislation and crime. At an early period he took a prominent part in organizing the various Boards of Public Charities of the United States into an organization known as the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and. nt the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its President. At the International Penitentiary Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result of his observations wliile abroad, he submitted to the Legislature a report strongly advocating the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for the Insane, then about to be built, upon the "detached ward" or "village" plan, a departure from then existing methods, which marks an era in the treatment of insane in the United States. Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the condition and number of the defective, depend- ent and delinquent classes throughout the coun- try, his rejjort constituting a separate volume under the "Tenth Census," and rendered a simi- lar service in connection with the eleventh census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary of the National Prison A.ssociation, succeeding to the post formerly held by his father, Enoch Cobb Wines, D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former position of Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, remaining until 1899. when he again tendered his resignation, having received the appointment to the position of Assistant Director £96 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Twelfth Census, which lie now holds. He is the author of "Crime and Reformation" (1895) ; of a voluminous series of reports ; also of numer- ouo pamphlets and brochures, among which may be mentioned "The County Jail System; An Argument for its Abolition" (1878) ; "The Kanka- kee Hospital" (1882); "Provision for the Insane in the United States" (1885); "Conditional Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886), and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census" WINES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- ick H. Wines), was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1848, received his primary education at Willis- ton Academy, East Hamnton, Mass. , after which h« entered Middlebury College, Vt., taking a classical course and graduating there. He after- wards became a student in the law department of Columbia College, N. Y., graduating in 1871, being admitted to the bar the same year and commencing practice in New York City. In 1879 he came to Springfield, 111., and was, for a time, identified with the bar of that city. Later, he removed to Chicago, where he has been engaged in literary and journalistic work. WINNEBAGO COUNTY, situated in the "northern tier," bordering on the Wisconsin State line; was organized, under an act passed in 1836, from La Salle and Jo Daviess Counties, and has an area of 552 square miles. The county is drained by the Rock and Pecatonica Rivers. The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. The geology is simple, the quaternary deposits being underlaid by the Galena blue and buff limestone, adapted for building purposes. All the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief product being corn. The Winnebago Indians (who gave name to the county) formerly lived on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta- watomies on the east, but both tribes removed westward in 1835. (As to manufacturing inter- ests, see Rockford.) Population (1880), 30,505; (1890), 39,938; (1900), 47,845 WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1837, during the administration of Gov. Ninian Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the conclusion of the War of 1812, but a few isolated outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- ners" in all directions. In the northern portion of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort Dearlwrn) the alarm was intense. The meagre militia force of the State was summoned and volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, 600 United States Regular Infantry, under command of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of the disturbance was as follows: The Winne- bagoes attacked a band of Chippewas, who were (by treaty) under Government potection, .several of the latter being killed. For participation in this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum- marily apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe- was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Galeiua, which had been occupied by white miners. Repeated acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden with supplies for Fort Snelling, which had anchored near Prairie du Cliien and opposite a Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and there is historical evidence that a half-dozen drunken squa%vs were carried off and shamefully maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled to avenge the deception which had been practiced upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats on their return trip. The first passed too rapidly to be successfully assailed, but the second grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully, attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his demand, the great Winnebago Chief, Red Bird, with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- rendered themselves as hostages to save their nation from extermination. A majority of these were, after trial, acquitted. Red Bird, however, unable to endure confinement, literally pined to death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is described as having been a savage of superior intelligence and noble character. A treaty of peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months later, but the affair seems to have produced as much alarm among the Indians as it did among the whites. (For Winnebago Indians see page Tyl^.) WINNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, I6V2 miles north of Chicago. It stands eighty feet above the level of Lake Micliigan, has good schools (being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- eral churches, and is a popular residence town. Population (1880), 584; (1890), 1,079; (1900)-, 1,833. WINSTON, Frederick Hampton, lawyer, was born in Liberty County, Ga., Nov. 20, 1830, was brought to Woodford County, Ky., in 1835, left an orphan at 12, and attended the common IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 597 I schools until 18, when, returning to Georgia, he engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally began the study of law with United States Sena- tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1852 ; spent some time in the office of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where lie formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd, afterwards being associated with Judge Henry W. Blodgett; served as general solicitor of tlie Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railways — remaining with the latter twenty years. In 1885 he was appointed, by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but resigned the following year, and traveled exten- sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign countries. Mr, Winston was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1868, "76 and '84 ; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln National Bank. WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. The Wiscon- sin Central Company was organized, June 17, 1887, and subsequentlj' acquired the Minnesota, St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. Paul & St. Croix Falls, the Wisconsin Central, the Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Jlontebello Rail- roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee & Lake Winnebago and the Wisconsin & Minne- sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, with the exception of the Wisconsin Central Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis- consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the control of the Wisconsin Central Company. The Wisconsin Central Railroad Company is a re- organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though differing in name, are a financial imit ; the former liolding most of the first mortgage bonds of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as the protection of land titles), it is neces.sary that separate corporations be maintained. On April 1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, but this was set aside by the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893, for non-payment of rent, and was finally canceled. On the same day receivers were appointed to insure the protection of all interests. The total mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company owns 258.90— only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of side-track (total, 66.54 miles), lying wholly within tlie State of Illinois, is operated by the Chicago & Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- trance into Chicago. WITHROW, Thomas P., lawyer, was born in Virginia in March, 1833, removed with his parents to Ohio in childhood, attended tlie We.stern Reserve College, and, after the death of his father, taught school and worked as a printer, later, editing a paper at Mount Vernon. In 1855 he removed to Janesville, Wis., where he again engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at Des Moines and served as private secretary of Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he became Supreme Court Reporter; served as Chairman of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became as.sociated with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of local attorney, was made chief law officer of the Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, in 1890, was promoted to the position of General Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 14, 1790; graduated from Yale College in 1809, and, after a course in medicine, was commis- sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc- cessor to Charles Jouett — the first Agent— who had been appointed a United States Judge in Arkansas. Tlie .same year he accompanied Gen- eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on their tour among the Indians of the Northwest ; was married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma- nent settler of Chicago; in 1825 was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which then included Cook County; was a Judge of Election in 1830, and one of the purchasers of a block of ground in tlie heart of the present city of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27, 1830, but died before the close of the year. Dr. Wolcott appears to have been a high-minded and honorable man, as well as far in advance of the mass of pioneers in point of education and intel- ligence. WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI- CAGO. (See Northivestern University Woman's Medical School.) 598 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. WOMAN SUFFRA(JE. {See Suffrage.) WOOD, Benson, lawyer ami Congressman, was born in Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1839; re- ceived a common school and academic education ; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two years, taught school in Lee County. He then enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment, attaining the rank of Captain of Infantry ; after the war. graduated from the Law Department of the old Chicago University, and has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. He was elected a niember of the Twenty -eighth Gen- eral Assembly (1872) and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 1888 ; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has uniformly returned a Democrat, and, in office, proved himself a most industrious and efficient member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate for re-election in 1896. WOOD, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1798 — his father being a Revolutionary soldier who had served as Surgeon and Captain in the army. At the age of 21 years young Wood re- moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams County, and building the first log-cabin on the site of the present citj- of Quincj-. He was a member of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight- eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- tenant-Governor in 18.')9 on the same ticket with Governor Bissell, and served out the unexpired term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- sell, William H. ) He was succeeded by Richard Yates in 1861. In February of that year he was appointed one of the five Commissioners from Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- ington, to consider methods for averting civil war. The following May he was appointed Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out the troops for the field. In June, 1864, he was commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh IlUnois Volunteers (lOOdaj-s' men) and mustered out of service the following Sep- tember. Died, at Quiucy, June 11, 1880. He was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His fellow-citizens of Quincy erected a monument to his memory, which was appropriatelj- dedicated, July 4. 1883. WOODFORD COUNTY, situated a little nortli of the center of the State, bounded on the west by the Illinois River; organized in 1841; area, 540 square miles. The surface is generally level, except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile and well watered. The county lies in the north- ern section of the great coal field of the State. Eureka is the county-seat. Other thriving cities and towns are Metamora. Minonk, El Paso and Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley are the principal crops. The cliief mechanical industries are flour manufacture, carriage and wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. Population (1890), 21,429; (1900), 21,822. WOODHULL, a village of Henry County, on Keithsburg branch Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 1.") miles west of Galva; has a bank, electric lights, water works, brick and tile works, six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 774. WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Aalborg, Denmark, March 11, 1844 ; received his early education in the schools of his native country, but took to the sea in 1860, following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf Squadron of the United States. After the war, he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- ated from the Law Department of the Chicago University in 1871. Some years later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated bj- the Judges of Cook Countj' as one of the Justices of the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he became the Republican candidate for Congress from the Fourth District and was elected, but failed to secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in Elgin Asylum for the In.sane, March 18, 1898. WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville. Pa., April 17, 1840; came with his parents to Illi- nois in 1842. the family settling at Barry, Pike County, but subsequently residing at Pittsfield, Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at Knox College in the latter place, which was his home from 1849 to ".58; later, taught school in Iowa and Missouri vmtil 1861. when he went to Springfield and began the study of law with Milton Hay and Shelby 51. CuUom. His law studies having been interrupted by the Civil War, after spending some time in the mustering and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, from which he went to the field as Adjutant of the Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the "Yates Sharp-Shooters. " After participating, with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta campaign, he took part in the "March to the Sea." and the campaign in the Carolinas, includ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 59S ing the siege of Savannah and the forcing of the Salkahatchie, where he distinguished liimself. as also in the taking of Cohimbia, Fayetteville, Cheraw, Raleigh and Bentonville. At the latter place he had a horse shot under him and won the brevet rank of JIajor for gallantry in the field, having previously been commissioned Captain of Company A of his regiment. He also served on the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith, Benjamin F. Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last mustering officer in General Sherman's army. In 1867 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where he was in business for a number of years, serving as chief clerk of Custom House construction from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted successfully for fifteen years. While connected with "The Republican," he served as Secretary of the Illinois Republican Press Association and in various other positions. Major Woods was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place was in Illinois. (See Oraud Army of the Rvpuh- lic; also Stephenson, Dr. B. F.) When Dr. Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of founding such an order, he called to his assist- ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the Adjutant-Generars Report. The Major wrote the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first official order bears his name as the first Adjutant- General of the Order, as follows : hkanqttarters department of illinois Grand Army of the Repi:blic. Springfield, III.. April 1, 1866. General Order-s '. Nti, 1. \ The following named officers are hereby appointed and assigned to duty at these lieadquarters. They wiil be obeyed and respected accordingly: Colonel Jules C. Webber. -i.D.C. and Chief of Staff. Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General. Major Robert M. Wouds. Adjutant-General. Captain John A. Lightfoot, Assistant Adjutant-General. Captain John S. Phelps, Aid-de-Camp. By order of B. F. Stephenson, Department Commander. Robert M. Woods, Adjutant-General. Major Woods afterwards organized the various Departments in the West, and it has been con- ceded that he furnished the money necessary to carry on the work during the first six months of the existence of the Order. He has never accepted a nomination or run for any political office, but is now engaged in financial business in Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the former place. WOODSOX, David Meade, lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., May 18, 1806; was educated in private schools and at Transylvania University, and read law with his father. He served a term in the Kentucky Legis- lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois, settling at Carrollton. Greene County. In 1839 he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a member of the lower house of the Legislature, being elected a second time in 1868. In 1843 he was the Whig candidate for Congress in the Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen A. Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1869-70. In 1848 he was elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit, remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877. WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Chicago and 32 miles east of Rockford. It contains a court house, eight churches, four banks, three newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops, planing mills, canning works, pickle, cheese and butter factories. The Oliver Typewriter Factory is located here ; the town is also the seat of the Todd Seminary for boys. Population (1890), 1,683; (1900), 2,502. WORCESTER, Linus E., State Senator, was born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated in the common schools of his native State and at Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and, after teaching three years, entered a dry-goods store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a partner. He was also engaged in various other branches of business at different times, including the drug, hardware, grocery, agricultural imple- ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving twelve years ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, served as County Judge for six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti- tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, from 1859, by successive reappointments, for twelve years. In 1856 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to the State Senate, to succeed John M. Palmer, resigned ; was re-elected in 1860, and, at the session of 1865, was one of the five Demo- cratic members of that body who voted for the ratification of the Emancipation Amendment of the National Constitution. He was elected County Judge a second time, in 1863, and re- elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo- cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 600 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Railroad, serving from the organization of the corporation until his death, wliich occurred Oct. 19, 1891. WORDE\, a village of Madison County, on the Wabash and the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railways, 33 miles northeast of St. Loviis. Population (1890), .'522; (1900), 544 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOX. An exhibition of the scuentiftc, liberal and mechan- ical arts of all nations, held at Chicago, between May 1 and Oct. 31, 1893. The project had its inception in November, 1885, in a resolution adopted bj' the directorate of the Chicago Inter- State Exposition Company. On July 6, 1888, the first well defined action was taken, the Iroquois Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six other leading clubs of that city in "securing the location of an international celebration at Chi- cago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive step was taken in the appointment by Mayor Cregier, \inder resolution of the City Council, of a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 256) citizens, who were charged with the duty of promoting the selection of Chicago as the site for the Exposition. New York, Washington and St. Louis were competing points, but the choice of Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establish- ing the World's Fair at that city was signed by President Harrison on April 25, 1890. Under the requirements of the law, the President appointed eight Commissioners-at-large, with two Commis- sioners and two alternates from each State and Territory and the District of Columbia. Col. George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc- tor-General by the body thus constituted. Ex- Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was chosen President of the Commission and John T. Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. This Commis- sion delegated much of its power to a Board of Reference and Control, who were instructed to act with a similar number appointed by the World's Columbian Exposition. The latter organization was an incorporation, with a direc- torate of forty-five members, elected annually by the stockliolders. Lyman J. Gage, of Chicago, was the first President of the corporation, and was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N. Higinbotham. In addition to these bodies, certain powers were vested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed of two members, with alternates, from each State and Territory, besides nine from the city of Chicago. Mrs. Potter Palmer was chosen President of the latter. This Board was particu- larly charged with supervision of women's par- ticipation in the Exposition, and of the exhibits of women's work. The supreme executive power was vested in the Joint Board of Control. The site selected was Jackson Park, in the South Division of Chi- cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and Washington Parks, known as the "Midway Plaisance," which was surrendered to "conces- sionaires" who purchased the privilege of giving exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selling- booths thereon. The total area of the site was 633 acres, and that of the buildings — not reckon- ing those erected by States other than Illinois, and by foreign governments — was about 300 acres. When to this is added the acreage of the foreign and State buildings, the total space imder roof approximated 250 acres. These fig- ures do not include the buildings erected by private exhibitors, caterers and venders, which would add a small percentage to the grand total. Forty-seven foreign Governments made appropri- ations for the erection of their own buildings and other expenses connected with oflScial represen- tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty-six nations. The United States Government erected its own building, and appropriated $500,000 to defray the expenses of a national exhibit, besides §2,500,000 toward the general cost of the Exposi- tion. The appropriations by foreign Governments aggregated about $6,500,000, and tliose by the States and Territories, §6,120,000 — that of Illinois being $800,000. The entire outlay of the World's Columbian Exposition Company, vip to March 31, 1894, including the cost of preliminaiy organiza- tion, construction, operating and post- Exposition expenses, was §37,151,800. This is, of course, exclusive of foreign and State erpenditures, which would swell the aggregate cost to nearly §45,000,000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed §5,608,306 toward the capital stock of the Exposi- tion Company, and the municipality, §5,000,000, which was raised by the sale of bonds. (See Thirty-sixth General Asseinhly.) The site, while admirably adapted to the pur- pose, was, when chosen, a marshy flat, crossed by low sand ridges, upon whicli stood occasional clumps of stunted scrub oaks. Before the gates of the great fair were opened to the public, the entire area had been transformed into a dream of beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and sodded ; driveways and broad walks constructed ; artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked, and all the highest skill of the landscape garden- er's art had been called into play to produce MAP OF THE GROUNDS OF THE yiojKLys poj.\]mpiAji EXj'O^ijioivr AT Jackson Park showing the General Arrangement of Buildings and Grounds 1893. w) ^ HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 601 varied and striking effects. But tlie task had been a Herculean one. There were seventeen principal (or, as they may be called, depart- mental) building.s. all of beautiful and ornate design, and all of vast size. They were known as the Manufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the Machinery. Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, Horticultural, Mines and Mining, Anthropolog- ical, Administration, Art Galleries, Agricultural. Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairy and Forestry buildings, and the Music Hall and Ca- sino. Several of these had large annexes. The Manufacturers" Building was the largest. It was rectangular (1087x787 feet), having a ground area of 31 acres and a floor and galleiy area of 44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and nave being sm-rounded by a gallery 50 feet wide. It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum and three times as large as St. Peter's at Rome; 17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used in its construction, involving a cost of §1,800,000. It was originally intended to open the Exposi- tion, formally, on Oct. 21, 1892, the quadri-centen- nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the "Western Hemisphere, but the magnitude of the undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- sequently, while dedicatory ceremonies were held on that day, preceded by a monster procession and followed by elaborate pyrotechnic displays at night, May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day — the machinery and fountains being put in oper- ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi- dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. The total number of admissions from that date to Oct. 31, was 27,530,460 — the largest for any single day being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Day) amount- ing to 761,944. The total receipts from all sources (including National and State appropriations, subscriptions, etc.), amounted to §28,151,168.7.5, of which §10,626,330.76 was from the sale of tick- ets, and §3,699,581.43 from concessions. The aggregate attendance fell short of that at the Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500,000, while the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- cessions exceeded the latter by nearly §5,800,000. Subscribers to the Exposition stock received a retiu-n of ten per cent on the same. The Illinois building was the first of the State buildings to be completed. It was also the largest and most costly, but was severely criti- cised from an architectural standpoint. The exhibits showed the internal resources of the State, as well as the development of its govern- mental system, and its progress in civilization from the days of the first pioneers. The entire IlUnois exhibit in the State building was under charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the work of Illinois women as scientists, autliors, artists, decorators, etc. Among special features of the Illinois exhibit were: State trophies and relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall; the dis- play of grains and minerals, and an immense topographical map (prepared at a cost of ?15,000), drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, show- ing the character and resources of the State, and correcting many serious cartographical errors previously undiscovered. WORTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State Geologist, was born at Bradford. Vt., Oct. 31, 1813, emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, and, in 1836, removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Teach- ing, surveying and mercantile business were his pursuits until 1842, when he returned to the East, spending two years in Boston, but return- ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections were toward the natural sciences, and, after coming west, he devoted most of his leisure time to the collection and study of specimens of mineralogy, geology and conchology. On the organization of the geological survey of lUinois in 1851, he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G. Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, suc- ceeded to the oflSce, having meanwhile spent three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa survey. As State Geologist he published seven volumes of reports, and was engaged upon the eighth when overtaken by death, May 6, 1888. These reports, which are as comprehensive as they are voluminous, have been reviewed and warmly commended by the leading scientific periodicals of this country and Europe. In 1877 field work was discontinued, and the State His- torical Library and Natural History Museum were established. Professor Worthen being placed m charge as curator. He was the author of various valuable scientific papers and member of numer- ous scientific societies in this country and in Europe. WORTHI\GTO?r, Nicholas EUsworth, ex-Con- gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. "\'a., March 30, 1836, and completed his education at Allegheny College, Pa. , studied Law at Morgan- town, Va. . and was admitted to the bar in 1860. He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a lawyer: was County Superintendent of Schools of Peoria Countv from 1868 to 1872, and a mem- 603 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ber of the State Board of Education from 1869 to 1872. In 1883 he was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Philip Sidney Post. He was elected Circuit Judge of tlie Tenth Judicial District in 1891, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he served upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- land, to investigate the labor strikes of tliat year at Chicago. WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1815; came to Chicago in 1832, with his father, who opened a store in that city; in 1837, at his own expense, built the first school building in Chicago ; in 1840 established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con- ducted for many j-ears in the interest of popular education and progressive agriculture. In 18.52 he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins" self- raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- moters of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume entitled, "Chicago: Past, Present and Future,'" published in 1870. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 26, 1874. WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born in Meldorf, Germany. August 24, 1854; came to Chicago in 1863, and began his political career as a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and re-elected in 1890 ; in 1894 became the Rejjublican nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the November election of that year, the unprece- dented plurality of 133,427 votes over his Demo- cratic opponent. WYANET, a town of Bureau Coimty, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago. Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population (1890), 670; (1900), 902. WTLIE, (Rev.) Samuel, domestic missionary, born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood ; was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbjterian Chuich, and ordained iu 1818. Soon after this he came west as a domestic mis- sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a church at Sparta, 111., where he remained imtil his death, March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 52 years. During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen colonies to form new church organizations else- where. He is described as able, eloquent and scholarly. TVYMAN, (Col.) John B., soldier, was born in Massachusetts. July 12, 1817, and educated in the schools of that State until 14 years of age, when he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he was employed successively as a clerk in the car and machine shops at Springfield, Mass., then as Superintendentof Construction, and, later, as con- ductor on the New York & New Haven Railroad , finally, in 1850, becoming Superintendent of the Connecticut River Railroad. In 1852 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany, assisting in the survey and construction of the line under Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi- neer, and finally becoming Assistant Superin- tendent of the Northern Division. He was one of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy, in Lee County, and its first Jlaj-or, also serving a second term. Having a fondness for military affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- tary organization — while in Cincinnati being attached to a company, of which Prof. O. M. IVtitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- cago Light Guards. Having left the employ of the Raih-oad in 1858, he was in private business at Amboy at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861. As Assistant- Adjutant General, by appoint- ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable service in the early weeks of the war in securing arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- zation of the three-months" regiments. Then, having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first organized in the State for the three years" service — he was commis- sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow- ing year his regiment was attached to General Sherman's command in the first campaign against Vicksburg. On the second daj' of the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, he fell mortally wounded, dying on the field, Dec. 28, 1863. Colo- nel Wj'man was one of the most accomplished and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to the field from Illinois, of whom so many were former employes of the Illinois Central Rail- road. ■WYOMING, a town of Stark County, 31 miles north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of the Peoria branch Rock Island & Pacific and the Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway ; has two high schools, churches, two banks, flour mills, water-works, machine HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 603 shop, and two weekly newspapers. Coal is mined here. Pop. (1890), 1,116; (1900), 1,277. XEJilA, a village of Clay County, on the Balti- more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 87 miles east of St. Louis. Population (1900), 800. YATES CITY, a village of Knox County, at the junction of the Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville brancli, 23 miles southeast of Galesburg. The town has banks, a coal mine, telephone exchange, school, churclies and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 687; (1900), 650. TAXES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline County, Va., Oct. 29, 1786 — being a grand-nephew of Chief Justice John Marshall ; removed to Fa- yette County, Ky., where he located and laid out the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he removed to Sangamon County, 111., and, in 1832, settled at the site of the present town of Berlin, which he laid out the following year, also laying out the town of New Berlin, a few years later, on the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 1865. — Henry (Yates), Jr., son of the preceding, was born at Berlin, 111., March 7, 1835; engaged in merchan- dising at New Berlin ; in 1862, raised a company of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu- tenant-Colonel and bre%'etted Colonel and Briga- dier-General. He was accidentally shot in 1863, and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from which he never fully recovered. Died, August 3, 1871. YATES, Richard, former Governor and United States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom- panied his father to Illinois, the family settling first at Springfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon County. He soon after em ered Illinois College, from which he graduated in 1835, and subse- quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at Jacksonville, which thereafter became his home. In 1842 he was elected Representative in the Gen- eral Assembly from Morgan County, and was re-elected in 1844, and again in 1848. In 1850 he was a candidate for Congress from the Seventh District and elected over JIaj. Thomas L. Harris, the previous incumbent, being the only Whig Representative in the Thirty-second Congress from Illinois. Two years later he was re-elected over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 1854, by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the most vigorous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in the Thirty -third Congress, and an early participant in the movement for the organization of the Republican party to resist the further extension of slavery, being a prominent speaker, on the same platform with Lincoln, before the first Republican State Convention held at Bloom- ington, in May, 1856, and serving as one of the Vice-Presidents of that body. In 1860 he was elected to the executive chair on the ticket headed by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, and. by his energetic support of the National administration in its measures for the suppression of the Rebellion, won the sobriquet of "the Illi- nois War-Governor." In 1865 he was elected United States Senator, serving until 1871. He died suddenly, at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873, while returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone, as a United States Commissioner, by appointment of President Grant, to inspect a land-subsidy railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest- ness of purpose and extraordinary personal mag- netism, as well as of a lofty order of patriotism. His faults were those of a nature generous, impulsive and warm-hearted. YORKYILLE, the county-seat of Kendall County, on Fox River and Streator Division of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 13 miles south we.st of Aurora; on interurban electric line; has water-power, electric lights, a bank, churches and weekly newspaper. Pop.(1890) 375; (1900), 413. YOU>'G}, Brigham, Mormon leader, was born at Whittingham. Vt., June 1, 1801, joined tlie Mormons in 1831 and, the next j'ear, became asso- ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kirtland, Ohio, and, in 1835, an "apostle." He accompanied a con- siderable body of that sect to Independence, Mo., but was driven out with them in 1837, settling for a short time at Quincy, 111., but later remov- ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun- ders. On the assassination of Smith, in 1844, he became the successor of the latter, as head of the Mormon Church, and, the following j-ear, headed the exodus from Illinois, which finally resulted in the Mormon settlement in Utah. His .subsequent career there, where he was appointed Governor by President Fillmore, and, for a time, success- fully defied national authority, is a matter of national rather than State historj-. He remained at the head of the Mormon Church until his death at Salt Lake City, August 29, 1877. YOUNG, Richard Montgomery, United States Senator, was born in Kentucky in 1796, studied law and removed to Jonesboro, 111. , where he was admitted to the bar in 1817; .served in the Second 604 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General Assembly (1830-22) as Representative from Union County ; was a Circuit Judge, 1823-27 ; Presidential Elector in 1828 ; Circuit Judge again, 1829-37 ; elected United States Senator in 1837 as successor to W. L. D. Ewing, serving until 1843, when he was commissioned Justice of the Su- preme Court, but resigned in 1847 to become Commissioner of the General Land Office at Washington. During the session of ISoO-.'il, he served as Clerk of the National House of Repre- sentatives. Died, in an insane asylum, in "Wash- ington, in 1853. YOUNG MEX'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, first permanently organized at Chicago, in 1858, although desultory movements of a kindred char- acter had previously been started at Peoria, Quincy, Chicago and Springfield, some as early as 18.54. From 1858 to 1873, various associations were formed at different points throughout the State, which were entirely independent of each other. The first effort looking to union and mutual aid, was made in 1872, when Robert Weidensall, on behalf of the International Com- mittee, called a convention, to meet at Blooming- ton, November 6-9. State conventions have been held annually since 1873. In that of 1875, steps were taken looking to the appointment of a State Secretary, and, in 1876, Charles M. Morton assumed the office. Much evangelistic work was done, and new associations formed, the total number reported at the Champaign Convention, in 1877, being sixty-two. After one year's work Mr. Morton resigned tlie secretarysliip, the office remaining vacant for three years. The question of the appointment of a successor was discussed at the Decatur Convention in 1879, and, in April, 1880, I. B. Brown was made State Secretary, and has occupied the position to the present time (1899). At the date of his appointment the official figures showed sixteen as.sociations in Illi- nois, with a total membership of 2,443. and prop- erty valued at $126,500, including building funds, the associations at Chicago and Aurora owning buildings. Thirteen officers were employed, none of them being in Chicago. Since 1880 the work has steadily grown, so that five Assistant State Secretaries are now employed. In 1886, a plan for arranging the State work under depart- mental administration was devised, but not put in operation until 1890. The present six depart- ments of supervision are: General Supervision, in charge of the State Secretary and his Assist- ants ; railroad and city work ; counties and towns; work among students; corresponding membership department, and office work. The two last named are under one executive head, but each of the others in charge of an Assistant Secretary, who is responsible for its development The entire work is under the supervision of a State Executive Committee of twenty-seven members, one-third of whom are elected annually. WilUs H. Herrick of Chicago has been its chair- man for several years. This body is appointed by a State convention composed of delegates from the local Associations. Of these there were, in October, 1898, 116, with a membership of 15,888. The value of the property owned was §2,500,000. Twenty -two occupy their own build- ings, of which five are for railroad men and one for students. Weekly gatherings for young men numbered 248, and there are now representatives or corre.spondents in 665 communities where no organization has been effected. Scientific phys- ical culture is made a feature by 40 associations, and educational w-ork has been largely developed. The enrollment in evening classes, during 1898-99, was 978. The building of the Chicago branch (erected in 1893) is the finest of its class in the world. Recently a successful association has been formed among coal miners, and another among the first grade boys of the Illinois State Reformatory, while an extensive work has been conducted at the camps of the Illinois National Guard. ZANE, Charles S., lawyer and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, N. J., March 2, 1831, of English and New England stock. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Sangamon County, lU., for a time working on a farm and at brick-making. From 1852 to '55 he attended McKendree College, but did not graduate, and, on leaving college, engaged in teaching, at the same time reading law. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice at Springfield. The follow- ing year he was elected City Attorney. He had for partners, at different times, William H. Herndon (once a partner of Abraham Lincoln) and Senator Shelby M. CuUom. In 1873 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and was re-elected in 1879. In 1883 President Arthur appointed him Chief Jus- tice of Utah, where he has since resided, though superseded by tlie appointment of a successor by President Cleveland. At the first State elec- tion in Utah, held in November, 1895, he was chosen one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the new Commonwealth, but was defeated for re-election, by his Democratic opponent, in 1898. SCENES IN SOUTH PAKl WORLD'S FAIR BUILDINGS. The Peristyle. Administration Building. German Building The Fisheries. SUPPLEMENT. The following matter, received too late for insertion In tlie body of this worlc, is added In the form of a supplemeal. COGHLi-N, (Capt.) Joseph Bullock, naval officer, was born in Kentucky, and, at the age of 15 years, came to IllinoLs, living on a farm for a time near Carlyle, in Clinton County. In 1860 he was appointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip B. Fouke — then a Representative in Congress from the Belleville District — to the Naval Academy at Annapolis, graduating in 1863, and being pro- moted through the successive grades of Ensign, Master, Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, and Commander, and serving upon various vessels until Nov. 18, 189G, when he was commissioned Captain and, in 1897, assigned to the command of the battleship Ealeigh, on the Asiatic Station. He was thus connected with Admiral Dewey's squadron at the beginning of the Spanish- Ameri- can War, and took a conspicuous and brilliant part in the affair in Manila Bay, on May 1, 1898, which resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet. Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent events in the Philippines was in the highest degree creditable to himself and the country. His vessel (the Raleigh) was the first of Admiral Dewey's squadron to return home, coming by way of the Suez Canal, in the summer of 1899, he and his crew receiving an immense ovation on their arrival in New York harbor. CRANE, (Rer.) James Lyons, clergyman, army chaplain, was born at Mt. Eaton, Wayne County, Ohio, August 30, 1823, united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at Cincinnati in 1841, and, coming to Edgar County, Illinois, in 1843, attended a seminary at Paris some three years. He joined the Illinois Conference in 1846, and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after- wards presiding over charges at Grandview, Hills- boro, Alton, Jacksonville, and Springfield — at the last two points being stationed two or more times, besides serving as Presiding Elder of the Paris, Danville, and Springfield Districts. The importance of the stations which he filled during his itinerant career served as evidence of his recognized ability and popularity as a preacher. In July, 1861, he was appointed Chaplain of the Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at that time commanded by Ulysses S. Grant as Colonel, and, although he remained with the regiment only a few months, the friendship then established between him and the future com- mander of the armies of the Union lasted through their lives. This was shown by his appointment by President Grant, in 1869, to the position of Postmaster of the city of Springfield, which came to him as a personal compUment, being re appointed four years afterwards and continuing in olfice eight years. After retiring from tho Springfield postofiice, he occupied charges at Island Grove and Shelbyville, his death occurring at the latter place, July 29, 1879, as the result of an attack of paralysis some two weeks previous. Mx. Crane was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth Mayo, daughter of CoL J. Mayo — a prominent citizen of Edgar County, at an early day— his wife surviving him some twenty years. Rev. Charles A. Crane and Rev. Frank Crane, pastors of pi'ominent Methodist churches in Boston and Chicago, are sons of the subject of this sketch. DAWES, Charles Gates, Comptroller of tho Treasury, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 27, 1865; gradiiated from Marietta College in 1884, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886; worked at civil engineering during his vacations, finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo & Ohio Railroad. Between 1887 and 1894 he waa engaged in the practice of law at Lincoln, Neb., but afterwards became interested in the gas busi- ness in various cities, including Evanston, IlL, which became his home. In 1896 he took a lead- ing part in securing instructions by the Republi- can State Convention at Springfield in favor of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for the Presi- dency, and during the succeeding campaign served as a member of the National RepubUoan Committee for the State of Illinois. Soon after the accession of President McKinley, he was appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, a position 605 606 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. •which he now holds. Mr. Dawes is the son of R. B. Dawes, a former Congressman from Ohio, and the great-grandson of Manasseh Cutler, who was an influential factor in the early history of the Northwest Territory, and has been credited with exerting a strong influence in shaping and securing the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787. DISTIN, (Col.) William L., former Depart- ment Commander of Grand Army of the Repub- lic for the State of Illinois, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 9, 1843, his father being of English descent, while his maternal grandfather was a Colonel of the Polish Lancers in the army /if the first Napoleon, who, after the exile of his leader, came to America, settling in Indiana. Tlie father of the subject of this sketch settled at Keokuk, Iowa, where the son grew to manhood and in February, 1863. enlisted as a private in the Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, having been twice rejected previously on account of physical ail- ment. Soon after enlistment he was detailed for provost-marshal duty, but later took part with his regiment in tlie campaign in Alabama. He served for a time in the Fifteenth Army Corps, under Gen. John A. Logan, was subsequently detailed for duty on the Staff of General Raum, and participated in the battles of Resaca and Tilton, Ga. Having been captured in the latter, he was imprisoned successively at Jacksonville (Ga.), Montgomery, Savannah, and finally at Andersonville. From the latter he succeeded in effecting his escape, but was recaptured and returned to that famous prison-pen. Having escaped a second time by assuming the name of a dead man and bribing the guard, he was again captured and imprisoned at various points in Mis- sissippi until exchanged about the time of the assassination of President Lincoln. He was then so weakened by his long confinement and scanty fare that he had to be carried on board the steanier on a stretcher. At this time he narrowly escaped being on board the steamer Sultana, which was blown up below Cairo, with 2,100 soldiers on board, a large proportion of whom lost their lives. After being mustered out at Daven- port, Iowa, June 28, 186.'), he was emploj-ed for a time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a messenger and route agent of the United States Express Company. In 1872 he established liim- self in business in Quincj', 111., in which he proved very successful. Here he became prom- inent In local Grand Army circles, and, in 1890, was unanimously elected Commander of the Department of Illinois. Previous to this he Ivad been an officer of the Illinois National Guard, and served as Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on the staff of Governors Hamilton, Oglesby and Fifer. In 1897 Colonel Distin was appointed by President McKinley Surveyor-Gen- eral for the Territory of Alaska, a position which (1899) he still holds. DUMMER, Henry E., lawyer, was born at Hallowell, Maine, April 9, 1808, was educated in Bowdoin College, graduating there in the class of 1827, after which he took a course in law at Cam- bridge Law School, and was soon after admitted to the bar. Then, having spent some two years in his native State, in 1833 he removed to Illinois, settling first in Springfield, where he remained six years, being for a part of the time a partner of John T. Stuart, who afterwards became the first partner in law of Abraliani Lincoln. Mr. Dum- mer had a brother, Richard William Dummer, who had preceded him to Illinois, living for a time in Jacksonville. In 1838 lie removed to Beardstown, Cass County, wliich continued to be his home for more than a quarter of a century. During his residence there he served as Alder- man, City Attorney and Judge of Probate for Cass County ; also represented Cass County in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and, in 1860, was elected State Senator in the Twenty-second General Assembly, serving four years. Mr. Dummer was an earnest Republican, and served that party as a delegate for the State-at-large to the Convention of 1864, at Baltimore, whicli nominated Abraham Lincoln for tlie Presidencj' a second time. In 1864 he removed to Jackson- ville, and for the next year was the law partner of David A. Smith, until the death of tlie latter in 1865. In the summer of 1878 Mr. Dummer went to Mackinac, Mich., in search of health, but died there August 12 of that j-ear. ECKELS, James H., ex-Comptroller of the Currency, was born of Scotch-Irish parentage at Princeton, III, Nov. 22, 18.58, was educated in the common schools and the high school of his native town, graduated from the Law School at Albany, N. Y., in 1881, and the following year began practice at Ottawa, 111. Here he con- tinued in active practice until 1893, when he was appointed by President Cleveland Comptroller of the Currency, serving until May 1, 1898. when he resigned to accept the presidency of the Com- mercial National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Eckels manifested sucli distinguished ability in the dis- charge of his duties as Comptroller that he received the notable compliment of being retained in office by a Republican administration more than a year after the retirement of Presi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 607 dent Cleveland, while his selection for a place at the head of one of the leading banking institu- tions of Chicago was a no less marked recognition of his abilities as a financier. He was a Delegate from the Eleventh District to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1893, and repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo- cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1896, and assisted in framing the platform there adopted — which indicated his views on the financial ques- tions involved in the campaign of that year. FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, Nov. 30, 1790, and settled at Golconda, 111., in 1818, dying there in 1855. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged in merchandising, and became a large land- holder, farmer and stock-grower, and an extensive shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family of children, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriff, while another, John, was County Judge of Pope County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen. Green B. Raum, who became prominent as a soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem- ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash- ington. FIELD, (Jreen B., member of a pioneer family, was born within the present limits of the State of Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in the War of 1813, was married in Bourbon County, Kentucky, to Miss Mary E. Cog.swell, the daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, a soldier of the Revolutionary War, and, in 1817, removed to Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town of Golconda, which became the county-seat. He served as a Representative from Pope County in the First General Assembly (1818-20), and was the father of Juliet C. Field, who became the wife of John Raum; of Edna Field, the wife of Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, who was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers during the Mexican War. Mr. Field was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum, mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1823. GALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book- seller and a railway promoter, was born at Exeter, N. H., March 8, 1812; at 15 years of age became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston ; came to Chicago in 1835, and soon afterwards opened the first book and stationery establish- ment in that city, which, in after years, gained an extensive trade. In 1843 the firm of S. F. Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having become head of the Chicago Fire Department, retired from business in 1845 As early as 1846 he was associated with W m. B. Ogden and John B. Turner in the steps tlien being taken to revive the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and, in conjunction with these gentlemen, became responsible for the means to purchase the charter and assets of the road from the Eastern bond- holders. Later, he engaged in the construction of the branch road from Turner Junction to Aurora, became President of the line and e.\;- tended it to Mendota to connect with the Illinois Central at that Point. These roads afterwards became a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale returned to his old home in New Hampshire, where he has since resided. HAY, John, early settler, came to the region of Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a prominent citizen of St. Clair County. He was selected as a member of the First Legislative Council of Indiana Territory for St. Clair County in 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court of St. Clair County, and was continued in office after the organization of ihe State Government, serving until his death at Belleville in 1845. HAYS, John, pioneer settler of Northwest Ter- ritory, was a native of New York, who came to Cahokia, in the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and lived there the remainder of his life. His early life had been spent in the fur-trade about Macki- nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about the sources of the Slississippi. During the War of 1813 he was able to furnish Governor Edwards valuable information in reference to the Indians in the Northwest. He filled the office of Post- master at Caliokia for a number of years, and was Sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818. MOULTON, (Col.) George M., soldier and building contractor, was born at Readsburg, Vt., March 15, 1851, came early in life to Chicago, and was educated in the schools of that city. By pro- fession he is a contractor and builder, the firm of which he is a member having been connected with the construction of a number of large build- ings, including some extensive grain elevators. Colonel Moulton became a member of the Second Regiment Illinois National Guard in June. 1884. being elected to the office of Major, which he retained until January, 1893, when he was appointed Inspector of Rifle Practice on the staff of General Wheeler. A year later he was cout 608 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position which he occupied at the time of the call by the President for troops to serve in the Spanish- American War in April, 1898. He promptly answered the call, and was sworn into the United States service at the head of his regiment early in May. The regiment was almost immediately ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there and at Savannah, Ga., until early in December, when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here he was soon after appointed Chief of Police for the city of Havana, remaining in office until the middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his regiment, then stationed at Camp Columbia, near the city of Havaua. In the latter part of March he returned with his regiment to Augusta, Ga., where it was mustered out, April 26, 1899, one year from the date of its arrival at Springfield. After leaving the service Colonel Moulton resumed his business as a contractor. SHERMAN, Lawrence Y., legislator and Speaker of the Forty-first General Assembly, was Ijorn in Miami County, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1858 ; at 3 years of age came to Illinois, liis parents settling at Industry, McDonough County. When he had reached the age of 10 years he went to Jasper County, where he grew to manhood, received his education ia the common schools and in the law department of McKendree College, graduating from the latter, and, in 1881, located at Macomb, McDonough County. Here he began his career by driving a team upon the street in order to accumulate means enabling him to devote his entire attention to his chosen profession of law. He soon took an active interest in politics, was elected County Judge in 1886, and, at the expira- tion of his term, formed a partnership with George D. Tunnicliffe and D. G. TunnicHffe, ex-Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1894 he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Representative in the General Assembly, but withdrew to prevent a split in the party; was nominated and elected in 1896, and re-elected in 1898, and, at the succeeding session of tlie Fort)'-first General Assembly, was nominated by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker, as he was again of the Forty-second in 1901. VIJfTARD, Philip, early legislator, was born in Pennsylvania in 1800, came to Illinois at an early day, and settled in Pope County, which he represented in the lower branch of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. He married Miss Matilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent Illinois pioneer, and served as Sheriff of Pope County for a nimiber of years. Died, at Grol' conda, in 186^ SUPPLEMENT NO. II. BLACK HAWK WAR, THE. The episode known in history under the name of "The Black Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict between the whites and Indians, as well as the most far-reaching in its results, that ever oc- curred upon the soil of Illinois. It takes its name from the Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe. Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Meshekia- kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk"), wlio was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk had been an ally of the British during the War of 1812-15, served with Tecumseh when the lat- ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and, after the war, continued to maintain friendly re- lations with his "British father.'' The outbreak in Illinois had its origin in the construction put upon the treaty negotiated by Gen. William Henrj' Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians on behalf of the United States Government, No- vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans- ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres of land comprising the region lying between the Wisconsin River on the north, Fox River of Illi- nois on the east and southeast, and the Mississippi on the west, for which the Government agreed to pay to the confederated tribes less than $3,500 in goods and the insignificant sum of $1,000 per an- num in perpetuity. While the validity of the treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the ground that it had originally been entered into by their cliiefs under duress, while held as prisoners HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 609 under a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks, during which they had been kept in a state of con- stant intoxication, it had been repeatedly reaf- firmed by parts or all of the tribe, especially in 1815, in 1816, in 1822 and in 1823, and finally recog- nized by Black Hawk himself in i831. The part of the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause of the disagreement was that which stipulated that, so long as the lands ceded under it remained the property of the United States (that is, should not be transferred to private owners), ' the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv- ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- though these lands had not been put upon the market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi- plied in this region little respect was paid to the treaty rights of the Indians, particularly with reference to those localities where, by reason of fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- tage, the Indians had established something like permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude cultivation. This was especially the case with reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" ou the north bank of Rock River near its mouth, where the Indians, when not absent on the chase, had lived for over a centurj-, had cultivated fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their dead. In the earlj- part of the last century, it is estimated that some five hundred families had been accustomed to congregate here, making it the largest Indian village in the West. As early as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the rights claimed by the Indians under the treaty of 1804 began; their fields were taken possession of by the intruders, their lodges burned and their women and children whipped and driven away during the absence of the men on their annual hunts. The dangers resulting from these con- flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1828, to demand of the General Government the expul- Bion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli- cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of much influence vpith the Indians, the time was extended to April 1, 1830. During the preceding year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport and Farnham bought from the United States Gov- ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as has been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. This was not so understood by Black Hawk, who was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered to take other lands from the Government in ex- change or cancel the sale — an arrangement to which President Jackson would not consent. On their return in the spring of 1830, the Indians found whites in possession of their village. Pre- vented from cultivating their fields, and their annual hunt proving unsuccessful, the following winter proved for them one of great hardship. Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, claimed to have received words of sympathy and encouragement, which induced him to determine to regain possession of their fields. In this he was encouraged by Neapope, his second in com- mand, and by assurance of support from White Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago — known also as " The Prophet " — whose village (Prophet's Town) was some forty miles from the mouth of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk claimed to have leceived promises of aid in guns, ammunition and provisions from the British. The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. Messages were hurried to Governor Reynolds, who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- cember previous, appealing for protection against the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians'' at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army, commanding the military district, thought the regulars sufficiently strong to cope with the situa- tion, the Governor's proclamation was responded to by more than twice the number called for. The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in the call, and having been organized into two regi- ments under command of Col. James D. Henry and Col. Daniel Lieb, with a spy battalion under Gen. Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, after effecting a junction with General Gaines' regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village on the 25th of June. In the meantime General Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies, Winnebagos and Kickajxjos had promised to join the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of the battalion of mounted men previously offered by Governor Reynolds. The combined armies amounted to 2,500 men, while the fighting force of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- whelmingly outnumbered. Black Hawk withdrew under cover of night to the west side of the Missis- sippi. After burning the village. General Gaines notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue and attack his band, which had the effect to bring the fugitive chief to the General's head- 610 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. quarters, where, on June 30, a new treaty was entered into by wliich lie bound himself and his people to remain west of the Mississippi unless permitted to return by the United States. This ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned to their homes, although the affair had produced an intense excitement along the whole frontier, and involved a heavj- expense. The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- iated by his repulse of the previous year, in disre- gard of his pledge to General Gaines, on April 6, 1833, at the head of 500 warriors and their fam- ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- low Banks about the site of the present city of Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still further strengthened by promises from the Brit- ish Agent received through a visit by Neapope to Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of this invasion was the effective warning given to the white settlers by Shabona, a friendly Ottawa chief, which probably had the effect to prevent a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle, Ottawa, In- dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- sippi, at once took steps to notify Governor Rey- nolds of the situation with a requisition for an adequate force of militia to cooperate «-ith the regulars. Under date of April 16, 1832, the Gov- ernor issued his call for "a strong detachment of militia " to meet by April 22, Beardstown again being named as a place of rendezvous. The call resulted in the assembling of a force which was organized into four regiments under command of Cols. John DeWitt, Jacob Fry. John Thomas and Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spy bat- talion under Maj. James D. Henry, an odd bat- talion under Maj. Thomas James and a foot battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were subsequently added two independent battalions of mounted men, under command of Majors Isaiah Stillnmu and David Bailey, which were finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment under command of Col. James Johnson. The organiza- tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown was completed by April 27, and the force under command of Brigadier-General Whiteside (but accompanied by Governor Reynolds, who was allowed pay as Major General by the General Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong, arriving there May 7 and being mustered into the United States service. Among others accompany- ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital Jarrot, Adjutant-General; Cyrus Edwards, Ord- nance Officer; Murray McConnel, Staff Officer, and Abraham Lincoln, Captain of a company of volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth Regiment. Col. Zachary Taylor, then commander of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Foi:t Arm- strong about the same time with reinforcements from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Crawford. The total force of militia amounted to 1,935 men, and of regulars about 1,000. An interesting storj- is told concerning a speech delivered to the volun- teers by Colonel Taylor about this time. After reminding them of their duty to obey an order promptly, the future hero of the Mexican War added: " The safety of all depends upon the obe- dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol- diers; some of you may fill high offices, or even be Presidents some day — but not if you refuse to do your duty. Forward, march !" A curious com- mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact that, while Taylor himself afterwards became President, at least one of his hearers — a volunteer who probably then had no aspiration to that dis- tinction (Abraham Lincoln) — reached the same position during the most dramatic period in the nation's history. Two days aifter the arrival at Fort Armstrong, the advance up Rock River began, the main force of the voUinteers proceeding by land under Gen- eral Whiteside, while General Atkinson, with 400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro- ceeded by boat, carrying with him the artillery, provisions and bulk of the baggage. Whiteside, advanciilg by the east bank of the river, was the first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, which, finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry (now Dixon), where he arrived May 12. Here he found the independent battalions of Stillman and Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions under command of Major Stillman, having been sent forward by Whiteside as a scouting party, left Dixon on the 13th and, on the afternoon of HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 611 the next day, went into camp in a strong position near the mouth of Sycamore Creek. As soon dis- covered, Black Hawk was in camp at the same time, as lie afterwards claimed, with about fort}' of his braves, on Sycamore Creek, three miles distant, while the greater part of his band were en- camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot- tawatomies some seven miles farther north on the Kishwaukee River. As claimed by Black Hawk in his autobiography, having been disappointed in his expectation of forming an alliance with the Winnebagoes and t)ie Pottawatomies, he had at this juncture determined to return to the west side of the Mississippi. Hearing of the arrival of Stillman's command in the vicinity, and taking it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin- son's command, he sent out three of his young men with a white flag, to arrange a parley and convey to Atkinson his offer to meet the latter in council. These were captured by some of Still- man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while a party of five other braves who followed to ob- serve the treatment received by the flagbearers, were attacked and two of their number killed, the the other three escaping to their camp. Black Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the flag to pieces with which he had intended to go into council with the whites, and appealing to his followers to avenge the murder of their comrades, he prepared for the attack. The rangers num- bered 2T.5 men, while Black Hawk's band has been estimated at less than forty. As the rangers caught sight of the Indians, they rushed forward in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As the rangers approached, Black Hawk and his party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time opening fire on their assailants. The further history of the affair was as much of a disgrace to StiUman's command as had been their desecra- tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic bj- their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began the retreat, dashing through their own camp and abandoning everything, which fell into the hands of the Indians. An attempt was made by one or two officers and a few of their men to check the retreat, but without success, the bulk of the fu- gitives continuing their mad rush for safet}' through the night until they reached Dixon, twenty-five miles distant, while many never stopped until they reached their homes, forty or fifty miles distant. The casualties to the rangers amounted to eleven killed and two wounded, while the Indian loss consisted of two spies and one of the flag- bearers, treacherously killed near Stillman's camp, 'ihis ill-starred af- fair, which has passed into history as "Stillman's defeat," produced a general panic along the fron- tier by inducing an exaggerated estimate of the strength of the Indian force, wliile it led Black Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage cf the white troops at the same time that it led to an exalted estimate of the prowess of his own little band — thus becoming an important factor in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres which followed. Whiteside, with his force of 1,400 men, advanced to the scene of the defeat the next day and buried the dead, while on the 19th, Atkinson, witli his force of regulars, pro- ceeded up Rock River, leaving the remnant of Stillman's force to guard the wounded and sup- plies at Bixon. No sooner had he left than the demoralized fugitives of a few days before de- serted their post for their homes, compelling At- kinson to return for the protection of his base of supplies, while Whiteside was ordered to follow the trail of Black Hawk who had started up the Kishwaukee for the swamps about Lake Kosh- konong, nearly west of Milwaukee within the present State of Wisconsin. At this point the really active stage of the campaign began. Black Hawk, leaving the women and children of his band in the fastnesses of the swamps, divided his followers into two bands, retaining about 300 under his own com- mand, while the notorious half-breed, MikeGirty, led a band of one hundred renegadePottawatomies, Returning to the vicinity of Rock Island, he gathered some recruits from the Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, and the work of rapine and massacre among the frontier settlers began. One of the most notable of these was the Indian Creek Massacre in LaSalle County, about twelve miles north of Ottawa, on May 21, when sixteen persons were killed at the Home of William Davis, and two young girls — Sylvia and Rachel Hall, aged, respectively, 17 and 1.5 years — were carried away captives. The girls were subse- quently released, having been ransomed for $2,000 in horses and trinkets through a Winnebago Chief and surrendered to sub-agent Henry Gratiot. Great as was the emergency at this juncture, the volunteers began to manifest evi- dence of dissatisfaction and, claiming that they had served out their term of enlistment, refused to follow the Indians into the swamps of Wis consin. As the result of a council of war, the volunteers were ordered to Ottawa, where they 612 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. were mustered out on May 28, by Lieut. Robt. Anderson, afterwards General Anderson of Fort Sumter fame. Meanwhile Governor Reynolds had issued his call (with that of 1831 tlie third,) for 2,000 men to serve during the war. Gen. Winfield Scott was also ordered from the East with 1,000 regulars although, owing to cholera breaking out among the troops, they did not arrive in time to take part in the campaign. The rank and file of volunteers responding under the new call was 3,148, witli recruits and regulars then in Illinois making an army of 4,000. Pend- ing the arrival of the troops under the new call, and to meet an immediate emergency, 300 men were enlisted from the disbanded rangers for a period of twenty days, and organized into a regiment under command of Col. Jacob Fry, with James D. Henry as Lieutenant Colonel and John Thomas as Major. Among those who en- listed as privates in this regiment were Brig.- Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Abraham Lincoln. A regiment of five companies, numbering 195 men, from Putnam County under command of Col. John Strawn, and another of eight companies from Vermilion County under Col. Isaac R. Moore, were organized and assigned to guard duty for a period of twenty days. The new volunteers were rendezvoused at Fort Wilbourn, nearly opposite Peru, June 15, and organized into three brigades, each consisting of three regiments and a spy battalion. The First Brigade (915 strong ) was placed under command of Brig. -Gen. Alexander Posey, the Second under Gen. Milton K. Alexander, and the third under Gen. James D. Henry. Others who served as officers in some of these several organizations, and afterwards became prominent in State his- tory, were Lieut. -Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard of the VermiUon County regiment; John A. McClern- and, on the staff of General Posey ; Maj. John Dement ; then State Treasurer ; Stinson H. Ander- son, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor; Lieut.- Gov. Zadoc Casey; Maj., William McHenry; Sidney Breese (afterwards Judge of the State Supreme Court and United States Senator) ; W. L. D. Ewing (as Major of a spy battalion, after- wards United States Senator and State Auditor) ; Alexander W. Jenkins (afterwards Lieutenant- Governor) ; James W. Sample (afterwards United States Senator) ; and William Weatherford (after- wards a Colonel in the Mexican War), and many more. Of the Illinois troops, Posey's brigade was assigned to the duty of dispersing the Indians between Galena and Rock River, Alexander's sent to intercept Black Hawk up the Rock River, while Henry's remained with Gen. Atkinson at Dixon. During the next two weeks engage- ments of a more or less serious cliaractei ssere had on the Pecatonica on the southern border of the present State of Wisconsin ; at Apple River Fort fourteen miles east of Galena, which was successfully defended against a force under Black Hawk himself, and at Kellogg's Grove the next day (June 25), when the same band ambushed Maj. Dement's spy battalion, and cam« near in- flicting a defeat, which was prevented by Dement's coolness and the timely arrival of re- inforcements. In the latter engagement the whites lost five killed besides 47 horses which had been tethered outside their lines, the loss of the Indians being sixteen killed. Skirmishes also occurred with varying results, at Plum River Fort, Burr Oak Grove, Sinsiniwa and Blue Mounds — the last two within the present State of Wisconsin. Believing the bulk of the Indians to be camped in the vicinity of Lake Koshkonong, General Atkinson left Dixon June 27 with a combined force of regulars and volunteers numbering 2,600 men — the volunteers being under the command of General Henry. They reached the outlet of the Lake July 2, but found no Indians, being joined two days later by General Alexander's brigade, and on the 6tli by Gen. Po.sey's. From here the com- mands of Generals Henry and Alexander were sent for supplies to Fort Winnebago, at the Port- age of the Wisconsin ; Colonel Ewing, with the Second Regiment of Posey's brigade descending Rock River to Dixon, Posey with the remainder, going to Fort Hamilton for the protection of settlers in the lead-mining region, while Atkin- son, advancing with the regulars up Lake Koshko- nong, began the erection of temporary fortifica- tions on Bark River near the site of the present village of Fort Atkinson. At Fort Winnebago Alexander and Henry obtained evidence of the actual location of Black Hawk's camp through Pierre Poquette, a half-breed scout and trader in the employ of the American Fur Company, whom they employed with a number of Winne- bagos to act as guides. From this point Alex- ander's command returned to General Atkinson's headquarters, carrying with tbem twelve day's provisions for the main army, while General Henry's(600strong). with Major Dodge's battalion numbering 150, with an equal quantity of supplies for themselves, started under the guidance of Poquette and his Winnebago aids to find Black Hawk's camp. Arriving on the 18th at the Winnebago village on Rock River where Black HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 613 Hawk and his band liad been located, their camp was found deserted, the Winnebagos insisting that they had gone to Cranberry ( now Horicon) Lake, a half-day's march up the river. Messen- gers were immediately dispatched to Atkinson's headquarters, thirty-five miles distant, to ap- prise him of this fact. When they had proceeded about half the distance, they struck a broad, fresh trail, which proved to be that of Black Hawk's band headed westward toward the Mis- sissippi. The guide having deserted tliem in order to warn his tribesmen that further dis- sembling to deceive the whites as to the whereabouts of the Sacs was use- less, the messengers were compelled to follow him to General Henry's camp. The discovery pro- duced the wildest enthusiasm among the volun- teers, and from this time-events followed in rapid succession. Leaving as far as possible all incum- brances behind, the pursuit of the fii^^uives was begun without delay, the troops wadiug through swamps sometimes in water to their armpits. Soon evidence of the character of the flight the Indians were making, in the shape of exhausted horses, blankets, and camp equipage cast aside along the trail, began to appear, and strag.gling bands of Winnebagos, who had now begun to desert Black Hawk, gave information that the Indians were only a few miles in advance. On the evening of the 20th of July Henry's forces encamped at "The Four Lakes, " the present site of the city of Madison, Wis. , Black Hawk's force lying in ambush the same night seven or eight miles distant. During the next afternoon the rear-guard of the Indians under Neapope was overtaken and skirmishing continued until the bluffs of the Wisconsin were reached. Black Hawk's avowed object was to protect the passage of the main body of his people across the stream. The loss of the Indians in these skirmishes has been estimated at 40 to 68, while Black Hawk claimed that it was only six killed, the loss of the whites being one killed and eight wounded. During the night Black Hawk succeeded in placing a considerable number of the women and children and old men on a raft and in canoes obtained from the Winnebagos, and sent them down the river, believing that, as non-combat- ants, they would be permitted by the regulars to pass Fort Crawford, at the mouth of the Wis- consin, undisturbed. In this he was mistaken. A force sent from the fort under Colonel Ritner to intercept them, fired mercilessly upon the help- less fugitives, killing fifteen of their number, while about fifty were drowned and thirty-two women and children made prisoners. The re- mainder, escaping into the woods, with few ex- ceptions died from starvation and exposure, or were massacred bj' their enemies, the Menomi- i nees, acting under white officers. During the night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a loud, shrill voice of some one speaking in an un- known tongue was heard in the direction where | Black Hawk's band was supposed to be. This cau.sed something of a panic in Henry's camp, as it was supposed to come from some one giving orders for an attack. It was afterwards learned 1 that the speaker was Neapope speaking in the | Winnebago language in the hope that he might j be heard by Poquette and the Winnebago guides, j He was describing the helpless condition of his j people, claiming that the war had been forced upon them, that their women and children were i starving, and that, if permitted peacefully to re- ' cross the Mississippi, they would give no further [ trouble. Unfortunately Poquette and the other guides had left for Fort Winnebago, so that no one was there to translate Neapope's appeal and it failed of its object. ' General Henry's force having discovered that the I Indians had escaped — Black Hawk heading with ' the bulk of his warriors towards the Mississippi — '. spent the next and day night on the field, but on the foUowingday (July 23) started to meet General Atkinson, who had, in the meantime, been noti- fied of the pursuit. The head of their columns met at Blue Mounds, the same evening, a com- plete junction between the regulars and the volunteers being effected at Helena, a deserted village on the Wisconsin. Here by using the logs of the deserted cabins for rafts, the army crossed the river on the 27th and the 28th and the pursuit of black Hawk's fugitive band was re-| newed. Evidence of their famishing condition' was found in the trees stripped of bark for food, the carcasses of dead ponies, with here and there the dead body of an Indian. ' On August 1, Black Hawk's depleted and famish-l ing band reached the Mississippi two miles belowl the mouth of the Bad Ax, an insignificant! stream, and immediately began trying to cross the river; but having only two or three canoes.i the work was slow. About the middle of the afternoon the steam transport, "Warrior," ap-i peared on the scene, having on board a score of regulars and volunteers, returning from a visits to the village of the Sioux Chief, Wabasha, td notify him that his old enemies, the Sacs, were headed in that direction. Black Hawk raised the white flag in token of surrender but the officer 6U HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in command claimiag that he feared treachery or an ambush, demanded that Black Hawk should come on board. This he was unable to do, as he had no canoe. After waiting a few minutes a murderous fire of canister and musketry was opened from the steamer on the few Indians on shore, who made such feeble resistance as they were able. The result was the killing of one white man and twenty -three Indians. After this exploit the "Warrior" proceeded to Prairie du Chien. twelve or fifteen miles distant, for fuel. During the night a few more of the Indians crossed the river, but Black Hawk, seeing the hopelessness of further resistance, accompanied by the Prophet, and taking with him a party of ten warriors and thirty-five squaws and children, fled in the direction of "the dells" of the Wis- consin. On the momingof the 2d General Atkinson arrived within four or five miles of the Sac position. Disposing his forces with the regulars and Colonel Dodge's rangersin the center.the brig- ades of Posey and Alexander on the riglit and Henry's on the left, he began the pursuit, but was drawn by the Indian decoys up tlie river from the place where the main body of the Indians were trying to cross the stream. This had the effect of leaving General Henry in the rear practically without orders, but it became the means of making his command the prime factors in the climax which followed. Some of the spies attached to Henry's command having accidental- ly discovered the trail of the main body of the fu- gitives, he began the pursuit without waiting for orders and soon found himself engaged with some 300 savages, a force nearly equal to his own. It was here that the only thing like a regular battle occurred. The savages fought with the fury of despair, while Henry's force was no doubt nerved to greater deeds of courage by the insult which they conceived had been put upon them by Gen- eral Atkinson. Atkinson, hearing the battle in progress and discovering that he was being led off on a false scent, soon joined Henry's force with his main army, and the steamer " Warrior," arriving from Prairie du Chien, opened a fire of canister upon the pent-up Indians. The battle soon degenerated into a massacre. In the course of the three hours through which it lasted, it is es- timated that 150 Indians were killed by fire from the troops, an equal number of both sexes and all ages drowned while attempting to cross the river or by being driven into it, while about 50 (chiefly women and children) were made prison- ers. The loss of the whites was 20 killed and 13 wounded. When the "battle" was nearing its close it is said that Black Hawk, having repented the abandonment of his people, returned within sight of the battle-ground, but seeing the slaugh- ter in progress which he was powerless to avert, he turned and, with a howl of rage and horror, fled into the forest. About 300 Indians (mostly non- combatants) succeeded in crossing the river in a condition of exhaustion from hunger and fatigue, but these were set upon by the Sioux under Chief Wabasha, through the suggestion and agency of General Atkinson, and nearly one-half their num- ber exterminated. Of the remainder many died from wounds and exhaustion, while still others perished while attempting to reach Keokuk's band who had refused to join in Black Hawk's desper- ate venture. Of one thousand who crossed to the east side of the river with Black Hawk in April, it is estimated that not more than 150 survived the tragic events of the next four months. General Scott, having arrived at Prairie du Chien early in August, assumed command and, on August 15, mustered out the volunteers at Dixon, 111. After witnessing the bloody climax at the Bad Axe of his ill-starred invasion. Black Hawk fled to the dells of the Wisconsin, where he and the Prophet surrendered themselves to the Win. nebagos, by whom they were delivered to the Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. Having been taken to Fort Armstrong on September 21, he there signed a treaty of peace. Later he was taken to Jefferson Barracks (near St. Louis) in the custody of Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in the regular army, where he was held a captive during the following winter. The connection of Davis with the Black Hawk War, mentioned by many historians, seems to have been confined to this act. In April, 1833, with the Prophet and Neapope, he was taken to Washington and then to Fortress Monroe, where they were detained as prisoners of war until June 4, when they were released. Black Hawk, after being taken to many principal cities in order to impress him with the strength of the American nation, was brought to Fort Armstrong, and there committed to the guardianship of his rival, Keokuk, but survived this humiliation only a few years, dying on a small reservation set apart for him in Davis County, Iowa, October 3, 1838. Such is the story of the Black Hawk War, the most notable struggle with the aborigines in Illi- nois history. At its beginning both the State and national authorities were grossly misled by an exaggerated estimate of the strength of Black Hawk's force as to nvunbers and his plans for recovering the site of his old village, while HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 615 Black Hawk had conceived a low estimate of the numbers and courage of liis white enemies, es- pecially after the Stillman defeat. The cost of the war to the State and nation in money has been estimated at $2,000,000, and in sacrifice of life on both sides at not less tlian 1,200. The loss of life by the troops in irregular skirmishes, and in massacres of settlers by the Indians, aggregated about 250, while an equal number of regulars perished from a visitation of cholera at the various stations within the district affected by the war, especiall)' at Detroit, Chicago, Fort Armstrong and Galena. Yet it is the judgment of later historians that nearly all this sacrifice of life and treasure might have been avoided, but for a series of blunders due to the blind or un- scrupulous policy of officials or interloping squat- ters upon lands which the Indians liad occupied under the treaty of 1804. A conspicious blunder — to call it by no harsher name — was the violation by Stillman's command of the rules of civilized warfare in the attack made upon Black Hawk's messengers, sent under flag of truce to request a conference to settle terms under which he might return to the west side of the Mississippi — an act which resulted in a humiliating and disgraceful defeat for its authors and proved the first step in actual war. Another misfortune was the failure to understand Neapope's appeal for peace and permission for his people to pass beyond the Mississippi the night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights; and the third and most inexcusable blunder of all, was' the refusal of the ofiicer in command of the " Warrior " to respect Black Hawk's flag of truce and request for a conference just before the bloody massacre which has gone into history under the name of the " battle of the Bad Axe." Either of these events, properly availed of, would have prevented much of the butchery of that bloody episode which has left a stain upon the page of history, although this statement implies no disposition to detract from the patriotism and courage of some of the leading actors upon whom the responsibility was placed of protecting the frontier settler from outrage and massacre. One of the features of the war was the bitter jealousy engendered by the unwise policy pursued by General Atkinson towards some of the volun- teers — especially the treatment of General James D. Henry, who, although subjected to repeated slights and insults, is regarded by Governor Ford and others as the real hero of the war. Too brave a soldier to shirk any responsibility and too modest to exploit his own deeds, he felt deeply the studied purpose of his superior to ignore him in the conduct of the campaign — a purpose which, as in the affair at the Bad Axe, was defeated by accident or by General Henry's soldierly sagacity and attention to duty, although he gave out to the public no utterance of com- plaint. Broken in health by the hardships and exposures of the campaign, he went South soon after the war and died of consumption, unknown and almost alone, in the city of New Orleans, less two years later. Aside from contemporaneous newspaper ac- counts, monographs, and manuscripts on file in public libraries relating to this epoch in State history, the most comprehensive records of the Black Hawk War are to be found in the ' ' Life of Black Hawk," dictated by himself (1834) ; Wake- field's "History of the War between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations" (1834); Drake's" Life of Black Hawk" (1854); Ford's "History of Illinois" (1854); Reynolds' "Pio- neer History of Illinois; and "My Own Times"; Davidson & Stuve's and Moses' Histories of Illi- nois; Blanchard's "The Northwest and Chicago"; Armstrong's "The Sauks and the Black Hawk War, " and Reuben G. Thwaite's "Story of the Black Hawk War" (1892.) CHICAGO HEIGHTS, a village in the southern part of Cook County, twenty -eight miles south of the central part of Chicago, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the Michigan Central Railroads ; is located in an agricultural region, but has some manufactures as well as good schools — also has one newspaper. Population (1900), 5,100. GRANITE, a city of Madison County, located five miles north of St. Louis on the lines of the Burlington; the Chicago & Alton; Cleveland, Cincinuati, Chicago & St. Louis; Cliicago, Peoria & St. Loxiis (Illinois), and the Wabash Railways. It is adjacent to the Merchants' Terminal Bridge across the Mississippi and has considerable manu- facturing and grain-storage business; has two newspapers. Population (1900), 3,122. HABLEM, a village of Proviso Township, Cook County, and suburb of Chicago, on the line of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, nine miles west of the terminal station at Chicago. Harlem originally embraced the village of Oak Park, now a part of the city of Chicago, but, in 1884, was set off and incorporated as a village. Considerable manufacturing is done here. Population (1900), 4,085. HARVEY, a city of Cook County, and an im- portant manufacturing suburb of the city of Chi- 616 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cago, three miles southwest of the southern city limits. It is on the line of the Illinois Central and the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railways, and has extensive manufactures of harvesting, street and steam railway machinery, gasoline stoves, enameled ware, etc. ; also has one newspaper and ample school facilities. Population (1900), 5,395. IOWA CENTRAL RAILWAY, a railway line having its principal termini at Peoria, 111., and Manly Junction, nine miles north of Mason City, Iowa, with several lateral branches making con- nections with Centerville, Newton, State Center, Story City, Algona and Northwood in the latter State. The total length of line owned, leased and operated by the Company, officially reported in 1899, was 508.98 miles, of which 89.76 miles- including 3.5 miles trackage facilities on the Peoria & Pekin Union between Iowa Junction and Peoria — were in Illinois. The Illinois divi- sion extends from Keithsburg — where it enters the State at the crossing of the Mississippi — to Peoria. — (History.) The Iowa Central Railway Company was originally chartered as the Central Railroad Company of Iowa and the road com- pleted in October, 1871. In 1873 it passed into the hands of a receiver and, on June 4, 1879, was reorganized under the name of the Central Iowa Railway Company. In May, 1883, this company purchased the Peoria & Farmington Railroad, which was incorporated into the main line, but defaulted and passed into the hands of a receiver December 1, 1886; the line was sold under fore- closure in 1887 and 1888, to the Iowa Central Railway Company, which had effected a new organization on the basis of $11,000,000 common stock, $6,000,000 preferred stock and $1,379,625 temporary debt certificates convertible into pre- ferred stock, and §7,500,000 first mortgage bonds. The transaction was completed, tlie receiver dis- charged and the road turned over to the new company. May 15, 1889.— (Financial). The total capitalization of the road in 1899 was $31,337,5.58, of which $14,1.59,180 was in stock, $6,650,095 in bonds and $.528,283 in other forms of indebtedness. The total earnings and income of the line in Illi- nois for the same year were $532,568, and the ex- penditures $566,333. SPARTA, a city of Randolph County, situated on the Centralia & Chester and the Mobile & Ohio Railroads, twenty miles northwest of Ches- ter and fifty miles southeast of St. Louis. It has a number of manufacturing establishments, in- cluding plow factories, a woolen mill, a cannery and creameries; also has natural gas. The first settler was James McClurken, from South Caro- lina, who settled here in 1818. He was joined by James Armour a few years later, who bought land of McClurken, and together they laid out a village, which first received the name of Co- lumbus. About the same time Robert G. Shan- non, who had been conducting a mercantile busi- ness in the vicinity, located in the town and became the first Postmaster. In 1839 the name of the town was changed to Sparta. Mr. McClur- ken, its earliest settler, appears to have been a man of considerable enterprise, as he is credited with having built the first cotton gin in this vi- cinity, besides still later, erecting saw and flour mills and a woolen mill. Sparta was incorporated as a village in 1837 and in 1859 as a city. A col- ony of members of the Reformed Presbyterian Church (Covenanters or "Seceders") established at Eden, a beautiful site about a mile from Sparta, about 1822, cut an important figure in the history of the latter place, as it became the means of attracting here an industrious and thriving population. At a later period it became one of the most important stations of the "Under- ground Railroad" (so called) in Illinois (which see). The population of Sparta (1890) was 1,979; (1900), 3,041. TOLUCA, a city of Marshall County situated on the line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 18 miles southwest of Streator. It is in the center of a rich agricultural district ; has the usual church and educational facilities of cities of its rank, and two newspapers. Population (1900), 3,629. WEST HAMMOND, a village situated in the northeast corner of Thornton Township, Cook County, adjacent to Hammond, Ind., from which it is separated by the Indiana State line. It is on the Michigan Central Railroad, one mile south of the Chicago City limits, and has convenient ac- cess to several other lines, including the Chicago & Erie; New York. Chicago & St. Louis, and Western Indiana Railroads. Like its Indiana neighbor, it is a manufacturing center of much importance, was incorporated as a village in 1892, and has grown rapidly within the last few years, having a population, according to the cen- sus of 1900, of 2,935. Effingham County ^•s-f EFFINGHAM COUNTY CHAPTER I. INTRODUOrORY. SPIEIT WHICH ANIMATED EARLY SETTLEBS IN ILLI- NOIS GEIFFIN TIPSWOED THE FIEST WHITE SET- TLER IN EFFINGHAM COUNTY- — SETTLED AMONG THE INDIANS IN 1S14 — ORIGINAL NAME AND PERSONAL HISTORY OTHER EAELY COMEES AND EEMINISCENCES OF FEONTIEB LIFE. History continually repeats itself, and in noth- ing more than in the great migrations which take place from one section to another less civ- ilized. In the United States there has ever been that tendency to press for«-ard, even when there are serious dangers to be encountered, for the people are essentially home-seelvers and, when one locality becomes congested, the more adven- turous leave for those that promise better things. The settlere of Illinois were not in quest of gold, but of land whereon they might build homes for themselves, and those who came after them and in their work they accomplished more than their most sanguine expectations ever imagined. It is not the purpose of this work to deal with the State at large, but with that part of it which is embraced within the confines of Effingham County, one of the most fertile localities in the commonwealth. About 181-t Griffin Tipsword emigrated to this section of Illinois, taking up his residence among the Kickapoo Indians, who then occupied portions of the present counties of Fayette, Shelby and Effingham, and, without doubt, he was the first white settler. He came here from Virginia, and was a pioneer doctor and preacher. Utterly fearless in his dealings with the Indians, he ministered to their spir- itual and physical needs and gained their con- fidence and affection. His family name was Souards, but he changed it to Tipsword after he left Virginia, for reasons best known to him- self. Many entertaining accounts are given of this remarkable man, and his nephew, Moses Dot}-, who came to the county some years after him, pictures the mighty pioneer as one of the bene- factors of humanity. True it is that he under- stBod the nature of the Indian and saved the succeeding settlers much trouble. WTiat he told them to do, the Indians did. His death occurred in 1S45, and he was buried on the banks of Wolf Creek, his three sons, John, Isaac and Thomas, surviving him. No costly monument marks his last resting place ; but none is needed, for as long as Effingham exists, his work will live and his name be honored. John Tipsword married and became the father of Jackson, Griffin, Jei-usha, James and Carlin, all of whom married and had large families. Isaac Tipsword married Nancy Stanberry, and their children were : Isaac, Ashby, Sallie, Ruth, Thomas, Martha. Marion, John, William, Rebecca and Melissa, and these, too, all married and had many children. Thomas Tipsword was the father of Albert, Jonathan, Isaac, Jackson, Mil- lie, Lydia, Mary and Bell, and they, too, mar- ried and their descendants are to be found all over the county. It is claimed that Dr. John O. Soott was the first white man to kindle a fire within the con- fines of Effingham County, although there were others here before him. The following record is as authentic as can be gathered from material on hand. Griffin Tipsword and family in 1815 : Isaac Fancher and family in 182.5 : Ben Campbell, Jesse and Jack Fuller in 1826 : John O. Scott and Elliott and wife passed through in 1825. In 1828 came Thomas I. Crockett and family, Stephen Austin, Dick Robmson, John McCoy, Bud Moore and Richard Cohea, followed in 618 EFFINGHAM COUNTY 1829 by Johu Broom, Jouathau Parkluirst, Beu Allen, Mrs. Charlotte Kepley, Jacob Nelson, Andrew Martin, Alexander Stewart, John Ingra- bam, Johu Trapp, Samuel Brattou, John Fair- lelgU, Alfred Warren, Amos Martin, old Auaty Bratton, Andrew Lilley, Henry Tucker, William Stephens, Alec Stewart, Bill Stewart and Jacob Nelson. In 1S30 came Jesse Surrells, T. J. Renfro, James Turner, Johu Allen, Micajah Davidson, Henry P. Bailey, George Neavills, Alexander MeWhorter, Jesse White, Enoch Neavills. The settlers in 1S31 were Jacob Slover, Isaac Slover, John Gallant, William Gallant; Sey- mour, Powell and Thomas Loy ; William J. Han- bins, the Hutchinsous and John Galloway. This shows there were fifty-one families lo- cated within Effingham County before February 15, 1831, when the county was organized by act of the Legislature. These people were in settlements in Blue Point, on Fulfer Creek, the Wabash River, Brockett's Creek, and Union Township. One of the most important of the early pioneers was Ben Campbell, who located here in 1826. He was a typical pioneer, rough in appearance and speech but possessed of sterling traits of character, able and willing to do the work of many and fearless iu his actions. He was a great fighter and hunter, and was always to be seen with his gun and clothing made of skins, -with a close fitting red bonnet, which he never removed. His death occurred on Christmas Day, 1856, when he was riding on horseback, and his grave is unmarked, but his memory lives, and bis deeds are recounted, and his jokes remembered, although many who could lay claim to higher things are forgotten. CHAPTER II. COUNTY ORGANIZATION. DATE OP ORGANIZATION COUNTIES OF WHICH EFFINGHAM HAS FORMED A PART AT DIFFERENT PERIODS AREA AND BOUNDARIES- — TOPOGRAPHY — STREAMS — INDIAN REUCS MINERAL RE- SOURCES COAL, BUILDING BOCK AND MINERAL WATERS — EWINGTON THE FIRST COUNTY SEIAT REMOVAL TO EFFINGHAM — SOME FIRST EVENTS FIRST LAND DEED, FIRST MARRIAGE AND FIRST SCHOOL. Etfingham County was created by act of the State Legislature February 15, 1831, out of the eastern portion of Fayette County and a tier of three townships from the western portion of what was then Crawford County. The terri- tory which it comprises had previously consti- tuted successively parts of the following coun- ties: Knox County (which theu included East- em Illinois and Western Indiana), 1790 to 1801; St. Clair County, 1801 to 1812 ; Madison County, 1812 to 1815; Edwards County, 1815 to 1816; Crawford Countj-, 1816 to 1821, with the excep- tion of three half-towuships on its northern bor- der, theu embraced in Crawford County ; and finally Fayette and Crawford Counties, 1821 to 1831. Area and Boundaries. — The area, as defined by the act of February 15, 1831, creating the county, is described as follows : "Beginning at the northwest corner of Jasiier County, running south with the line thereof to the southeast c-orner of Township No. 6 ; thence with the line dividing Townships 5 and 6 to the northwest corner of Township 5 North, in Range 4 East ; thence north with the township lines to the northwest comer of Section 19 of Town- ship 9 North, Range 4 East ; thence east with the section line to the northeast corner of Sec- tion 24, Range 6 East, thence south with the township line to the southeast comer of Town- ship 9 North ; thence east to the northeast corner of Township 8 North, Range 7 East, and thence south with the range line to the place of beginning." As thus defined the county embraces twelve entire congressional townships — Towns 6 to 8 North (inclusive) from south to north, and Ranges 4 to 7 East, from west to east, with a tier of three half townships on its northern border adjoining Shelby County, making a total of thirteen and one-half congressional townshii>s — an area of 486 square miles, which has re- mained unchanged since the date of organization. This area is divided into fifteen Incorporated townships under the general Township Organi- zation Act, which are treated separately in another chapter under the head, "Township His- I EFFINGHAM COUNTY 619 tory." The county is bounded on the north by Fayette and Cumberland Counties, on the east by Cumberland and Jasper, south by Clay and Fayette and west by Fayette County. Streams — Topography.- — The county is about equally divided by the Little Wabash River, while in the eastern ijortiou are the Lucas, Big Bishop, Little Bishop and Ramsey Creeks, Big and Little Salt Creeks, Brush Creek. Green Creek and Sugar Fork ; and in the western por- tion Fulfer and Limestone Creeks, Big and Brockett's Creeks, Second Creek, Funkhouser, Blue Point and Shoal Creeks and Green and Moccasin Creeks. When the first settlers came into the county they found about half of it swamp land and practically useless, becau.se of the water lying upon it a large part of the year. Now, through the magnifieent drainage system that has been developed, all of this land has been redeemed and produces astonishing crops. Then the higher surfaces were covered with white and burr-oaks, hickory and post-oaks. There is some Tolling land in the county and several marked elevations, notably Blue Mound, in the eastern part of the county, and a low ridge near JIason. Curious graves, containing relics of Indians, have been found in the extreme southern part of the county, along the Wabash River. Mineral Resources. — There are indica- tions that coal will be found at some distant day, but as yet none has been discovered for mining purposes. Iron ore has been found in different parts of the count.v. especially in the neighbor- hood of the mouth of Big Creek. Building stone is found on Sugar Creek and Green Creek, and there is a quarry of excellent gray sandstone on Salt Creek Bluffs ; on Shoal Creek, Fulfer Creek, Ramsey Creek and Big Creek there is a good quality of sandstone. A large portion of the stone u.sed on the National Road was obtained from the limestone quaiTies on Limestone, Fulfer and Big Creeks. Effingham County is well supplied with min- eral waters, as would be exjiected from the presence of limestone. Douglas. Watson, Mason, and Jackson Townships contain springs that possess excellent medicinal qualities. Some of these are iron, others sulphur springs, and in olden times the Indians, who perhaps under- stood their properties better than their white successors, used to frequent them. However, EfHngliam is e.ssentially an agricul- tural county. The soil is peculiarly adapted to the growing of wheat and corn, and since the redemption of the low lands through drainage, its .soil is of unrivaled richness and blackness. County-seat.— John Haley, James Galloway and John Hall were appointed by the Act creat- ing Effingham County in 1831, commissioners to select the location of the county-seat, and they located it at Ewington and a court house was built by Hankins & Cartwright, at a contract price of $580.371,4. In 18C0, nearly thirty years after its establishment at Ewington, the county- seat was removed by the vote of the people to Effingham, which was considered more central, and there it has since remained. Ewington at that time had a population of about 200. while Effingham (originally called Broughton) was still a very small village. The county buildings are excellent, and add much to the beauty and dignity of Effingham, the largest and most sub- stantial of the congested districts of Effingham. Some First Events. — The first deed recorded in Effingham County was dated on February 27, 1833, and bears the names of Isaac Fancher and his wife Amy, who transferred farm land to T. J. Gillenwaters. During the first year of the county's existence, the entire revenue from taxes was but $50. The heaviest tax-payer during 1837 was John Fiuikhouser, who paid $5. The first marriage license issued bears the date of January 21, 1833, and was for James C. Haden and Nancy Nesbitt. The first school taught in Effingham was that of Elisha Parkhurst, who established' it in 1831, when he was only twelve years old. Thomfis I. Brockett established a school, and the twelve- year old lad was followed by Dr. John Gillen- waters. In 1838 John Funkhouser was elected School Oommi.ssioner for the county, and during that year $103.10 was paid out for teachers in the entire county. Judge William J. Hankins was one of the earliest la\\Ters of Effingham County, others are mentioned in the various townships wherein ttiey settled. CHAPTER III. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. CONDITIONS AND MODES OF LIFE IN PIONEER DAYS — EARLY SETTLEMENT.S — MEETINGS OF OLD SET- 620 EFFINGHAM COUNTY TLEBS' ASSOCIATION REMINISCENCES OF SOME OF ITS MEMBEES — -WOLF CREEK, GREEN CREEK, LIMESTONE CREEK, FREEMANTON AND ELLIOTTS- TOWN SETTLEMENTS — LETTERS AND SPEECHES INCIDENTS OF LOCAL AND GENERAL COUNTY HISTORY. To those of the present generation the details of pioneer life seem imjwssible. The traveler through the fertile I'arming districts of Effing- ham County finds it difficult to realize that, scarcely half a century ago, this land was almost a wilderness. Log-houses sheltered but imper- fectly the people, who were content to plant bits of land, although they might be the owners of whole sections. Here and there was a primitive schoolhouse, usually used for church purposes as well. Wild game was plentiful, and the wood- man's gun was an imiwrtant adjunct to the housekeeping outfit, for by means of it the housewife could have her larder supplied with game. The roads were miserable, the settle- ments few and far between, and the comforts of life unknown. The settlers who came into the county from the earliest .settlements until long after the es- tablishment of the railroad, made the trip with wagons, drawn sometimes by oxen and at other times, when they were a little better off, by horses. The timbered regions were preferred because of the necessity for wood, and here in the midst of dense forests, tangled with under- growth, the little log-house was erected, the only light coming from the swinging door on its leather hinges. A mud fireplace sheltered the huge logs, and in its embers the housewife cooked the frugal meals. And yet there come down to us accounts of good cheer, boundless hospitality, great deeds, wonderful courage, and, above all, a compassionate Christianity, that oannot be equaled today. Whenever these I>ioneers were called upon, they responded in a remarkable manner. These pioneers reared large families, and but few of these children of the frontier turned out badly. They made the best of their limited opiwrtunities, learned to work hard and to save their scanty earnings, continually investing in land, that eventually was destined to repay them many-fold for their efforts. Lacking, though, the founders of Effing- ham County may have been in many things, they had plenty of courage, endurance and pa- tience; they knew how to work hard and to a purijose, and those who have sprung from their loins need have no hesitation in claiming for them the honor that is most justly their honest due. The following sketches of the more important early settlement in Effingham County are taken, in somewhat c-ondensed form, from articles read at different meetings before the Effingham Old Settlers' Association, for which the publishers are indebted to D. H. Wright, .Secretary of the Association : WOLF CREEK SETTLEMENT. (By G. W. Tipsword. VMS.) According to the most reliable authority, this locality was first invaded by the white race of that adventurous creaure known as man, about 1814 or 1815, in the person of Griffin Tipsword. Further than this we know not, until in the ■30s. Then we begin to learn of such sterling and noble characters as the I'owells, Coxes, John Scully, Benjamin Griffith, Barr, Pullen, Dutton, Allen and Elisha Howard, A. J. Gilbert, Isaac D. Sidwell, John D. Acres, Daniel White, John Myers, the Cunninghams and Olingers, Ly- man Pratt. Edward and Samuel Mahan, Alfred McCann, Dickey Reynolds, Henry Copeland, Joseph and Thomas Dowty, William Stamer, Walker D. Gossage, the descendants of Griffin Tipsword, and many others. These people came from various European countries and from the Buckeye, Hoosier and Southern States. Wolf Creek Precinct was formed June .3, 1839, and was known as the Third Justice's District. The place designated for holding general elec- tions was at the house of Isaac Tipsword, near Wolf Creek, on the south bank, in Town 8 North. Range 4 East of the Third Principal Meridian. It comprised all that part of Effing- ham County lying north of the National Road and west of the middle of Grand Prairie. In August, 1840, the first election was held. Walker D. Gossage, William Starner and John Tip- sword being judges. They received $1.00 each for their services, and Mr. Gossage received 72 cents for carrying the poll back to Ewington, at that time the county-seat. The last election held in this precinct was in November, 1860. Then followed township organization and the formation of Moccasin and Liberty Townships, which include all the territory once comprising Wolf Creek Precinct. June 3, 18.39. the first Board of School Trus- tees for Town 8 North, Range 4 East (which EFFINGHAM COUNTY 621 Is Moccasin Township), was appointed, and the members were Walljer D. GJossage, John Lyles and Thomas Tipsword. The first entry of land in this precinct was made by Isaac D. Sidwell, on the east % of the southwest Vi of Section 30, To\Tn 9 North, Range 4 East. March 1, 1837. Then followed John Tipsword. southwest M of the northeast Vt of Section 32. Town 9 North. Range 4 East. October 20, 183S ; by John Scully the east Va of the southwest Vi of Section 5, Town 8 North, Range 4 East, November 26, 1839; by Isaac Tipsword the northeast M of the northwest % and part of southeast % of Sec- tion 5, Town 8 North, Range 4 East, January 23, 1839 ; on the same date S. B. Sturgeon entered land in Section 21. Town 9 North, Range 4 East, in 1S39 ; A. W. Hopt. in Section 19, Towi 9 Noi-th, Range 4 East, in 1838; and John Acres in Sec- tion 23, same town, November 8, 1838. We find from an examination of the entr.v records that, at the formation of this precinct, there were per- haps more entries of land made there than in any other portion of the county. In June. 1840. Walker D. Gossage was ap- pointed the first Assessor of the precinct, and the same year was appointed Supervisor of Roads, and allowed $5.00 in full for his services as Supervisor during that year. The total amount of taxes upon all the property in the ^ounty, in 1840. was $193.3.3-1/3. March G. 1S4G. the territory now comprising Moccasin Township was formed into one road district, No. 4, and John Scully was the first Supervisor. All able-bodied men over twenty- one and under fifty years of age were required to perform four days' labor on the public roads each year. June 'j. 1849. the road running from Freemanton northwest to the "mouth" of Lor- ton's Lane, on the county line between Effing- ham and Fayette Counties, was ordered by the Court and (so far as the writer can learn) was the first public road in this precinct. The same day this action was taken the County Commis- sioners' Court allowed D. W. Powell .$f5.00 for wolf-scalps. He later removed to Altamont. Among others following those alread.v men- tioned were : William Getz. Senas Spore. Ben- jamin .Tones. John and Wendell Hotz. William and Samuel Garrison. William Owens. Anthony Grant. Douglas Larimore, the Sweazeys, John Alsop, George Eceles, Thomas Tennery, S. D. Lorton, L. R. McMurry. W. B. Metham. Dr. John Wills, Moses and Pickett Dowty, John Scoles, the Bodkins family. Gabriel McKinzey, the Townsend family, Thomas Perrj-, Thomas Patterson, Parker Davidson, G. W. Harrison, Henderson Gillmore, James Gilstrap, Abram and James Force, the Loekards, Mordecai Yar- nall, Jonathan Smith, Henry Yunker, John T. Frazey, G. W. Barcus, Edwin Buckley, Peter Campbell, Arema Clark, Isham Jennings. Samuel Jones, a Mr. Hedge. Stacy Lawyer, and many others who furnished brave sons to do patriotic duty in the '60s. Perhaps the first schoolhouse in this precinct was situated on Section 17. Town 8 North, Range 4 East, and was built of logs. It was replaced by another log building located on the same section of land, but further north, and in this house the writer first attended school, in t^e '50s. About this time there was another school- house built north of where Beecher City now stands, known as the Eceles School. There was also- -one farther up the creek, known as the Bar School. The first church building erected in tl.e pre- cinct was located on the north line of ijectioa 17. Town 8 North. Runty Surveyor, presented a petition to the Commis- sioners' Court asking that body to grant a new voting precinct, to be known as Freemanton. 628 EFFINGHAM COUNTY This petition was grauted aud tlae boundaries were fixed. They are a little indefinite, but presumably tooli in all of what is now Mound Township, about one-half of Jackson Township, aud a part of Summit and Moccasin Townships. The tirst election was held at Freemanton, Oc- tober 2, 1843, Charles Bogges, AV. W. Young and Richard D. McCranor being the first election judges. I find no record as to what officers were elected. The village and vicinity were now getting into a condition to put on airs ; there was a blaclismith shop, a store, a mill, and other industries, as well as a post-office. It Is not known to any certainty who kept the first store; the best information we have on this part of our history is. that Jacob Bishop started a little store and trading shop atx)ut 1S43, and in 1844 he also started a mill, which was propelled by oxen on a tread wheel. John Armstrong and family settled in the vicinity in 1844. About this time a church or- ganization was effected, and steps were taken to have regular church services. The organizers of this church were James Devore and Jacob Bishop, both licensed preachers. Charles Bogges and wife. Maxwell Crabb and wife, Mrs. Wood- ruff, and the families of Jacob Bishop. James Devore. Joshua Devore, W. W. Young and others were among the first members of the church organization. They were of the Methodist Epis- copal faith and the first building they used was a log structure built at the east end of the vil- lage, near where the cemetei-y is located. Later on, John Miller and Levi Lowei-j- located in the settlement ; Mr. Lowei-y was a Methodist min- ister of considerable ability, and Miller was a man full of zeal, a Methodist and a great church worker. The church organization has been kept up by such men as these, and they now have a good ecmgregation and edifice at Dexter. In 1S45 the village and settlement were well established, with post-office, store and black- smith shop, and to this shop is given the credit of making the first steel-plow made inside the county. About this time William Johnson, a Scotchman, opened a little store in the village and became a very successful merchant, accumu- lating a nice little fortune. He sold out his hold- ings in 1858 and moved to Cumberland County. 111. In 1S44 Dr. C. F. Falley located at Free- manton and practiced medicine successfully for several years, then moved to E>wington and afterwards to Georgetown, Olay County, 111. Joseph Bishop studied medicine while engaged in the milling and store business, and entered into the practice of his profession about 1849, becoming a very suc-cessful practitioner. In 1850 he also put steam power in his mill, and became famous as miller, doctor and merchant. In 184G the settlement had spread out ovet considerable territory, and when the Mexican War broke out and volunteers were called for. Freemanton proved its loyalty and furnished its quota of six soldiers to the army. viz. : James 'Tucker, Jonathan P. Tucker, Tillman Clark, Hiram Maxfiekl and Duma B. Elder. Soon after the close of this war John C. Defenbaugh opened a general store in the village and kept for sale evei-j-thlng from silk goods down to ox-yokes, ox-bows and bow-pins. He ran this business succe.ssfully up to about 1802 and sold out to Daniel Boyer, who. after the building of the Vandalia Railroad, moved the business to Alta- mont. During the 'oOs there were several enterprising men who entered into merchandising, among them John M. Brown aud Peter Nelson. Sam- uel Jackson and his son Joe manufactured chairs at this time, and were acknowledged good me- chanics in that line. About 185G John JI. Brown became owner of the Bishop mill, and prepared to turn it into a factory for making jilows and other farm implements. He had it partially completed when the war commenced. This brought on a confusion in almost all of the home industries, and it forever stopped the Freeman- ton plow factory. AATien the call was made for volunteers, this settlement again responded to the call of their country, and somewhere near one hundred men enlisted from the settlement before the close of the war. During the war, business in the village of Freemanton was al- most entirely abandoned and the village depopu- lated. When the Vandalia Railroad was built in 1869-70. it missed Freemanton by alx>ut half a mile, and the village of Altamont was laid out about four miles west, becoming a thriving town and a good business point, and later the railroad company established a station just north of the old village, which station was named Dexter, and a rwst-ofBee of the same name was estab- lished. By this time the old Village of Freemanto'^^^l was almost entirely abandoned, everj-thing movable taken away, the village plat vacated and the lots turned into farm lands, and to-day, a stranger would hardly recognize it as EFFINGHAM COUNTY 629 once a village site. Tlie lauds in that vicinity are all improved and under cultivation, and the original settlement has become well populated. On marble slabs In the cemetery near by may be found the names of a great many of the first settlers ; some went further west and some went to different neighborhoods in Illinois. There are a very few of the descendants of the first set- tlers living in the old settlement. The lands in the vicinity are all occupied by a good class of intelligent and industrious citizens, sur- rounded by modern improvements and conven- iences, and they have excellent schools and churches. "The wolf and the deer are seen no more Among the woods along the shore, And where was heard the panther's scream, The farmer drives bis jocund team. Where once the Indian wig^vam stood. Upon the border of the wood. The stately mansion now is seen. Amid broad fields and pastures green." ELLIOTTSTOWN SETTLEMENT. (By Dr. Thomas J. Dunn.) The task of preparing a paper on the history of the Elliottstown Settlement has been difficult, for the reason that the settlement was begun long before I was on the ground, — even before I was born. The first settler, of whom I could obtain anything like a definite account, was Thomas Stroud, who located on the northeast % of the southeast % of Section 4, in Lucas Township, in 1840. He bad lived In Southern Indiana and, desiring to change his lo' until very recently. Smith Elliott and George Barkley, Kentuck- ians, located on Section 5 in Lucas Township, in 1&45-46, after spending a few years in Edgar County. Mr. Elliott settled on land now owned by Mrs. Rheney Merry and Mr. Barkley on the Hand Farm. Mr. Elliott was prominent in church and Sunday-school work, becoming a member of the Baptist Church at its organiza- tion. He was the founder of the village that bears his name, and died during the cholera epidemic of 1855. He left a large family, all of whom have left the county, and all except one son and one daughter are deceased. Mr. Barkley died near Watson, 111., in 186". He was a veteran of the War of 1812 and left sev- eral children, all of whom have now removed from the county. James Holt settled in Section 4, Lucas Town- ship, in 1845. About 1860 he removed to Union Township, and died there several years ago. The only member of his family now living in the State is a daughter in Clay County. Isaac McBroom, a brother-in-law of Mr. Holt, also settled in Section 4 in 1847-48. He died north of EUiottstown, atwut 1860. and none of his de- scendants remain in the neighborhood. John L.. G. W. and William Baty came to the settlement about 1845-46, John L. and William settling in Section 6, Lucas Township, and G. W. on the place now occupied by W. D. Wiles. William died soon after locating in the settle- ment and his widow afterward married James Green. John L. sold out many years ago and removed to the far Northwest, where he died soon after. G. W. removed to Kansas about thirty-five years ago, and he. too. is deceased. W. C, a son of John K. was Sheriff of the county one term, and died a few years ago in Colorado. William King located on the land where Henry Armstrong first settled, about 1S48, and he and his son William died of cholera in 1853 or '54. A daughter, Mrs. Joseph GiUmore, now resides in Watson Township. George W. Merry came to the settlement from Madison County, 111., about the year 1845, and was prominently identified with the early his- tory of the county. He died in 1868, leaving several sons and one daughter (Mrs. Sarah Green). His sons, William II., Owen T., James R., Daniel and George W., are all deceased ex- cept Daniel, who now lives at Montana, Kan. Several descendants of Owen T. and James R. still live in the vicinity. James Green came to the settlement at the same time as Mr. Jlerry, and located on and improved the northwest % of the northeast Vi of Section 12 in Union Township, where he re- sided several years. His father, Thomas Green, who came with him, is buried on this farm, having died at the age of one hundred and three .years. Mr. Green reared a large family, of whom one sou, William, died only a few years ago, and several descendants still reside in the county. John Knowles came to the farm where Wil- liam White settled, about the year 1849. He died soon after, leaving a large family, all of whom moved away. Richard Wood and Jacob Forsythe, sons-in-law of Mr. Knowles, came a few years later. Mr. Wood died in Union Town- ship, April 1, 1903, and Mr. Forsythe at one time sold goods in EUiottstown, but left many years ago. Andrew Wood, son of Richard Wood, still lives in Union Towniship. Jane Walker, a sister-in-law of James Holt, took iX)ssession of the Tilton Place, now owned by Joseph Lidley, about 1850, and remained there about ten years, when she moved to the vicinity of Springfield, Mo. John B. Streife came to the settlement from Switzerland and located in Section 36, Watson Township, about 1850. A few years after the Civil War he removed to California. John S. Tedrick located on the place which still bears his name, in 1850-51. lie was origin- ally from Maryland, but had stopped a few years in Ohio or Indiana. He prospered from the start and liecame possessed of considerable prop- erty. His wife was prominent in church and temperance work. He died over twenty years EFFINGHAM COUNTY 631 ago and his wife about ten years later ; they left a number of descendants In the locality. Levi Jacobs came to the settlement in lSol-52, and lived where Jacob L. Kagay now resides. He accumulated a great deal of property and it is said the first election in the place was held at his house. He died in Effingham. Andrew Dunn and Jolm Barkley came in 1S53, the former settling on a farm in Lucas Town- ship that now bears his name. He died in Teutopolis, 111., January 6, 1871, and his widow, Sarah A. Dunn, died on the old farm October 16, 1892, when past the age of eighty years. A son. Dr. T. J., of Lucas Township, and a daugh- ter, Mrs. Andrew Bailie, of Mason, are still resi- dents of the county. Mr. Barkley removed to Missouri about the beginning of the Civil War. After 1853 the country settled up very fast. John H. Anderson, Enoch Fishback and W. H. Delaney came in 1854. Mr. Anderson died at Mason, 111. ; Fishback removed to Missouri after the Civil War, and Mr. Delaney died in Effing- ham. William James bought the farm now owned by William Dye, in 1855, and died there about four years later. John G. James, a well- known citizen of Watson Township, is his son. Many others located in the settlement about this time, and among them were Rev. G. W. Barcus and John Trapp, who came from "The Patch" and located on Trapp Prairie, or, as it was sometimes called. "Lazy Neck." Rev. Bar- cus lived at Bobdoane, Fayette County, and Trapp at Freemanton and vicinity for quite a while before going to "The Patch." Mr. Wilkin- son, Adam L. Walker, David Kersliner, Jacob S. Covert and Richard P. Rogers also came to the settlement about this time. The village of Elliottstown was surveyed and platted by R. A. Howard, for Smith Elliott, owner of the land, in June, 1854 ; Dr. L. J. Field had built a residence on the land a year or so previously. A. E. Elliott built a house about the time the town was platted ; and Richard P. Rogers, Robert B. Evans, and some others, built residences about the same time. G. W. Baty built a steam saw-mill in 1855, and later added a grist mill. This mill was owned by various men and remained for several years in opera- tion. It was patronized by people for many miles around the town. Several others have conducted saw and grist mills in the village; I recall to mind Samuel Field, who did a good business for some time. Robert B. Evans conducted the first store, and he was followed by Jacob Forsythe, L. J. Field, John Marble, Thomas S. Duckworth, Hamilton L. Smith, G. W. Sloan, Sloan & Barr, C. C. Hunter, Kennedy & Lloyd, Wiles & Lloyd, Dye & Sloan, J. P. Floyd & Co., Ira Pendlay, and many others. O. T. Merry did a successful business for several years and his widow suc- ceeded to his business at his death, which oc- curred in January, 1895. N. A. Kite is also in business at present. Dr. L. J. Field was instrumental in establish- ing a post-office in 1855 and was the first Post- master, serving many years. The post-office was discontinued August 31, 1906. The following physicians have practiced in the village in about the order named: L. J. Field, Dr. Abbott, Dr. Hughes, Dr. Lesseur, Dr. Shindle, Dr. Johnson, Dr. Sloan, Dr. Lloyd, Dr. Larrabee and Dr. Dunn. A schoolhouse was erected in 1856, by Uavia Kershner, and John Russ taught the first school therein ; he was followed by Samuel Field, H. B. Kepley, Robinson McCann, W. B. Hanna- walt, C. A. Van Allen, W. P. Surrells, T. J. Dunn and many others. Dr. Field taught the first school in the settlement long before the Village of Elliottstown was thought of, in a cabin on the land now owned by Lee Burrell. A school- house was built a few years later on the land be- longing to Smith Elliott, about a mile north of the village. This was used for school purposes until the building was erected in town, as before mentioned, in 1856. John V. Bail conducted the first blacksmith shop, beginning about the year 1855. W. D. Wiles is now in that business, and has a good trade. The first church was organized by the Bap- tists, who held a meeting at the home of Smith Elliott in 1852. After the town was laid out they erected a good building, which was de- stroyed by fire about fifteen years ago. Rev. G. W. Barcus was conspicuous in maintaining this church. The organization has now ceased to exist. The Christian Church was organized during the Civil War. They have a church building and hold regular meetings, also sup- porting a Sunday School. The Methodist Protestant Church was or- ganized some years ago; they own a good build- ing and have regular services, as well as a well- attended Sunday School. 632 EFFINGHAM COUNTY A lodge of the Ancient Free and Accepted Masons was moved from Winterrowd to Elliotts- town about 1869. They have a hall and about twenty members. The village has had no regular saloons ror many years. Farther back each grocery and general store was well provided with "Old John- sou County," but this was discouraged and finally discontinued. The settlement was very prompt to respond to the call for volunteers, at the outbreak of the Civil War. Three families that I now call to mind, — the Field, KershuU and Stroud families, each contributed six soldiers. The following sent all male members old enough for enlist- ment : the Abraham, Barkley, Barcus, Dunn and King families. The Green, Merry, Baty, Knowles and many other families also contri- buted freely. All Jacobs and King families who went gave up their lives, — not a member of either family retui-ned. Many other persons are desening of mention in this paper, did space permit. The Ramsey Point Settlement is also worthy of mention. LETTER OF H. H. WRIGHT, 189S. I came to the county in 1834, and if I could recall all the conditions that existed at that time, I could give you an interesting letter. The county was then pretty much a wilderness. The settlements were on the Little Wabash, Lime- stone Creek, along the National Road, on Wolf Creek and on Bishop and Ramsey Creeks. Rob- ert Moore lived at the head of Blue Point, on the old road that ran north to Galena. He had a small field on the prairie and a little bottom at Blue Point; this was the only farm on the prairie in the county at that time, and he owned about a thousand acres. The voting places were then in Ewington, Freemanton, on Wolf Creek, and at Jolvn Broom's near Mason. We then polled about sixty votes in the county, which would make nearly 300 inhabitants. The first persons buried in the Ewington Cemetery were John Hankins and Mrs. Samuel White. In this cemetery are headstones that mark the graves of many old settlers of the county. There are few left of those who were here sixty-four years ago. Those who have seen the black bear prowl around the cabin and heard the panther scream or the wolf howl ; the men who wont ten or twelve miles to mill with a bushel of corn and had to wait till the next day to get their grist ; who plowed corn with a single ox or c-ow, hitched to bull-tongued plows with rawhide or hickoi-y bark tugs; who plowed by moonlight to eseai)e the ravages of the green- head flies ; the women who carded wool and spun it into yarn and wove it into cloth, and who soaked hard com and grated It on a tin grater to make bread: these men and women are passing away and we cannot too often do them honor. The family names of the old settlers in 1834 were: 'I'urner, Nelson, Higgs, Broekett, Trapp, MeWhorter, McCann, Cronk, I'arkhurst, Tucker, Porter, Scott, Gilmore, Lankford, Neaville, Le-' vitt, Slaven, Cartwright, Tarrant, Rentfrow, Ramsey, Cohen, Dobbs, Tlpsword, Jennings, Griffitli, Holmes, Gordon, Cox, Gossage, Powell, Lorton, Harris, Andereon, Olinger, Ingraham, Thomason, uagner, Bengaman, Gillenwaters, Funk. Funkhouser, Shadwell, StalHugs, Mairtln, Broom, Ostin, Hankins, Loy, wVight, Gillespie, Bailie, Blirit, Farley, McCoy, Kepley. I used to carry the mail from Vandjilia to Palestine, In Crawford County, by way of Mar- tinsville, taking three days for the trip. While I was on this route the Government established an "E.xpress train," which was the talk of the whole country. Tliis consisted of a saddle horse, the carrier riding at the greatest iK>ssible speed the horse could sustain, relays of horses being provided at close and convenient stations. This ex]>ress made ten miles an hour and was really a great achievement. It used to pass me on my route. The mills were great industries in those days ; in ISSi they were all horse mills. Those I can recall were Parkhurst Mill, near Mason ; Short's mill in Ewington, which my father bought in 18.35; White's mill on Bishop Creek; Davidson's mill at Turner's Place, and Ramsey's mill, north of Effingham. The first water mills were Meek's mill at the Park's ford on the Waba.sh ; Brock- eft's, since called Robinson's, and the Flems- burg mill. The first steam mill was built in Freemanton by Bishop and was a "wonder." LETTER FROM GEORGE C. VAN ALLKN. The following are extracts from a letter sent to the Effingham Old Settlers' Association in 1898, by George C. Van Allen, of Mt. Pleasant, Iowa : EFFINGHAM COUNTY 633 "The years 1857-59 I spent looking after the interests of the Illinois Central Railroad Land Department, and making friends for myself meanwhile. I remember how I visited almost every section of land in Effingham County ; how I was kindly entertained on my trips, which were often made on foot from some station along the raih-oad. I sold railroad lands all over the region to men who made their first pajTuent, but never came back to claim the land. The great crash of 1857 closed out al- most all the contracts. "I was married in 1857 and brought my wife to Effingham. Our social life was very agree- able. My wife was young and not very strong, yet she put a new activity into the place, being the cause of a Sunday school, a sewing circle and a reading club. Among others, I remember Boleyjack ; Mr. Mette, who kept a store at the comer of the square ; Mr. George Scoles, who lived near by ; Bob Philips, who at one time kept a hotel and did other business for a living; and Mt. Holdskom, who kept a hotel and har- ness shop in the same building, — ^he working at his trade and his wife doing the honors of the hotel, which did a thriving business. "Altogether my recollection of Effingham life is very agreeable. I had great hopes there, wiped out, however, by the financial depression of 1857. After that and before removing from Effingham, I did a great deal of surveying in and around Effingham. I understand many of the corners I set are still standing as land marks for other surveyors. "I was sick with ague in the fall of 1859. I became discouraged and went back to New York, where I spent about two years completing a course in law." SPEECH OF OWEN SCOTT. The following includes some brief extracts from a speech delivered by Hon. Owen Scott, at a meeting of the Effingham County Old Settlers' Association held in 1898. Mr. Scott is a native of Effingham County, born in Jackson Township in 1848: "It took genuine courage for these men to come into this wilderness and make and maintain a settlement, to fight against those obstacles that beset every step of their onward progress. One of the greatest difficulties in settling this section of tbe country was the green-bead flies ; these ravenous pests would take a horse and abso- lutely eat him up. They came in swarms and droves. "Not only green-head flies, but ague, another enemy of civilization, had to be conquered. It wasn't fought with guns, but with quinine. In those days they did not have any quinine, so they fought it the best way they could by taking the barks of certain trees, the elder and others that produced the same element as quinine. They had to fight wolves and all the wild beasts that infested this section. They had to fight these single-handed anj at gi'eat odds. "The way they made most of their clothes in those days was to plant a little patch of flax and raise, cut, reap, 'hackle' it, weave it. and make it iip into the 'wamus' that the men wore in those days. They also wore buckskin and leather breeches. A little later came the wool that was sheared from the sheep and carded. "They had no mills. They had to go in the early days to Shelbyville to mill. I have heard my father tell about going there, driving his horses at night (when he had a horse), to es- cape the green-bead flies, getting his grist ground or grinding it himself on the old horse mill uix)n the river, and then the next night drive back." CHAPTER IV. TOWNSHIP HISTORY. HISTOKT OF INDIVIDUAL TOWNSHIPS IN EFFING- HAM COUNTY — EARLY SETTLERS AND WHEN THEY' CAME — PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS — TOWNS AND VILLAGES — ^SCHOOLS. CHURCHES AND FRA- TERNAL ORGANIZATIONS — OTHER ITEMS OF LOCAL HISTORY. Township organization in Effingham County was adopted by popular vote in 1860, and went into operation in 1801, the first meeting of the Board of Supervisors lieing held on April 22d of the latter year, the county then being divided into thirteen townships which have been in- creased by subsequent divisions to fifteen. In the following pages will be found a history of individual townships arranged in alphabetical order : 634 EFFINGHAM COUNTY BANNER TOWNSHIP. Bauner Township, organized in 1874, from the northern part of Summit Township, is located In the middle of the northern tier of townships in Effingham County, and made up of the south half of Town 9 North, Range 5 East of the Third Principal Meridian. John Blngamau is the tirst recorded settler in the territory now embraced in Banner Town- ship, having located in the timber along the Lit- tle Wabash about 1840. Prior to this he had lived in Jaclison Township. In 1843 Jefferson Rentfrow came to the same locality, and located ou a farm, which he redeemed from the wilder- ness. Robert Shumard came here alwut the same time. Nathan Ramsey located east of the present site of Shumway in 1S49, and there were a number of other early settlers, all of whom had in mind the establishment of permanent homes. When settlement was first made here, Shelby- ville was the nearest source of supply, aii'l the roads were mere Indian trails. Com was the first crop, but several years later, wheat was planted and grown successfully. Banner Town- ship is now the best wheat-producing township in Effingham County. Unlilie some of the other townships, Banner early established churches, the first sen-ices hav- ing been conducted in the home of Nathan Ram- sey by Elder Henry Shelleuberger of the Old School Baptist denomination. A little later a log church was built on Wall Creek, and for some years the faithful gathered here to be min- istered to by traveling preachers. Later the congregation moved to Shumway. The German Methodists established a church on the north of Shumway about 1809. Other denominations followed, until Banner Township is as well sup- plied with places of worship as any other in Effingham County. While the people of Banner Township were anxious about their spiritual welfare, they did not neglect the intellectual development of their children, for they soon built a log school house, and placed F. M. Griffith in charge of the school. After twelve years of service, this little building burned. Another was built In Its place, also of logs, for the first frame schoolhouse was not put up until about 18t38 or 18G9, and stood north of Shumwa.v. In it was taught the first public school, by P. M. Griffith, and he was followed by Hester Ann Crollard, Maggie Means, Martha Means, Susan Small, Riley Walker and J. A. Arnold. The Paducah & Chicago Railroad passes through Banner Township. The village of Shumway was formerly a part of the farm of Hugh Dennis, one of the pioneers of the county, and he sold it to the Paducah & Chicago Railroad in 1863. The lots were not placed on the market until 1874, and the first to buy were Henry Bernard, Edward Meyer, M. M. Hemphill, Henry Metzler, and D. J. N. Phifer. The first house and blacksmith shop were owned by Fred Meyer, and about the same time M. M. Hemphill built a hotel. Dr. Phifer erected his house during the summer of 1874, and thus was the beginning of the village assured. Henry Bernard had the first store, and he carried a general stock calculated to supply all the needs of the people depending upon him for their goods. The second store was established by Henry Metzler in the fall of 1874. The first physician in Shumwa.v, and probably in the entire township was Dr. Phifer, and he was later followed by Drs. J. H. Cancer, J. B. Johnson, John Vandervort and George Haum- messer. Shumway's first school house was put up in 1875, and Prof. J. A. Arnold, later County Superintendent, presided over its fortunes. The Shumway Flouring Mill was built in 1878 by Henry Bernard, and became an imixtrtant in- dustry. Several warehouses were also estab- lished, and Shumway became a center of a large shipping business. As Banner is essentially so religious a com- munit.v, the religious element is well represented here by a number of substantial churches, the Lutheran, the German Methodist and the St. Mary's Roman Catholic being among the oldest. As already explained. Banner Township was set off from Summit Township in 1874, and is bounded ou the noith by Shelby County, on the east by Douglas Township, on the south by Sum- mit and west by Liberty. The Little Wabash, Shoal and Moots Creeks water it, and at one time it was covered by heavy timber and under- growth. A good deal of the land was under wa- ter, but since its redemption through drainage, this hitherto valueless land has become the most desirable in the township, and those owning it are either refusing to sell or are quoting very high prices. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 635 BISHOP TOWNSHIP. Bishop Township, one of the original town- ships of Effingham County, in the middle of the eastern tier of townships, embraces the whole of Town 7 North, Range 7 East. The township takes its name from Bishop Creek, which, with Salt Creek, waters this section. It is noted for its fruit, there being scarcely a farm within its confines where fruit-growing is not specialized. Wheat and corn are also grown extensively, but the soil is better suited for the raising of fruit, and the farmers have been quick to appreciate this fact. Stock growing has attracted the at- tracted the attention of many, and the ship- ments of stock form an important factor in the business life of this part of the county. The first settlement in Bishop Township was made in 1837 by Samuel Bishop, who gave his name to the creek and township. Others fol- lowed, but none seemed suited with this region, until Christian Reanien, a German, came here. With the patience and industry of his nation, he entered land and lived here the remainder of his life, dying in 1878. A Mr. Westendorf, also a German, settled here a year later. Until 1842 these two were the only settlers in the township, but that year brought Elias Layton, Theophilus Wilson, William White and Thomas White, all from Ohio. Joseph Melson, John Tedrlck, Isaiah Wall and a Mr. Armstrong came here about 1844. In 1847 Ambrose Field es- tablished the prominent Field family in the township, as did Dr. Field. The latter entered land and taught school while continuing his medical studies, and he was the first physician in Bishop. The first mill was built by Mr. Arm- strong and was operated by horsepower, and another was built by Dr. White. The first election in the original precinct was held in 1848, at the home of Levi Jacobs, and the result was strongly Democratic. Schools were regarded of first importance, and there are some excellent schools now maintained in various parts of the township. The first reli- gious services were held at a private residence by Elder Stephen A. Williams, a Christian min- ister, who organized a church of that denomina- tion. The Methodists also held services early in the history of the township. The Catholic and Lutheran churches bore their part in the re- ligious development, and all have flourishing congregations. EUiottstowu, the principal village of Bishop Township, was surve.ved June 17, 1854, for Smith Elliott, who gave his name to the place. Dr. L. J. Field and E. A. Elliott had already built houses, and they were followed by others who recognized the possibilities of the new town. There had been a ix)st-oflice established here, with Dr. Field as Postmaster. Robert Evans opened a store, and in 1854 John Marble started another. In 1855 H. L. Smith opened up a third, and now the mercantile interests of this thriv- ing village are well represented by several stores, conducted by merchants of public-spirit and enterprise. The hotel here was established by George Dye, who also operated a drug store. Dr. Field was the first physician, and was fol- lowed by Drs. Abbott, Hughes, Sloan, Johnson, Lesseur, Shindle and Larrabee. The first school in Elliottstown was taught by John Russ, beginning with the fall of 1856, in a small frame building. Samuel Field, H. B. Kepley and W. B. Hannawalt are remembered as early teachers, and a number of the leading men of the township laid the foundations of a broader education under them. The Baptist Church was organized .March 27, 1852, at the residence of Samuel Elliott. The Christian Church dates its beginnings back to 1866, and other denominations are here repre.sented, al- though they are of later gi-owth. The people of Elliottstown are law-abiding, intelligent citizens who are proud of their progress, their schools and churches, and are eager to add to their improvements. Delia Lodge, No. 525, A. F. & A. M. has the distinction of being the first fraternal organiza- tion in Elliottstown. but of late years other orders have been organized here. The village of Dieterich was laid out by M. Dieterich, and it was surve.ved January 8, 1881. It is on the Springfield, Efliugham & South- eastern Railroad, and is a shipping center for the agricultural district surrounding, and sev- eral important warehouses and elevators are located here. Naturally several stores have also sprung up about this prairie village. .Tohn Richards was the first Postmaster of the place, and he was succeeded by Dr. Chapman, the first physician here. Grace^ille was surveyed February 5. 1881, for John Grace, and it adjoins Dieterich. It, too. is a shipping center, but without much indi- vidual history. These three places — Elliotts- 636 EFFINGHAM COUNTY town, Dieterich and Graceville — make up tlie quota of villages in Bishop, and tbey control the large amount of shipping of gi-ain and stock done from their part of the county. DOUGLAS TOWNSHIP. Douglas Township first included all of Town 8 North, and the south half of Towti 9 North, Range G East, but in December, 1863, the east half of Town 8 North, was organized into what is now Teutopolls Township. The present town- ship Is therefore made up of the south half of T. 9 N., R. 6 E., and the west half of T. 8 N., R. 6 E., and is bounded on the north hy Shelby County, on the east by Cumberland County and Teutopolls Township, south by Watson and Teu- topolls Townships and west by Summit and Ban- ner Townships, with the Little Wabash River draining it. The principal city of the c-ounty is located In this tomishlp. being Effingham, which is the county-seat. The remainder of this town- ship Is given up to agricultural activities. The first settlers of the township were Isa*c Slover. James Cartwright, James Leavitt, Jef- ferson La^igfbrd, John Ganuaway, James and Nathan Ramsey, Aaron Williams, Richard Cohea and othei-s. In the list of Germans who located in the townsbip prior to 1840, are to be found the names of Joseph Bernard, Henry and George Koester, Ferdinand Braum. Joseph Feld- hake. Matthias lloenniug, Joseph Boessing, Ger- hard OstbofC, Fr. Hoffman, Bernard Vogt, John Fecbtrop. Bernard Detei-s, Fred Grimmeg, Ar- nold Kreke. Joseph Suer, Henry Herboth and many others. The second Catholic Church organized in Ef- fingham County was located ofi Green Creek Tn the northern part of the to^^^lship. and is the Maria Help or Green Creek Church. This was established in 1857 by the Rev. Father Frauen- hofer. Effingham City is situated at the intersection of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central and the Vandalia Railroads, and at the end of the Wabash and the Effingham & Southeastern Narrow-Guage lines. The town was originally named Broughton, for Gov. John Brough, of Ohio, who was then the principal promoter of the Vandalia Railroad line, but this name was dropiied in ISTjS. The plat of Effingham, proper, was made by James M. Healey, Deputy County Surveyor, September 12, 1855, and a number of additions have since been made to it, until the population now numbers something between 4,000 and 5,000. Tbe first store In Effingham was opened in 1854 by William Dorsey, from Princeton, Ind. Tlie post-office, before the appointment of a Postmaster was called Wehunka, but this name was later changed to Effingham, and John Hoeuy was made the first Postmaster and George Scoles was his successor. The first regular hotel was tbe Central House, located west of the Illinois Central tracks, and was kept by Dr. Bishop about 1855-56, but he soon sold It to John Woods, who was succeeded by Samuel Fleming. There are a number of first-class hostelries in Effingham, which are noted for their admirable cuisine and com- fortable quarters. Dr. George Scoles was the first practicing physician of Effingham, located there about 1857, and continued for many years. Dr. Farley was also an early and much beloved physician, and there are many others whose names might well be added to the roster. Craddock & Habing organized the first bank- ing institution of Effingham, in 1866. in the Lit- tle Building, and this was continued until 1873, when the firm was dissolved. Tbe Effingham Bank was founded in 1879 b.v F. A. Von Gassy. Other financial institutions have sprung up, and some are still in existence, while others have pas.sed out or been absorbed b.v the larger ones. Effingham is essentially a residence city. Its beautiful streets and avenues Ijelng lined with some of the most handsome and modem homes to be foimd in this part of the State. Manufac- turing interests are not largely represented here for that very reason, for the men of this locality, realizing the beauty of the place, have hesitated to invade it vrith the smoke and grime so much a part of large plants of this character in other cities. However, the city has a large enough number of manufactories to give employment to a considerable projiortion of the population, and the products rank well in the markets of the country. The big fire of 1863 will long be remembered for its destructive nature, and there have been several others of less importance, but now the citj- has a very fully equipped fire department AUSTIN OPERA HOISE, EI-FINXtHAM. ILL. effixgha:\i county 637 and is able to handle the tires with which it may be visited. The village of Effingham was incoriwrated, but no record of that act can be found. In 1867 it bec-ame a city with B. F. Kagay as Mayor; E. H. Bishop, Clerk; Wesley Spitler, R, E. Moore. W. H. St. Clair and Fred Mindi-up as the first Board of Aldermen. The first church to be established in Effing- ham was the Methodist, presided over by Rev. ilr. Graham in 1S35. The Baptist Church was oi^anized in 1S61. by Elder Uriah McKay. The St. Anthony's Catholic Church was organized iu 1858 by Father Bartels. The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was organized by Rev. Mr. Luther iu 1865, but is now extinct. St. Mary's Mission Episcopal Church was estab- lished by Rev. John W. Osborne about 1871. The first Presbyterian Church of Effingham dates back to November 13, 1864, when it was organized in the court house by Revs. A. T. Norton and S. R. Bissell. St. John's Lutheran Church was organized in 1864 by Rev. Charles Meyer. There are many fraternal organizations in Effingham, of which only passing mention can be given. The Free Masons were established in the county at Ewington, February 10, 1854, with James M. Long as Master. Effingham has always been noted for the ex- cellence of its schools, and, from its very begin- ning, the foundation and maintenance of schools occupied the minds of the settlers. The first school was presided over by John Hoeny. who began in 1855, and Alexander S. Moffitt taught the second school. Now the school system is one of the best in the State, and the teachers rank with the highest. The buildings are thoroughly modem, and the methods are the liest known in pedagogy. The sick are taken care of iu Mercy Hospital, a city institution, under the care of the Fran- ciscan Sisters of Mercy, and was established by St. Anthony's congregation. Effingham is one of the best examples of a flourishing mid-state city that can be found in the country. It is conveniently located, both as to transportation, and climatic conditions; is the center of a rich farming community that looks to it as a natural source of supply, and is the home of a number of wealthy men who have retired from their farms. Effingham is a city of homes, and its people are not transients, but are bound to it by ties of property as well as friendship, so that its government is stable, and its improvements made for all time, and not to gratify an empty love of display. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. Jackson, one of the central townships of Ef- fingham County, embraces all of Town 7 North, Range 5 East. For many years the laud in the township was considered of little worth, as much of it lay under water, but now, owing to the present drainage s.vstem, it is included with the most valuable in Efflugham Count.v. It lies in the Wabash bottoms, southwest from Effingham City, bounded on the north by Summit To-n-n- ship, on tlie east by Watson, on the south by Mason and on the west by Mound. The Little Wabash flows through it, and with its tribu- taries, gives it all the water it can stand. The trees of the bottom lands were walnut, papaw, Cottonwood, sycamore, sugar maple, buckeye, soft maple, whUe on the ridges were to be found the different oaks, hlekoi-y and other hardy growth. The first settlement in what is now Jackson Township was made by Isaac Fancher in 1825. A couple of .years later, his brother Byron came on and located here too. They were both na- tives of Tennessee. Indeed a good deal of Effing- ham County was settled by Southern people, who sought in the new lands a home free from the conflicting questions of the day, that were to terminate later on in the greatest struggle the world has ever known. Ben Campbell was the next settler, he coming about 1826, and he was followed by Jesse and Jack Fuller, Thomas I.. Fred and William Brockett, and in 1829 by Samuel Bratton, Andrew Lilly, Henry Tucker, Willijim Stephens. In 18.30 there were many settlements made by men who wanted to make permanent homes in the wilderness. None of these pioneers were afraid of hard work; they came prepared to subdue the wild land and con- quer adverse circumstances, and the.v succeeded beyond their wildest expectations. An interest- ing circumstance is. that the first births in the townships were those of twins, born of different parents in the same house on the same night. A son was bom to Stephen Austin, and a daughter to Thomas I. Brockett. The first death resulted EFFINGHAM COUNTY tvum au aicident. Isaac Fulfer was caught by a fallhii; limb and killed. The first graveyard was located uear Freeniantoii, but there were a number of private graveyards, it being quite an ordinai-y thing for people to be buried on the property they had owned while living. Naturally thos*? jx^ople living along the water courses Imilt mills sooner than the ones who lived further in the interior, and Jackson soon had its uiills, Brockett probably establishing the first. Funkliouser had a horse mill ; Tucker established another, and others were built as there was nwd of them. They were all primi- tive affairs, but served their purpose. At first there were no roads, paths through tlie timber serving. The old National Road runs through a corner of Jackson Township. The first voting place was in the house of Thomas I. Brockett, and the first store in the township was opened in 18.3.3 by John Fiuik- houser. This store was a large one for the times, and Mr. Fnnkhouser did an e.^cten.sive business. The first school in Jackson Township was taught by Elisha Parkhurst in tlie stable owned by Thomas I. Brockett, and Col. Houston had another. As tile number of the children in- creased, better facilities were furnished, i.ntil now the schools of Jackson compare favorably with any other farming district in the State, and pupils from them are constantly entering the larger institutions of learning throughout the country. Naturally churches were founded soon after the settlement, although of course the first serv- ices were held in the houses of the pioneers. Tlie Baptists seem to liave been the leailers in the religious movement here, the first pi-o«cher. Elder Whitely being of that faith. The Metho- dists were not far behind tlieir Baptist brethren, and now there are a number of flourishing churches in different parts of the towmsliip, hav- ing excellent congregations and doing a good ■work. The village of Freemanton. in the east half of the northwest s to accommodate the shipments of grain and live stock. The early settlers of Liberty Township came VAN LA.Ml' >.! /.\l,i■,,^r^. .K 1 . j-.i- i- 1 M ,1 1 AM. ILL JEFFERSON STREET. EFFEN(iHA.M, ILL. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 639 from New England, Ohio, Indiana, the various Soutliem States, from Germany, England and Ireland, and they have blended together into one of the most patriotic communities to be found in Illinois. Among the very early set- tlers were the Coxes, who came from Tennessee, and there were also Thomas Button, George Eecles, Allsop, Alexander Bylaski, George Super- oskl, Dennis Stebbins, Samuel LJ/a7i>^ which was devoted to the cause of the Union. The village was incorporated in 1865 under an act of the Legislature. While the business Interests of this to^-n are not as extensive as those of Etfingham or Altamont, the various houses are in an excellent financial condition, and, as a residence district, it offers advantages ditticult to be bettered. Edgewood is another village of Mason Town- shij) that is a desirable place for those seeking a pleasant home in a somewhat retired neigh- borhood. It is located at the crossing of the Illinois Central and the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio. S. W. Railroad, in the south half of the northeast quarter. It was sur- veyed and platted in 1857 for the Illinois Central Railroad. The first house in it was built by James Buckner, and the next was built by Byron Woodhull. Ichabod Stedman kept the first store, which he opened in 1859. The iX)st-offiee was located in 1858, with Byron Woodlnill as Postmaster. Ichabod Stedman built a flourmill. The Methodists established themselves here in 1870. St. Ann's Roman Catholic Church was founded in 1866, with Father Kellin as first priest. Like the other villages in Effingham County, Edgewood has its quota of fraternal or- ganizations, the ilasons numbering the largest membership, the lodge having been established here in October, 1866. The village of Edgewood was Incorporated in 1869 with the following Board of Trustees: E. Barbee, James Johnson, J. F. Erwin. Joseph Fieehs and Joseph Hall, with E. Barbee as President and Joseph Hall, Clerk. MOCCASIN TOWNSHIP. This township, located in the western tier of townships in Etfingham County, includes in its area the whole of Town 8 North, Range 4 East. Tl\e name Moccasin indicates that, at one time, this locality was the home of the deadly Moi:- casin snake, when a goodly portion of it lay submerged by water and its fallow acres brought forth nothing but rank swamp grasses, and bred the miasma so fatal to the settlers who ventured into this part of the wilderness. Moccasin and Wolf Creeks flow through its territory, which now is the location of some of the most fertile and valuable farms in the State. The names of these streams were given them by the pioneer Griffin Tipsword, who was the first settler of the county, locating in this vicinity. The tim- ber of this locality consisted of white oak, hick- '€^, P! « i;i-,Mlil-.-\Xl-. I>1- 11 11 l.Ali,l-,\, .\l.; .\.M' 'N 1. 11. L, EFFINGHAM COUNTY 641 ory, walnut, cottonwood, sugar maple and elm. The boundaries of tUe township are Liberty Township on the north, Summit on the east, Mound on the south, and Fayette County on the west. The Tipswords were quite active in the his- tory of Moccasin Township, but Moses Doty became prominent later, though he did not lo- cate here until 1840. When he came to this region he found S. R. Powell, Thomas Perry, John Scully, J. P. and Hiram Doty, Samuel Cuuuiugham, Edward and Samuel Mahou, Jesse and Daniel Doty already here, and probably all of these came between 1830 and 1840. Moses Doty, who has given much effort to- wards the compilation of c-ouuty and township liistory, tells many interesting stories in his published articles of those early days. Accord- ing to him the people of Jloccasin were not backward in securing educational advantages for their clilldren, and Samuel Mahon was the first teacher. The first preacher of whom there is any record was Boleyjack, and he held meet- ings in the houses of the settlers. The Metho- dist Episcopal church was the first to be built in the township. It was built about 1854-55, and later was established an excellent school. The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was organized and a church edifice built in 1868-69. The German Methodist Church is also repre- sented here. The village of Moccasin is on the Wabash Railroad and was named after Moccasin Town- ship. Snook & Ross opened the first store here. The village was surveyed in 1872 for Benjamin Jones, Joseph Yaruall and J. H. Miller, who were the proprietors. While it is small, it is in an excellent condition, and considerable ship- ping is done from this point. However, like many of the other townships of Effingham, Moc- casin is more important as an agricultural neigh- borhood, and its residents are substantial farmers who look to other neighborhoods for their social advantages, as well as for business transactions. MOUND TOWNSHIP. Mound Township, located on the western bor- der of Effingham County immediately south of Moccasin Township, is identical in area with Town 7 North, Range 4 East. The second town in point of iwpulatiou, it is one of the most flourishing subdivisions of Eflingham County, and the center of some of the most valuable farming land in this part of the State. It is watered by Big Creek, Coon Creek, and several smaller streams. On the north Mound is bounded by Moccasin Township, east by Jack- sou, south by West Township and west by Fay- ette County. The Vandalia, the Springfield Divi- sion of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern, and the Wabash Railroads furnish excellent transportation. Perhaps one of the first settlers of the town- ship bore the name of Moore. He located in the eastern part of the township, but this family had no relationship to the present Moores of Blue Mound. John C. Deffenbaugh, William Ashton, James Grant, Peter Coleman, Daniel Conner, John Armstrong, Alfred Newman, James Woodruff, Nelson Wallace, Peter Poor- man were also very early settlers. James Stev- enson and George Ingraham are also numbered among those who early located in Mound Town- ship. The southern part of the township was settled largely by Germans, and they naturally estab- lished their church as soon as possible, prior to 1860, and it was of the German Lutheran faith. A log building was put up about 1862, and in 1868 a fine edifice was erected at a cost of $8,000, said to be the best in Effingham County. At the same time a town plat was laid out, a store was opened, and a post-office estab- lished, but the settlement did not flourish. There is also another church of the Lutheran faith in Mound Township, the Hilleman Church, which was established in 1860. The scuools of Mound Township not only are good but beyond the average, and are governed by teachers of a superior order. The people of this township have always been interested in educational matters, and have seen to it that the children are given every opportunity along this line. Altamont, the principal town of the town- ship, was laid out by J. W. Conologue, the first Superintendent of the Vandalia Railroad, the plat being recorded July 19, 1870. The first lot was bought by Abner Dutton ; R. S. Cutter bought the second, and opened a store. Daniel Boyer, Dr. J. N. Groves, H. H. Brown, J. C. Russell and Mr. Broom were the next settlers, and from then on the little settlement flourished. 642 EFFINGHAM COUNTY The town Is beautifully located at the crossing of the Vaudalia and the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Kailroads, and a numher of additions have been made to the origi- nal plat. Mound Township derived its name be- cause of its elevation, and the name Altamont was given to the new town for the same reason. The first hotel was built in 1871 by Daniel Boyer, and named after him, the Boyer House. The Altamont House is also a well known hos- telrj-. Ben Brazil was the first blacksmith. There had been a post-offlce established at Mont- ville, on the National Road, several miles south of Altamont, but it was moved to the latter place in 1871, and the first Postmaster was G. H. Melville. The town is a center for several Important manufacturing industries, being ad- mirably suited for such purposes on account of its transportation facilities. The grain business of the town is very large, farmers from the country surrounding, marketing their product here. The Altamont Bank was established in July, 1874, and was the first financial institution of the town. The founder was George Mittendorf. In 1876 another bank was established by C. M. Wright & CM. On September 4, 1870, the railroad station was opened, and this resulted in the establish- ment of the town. Naturally a newspaper fol- lowed, and the Altamont News and the Courier divided honors. The first school here was taught by George Poorman, and the first schoolhouse was put up in 1870, to be followed in 1874 by substantial buildings. The German Reformed Church was founded in 1872; the Emanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church was founded in 187.3; the Methodist Episcopal Church was founded in 1S72; St. Clare's Roman Catholic Church had its begin- nings in 1874. The cemetery is one of the most beautiful iu the county, and is well kept up by the Town Trustees. Hale Johnson was the first lawyer of Alta- mont, coming here in 1873. W. S. Holmes and P. K. Johnson were also among the early legal representatives. Nearly all the fraternal societies are repre- sented in Mound Township. Of course, the Masonic order is firmly established, as well as the Odd Fellows, Modem Woodmen, Knights of Pythias and others. Altamont was organized as a town in 1871, and as a village in 1872, the first Board of Trustees being Daniel Boyer, J. M. Huffman, J. Holtz, A. H. Dutton and W. L. Snook, with Mr. Boyer as President, and Mr. Hugg as Olerk. ST. FRANCIS TOWNSHIP. Located in the northeast corner of Effingham County, St Francis Township embraces in area the whole of Town 8 North, Range 7 East. The township is one of the richest farming sections in this part of the State. The soil is a rich black loam, which pi-oduces magnificent crops. There was more prairie than timber land in this township, although at one time Salt Creek was heavily wooded with hickory, oak, elm, syc- amore, maple and walnut. This township is in the wheat belt, although corn, rye, oats, barley, flax and other cereals are grown profitably. This township was not settled as early as some of the others, although there seems no reason why it should not have been, except, per- haps, that it was not as heavily wooded, and in the early days the pioneers sought the timber regions because they needed wood for fuel, build- ing houses and inclosing fields. It is generally supposed that the first settler was a German named Taela, who came here in the years be- tween 1840 and 1845, with his family from Cin- cinnati. The next settler was probably Abraham Marble, who was from Ohio and came in 1845. His settlement was made on the present site of Montrose, on the .stage line of the National Road, and he kept a hotel. There was a little settlement formed on the National Road by Kit Radly, who kept a hotel which did not bear a good name, and, fortunately, he did not prosper for long. H. B. Hobbings, John H. Wernsing, and B. H. Dryer were later settlers. Henry Rump, John Lorkins, the Hartlips, and many others came here, located property and began to develop farms out of the wild lands. When the township was still new some of the pioneers had to go to Terre Haute for neces- sities, so that they were forced to depend upon game and the scanty crops for much of their food, and the early settlers knew how to get along in ways that would astonish their de- scendants. In St. Francis, the Methodists did the mis- sionary work, although the XiUtherans have be- ^^^t^^MU^^-.-^^^^^ EFFINGHAM COUNTY 643 come very strong and closely followed their Metbodist brethren. The first church was es- tablished by the Lutherans, in 1868, by Rev. H. H. Holtermeiu, in a schwjlhouse, but in 1871 a more commodious structure was reared to meet the requirements of the rapidly increasing congregation. The religious spirit has always been very strong in St. Francis. The first settlers of this township did not es- tablish schools as early as some others, because of the better advantages offered by Cumberland County. Hovfever, about 1854 Miss Lizzie RoUe taught a little school west of Montrose. The first school building was put up by Newton Gib- bon, in 1S56. Now, however, there are fine schools all-over the township, presided over by teachers carefully selected and of exceptional ability. Transportation is furnished by the Vandalia Railroad, and when it was completed in ISGS. realty took a decided leap, and has been in- creasing in value ever since. On account of tbe installation of proper drainage, much of land formerly regarded as worthless has been re- deemed, and now yields magnificent crops. Strange to say there are very few mills in St. FIraucis Township, the only one of any im- portance being that put up by John F. Wasehe- fort, near Teutopolis, which is a combination lumber and grain mill. The only village in the township is Montrose, on the Vandalia Railroad, which has a popula- tion of four to five hundred. This was laid out by Calvin Mitchell, and the first building was put up by Browning and Schooley as a store house. They laid in a stock of general merchan- dise, and carried on an extensive business for several years. Another store building was put up, and in 1871 a third came into being. This last was built by P. H. Wiwi, who also built a grain storehouse and operated extensively along both lines. Still later he embarked in a live stock business, and was one of the most wealthy and influential men of the township. About 1871 a blacksmith shop was established at Montrose by James Tubert, and the Brazil House was the first hotel, the James House becoming the sec- ond hostelry. Dr. John Hohnson located here about a year after the village was established, and he was followed by Drs. Hallenbeck. Glad- well. Schefner, Minter and Park. Owing to the grain and live-stock shipni'^its made from Montrose, the railroad laid a switch here, and later built a depot, which has been well patronized. Miss Eva Gilmore taught the first school in Montrose, but now there is an exc-ellent graded .school. The religious spirit of the community has manifested itself in the erection of several places of worship, although the Methodists and Roman Catholics were the first to locate here. Taking the village, all in all, it probably exhibits more lines of commercial industry than any other place of its size in the State, and the public-spirit displayed by its people has re- sulted in a beautifully kept town, and the erec- tion of residences that c-ompare favorably with those in any of the other townships in Effing- ham County. SUMMIT TOWNSHIP. Summit Township, comprising the territory embraced in Town 8 North, Range 5 East, lies west of Douglas Township, and contains some of the best fai-ms in the county. Originally the land was fairly well divided between prairie and timber land, the latter lying along the Wa- bash River, and consisting of walnut, sugar ma- ple, burr oak, poplar, oottonwood, buckeye, hackberry, soft maple ; while on the ridges were to be found white-oak, pin-oak, post-oak, red- oak and hickory. Summit Township is much better drained than Effingham and Douglas Townships. Summit Township originally belonged to Ban- ner Township, and was not separated from that township until June, 1874. The Vandalia and two branches of the Wabash Railroad pass through it, but the Vandalia is the only one that has a shipping point within its limits. The first white people to .settle in Summit Township were Alexander JleWhorter, Robert Moore, John Trapp and the Renfros who came here in 1830, and others followed. In 1831 others came to swell the little settlement. The first marriage in Summit Township was that of Alexander McWhorter and a Miss Loy, In 182G. The first death was that of old "Grand- daddy" Hankins. The old National Road, also called the Cum- berland, passed through the southern part of the township, where the Vandalia Railroad now runs, and it was the highway of commerce. Lining it were the taverns, the stores and the 644 EFFINGHAM COUNTY leading farms of the locality. A man by the name of Keed kept the first tavern ; Judge Gil- lenwaters kept one of the early ones, as did Charles Kinzie. William H. Blakely sold the first goods here, and a Mr. Fisher was the first blacksmith. In 1832-33 the first mill was built in Summit Township, near Ewiugton. and was ojjerated by a Mcintosh. Jlr. Reed built a horse-mill iu Evvington, and later the fii-st grist- mill. The first bridge in the township was built over the Little Wabash, about 1838, and was a toll bridge, but in 1847 It was made free by the Legislature, the act to go into effect ten years later. It was washed away in 1872-73, and was never re-built, there being an excellent one tno miles north of the old site. The first mail was brought from Terra Haute over the National Road to St. Louis, once a week. Later another was established between Fair- field and Shelbyville, passing through Ewington. The name of Summit was given to the town- ship because the gi-eater part of it is higher than the surrounding country. The first school was taught by Dr. John Gillenwaters and all of the schools were ^sub- scription until 1838. The first preadier of the towniship was a Methodist, and he was suc- ceeded by a Mr. Chamberlain. The first church edifice was a log building on Section 2, and it was used for school purposes as well, put up in 1852. Later it became a barn. The Bap- tist denomination was founded here in 1872. and the Etowell Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was founded in 1874-75. Ewington, the original county-seat, is located in Summit, but it is no longer of any importance. It was incorporated as a village in 1855, but in 1860 the county-seat was removed to Effingham, as its location was regarded as more convenient. The old court-house is now used as a poor- house. Funkhouser was laid out in 1869 by C. A. Van Allen. Wilson Funkhouser kept a store here, and established quite a large grain busi- ness. He was also Postmaster, but the import- ance of this village has also departed. Summit therefore is principally noted as an agricultural district. The fertile acres of the many valuable farms yield so handsome a profit upon the investment that there is no inducement to convert them into more settled localities. TEUTOPOLIS TOWNSHIP. Teutopolis Township, organized in 1804, out of the eastern part of Douglas Township, in- cludes the east half of Town 8 North, Range 6 East. It is claimed that the township owes its origin to the superior patriotism of its citi- zens during the Civil War period, resulting in a larger proiortiou of enlistments iu that sec- tion than in other parts west of Douglas Town- shiji. In order to secure credit in proix)rtiou to their actual enlistments, its citizens demanded to be set apart as a seiwrate township and as a result its quota was filled and no draft was found necessary there. The township is bounded on the north by Douglas Township, on the east by St. Francis, on the south by Watson, and on the west by Douglas, and contains 11,520 acres, or just one- half of a governmental township. The original woodland was c-omprlsed of white oak, ash, wal- nut, hickory, elm, burr-oak, black oak, pin-oak and Cottonwood. The soil is excellent and the farms are especially valuable. Salt and Willow Creeks, with smaller streams water the town- ship. A goodlj- portion of this section lay under water, in all seasons, and was practically value- less until the present system of drainage was introduced. Teutopolis, the principal village of the town- ship, and situated in the eastern part, was in- corporated in 1837, but the real settlement was not made until February 27, 1845, when the site was bought by a committee of Germans. This organization was formed iu Cincinnati, consist- ing of 138 membere, who furnished by assess- ment the sum of $16,000. A sub-committee con- sisting of Clem Uptmor, John F. Waschefort and G. H. Bergfeld, was chosen to select a suitable location. After much investigation, they decided upon this locality, and they bought 10,000 acres of land, paying .$1.25 per acre for all except the 80 acres comprised within the site of the tovni, for which they paid $400. The old National Road was made the main street of the town, and the blocks were 48 in number, each block containing nine lots, with fifty-foot frontage, and extending back 533 feet. In 1838 J. H. Uptmor, Henry Vormor, G. H. Bergfeld and Joseph Bockniann located here, and the first house was built by Mr. Uptmor, and he sold it to his brother Clemens for $5. In 1839 the former started a small store, with -t .He r^^^^cr^oi' h^. I EFFINGHAM COUNTY 645 $50 worth of goods, and his stock was eagerly sought by the pioneers. In 1S42 Clemens Upt- mor built a four-arm mill, which was turned by hand. The first saw mill was built by Theodore Penner in 1848, and was oi)erated by ix)wer ob- tained from Salt Creek. The first schoolhouse was built in ISiO of logs, and C. Robe was the first teacher, and six pupils attended. Now the public school system is one of the best in the county, and practically all the children in the neighborhood attend. St. Joseph Diocesan College is located here, and Is one of the best Catholic Institutions in this port of the State. St. Francis Convent is also located here, and Teutopolis has long been the center of the work of the Catholic Church in the county. St. Francis Catholic Church was begun in a log church in 1839, and this primitive structure was replaced by another more pretentious, which gave way in 1850 to a substantial brick edifice. Additions have been made to this as the growth of the congregation demanded. Other denominations are represented, but in the main the people belong to the Catholic Church. The first Postmaster of Teutopolis was C. Uptmor, and he continued in oSice for twenty- eight years. The Vandalia Railroad nins through the village, affording excellent trans- portation, while the Effingham & Southeastern Railroad runs through the township. Many branches of industrial and commercial activity are represented in Teutopolis, and its people, with those of the township, are in a flourish- ing condition, and are a credit to the county. UNION TOWNSHIP. Union Township is one of the southern tier of townships in Effingham County, embracing within its area all of Town G North, Range 6 East. The township has more level land within its limits than any other in Effinghm County, although along the Little Wabash River, which is the principal water course, there are beau- tiful bluffs which once were covered with hardy trees. This township was settled in 1829 by Frederick Broekett, who entered land, cleared off forty acres, and put up the first mill. He was the only miller in this locality for some years, and so was an imiwrtant factor in the development of this locality, for men coming to him witli their grain were influenced by the opportiuiities offered, and remained to build home.s. Broekett came from Tennessee, was a man of sterling Integrity, and possessed of a true Christian spirit and love of mankind. He espoused the cause of education, started a school, and as he could not get a teacher, taught the first pupils himself. At the first election he was made a Justice of the Peace, and administered justice for many years with impartial vigor. His death occurred in 1856, and his remains were buried in this locality. The next settler was his son-in-law, JIartin K. Robinson. William, Pleasant, Abraham, Joseph and Nelson Gordon seem to have been the next settlers. The first legal entry of land was made in 183G by Isaac Gtordon, who was an uncle of those above named, who entered land near Flemsburg Mill, in Section 30. William and Redding Blunt located near the center of the township about 18.36. John Trapp came about 1838. and in 1842 Josiah and Martin Iluill settled near Salt Creek. As in all the other townships, the roads were mere Indian trails until the settlers took the matter in hand. However, until a recent date the roads were in bad shape, often being al- most impassable during the spring rains. The Louisville and Ewingtou road passed through the southern part of the township. Another imijortaut road in early times was that known as the Clay County and Mason road, which ran east and west. Still another ran from the Broekett mill to Mason. There were no bridges at fir.st, and the streams were forded, with dan- ger to man and beast. Later, of course, the bridges were built, and now are in excellent condition, the people taking a pride in them and the preservation of them. Union To^^'nship has not allowed her sister townships to distance her in the matter of af- fording the childi-eu exceptional educational advantages, and from the fir.st she had main- tained the best schools ixjssible under e.xisting conditions. Emeline Little was among the fii-st educators of the township, and Dempsey Hamil- ton was another. The first regular schoolhouse was built in the fall of ]S4S. in Section IS, of hewed logs. The first public school was taught by David Phelps. 646 EFFINGHAM COUNTY In regard to matters spiritual. Union Town- ship has been abreast of the times, and boasts some very modem churches of various denomi- nations. The New Lights, or Christians, or- ganized the first church in the township. Dr. James Long was the first physician of the township. The first birth was that of a child of Martin K. Robinson, soon after the family settlement here. The Flemsburg Mill was put up by Hartwig Samilson, in 1850, on the Little Wabash, and a small village was laid out about it in 1851, but did not prosper. The township contains many valuable farms, and some of the most progressive fanners in this part of the State — men who understand their business and have met with a remarkable success, although the land in this township is not as fertile as in some other parts of the county. WATSON TOWNSHIP. Watson Township, embracing Town 7 North, Range 6 East, traces its historj- back to a na- tive of Tennessee, named Davenport, who came here and located north of the present site of Watson village. He and his family lived alone in this section for some time, their only neigh- bors being the wolves and other wild things of the wilderness. He died in 1840, and his grave is in the old cemetery. The second settler was John Hudtson of Alabama, who came here in 1835. Benjamin Bryant made a settlement on Salt Creek soon after 18.35, and he was a na- tive of Kentucky. A Mr. Browning followed in 1838. An old hunter, Ci Blansett, was another well known settler. Others were Michael Sprinkle, Daniel Rinehart, William Moody, Alexander McDuester, Thomas Hillis. John Tay- lor, Daniel Le Crone, William Le Croue and the Ley family, the latter having been prominent from the beginning. Watson is bounded on the north by Dougias and Teutopolis Tonvnships, Bishop on the east, Union on the south, and Jackson on the west. The name was given In honor of an official of the Illinois Central Railroad, who had the vil- lage of Watson laid out. Originally there was much valuable timber in the township, but a good deal of it has been cleared off. The soil is very rich, and the farm.s lying within the confines of this township are exceedingly fertile. The surface is both high and low, with some beautifully rolling prairies between. Salt, Little Salt and Bishop Creeks drain the land excellently, while the Illinois Central Railroad affords splendid transporta- tion. The people of Watson Township did not wait for the inauguration of the free school system before they provided schools for their young. As early as 1846 a little log schoolhouse was built in the northwestern part of the township, and James Leavitt was placed in charge. An- other early school was built near the Loy home- stead, and others followed. As is often the ease, the Methodists were the first to gain permanent hold in this locality, the Loy Chapel being the first church, and John Loy was the first class leader, while the Rev.s. Allen and Williamson were among the first clergymen here. Several years later, a Lutheran Church was established. The village of Watson is a pleasantly loctited town, which had its birth October 26. 1857. Its first building was a storeroom, in which a stock of goods was kept by Davis Trexler. A second store was started the following year by C. T. Burroughs. .\ sawmill was built in 1867 by A. J. Vance. Dr. G. S. Shindle was the first practitioner of Watson, locating here when there were but a couple of houses. He was followed by J. Ross, J. M. Wilhite, P. M. Martin, S. G. Huff, J. N. Groves, J. N. Matthews, L. W. Hammer and H. C. Finch, and S. G. Huff was the first dniggist. Watson is especially proud of its schools, which are among the best in this part of the State. The first teachers under the public school s.vstem were N. E. Clutter and Annie Mc- Pherson. There are few localities in Illinois, now, which have not some secret societies, and Wat- son is no exception, for the Masons, Odd Fel- lows, Knights of Pj-thias, Modem Woodmen and others are well represented here, and rheir members take an active part in lodge work. The Methodist, Christian, Presbyterian and Baptist churches are well organized here, and are doing some exceptionally good work. The people of Watson are law-abiding, home loving, and are deeply interested in civic improve- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 647 ments. They own in most part their homes, and take a pride in lieeping them up to standard and in imiwoving their beautiful little town, for they realize that its strength lies in the fact that it is so essentially a home place, where all the advantages of the country can be secured without sacrificing any of those pertaining to urban life. WEST TOWNSHIP. West Township, located in the southwest cor- ner of Effingham County, consists of Town 6 North, Range 4 East. Owing to the fact that the township is made up mostly of level prairie land, it is very fertile and especially well adapted to farming purposes. The township is drained by Fulfer Creek, which extends from west to east through its entire width. Along this creek some excellent tiinber was originally found, comprising ■white oak, walnut, hickory, cottonwood, hack- berry, buckeye and sugar maple. The township is bounded on the north by Mound Township, on the east by Mason and on the south and west by Fayette County. The Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad runs through it, and there is considerable shipping done from Gilmore Station. As West Township was mostly prairie, set- tlements were not made here as early as in Bome of the other parts of the county, but about 1840 several families came here. However, it was 1845 before a permanent setlement was made by Nelson Simons, Abraham Riddle, Jesse NewTnan, Jacxib Nelson, Jack Houchin, JeiTy and Abraham Hammonds and Morgan Kav- anaugh, nearly all of whom were from Ten- nessee. Jesse Newman located on Fulfer Creek, opened a store, and bought the produce of his neighbors. Later he moved to Mason Town- ship. Others followed, and soon the township was the home of earnest, energetic pioneers, struggling to make farms out of the wild land. The first voting place for this section of the county was at the residence of John Broom, in Section 13. Mason Township, after which the voting place vi'as changed to "Broomsburg," which was located in Section 18 Mason Township. Here it remained until the adoption of township or- ganization in 1859. when the voting place was established at the Gillmore Schoolhouse, and William Gillmore was elected the first Supervisor. The next change was made by removal of the vot- ing place to the Mahon Schoolhouse, where it re- mained until the iweseut town hall was built in 1901. This is located in the center of the town- ship and is one of the best town halls in the county. The first schoolhouse was built on Section 10 on Fulfer Creek, but the names of the teach- ers are not recorded. The only village In the township is Gilmore or Welton, the last name having been given in honor of H. S. Welton. The jxist-offlce was established in 1872, with John Furneaux as Postmaster. He had the first store in the place. West Township is essentially an agricultural district, never having been the home of any manufacturing plants nor of commercial enter- prises. The people find a ready market for their products In other localities, and are near enough to various centers of trade to obtain their necessities at a reasonable rate. Churches have not flourished here for the same reason, the people belonging to the various denomina- tions in more closely populated sections, and they go to them for their amusements and secret societies. Taken as a whole, they are hard-working, economical, and solid, and they have brought their land into a magnificent state of culture. The following gentlemen have represented the township as Supervisors in the order named : Wil- liam Gillmore. J. L. Gillmore, N. T. Wharton, August Wolf. J. JI. Schaief, Volina Willet, Wil- liam Voelker. R. P. Mahon, H. A. Winkler, Joseph Danks and H. R. Burton. CHAPTER V. EFFINGHAM WAR RECORD. EVIDENCE OF EFFINGHAM COUNTY PATRIOTISM — PART TAKEN BY ITS CITIZENS IN VARIOUS WARS LIST OF THOSE WHO SERVED IN THE BLACK HAWK AND MEXICAN WARS — BREAKING OUT OF THE CIVIL WAR — FIRST COMPANY ORGAN- 648 EFFINGHAM COUNTY IZED IN EFFINGHAM COUNTT BECOMES A PAET OF THE ELEVENTH REGIMENT LATEE REGIMENTS ORGANIZED IN PART FROM EFFINGHAM COUNTT DR. J. N. MATTHEWS' REMINISCENCES OF WAR DATS IN MASON VILLAGE — TREASONABLE AND UNPATRIOTIC ORGANIZATIONS — SOME OF EFFING- HAM COUNTT's PATRIOTIC HEROES VFHO GAVE THEIR LI^'ES FOR THEIR COUNTRT. Effingham County has never been backward in responuing to tlie call of patriotism, and in all of the wars of the country, it has furnished more than its full quota. Both the Black Hawk and the Mexican Wars claimed many of the zealous iMtriots of this part of the State, but it was during the Civil War that the souls of men and women were tested. It is impossible to do full justice to these brave men ; they did not fall when the country had need of them, and the Government has not forgotten them, but gratefully does all it can to offer a small recompense for the dangers braved, the sacri- fices offered up and the lives endangered. The Black Hawk War. — Effingham County sent out its first warriors in 1832, when the Black Hawk War was in progress. This was even before the young county had a completely organized existence. Although not very strong in numbers, this little battalion was a large proportion of the able-bodied men of the county to go to war. The fourteen names recorded are as follows: Alexander McWhorter, John Griffy, Henry P. Bailey, John Ti'app, Mike Broekett, . Tj John Allen, James Porter, Eli Parkhurst, John •^ Beasley, Isaac B"'ancher. Alexander Fancher, XJames Patton, Gideon Louder and John Meeks. ■^^e last survivor of this number was Alex- ander McWhorter. Although this war was not great in the nvmiber of its battles or the pro- portion of men who lost their lives, it rendered a valuable service to the people of Illinois and the whole region of the Mississippi Valley, as the little band went forth to protect their homes and families from the dangers of the tomahawk and the fire and fagot of the cruel savage. The Mexican War. — In response to the sec- ond call for Illinois volunteers to go to Mexico, on the 14th day of May. 1S47, the following thirty -six volunteers left Effingham for Alton : W. J. Hankins, Samuel Hankins, Dennis Kelly, George Zears, Jonathan Tucker, James Tucker, James Porter, Andrew J. Parks, William Parks, Samuel Parks, T. D. Reynolds, D. C. Loy, Emanuel Cronk, David Perkins, Stephen Coy, William Ashley, Samuel Fortne^, James Martin, James Green, Joseph Harris, Hurman Max- field, Dr. Shindle, Mat H. Gillespie, a Mr. Duncan, T. J. Gilleuwaters, James Gillenwaters, Dennis Elder, Tilmau Clark, William Brj-ant, Reed i\iuk, Mathias Le Crone, John L. Baker, Henry Phyiips, a Mr. Browning and J. W. Lee. These men were attached to Company C, under Captain Harvey Lee, of Fayette County, with H. W. Goode as First Lieutenant and William J. Hankins as Second Lieutenant. This company formed part of the Sixth Regiment, under com- mand of Colonel James Collins. After being mustered in at Alton, August 2, lSi7, the regi- ment started for Mexico by way of Xew Or- leans. There it was divided into two battalions, one under command of Colonel Collins being sent to Vera Cruz, and the other, including Company C, under Lieutenant Colonel Hleks, to Tampico. Both battalions were occupied chiefly in guard or camp duty, with occasional conflicts with guerrillas, their period of service extending from August 3, 1847, to July 25, 1848, when they were mustered out, but without hav- ing taken part in any regular battle. It was probably Cue to this comparatively inactive life, that so many of the men were the victims of sickness during the entire length of their service. Andrew J. Parks and Samuel Parks died of sickness at Puebla. The war being over, the men returned to their homes in July, 1848. The Ci^tl War.— It was a little over twelve years after the close of the Jlexiean War when the war cloud again gathered over the country, and, in 1861, the rebellion attained formidable proportions. During the war Illinois furnished the army with 225,300 men — a great army of itself — and as there were 102 i-ouuties in the State, the average would be a little more than 2,200 men from each county. Although Effing- ham was one of the smaller counties. It is be- lieved that from first to last she furnished not less than 2,000 soldiers. She furnished twelve regularl.v organized companies, besides several squads of recruits, while a large number were taken to different camps in Illinois and Mis- souri and scattered among the regiments of various other States. Among these stragglers mav be mentioned about 400 men who were EFPINGHAil COUNTY 649 taken to Missouri by Charley Kinsey and Sam Winters. The news that Fort Sumter had been fired upon on Friday, April 12, 1861, and had sur- rendered on the following day, marked the be- ginning of the Civil War, and two days later (Monday, April 15) President Lincoln issued his first call for 75.000 troops for three months' ser\-iee in defense of the Union. This intelli- gence promptly reached Effingham County and stirred the patriotism of its citizens as it had never been stirred beiore. Colonel J. W. Fil- ler and John L. Wilson, two prominent citizens, conferred together, with the result that Filler soon after closed his printing office and with Wilson began raising a company and, on Satur- day following, telegraphed Got. Xates that they had a company ready and were awaiting or- ders. The following Tuesday the comjiany, then 102 strong, started for Springfield, with Captain Filler and Lieutenants J. H. Lacy and George W. Parks in command, which became a part of the Eleventh Regiment under command of Col. W. H. L. Wallace, who was fatally wounded at the battle of Shiloh. This company, w^hich was recruited in so short time, was probably the finest looking lot of soldiers who ever left Ef- fingham Countj-. The night before they were to leave, a meeting of the citizens was held in the Court House in Effingham, the house was packed and speeches delivered, and the music of the fife and drum added greatly to the en- thusiasm of the people. The company proceeded to Springfield, where they camped in a brick yard, being among the first on the ground. From Springfield they went to Villa Ridge, near Cairo, where they remained until June 20th, when they went to Bird's Point, Mo., and there served out their term. Upon the promotion of J. W. Filler to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, Lucius M. Rose became Captain of the Efiing- ham company. Under a subsequent call for troops, three comimnies were organized, -with Colonel Funk- houser. Captain O. L. Kelly and Captain Me- Cracken in command, and these companies be- came a part of the Ninety-eighth Illinois Regi- ment of Infantrj-. The field offic-ers and staff of the regiment were: John J. Funkhouser, Colonel ; W. B. Cooper, Major ; J. H. J. Lacy, Adjutant ; with William Mc-Cracken, Captain of Company C, Stephen I. Williams First, and John P. Powell, Second, Lieutenants. Williams resigned December 19, 1862, Powell was pro- moted to the rank of First Lieutenant and Henry S. Watson became Second Lieutenant. David D. Marquis was Captain of Company B and A. W. Le Crone of Company F. Captain O. L. Kelly was killed September S, 1S62. and A. S. Moffitt became Captain, with William Tar- rant First Lieutenant. Captain Dobbs raised a full company and joined the Thirty-fifth Il- linois Infantry under Col. G. A. Smith; and Lieutenants Jesse D. Jennings and Nelson Staats, Captain Dobbs was severely wounded and resigned October 14, 1862, when Jennings tKjcame Captain and Joseph Moore First Lieu- tenant. In 1862 Captain Presley B. O'Dear and Merritt Redden First, and John F. Barkley Sec-ond, Lieutenants, recruited a company and jointed the Fifty-fourth Regiment, Illinois In- fantry, captain J. P. M. Howard, with D. P. Murphy, First, and John Loy, Second Lieu- tenant, Captain D. L. Horn and Captain David Young each entered service with a company of men for the one hundred days' service. Colonel Funkhouser's Company, with S. A. Newcomb First Lieutenant and D. P. Murphy Second Lieutenant, formed a part of the Twen- ty-sixth Infantry under Colonel Loomis. They were sent to Palmyra, Mc, and guarded that place two weeks before they were provided with gims, using clubs as substitutes. Colonel Funk- houser retired from this service and raised the Ninety-eighth Regiment. Captain H. D. Caldwell raised the first and only cavalry company enlisted in the county, and which became a part of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry. The company was mustered in Sep- tenjber, 1861. and went to Benton Barracks. Pilot Knob, Greenville. Reeves Station, Poca- hontas and Smithville. Ark. They took part in the skirmish at Davison, and. in the next one at Strawberry River, Ark.. Marion Weller was killed and Sylvester Nye wounded. They also took part in the small engagements at Green- ville and Cherokee Bay. Mo., and were pres- ent at the Siege of A'icksburg. after which they took up a long and dangerous march, in which they had skirmishes all the way to Champion Hills and back. As soon as Captain Dobbs had sufficiently recovered from his wound, he raised a com- pany of one hundred day men, who served in 650 EFFINGHAM COUNTY the One Hundred Fifty-Fourth Regiment, after which Captain Dobbs returned home and raised a company for the One Hundred Thirty-fifth Regiment. Captain Dobbs thus raised over 300 men for service in the war, and although he was badly wounded at Pea Ridge, he served during most of the entire war. Some Was Reminiscences. — We give below- some local history of the war as connected \vith the Town of Mason, the same being taken from c-ontributions furnished to the Efflngham Re- publican, by the late Dr. J. N. Matthews. "When Mason entered upon her second decade the country was convulsed with prospects of the impending war. A few days after the fall of Fort Sumter, a gigantic flag was run up near Goddard's Hotel, bearing the belligerent and patriotic inscription. 'Death to Traitors!' The citizens were wild with excitement and soon the streets began to exhibit palpable evidence of a determination to act in accordance with the sentiment expressed upon the flag. Men, feeble and old, rose up In the market-place and denounced secession In the most violent lan- guage, and admonished the youth to prepare for the inevitatile struggle. Soon the fife and drum began to send forth their martial diapa- sons, and Mason, for the first, and it is to be hoped for the last time, was resonant with the tumult of approaching war. Old and young, rich and poor, alike caught up the patriotic fire and resolved to aid in the common cause of liberty and Union. Nightly meetings were held, and men unskilled in the art of oratory, but in- spired by the occasion, delivered speeches with great force and eloquence. At one of these assemblies held in the Baptist Church, an en- listment paper was presented and many of our fellow-citizens put their names upon it with John Hancock boldness. Mr. Vincent Wright, then a young man hardly out of his teens, was the first to enlist. Many others followed his example, and in a few days a company of the Eleventh Illinois Infantry, three months' vol- unteers, left JIason for the tented field. And still the excitement waxed higher. Every train that thundered southward was loaded down with boys in blue and huge engines of war. Companies of home guards and minute men were formed, and paraded the streets almost daily in their battle-robes, awaiting anxiously their marching orders. "Such were the scenes that Mason presented in the terrible spring and summer of 18C1. The cry was "Liberty and Union,' and he was but a traitor or a craven who refused to raise his hand in defense of his falling country at that time. WTien the spring of 1SG2 dawned there were only one or two young men left in the town above the age of sixteen. The rest had wandered off to the war — some to fall in bat- tle, others to perish iu Southern prisons. It was a time never to be forgotten. Even the children formed themselves into mimic baf> talions, threw up breast-works, built clay forts and understood the evolutions of a company drill. When the news of a great victory ar- rived the town reverberated with their childish exultations and triumphal marches. Truly the children of those story times deserve to be re- membered in connection with the history of Mason. "When the town had at last been depleted of all wlio were willing and able to bear arms, and when the war clouds were every day gath- ering more ominously in the southern sky, then it was that the so-called 'Copper-heads' began to wriggle forth from their hiding places and empty their venom in the tracks of our departed townsmen. They foi-med themselves into 'Knights of the Golden Circle,' and held treason- able orgies almost nightly. They denounced the President, the soldiers and the war, and talked violently in places where no danger could be apprehended. When the soldiers were away they wore 'Butternut badges' and flour- ished and ti'umpeted their traitorous principles with surprising boldness. They even resolved at one time to lay the town in ashes, and made one or two futile attempts in that direction. "Rank disorder and trea.son flaunted their black pennons with impunity. The few loyal people left in the town were subjected to all sorts of insults and indecencies at the hands of these renegades, and nearly every man trembled for his personal safety. A 'Union League' was organized, but its numbers were so scanty that it proved of little advantage in checking the rancor of the Butternut Brotherhood. Finally a mass meeting of all parties was called in the old Methodist church for the purpose, if Ijossible, of effecting some reconciliation be- tween them. Resolutions were presented and pas.sed to the effect that all bitterness and po- /^^^. X S^-r^/^,^ EFFINGHAM COUNTY 651 litical differences might be made subservient to the more ijeaceable and social relations as neighbors and friends. The result of the con- vention was beneficial. And from that night onward to the close of the rebellion there was less hostility between the home factions, and more courtesy, toleration and good will. "In the month of April. 1863, the first num- ber of the 'Loyalist,' edited and published by Mr. George Brewster, made Us appearence. It was a neatly printed, seven-column folio, and a red-hot exponent of abolitionism. Its motto was 'Union and Libert.v, now and forever, one and inseparable.' This was the first paper ever published in Mason. The printing office occu- pied the lower story of Stephen Hardin's store- bulldlng, on the corner of Main and Washington Streets. It was the scene of many an exciting caucus and political jamboree during the few fierce months of its life, and was a constant eye-sore to anti-war Democrats and rebel sym- pathizers. The paper was made up chiefly of war news, soldiers' letters and scorching edi- torials. Every man in the neighborhood who c-ould swing a goose-quill gave vent to his party feelings, through its columns, with unbridled boldness. The editor was a man of considerable learning and talent as a writer, but of a phleg- matic temperament, which vacillated from one extreme to another. His leaders were pithy and pointed. His numerous tirades against deserters and other local insurgents frequently brought him face to face with dangers from which a man less courageous would have cowered. His office was constantly threatened with destruction, yet he continued to write with unflinching force and fidelity. Each compositor and. even the 'devil' himself — who, by the way, was your correspondent — was supplied with a gun and with orders to use it in case of at- tack, but fortunately no such occasion was pre- sented. After a vigorous career of seven months the 'Loyalist' failed financially and was moved to Salem, Slarion County, where it breathed its last shortly aftenvards. "When the war was ended, the last fight done, the battle-flag furled and the final roll was called, the following young men who had left their quiet homes with happy hearts and jubi- lant voices in the opening of the conflict, were not present to answer to their names : David Hughes, Frederic Hollls, Ezra Hollis, William Tyuer, Washington Tyner, Nathaniel Bailie, John Bailie, George McElroy, James McElroy, William Rankin, William Leith, Morgan Wright, John Ginter, Martin Bright, John Kimborts, John Hardin, James Parks, William Woods, Henry Brewster, Frank Carpenter, Daniel Hill, George Amspacher, Wyatt Baley, Pati-ick Bran- nom, Jonathan Blunt, James McCastlin, Miner Rogers, Joseph Willis, Jac-ob Willis, Christopher GlUmore. Our list is made up from memory and Is possibly incomplete, but in our heart of hearts is a list, and a perfect one, which can never be forgotten, so long as we have the 'stars and stripes,' the emblem of freedom, to remind us of their heroic deeds. "Of these only five or six were married. The rest were school boys in years and in appear- ance ; but in soldier-life, they showed themselves to be brave and active men, capable of enduring all manner of hardships and dangers for the cause of their c-ountry, tinith and humanity. How dull and insipid sounds the single voice of praise when we remember the hallowed tri- butes that fell, like benedictions, from the lips of a weeping nation upon the graves of our glorious dead! With what tearful anxiety did we watch the papers through the dark years of the war ; and with what pangs of fear and gi'ief did we scan the never-ending columns of the killed and wounded, and shudder to draw black lines around the names of those we loved — our tried friends and brothers ! Aye ' words are but prison-pens to the pure, patriotic pride that thrills our bosoms when we consider the Spartan-like manner in which these noble fel- lows, the flower of our community, sacrificed their young lives with all their hopes and as- pirations, upon their eounti-j-'s altar. Looking far down the dew vale of the past, the war appears like some monstrous vision that hides everything behind It, and presents a horrid front of death and desolation. Weeping widows and fatherless children stand out in melancholy relief to this, the most sorrowful picture in the book of time. Every nation has its honored dead, and towering monuments transmit the story of their deaths to generations unborn ; but where in all the civilized universe can a .grander and prouder record be seen upon a soldier's sepulcher than that which embellishes the tomb of Columbia's martyrs, who laid down their lives in defense of the lowly and oppressed. 652 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Truly did they die, but lilie tlie stars which go dowu in darlcuess they will arise with greater brilliance, and nieu v\-lll love aud rev- erence them and be guided by their holy light to similar deeds of righteous warfare. "Considering the population of Mason at the time of the rebellion, there are probably few places which can show a gi-eater mortality among their volunteers, aud esi)ecially of the youth. But strange as It may appear, there were scarcely any of them who died from nat- ural diseases. They lost their lives either in battle or prison. Several of them reiwrted as missing have never been lieard of, and all the long cherished hopes of their ultimate return have been given up. \\Tien the final trumpet shall send its awakening blasts across the fields of Shiloh, Chattjiuooga, Franklin, Ander- sonville, and the thousand and other historic acres presided over by the God of Battles, then, and not till then, shall the last resting-places of Ezra Hollis, Nathaniel Bailie, and numerous others of our dear soldier friends, be revealed. . . When we look abroad upon our free and beautiful prairies and marvel at the rich- ness of the blessings that have been bestowed upon us, and as we watch the golden splendors of the peaceful and progressive future breaking over us, let us not forget the six hundred thou- sand silent hearts that sleep beneath our soil." "How sleep the brave who sink to rest By all their country's wishes blest? When Spring, with dewy fingers cold. Returns to deck their hallowed mould. She there shall di-ess a sweeter sod Than Fancy's feet have ever trod. "By fairy hands their knell is rung. By forms unseen their dirge is sung; There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray. To bless the turf that wraps their clay. And Freedom shall awhile repair To dwell a weping hermit there." CHAPTER VI. RAILROADS. LINES OF RAILROAD IN EFFINGHAM COUNTY DATES OF ORGANIZATION AND PERIODS OF CON- STRUCTION HISTORY OF ILLINOIS CENTRAL — VANDALIA LINE — WABASH BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN — MILEAGE AND STATIONS ON VARIOUS LINES WITHIN EFFINGHAM COUNTY. In common with every other section of the State, the railroads have played an imiwrtaut part in the development of Effingham County. Until the interior portions of the State were penetrated by the railroad, progress was slow, as little could be accomplished outside of in- dividual effort, for transportation was so dif- ficult that it did not pay a farmer to raise either stock or grain for a distant market. All he tUd was to grow enough to supply his im- mediate wants, aud to barter for some of the manufactured and other necessities. With the coming of the railroads, nowever, all this was changed and gi-adually the farmers of EHing- ham County have become some of the heaviest stock aud gi-ain producers in the State. The first railroad to enter Eflingham County was the Illinois Central, which was chartered in February, 1851, on the basis of a grant of lands made by Congress in accordance with an act passed during the previous year. While the construction of a line of railroad from the mouth of the Ohio River, and extending at least as far north as the Illinois River at La- Salle, and covering substantially the region now occupied by the Illinois Central to that point, had been advocated as early as 1835, there has been considerable controversy as to who was entitled to the credit of having first sug- gested the enterprise. One of the names most prominently mentioned in this connection was that of Judge Sidney Breese. then on the Cir- cuit Bench but later (1813-49) United States Senator and. during a part of that time, Chair- man of the Committee on Public Lands. Judge Breese was a zealous supiwrter of the plan for the construction of a railroad through Illi- nois, aided by a gi-ant of public lands, and as- sisted in securing the passage of such an act by the United States Senate in 1844 — which was defeated in the House by the opijosition of the Illinois delegation, headed by Judge Dougla.s, on the ground that such a grant should be made to the Stale, and i ot to "an irresiwusible cor- poration"— and later (1848) supiwrted a bill in- troduced by Douglas (wlio had then been trans- ferred to the Senate), which also passed that EFFINGHAM COUNTY 653 bod}-, this time making the grant directly to the State, and pix)yiding for the construction of a railroad from Cairo to the Upper Mississippi and Chicago. This pas.sed the Senate but again failed in the House, and at the next session Judge Breese introduced a bill embodying a scheme for the preemption of lands by the State for a like purpose, which passed the Senate, but was rejected by the House. The retirement of Judge Breese from the United States Senate by expiration of his term in 1849, left Judge Douglas as the principal factor in future legislation on the subject, al- though he had the hearty cooperation of Sen- ator Shields (Judge Breese's successor) and the members of the House from Illinois. A bill introduced by Douglas in the Senate on January- 3, 1850. passed that body on May 2d, and the House on September ITth. following, becoming a law by approval of the President on September 20, 1850. This act made a grant of "every alternate section of land designated by even numbers of six sections in width on each side" of the projected road and its branches, for the coustiniction of a railroad "from the southern terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal to a point at or near the junc- tion of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers," with a branch of the same to Chicago, and another branch, via Galena, to Dubuque. Iowa — the ag- gregate lands c-oveiied by this grant amounting to 2.595.000 acres. At the next session of the State Legislature (1851) an act was passed authorizing the in- corporation of a comi>any for the c-onstruction of the railroad by the aid of this grant of lands, with the condition that seven per cent, of the gross earnings of the road be paid to the State annually in consideration of same. This act became a law on February 10, 1851. and the Illinois Central Railroad Company was or- ganized the same day. An engineering party was oi-ganized in May following and a prelim- inary survey begim. and the letting of contracts and work of construction were under way on different parts of the line during the following year. John F. Barnai-d. who had the con- tract for the section betneen Mattoou and Cen- tralia, including the EfHngham County district, and covering a distance of 75 miles, began work in the latter part of 1852, and for nearly three years, Ewington was the headquarters of sev- eral hundred employes scattered in squads and housed in tents and cabins along the line. Ac- cording to Moses' History of Illinois, the main line from Cairo to La Salle (300.99 miles) was completed June 8, 1855; the Galena branch from La Salle to Dunleith (14G.73 miles). Jan- uary 12. 1855; and the Chicago branch, from Chicago to junction with the main line near Centralia, (249.78 miles). September 26, 1856. The city of Effingham, by this line, is 197.77 miles south of Chicago, and 162.35 miles north of Cairo. The Illinois Central operates about 25 miles of its main line (or Chicago branch) within Effingham County, besides 11 miles of the Indianapolis Southern, originally the Spring- field, Effingham & Southeastern. The St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad was chartered February 10, 1865, for the construction of a line from Ea.st St. Louis to the Wabash River, the first train ran into Effingham, April 26, 1870, and the line was completed June 12 following. This road was first leased to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company, but has since undergone a number of changes. At present it is operated under control of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany, funiishing that system a direct connec- tion with St. Louis, via Indianapolis, and ■nath roads tributary thereto, extending to Vin- cenues, Ind., on the south, and South Bend, Ind., on the north. The line within Effingham County ten-itory extends in a northeasterly and south- westerly direction, with a mileage of 25I2 miles. The Wabash Railroad, originally chartered March 10, 1869. as the Bloomington & Ohio River Railroad, underwent various changes, by consoli- dation with the Fairbury, Pontiae & Xorthwest- ern, becoming the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, and later the northern division of the Wa- bash Railroad, extending from Bement to Chi- cago. The southern division extends from Be- ment, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, by way of Sullivan in Moultrie County and Wind.sor 'u Shelby Countj-, to Altamont and Effingham in Effingham County. The first train on this line reached Altamont June 29, 1874. but it was not until February. 1876. that trains began running into Effingham, the consolida- tion with the Chicago & Paducah Road taking place about 1881. The total mileage of this line in Effingham County is about 20 miles. What is known as the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, extending from BeardstowTi, on the Illinois 654 EFFINGHAM COUNTY River, to Shawneetowu, on the Ohio, owes its existence to the consolidation, in 1S69, of the Pana, Springfield, & Xorthwesteru and the Illi- nois & Southeastern Eailroads — each receiving Its charter in 1S67 — and the new conwratlon taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern, under which it was built and operated until March, 1871. After having passed through the hands of receivers, in 1875, by sale under foreclosure, it came into possession of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad Company, and in 1S93 the latter was consolidated with the Bal- timore & Ohio Southwestern, which was the suc- cessor of the Cincinnati, Washington & Balti- more Railroad. This line enters Effingham County near Beecher City in the northwestern corner, extending south-southeasterly through Altamont and the western tier of townships, leaving the county at Edgewood on the southern border of Watson Township, and covering 22^^ miles within the county. The Indianaiwlis Southern Railroad, — now, as already explained, a branch of the Illinois Central, and extending from Effingham to In- dianapolis, of which 50 miles is in the State of Illinois — was originally chartered in ISO!) as the Springfield, Effingham & Quiucy Railroad. It was first constructed as a narrow-gauge line, and successively bore the name of the Indiana & Illinois Southern, the St. Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern and the Springfield, Effingham & Southeastern, in the meanwhile being changed to standard-gauge. The total mileage of these several lines within Effingham County amounts to a little more than 100 miles, with the following stations within the county: Illinois Central (main line) — Effingham, Watson, Mason and Edgewood ; In- dianaix>lis Southern (branch Illinois Central) — Effingham and Dieterich ; Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern — Beecher City, Moccasin, Alta- mont, Gilmore and Edgewood ; Vandalia Line— Altamont, Dexter, Funkhouser, Effingham and Teutopolis; Wabash — Effingham and Altamont. CHAPTER VII. BANKING INTERESTS. HISTORY OF BANKING ENTERPRISES IN EFFINGHAM COUNTY — EARLY BANKS, WITH NAMES OF PRO- MOTERS AND DATES OF ORGANIZATION LIST OF PRESENT BANKS, LOCATION AND OFFICERS CAPITALIZATION, DEPOSITS, ETC. (By W. H. Engbring.) A history of Effingham County v^'ould not be complete without a short sketch of its banks. The gi'owth of the banking intere.sts of the county has kept pace with its other business interests, both farming and mercantile. The wTiter of this well remembers when, in 1872, he had an opportunity to see the books of the only bank in the county, and seeing that it had a capital of $0,000 and dei)osits of .$60,000, he was astonished at what, to him, seemed an Immense amount of money. Today, at a low estimate, at least one-third of a million dolKars is invested as capital in Effingham County banks, while the deposits ■will reach into the millions. The year 1866 saw the beginning of the first bank in the county owned by Tom Craddock and H. G. Habing. It was a partnership af- fair until 187.3, when Oi'addock retired, but Habing continued the business, however, until 1876, when, in the general iianic of that year, the bank was discontinued. In July, 1874, George Middendorf engaged in the banking business at Altamont, Illinois, but retired from business after a short time. In 1876 C. M. Wright and L. Butler entered the business as C. M. Wright & Co., Bankers, Altamont, 111., continuing the business until 1893' when Mr. Wright retired and the bank went into liquidation. The city of Effingham, having been without banking acc-ommodation for several years, F. A. Von Gassy in 1879 opened the Effingham Bank, W. II. Engbring being the cashier until the fall of 1880. when F. H. Ewers succeeded him as cashier. In 1883 F. A. Von Gassy disappeared, necessitating the cloising of the Bank. September 1, 1881, Henry Eversman, Benson Wood, Virgil Wood and G. H. Engbring estab- lished the private bank of Eversman, Wood & Engbring, and in 1886 W. II. Engbring was ad- mitted as a partner. The officers of the bank were Henry Eversman, cashier, W. H. Engbring, assistant cashier. In 1903 the bank was in- corponated under the State Banking Laws, with a capital of .$50,000, under the name of "The Effingham State Bank." The officers were Henry Eversman, President ; EFFINGHAM COUNTY 655 Benson Wood, Vice President ; W. H. Engbring, Cashier; Henry Eversman, Jr., Assistant Casihier. After the death of Mr. Eversman in 1903, Benson Wood was elected President of the bank. The bank can look back uixjn a successful business career for the past twenty-eight years, and the esteem and confidence held in it by the people of Efiingham County is evidenced by a deposit line of nearly half a million dollars. In 1885 Joseph Partridge established a private bank with Col. J. W. Filler as cashier, who shortly after was succeeded by Joseph Partridge, Jr. The officers of this bank continued un- changed until its incorporation as a National Bank with Joseph Partridge, Jr., as Cashier and C. L. Xolte, Assistant Cashier. In 1890 this institution was reorganized as the First National Bank of Effingham, with a capital of $50,000, taking over the business of its predec-essor. The officers of the new in- stitution were Joseph Partridge, President ; Joseph Partridge, Jr., Cashier, and C. L. Nolte, Assistant Cashier. In 1S95 H. B. Weinsing succeeded Joseph Partridge, Jr., as Cashier, and at the death of Mr. Joseph Partridge, Sr., in 1898, Jlr. L. Bur- rell was elected President. At present the officers of the bank are L. Bur- rell. President ; H. B. Wenising, Cashier ; Paul Partridge and Harry Alt, Assistant Cashier. Under the active management of H. B. Wern- sing and Paul Partridge, the steadily increasing business of the bank shows that it enjoys the fullest confidence of the people. In 1902, The Merchants and Farmers' Bank at Dieterich was organized by Gerhard Lufkin, Henry Lufkin, M. Wendt, J. C. Crews and H. C. Baldwin. They sold the business to T. F. and A. T. Collinson and A. C. Crays of Windsor, 111., who are well kno\^^l bankers of Central Illinois. The active management of the bank is in the lands of J. A. Parker. Cashier, who has, in the past six years, built up an enviable and prosperous business. The same year (1902) the Crews Bank was established at Montrose, Illinois, by D. B. Crews, one of the wealthy landowners and stock-men of Effingham Count.v. The present officers are D. B. Crews, President ; James Johnson, Jr., Cashier and Vera Crews. Assistant Cashier. Under the active management of James John- son, Jr., Cashier, the bank is growing rapidly, and the financial advantages it offers are made good use of by the people of Montrose and vicinity. The Bank of Edgewood, at Edgewood, 111., was established by Anderson & Graham in 1903. Mr. B. F. AATiarton, one of the best known resi- dents of the southern part of Effingham County, is the cashier and active manager of this insti- tution. In 1905 a number of local business men or- ganized a private bank at Teutoix)lis, Illinois, knowTi as the Teutopolis Bank. The officers of this bank were B. H. Wernsing, President ; J. C. Rundy, Vive President. H. H. Hardick, Cashier; and H. J. Weber, Assistant Cashier. At the death of Mr. Wernsing, J. H. Uptmor was elected President. The cashier, Mr. H. H. Hardick, has, for a long time been one of the foremost business men of the county, and under his management the bank enjoys the fullest confidence of its patrons, and its rapidly in- creasing deposits, show that the services of the bank are made use of and appreciated by the citizens of Teutopolis and vicinity. x\fter the retirement of Mr. O. M. Wright from the banking business at Altamont, 111., Mr. M. E. Hogan. one of the wealthiest residents of Effingham Count}-, supplied the business in- terests of that place with banking facilities in connection with his other mercantile enter- prises, in 1905 establishing the Hogan Bank of Altamont, of which for several years Mr. F. Gre.sching was the efficient cashier. In 1907 Tliomas C. Hogan succeeded Mr. Gresehing, and is at present the active manager of the concern. The Hogan Bank enjoys a reputation second to none in the county for strength and reliability. The western part of the county al.so is being well served by the Bank of P. R. Phillipps & Co., organized in October, 1905, by P. R. Phillipps and W. H. Jennings. The present offic-ers are P. R. Phillipps, President; W. H. Jennings, Vice President and F. G. Morrison, Cashier, and W. J. Campbell, Assistant Cashier. The Shumway Bank, of Shumway, 111., was opened for business in 1906. The officers of this bank are J. P. Richardson. President ; M. W. Kelly. Vice President, and W. F. Lane. Cashier. Messrs. Kelly and Lane are both old residents 656 EFFINGHAM COUNTY of Effingham County and well known business men of Shuniway. In 1907 several banks were organized in tlie county, tbe first of that year being the bank at Watson. 111., known as Abraham & Co., bankers, of which A. L. Abraham is the Cashier and Leo J. Munday, Assistant Cashier. In July, 190V, W. II. Shubert and others or- ganized the First National Bank of Altamont, 111., and although one of the youngest, it Is forging rapidly to the front among the banks of the county. The officers of this bank are: W. H. Shubert, President; H. Schwerdtfeger, Vice President ; L. B. Osborn, Cashier, and J. L. Brum- merstadt, Assistant Cashier. In September, 1907. was established the Mason Exchange Bank, of Mason. 111., owned by Mrs. Ella Gibson and A. K. Gibson, of which A. K. Gibson is the cashier and manager. As the towns of Mason and Watson are quite important ship- ping points for grain, hay, etc., the banks at both places are appreciated by the people in their vicinity, as indicated by their growing business. CHAPTER VIII. EFFINGHAM COUNTY BENCH AND BAR. blackstone's definition op municipal law — importance of duties vested in courts effingham county organized early courts and presiding justices first practicing attorneys in the county — -distinguished citizens who have practiced at the effing- ham county' bar — list of later and present justices and members of the bar. (By Hon. William B. Wright.) "THE Law — Her seat is the bosom of God ; her voice the harmony of the world; all things on earth and in heaven unite to do her homage — the weak as feeling her protecting care and the strong as not exempt from her power." Municipal law, as defined by Blackstone. is "a rule of civil conduc-t prescribed by the Su- preme power in a state, commanding what is right and prohibiting what is wTong." The ministers of this great force in the con- duct of human affairs are those who occupy the Bench and those who constitute the Bar. Prom the members of the bar those who preside over the courts are chosen. It is to the courts and to the attorneys, who are sworn officers of the courts in which thev practice, that all must look for the final and righteous settlement of disputed matters be- tween themselves and their neighbors, regarding their property rights and the just and impartial disposition of all charges made against indi- viduals involving life and liberty. Possessed of such important functions, it is of the highest importance that Bench and Bar be composed of broad, liberal minded, learned, clean, conscien- tious, courageous members. Effingham County has the right to be satisfied with its good fortune in that respect. Its Bench has been represented by clean and able men with hardl.v an exception. And its practitioners at the Bar have, in the main, been men of ability and integrity. But the reader will search this volume for facts, not for the moralizing of the writer, and the following facts are presented, not as a fu!l and complete history of the Bench and Bar of this county, but rather as an epitome of such history. Effingham County was organized in 1S33. The bill for its organization was introducf'd in the Legislature by Hon. William L. D. Ewing, a distinguished lawTer who represented Fay- ette County, of whicli the territory now em- braced in Effingham County was then a part. The bill was introduced in 1831. It was passed and the county organized. Its county-seat was named Ewington in his honor. William L. D. Ewing has long since gone to his reward and the to\vn named for him long since been abandoned. For twenty seven years it flourished on the western bluffs of the Little Wabash River, a prosperous, hustling, progres- sive village, with dreams of future greatness, justified by the grandeur of its site and the fer- tility of the soil around it. In 1855-56, the Illinois Central Railroad Company completed its line of road through the county, and Effingham, in anticipation of the building of the road, had sprung up and soon that claimed its location upon the railroad entitled it to the county-seat. Its claim was approved by the people of the County ALEXANDER CRAVER EFFINGHAM COUNTY 657 at an election for the removal of the seat of Justice held in 1859. Effingham became the County Seat and Ewington went into a decline. The old court house, standing on the hill facing the setting sun, is the only monument of its de- parted glory. The churches and school house are gone, the cemetery is growii over with brush and briers and vines, and the spirit of "The Deserted Village'' hangs, like a pall, over the scenes of its former activities. Here we are moralizing again. We must get down to the facts. I'he first term of the Circuit Court, as it was held in Effingham County, met at Ewington, in May, 1833, Theophilus W. Smith, Judge presiding. At that time the Judges of the Supreme Court held the Circuit Courts, and all of the Circuit Judges, sitting together, constituted the Supreme Court. At that term of court there were four civil cases on the docket and the Grand Jury re- turned three indictments. Three lawyei-s were present ; William L. D. Ewing, Levi Davis and A. P. Field, all residents of Vandalia. Thomas Ford, who was afterward elected Governor of the State, was the next Judge to hold court in Ewington. Judge Sidney Breese held the courts from 1835 to 1842, and was the third Judge. Hon. James Shields was the foiirth presiding Judge ; Hon. James Semple, the fifth; Hon. William H. Undenvood, the sixth ; Gusta\'us Koerner. the seventh ; Justin Harlin, the eighth ; Charles Emerson, the ninth ; and Charles Constable the tenth, the term of office ending in October, 1SC5. The history of Illinois cannot be written with fullness and accuracy without siiecial mention of all these men and an account of the part they took In forming and moulding the in.stitu- tions of this great State, yet an individual notice of each cannot be given in an article so short as this. The attorneys, who.se names appear on the records of the court during the period above mentioned, are few in number, but among them are those who distinguished themselves and their people by their sen'ices. Those w^orthy of being here mentioned include Samuel McRoberts, Thomas C. Browne, Anthony Thornton. Daniel Gregor.v, Ferris Forman, George Bissell, Philip Fouke, A. J. Gallagher, Elam Rusk. Orlando B. FIckliu, Samuel Moulton, Usher Linder and Abraham Lincoln. These are among the most distinguished, and the mere mention of their names must force the conclusion the early courts were held and the business conducted in a dignified manner, and that the legal rights of parties litigant were skillfully and ably protected. The lawyers resident in the county, in the order of location and admission to the bar were : Kendal H. Buford, Eli Philbrook, James Ladow, John Anderson, Henry D. Caldwell, Wm. J. Stevenson, William B. Cooper, and Benjamin F. Kagay. Cooper, Caldwell and Kagay came to Effing- ham when It became the county-seat and for many years engaged in active practice. Cooper and Kagay maintaining their position as lead- ers of the bar until late In the seventies. Mr. Cooper died in 1883 and Mr. Kagay continued in practice the Nestor of this bar, until Feb- ruary, 1908, when he was garnered to his final re.st, a riiiened sheaf ready for the harvest. Capt. H. D. Caldwell did not devote himself exclusively to the practice of law after the re- moval of the county-seat, but engaged in farm- ing and other enterprises, maintaining a law- office only a part of the time. He was one of the sti-ong characters of his time and always enjoyed a good practice when engaged in the law business. He died in 1905. With the passing of Cooiwr and Kagay and H. D. Cald- well, the last links connecting the old seat of justice with the new were severed. No other lawyer now living in Effingham ever practiced in Ewington and. with the exception of the writer, none of them ever lived there, and liis parents brought him to Effingham before he was five years of age. Of the Judges wened an office for the prac- tice of his profession in Altamont, where he continued until his death, caused by heart dis- ease. C. M. Wright, M. D., was born in Boston, Mass., in 1834, earned his way through a med- ical school in Philadelphia by teaching, grad- uated from the Eclectic College in 1856, and located in Altamont, 111., where he began his practice. He came to the town without a dol- lar, but after continuously practicing medicine twenty-tno years, was able to retire from active life and opened a private bank, although several times called into council after his retirement. With but one hand, he drove spirited horses and was very successful in every enterprise. He occupied one of the finest homes in Effing- ham County, where he died a few years since. Thomas J. Dunn, M. D., born in Bracken County, Ky., in 1845, came with his parents to Lucas Township, Effingham County, in 1853, in 1864 enlisted in Company H, One Hundred Fifty -fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, became Sergeant and was mustered out as Lieutenant in September, 1865. Returning to Effingham County he taught school until 1S75, when he began the study of medicine and in ISSl re- ceived the degree of M. D. from Rush Medical College, Chicago, and began practice in Elliotts- town, which he has since continued with grati- fying success. He is a Protestant, a Repub- lican, a Royal Arch Mason, and a member of Effingham Cotmty and Illinois State Medical So- cieties ; has served in several official positions Including chairman of the v^entral Republican Township Committee, Town Clerk, and the Medical Pension Board, having been twice ap- pointed to the latter on which post he is now serving, with Drs. J. N. Matthews and Frank W. Goodell. (For a more detailed sketch of Dr. Dunn, see Biogi-aphioal Chapter in this volume. ) William J. Jayne, M. D., bom in Pendleton County, Ky., August 22, 1855, took a prepar- atory course at a seminary in Sullivan, 111., and then by teaching earned the means for a course of medical lectures at Vanderbllt Uni- versity, Nashville, Tenn., later graduating from tue Medical School at Keokuk, Iowa, in 1879. He began the practice of medicine at Winter- 664 EFFINGHAM COUNTY rowd, and in 1867 was appointed tlie first Post- master of tliat town. B'raneis F'. Eversman, M. D., was bom in the Province of Hanover, Prussia, in 1807, and finished a course of study in Baltimore, Md., in 1837. In the cholera epidemic of 1849, though not yet a graduate physician, he volunteered to treat eases, as he had studied medicine and had a good knowledge of drugs. In 1850 he graduated from a medical college in Cincinnati, Ohio, and began practicing in that city, but in 1S53 he moved to Teutoiwlis, where he continued in practice until his death. In 1865 he estab- llslied a drug store in Teutopolis, which was conducted by his son Charles. He married Charlotte Fier. At the time Dr. E>versman lo- cated in Teutopolis there was only a small set- tlement there, and his services among the pioneer Germans will long be remembered. He was a Democrat in polities and a Roman Cath- olic in religion. G. W. Oornwell, M. D., was born in Fleming County, Ky., about 1851 began the study of medicine in Stilesville, Ind., under Dr. J. N. Green, and also attended Asbury University two years. In 1855 he graduated from Rush Medi- cal College, in Chicago, and in August follow- ing located in Mason, 111., and there continued practice until his death. He was a Democrat, a Protestant and a member of the Masonic Order, and served once as Representative in the State Legislature (18(37-68). He was a skilled physician and met with success in his profes- sion. Joseph Hall, M. D., born In Ontario County, New York, in 1840, at fifteen years of age came to Mason, 111., spent a short time there, and in 1864 married Miss Laura A. Turge, of Wayne County. Mich., a few months later re- turning to Mason, where he was engaged in the practice of medicine until his death. He con- ducted a drug store several years, in 1870 was appointed Postmaster, but resigned in 1873 and was re-appointed to office in 1881. He studied medicine with his father, who was practicing in Bloomfield, N. Y. Dt. Joseph Hall, Sr., father of the above, was born in Westchester County, N. Y., in 1805, and studied medicine under Drs. Beach and Smith, of New York City ; was also an ordained min- ister. He prac-ticed medicine in New York until 1859, then located in West Township, Effing- ham County, where he died February 14, 1861. William Matthews, M. D., was born in Mont- gomery County, Va., July 27, 1819; in 1839 be- gan the study of medicine under Dr. Talbot, of Greencastle, Ind., and later attended Rush Medi- cal College, Chicago, 111., from which he grad- uated with honor. His first wife was a Miss Ruth A. Jessop. In 1848 he married Miss Delia Hopwood, of Belleville, Ind. ; from 1848 to '58 he practiced in Putnam County, Ind., then moved to Effingham County, 111., where he prac- ticed in Mason until his death, January 14, 1874. He had unusual literary talents and wrote ex- tensively for the press. He was a Universalist in religion and a Republican in politics. James N. Matthews, M. D., son of the preced- ing, was bom near Greencastle, Ind., May 27, 1852. and came to Mason with his father when a small boy, and at ten years of age began work- ing in a printing office, and was widely and favorably known as a writer of ability. He entered the University of Illinois, from which he graduated with first honors in 1872 and in 1875 entered a St. Louis medical college, grad- uating therefrom with the degree of M. D. and first prize for proficiency. In 1878 he married Miss Luella Brown and began practicing at Ma- son, Effingham County, where he spent the re- nuiinder of his life. He was an officer of the Effingham County Medical Society and a mem- ber of the Illinois State Medical Society, was also President of the Medical Pension Board of Effingham Count}', and of the Western Writers' Association, of which he was the organizer. His first wife having died, he married (sec- ond), in 1800, Miss Madeline Wright. He died deeply mourned by a large circle of friends, March 7, 1910. Dr. G. H. Paugh was bom in Kentucky, De- cember 27, 1814. His mother having died when he was a child, he was reared by a sister, who took him to Monroe County, Ind., at seven years of age. When a young man he began the study of medicine, and spent five years under the tutelage of Dr. E. C. Moberly, later engaged in practice at Bedford, Ind., removing thence to Spring\'ille, in the same county, where he resided thirty consecutive years. In 1867 he located in Mason, 111., where he made a Iiermanent residence. He was twice married. I EFFINGHAM COUNTY 665 first, to Miss Hannah Scroggin, who died May 13, 1840, and second, in the latter part of the same year to Miss Eliza Cook, of LawTence County, Ind. He was a Methodist, a Mason and Republican. William M. Trimble, M. D.. born in Illinois \n 1874, graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Louis, lu the class of 1902, and after spending a short time in practice at Gila, 111., went to Dieterich, where he still prac- tices medicine, and is Medical Examiner for several social life insurance organizations. He married Miss Maude Marks, June 10, 1905. J. C. Paugh was bom in Lawrence County, Ind., in 1841, and received his primary medical education from his father. Dr. G. H. Paugh. Later he studied under Dr. Grey and, when he had completed his course, became Dr. Grey's partner. He located in Mason, 111., in 1805 aud married Miss Marian Woods in 1870. Dr. Golightly practiced some time in Beecher City; in 1905 removed to Green Biver. 111., where he still practices. Dr. Guthrie pi'acticed at Beecher City some time, but since about 1905 has been a resident of Pueblo, Colo. Dr. Maun located in Ewington about 1880, practiced there some years with success ; but later moved to Terre haute, Ind., and died there. Dr. Mallett practiced iu Ewingtovi in 1800-fll, then sold his practice to Dr. L. W. Smith and removed to Indiana. E. A. Bing, M. D., of Altamont, is a native of Illinois, bom in 1876; attended Austin Col- lege at Effingham, and graduated from the medi- cal department of the Missouri University, after which he began practice at Browns. 111. He be- longs to the Effingham County and Illinois State Medical Soc-ieties. In 1906 he married Miss Cora Whitson. Henry Stein, M. D., bom in Iowa, in 1869, graduated from the Missouri Medical College and married Miss Clara Williams, of Mount Vernon ; began practice at Defiance, Iowa, later moving to Altamont, 111., where he is still prac- ticing and serving as City Health Officer. John Edward Groves, M. D.. bom in Illinois in 1865, received his degree from the Bennett Medical College, Chicago, in 1887, practiced for sometime at Greenville, East St. Louis and Eflingham, 111., and in 1902 was appointed phy- sician of the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, at Anna, which position he held four years. In 1907 he located in Altamont and en- tered general practice. In 1888 he married Miss Minnie Norman, of Greenville. (For a more extended sketch of Dr. Groves see Bio- graphical Chapter in this volume.) Dr. Williams, an early physician of Effing- ham County, practiced in Douglas Township in 1847, living near Ramsey's Mill on Green Creek. He won considerable public notice as a hypnotist. Dr. Wiles, an eclectic physician, located in Effingham for practice about 1878. Seven years later he removed to Decatur, 111. G. Homesser, M.D., has had a large practice in the vicinity of Shumway, 111., since 1887, married a Miss Rice aud has carried on a business in addition to medical practice. He is a Modern Woodmen, a Democrat, and a mem- ber of the Effingham County and Illinois State Medical Societies ; is also Medical Examiner for several insurance companies. R. O. Broadway, M.D., was registered for practice in Illinois in 1894, being located sev- eral years at Watson, Effingham County, then removed to Nebraska, returned to Watson, and is no located in Southern Illinois. G. M. Baker, M. D., took the degree of M. D. in 1892, from Beaumont Medical College, St. Louis, Mo., and was registered in Illinois the same year. He is a member of Effingham Count}- and Illinois State Medical Societies, and is engaged in practice iu Altamont. (See sketch of Dr. G. M. Baker in Biographical Chapter in this volume.) Bert Caldwell, M. D., is a native of Illinois, took his medical course in a St. Louis Medical college, located at Mouti-ose, 111., later spent a short time at Watson, then moved to Oklahoma and was there appointed a member of the State Board of Health, of which he became Secre- tary ; is now holding the jxisition of Surgeon under the United States Government in the Canal Zone. Ralph R. Holson, M. D., graduated from the Kentucky School of Medicine, Louisville, in 1891, and the .same year located iu Altamont. James E. Beard, M. D., a native of Effingham Count.v, graduated from Barnes Medical College, St. Louis, in 1895 ; then began practicing at 666 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Dieterich, Effingham County, where he remained until his death in 1903. William Sherman Goodell, M. D., bom in Weathersfield, Vt., in 1813, after receiving a superior education, chose the profession of medicine and began to fit himself for the same. In the spring of lS(i7 he located in Effingham, having previously practiced his jwofession in various places in Illinois and other States, and took his son, William L., into partnership with him. He built a substantial house in Effingham, but later removed to Texas, where he invested a considerable sum of money in cattle, and was so successful in this enterprise that, after a few years he prepared to return to Effingham and spend the remainder of his life in ease and com- fort. Before his arrangements were completed, however, he was aslsed to visit an Indian chief in a professional way, and being caught in a severe rainstorm, contracted pneumonia, from which he never recovered, but after a sickness of five days, passed away and was buried near Bonham, Fannin County, Tex. After his death his money was stolen and his cattle and fine horses driven to the Indian Nation and scat- tered along the Rio Grande. (A more extended sketch of Dr. William S. Goodell will be found in Biographical Department of this volume.) Dr. Casper studied medicine with a Dr. Knott in Northern Illinois ; in 1874 located in Shum- way, remaining two years. Dt. J. G. Allan, bom in Kentucky, attended Hanover (Ind. ) College and, taking up the study of medicine, received his degree of M. D. from the University of Louisville, Ky., in 1882. ifter practicing some years in his native State, in 1898 received his certificate to practice in Illinois ; is now located in Edgewood, and is a member of the Effingham County and Illinois State Medical Societies. Charles McWhorter. M. D., was born in Effing- ham, about 1864, studied medicine for a time and. in 1,898, went to St. Louis, where he at- tended medical lec-tures : in 1900 graduated in his course and returned to Effingham County for practice; from 1901-08 practiced in Diet- erich, and then moved to Texas. Dr. I. P. Cromwell was born in Queensbury. N. Y., in 1848 ; studied medicine under his father, and later under Dr. L. H. Holden, and then attended medical lectures at the University of New York, until receiving his degree. He practiced for a time at Cleveland, Patten's Mills and Salem, N. Y., and at Chicago, 111., after which he spent fourteen consecutive years at DeKalb, III., then moved to Colorado and from there, in K)03, to Effingham, 111., where he is now engaged in the practice of homeopathy. He is a Protestant, a Democrat and a member of the Masonic Order. James R. Scott, M. D., was born in Jefferson Countj', Ky., September 13, 1840; removed to Pike Countj' with his parents when a child, and received his preliminary education under the tutelage of A. T. Hendricks, brother of Thomas A. Hendricks ; then removed to Petersburg, Ind., where he began the study of medicine under the direction of Drs. J. R. Adams and J. L. Hallin, and afterward attended lectures at Cin- cinnati Medical College, from which he grad- uated with the Class of 18C2. The same year he was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the Third Kentucky Infantry, and was discharged in October, 1864. At the close of the war he located at Edgewood, where he has since prac- ticed his profession. He is a Protestant, a Mason and a Democrat. (For a more extended sketch see Biographical Chapter in this volume.) Dr. A. McAnderson received his diploma from Jefferson .Medical College in 18.51, served as Surgeon in the Civil War ; began practice in Mason, Effingham County, in 1880, and lived in the last log cabin that stood in Mason, where he was found dead in bed one morning in 1884. B. P. Holland, M. D., passed the examination of the State Board of Health, and began the practice of medicine in Mason, 111., in 18T8; about three years later removed to Louisville, 111., where he operated a saw-mill in connection with his practice. Owen Wright. M. D., was born near Green- castle. Ind.. in Feliruary, 18.3.5 ; in 1852 began the study of medicine, just after coming to Effingham County, and in 1856 entered Rush Medical College. Chicago; later attended lectures in St. Louis and at the Ohio Medical College. He served as First Assistant Surgeon in the One Hundred Twenty-flfth Illinois Volunteers, and in 1865 was detailed a Surgeon in an army corps. At the close of the war he located in Mason, Effingham County, where he has since continued in the practice of his profession. He is a Protestant, a Republican and a Mason, and preaches occasionally. He married Miss Mar- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 667 garet Wallis, in 1860. (A fuller sketch will be found in the Biographical Chapter, this volume.) John Cook, M. D., born in Kent, England, came to the United States in 1S68, and, after spending some time in Chicago, located in Lib- erty Township, Effingham County ; there en- gaged in teaching school until 1878. when he began studying medicine with Dr. Wills, later attended St. Louis Medical College, graduating in ISSO with the first honors of his class. He formed a partnership with Dr. J. Pipher. of Shumway, but a year later moved to Beecher City, where he began an Independent practice. August 24, 1873, he married Miss Julia Ten- ner}-. He is a Universalist in religion and a member of the I. O. O. F. Lucien W. Hammer, M. D., was born in Clark County, Ky., November 12, 1819; in 1828 moved to Sangamon County, 111., with his parents, and later to Moweaqua, where he began the study of medicine from text-books; became acquainted with drugs by working in a drug store, and in 1855 entered upon the practice of medicine. In 1879 he moved to Fuukhouser, 111., practiced there a year and then located in Effingham, where he practiced two years, later practiced several years at Watson, and then moved to Nebraska, where he died in 1905. Dr. R. H. Shamhart, a native of Ohio, studied medicine with his father and began practicing in Winterrowd. 111., in 1877. He died in 1908. He married (first) Miss Molly Fry, of Jasper County. 111., and (second) Miss Hagan. of Effingham. Dr. George S. Shamhart, born in 182.S. studied medicine with his father's family physician ; practiced for a time in Winterrowd. 111., then moved into Jasjjer County, but he continued to care for his old patients in the vicinity of Win- terrowd ; married Miss Leach McVeigh, of Ohio, and died aged 84. Dr. J. L. Field was born in Kentucky in 1S21, when ten years old accompanied his brother to Edgar County. 111., and as a .voung man taught school in Illinois and Kentucky. Having studied medicine for a time, in 1852 he began practice, locating in Bishop Township, Effingham County. There being then few doctors in the county, his practice was quite extensive. In November, 1861, he enlisted as Hospital Steward, in Com- pany D, Sixty-fourth Illinois, from which he was discharged the next year for disability. Re- turning home, he continued practice until he was so old and feeble he had to be helped in and out of his buggy, and when unable to make visits, many of his patients came to him for advice. He accumulated considerable land and drew a war pension. He died in 1906. He was a Protestant, a Democrat and a member of the Masonic Order. For seventeen years he was Postmaster at Elliottstown, and also served as To^-nship Clerk and School Trustee. In 1843 he married Miss Frances T. Conrey, of Edgar County. W. S. Jones. M. D., born in Harrison County, Ohio, in 1827, attended a course of medical lec- tures at Cincinnati, and in 1854 he began prac- tice in Iowa, later moving to Knox County, 111., and six years later to Moccasin Township, Effing- ham County, where he was in practice many years ; was twice married, first in 1850, to Miss Elizabeth Johnson, of Holmes County, Ohio, who died in 1873, and second, 1876, to Miss Tena Piper. Dr. Larable practiced for a time in Craw- ford Countj', 111., and in 1871 came to Effingham Count.v. where he formed a partnership with Dr. John LeCrone, in Effingham ; now resides in Wheeler, 111., much broken in health. H. G. A'an Sandt, M. D., was torn in Ham- ilton, Ohio, in 1843, graduated from St. Louis Medical College, served in the Civil War, then practiced for a time in Missouri, but later moved to Montrose. 111., where he continued in practice until his death. He came to Montrose a poor man, but was helped to make a start and soon acquired a good practice ; also had a gen- eral store, a di'ug store, and was engaged in buying and shipping cattle, dealing in real estate and loaning money. He was a Protestant, a Ma- son, an Odd Fellow and a Republican. In 1871 he married Miss Henrietta Morton. John Gillenwatei's, M. D., became a resident of Effingham County in 1835 and on account of the small jwpulation, being unable to make a living in the practice of his profession, engaged in teach- ing for a time, receiving a small pay for his serv- ices. He was a learned man, and became influ- ential, and as his practice increased was able to devote his whole time to it. William Lott Goodell. M. D., was born in Rich- land County. Ohio, in 1S4G, a son of Dr. William S. Goodell ; at twelve years of age was brought 668 EFFINGHAM COUNTY by his parents to Clark County, 111. ; while at- tending Marshall College and during his leisure hours and \ acations assisted his father in a print- ing olBce, conducted in connection with his medi- cal practice ; later accompanied his i)arents to Ann Arbor, Mich., and there entered the Univer- sity of Michigan, where he .spent three years. Returning with his parents to Illinois a short time afterward he went to live with Dr. Wil- liams, of Marshall, 111. Later formed a partner- ship with Dr. Garner, of Salisbury, 111., and in 1867 located in Effingham, where he and his father opened an office together. The younger man built up a large practice, at times trav- elling extensively night and day, over rough roads, often without certainty of remuneration for his service. He has been a member of vari- ous professional associations, organized the first medical society in Effingham County, the Inter- State Medical Society, sei-ved as delegate of the Illinois State Medical Society to the American Medical Association, was the first Secretai-y of the Effingrtiani County Medical Society, and has been many times called into consultation with other physicians and surgeons, is now serving as City Health Officer, and has held other city and county offices. He works hard in the interest of his profe.ssion, which he con.slders a noble call- ing. (A more extended sketch of Dr. Good'ell's professional career and personal history will be found in the Biographical Department of this volume. ) Dr. Wilson practiced sometime in the vicinity of Beecher City, and in 100.5 moved to Centralia, where he is now in active practice. Dr. Lesher practiced medicine in EUiottstown, 111., in the '50s. Dr. S. C. Lloyd moved from Rising Sun, Can- ada, to Pennsylvania, where he practiced before coming to Illinois, later practiced in the vicinity of Watson and EUiottstown al>out 186.5-71, and in 1878 moved to Harper. Kans.. where he is now residing. Dr. J. C. Brady practiced medicine in Elliotts- town in an early day, moved to Teutopolis about 1861, and in 1862 became a resident of Effingham, as deputy for County Clerk John Trap; some twenty years later moved to the State of Texas, where he died. Dr. .Jacob Bishop, one of the earliest physicians of Effingham County, was engaged In practice in Freemanton in 1844. He was self-educated and owned and operated the first grain mill and carding machine in Jackson Township: in 18.56-57 kept a hotel in Effingham, and was also a Meth- odist minister. His practice extended outside the county and was quite successful. Dr. James Long was practicing in Effingham County as early as 1843 ; moved from Union Township into Mason and in 1846 located near Flemsburg, where he practiced five or six years ; was also a carpenter and millwright. He per- formed a number of amputations successfully, with such primitive instruments as a butcher knife and carpenter's saw, using a common needle and sewing thread for the closing of wounds. Later he removed to California, and there con- tinued his practice. In 1850 he married Miss Louisa Williams. Dr. Morgan began practicing medicine in Mason, 111., about 1880, and a year later moved to Odin, 111., where he now resides. Frank Buekmaster, M. D., gi'aduated from a medical college in St. Louis, in 189.3, receiving a gold medal for proficiency ; then began practic- ing at Altamont, 111., and in 1909 moved to Effing- ham, where he opened an office in the Austin Opera Block. He devotes most of his time to surgery, is a member of the Effingham County and Illinois State Medical Societies and the American Medical Association. (For a more extended sketch of Dr. Buekmaster see Biograph- ical Chapter in this volume.) J. B. Walker, M. D., the first President of the Effingham County Medical Society and member of the Illinois State and .Esculapian Medical Societies and the American Medical As.sociation, at one time Mayor of the City of Effingham and for several years President of the Commercial Club, was liom near Robinson, 111., in 1857, there began studying medicine and later attended lect- ures in Cincinnati graduating in his course in 1882. He first formed a jiartnership with Dr. ,Tohn LeCrone, of Effingham, who had an exten- sive practice, I)ut being .soon after elected County Clerk, practically retired for a time from practice, which was of great advantage to Dr. Walker in making a start. He is local Surgeon for a rail- road company, at one time served as President of the School Board, is a Protestant, a Repub- lican and a Mason. He married Miss Alice Max- well, of Crawford County, 111., (See sketch in Biographical Chapter, this volume.) E. W. Brooks, M. D.. liorn in Parker, Ind., in EFFINGHAM COUNTY 669 1S76, graduated from Barnes Medical College, St. Louis, in 1901, and in 1907 took a ix>st-graduate course at Chicago. He began practicing at St. Elmo, 111., was c-onnected with Charleston San- itarium in 1905, and is now practicing in Beecher City ; he is a member of the County and Illinois Medical Societies, a Protestant and a Mason. In 190S he married Miss Nellie Costivans. (A more extended sketch will be found in Biographical Department, this volume.) Dr. Long was born near Newton, 111., graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Louis, in 1907, and located in Etfingham for the practice of his profession, starting in the office made vacant by the death of Dr. Sehifferstein. He carries on a general practice but pays special attention to the diseases of the eye, having re- ceived instruction in this branch of the pro- fession under Professor Ball, the author and lecturer. He is a Roman Catholic and a Dem- ocrat. In 1908 he married Miss Dora Dallmier, of Newton, III. Dr. E. D. Damson is a native of Illinois and, after graduating from a medical course, engaged in practice in Effingham a few years ago; is a member of the County and State Medical Soci- eties, a Protestant, a Republican and a Mason. (See fuller sketch in Biographical Chapter in this volume.) Dr. William H. St. Clair has practiced many years In Effingham County and served one term Mayor of Effingham ; was practicing in partner- ship with Dr. John LeCrone in the 'GOs. although his certificate from the State Board of Health is dated 18S7. He is a member of the Effingham County, the Illinois State and the American Medical Societies ; is a Democrat in jwlitics. Dr. Pruott was bom in Marshall, 111., about 1870, studied medicine with his father and grad- uated from an accredited medical college; began the practice of his profession in Effingham about 1S98, and in 1901 moved away, is now i)ractic- ing in northwestern Illinois. He was appointed a member of the Medical Pension Board for Effing- ham County, by President Cleveland, and served as Secretary of the Board, which included Drs. J. N. Groves and Frank W. Goodell. Dr. Pruett married Miss Van Allen, of Effingham. Dr. Stewart, believed to be a regularly grad- uated physician, was practicing medicine in Teu- topolis, in 1851-52. His patients included most families living on upper Green Oi-eek, Effingham County. Joseph B. Ewers. M. D., graduated from a •medical school at St. Louis, Mo., and after prac- ticing in Brownstown, 111., in 1882 located in Effingham, where he remained about three years, then moved with his family to Moultrie County, 111., for some time was employed as travelling representative of a Surgical Institute. Dr. Tarrant was practicing medicine In Sum- mit Township, near the west end of the bridge over the Wabash River in 1857. He served as Probate Judge three terms, and also had an extensive practice. He died in Summit Town- ship. C. H. Diehl, M. D.. a native of Effingham County, 111., in 1894 entered the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, St. Louis, graduating in the Class of 1908. During the summer of 1907 he had practiced in Oklahoma, and in 1906 acted as inteiTie at Jefferson Hospital ; also took a special course in anatomy and diseases of the nervous system in the medical department of the University of Illinois. He is now practicing in Montro.se, 111., Is a Lutheran and a Republican ; in 1907 married Miss Jennie Delchman, of Effing- ham. ( See fuller sketch in Biographical Chapter, this volume.) Dr. Boggs, commonly known as "Bill Boggs," was practicing medicine in Watson Township in 1858; carried his medicine in a tin "writing box," to which he had fastened a handle; had many patients who could not afford to pay a "town" doctor and in emergency cases. C. H. Foote, M. D.. now practicing medicine at Beecher City, 111., was bom in Ohio, in 1873, is a graduate of the medical depjirtment of the University of Mi.s.souri, in the Class of 1895, and the same year married Mi.ss Minnie Smlthe. He takes no active part in political affairs and in religious views is a Methodist. Di-. H. C. Finch was practicing medicine in Watson, 111., about 1878, having attended medical lectures in Chicago, though not graduated from a course; in 1879-80 attended the medical de- partment of Butler Unlvei-slt.v, of Indianapolis, Ind.. and then located in Iowa, where he is still engaged in practice. F. N. A. Hoffman, M. D., was born in Missouri in 1865. gi-aduated from the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, St. Louis, in 1894, and be- 670 EFFINGHAM COUNTY gan practiiiiif; in Montrose. III., but later moved to Evanstou ; its now prautic-iug in Teutojwlis and is a member of several medical societies. lu 1S97 he married Miss Mary Gress, of Stewardson, 111. Dr. D. F. Lane practiced medicine in Mason, 111., from 1873 to '75, tlieu moved to St. Elmo and thence to Oregon State. He attended the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis and grad- uated from the Indiana Medical College. He married Miss Anna Leith, of Mason. Dr. Fisk was practicing medicine in Mason, 111., in 1866 ; married Miss Mapes of Mason, and they moved to Missouri in 1870. Dr. C. F. Falley was practicing medicine in Ewington in 1857, having moved there from Freemanton; later moved to Fuller Creek, and from there to Clay County, where he died in 1905. He was a Protesant and a Mason, and is kindly remembered by many old settlers of Effing- ham County. Dr. Abbott, who came to Effingham County from New York, was a graduate of West Point, a good draftsman, sign painter, civil engineer and artist. In 1858 he formed a partnership with Dr. Bishop, at Freemanton, later be<-ame Fife Major in the Uuion Anny ; and died in service. Dr. White, bom in Ohio, in 1858 entered land at Bishop Point, Effingham County, 111., where he carried on farming and practiced medicine; also started a horse-mill for grinding gi-ain. He died about 1884, was a Democrat and a Protestant. John G. Schuette, M. D., was bom in the Province of Westphalia, Germany, in 1874, grad- uated from the Gymnasium of Rhine In 1868, took post-graduate courses at Wnrzburg, Mar- burg and Grifswold, and graduated from a med- ical course in 1872. He served in the Prassian Army during the war with France, and in 1872 emigrated to the United States, locating in Teu- topolis. 111. He studied the EInglish language eighteen months and then began giving instmc- tion in languages and mathematics, which he con- tinued a number of years. He married Catherine Mette, who died in 1877. Dr. Schuette was a Roman Catholic and a Democrat. Dr. John N. Pipher was bom in I^uisiana in 1840, In 1878 graduated from St. Douis Medical College, and began practicing at Shumway, 111., moving thence to Cliicago. where he spent only a few months, when he engaged in practice in Stewardfcon, 111. He is a member of the Effing- ham County and Illinois State Medical Societies. Dr. J. H. Robinson practiced medicine in Mason, 111., in an early day, moving thence to Oklahoma, where he continued ijractic'c, and there died in 1906 at an advanced age. Dr. J. L. Yolton was bom in Illinois, in 1857, in 1887 was engaged in the practice of medicine in Montrose; was a graduate of the Missouri Jledical College in the Class of 1885. Eugene E. West, M. D., was born in New Jersey, in 1801, studied medicine as a young man, and graduated at Hahnemann Medical Col- lege, Chicago, in 1884. He immediately began the practice of homeopathy in Effingham, but a few years later returned to New Jersey, where he continued his practice. He married Miss Beulah Bessy, of Effingham. H. C. Sanders, M. D., was born in Tennessee in 1852 ; in 1886 graduated from the Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri, St. Louis, and in 1887 began practicing at Altamont. Dr. G. Schmidt was practicing medicine in Elliottstown, in 187S. Dr. J. F. Guthrie was bom in Illinois in 1849, and in 1885 graduated from the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis ; in 1887 was practicing at Moccasin, 111., Dr. Clemens A. Westholter was born In Ger- many in 1843, and his certificate giving him the right to practice in the State of Illinois was dated Septemper 2. 1887. Joseph A. Bmmleve, M. D., who has practiced medicine many years in Teutoiwlis, 111., is a na- tive of Illinois and graduated from the Medical College of Ohio. Lawrence A. Bnuiileve, M. D., sou of the pre- ceding, studied UKMlicine with his father and in 1901 graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Louis. Retumiug home, he engaged in practice with his father, which he still continues. In 1906 he was elected County Coroner, is a member of the Effingham County and Illinois State Medical Societies, and both he and his father are Catholics and Democrats. Both are able to speak both English and Ger- man fluently. Charles A. Vandre, M. D., was bom in New York, in 1843, in 1884 graduated from the Eclec- tic MecUcal Institute of Cincinnati, Ohio, and in 1887 was engaged in practice in Altamont. Dr. J. P. Hutchinson studied medicine in CKRHARD ENGBRINO EFFINGHAM COUNTY 671 Masou, 111., where he practiced many years. In 1877 he was granted a certilicate from the State Board of Health, having practiced twenty-four years. Dr. Schuricht practiced medicine with .suc- cess in Effingham alwut fourteen mouths, then moved to Missouri. Dr. Barney was practicing medicine in Winter- rowd, 111., in 1865. Dr. Martin began practicing medicine at Wat- son, attout 1861, also engaged in farming; was a native of Virginia, a Democrat aud a Protestant. He married Miss King, of Effingham County. L. W. Smith, M. D., bought the practice of Dr. Mallett, in ISOl. He was a graduate of au Eclec- tic Medical College, served one term as Post- master of Effingham, and was probably the first surgeon in Effingham County appointed by the Government to examine soldiers for pensions. He practiced in Effingham a number of years, but becoming enfeebled from age, sold his home and went to Newton, 111., where he died about 1898. Dr. Jolly was practicing 'medicine in Free- manton in 1857, studied medicine under Dr. Bishop of that place, and moved from Effingham County to Iowa. Dr. Meeker practiced medicine in Effingham 1870-72, and was considered a good physician. He moved to California where he continued in practice. Dr. John G. Hughes, a native of Ohio, practiced medicine in Ewington in 1863-70, having pre- viously practiced five years in Elliottstown. He died of ulcer of the stomach, in Ewington about 1873. Dr. Ingram .studied medicine with Drs. Bishop and Falley. and began jiraetice in 1861, a few miles south of where Montrose now stands ; after- wards practiced in Elliottstown and in Jackson Township, and died about 1895. He was a Dem- ocrat and a Protestant. Frank Wise Goodell, M. D., was born in Marshall. Clark County, 111., March 1, 1859, and in the spring of 1861 removed with his parents to Ann Arbor, Mich. The family later returned to Jasper County, 111., and in the spring of 1867 located permanently in the City of Effingham. The subject of this sketch attended the Louis- ville (Ky.) Medical College and returning home in 1878, being then only nineteen years of age, entered into the practice of medicine under the supervision of his brother, William L. Goodell, M. D., with whom he has since been associated. In the spring of 1880 he graduated from the medical department of Butler University, Indian- apolis, just before attaining his majority. He has always enjoyed a large practice aud has held memberships in many medical societies and is Secretary of Effingham County Medical Society. He has travelled extensively and is the author of several well-know poems. (A more extended personal sketch of Dr. Goodell is given in the Biographical Chapter in this volume.) Dr. Henry Taphom, of Effltngham, was born in Carlyle. 111., in 1871, and graduated from Washington University, of St. Louis, Mo., with degree of M. D., in 1898 ; in 19<10 was apiwinted First Assistant Surgeon of St. Mary's Hospital, East St. Louis, 111., where he remained four yeai-s, then engaged in general practice, is a member of a number of professional and fraternal organizations. (For a more extended sketch of Dr. Taphorn, see Biographical Department of this volume. ) Robert L. Wishard, M. D., an eclectic practi- tioner, graduated from the American Medical College, St. Louis, in the Class of 1892 ; in 1902 was practicing in Eberle, Effingham County, 111. George B. Tope, M. D., graduated from Rush Medical College. Chicago, in 1896, and the same year located in Montrose, where he has a general practice and is local examiner for several insur- ance companies. He is a member of the local and State Medical Societies. Nathan B. Thresh, M. D., graduated from Barnes Medical Colege, St. Louis, in 1902, and be- gan practicing the same year in Beecher City. C. M. Wright, M. D., was born in Altamont, and after studying medicine with his father, at- tended Washington University, St. Louis, grad- uating in 1902. He entered into practice in his native town and is a member of the local and Illinois State Medical Societies. W. N. Davis, M. D., graduated from a med- ical school in St. Louis and began practicing in Brownstown, 111.; about 18S2 began practice in Effingham, and some three .years later moved to Moultrie County, 111. ; was engaged for some time as travelling representative of a surgical institute. Dr. Zaehariah Allen was born in Putnam County, Ind., in 1.S.30, studied medicine in 1855 and in 1859 attended a medical college. He practiced some time in Effingham County, at E!- 672 EFFINGHAM COUNTY liottstown and Winterrowd, being the first Post- master of the letter place, appointed in 1867. He was a Republican and a member of the G. A. R. He died in 1902. C. F. Burkhardt, M. D., a native of Kentucky, graduated from the Kentucky School of Mer- iciue in 1S93, received his certificate admitting him to practice in Illinois in 1898. After prac- ticing at various points in Illinois and Nebraska, located in Effingham, in 1907, and now makes a specialty of the diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat. He is President of the Effingham County Medical Societj- and member of the Ill- inois State Medical Society. CHAPTER X. THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. THE NEWSPAPEE PRESS OF EFFINGHAM COUNTY — THE PIONEER OF EWINGTON, THE FIRST PAPER IN THE COUNTY CHANGES OE NAME AND LOCA- TJON — IT FINALLY BECOMES THE DEMOCRAT OTHER PAPERS OF A LATER PERIOD THE UNION- IST AND THE LOYALIST OF WAR TIME — THE DAILY DEMOCRAT ESTABLISHED IN 1899 THE EFFINGHAM REGISTER AND REPUBLICAN — PAPERS AT ALTAMONT — GERMAN PAPERS THE EFFING- HAM VOLKSBLATT — TEUTOPOUS PRESS — LATER PA- PERS WHICH HAVE GONE OUT OF EXISTENCE. (By Ge-ji-ge M. LeCrone.) The newspaper press has been well represented in Effingham County ever since the founding of the first newspajx^r in the c-ounty at Ewing- tou, in 1855. This was "The Pioneer," which was established by W. B. Cooper, Ewington then being the county-seat. In 1857 the plant be- came the property of Col. J. W. Filler, who, on the removal of the countj--seat to Effingham, re- moved the paper to that place. In 1861, Col. Filler, having enlisted in the Civil War, left the paper in charge of Dr. T. G. Vandeveer, who soon after purchased "The Gazette," the first pa- per published in the City of Effingham, and which had been started In the spring of 18G0 by L. M. Rose as a l{ei)ublican organ, but who later en- tered the army as Filler had done. Mr. Van- deveer then brought the material of the two offices together and both papers were suspended until October, 1801, when Col. Filler having re- turned from the field, in partnership with Dr. Vandeveer, began the publication of "The Union- ist." But three editions of the paper had been issued, however, when Col. Filler again entered the army, leaving the paper in the hands of his partner. In the spring of I8U2 the o\\^le^ of the mort- gage on the old "Gazette" plant sold it to John Hoeny, who immediately renewed the publication, shortly thereafter purcbasing the outfit of "The Pioneer," and uniting the two. The publication in this form was continued until July. 1862, when the office-building, which was located on the east side of the courthouse square, was burned and the entire outfit of both papers destroyed, except the old Pioneer hand-press, which had fortunately been left in the yard of the building. As there was no insurance on the property, the loss was entire, but Mr. Hoeny, borrowing $100 from Mr. Bareus, the County Treasurer, went to Chicago and bought a quautitj- of second-hand type from Mr. Story, of the old "Chicago Times." With this publication of "The Gazette" was resumed and continued until 1865, when Mr. Hoeny sold out to Messrs. Hays & Bowen. The name of the paper was then changed to "Effingham Oountj- Democrat," but in the fall of the same year, the property was taken in charge by the creditors. Col. Filler, having then returned from the field, was placed in charge, and continued until 1868, when the concern was sold to H. C. Bradsby, who later dropped the word "County" from the name, and this has continued to the present time. In 1870 the paper again changed hands, J. C. Brady becoming the proprietor, and he soon after associated himself with John Hoeny, who in June of the same year became sole owner. This arangement continued until 1878, when Mr. Hoeny sold one-half interest to George M. Le- Crone, and in 1880 his remaining interest to Owen Scott, the firm then becoming LeCrone & Scott, but a .vear later Mr. LeCrone sold to Mr. Scott, the latter continuing the publication of the paper alone until 1884. when Mr. LeOrone purchased the entire plant. In 1890 he sold a half-Interest to Mr. George V. Mechler, who re- tired in 1898, and Mr. LeCrone became sole pro- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 673 prietor, which has continued to the present time. On the retirement of Mr. Met-hler. H. O. Adams, who had previously been in charge of the me- chanical department. Ijecame business manager. On July 31, 1899, a daily edition of "The Dem- ocrat" was established, being publisjied every afternoon except Sunday, and this has since been continued, proving an important aid to the reg- ular weekly issue. On January 1, 1900, a Mer- ganthaler linotype machine was introduced for type-setting purposes and a Cranston cylinder press and engine, installed in 1891, gave place in lft02 to a Cottrell four-roller book and job press, and the mechanical equipment of the office is now one of the most complete to be found out- side of the larger cities. The mechanical and business departments occupy a large two-story brick building, erected in 1901. and lighted by electricity, and in addition to the daily and weekly Issues of the paper, the proprietor turns out a large amount of job-printing in- cluding books, periodicals, etc. In 1903, a souvenir edition of the "Democrat" was published by Mr. LeCrone in celebration of the semi-cen- tennial of the founding of the City of Effingham, from which the principal facts regarding the history of the Effingham County Press have been taken. The third paper published in Effingham was "The Register." which was established in Novem- ber. 1S&4, as a Republican organ, by Maj. William Haddock. This was continued until 18T2. when the paper having deflected to the support of Horace Greeley for President, on account of the loss of patronage, it was compelled to suspend. During the same .year, Maj. Haddock removed his plant to Champaign. 111., and purchasing "The Illinois Democrat." of that citj-. changed the name to "Liberal Democrat," to which he later gave the name, "Champaign Times," continuing its publication until his death in 1879. During the month of April, 1863, a paper called "The Loyalist" was established at Ma.son, Effing- ham County, by Mr. George Brewster. Accord- ing to the late Dr. James N. Matthews, who, as a boy, was an employe on this paper, and who is the contributor of .some reminiscences connected with the history of Mason, published in Chapter V. on "Effingham War Record," in this volume, "The Loyalist" was a zealous supporter of the war policy of the Government against secession and was vigorously denounced as an abolition organ. It stirred up popular sentiment and evoked much hostility among the anti-war Dem- ocrats, but had a brief e.xisteuce, being suspended after a career of about seven months. The next paper connected with Effingham County history was "The Effingham Republican," established at Effingham by Martin Brothers, of ShelbjTille, in August, 1872, as successor to "The Register," referred to in a previous paragraph. In the fall of 1873 "The Republican" was .sold by its founders to H. C. Painter, who continued its publication with success until the fall of 1885, -when he sold out to E. B. Gorrell. Later Samuel Moulden succeeded to the management of the paper, but still later it again pas.sed into the hands of Mr. Gorrell, who continued in charge until June. 1893, when it was sold to a stock company with R. F. Lawson as editor and business manager. This arrangement was continued until February. 1898. when Mr. Law- son, having been been appointed Postmaster, was succeeded by W. H. Dietz as editor. In January, 1899. Dr. Sumner Clark purchased a large amount of stock of "The Republican," and his son. Homer Clark, was then installed as editor and business manager. In April, 1909, Mr. Clark sold "The Republican"' to a new set of stock- holders composed of leading Republicans of the county, among whom were Representative J. H. Loy and his brother. Rev. F. W. Loy. Rev. Loy's son-in-law, Harris Dante, was selected as man- ager, and the paper is now in his charge. In May, 1873 "The Altamont Courier" was established in the village of Altamont, by G. W. Grove, of Kinmundy, but was published only one year, when it was discontinued and the plant moved away. In 1876 Loofbarrow & Humble established "The Altamont Telegram ;" this was continued until June, 1877. when C. M. King, of Lexington, 111., became proprietor. Selling out the old material and procuring a new equipment, Mr. King continued the publication until 1881, when he removed the plant to Gardner. 111. In December of the same year, C. F. Coleman, later of "The Vandalia Leader." and George M. Le- Crone. now of "The Effingham Democrat," established "The Altamont News." In 1884, Mr. LeCrone having returned to "The Effingham Democrat," L. J. Wallach acted as editor of "The News" for some ten years, was succeeded by F. M. Schilling, and Mr. Schilling in 1906, by H. H. Bailey, the present editor and proprietor. The 674 EFFINGHAM COUNTY paper is issued as a weelily, has a good rural cir- culation aud is meeting with satisfactory success. The first German paper published in Effingham County was "The Effingham VolUsblait,' estab- lished at Effingham in June, 1878, as a result of the visit of the late Gen. Herman Lieb, of Chi- cago, for the benefit of the growing German piopulation of Effingham. Mr. A. Gravenhorst, of Effingham, at first furnished the local matter, the paper, a seven-column folio, being printed in the office of "The Chicago Democrat.'' A few months later "The Democrat" having been dis- continued, the publication was transferred to Milwaukee, the paper in the meantime being en- larged to a teu-colunni folio. In 1882 an outfit of tj-pe was procured from St. Louis, and for the first year the mechanical work was done in local offices, but in 1883 Mr. Gravenhorst became pro- prietor of the press and tlie building from which the paper was issued, aud has continued to lie its publisher to the present time. The paper is a six-column, eight-page sheet, is Democratic in political views, and enjoys a large circulation among the German population of Effingham and adjoining counties. "The Teutopolis Press" was established in Teutopolis, Effingham County, in 1898, by C. A. Wornian and Henry Tegenkamp. its first issue ap- pearing April 21st of that year. About a month later Mr. Tegenkamp sold out his interest, Mr. Worman becoming sole owner, which has con- tinued to the present time. It was started as an independent paper, but a few years later became Democratic. Up to 1005 the paper was printed on a hand-press, propelled by human power, but in that year a gas engine was put in operation, and other material added to its equipnient. Origin- ally a seven-column folio sheet, in April, 1900, it was enlarged to a six-column quarto (eight-page), at the same time a large .37 x 52 two-revolution press being installed, and on January 1, 1010, it took possession of its present quarters, a com- modious two-story brick building. "The Press" has a large circulation, its patrons being mostly German-Americans. "Tlie Special-Gazette," of Dieterich, is the out- come of the consolidation of two journals — "The Special" and "The Gazette" — which had an in- dependent existence for some time, the latter being established by William Marrs, one of the oldest residents of Bishop Town.ship. Later the consolidated paper was published by J. N. Stroud. who was succeeded by the present proprietors, Arlen B. Wright and Frank Field, both natives of Dieterich aud members of prominent families of that plac-e. "The Mason News," established in 1896, is a six-column quarto under the management of two ladies — Misses Xettie Richmond aud Susie Smith — as editors and proprietors. The paper has a healthy circulation amoug an intelligent village and rural population. The publishers also conduct a job department in connection with their pai)er and are meeting with deserved suc- cess. Other papers which have had a brief existence in Effingham County, include "The Herald," at Edgewood ; "The Montrose Comet," at Montrose, and a paper published at Shumway for a short time. "The Jeffersonian" was established In Effingham, in August, 1902. by the Effingham Publishing Company, composed of Phillip Wiwi, P. W. Loy and Jonathan Arnold, with Mr. Arnold as editor. It was a neat six-colimm quarto, and was well edited, but had a brief career, going out of existence in 1904. CHAPTER XI. CHURCHES— SCHOOLS. EARLY CHURCHES OF EFFINGHAM COUNTY — THE METHODIST EWINGTON MISSION FIRST LOCAL CHURCHES — DATE OF ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEMBERS — ^FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF EF- PTNGHAM — ITS HISTORY AND PRINCIPAL PAS- TORS — LAY'ING OF CORNER STONE OF NEW CHURCH BUILDING IN AUGUST, 1909 — ST. MARY's CATHOLIC CHURCH FIR.ST GERMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN EFFINGHAM COUNTY — PRIESTS WHO HAVE PRE- SIDED OVER ST. MARY''S CHURCH AND THE CHURCH AT TEUTOPOLIS — GERMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS — BISSELL COLLEGE. Following is a history of principal church organizations in Effingham county : EARLY METHODIST CHURCHES. According to a history of Methodist Episcopal Churches in Effingham County, prepared by Mr. CHURCHES, EFFINGHAM, ILL. 1 . Christian 2. St. John's 3. Baptist 4. Methodist 5. St. Anthony's 6. Sacred Heart 7. Presbyterian 8. St. Paul's EFFINGHAM COUNTY 675 Joseph B. Joues and read before a meetiug of the Effingham County Old Settlers, the first organization of that denomination in the county occurred in 1835 at Ewiugtou, then the county- seat of Ethngham County and situated at the crossing of the Cumberland Road over the Little Wabash River. The first members of this church were T. J. Gillenwaters and wife, Aaron Williams and family, John Loy and family, Caleb Randall and wife, Michael Beem and wife, Jolm_^jevitt\ and wife, with a few others whose names are not now recalled. At the annual session of the Illi- nois Conference the Ewingtou Mission was estab- lished and Rev. Graham placed in charge. The boundaries of this mission are not known with entire accuracy, but it included Eflingham County and the northwest part of Fayette County, ex- tending as far west as the Kaskaskia River. In 1851 this mission was divided, placing the north- western part of Effingham County and the part of Fayette County that had belonged to the mis- sion, in the Louden City circuit, the remainder of Effingham County remaining in Ewiugton Mis- sion. Prior to this time a number of church soci- eties had been formed within the territory covered by the Ewington Mission and preaching places established at Preemanton, Ebenezer, Gray's, Harrell's, New Hope, and Rankin. While Ewing- ton remained the county seat and until 1860, it continued to be a preaching place, but no church was built, meetings being held at different periods in the courthouse and In the sctiool house. In the meantime, the Illinois Central Railroad had been built, Effingham laid out, a railroad station established there, and the residents of Ewington began to move to the new town and county-seat. As a consequence the town of Ewington was fi- nally absorbed by Its new rival, and a church with a large membership was built up at Effing- ham, which now has a fine church building. Freemanton became a preaching place in 1837. services being held at the home of Charles Boggess and about 1839 the second church society in the county was organized there. The leading members of the new organization were Charles Boggess and wife, Jacob Bishop, Richard Mc- Cranor and wife, and a few others. In 1844 Mr. Horace Toothaker donated a tract of land as the site for a church at Freemanton, and a log building was completed on it by the first of May of that year, which was the first Methodist EpiscoiMl church building In the county. This remained a regular preaching place until about 1860, when most of the society met at Mr. Devore's, where regular services were held in a building erected by Mr. Devore and others. For a number of years services were held alternately at both Devore's and Freemanton. After the building of the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, a station was located at Dexter, near the village of Freemanton, and the two con- gregations were united and a church built at Dexter, which has a flourishing congregation. Two local preachers — James Devore and Jacob Bishop, — ^and two exhorters — John Miller and Joshua Devore,— emanated from this congrega- tion, and later, three ministers — Douglas Shouse, Thurham Shouse and Denton Baker — came from the same source. About 1837 to 1839, church services began to be held at various private homes under the aus- pices of the Ewington Mission, in the neighbor- hood of the Rentfros, w'ho, with others, had come from Tennessee as early as 1830 and settled on the Little Wabash about seven miles north of Ewington. In 1839 arrived with his family, Leonard D. Tarrant, a licensed exhorter, and his presence stimulated the organization of a new church in that vicinity. Among the first mem- bers were Joseph Rentfro and wife, James M. Rentfro and wife. Levi Rentfro and wife, L. D. Tarrant and wife. Hickman Langford and wife, with Joseph Rentfro as class-leader, who later became a licensed exhorter. A log building was here erected for church purposes and dedicated in 1851, which became the seat of the Ebenezer Church. This church flourished until 1870, when some dissension having arisen, a few of its mem- bers withdrew, and the remainder uniting with the M. E. Church, South, erected a new build- ing about half a mile from the old site, but re- taining the old name. The character of Rev. L. D. Tarrant, who was largely responsible for the original organization of this church, is still held in high regard. The Loy congregation was organized in 18.39 at the house of John Loy on the farm now owned by the county and used as the County Infirmary, with John Loy and family, Joseph Loy and wife, Mrs. Katy Bryant. Mrs. Betsy Funk and Mrs. Sally McKinnon among its first members. Jo- seph Bolyjack and Thomas M. Loy — the former an eccentric character and of limited education EFFINGHAM COUNTY but of reputed native ability, and tlie latter the son of Joliu Ley — were noted' exliorters who grew up in this church. The church held its serv-ices first in private homes and later in school houses uutil 1871, when a neat building was erected on the site first used as a school house and church, and which was dedicated as Loy Chapel, in luemorj' of the original founder. Frank W. Loy and Henry Pitkin were later members of this church who won reputation as ministers and members of the Southern Illinois Conference. The house of Samuel B. Gray, on Fulfer Creek, a little south and west of the village of Welton in West Township, was an early preach- ing place, although there is no evidence that a church was organized here. Later the home of Samuel Broom, three or four miles from Gray's, and still later, that of Jethro Harrell, four or five miles north of Broom's, were used for the same purix>se. For some years services were kept up alternately at these places. About 1846 these three neighborhoods united and, in 1847, a building was erected and dedicated under the name of the New Hoi)e Church. This church was continued until about 18C2, when William W. Hollls, who had beeu a leader In its organiza- tion, having moved to the village of Mason on the Illinois Central Railroad, the New Hope church was finally abandoned, and under the leadership of Jethro Harrell a church was es- tablished three or four miles north of the New- Hope site. Services were held here for several years when the church building was destroyed by fire ; later a division arose over questions connected with the Civil War, and Harrell and his family and several of his neighbors joined the M. E. Church, South. ApiK>intments were kept up for a number of years at the home of R. M. Rankin, a licensed exhorter and early settler, aliout three miles south of the present village of Mason on the Illinois Central Railroad, but there is no evi- dence that a church was organized there. Mr. Rankin having moved to Mason, services which had been conducted at his home, were discon- tinued. About 1847 services began to be held at the home of John Scoles in the vicinity of where the Pleasant Grove Church now stands, a small log building being erected about one-half mile south of the present church site. In the early '50s a class was organized consisting of Thomas Patter- son and wife, John Hotz and wife, John Wills and wife, Wiliam M. Methain and wife, Mor- decai Yaruell and wife, Abraham Force, Elisha Howard and wife and others, Thomas Patterson being the first class-leader. William Getz, who soon after settled there, became an active factor in securing the erection of a house of worship, which was begun in 1857 but not completed until 18G0. This church took the name of Pleasant Grove, and became a part of Louden City Cir- cuit with Rev. R. G. Potner as its first pastor, and has maintained a prosperous career to the present time. Mt. Zion M. E. Church had its beginning in a small settlement southeast of the city of Effing- ham about 1846, Rev. George Monical of Clay Count}', delivering the first sermon at the house of Edward Sanderson. An organization was finally effected with Edward Anderson and wife, David Merry and wife, Elijah Poynter, and John Tedrick and wife as first members, and a log house was built and served as a church and school house for several years. Through a strug- gle of many years, this church maintained its organization and is still served by an itinerant pastor in a comfortable house of worship. The church edifices of Efiingham County, in a general way, speak well for the enterprise, lib- erally and Christian zeal of its people. The following is a list of names of those who served as itinerants of the Ewington Mi.^sion, be- tween 18,'^5 and 18.51 : Rev. Graham, first preacher in charge, followed by Revs. Chambers, Levi Lowry. Tennison, Newman. Washburn, Blackwell, Wilson C. Pitner, Cleveland, Massey, Hale, Barr and David Williamson. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, EFFINGHAM. The following history of the First Presbyte- rian Church of Effingham is taken from the col- umns of the Effingham Republican of August 10, 1909: (By Calvin Austin.) The First Presbyterian Church of Effingham, 111., was organized at the Court House in Effing- ham, November 13, 1864, by the Rev. A. J. Nor- ton, and Rev. Sanford R. Bissell, with the fol- lowing members : Solomon Swingle. Mrs. M. C. Swingle, Mrs. Sarah Preston Bis.sell. Mr. Isaac Bates and Mrs. Jane Bates. The next record. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 677 dated March 24, 1866, records the admission of Mr. John Trapp aud wife, Mary Ann Trapp, Mrs. V. Yant from a Presbyterian Church, Henry Thompson from the Methodist, and his wife, Laura Thomiwon, from the Bairtist Church of Effingham. The first record of any otiicers elected in the church was under date of February 1, 1868. Heury Thompson, Solomon Swingle, Alfred Stewart aud S. F. Gilmore were elected trustees. Februarj- 2, 1808, Mr. Seneca Austin and his wife, Julia A. Austin, were received from the First Presbyterian Church of Newiwrt, Kentucky, and Mr. Virgil Wood was received on profession of faith and baiitized. The same day the first board of ruling elders was elected and ordained, consisting of Seneca Austin and Henry Thomp- son. The Presbytery of Wabash met with the Pres- byterian church at Ettingham April 13, 1869, and opened with a sermon l)y Rev. J. L. McNair. Rev. G. A. Pollock preaching on the following Sunday. Up to this time the church had beeu served by the Rev. Bissell, preaching part of the time in the Court House and part of the time iu a small school house, belonging to ilr. Biss;ell, standing the second house north of the present site of the Armoi-y, aud now occupied as a resi- dence by S. G. Barbee. In the autumn of 1869 the session of the church arranged with Rev. G. A. Pollock to preach for one year. He began his services the second Sunday of December. 1869 and remained eight years, or until the second of December. 1877. In the early part of the year 1870 this c-on- gregation commenced to build a church, and on the 25th of October, 1870, the building was com- pleted and dedicated at a total cost of $4,.30O. On Sunday, July 25. 1874. a terrific storm broke over the little city of Eflingham. St., An- thony's church was struck by lightning and con- siderable damage done, also the Presbyterian church was struck. About half of the brick wall at the rear end was knocked down, and nearly two-thirds of the roof blown off. The congrega- tion secured the Southern Methodist church (afterwards known as The Temple and now- used as a residence) to hold services in, and con- tinued to hold them there until their own build- ing was repaired. I find no records of the cost. or how long it took to make these repairs, but the record shows that the session met in the church Or-tober 1, 1874, so it is presumed the repairs were completed by or before that time. The ministers sen'ing the church since its or- ganization are as follows : Rev. S. R. Bissell, 1864-'69; Rev. G. A. Pollock, 1869-'77; Rev. W. C. Cort, January, 1878, to April, 1879; Rev. M. F, Paisley, September, 1879, to April, 1880 ; Rev- J. E. Green, 1880, to April, 1881 ; Rev. G. D. Mc- Culloch, July, 1881, to October, 1882 ; Rev. Henry Gardner, June, 1883, to October, 1885; Rev. A. W. Wright, January, 1887, to June, 1887; Rev. H. J. VanDuyn, November. 1887. to September, 1891 ; Rev. J. H. McDonald, February, 1892, to June, 1894; Rev. J. E. McXutt, June, 1894, to April, 1898; Rev. S. M. Morton, April, 1898, to October, 1907 ; Rev. R. L. Roberts, January, 1908, to May, 1909. Chas. R. Murray, a student from McCormick Seminary, supplied the pulpit during the summer of 1909. [The corner-stone of a new church building for the First Presbyterian Church of Effingham was laid August 9, 1909, Rev. G. A. Pollock, of Elgin, 111., a former pastor, conducting the serv- ices, while a number of pastors from other churches were present. The new building, erected on the site of the old one, is constructed of pressed brick with Bedford stone trimmings 50x80 feet with basement. It is composed of a main auditorium and Sunday school room, with a gallery providing several class rooms, and is heated by steam and lighted by electricity.] Ladies Aid Society. — The date of the organi- zation of the Ladies Aid Society connected with the First Presbyterian Church of Effingham, cannot be given with entire accuracy, but from some reminiscences furnished by Mrs. J. H. Walker to the Eflingham Republican of August 10, 1909, the society has been in existence for over twenty-five .vears. Mrs. Walker says : "Twenty-five years ago Effingham was not a city of many lodges, clubs and other diversions, the churches were the social centers of the town, and the Aid Society of the Presbyterian as well as the other churches, set a high standard for soeyil and educational entertainment." Chicken dinners, beaut.v contests and quilting bees are mentioned among the entertainments. "The philanthropic work of the soeietj' was given over to a committee known as The Silent Workers. Through them much help was given the poor ; the names of those receiving donations were never mentioned outside the committee meetings. In 1894 the society held a Jubilee Social in honor of release from the debt on the church building. 678 EFFINGHAM COUNTY The mortgage was burned at this meeting and a general good time was enjoyed by all. ... In 1909, by a unanimous vote the name The Ladies Aid Society was restored. In 1895 under the direction of Mrs. Ruth Busse the exchange or weekly market was installed. This was found to be the best 'money maker' the society had yet undertaken." Those who have served as Presidents of the So- ciety within the past twentj'-flve years have been Mesdames Stevens, Loer. Austin, Walker, But- ler, Parker, Broom. Bissell, Surrells and Brady. Sabbath School.— The Sabbath School now connected with the First Presbyterian Church of Effingham, was organized by the Rev. R. S. Bissell, one year prior to the organization of the church in 18G4, the sessions being held in what was known as the Bissell school house, under charge of Mr. Bissell. Later the school was re- moved to the Baptist church and held there un- til the erection of the Presbyterian church. Among those who served as superintendents of the school after its removal to the Presbyterian church appear the names of A. Stewart. Virgil Wood, John W. Lacock, Alfred Fitch, Emma P. Cooper and A. J. Hasbrouck. Those who have served as superintendents during later years in- clude Jesse Pruett, Mrs. Alice Gwin, Mary Has- brouck, Harry Parker and E. E. Flack, who has been superintendent during the past year. One of the most successful i^eriods in the early his- tory of the school is said to have been during the first two or three years of what was cnlle- brick school house was erected, which cost approximately $2,000. Half of the first story is a schoolroom and the remainder of the building serves as a residence for the teacher, who is also the organ- ist. From tlie beginning it has been the en- deavor of the congregation to have competent educators for the children. In the '40s and '50s there were few who would teach school, as the people were imable to pay a competent salary. As the number of children increased and a suit- aWe building was erected, the teacher received a better compensation. The following teachers have Ijeen employed: H. Koelker, H. H. Jlette, H. H. Nuxoll. John Kroes, Leo Baltenwiek, Jlr. Stillike, Francis Hoene (1865-73), J. JIasquelet (1873-74), B. Hussmann (1874-79). Jos. K.aufmann (1879-94), Henry Schlemmer (1894-1909), Jacob Karlin (1909—). SCHOOLS. The history of early common schools is treated in a general way in connection vrith the history 680 EFFINGHAM COUNTY of individual townships. As a closing part of tliis cliapter, therefore, it is only necessary to present some facts in regard to other insti- tutions : GERMAN CATHOIJC SCHOOLS. (By J. II. Probst.) The history of the German Catholic School dates back to the vei-j- begiuniug of the city. Being convinced that knowledge is a greater treasure than big farms, fine houses and a great deal of money, the German Catholics, who set- tled in and around the city of Effingham, were anxious to procure a good education for their children, and also knowing well, that the Catho- lic school is the bulwark of the church, the garden in which the pillars of the church are reared, and the foundation of every congrega- tion, they built a school as soon as their means permitted them. In regard to the early history of the Catholic schools, we have carefully collected the follow- ing from very reliable sources : The first school, a small log house, was built early in the spring of 1854. It stood between Second and Third streets, south of Dr. Groves' office and due east of Joseph Thoele's residence. The funds for the hulkling were raised by sub- scription. The first teacher was B. H. Wernsing, our former County Treasurer. He commenced school at once after the building was finished, about the month of ilareh. By the request of John B. Cari^enter, who was then Superinten- dent of the public schools, Mr. Wernsing wrote his own certificate, which, signed by Mr. Car- penter, made him a full-fledged teacher. This transaction took place in a house ea-st of the courthouse, now owned by Jos. H. Probst. There being no other school In this city which Mr. Wernsing wielded the rod, his school was at- tended by children of all denominations, and he got along well, but his health falling, he was obliged to quit, after teaching about four months. His successor was Jos. Masquelet. who, after teaching only a very short time, was followed by Henry Ackersmann, who taught about two years. Then came .John Kabbes, who taught only a few terms. The latter was succeeded by Liorenz Holmes, who successfully conducted this school till the year 1802. By this time the St. Anthony's congregation had erected a substan- tial two-story brick school house near the old church, now used as a hall. Here Mr. Holmes continued to teach for a number of years, re- ceiving his salary from the public funds, as all his predecessors had done. Children of all de- nominations attended this .school. In the course of time the school became so crowded that an assistant teacher was required. This was about the year 1863-64. The first assistant was Jos. P. Sc-hwerman. our present supervisor. Mr. Holmes left about the year 1865. and was succeeded by Teacher Royer. who conducted the school about two years. Jos. P. Schwemian held his posi- tion from 1863 to 1867. Mr. Royer was followed by Teacher Bonn, who taught only a short time, about four or five months, assisted b.v the Yen. Sisters of St. Francis, from Joliet. About this time the school was changed from a public to a parochial school, and the Yen. Sisters conducted the school till April. 1872, when Louis Rieg, under the principalship of Rev. Father Weis, took charge of the school, assisted by Barbara Weis, and very ably and successfully conducted the same till July. 1874. The new church being finished at this time, the old one was converted into two large and commodious class rooms. Before this a third class had been conducted across the street in a small frame building. In the fall of the same year a change was made in the schools, the larger boys and girls were separated and taught In different rooms. Jos. P. Greuel was placed in charge of the big boys and two Yen. Sisters de Notre Dame in charge of the girls and the little boys. The number of pupils at this time was about 160. At the beginning of 1877 Jos. Gruel quit, and from that time on, till the fall of 1879, w-hen Jos. H. Probst, the present incumbent, took charge of the school, the Yen. Sisters had charge of all the classes. The following Is the corps of Sisters, who taught since 1874 : Sr. ilr. Leonissa, from 1874 to 1876. Sr. Sixta. from 1874 to 1878. Sr. Tolentlne. from 1877 to 1879. Sr. Mathlasa. from 1878 to 1879. Sr. Bernarda. from 1876 to 1877. Sr. Castula, from 1878 to 1883. Sr. Zenonis. from 1879 to 1882. Sr. Pionina. from 1879 to 1889. Sr. Leonarda. from 1882 to 1888. Sr. Gelasia, from 1883 to 1891. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 681 Sr. Columbana, from 1888 to 1902. Sr. Vita, from 1889 to 1890. Sr. Norbertine, from 1890 to 1891. Sr. Paulette, from 1S91 to 1893. Sr. Paul, from 1893 to 1894. Sr. Serapia, from 1894 to 1898. Sr. Leoua, 1894 only. The Superiors during tliis time were the fol- lowing : Sr. M. Lebnlssa, from 1874 to ISTi'i. (She also taught. ) Sr. M. Bemarda, from 1870 to 1877. Sr. M. Basilia, the ever memorable, from Oc- tober 5, 1877, till she died suddenly during a visit to Teutopolis. July 26, 1891. Sr. M. Regis, the pious, from Aug. 29, 1891, till she also died July 12, 1898. The present teachers are : Sr. M. Gottharda, superior, since 1898 ; Sr. Gaudine, since 1891 ; Sr. Antonine, since 1902, and Jos. II. Probst, since 1879. The c-ourse of study pursued is perfect and complete. It is perfect because the first on the programme is religion, which teaches the child its relation to God, the relation of the creature toward its Creator, the end for which man is created and the means to be used, in order to obtain ttiis end. It is complete because it embraces all branches required by law, general business forms, ele- mentary book-keeping. Civil Government, and, at last, but not least, the teaching of the Ger- man language. Besides these, the Sisters teach the girls how to sew, knit, crochet, hemstitch, how to darn their stockings, and other fancy needle work. The practice of handling the broom and duster is not exempted, and it is a pleasure to see even the little tots hened up in 1890, and re- ceived the first day about 500 pounds of milk, and the highest it reached was about 4,000 pounds. After running a few years it was forced to close, for several reasons. One of these reasons was that it, the same as Shumway creamery, did not receive enough milk, and another reason was possibly a little mismanagement, but the most important reason was, the low price of butter. Now right here, my farmer friends and cream- ery patrons and shareholders, I wish to call your attention to some facts which, may be, you are not aware of. One is, what you owe to the State Dairy Association of this and other States, for insisting and forcing our Representatives in Congress to pass laws to restrict the sale and manufacture of oleomargarine. I will read an extract from the "Creamery Patrons' Hand Book," proving the effect these laws have had in bringing better prices for good creamery butter: "Farmers who sell milk to the creamery and receive pay therefor upon the basis of the market price of butter, little realize the losses which they have incurred as a rasult of the manufac- ture and sale of a mixture of lard, tallow and oottenseed oil, known as oleomargarine, but, un- til July 1 of this year, almost universally sold or served as butter, because of the fact that it was colored in exact imitation thereof. "In 188G this traffic amounted to 21,513,5.37 pounds; in 1894 it had grown to 69,622,246 pounds ; in 1900 to 107,045,023 pounds, and dur- ing the last fiscal year was 123,180,075 pounds,— equal to 2,463,615 fifty-pound tubs, over six thousand car-loads, or as much oleomargarine as one thousand large creameries turn out of but- ter. In other words, twenty-seven oleomarga- rine factories turned out oleomargarine equal in quantitj' to 25 per cent, of the butter product of all the creameries in the United States." "The National Dairy Union was organized for the purpose of fighting this fraud. In Decem- ber, 1898, the proposition to ask Congre.ss to place a tax of 10 cents per jiound upon oleomargarine, colored in imitation of butter, was laid before the dairymen of the counti-j- by this organization. The work was immediately taken up, and, after more than three years of constant effort, the measure was finally passed. Every buttermaker or creamerj' manager knows what the results have been. "Those most benefited by the work of the National Dairy Union are. the milkers of cows. Every cent added to the value of butter is a cent directly in their pockets. The merchant makes as much on liutTer sold at 15 cents as he does 684 EFFINGHAM COUNTY ou that soUl at 25 leiits. aiul the toriiiiT price reciuires less capital to handle ; the creamery company is benefited only to the extent of its in- creased output of butter, which results from driving a fraudulent competitor out of the mar- ket. It is the farmer who gets nine-tenths of any advance in price of butter." The next creamery established was at Sigel, eight miles north of here, on the Illinois Cen- tral. Although being just over the line iu Shelby County, it is somewhat connected with Efiing- ham county iu a business way — at any rate with the creamery, because it had quite a few patrons from this countj-. It commenced to operate Au- gust 7, 1899, with forty patrons and 1615 pounds of milk. It was the first creamery that was ojierated successfully in this part of the coun- try, having paid as high as 40 per cent, dividend, one year, to its shareholders. It received as high as something over 22,000 jwuncls of milk in one day. The next co-operative creamery established was right here in Effingham. It opened up to receive milk April 21, 1900. It paid out to patrons for the first full month of May, .$.587.97 ; June, $.J97.G3; Juno, lOfJl. .$99Iy farmer, as well as city friends, all remember the grand, jolly time we had going to Greenville and High- land viewing those factories, and the dairy con- ditions around there, and esiiecially rememt>er coming home more than going there. Well, those hopes and expectations failed to verify, but as before mentioned, we later on succeeded in get- ting a flrst-class, latest, up-to-date condensing factory here. It opened up to receive milk February o, 1903, witli 2,9.'!G iwunds of milk. It kept on increasing from mouth to month until, in a year's time, ou the first of February, 1904, it received 13.239 pounds. Excepting the follow- ing month, when the receipts were little less, the supply has kept steadily increasing until, on August 9th of the same year, the concern received 42,554 pounds, and up to June 19th it had paid out for milk alone .$115,301. The next cooperative creamery, after the one built here in Eflingham, was at Teutoixilis, three and a half miles east of here on the Van- dalia line. It oi)ened up on the 18th of August, 1901, with 55 patrons and about 3,500 pounds of milk. It has at present about 130 patrons. The highest amount of milk received in any one day was about 12.000 pounds, and it has been fairly successful. The concern at one time shipped milk to St. Louis, but, after a few ship- ments, made butter again exclusively. The next successful creamery opened up at Dieterich, about twelve miles southeast of here, on a branch of the Illinois Central near the east side of the county. It began to do business on the 15th of September, 1902, with forty-six pa- trons. During the first year this creamery made 56.137 ixjunds of butter. The largest amount of milk received by it in one day was 15,500 I)ounds, on June 12, 1905. Since it commenced operations, it has made 213,103 pounds of butter. Besides those creameries mentioned, there is one doing business in Beecher City, on the ex- treme west side of the county. There is also one in the southern part of the county, at Wel- ton. It opened May 17, 1901, with thirty-two patrons and about 1,700 pounds of milk. The highest amount received in one day was 5,000 pounds. Some time last spring a cheese factory opened' up at Edgewood, on the edge of the south county line. The future possibilities of dairy farming are very promising for Effingham County, inasmuch as the farmers generally are aware of the ne- cessity of more systematic and better farming, on a basis of fairer treatment of their land in the way of returning something to the soil they are always taking something from. In that way they will become what every farmer of this country -should be: a malntainer and pro- moter of the national resources of our .MR. AM) .AIRS. JoHX L. K.NCEI. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 685 "Great Land of Liberty, Land of the brave and free. Whose fertile soils provide, If every farmer for himself decide To be the Nation's Pride, Everlastingly." CHAPTER XIIL CX)UNTY AND IXJCAL FAIRS. FIRST EFFINGHAM COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY ORGANIZED IN 1856 — FIRST OFFICERS AND SOME EARLY FAIRS SUSPENSION DURING THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTY AGRICULTURAL, HORTICULTURAL AND MECHAN- ICAL SOCIETY NEW COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SO- CIETY ORGANIZED IN 1880 ANOTHER PERIOD OF SUSPENSION — FAIRS AT WATSON — ALTAMONT AG- RICULTURAL ASSOCIATION ORGANIZED IN 1905 SUBSEQUENT FAIRS. The fii'^t attempt to organize an Agricultural Society in Effingham County, of which any rec- ord has been obtainable, occurred in 1S5C, when, on May 5th of that year, a meeting of citizens of tbe county was held for that purpose at Ewlngton, then the county-seat. The meeting was organized with Dr. J. H. Robinson as Chairman and Greenbury Wright Secretary, and on motion of Presley Fuukhouser. a consti- tution and b.v-laws were adopted. The following were elected the first officers: President, J. H. Robinson ; Vice President. Presley Funkhouser ; Secretary, Greenbury Wright ; Ti-easurer, J. M. Long. An Executive Committee was also ap- pointed c-onsi.sting of sixteen members, represent- ing the several townships of the county, and at a meeting held in July following, this committee was in''reased by the addition of twenty-six members. At a meeting held October 21, 1857, the fol- lowing officers were elec-ted : Isaac L. Leith, Pres- ident ; Daniel Rinehart. Vice President : John S. Kelly, Secretary ; Presley Fuukhouser, Ti'eas- urer. The roll of membership at this time amounted to 59, with a membership fee of fifty cents. A fair was held about the same time, at which premiums were issued to the amount of At a meeting held in June, 1859, it was decided to hold a fair in October following, and a new Executive Committee was appointed. Dr. Will- iam Matthews also delivering an address on some agricultural theme. The second County Fair was held at Ewlngton on October 21st and 22nd of that year, this being regarded as quite successful, the premiums awarded amounting to $93.50. The fair of 18(X) was held October 18th and 19th, and in March, 1861, a new set of officei-s, with an Executive Committee of nine members, was appointed, the award of premiums at the fair held on October 10th, 11th and 12th of that year amounting to $84. In 1862 the list of members had increased to 115, but the Civil War being then in progress, no fair was held this year, and the Society went out of existence. For a period of eleven years no fairs were held, but on August 24, 1ST2, a meeting was held in the City of Effingham, for the punwse of organizing the Effingham County Agi-icultural, Horticultural and Mechanical Society. This step was endorsed by the signing of 102 names to the articles of association, each subscriber taking shares of stoc-k and the association being formally incorporated. The organization was completed by the election of William Gillmore, President ; T. L. Sexton, Vice President ; E. H. Bishop, SecretaiT, and the following Board of Directors: M. V. Parks, Eli Kelly, William C. Wright, I. L. Leith and W. H. Blakely. The coriwration purchased a quarter section of laud just outside the city limits, the northeast corner of this tract touching the southeast comer of the city corporation. The site was improved by in- closing the land and erecting an amphitheater, with halls, sheds and stock-pens, for the care of machines and implements and the housing of stock while on exhibition. December 10. 1872. in conformity with the State law, the name of the Society was changed to the "Effingham County Agricultural Board," and the first fair under this arrangement was held September 30th and October 1st to 3rd, 1873. The original cost of the land was $2,160, and with other expenditures, there was a constant balance of indebtedness. Fairs were held for 686 EFFINGHAM COUNTY the next two years— for 1874, October 6-9, and for 1875, October 5-8— but in the former year the grounds were sold under foreclosure of mort- gage, and the fair of 1875 was the last held un- der this organization, the coriwration going out of existence, and for five yeara no fairs were held. A Second County Agbicultural Society. — In 1880 a renewed attempt was made to secure a series of fairs. A new Count}' Agricultural So- ciety was organized, with E. H. Bishop, Presi- dent ; G. M. LeCrone, Secretary ; J. J. Funk- houser, Superintendent, and A. Gravenhorst, Treasurer. The old Fair Grounds were leased at a rental of $60, and a fair was held the same year, the receipts amounting to about $500, in- cluding $100 from the State. Besides this amount about $500, raised by subscriptions, was expended in improvement of the grounds and re- pair of buildings. Another fair was held in 1881, which met with a moderate degree of success, and in 1882 a vigorous effort was made to win success, about $1,000 being expended, the receipts at the gate and for other privileges amounting to $916. These fairs were continued only a few years, when the organization was abandoned and exhibitions disc-ontinued. Watson Fairs. — Out of this, however, grew the Watson Fair, an association being formed at that place as the place for holding exhibitions in 1887, with the following officers: Henry Turner. President ; W. M. Abraham. Secretary ; W. T. Jaycox, Treasurer. During the seventeen years that the fair was held at Watson, it al- ways paid one hundred cents on the dollar in premiums, and when it was closed by mutual consent, the shareholders received two and one- half times the amount of their original stock. In addition to the above named officers, the fol- lowing i)ersons served at different times: H. N. Ruffner as President ; L. P. JIautz as Secretary. Altamont Agricultural Association. — Fol- lowing a free stock-show in the city of Alta- mont in the fall of 1905. the Altamont Agri- cultural Fair Association was organized. The first fair was held in September of 1906 with these officers: G. W. Gwin, President; Fred Naumer, Vice President ; C. O. Faught, Secre- tary ; Dr. C. N. Wright, Treasurer, with Directors as follows : G. W. Gwin, Fred Naumer, Dr. G. M. Baker, H. 11. Klitzing, F. G. Burrow. G. W. Heth and Samuel Schroeder. The officers for the second and tliird meets were Dr. G. M. Baker, President ; Fred Naumer, Vice Presi- dent ; C. O. Faught, Secretary ; W. L. Snook. Treasurer: for the fourth meet C. O. Faught, President ; N. L. Brown, Vice President ; Fred Naumer, Secretary ; T. E. Hogan, Treasurer : and for the current fair, Dr. G. M. Baker, Presi- dent; H. H. Bailey, Vice Presddesit; Fred Naumer, Secretary ; T. E. Hogan, Treasurer, ^^ith the following directors : Dr. G. II. Baker, Fred Naumer, N. L. Brown, Samuel Schroeder, G. C. Dial, G. R. Voelker, G. W. Heth. The grounds of this association are situated a half mile east of Altamont and contain forty- three acres of land. This land cost the associa- tion sixty-five dollars per acre. At the present time, these grounds, together with the improve- ments, are appraised at practically ten thousand dollars. The association has one of the finest half-mile si^eed rings in this section of the coun- try, its buildings are adequate for all purposes required by an agricultural fair, and the man- agement has installed a c-omplete system of water works. The annual premiums of the Altamont Agri- cultural Fair Association amount to over five thousand dollars, and all premiums awai-ded have always been paid one hundred cents on the dollar. The efforts of the progressive officials of this fair, coupled with the untiring enthusi- asm of the citizens of the community, have made it one of the greatest county fairs in the State. Unlike other institutions of its kind, it is ex- l>eriencing a continual and rapid gi'owth. CHAPTER XIV. OLD SETTLERS' ASSOCIATION. organization of EFFINGHAM COUNTY OLD SET- TLERS' association — FOUNDERS AND FIRST OF- FICERS — SUBSEQUENT MEETINGS AND LATER OF- FICERS POPULAR INTEREST IN ANNUAL RE> UNIONS — ASSOCIATION IN PROSPEROUS CONDI- TION. [By David L. Wright.] Long prior to the organization of the Effing- ham Countv Old Settlers' As-sociatiou, an effort MRS. IDA ENGEL EFFINGHAM COUNTY 687 on the part of pioneer settlers bad been made to formulate an organization looking to tbe perpet- uation of tbe recollections of pioneers, tbe pres- ervation of biograptiieal sketches of old settlers and the making and conservation of records of all important events transpiring in Effingham County, but no definite organization was ef- fected until August 17, 18S7. It was through tbe efforts of such pioneers as Henry B. Kepley, Dr. John LeCw>ne, James L. Gillmore, Benjamin Kagay, Henry H. Wright, Frank Scott, Joseph B. Jones, Micajah David- son, H. H. Hulse, Daniel Needbam, N. T. Whor- ton, James P. Tucker, Lewis Hankins, Clemens Uptmor, Dr. L. J. Field, Col. John J. Funk- houser, Nute T. Gibbons, Edward Austin, Alex- ander McWhorter, I. L. Leith, Thomas H. Dobbs, Dr. W. H. St Clair, Peter Tb. Johnson, Joseph Feldhake, John J. Worman, Eli Kelly and Eras- tus N. Rinebart, that a call was made assembling the Pioneers and Old Settlers together at the beautiful and historical springs now known as Kepley Sulphur Springs, in the township of Ma- son, on the 17th day of August, 1887, at which time and place the Effingham County Old Set- tlers' Association was organized and the follow- ing named persons were duly elected tbe first officers of the association : President — James L. Gillmore. Vice President — Hon. B. F. Kagay. Secretary — Frank Scott. Treasurer — Slicajah Davidson. Hon. Henry B. Kepley was, by the President, appointed Historian of the Association and in- structed to draft a Constitution and By-Laws for tbe regulation of the Association, which ■were to be submitted at tbe next annual meet- ing to be held in tbe Court House Yard in the City of Effingham on the 2Sth day of October, 1888. Tbe second meeting of tbe Association was held on the above date. A splendid program was rendered and an able address was made by Hon. Erastus N. Rinehart. Hon. Henry B. Kepley, the Committee on Constitution and By-Laws, submitted his report, which was unanimously adopted as drafted, and about four hundred Old Settlers of the County became members by sub- scribing their names to tbe Constitution and By- Laws. The Constitution provided, among other things, that the name of the Association should be the Effingham County Old Settlers' Associa- tion, provided for its officers and tbe election and appointment thereof, stated tbe object of the association, qualifications of its members (thirty years' residence in the county), and that the Association should hold an annual reunion in the City of Effingham at such times as should be fixed by the members. Tbe officers elected and appointed at the sec- ond meeting of the Association consisted of the following influential and well known old settlers of tbe c-ounty : H. H. Hulse was elected Presi- dent, and one Vice-President from each Con- gressional Township In the county, as follows : N. T. Wborton, West Township. Daniel Xeedham, Mound Township. George W. Tipsword, Moccasin Township. Samuel Lorton, Liberty Township. Jas. P. Tucker, Jackson Township. Presley C. Hankins, Summit Township. Thos. J. Rentfroe, Banner Township. Dal Wilson, Union Township. Andrew J. Parks, Watson Township. Dr. John LeCrone, Douglas Township. John Merrj', Lucas Township. Dr. L. J. Field, Bishop Townisbip. N. P. Gibbons, St. Francis Township. Clemens Uptmor. Teutoiwlis To\iTishlp. Joshua Bradley, of Effingham, was chosen Secretai-y; James White, of Watson, Treasurer; Col. John J. Funkhouser, of Effingham. Mar- shal, and Hon. Benj. F. Kagay, Historian. For some unknown reason no meeting of the Association was again held until the 18th day of Septeml>er, 1895, at which time the Associa- tion met in reunion, in the Court House Yard in tbe City of Effingham. This reunion was a pronounced success, more than four hundred members of the association and some two thou- .sand friends and relatives being in attendance and participating in the festivities of the occa- sion. At this meeting the Hon. Heni-y B. Kep- ley was elected President of the Association and served in that capacity until 190.3, when Judge Joseph B. Jones was elected as bis successor and served- until 1906, at which time Albert Gravenhorst was elected and has continued in this position to the present time. From the election of Mr. Kepley as President, the Association has held its annual reunions, regularly, on the second Tliursday in September of each year. Great care has always been taken in the preparation and arrangement of the pro- 688 EP^FINGHAM COUNTY gram, looking to the special entertainment of the Old Settlers. In addition to the usual features of entertainment and the principal address, usually made by some iiersou of more than local reputation, the program consisted of si)ecially prepared written biogi-aphical sketches of pio- neer citizens and historical acc-ounts of the early settlement of the county. These biographical sketches and historical accounts have, from year to year, been filed in the archive of the Asso- ciation until they now form almost a complete history of our people and our countj-. The Association, and its annual reunions from its organization, have continued to grow in popular favor, each reunion surpassing in at- tendance and popularity the preceding one. These reunions are so favorably recognized that people from all parts of the county contribute liberally of their means to their support and promotion of their success. In fact, the Old Settlers' Association has come to be regarded as a public benefactor and its annual reunions are looked forward to by the entire population of the county as the one gala day and festive occa- sion of all the year. CHAPTER XV. JIASOXIC FRATERNITY— AUXILIARIES. MASONIC ORGANIZATIONS IN EFFINGHAM COUNTY FIRST LODGE IN THE COUNTY ORGANIZED AT EWINGTON IN 1854 REMOLD TO EFFINGHAM IN 1862 INDRIDUAL HISTORY OF LATER LODGES- MASON, DELIA, EDGEWOOD. ALTAMONT, PRAIRIE CITY, WATSON, MAYO AND BEECHER CITY — DATES OF ORGANIZATION, FIRST AND PRESENT OFFICERS AND PRESENT MEMBERSHIP AUXILIARY ORGAN- IZATIONS — EFFINGHAM CHAPTER R. A. M. ^EF- FINGHAM AND GOLDEN LAKE CHAPTERS OF THE EASTERN STAB. Prior to the year 18.54 the population of Effing- ham County was very small, and what there was was made up of people from different States and from Euroiie, and confined to settlements scat- tered about in different parts of the county. Among these were a few membei-s of the Masonic fraternity who had maintained their member- ship in their original lodges. There was at that time no Masonic Lodge or Society in the county, and they began to long for the privileges of those fraternal greetings and friendships which are found only in some fraternal order. The nesir- est lodge at that time was about twenty-four miles distant. About this time the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad was located through the county, and this brought a nunilier of other members of the order into the vicinity and enough were now found to organize a lodge. Effingham Lodge, No. 149, Organized. During the year 18.54 a dispensation was granted by James L. Anderson, Grand Master of the Order in the State of Illinois, to James M. Long, residing at Ewingtou, the county-seat of Effingham ; Greenljerry Wright, residing at Ma- son, in the south part of the county, and John H. Crocker, residing at Ewington, with others, to open a Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, V. D., at the Village of Ewington. On the even- ing of Febniarj' 10, 18.54, the first lodge meeting was held in a hall provided for the purpose in the village. The lodge was oiieued with Brothers James M. Tx>ng, W. M. ; Elisha L. Cunningham, G. W. pro tem. ; John H. Crocker. J. W. ; Eli Philbrook, Sec'y. ; James M. Healy, S. D. ; Brother Hubbard, J. D. pro tem. ; and Brother Parker, Tyler, pro tem. Ewington Lodge A. F. & A. M.. U. D., was now ready for work. Brothers James M. Healy, Elisha L. Cunningham and John G. Wilson were appointed on the Finance Committee, and John H. Crocker, Greenljerry Wright and Eli Phil- brook on the Relief Committee. James M. Long, first Master of this lodge, was from Indiana, and was a member of some lodge in that State. Greenberry Wright, the second officer of the lodge, was also an Indiana Mason and lived in the Village of Mason, in Effingham County. John C. Crocker, the third officer, was from Hiram Lodge, No. 118, located at St. Charles. Mo. Eli Philbrook, the first Secretary, resided at Ewington. The membership was scattered over a large area extending northwest to the Ka.skaskia River in Fayette County, and south and east to Cla.v and Jasper Counties, and its membership was HKNRV EVERSMAN EFFINGHAM COUNTY 689 made up of the most prominent and enterpris- ing citizens. I deem it proper, in this connec- tion, to name a few of tliem and their respective occupations at that time: Presley FuuUhouser, residing at Ewington, leading merchant of the county, also farmer and stock-dealer. Repre- sentative in the General Assembly several terms. and Member of the State Senate at the time of his death ; James M. Long, physician and sur- geon ; Greenberry Wright, attorney -at-law ; John H. Crocker, civil engineer on construction of Illinois Central Railroad; I>aniel Riuehard, County Clerk, merchant and farmer, residing at Bwington; John S. Kelly, Circuit Clerk and County Recorder ; John LeCrone, physician ; On'ille L. Kelly. Sheriff and farmer ; Thomas J. Gillenwaters, member of the County Commis- sioners' Court ; Calvin B. Ivitehell. County Su- perintendent of Schools and a prominent Masonic instructor. This lodge flourished and increased its mem- bership from its first meeting in February-. 1S54. until October of the same year, when a charter was granted by authority of the Grand Lodge of the State, being under the name and number, E«ington Lodge No. ]49. The first W. JI. un- der the charter was James M. Ix)ng. the first S. W.. Greenberry Wright, and the first J. W., John H. Crocker. At a meeting held in their hall in the Village of Ewiugtou the three prin- cipal officers named met and. by virtue of the authority of this charter, dated October 2, 1854, A. M. 5So4. organized said Ewington Lodge Xo. 149 A. F. & A. M., elected a full set of officers, and it was from that date recognized as a regu- lar lodge with full authority to work under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of the State of Illinois. This lodge worked and flourished, en- tering the names of quite a number of our best citizens on its roll of members. At the time of the organization under the charter it had a mem- bership of thirty-eight. Ewington Lodge grew in numbers and was in a flourishing condition from its first organiza- tion up to the year 1860. when, by a vote of the people, the county-seat was moved from Ewing- ton to Effingham. That caused the Village of Ewington to be almost entirely abandoned — so much so that there was no place left where the members could be accommodated or entertained when attending the meetings of the lodge. As a consequence, on April 11, 1862, by a vote of its members, the lodge was moved from Ewington to Effingham, and in October, 1869, by authority of the Grand Lodge, the name was changed to Effingham, and it is now Effingham Lodge Xo. 149, A. F. & A. M. This has always been the leading lodge of the county and has held a prom- inent place in the Grand Lodge of the State. Past Grand Master Owen Scott was once one of its members, and Past Grand Master William B. Wright was made a Mason here and has re- tained his membership here up to this time. Effingham Lodge is to-day in a healthy and ivrosperous condition. Its present officers are: William M. Stewart, W. M. ; Frank W. Goodell, S. W. ; Frank O. Green. Jr., J. W. : David L. Wright, Ti'eas. ; Mannie L. Ellx>w, Sec'y. ; Louis H. Broom. S. D. ; Charles E. Bellchamber, J. D. ; Rev. William Pruitt, Chaplain ; Strather G. Barbee. Organist ; Gustav Napossa, S. S. ; A. H. Clark. J. S. It now has seventy-one members. Mason Lodge. No. 217, A. F. & A. M., is located at the Village of Mason, on the Illinois Centi-al Railroad in the south part of Effingham Countj\ I find no record of its first meetings under dis- liensation. In fact, there is no record to be found at this time of any of its meetings piior to the date of its charter, which was granted October 7, 1856. The officers named in the char- ter were : Greenben-y Wright, W. M. ; John S. Wilson, S. W. : Joseph H. Robinson, J. W. The members under the charter were: Morgan Wright, Larkin Wright, Owen Wright. Isham Mahan, Greenberry Wright. J. X. Wilkinson, and James Claypool. This lodge has had among its members, at different times, some of the most prominent citizens within its jurisdiction, viz. : Stephen Hardin, once a Member of the State Legislature, merchant and farmer ; John Broom, . Countj- Judge and farmer ; Greenberry Wright, attorney-at-law ; Joseph H. Robinson, physician and surgeon ; Captain Adam L. Walker ; William Glllmore. Sheriff; G. W. Cornwell, physician and surgeon and once a member of the State Leg- islature ; Hon. Isaac L. Leith. Member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862 ; Hon. David Leith, Member of the State Legislature at the time of his death ; Owen Wright, M. D., A. M. ; Hanson X. Ruffner. prominent farmer and fruit grower. This lodge is now in a healthy condi- tion, with forty-seven members in good standing. Its present officers are E. W. Ruffner, W. M. ; R. E. Hardsock, S. W. ; C. E. Mesnard, J. W. ; 690 EFFINGHAM COUNTY A. K. Gibson, Treas., and L. M. Harding, Sec'y. Deua Lodge, No. 525.— Delia Lodge, U. D., A. F. & A. M., was constituted a lodge October 20, 1866, by dispensation granted by Jerome K. Gorin, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ill- inois, to Pbineas Palmer, J. M. Long, Washing- ton Winterrowd, John C. Palmer, Daniel Palmer, L. J. Field, William C. Baty, and Curtis Scott. Phineas Palmer was the first W. M. ; J. M. I^ong, S. W., and Washington Winterrowd, J. W. The other officers of the Lodge U. D., are not made a matter of record. This lodge worked under disi^eusation until October 1, 1SG9, when a char- ter was granted. The charter members were: Phineas Palmer, R. G. Scott, C. M. Scott, Wash- ington Winterrowd, John C. Palmer, L. J. Field, David C. Kerstner, John A. Ban-, George W. Sloan, B. L. Papmer, Andrew Wiles, J. W. Honrigan and Waymack Merry. Phineas Palmer was the first Master under the charter, and R. G. Scott and Washington Winterrowd were the first Wardens. February 12, 1870, Delia Lodge was moved by vote of the members from Winterrowd to Elli- ottstown, a small village about six miles distant, where it is now located. It owns the hall where it continues to hold its meetings. It was named Delia out of the great respect the members had for the deceased wife of Brother Washington Winterrowd. The present officers are: J. D. Marshall, W. M. ; F. J. Davis, S. W. ; J. L. Poynter, J. W.; W. H. Poynter, Treas.; L. J. Dunn, Sec'y.; L. F. Hale, S. D. ; Barlow Hig- gins, J. D. ; E. R. Cambridge, Chap. ; L. J. Wood, S. S. ; N. A. Kite, J. S. ; A. J. Stubbs, Tyler. This lodge has in all seventeen members. The original members and promoters of this lodge are nearly all gone to join that Celestial Lodge where the Supreme Grand Master of the Universe presides, and where their work will be examined and tested by the Square of the Mater Overseer, and accepted or rejected ac- cording to its merits. Edgewood Ix)dge, No. 484. — In the year 1866, the population of the south part of Effingham County had increased, and the Village of Edge- wood, located on the I. C. R. R. and within half a mile of the Clay County line, had grov\Ti to be a populous and enterprising place, and the coun- try surrounding it was being settled also by an energetic and enterprising class of citizens. In the village and country were quite a number of Free Masons — enough to form a new lodge — and on March 6, 1866, a dispensation was granted by Grand Master Gorin to John S. Kelly, Jona- than Hooks, Thomas A. Austin, Isbam Mahon, J. L. Gillmore, J. N. Faulk, F. C. Healy, Daniel Dyer and William McNiel to open a lodge at the Village of Edgewood, to be known as Edgewood Lodge, U. D., A. F. & A. M. Under authority of this dispensation the brethren named oi>ened a lodge with John S. Kelly, W. M. ; Jonathan Hooks, S. W. ; Thomas A. Austin, J. W. The lodge worked and prospered until October 3, 1866, when it was chartered, and on November 17, 1866, its members met at their hall in the Village of Edgewood and were constituted a lodge in due form, R. W. James Claypool act- ing as Grand Master, under and by the authority of Most Worshipful Grand Master H. P. H. Bromwell. The officers of the chartered lodge were: John S. Kelly, W. M. ; Jonathan Hooks, S. W. ; Thomas A. Austin. J. W. ; James L. Gill- more, Treas. ; Jay N. Faulk, Sec'y. The other members present at the first meeting were : F. C. Healy, Daniel Dyer, William McNiel, M. Sted- man, John Hanson, S. B. Fox. H. Behn, John Brown, G. W. Garey, M. A. Browai, L. D. Con- ley, E. Parks, J. A. Merwin, James McCaffey, John Scarife, B. W. Burk. Thomas Hamilton and John McDonald. This lodge has worked and prospered from its fir.st organization and its members are from the best citizens of the village and surrounding countrj'. The present officers are : John JI. Lieb, W. M. ; C. M. Doty, S. W. ; Wilbur Bartle.v, J. W. ; Samuel Ging, Sec'y. ; W. J. Cole, Treas. ; J. R. Danks, S. D. ; Roy Krohn, J. D. ; Charles Robertson, Tyler. It has a present membership of fifty. Altamont Lodge, No. 5.33, A. F. & A. M.— The original records of this lodge were destroyed by fire, but they have been replaced as nearly as possible, based uiwn the memoi-y of its members. Some time in the winter of 1866-67, a dispensa- tion was granted by Grand Master Gorin and directed to Joseph B. Jones, John C. Russell, Jesse H. Said, Jacob Baker, Henry S. Hook, John Armstrong, James K. Slater, Asbby Tips- word, I. P. Carpenter, and others, to open a lodge at Freemanton. a small village on the Na- tional Road, nine miles southwest from Effing- ham. This lodge was to be known as Freeman- ton Lodge, U. D. Joseph B. Jones was its first ROBERT G. GIBSON EFFINGHAM COUNTY 691 Worshipful Master ; John C. Russell, first S. W. ; Jesse J. Said, first J. W. ; Henry S. Hook, first Treasurer, and I. P. Carpenter, Secretary. The first meeting was held soon after the dispensa- tion was granted, and the lodge worked and prospered, making a very creditable report of its acts and doings to the Grand Lodge of the State, held at Springfield, October 1, 1S67. A petition for a charter was presented to that twdy, which was granted, and October 1, 1S6' the charter was issued and the new lodge named Freemanton Lodge and numbei-ed 533, A. F. & A. M. The first officers were : John C. Russell W. M. ; Jesse H. Said, S. W. ; Jacob Baker, J, W. ; Henry S. Hook, Treasurer ; J. C. Walker Secretary. The other members were: I. P. Car penter, B. W. Eakin, W. F. Ingram, John F Hipsler, John Harrison, John Armstrong, Shep- ley Cochran, and Ashby Tipsword. In the year 1S74, by the vote of the members, this lodge was moved from Freemanton to Alta- mont, a village at the intersection of the Van- dalia and Baltimore & Ohio Railroads, and the name was changed to Altamont Lodge, No. 533. On January 14, 1905, the lodge hall and its eon- tents, including all its records, charter and par- aphernalia, were destroyed by fire. January 20, 1905, a duplicate charter was issued by Grand Master William B. Wright and signed by J. H. C. Dill, Grand Secretary, attested by the Seal of the Grand Lodge of the State. This lodge is in a healthy condition at the present time, and has thirty-two members. Its oflicers are : S. S. Smith, W. M. ; G. N. Grant, S. W. ; N. L. Brown, J. W. ; G. F. Frollinger, Treas. ; D. F. Piper. Sec'y. : Fred Nauraer, S. D. ; J. R. Thomas. J. D. ; T. L. Carpenter, T.yler; and G. W. Guinn. Chap. Pbaibie City Lodge, No. 578. A. F. & F. M., is located at Montrose, 111., a small village on the T. H. & I. R. R. (Vandalia Line) in the north- east part of Effingham County, and about one mile from the Cumberland County line. Its early history has nothing to do with the Masonic history of Effingham County, having been char- tered in 1868 and located at Prairie City, in Cumberland County. The first officers of this lodge were : Joel Smith, W. M. ; J. H. Tanaway, S. W. ; H. W. Green, J. W. ; Wiley Ross, Treas. ; R. Bloomfield, Sec'y.; M. R. Lee, S. D. ; R. M. Young, J. D. : W. E. Lake, Tyler. .\11 of the first officers were residents of Cum- berland County. The lodge was moved from Prairie City to Montrose by a vote of the mem- bers, under a dispensation from the Grand Mas- ter of the State, on November 10, 1891. It stUl remains in Montrose, working under its first name and number. It is in a flourishing condi- tion at the present time and has forty-three members. The pi-esent officers are: George H. White, W. M. ; C. B. Hyatt, S. W. ; John Hill- yer, J. W. ; William Fearingtou, Treas. ; C. S. Printz. Sec'y. ; J. C. Spitter, S. D. ; John Berry, J. D. ; C. G. Hess, Tyler. Watson Lodge, No. 602, A. F. & A. M. The records of Watson Lodge while working under dispensation, have been lost or mislaid, so that the date of its organization cannot here be given. On October 6, 1868, a charter was granted to the lodge, the charter members being : F. Cooper, A. L. Walker, S. T. Hillis, W. F. Scott, F. B. Schooley, Robert Ward, J. M. Wilhite. J. B. Gil- lespie, J. V. Bail, J. T. Barkley and H. Barkley. The first meeting under the charter was held in March, 1869, the officers present at that time being: F. Cooper, W. M. ; A. L. Walker, S. W. ; S. L. Hillis. J. W. ; J. V. Bail, Treas.; J. M. Wilhite, Sec'y.; J. T. Barkley, S. D. ; F. B. Schooley, J. D. ; Robert Ward. Tyler. The other members present were : J. B. Gillespie, H. Bark- ley and W. F. Scott. This lodge worked and prospered and is now in good condition. It owns a one-fourth interest in a hall in the Village of Watson, the other in- terests in same being owned b.v various other societies or lodges. Watson Lodge now has thirty members. Of its charter members only two are now living. Captain Joseph T. Barkley, residing at Watson, and Captain F. B. Schooley, a resident of England, Ark. The present of- ficers of the lodge are : J. F. Henderson, W. M. ; L. P. Mantz, S. W. ; R. H. Oliver J. W. ; J. C. Reynolds, Treas.; J. W. Claar, Sec'.v. ; F. M. Brown, S. D. ; J. W. Wilson, J. D. ; J. C. Trim- ble, Tyler. Our Past Grand Master of the State of Illi- nois, Owen Scott, was initiated as a Mason in this lodge. Mayo Lodge No. 664. — ^This lodge is located at Wiuterrowd. a small hamlet in the southeast corner of Effingham County. On the 16th day of November. 1870, a disijensation was granted to A. M. Clark, Daniel Palmer, Washington Wiu- terrowd, Jesse Creech, C. M. Soott, R. H. Sham- hart, J. O. Palmer, J. N. Holt and George Sham- 692 EFFINGHAM COUNTY bart, to open a lodge, U. D., at WinteiTowd, to be known as Mayo Lodge, U. D. The first meet- ing was held at the hall at Winterrowd, January 11, 1871, present: A. M. Clark, Daniel Palmer, Washington Winterrowd, Jesse Creech, C. M. Seott, R. H. Shamhart, J. C. Palmer, J. N. Holt, and George Shamhart. The names of the first officers are not given in the record. Mayo Lodge No. 664, A. F. & A. M., was char- tea-ed by the Grand Lodge on October 3, 1871. The charter was gi-auted to A. M. Clark, Daniel Palmer. Washington Winterrowd, Jesse Creech, C. M. Scott. R. H. Shamhart, J. C. Palmer, J. N. Holt, and George Shamhart. The offlcei-s named in the charter were : A. M. Clark, W. M. ; Daniel Palmer, S. W. ; Washington Winterrowd, J. W. ; Jesse Creech, Treas. ; C. M. Seott, Sec'y. ; R. H. Shamhart, S. D. ; J. C. Palmer, J. D. ; J. N. Holt, Tyler. The present membership numbers twenty-nine and the lodge is in a healthy condition. The present officers ai'e : J. S. Clagg, W. M. ; J. M. Chestnut, S. W. ; George W. Pulliam, J. W. ; Joseph Giossman, Treas. ; James A. McCorker, Sec'y. ; Henry 0. Carter, S. D. ; Noah Rifle, J. D. ; C. Clark. Tyler. Beecher City Lodge No. 665. — At Greenland, a small hamlet in Fayette County, and in its vicinity, there lived quite a number of Free Ma- sons, but located quite remotely fi-om any or- ganization of the order. Being desirous of par- ticipating in the privileges and benefits derived from a fraternal society, they resolved to or- ganize a lodge in their neighborhood. On August 16. 1870, a dispensation was granted by the Grand Master of the State to open a lodge U. D. at Greenland, to be known as Greenland Lodge U. D. This warrant of dispensation w-as directed to G. W. Spurgeon, Jesse D. Jennings, John Wills, Jacob Young. Samuel Arnold, Sam- uel D. Lorton. Orlando I'. Nevins, Thomas D. Tennery, William Vail, and Richard A. Lilly. G. W. Spurgeon was named in the warrant of disijensatlon as first W. M.. Jesse D. Jennings as S. W., and John Wills as J. W. They worked under this warrant until October 3, 1871. when a charter was granted and the lodge was named Greenland Lodge No. 665, A. F. & A. M. This charter named G. W. Spurgeon as first W. M. ; Jesse D. Jennings as S. W. ; John Wills. J. W. The members were: Jacob Young, Orlando P. Nevins, Samuel Beal, Samuel D. Lorton, Wil- liam H. Jennings, Samuel Arnold, William AH- sop, Thomas D. Tennery, Henry L. Arnold, Richard A. Lilly and Eli Undenvood. October 30, 1878, the members of this lodge decided to move from Greenland to the Village of Beecher City, located on the railroad and in Effingham County. The warrant of authority for removal of the lodge was signed by Grand Master Theodore L. Gurney, and the name of the lodge was changed to Beecher City No. 665, A. F. & A. M., on October 7, 1903. Beecher City is a thriving village in the northwest part of Effingham County and the lodge is in a thrifty condition, with thirty-three members. Its pres- ent officers are: F. B. Huffman, W. M. ; H. R. Eugel, S. W. ; George J. Davis, J. W. ; George W. Tipsword, Treas. ; J. F. Jennings, Sec'y. ; S. D. Larlmore. S. D. ; G. C. Tipsword, J. D. ; Daniel Barr, Tyler. Its membership is made up from citizens of both Fayette and Effingham Counties. Effingham Chapter No. 87, R. A. M. — Pursu- ant to a dispensation from W. M. Egan, Most Excellent High Priest of the Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons of the State of Illinois, dated August 7, 1865, directed to Comiianions William B. Cooper, H. P. ; Joseph B. Jones. K. ; and William H. St. Clair, Scribe, emiKwered them to organize a Chapter under the name Effingham Chapter U. D., R. A. M. On the 15th day of August following, the above-named Com- panions met at their hall in the City of Effing- ham and opened the chapter in due form, for business. The officers present were : William B. Cooi>er. H. P. ; Joseph B. Jones. K. ; Jacob Goddard, Scribe. The comjianions present were : H. N. Buffner, James Claypoole, Jesse Newman, N. C. Turner, H. B. Turner, J. T. Barkley and C. B. Kitchen. This chapter worked under disjwnsation until the meeting of the Grand Chapter, when a reg- ular charter was granted under the name of Effingham Chapter No. 87. R. A. M., loc-ated at Effingham, 111. On November 16, 1865, the first meeting was held under this charter and the following were installed as officers and char- ter members : William B. Cooi>er, H. P. ; Jo- seph B. Jones. K. : George Wright, S. ; Benja- min F. Kagley, C. H. ; N. L. 'Uliltney, P. S. ; Daniel Rinehart, Treas. ; W. I. N. Fisher, Sec'y. ; Wiliam L. Myers, R. A. C. ; J. H. I. Lacey, M. 8d v.; George W. Parks, M. 2nd V.; John C. Eversman. M. 1st V. ; E. L. Cunningham, Sent. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 693 This chapter has a membership at the present time of fifty-three. The present officers are : H. N. Huffner, II. P. ; Joseph B. Jones, K. ; R. C. Harrah, S. ; D. L. Wright, Treas. ; S. G. Barbee, Sec'.v. ; William B. Wright, C. of H. ; S. A. John- sou, P. S. ; M. L. Elbow, R. A. C. ; F. W. Goodell, M. 3d V. ; John Jones, M. 2nd V. ; TJ. M. LeCi-one, M. 1st V. ; Stephen A. Johnson, Sentinel. Effingham Chapter No. 110, O. E. S. — A Chapter of the Order of Eastern Star Masons was organized at Effingham, 111., and held its first meeting June 23, 1SS7. The first officers were : Lizzie LeCrone, W. SI. ; Charles Butler, W. P. ; Mrs. Charles Butler, A. M. ; Nora Evers, Sec'y- ; Ruth C. Busse, Treas. ; P. A. Haunou, Con. ; Mrs. L. A. Bowling, A. C. This chapter prospered and became quite pop- ular, as it admits ladies under certain condi- tions, and is quite an important auxiliar.v to the fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons. It is in a prosperous condition and has sixty-three members. Its present officers are : Mrs. Charles Ackerman, W. M. ; George F. Taylor, W. P. ; Ark Smith, A. M. ; Sedalia Baker, Sec'y. ; Minnie Burkhart, Treas. ; Anna Flack. Con. ; Mrs. J. B. Sumiier, Chap. ; Mrs. Charles Butler, Mar. ; Jes- sie Gravenhorst, Org. ; Mrs. Brady, Adalia ; Mrs. J. H, Walker, Ruth ; Anna Surrels, Esther ; Ellie Mechler, Martha ; Mrs. G. M. LeCrone, Electa; Mrs. J. McCallen, Warden; Mrs. S. A. Johnson, Sentinel. Golden Lake Chaptee No. 143, O. E. S. — Golden Lake Chapter No. 143, Order of Eastern Star, was organized under dispensation Jlay 1, 1S80, by Mrs. Jane Rieketts. Its officers U. D. were : Eva Gladsou, W. M. ; D. H. Holloway, W. P. ; Louisa Davis. A. M. ; Emma Holloway, Sec'y. ; J. A. Gladson, Treas, ; Mollie Hall, Con. ; L. A. Sells, A. C. A chapter was granted November 22, 1S89, and the chapter was constituted under its original name and with the same officers who acted un- der the dispensation. The present officers are : Addie Danks, W. M. ; Joseph Danks, W. P.; Dora Hardsock, A. M. ; Lulu Goddard, Sec'y. ; Martha Holloway, Treas. ; Rosa Ruffner, Con. ; Ella Miller, A. C. This chapter is located at Mason, 111., is in good condition and has seventy- five members. Fi\-E Points Chapter No. 51.3, O. E. S. — This chapter is located at Watson, 111., and has a membership of nineteen. The principal officers are: Mrs. E. M. Trimble, W. M. ; L. P. Mants, W. P. ; Elizabeth Reynolds, A. M. ; J. C. Trimble. Sec'y. BIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER XVI. THE PART OF BIOGRAPHY IN GENERAL HISTORY CITIZENS OF EFFINGHAM COUNTY AND OUTLINES OF PERSONAL HISTORY — INDIVIDUAL SKETCHES ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. The verdict of mankind lias awarded to the Muse of History the highest place among the Classic Nine. The extent of her office, however, appears to be, by many minds, but Imperfectly understood. The tasli of the historian is c-ompre- hensive and exacting. True history reaches be- yond the doings of court or camp, beyond the is- sue of battles or the effects of treaties, and re- cords the trials and the triumphs, the failures and the successes of the men who malie history. It is but au imperfect conception of the philoso- phy of events that fails to accord to portraiture and biography its rightful position .as a part — and no unimportant part — of historic narrative. Behind and beneath the activities of outward life the motive power lies out of sight, just as the furnace fires that work the pistoB and keep the ponderous screw revolving down in the darkness of the hold. So, the impulsive power which shapes the course of communities may be found in the molding influences which form its citizens. It is no mere idle curiosity that prompts men to wish to !eam the private, as well as the public, lives of their fellows. Rather is it true that such desire tends to prove universal brotherhood ; and the interest in personality and biogi'aphy is not confined to men of any particular caste or voca- tion. The list of those, to whose lot it falls to play a conspicuous part in the great drama of life, is comparatively short ; .vet communities are made up of individuals, and the aggregate of achieve- ments — no less than the sum total of human hap- piness — is made up of the deeloy of the company until September 1, 1007, when he resigned. Mr. Alt then embarked in sewer contracting, fire insur- ance and real estate investing, and does a large amount of business. He is located in Room 7, Austin Opera House Block. In addition to the pub- lic offices mentioned. Mr. Alt was Alderman from the First Ward from 1897 until 1899, and in 1907 he was elected Supervisor and was re-elected in 1909, to sen'e two years. He has always advo- cated public improvements and many imiwrtant measures have been furtlierpponeut. ASHBAUGH, Capt. William W., veteran of the Civil War and enterprising farmer on Section 8, Union Township, Effingham County, was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, December 6, 1840, a son of John S. and Catherine (LeCrone) Ash- baiigh, the former a uati\e of Ohio and the latter of Pennsylvania. John Ashbaugh. the father of John S., was an early settler of Ohio, and is said to have seiTed in Indian wars, while John S. was a native of Fairfield County, that State, where he was born in Februarj-, 1818. The mother, Catherine LeCroue, born in Penn- s.vlvania in 1821, came to Fairfield County, Ohio, there married John S. Ashbaugh, and seven children were boi-n to them — five in Ohio and two after coming to Illinois — four of whom died in infancy. Those surviving are: William A.; Daniel C, a resident of the city of Ettingham, and Mrs. Mary M. Loy, widow of Wiliam Loy, and a resident of St. Louis. Mo. In 1852 John S. Ashbaugh and family came to Illinois and settled a short distance south of the village of Watson, and there erected a log cabin and began improving a farm. Much of the country was then in a primitive condition, the prairies covered with a heavy growth of grass and the timbered region with brush and in some cases with dense forests. The use of "the "mud and stick" chimneys sometimes made it neccessary for the early settlers, especially during the winter season, to be extremely watchful to jirevent their homes from being destroyed by fire. Mrs. Catherine (LeCrone) Ashbaugh had been reared in the faith of the Pi'esbyterian Church. but after coming to Illinois, there being no church of that denomination in her vicinity, she united with the Methodist Church, though ad- hering to her original belief. Up to the begin- ning of the Civil War, Mr. Ashbaugh was a Democrat, but then espoused the principles of the Reimblican party and was a zealous sui>- porter of the Union cause, both his sons, William and Daniel C. euli.sting in Illinois regiments — the latter being a member of the Twenty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry from the start to the finish of the war. A fuller statement of the war record of William W. will be given later on. EFr LXGIIAil COUNTY roi John S. Ashbaugh remained at bis home in Union Townsbip, Effingham County, until his death in February, 1S75, his widow surviving him until February o, 1W2. the last years of her life being spent with her son, the subject of this sketch. Until twelve years of age, William W. Ash- baugh spent his life in bis native couutj- of Fairtield, Ohio, there attended the commou schools, and in 1852 came with his parents to Ef- fingham Count}-, 111. As already explained, the family settled south of the village of Watson, and there the sou assisted his father in improv- ing the farm, meanwhile during the winter sea- sons attending the primitive schools taught in the log school-house. With the ox-team he as- sisted in breaking the prairie sod and trans- foi-ming the soil into its present productive con- dition. This eontinuetl until the breaking out of the Civil War, wbeu in April, 1S61, at the age of a little more than twenty years, he responded to the first call of Abraham Lincoln for troops to preserve the Federal Union, by enlisting in Com- pan.v G, Eleventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry under command of Col. W. H. L. Wallac-e, of Ottawa, 111. The regiment was mustered in at Springfield, 111., April 30, was ordered promptly towards Cairo, and after si:)endiug some time at Villa Kidge. Union County, went to Bird's Point, Mo., where it was on guard duty until muster- out, on the 30th of July following. At that time a large portion of the regiment reenlisted for three years' service, but Mr. Ashbaugh, then suffering from an attack of measles, was prevent- ed from keeping step with his conu-ades. In the fall of 1802, he reenlisted and was mustered in at Centralia on September 3d as Corporal of Company F, Ninety-eighth, uuder the command of Albert W. LeCrone as Captain and John J. Funkhouser as Colonel. The regiment was promptly ordered to Kentucky, and at Bridge- port, 111., while on the way to Louisville, Ky., the train was thrown from the track, and eight men, including one Captain, were killed, and 75 men injured. By successive promotions he served as Sec-ond and First Lieutenants and as Captain of his company, being mustered with this rank June 27, 1865. While on detached dut.v at one time as Second Lieutenant, he was placed in command of the company. In January, 1863. at Murfreesboro, Tenn., the Ninety-eighth was assigned to Wilder's Brigade, was on guard duty for some time, and in March following was mounted and for nearly two years served as cavalry. In the meantime it took part in the engagement at Hoover's Gap, the battles of Farmington, Chickamauga and the defeat of Bragg at Chattanooga. In January. 1864, it was assigned to the Second Cavalry Division, and during that year participated in the battle of Buzzard's Boost and the Atlanta campaign. At Macon, Ga., it assisted in the capture of four brass cannons which had been buried by the Confederates near the smallijox hospital, the spot being marked with head and foot-boards as the burial place of deceased soldiers. One of these pieces was turned over to the Ninety- eighth Illinois, and later presented to the State of Illinois, and is now on exhibition in Memorial Hall at Springfield. Ou Novem'jer 1, 18tH, the regiment was dismantled, turning over its horses and cavalry equipment to Gen. Kilpatrick, then moved to Chattanooga and Nashville, and during the winter of 1804-65, took part in the campaign in Alabama, reaching both Selma aud Montgomery. In the spring of 1865, again re- turning to Nashville, was mustered out Jane 27, aud ou July 7 received its final discharge at Springfield. Keturning home after the expiration of his term of uiilitaiy service, Capt. Ashbaugh resumed employmeut on the farm in Eflingham County aud in 1806. was married to Miss Hattie Voor- hies, a native of Hamilton County. Ohio, who Ciuue to EUingham Count}- with her parents in 1863. After his marriage Mr. Ashbaugh con- tinued farming on rented land, in the meantime devoting attention to clearing a tract of eighty acres of laud he had bought in Section 8, Union Township, and on which he built a log cabin about 1871. This land was heavily timbered, but by thorough clearing has been transformed into a well improved farm. Much of this timber was found available tor manufacture into lumber or oak-ties for railroads, bringing the owner some return for his labor. Captain and Mrs. Ashbaugh have had five cbildi-en born to them, namely: Charlie, the old- est sou, died at the age of ten years ; Alfred C. and Edwin S., both at home; Nellie, wife of Rob- ert Brown, a resident of Arthur, 111., and they have two children — Raymond and Maurice; Harry W. of .\rthur. 111. For fifty-eight years Capt. Ashbaugh's home has been in Effingham County, and there he has seen many wonderful changes, a fair pro- portion of which have been due to his {)ersouaI industry and entenirise. With the exception of more than three years spent in the patriotic service of his country, his life has been devoted to tilling the soil. A Reijublican in political principles and a Presbyterian in religious faith, he has wou the resjjec-t and confidence of his fellow-citizens by a life of patriotism and in- tegrity. AULENBROCK, Henry.— The Germans have been the leading settlers in a considerable por- tion of Effingham Count.v. bringing with them from their Fatherland those imixirtant character- istics of their nation, — industry aud thrift, — and the farms owned by them and their chil- dren show the results of their hard work and prudent management. Henry Aulenbrock, al- though born in this county, comes of a German father. Mr. .Vulenbrock was born in Douglas Township, within a mile of his present home, October 1, 18(a), a son of William and Elizabeth (Koors) Aulenbrock. natives of Germany and Cincinnati, respectively. 702 EFFINGHAM COUNTY William Auleiiliroi-lc, tlie fatliei-, ciuue to America iii jouiis manljoocl. anil for some time traveled exteusively over the f-ouutry, but iu 1S48 located hi Effiugham County, 111., aud tooli up land which he developed into a farm, later going to -vvorli for the Illinois Central Railroad Company aud saving his earnings. A sister of his, Mrs. Rudolph Diest, lived in Effingham County, so lie was not without home ties, lu 18.58, he married and moved to his farai on Sec- tion 2!), Douglas Towuship. He improved his land, addetl to it so that at the time of his death he ovaied 1(50 acres. His widow survives mak- ing her home on this farm. The following chil- dren were born to William Auleubrock and wife: Henry; Anna, wife of Henry Lohmauu of Willmont, Canada ; Kallie, wife of Herman Loh- inanii, a farmer of Douglas Township; Joseph who is on the home farm : Mary, wife of Joseph Hadallar, a fanner of Douglas Towuship: Francis and Clara at home ; John, who died when twenty-two years old; and Lizzie aud Maliuda, at home. Henry Aulenbroek attended the Green Creeli Catholic School and, being the eldest, when only twelve years old, began work on the farm. He well remembers those early days, when he had to make earnest effort to keep up with every task his father set for him. He helloed to clear the land, and remained at home until twenty- four years old. Iu 1884, he man-ied Catherine Ney, bom near the city of Effingham, a sister ot John Diesfs wife, and his own cousin. He had t)Ought a 40-acre farm on Section 30, on w'hich was a log-cabiu, and in that the young couple be- gan housekeeping, and there six of their twelve children were born. He immediately began planning to buy more land, and he now owns ISO acres in Sections 30 and 31. In 1893, he built a more commodious residence, and has put up other buildings on the farm. Only thirty acres were cultivated when he tiought his land, but he has cleared 120 acres, and his property is now in as good condition as any in the county. Some years ago he began breeding Poland-China hogs, and since then has lieoome a leader in this line, feeding 100 head each year. About 1901 he turned his attention to the dairy business, and now has a fine herd of fifty cows, while at the head he has a full bred Holstein bull he bought from Stevens Bros., im]wrters of Hol- stein cattle in New York. His dairy is a splendid one and he sells all his iiroduets to the Van Camp Condensing Company of Effingham. One of his barns is 48 x 75 feet, and the other 40 X .50 feet, and he has accommodations for fifty-five head of cows. He does all his own shredding and other work. He is one of the most progressive of farmers, and is jironipt to experiment with new methods or devices. He was the first in his vicinity to grow alfalfa. In which he lias been very successful, taking off four crops each year. He put iu the first silo, the first gasoline engine, and other new machin- ery. Mr. Aulenbroek also raises tomatoes in lar^'f (luantilics for the canning factory at Effing- ham. He takes all the leading dairy and agri- cultural iiapers aud keei>s thoroughly posted on what is being done in his several lines. Many of his neighbors have been inclined to laugh at him iu the past, but they have lived to see that he was right and they were wrong, and now they are following his example. In politics he is a Democrat and he and his family belong to the Greeu Creek Catholic Church. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Aulenbroek are: Lizzie, at home; Francis, died in infancy; Xellie and Nancy, twins, also died in infancy ; Mary, Annie, Malinda. Phrona, Clara, Willie, Traise and Leo, all at home. They help with the farm work and the dairy, and so helpful are they, that Mr. Aulenbroek does not have to em- ploy outside labor, and therefore can be sure that his work is well done as he wishes it. AULENBROCK, Joseph.— Some of the leading men of Effingham County are to be found on well-regulated farms, whicli demonstrate the ability, business aeuincn and sense of the own- ers. Joseph Aulenbroek, of Section 29, Douglas Towuship, is one of these prosiierous young men. He was born and reared on the farm he now owns, his birth occurring January 2, 1866. He is a son of William Aulenbroek. A further ac- count of the Auleubrock family will lie found elsewhere in this work. Joseph Aulenbroek was educated in the district schools and brought up as most country boys of his time; attending school in the winter, aud farming in the summer. However, as neither the river nor creeks were bridged, his studies were seriously interrupted. After the death of his father, Mr. Aulenbroek took charge of the farm of 200 acres of finely cultivated land. Mr. Aulenbroek is very proud of this farm, for he helped to clear it as a boy, and much of its present condition is due to his efforts. Until 1809, he devoted himself to general farming, but then turned his attention towards Hie dairy business, with ten cows of common stock, but he soon saw that the Holstein stock was much superior, and in 1906 began to breed that brand, now having iioue other. At the head of his herd he has the registered bull Osceola, one of the finest in the county. He feeds twenty-seven head of full breed Holstein stock, and has forty-five head in all. All his stock is of a good line breed, aud his product during the season averages alxiut $200 per month. His fine dairy barn is 40 x 100 feet, and he has all the latest improved appliances. The building is well ventilated and kept in a perfectly sani- taiy condition, and he has a remarkable record, for not a can of milk has ever been returned to him. Mr. Aulenbroek is assisted in the manage- ment of the farm by his four sisters, — Frances, Clara, Lizzie and Malina. They attend to nearly all of the dairy work, and this insures perfectly pure milk. During 1908 Mr. Aulenbroek sold over $2,000 worth of milk. He feeds all the EFFINGHAM COUNTY 703 grain he raises. Mr. Aulenbrock is an excellent example of the live, progressive, up-to-date farmer of the Twentieth Century, who knows how to make his land pay him a good profit, and how to enjoy his life, among the surround- ings which have always been his. In politics Mr. Aulenbrock is a Democrat, al- though his farm duties have prevented his tak- ing any active part in public events. He, as well as the rest of the family, belongs to the Green Creek German Catholic Church. AUSTIN, Calvin. — Most intimately associated with the growth and character of any com- munity are its business interests. They mold the life of its people, give direction to their ef- forts, and crjstallize the present and future possibilities of the locality into concrete form. The leading business men of a town are its greatest benefactors, silently controlling the forces that bring progress and prosperity, and the measure of the credit that is due them is not always fully appreciate4. In 1807 he moved to Eflingham County, where he died in June. 1880. Besides his other occupations he had been engaged in farming, and was every- where loved for his gentle, kindly nature. The mother died near Cincinnati in 1873. Although a strong Republican, he never desired office. His religious life was devoted to labor in the Pres- byterian Church. Calvin Austin is the young- est of a family of three sons and one daughter. The Austin family is of English descent, An- thony Austin having come from England with his widowed mother and brother Richard; and settled in Suftield County, C\)nn., about 1650. Caleb Austin was a private in Captain John Stark's Company of Militia. Colonel Ira Allen's Regiment, in the Revolutionary War. The Burnett family is also prominent, Isaac G. Burnett, the maternal gi-andfather of Calvin Austin, having served as Mayor of Cincinnati fourteen years. Dr. William Burnett was Sur- geon-in-Chief in the Essex Cavalry Militia, and hospital physician and surgeon in the Conti- nental Army, from February 17. 177(5. to the end of the Revolutionary War. As often hapi)ens to the children of clergy- men. Calvin Austin's education was interrupted liy changes of the family residence, but he went to school in Campbell County, Ky., in Newton, 111., spent tw-o winters in the log schools of Jas- I)er County. III., and part of two winters in the school taught by Rev. S. R. Bissell. in Effingham. Leaving school, he engaged in various kinds of work. For four years he was a cabinet-maker during 1809-70. being in Effingham. 1871-72 in Mattoon, and he inade dozens of black walnut coffins that were used in Effingham Count.v. Following this. Mr. Austin worked for two vears in a jewelry store for C. L. Smith, of Mattoon. Then, for two years he was at Salem. N. Y., as companion of an unmarried uncle, when he re- turned to Illinois and for a short time was in the dry-goods store of Frank Kern at Newton, and In ia81-83 was employed in the Big Four Railroad car-shops at Mattoon. In 18S4-,86 he worked in a Mattoon stocking supiiorter factory, beciwning general superintendent. In 1.880 he returned to his uncle in New York, but later settled in Effingham as an undertaker. For alx>ut ten years from 1893 he was manager of the Effingham Electric Light & Power Com- pany. Mr. Austin is a graduate of the Barnes School of Embalming and of the Philadelphia School in the same line. Fraternally Jlr. Austin is a member of Ven- ice Lodge No. 168. Knights of Pythias, of which order he is Deputy Grand Chancellor. He is also affiliated with the Modern American Fra- tenial Order, the Jlodern Woodmen of America, and the Illinois State Fndertakei-s' Association. In religious belief lie is a Presbyterian and is one of the most active members of that church in Effingliam. having served fffteen years as elder. Wliile reiiresenting the Effinshaiii Church at a meeting of tlie JIattoon Presl>ytery. at Tus- cola in 1903. Mr. Austin was elected Modera- tor, this being the second instance of the choice of a layman as Moderator in the history of the >Iattoon Presbytery. His political belief makes him a Republican, but he has held no office aside from serving as President of the School Board for three years. On September 15, 1,880. at Newton. III.. Mr. Austin was married to Sarah Bl-ooks, Ixn-n March 29. 1,857. in Newton. 111., daughter of John E. and Mary (Barrett) Brooks, both of 704 EFFINGHAM COUNTY whom are deceased. Jlr. Brooks was a farmer and mereUant. and one of the pillars of the Methoouise. and Paul Reuben, who are at school." Mr. Austin is an excellent ty of the old-school gentleiiuin. and his sympathetic manner and tactful .-apability have made him welcome at many homes of mourning. Mrs. Austin is a member of the Narcissus Club and of the Jlodern American Lodge. The Austin home is one of the most delightful in the city, where refined taste and genial hospitality prevail. AUSTIN, Edward (deceased). — In every com- munitx- there are certain men who, by reason of their abilitv. stand out from the rest. Upon such men nianv cares devolve, they are the center of all activity: it is their brains and money that are back of most enterprises, whether private or pulilic. and to them belongs the credit of the progress gained. Edward Austin, financier, pro- moter and public-spirited citizen of Effingham, was one of the best kno^^■n men in his county, and was recognized as the head of the most im- portant enterprises that engage the people of his connnunitv. Jlr. Austin was born in Han- c-ock Countv. 111.. August 20. 18i2, a son of Sen- eca and .Tuiia ( Burnett ) Austin, the former bom in 170S, in Orwell. Vt., and died in Effingham, in May, 1880. and his wife, born in Dayton. Ohio, August 29, 1812. died May 8, 1873. in Delhi, Ohio. They became parents of four children. Edward Austin attended school in Walnut Hill, Ohio, and at Walnut Hill Academy, Camp- bell Countv. Ky.. graduating from that institu- tion in 1860. He was appointed Professor of Mathematics in the Academy and held this chair one year. In 1861 he moved to Kenton County, Kv.." where with his wife he started a private school, and continued the same until they came to Jasper County, 111., in 1863, where for the fol- lowing three years they engaged in farming. They then moved to Effingham County and for a (liiarter of a centiin*. Mr. Austin was exten- sively engaged in the farming and dairying busi- ness.' At the expiration of this iierlod he retired from farm life and began to interest himself in some of the mammoth entenirises which en- grossed his attention and energy for the rest of his life, and have proved beneficial to Effingham County. Xot confining himself to any one line of busi- ness. Mr. Austin was interested during his busi- ness life in many different industries. For four- teen years he owned a large green-house and was successful as a florist. In 1803 he built the Austin Opera House, which has furnished the people of Effingham with some excellent enter- tainments and housed some noted actors. He and his brother bought the electric light plant and formed a corporation, but later Mr. Austin became sole owner and operator of the x'lant. Five years ago he rebuilt the plant at a cost of $60,000, putting in the most modem electrical ma- chinery, and the people of Effingham are now fur- nished with l)etter electric light at a lower rate tlian any other city in the State. Mr. Austin and his liruther also furnished the money for building and estalillshiiig Austin College, the buildings of which were later imrchased for the use of the well-known P.issell's College of Photo-Engraving. They also promoted the canning company, now known as the Mullen.s, Blackledge, Xellis Com- pany, and the furniture company, which they sold out to J. Boos & Company, manufacturers of butcher-blocks. Mr. Austin and Joseph Par- tridge, Sr., organized the First National Bank of Effingham, with Mr. Partridge as President and Mr. Austin as Vice President, and Mr. Aus- tin also financed the Effingham Roller Mills, and was ever ready to lend encouragement to all enterprises which he deemed of benefit to the cit.v and its people. Mr. Austin was strong enough as a Republi- can to ran ahead of his ticket, in the face of a Democratic majority of 500 votes, being elected to the offic-e of Supervisor, which he held two terms. He also served as School Director in Effingham for six years, and was always much interested in educational matters. While on the Board of Education he effected some important changes, his former experience as an educator proving of benefit to him in this regard. He was a charter member of the Jlodern Woodmen of America and al.so of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. In religious faith he was a Presbyterian and liberal in his donations to his church. October 17, 1861. Mr. Austin married, in Campbell County, Ky., Susie L, Winter, bom in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 23, 1&30, a daughter of William and Nancy (Phillips) Winter, na- tives of England and Kentucky, respectively. Mr.s. Austin is one of their three daughters, all living. Mr. Austin and his wife had nine chil- dren, namely : Harry B., of Florence, Ala., a contractor; Charles E.. manager of his father's farming interests ; Cornelia B.. living with her parents ; Frank G.. who has large dairy intei-ests in Effingham ; William W.. Postmaster of Effing- ham ; W. G., Manager of the Effingham electric light plant; Calvin P., conducts an electric sup- ply store ; Julia A., wife of Claude Williford, of Florence. Ala.; Gertrude E.. formerly a teacher of stenography in a business college, but now Assistiint Postmaster under her brother. The pupils who have studied under Jliss Ger- trude Austin are numbered among the most efficient stenographers in many of the large cities of the State and conmiand good salaries. In 1880-00 Mr. Austin built a magnificent modem residence, at a cost of $15,000. It is locat«l in the edge of "he city, is elegantly furnished and EFFINGHAM COUNTY 705 one of the finest liomes in Southern Illinois. Mr. Austin died February 15, 1910, and was buried In Oakridge Cemetery, EtBngham, 111. AUSTIN, Frank G.— The subject of this sketch Is the proprietor of the F. G. Austin Farm, on which he carries on the breeding of the famous Holstein-Friesian cattle from the best and most approved strain of the breed. Mr. Austin's herd is headed by "Lord Netherland Cornucopia De- Kol" H 375!>0 H. F. II. B., one of the best bred bulls in this c-ountry, being a sou of a full brother of "Aaggie Cornucopia Pauline," wlio made the world's butter record of 34.31 lbs of butter in seven days. The milk from Mr. Aus- tin's herd is bottled and retailed in the city of Ettiugham. Frank G. Austin was born on a farm one mile southwest of Effingham, 111., on March 26, 1809. He is a sou of Edward Austin, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this volume. The boyhood of Jlr. Austin was spent ou his father's farm, and he attended the public schools of Effingham until December, 1885, when he went to Ken- tucky to spend the winter with an uncle and attend school there. He worked ou his uncle's farm lor awhile, drove a milk-wagon in Newiwrt, Ky., a month and then took a job in the Hecla Iron Works in Cincinnati. In June, 1886, he was sent down the Ohio River and up the Ten- nessee in charge of a steamboat hull for the JlcXabb Coal & Coke Company. He landed at Florence, Ala., on June 1-lth, and it was found impossible to take the Iwat hull any farther until there should be a rise in the river, so the company decided to complete the boat at Flor- ence instead of Chattanooga, as had been in- tended. Then being taken sick, he was com- pelled to leave before the boat was completed. On August 25th, he left Florence for Cincin- nati via HuntsviUe, Ala., and Chattanooga, Tenn.. and from Cincinnati he came back to Effingliam, arriving on September 9th. During the following winter he attended the high school in Effingham. Ou February 7, 1887, he again went to Florence, Ala., and worked at the car- penter's trade until May, 1889, when he again returned to Effingham. Mr. Austin was mar- ried July 31, 1889. to Miss Emma L. Smith, by whom he had two c-hildren : Frank G., who died in infancy, and Beulah, who graduated from the Effingham High School in the class of 1909. Mrs. Austin died in May, 1893. and on August 26, 1S95, he was married (second) to Miss Eda Abraham, of Watson, 111. He pur- chased his present home, the "F. G. Austin Farm." in October, 1889, and has lived on it continuously to the present day. Six children have been born of this second marriage; Mar- garet W.. Milton, Dorothy, F. Gilbert, Arthur Herbert and Abraham. Mr. Austin built the Effingham Canning fac- tory in the summer of 1890, and ojjerated It as Its manager for fifteen years, employing as many as 150 persons at one time. In 1899 he packed forty-three carloads of canned goods in twenty-seven days. In 1905 he sold his interest in the canning factory, to enable him to give his entire attention to the operation of his dairy farm. Mr. Austin is a leader in breeding dairj- cat- tle in his community, Is the President of the Effingham County Holstein-Friesian Association, has served as Secretary of the Effingham County Daii-j- Association and as Treasurer of the Illi- nois State Dairy Cattle Improvement Associa- tion. In politics he is a republican, and fra- ternally he is a member of the Modern Wood- men of America and Modern American Asso- ciation. AUSTIN, Thomas B., one of the honored pioneers of Ettiugham County, 111., stands out preeminently for the work he has accomplished and the 'interest he has shown in the develop- ment and welfare of his community. Jlr. Aus- tin was born in Jackson Township, Effingham County, October 24, 1828, son of Stephen and Elizabeth (Martin) Austin, both natives of Tennessee, where they were married. The par- ents came to Illinois in 1828, shortly before the birth of Thomas B., and before the organization of the county. Jlr. Austin entered eighty acres of Government land, paying $1.25 per acre for it. The land was all covered with timber and he had to cut down trees to clear a space large enough to put up his cabin. After he had cleared and improved this farm he entered an- other forty acres from the Government at the same price. This land was all in Jackson Township, and here the family lived until the death of the mother in 1845. Mr. Austin sur- rived his wife ten years, dying at the age of sixty-five years, and both are burled in Jackson Township. They were parents of eight children, six of whom reached maturity, and Thomas B., the fifth in order of birth, was the first white child born in Effingham County. Thomas B. Austin received a scanty education in the subscription schools of his native county, the same being held In the little log-cabin that was common to the period, so ably described in the historical portion of this work. He worked hard on his father's farm and remained at home until his marriage, in 1845, to Elizabeth Hig- gins, a native of Crawford C^ounty, 111. She died in early life and is buried in Jackson Township, having borne her husband three children : James R., who is deceased, William F., and Mary C, still living. Mr. Austin married (second) in 1863. Elizabeth Xevil, who was born and reared in Effingham County, daughter of Elijah and Phoebe Nevil, natives of Tennessee. Mr. Nevil and his wife were early settlers in Illinois and both died on their farm in Effingham CXiunty. Mr. Austin's .second wife died about 1894 and is buried in Jackson Township. She and her husband had seven children, five of whom reached maturity. 706 EFFINGHAM COUNTY as follows: Mary, Caroline. Evelyn, George T. and Evista. Mr. Austin has twenty-four grand- children and four great-grandchildren. Mr. Austin formerly owned another farm in Jackson Township, but in 18tJ(J sold It and pur- chased the farm where he now lives. It was then l)ut little improved, and he has worked hard, early and late, and being industrious and energetic, "has brought it to a high state of cul- tivation. He has added all possible modern conveniences and machinery and is surrounded by the comforts he has himself earned. WTieu a young man he spent much time in hunting, using an old flintlock gun and powder and ball rifle. Being a splendid marksman he secured an abun- dance of wild game. X stanch Democrat, Mr. Austin has always been active in the interests of his party and has held the office of Road Commissioner several times, though he has never aspired to public office. Some years ago he was a member of the F.M. B. A., of Effingham. Reared in the Chris- tian Churcli, he joined that organization as a young man and is one of its most liberal sub- scribers. When he first began to cany on his farm he had little machinery and cradled his wheat by hand, also cut his grass with a scythe. At one "time he helped mow 300 acres of gi-ass in this way, for Wiliam iliddlesworth, of Shelby County. He cut his own lumber and hewed it, for his house and barns, and made his own rude wagons, making the wheels ity cutting a large tree and sawing blocks from it. At first he had to go to mill on horseback, waiting his turn to have his grist ground. Though he is now eighty- one years old, he greatly enjoys fishing and is so proficient in this sport that he is able to com- pete successfully with almost any young man of the county. He is much interested in current events and issues and has traveled extensively through the United States. He is known by his friends as "Uncle Tommy" .\ustin. and is well known and revered throughout Effingham County. AUSTIN, Capt. WilUam W.— From the begin- ning of the postal service the representative men of each connnunity have been chosen to fill the important office of rostmaster. As so much re- sponsibility rests in their hands, it is necessary for them to be men of strict honesty, reliability and solidity. Captain William W. Austin, Post- master of Effingham, is one of the best officials in the employ of the po.stal authorities, and he is discharging his duties in a way that awakens admiration and brings forth commendation on every side. Captain Austin was born on his father's farm, near the City of lOffliigham, April 3, 1871 ; is still in the full flush of vigorous young manhood, and has already accomplished more than many men twice his age. He is a son of Edward Austin, a sketch of whom is found elsewhere in this work. C'aptain W. W. Austin was reared on the farm and taught to work hard, although he was given an excellent education in the High School at Effingham, .ifter completing this course he entered Austin College, and there took a two yeans' course. Having completed his studies, he entered the Effinghiim Planing Mills Company, in 1892, as Secretary, and in 1807 took charge of the Austin Lumber Company of Effingham, holding this ixjsition until 1902. Meanwhile, politics claimed him, and in 1898 he was nominated by the Republican party for Alderman from the Fourth Ward, and although this is a Democratic stronghold, he was elected by a large majority on account of his personal iwpularity. During the two years he was a member of the City Council,- he proved himself worthy of the trust reposed in him. In 1904 new honors awaited him, for he was elected as a member of the State Board of Equalization from the Twenty-third Congressional District. This, too, is strongly Democratic, yet he re- ceived a majority of 1,400 votes, 500 more than the head of the ticket, a most remarkable oc- currence, considering the strong influence of President Roosevelt. As a memljer of this Board Captain Austin proved his mettle and showed his capabilities. However, owing to his .appoint- ment, February 13. 1907, by President FUxjsevelt, to the offlc-e of Postmaster of Effingham, he re- signed from the board. He assumecl his new duties April 1, 1907, and since then has l)ent every effort to gain all advantages for the pa- trons, and in June, 1909, had the satisfaction of installing city delivery. During his incumbency in his present office the business done in the Effingham postofflce has increased as shomi by the increase of receipts amounting to $3,000. April IS, 1903, Captain Austin received the commission of First Lieutenant of Company G, Foui'th Infantry Illinois National Guard, and June 24, 1907, was elected Captain of his com- Iiany. In 1908 he served with his company in Springfield, to assist in suppressing the trouble there; also at Cairo in a similar capacitj-, No- vember 11 to 15. 1909, and again at Cairo Feb- nmrj 18 to 27, 1910. Company G is one of the best in the State. July 7. lS9(j. Captain Austin married Miss Jlaniie Wade, l>orn in Effingham, daughter of Thomas and Linnie (Moller) Wade, early set- tlers in the city. Captain and Mrs. Austin are the parents of four children : James W., born December 19, 1898; T. Edward, born May 21. 1901 : Linnie E.. born July 20, 1904. and Mary A., born May 11. 1909. Mrs. Austin's friends find it a pleasure to call at her beautiful home, which is situated at the extreme end of Fayette Avenue and surrounded by ornamental shade trees, and here )mth she and her husband m.ike all who come feel at home and welcome. She is a woman of culture and refinement, whose pleasant manner is the reflection of her charac- ter. Captain Austin is an active member of the Presbyterian Church, while his wife belongs to Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church. Fra- ternally he is a member of the Modern Wood- t aiic^k^ EFFINGHAM COUNTY 707 men of America, the Modern American Fraternal Order, and Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He is genial and popular, having been from earli- est manhood ass(x;iated with the growth of the city. His usefulness is not near its close uor his" advancement at its highest, as without doubt higher honors await this typical .son of Illinois, who personifies what is best and noblest in her public men. BAILlji;, Andrew. — Many of the more progres- sive farmers of Effingham County are -sijeeial- iziug on certain distinct lines, and are succeed- ing much better than if they had c-oufined their operations to the regular routine. An- drew Bailie, who lives on the eastern edge of Mason, is well known as a fruit and truck- grower, but has spent the greater iwrtion of his time at cari^enter work. He was born near Mt. Vernon, Knox County. Olfio. November 28, 1834. a son of Robert and Catherine (Ham- mond) Bailie, both natives of Pennsylvania, where they were married. They located on a farm in Knox County. Ohio, about 18.32. and later removed to Hamilton County, near Cincin- nati. In 18.56 they came to Effingham County, 111.. Andrew, their son, having preceded them in 1854, where he began contracting and Ijuilding. His brothers. James and John, had located here in 1853 and bought land and began farming. Their successful operations were broken in uiwn by the war. and in Deceml>er, ISCil. Andrew Bailie, with his three brothers, (iilbert. .John and Nathaniel, enlisted in Ci(ni|>any E. Fifty- first Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for three years. John and Nathaniel were both killed in battle. Andrew Bailie was mustered into servic-e at Chicago, and in February, 18G2. was sent to the front. He participated in the battles of Farm- ington. Corinth. Stone River and others. He served for a time with his regiment under Gen- eral Rosecrans. After the battle of Stone River. Mr. Bailie was wounded and being taken a pris- oner, was sent to the infamous Libb.v Prison at Richmond, where he was held thirty-one days, when he was sent to the parole camp at St. Louis, Mo. He was placed on detached duty and sent to Indianapolis. Ind.. where he was itlaced in charge of construction work on commissary and other buildings in the rebel prison in that city, and here he served the remainder of his term of enlistment. He then returned to Mason, Effingham Couutj", and resumed his contracting and building. In Ai>ril, 1856, Mr. Bailie married Sarah Win- teringer, a native of Ohio, who was brought to Illinois by her parents. The following children were born of this marriage : Arthur D.. a gradu- ate of the Illinois Law School. Circuit Judge, and resident of Storm Lake. Iowa : Eva. ^\-ife of Charles Sisson. station agent of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad at Mason : Gertrude, at home. Mrs. Bailie died February 2, 18!>4, firm in the faith of the Methodist Church, of which she was an active member. She was also a member of the W. C. T. I'. Mr. Bailie married (second) April 17. 180S. Sarah B. Dunn (nee Harlan), bom near Germantown, Ky., February 19, 1S53, daughter of Andrew and Sarah (Elliott) Duim. In the fall of 1853 she was brought to Illinois by her parents, who settled on a fann in Lucas Township. Effingham County. In 1858 Mr. Bailie bought twenty acres of land adjoining Mason, and iu the fall of 1866 built one of the finest homes in Mason Town- ship. Unfortunately, both his first and second houses were burned, and he then erected a beautiful eight-room cottage, with basement, which is a model dwelling well supplied with modem conveniences. Mr. Bailie has 600 fruit trees, which bear prolificall.v and from which he ships fruit to outside markets. Not content with improving this projierty until It is now one of the finest in the township. Mr. Bailie has built some of the best residences and business blocks in this part of the State. In politics Mr. Bailie Is a Republican and has always been actively identified with his party. He is a Mason, belonging to Lodge No. 217. of Mason, and he and his wife belong to Golden Lake Chapter of the Eastern Star. Both are active iu the Methodist Church, of which they are members, and Mrs. Bailie Is a factor in the Dorcas Society. For over half a century Mr. Bailie has been identified with the best interests of this part of the county. Naturally, considering his war record, he is a stanch member of the G. .\. R. Post, at Mason. Little by little Mr. Bailie has retired from the business activities which have occupied so much of his life, concentrating his care on his beautiful home. He and his ^\-ife are delightful entertainers, and many are the happy visitors who gather under their roof to enjoy this cordial hospitality lavishly shown to all. BAILIE, Gilbert. — Among the retired citizens of AJtamont, 111., may be mentioned Gilbert Bailie, for many years engaged in contracting, brick- laying and plastering business in his part of the State, and a veteran of the great Civil VTar. Mr. Bailie was born December 21. 1836. in Knox County. Ohio, a .son of Robert and Sarah (Ham- mond) Bailie. The grandfather of Gilbert Bailie came to the United States from the north of Ireland, and settled in Monongahela County, Pa., later re- moving to Knox County, Ohio, where he spent the remainder of his life in agricultural pursuits. Robert Bailie was born in Monongahela County, Pa., and after his marriage moved to Knox County and later to Hamilton County. Ohio, locating in Illinois in 1855. Settling in Effing- ham County on Christmas Day of that year, he engaged in farm work, and so continued until the time of his death, in 1874. at the age of eighty-three years. The death of his wife oc- curred at Mason. 111., when eighty -seven years of age. They had a family of thirteen children, all of whom reached mature years with the excep- 708 EFFINGHAM COUNTY tion of a cliiUl which died iu infauey. and Na- thauiel, who was nineteen years of age when liilled in the battle of Franlilin, during the Civil War. Another sou was thirty-five years of age when he died from the effects of a wound re- ceived at the battle of Chiekamauga. Gilbert Bailie received his education in the public schools of ICuox Couutj-. Ohio, and later in Hamilton County, that State. When fifteen years of age he went to Cincinnati, where he "was apprenticed for thi-ee years learning the plastering trade, and on locating iu Illinois took up that business, which he followed with much success throughout his active life. On February 10, 1862, he enlisted at Chicago as a private in Company E, Fifty-first Regiment, Illi- nois Volunteer Infantry, tor three years, and served for three years and three months, fifteen months of which were spent as a prisoner In Libby, Danville, Andersonville, Charleston and Florence piisons, at the latter place being taken with scurvy and not being expected to live. His weight was reduced from 20S pounds to ninety pounds, but after a long and serious sickness he recovered. Among the battles in which Mr. Bailie participated may be mentioned Corinth, Decatur, Stone River (where he was slightly wounded three times), Talahoma, Bridgeport and Chiekamauga, in the latter battle being taken prisoner. He did his full duty as a sol- dier and has a war record that will .stand com- parison with the best. After his return from the war he began contracting and his business soon grew to such jiroportions as to necessitate the employment of fifteen men. Mr. Bailie has been Quartermaster of Robert Anderson Post, No. C32, Grand Army of the Re- public, every year (with one exception) since its organization, and served as its Commander one term. He is connected with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in the past has been an official thereof. In political matters he is a stanch Republican. On October 16. 1858, Mr. Bailie was married to Catherine Hollis, born in Ohio, a daughter of William and Ann Eliza (Saulsbury) Hollis, and her death occurred in the year 1908. The fol- lowing children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Bailie : Sanmel R., of Chicago ; Edward, who died in Altamont in 1903 ; Margaret. Mrs. Leslie L. Engledon, of Watseka, 111.; Lewis Emery, of Terre Haute, Ind. ; and Minnie, Mrs. Henry Hesseman, of Altamont. BAILEY, Harvey Henry, the energetic and progressive editor of "The .\ltamont News," at Al- tamont, 111., conducts his paper along modem lines and has built up a large circulation In the four or five years he has been its head. Mr. Bailey was born iu Prairie Township. Shelby County, 111., March 25, 1876, a son of Samuel and Fanny (Williams) Baile.v. Samuel Bailey, son of Isaac and Jane (Moore) Bailey, was torn in England, October 14, 18,38. and his wife, a na- tive of Holland Township, Shelby County, 111., was bom April 15, 1847, a daughter of John B. and Fannie (Blue) Williams, natives of Loudoun County, Va., who located in Holland Township in 1839. Harvey H. Bailey spent his early years on the farm which his father purchased from the rail- road near Stewardson, and received his early education in the country schools. Later he at- tended .\ustin College, at Effingham, 111., and graduated from the Western Illinois Normal School, at Macomb, in 1898. In the fall of 1894, Mr. Bailey began teaching and c-ontinued in that profession for twelve years. For five years he taught the Mound School, near Altamont ; for two years served as Principal of the Coffeeu Public Schools ; spent two years as Superinten- dent of the Altamont Public Schools, three years as Superintendent of the .\lbion Public Schools and was one of the special teachers at the AVest- ern Illinois Normal School during the summer of 1901. In May, 1906, Mr. Bailey purchased "The Al- tamont News," and since that time the circula- tion of this paper has more than doubled. The predominating qualities of the paper are its neat, attractive appearance. Its bright, newsy items and its forceful editorials. The proprietor of this enterprise believes in progress, and has his newspaper plant in one of the best appointed offices in Central Illinois. He has taken an ac- tive interest iu local affairs and has identified himself with several public enterprises. He is now Vice President of the Altamont Agricultural Fair Association and President of the Altamont Canning Company, both of whic'h are incoqwr- ated. Fraternally, he is a member of the Knights of Pythias and the Modern Woodmen, and for man.v years has been an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, having served six years as steward and is now serving his fifth .year as president of the board of stewards;. Mr. Bailey takes no active part in political affairs and lias never cared for public office. He mani- fests an interest in every movement for progress and improvement and is a most public-spirited citizen. He was married, September 16, 1902, at Alta- mont. 111., to Miss Katie E. Kuffel. the only child of G. W. and Amelia (Zimmerman) Kuffel. Mrs. Bailey was educated in the conuuon schools of Effingham Comity and in the Ellingham High School. Mr. Kuffel, a prominent farmer, is the oldest son of the late Adam Poe Kuffel. and a direct descendant of Adam Poe. one of the early pioneers of Ohio, and the man who killed Big Foot, a noted Indian warrior. Mrs. Kuffel is a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Zimmerman, of Altamont, early pioneers of Effingham County. One diild has bles.sed the union of Mr. Bailey and his wife. Katharyn, born at Albion. May 23, 1905. In 1907, Mr. Bailey erected the first con- crete residence In Altamont, and so complete is this cottage in eveiy detail that it was used by the Miracle Block Company in their si)eclal ex- hibit at the National Cement Show In Chicago, EFFINGHAM COUNTY 709 In the fall of 1907. A picture of this house ap- peared lu the leading magazines of the country for several mouths during the winter of 1907-08. BAILEY, WUliam H.— The farming interests of Effingham County are in charge of efficient, capa- ble men, who have given to their labor that ap- plication of scientific effort that is bound to bring the best results. Years of observance of the best methods have brought the occupation of farming up to the standard of one of the sciences, and the constant improving of farming machin- ery has done wonders in making the harvesting of large crops a surety. William H. Bailey, one of the prosperous farmers of Jackson Township, was born January IS. 18-17, in Putnam County, Ind., son of Henry P. and Susan (Landreth) Bailey, and a grandson of a Revolutionary sol- dier who served under Washington and died in Virginia. Henry P. Bailey was bom in Virginia In 1809, and came with his parents to Indiana as a young man, having already learned the trade of a blacksmith. He worked at his trade in Indiana, and later came to Illinois and established a blacksmith Shop in Jackson Township, Effing- ham County, where he lived with his mother. Previous to 1839 he returned to Indiana, and, in Putnam County, was married to Susan Landreth, also a native of Virginia, aed boru in 1812. They remained in Putnam County for a few years, and then came to Illinois, settling in Ef- fingham County, where Mr. Bailey carried on the blacksmith trade until the Civil War. He had had earlier experience as a soldier during the Black Hawk War, and in 1862 enlisted in Com- pany B, the Thirty-eighth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and entering the .service tinder Rosecrans, seiTed for four years, during which time he was never wounded or captured, but on account of his age, his strength gave way on a forced march, and he was assigned to garri- son duty until the close of the war. Two of his sons were also in the war, the oldest, who served In the same company with his father, never being heard of after the battle of Chickamauga, it being reiwrted, however, that he had been wounded and captured, taken to the Confederate prison at Andersouville and there died. The other brother, being younger, enlisted late in the war, at Danville, 111., during the last 100 days, and was camped at Helena, Ark., where it was said the Confederates poisoned the drinking water, from which the young man became sick, and died soon after reaching Mattoon, III., where he w-as to have been discharged. After the close of the war Henry P. Bailey returned to his fam- ily in Effingham County, where he lived until his death in the fall of 1879, when past seventy years of age. His wife survived him some years dying iu 1904, past ninety-two years of age. Both are buried in the Bailey Cemetery in Ma- son Township. This worthy couple were the parents of twelve children, as follows : Eliza Jane, deceased ; Wyatt, who died while in the country's service; Tandy, who died at Mattoon; Cassander; Mary, deceased; William H. ; James A. ; Rebecca ; Francis, deceased ; Maria A. ; John L., deceased ; and Sophia, who died in Infancy. William H. Bailey attended .school lu Effing- ham County during the Civil War, being too young to enlist. He remained at home until his marriage, April 2.3, 1868, in Effingham County, to Nanc.v Ann Holland, who was born in Mason Township. November 10, 1851, and educated in Effingham County, being twelve years of age before there was a school in her district which she could attend. She was the daughter of Wil- liam and Rhoda Elizabeth (Bradley) Holland, the former a native of Virginia and the latter of Tennessee. They were married near Mem- phis, in the latter State, where they resided about two years, and then came to Effingham County, 111., settling in Mason Township, where they were engaged in agricultural pursuits dur- ing the remainder of their lives, the father dy- ing about 1872, when sixty years of age, and the mother in February, 1896, when seventy-five years of age. Both were buried iu the Bradley Cemetery. They were the parents of ten chil- dren : Catherine, Martha, Robert, Sarah, Wil- liam, Nancy Ann, James Morris, Sophia. Evan- geline and Johnny. After their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Bailey settled on a farm in Mason Township, but in ISSS moved to Jackson Township, w^here the family has lived to the present time, having re- sided on their present farm for the past nine- teen years. Mr. Bailey's tract of forty-four acres is in an excellent state of cultivation, and he has made extensive improvements on his land, including a fine orchard. Although living a somewhat retired life at present, he still takes a deep interest in the management of his prop- erty. His life has been tliat of an honorable and upright citizen, and he has the respect and esteem of the community in which he resides. He has always been a Democrat in politics and takes a lively interest in the local affairs of his l)arty. He was formerly a member of the F. M. B. A., iu Jackson Township, but is not now connected with any fraternal order. He is re- ligiously affiliated with the Baptist Church, as is his wife, while his two daughters are Mission- ary Baptists. The eight children born to Mr. and Mrs. Bailey are as follows : Clara Viola, wife of Charley Creek, of Mason Township, and they have two children, — Willie and Lola ; Susan, wife of Clement Herrell. a farmer of Jackson Township, and who has had four children, — Lucy and Vangy, who are deceased, and Wade H. and Ran- dall ; Gertrude, wife of John Culley, of Mason Township, has had five children. — Jennie An- nie, who died in infancy, and Maude, Rosle, Hattie and .lohn ; Eliza, wife of E. B. Tucker, of Effingham County, has one child, — Floyd ; Ever- ett, of Jackson Township, married Maude White, and they have fhree children, — Russell, Henry and Her.schel ; William, also of Jackson Town- no EFFINGHAM COUNTY ship, married Bessie Riley, and they have two children. — Dorothy and Carl ; and Grace and Nora, single and" at home. Miss Nora Bailey, who has decided to take up the profession of teaching, graduated from the eighth grade, pass- ing the highest examination in the township, for which she received a free scholarship in any State Normal School In Illinois, granting her free tuition, the scholarship being awarded her by County Superintendent Calvin C. Mithcell. BAKER, George Britton McClellan, M. D.— The medical profession has advanced with rapid strides during the past decade or two, and is still advancing so rapidly that the physician who wishes to keep abreast of the times must con- stantly devote his spare time to study and a perusal of the latest periodicals, in order that he may keep up with the latest inventions and dis- coveries in his profession. One of Effingham County's eminent medical men is George Brit- ton McClellan Baker, whose field of practice is the flourishing city of Altaniont, where he is respected both in his professional capacity and as a citizen. He comes of an old and honored family, which originated in Germany, and whence It emigrated to Lancaster County, Pa., spreading thence to Maryland and finally into Virginia, and It Is from the latter brandi of the family that Dr. Baker descends. Jolin Baker, the grandfather of Dr. Baker, settled in the Shenandoah Valley, in Virginia, where he was maiTied to a MLss Devore, and had a large family of children. Most of his children went to Iowa, where he followed them, and he died in Washington, that State, at the home of his son, his wife surviving him several years. Jacob Baker, son of John, was born June 30, 1818, in the Shenandoah Valley, Va., and there grew to manhood, learning the cabinetmaker's trade at Lancaster, Pa. In 1844 he left for the west, walking to Pittsburg, whence he went liy boat to St, Louis, and journeyed by foot to old Freemanton, Effingham Count}-, 111., where he landeil with but sixty cents. He worked at his trade for a time, but his principal work was driving the stage between Freejnanton and St. Louis, and he also clerked for a time in the store of Dan Boyer. Although he worked at his trade only for short intervals, he had a shop at Freemanton. which was known) all over the county, and he made furniture and coffins and engaged In carpenter work to some extent. He became prosperous, and owned .320 acres of land, but did not cultivate It himself, allowing his sons to be the farmers. While building a barn for a neighbor, he contracted pneumonia, and Ma.v 28. 1891. died from this attack, being buried in the old Freemanton Cemetery. Originally a member of the United Brethren Church, in later years he joined the Methodist Episcopal denom- ination at Dexter. In political maters he was a Republican. He settled up many estates, and being well versed in law matters, settled many disputes, being consulted upon numerous sub- jects by the people of his neighlx)rhood. June 20. 1848. Mr. Baker was married, in Effingham County, to Martha Ann Powell, who when a small child was brought from North Car- olina to Tennessee. She was a daughter of Sey- mour Powell, a veteran of the Black Hawk War, who had fought side by side with Abraham Lin- coln, with whom he was most intimate. Sey- mour Powell came to Illinois in 1826, settling near Vandalia, and he died in 1872, at the home of Mr. Baker. Mrs. Baker was born March 1, 1826, and died June 6, 1906; she is burled at Freemanton beside her husband. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Baker were as follows : John, who died at the age of nineteen years; Margaret Ann, who married J. K. Wallace, of Altaniont; Amos W.. a merchant at Dextei', 111.; Daniel Webster, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Equality. 111. ; Michael Ben- ton, pastor of the Jlethodist Episcopal Church at Upper Alton; Rachel, who died unmarried; George B. M. ; Sarah Luella, who married Slegel Baker, of Baldwin, Kan. ; and Sedalia, unmar- ried. George Britton McClellan Baker was born March 25. 186.3. near Dexter, Ettingham County, 111., n^ere his education was begun in the i)Ublie schools. Later he attended the State Normal College, at Blooniiugton, 111., and the National Normal Univer.slty at Lebanon. Ohio, graduat- ing in the teacher's course in the class of 1SS5. For five years he taught school in Effingham County, and during this time. August 29. 1S,S6. he was married to Annie Hijisher, of Mound Town- ship, daughter of John F. and Katy (Sterritt) Hipsher. For two years Dr. Baker farmed In Jackson Township, and he then sold out and en- tered the Central Normal College at Danville. Ind.. taking a scientific and medical course and graduating in the class of 1888. He then spent two years at Beaumont Medical College. St. Louis, graduating March 30. 1892. and on Ma.v 18th of the same year began the practice of his profe.ssion at Altaniont, where he has since con- tinued and has built up a large practice. He is a close and careful student, a kind and sympa- thetic ph.vsician and a steady-handed surgeon, and his success in a number of complicated cases has won him the confidence of the people of his locality. He is a member of the State and county medical societies, a director in the First National Bank, and a Director in the Altamont Agricultural Fair Association, of which for two years he was President. He also belongs to the Masons, the Woolacksmithiug. John Broom, Mrs. Bandelow's grandfather, was the son of Miles and Edith (Vincent) Broom, the former a personal friend of General Jackson. John Broom had the distinction of reading the Declaration of Independence for the first time in Effingham County, performing the service at a meeting where Burke Berry and Aiken Evans, of Vandalia, were orators, and he stood upon a cotton-wood log, which served as platform. He was a typical pioneer Judge, and is given mention elsewhere in this work. John W. Smith and his wife had children as follows : Rosetta, Elnora, Laura A., Mrs. Ban- delow, John D., Julia May* and Luly Day (twins), William A. and Nellie H. (twins), Eddie C. and Ilerschel V. (twins). Rosetta, born June 29, 1859, is now the widow of William F. Redding, of Effingham County, 111., to whom she was married by her grandfather. Judge John Broom, March 16, 1879. Mr. Redding died May 29, 1893. survived by his widow and eight chil- dren — Charles, Edgar, Fred, Nellie, Vernie, Reu- ben. Lulu and Roy (who died in 1896). Elnora, bom November 12, 1860, is the wife of George W. Johnson, and they now reside in Paragould, Ark., and have one child — Annette. Laura A. Smith, born July 3, 18(5-1, married (first) Curtis M. Davis, of Ma.son Township, who died, and she married (second) W. Henry Spade, of McLean Count.v, and they now live at Normal. 111., and have four children — Pearl, Earl, Cecil and Wal- ter. John D. Smith, born Januar.v 23, 1870, married Fannie A. Anderson, daughter of Lewis and Kate Anderson, of West Township, and they were married .\ugust 28, 1895, on a stove, at the park in Altamont, 111., the stove being donated by Mr. Pickett, a merchant of the city, to the bride and groom who would be married on it. They have five children — Jesse, Louis, Oscar, Mabel and Harold. Julia May and Luly Day Smith were liorn February 14. 1S72. but neither reached the age of ten yeare. William A. and Nellie H. Smith were born March 21, 1874, the former being twenty minutes older than his sis- ter. William A. married Eva Kienbartz. daugh- ter of Ambrose and Nella Kienbartz. of Mason Township. They were married March 16, 1888, and she died October 5. 1905, leaving one child. Vera May, born December 16, 1903. William A. Smith married (second) April 10, 1907, Miss Inez Blunt, daughter of Milton C. and Phoebe M. Blunt, of Mason Township, who was bom in Union Township May 15, 1874. Nellie H. Smith married Julius Wehrly, of Mason Township, Februarj' 17, 1897, and they live in Kenewick, Wash., and have three children — LaviTence, Sojihie and Verina. Eddie C. and Herschel V. Smith were born October 28, 1876, and the lat- ter lived only a short time. Eddie C. was mar- ried, November 3, 1908, in Paragould, Ark., to Lillie Griffith, and they live at Piggott Ark. Mrs. John Smith died November 11, 1876, deeply mourned by her husliand and children. Jlr. Smith passed away June 23, 1880. Mrs. Bandelow lived at home until the death of her father, then went to live in the home of Robert Dunbar, of Mound Township. She was treated the same as their own children, of whom there were fourteen, although at the time she entered tlieir household they had but seven living. Although she was not the oldest child, it devolved upon her, between 1876 and 1880, to care for her brothers and sisters. She received her early education in the public school, occupy- ing a .seat (part of the time) near the boy who was some day to grow to be the man to lead her to the altar. About the time she reached matur- ity Mr. Dunbar broke up housekeeping, his wife having died August 16. 1885, and she then worked for others, thus learning the art of cooking, in which she became an expert, and is well known in Beecher City for her skill in the culinary art. She was married at the home of her hus- band's father, whose other children had also been married from the same house. While living in Altamont one child was born to them, Edna Rosetta, who was born April 3, 1896, but died at Bloomington, October 4, 1897, and was buried in the Evangelical Lutheran Cemetery at Alta- mont. January 26. 1902, they were blessed with another daughter, whom they named Alma Esther, and she is a bright, beautiful and lov- ing little girl, who promises to develop into a remarkably fine woman. She attends the public school at Beecher City, is a member of the Chris- tian Church, and is a promising pupil. Mr. and Mrs. Bandelow are both members of the Mod- ern Americans, and have also joined the Chris- tian Church, of Beecher City. BARTELS, Ernest H., a prominent citizen of Effingham County, i-esiding at Dieterich, 111., has been identified with public affairs for a num- ber of years and now most acceptably fills the office of District Game Warden. Mr. Bartels was born in Cook County. 111., August 9, 1857, a son of Henry and Sophia (Darges) Bartels. These worthy jieople came from Hanover, Ger- many, and landed on the .\merican shores in 1848. After spending three years in Pennsyl- vania and New York, they pushed on to Illinois and. in 1859. came to Effingham County settling in Jackson Township. On September 21, 1861, when the second call came for troops for ser- vice in the Civil War, Henry Bartels responded by enlisting and subsequently served for two years as a member of Company K, Fifth Illinois ^, of. ^^^^. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 713 Cavalry, being finally discharged at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, ou account of dis- ability. The hardships he had endured had so undermined his health that he was never after- ward able to perform any hard work, dying Jan- uary o, 1877. His widow still survives, residing on lier farm in Jasper County, which her hus- hand had bought of the Illinois Central Railroad Company. The seven childi-en born to Henry Bartels and wife still survive, namely : Henry, living on the homestead with his mother ; Ernest H. ; I.«wis, a farmer, residing in Cliiy County ; George C, residing in Oklahoma ; Caroline, wido^- of Henry Rathe." residing at Mattoon, 111. ; Mary, wife of John Conrad, a farmer living near Charleston, 111. ; and Louisa, married and living near Jefferson Citj-, Mo. Ernest H. Barteis accompanied his parents to Effingham County in 1859. when they settled with other German colonists in Jackson Town- ship. In 1869 the famil.v removed to Jasper Count.v and secured land near Hickory Grove, and there Jlr. Bartels attended school in the winter time and labored on the farm in sum- mer. After completing his education in a paro- chial school in Watson Township, in 1872, he then learned the carpenter trade under the direction of his brother-in-law, Henry Rathe, in 1875 went to Coles Count.v and worked on a farm near Mattoon, for five years, when he took advantage of the opportunity to attend school during part of the winter months. In 1880 he entered the railroad shops of the Big Four at Mattoon and worked as a carbuilder for three .vears, in his second year being promoted to the IKJsition of foreman under Master Car Builder Gove. In 188.3 he went to St. Louis and worked as a stair builder there, until September 27th of that year, when he purchased a full stock of furniture and undertaking goods, which he shipi)ed to Dieterich, with the Intention of em- barking in business in that place. He did a good business for two years but in the mean- while had also built up a large contracting bus- iness, and the latter demanded so much of his attention that he disposed of his furniture and undertaking business in 188.5. He followed con- tracting until 1898. and to his indu.stry and hon- est filling of contracts the village owes much of its present substantial and attractive appearance. On October 12, 1889, Mr. Bartels was married to Miss Annie Steinmetz, born in Hanover, German.y. She accompanied some family friends to America and while visiting a sister in Chicago, became ac- quainted with Mr. Bartels. Mr. and Mrs. Bar- tels have three living children : Herbert Garfield, bom August 17. 1892 ; Ottilie, horn May 10. 1894 ; and Roy R.. born March 16, 1905. Tlie two older children have shown great love of study, have ■won scholarship prizes and are attending State Normal School. Mr. Bartels and wife are mem- bers of the M. E. Church, of which he is a trus- tee. Fraternally he is identified with the Odd Fellows and his wife is interested in the auxil- iary order of Rebekahs. In his political views, Mr. Bartels has always been a firm supporter of the Republican party, and has labored for the principles for which Abraham Lincoln laid down his life. He has been very active in both county and State poli- tics, has frequently been a delegate to impor- tant conventions, notably those which nominated Hon. Joseph W. Fifer and Charles Deneen for Governor, and at ps-esent is a member and sec- retary of the County Central Conuuittee. For fourteen years he was Police Magistrate, was twice Census Enumerator, for thirteen years a Notary Pulilic, and twice Commissioned Deputy U. S. Marshal for the Eastern District of Illinois. For the past twelve years he has given all his time to the duties of District Game Warden, to which office he was apiwinted by Gov. John R. Tanner, in 1898, and reapiwinted by Gov. Yates in 1903, and Gov. Deneen in 1906. September 1, 1909, he temporarily moved to Charleston, 111., to give his two oldest children the benefit of the Eastern Illinois Normal School.- BEAVER, Peter (deceased).— The late Peter Beaver was one of the pioneers of Effingham County and widely known throughout its terri- tory. His associations with the early history of his locality were such as to make him a fit subject for a sketch in this work. He was born in Franklin County, Ohio, March 16. 1838, and came to Effingham County in 1855, locating on a farm in Summit Township, where he operated a saw-mill and manufactured brooms. Mr. Beaver always took a strong interest m develop- ing the resources of the county and was largely instrumental in establishing the Farmers" In- stitute of Effingham Count.v. being President of this organization at the time of his death. Mr. Beaver married Isabelle Besse, in Licking County, Ohio, where she was born. She survives him and still lives on the farm. Six children were born to them, four of whom are now living, namely: Frank, a farmer near the old home; Charlie, who died at the age of fifteen ; Seymour, of Texas ; Nettie, deceased, wife of Harry Keat- ing, of Chicago ; Eva, who married William Topp, was born December 12, 1S72 ; Jesse, a farmer of Summit Township. Mr. Beaver was reared in the Baptist faith and was much devoted to his famil.v, his church and his work. An excellent farmer, he developed his farm of 145 acres until it was one of the best in the neighborhood. Quiet and unassum- ing, he did what he believed was his full fluty, and is remembered as a good citizen, a kind friend and helpful neighbor. The death of Mr. Beaver occurred July 26. 1904, and his funeral was one of the most largely attended in the county for .vears. His neighbors and friends gathered to pay a last tribute to his memorj- and to testify their sympathy with his family in the bereavement that had befallen them. It is such men as Peter Beaver who have made Effing- hame County what it is today. 714 EFFINGHAM COUNTY BECKER, Charles.— The Illinois farmer, if en- terprising and energetic, is usually loath to trans- fer the control of his operations to other hands, even when he has reached the age at which men engaged in other lines of industry would be considered advanced in years, but when he finally does relir.quish active labor and retire to a residence in the nearby city, he malies one of the good, solid citizens of his new eoiumuuity. Charles Becker, living retired in Altamont, 111., has spent many years in farming in Ethngham County, and is a veteran of the great Civil AVar. He was born September 10, 1842, in the Province of Pomerania, Prussia, a son of Joachim and Mary (Krouse) Becker. In 1862. the father and liis family came to the United States and after arriving in New York, came from that city to Chicago, going thence to Crete To\\Tiship, Will County, 111., where the father during his four years' residence, owned six farms. He then removed to Effing- ham County, buying seventy-two acres in Sec- tio 3, most of which was wild laud, but in 1SS4 sold this property to his son Charles, and moved to a fai-m in Union Township, where he died in 1901, his wife having passed away some years before. He was a Lutheran in religious belief and a Democrat in ix)litics. The children of Joachim and Mary Becker were : Charles ; Fred, deceased; John, deceased; Minnie, deceased; Martin, of Chicago; Fredericka. who married A. P. Hanky, of Evanstou ; and William aud Theodore, deceased. Charles Becker went to school until fourteen years of age in Germany, and worked on farms "until coming to this counti-j- at the age of twenty years. After locating here he worked as a farm "hand, aud in iS-Sf imrchased his father's farm in Mound Townsliiii, adding thereto until he owned 174 acres, which has been oi)erated by his sons since his retirement in February, 1908. On October 5. 18C4, Mr. Becker enlisted from Will County, 111., for one year or during the war, in Company A, Twentieth Regiment. Illinois Volunteer Infantry, under Capt. Milken and Col. King, and camped at Springfield, until the fol- lowing spring, when the regiment was sent to Golds'boro, N. C. in which vicinity it remained until the close of hostilities. Mr. Becker re- ceived his honorable discharge at Chicago, 111, On November 10, 1S70, Mr. Becker was mar- ried to Bertha Richard, daughter of Joachim and Minnie Richard, aud to this union were born ten children, as follows: Martin, who died in infancy ; Anne. Mrs. John Klitzing, of Cham- paign County; John, who is deceased; Bertha, Mrs. Otto Klitzing of Champaign County ; Mary, Mrs. &nest Winters of Altamont ; Emily, Mrs. Herman Haker of Moccasin Township ; Paulina, who died aged eight years; and Charles, Fred and Adolph, who are working the home farm. In 1800 Mrs. Becker died on the farm, and in 1890 Mr. Becker was married (second) to Mrs. Mary Krueger, daugliter of John and Fredericka (Ohlenburg) Klitzing, and to this union there were bom two children : Walter, who died aged five years; and one who died in infancy. Mrs. Becker was born July 28, 1857, in Chicago, and when five years of age was taken to Moccasin Township by her parents, where she attended the public schools. She was married (first) to Mr, Krueger, who died in February, 1892. They bad eight children, of whom two survive : Amanda and Rosa, both of whom are single. Mr. and Mrs. Becker are Lutherans, and while living in the countrj'. lie was trustee of St. Paul's Lutheran Church for eighteen years. He is a stanch Democrat in politics and has served as Road (Overseer for eight years. BELLCHAMBER, Charles Edward, D. M. D.— The dentist of today is a man thoroughly trained, whose e.xperience has been gained under the .supervision of experts. Not onl,v has he taken the exacting c-ourse of studj-, but he keeps abreast by reading and attendance ui)ou lectures, of all the discoveries aud imiirovemeuts in his pro- fession. If it were not for the fact that the teeth of the human race are deteriorating so rapidly, the science of dental surgery would pre- serve them Indefinitely. Among the leading ex- ponents of this profession in Effingham County, Dr. Charl.?s Edward Bellchamber occupies an en- viable position. He was born in Effingham De- cember 15. 1875, a .son of William and Ella ( Carroll ) Bellchaml)er. After graduating from the Effingham Public Schools in 1803. Dr. Bellchamber turned his attention towards the law, aud studied with Hon. J. N. Gwin. but finally concluded that his inclination la.v more in the direction of dentistry, and so in 1895. he entered the Dental Depart- ment of Washington University (Mis.souri Den- tal College) at St. Louis, from which he was graduated April 28. 1898, with the de- gree of D. M. D. On May 10, 1898, he began the ]iractice of his profession in his native city, and now has not only the largest, but the best practice in Effingham County, and many of his patients come to him from a distance. His office at 120 S. Fifth Street, where he also resides, is .splendidly equipped with all the ai> pliances known to dental science, and he is thor- ' oughly proficient, and some of his work has been nothing less than remarkable. Dr. Bellchamber is a stanch Democrat, aud has represented his party in the City Council from the Second Ward, and his record in that body shows that he was a faithful official who carefully guarded the interests of his community. His fraternal connections are many, he belong- ing to the Modern Woodmen of America No. 451 Effingham Lodge; the B. P. O. E. in which he is a life member ; Royal Arch Chapter No. 87 and No. 149 A. F. & A. M. of Effingham, while professionally he belongs to the National Den- tal Association, the Illinois State Dental Society, the Wabash River Section of the State Society, and the Southern Illinois Dental Society, and is I. ^oU^ j^^H^^ ^2)d EFFINGHAM COUNTY 715 "Official Dentist" for St. Joseph College, Teu- topolis. 111. He is a Baptist in religious belief. Dr. Bellehanaber was married in Effing;liam, Ma.v 25. 1898, to Cora Maude (Bradley) Bell- chamber. Dr. and Mrs. Bellchamber are verj- popular socially, and in their church connections, and both are leaders in the society events among the younger set of married people. Dr. Bell- chamber is a most excellent dentist, conscien- tious, skilled and progressive, and from the very first practice has prosjiered. He has the full confidence of his city, not only as a professional man, but as a good citizen, and genial, pleasant companion. BELLCHAMBER, Harry A.— Every line of busi- ness is being successfully prosec-uted at Effing- ham, for it is of sufficient importance to command a large trade from the surrounding countrj", and tile people who make it their market demand the best of goods and service. One of the lead- ing business men of this citj- is Harry A. Bell- chamber, who carries on a plimibing and heat- ing establishment, and has won the confidence of those whom he serves. Mr. Bellchamber was t)orn in Effingham, May 3, 18.S.''>, a son of 'William Bellchamber, a history of whom appears else- where in this work, Harry A. Bellchamber was reared in his native cit.v, receiving an excellent education, and grad- uated from Effingham High School, Class of 1901. He then commenced learning the trade of plumber, and in 3902 he purchased the stock owned by L. E. Grould, beginning business on his own account. In the years which have fol- lowed, Mr. Bellchamber has made such progress that he is now regarded as a leader in his line In this part of the State. Mr. Bellchamber makes a specialty of installing heating and hot water plants, and has executed some very im- portant contracts, not only in Effingham, but throughout the entire county, his work being satisfactory in every respect. His establishment is equipijed with all machinery and appliances necessary to the proper conduct of both branches of his business, and in the busy season he em- ploys from four to six assistants. On October 20, 1904, Mr. Bellchamber was married to Miss Sue Harrigan, daughter of Ed- ward Harrigan. Jlrs. Bellchamber is a mem- ber of the Christian Church, towards which she gives liberally. Mr. Bellchamber is a mem- ber of the Elk.s and Modem American. In poli- tics he is a Democrat, but although often solic- ited to ac-cept nomination, he has refused, as his time has been needed for the conduct of his business. Still a young man in years. Mr. Bell- chamber is old in experience in his work, and is justly proud of what he has been able to ac- complish in his little more than a quarter cen- tury of life. BERNHAkD, Louis.— The farming element is very strong in Summit Township, Effingham Count.v, 111., for this is essentially an agricul- tural locality, both soil and climate making it a good place for general farming. Louis Bern- hard, of Section 10, this township, is one of the leading young farmers and stock-men of the county. He was born in Moccasin Township, December 19. 1874, a son of Louis Bernhard. a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. He attended school in the winter, and during the summer worked on the farm. So industrious was he, in his boyhood, that he oftentimes did more work in a day than his father. Until he attained his majority-, Louis Bern- hard, Jr., worked for his father, but then en- gaged by the month with Edward Austin, and continued with him for three years, when he left, though urged to remain, Mr. Bernhard then took a short trip, returning in 1899, when he located on the old farm, on account of the illness of his father. Owing to this, he had to abandon his own plans in order to take charge of the farm, and for t^vo years he acted as manager. At last he liought 160 acres of it on Section 10, and later bought the old home on Section 15. At the same time he continued to manage his mother's farm of 120 acres. On June 10, 19<:k8, Mr. Bernhard married Miss Emma Sporleder. born in Summit Township, June 7. 1884, daughter of Ernest Siwrleder, a farmer of that township. They lived with his mother until late that summer, when Mr. Bern- hard erected a beautiful cottage on Section 10, on his 160-acre farm. It is a modern home, with a furnace and running water. There is a tine basement under the main part. On December 3, 1909, they moved into the new home, whicli is nicely furnislied and is one of the most pleas- ant in this part of the county. On April 30, 1909, a daughter was born to them, whom they have named Lillian Louise. Mr, Bernhard has been one of the hard-work- ing progressive young men of this locality. He has saved his money and carefully invested it, now owning 280 acres of choice farming land. Each year he has fine crops of corn, oats, wheat and hay. When he first began dairying, he had the high grade short horn stock, but now pre- fers the Holstein breed. All that Mr. Bernhard possesses he has earned, and he deserves the suc- cess to which he has attained, for he has never neglected a duty or wasted his substance or time. He is a member of the M. W. A., Shumway Camp Xo. 1233, In national politics Mr. Bernhard is a Democrat, but in local matters he prefei-s to vote for the man rather than for the party. For several years he filled the office of Township Clerk of Sununit Township. Mrs. Bernard be- longs to the Luther-Hi Church. Many local honors might have been Mr. Bernard's had he chosen to accept them, but lie has jirefen-ed to give his attention to his own affairs, although he is interested in the advancement of his locality, and takes a pride in the improvements that have been made since he was a boy. 716 EFFINGHAM COUNTY BERNHARD, Louis (deceased).— The German- Americans of tliis cciuiitry ai'c uuuibered among our best citizens, wlierever tliey are fouua. Tlie best element in Effingham County is -largely composed of those who \vere born in Germany or c-ome from German stoclv, and in no family is this more clearly shown than in that bearing the name of Bernhard. The late Louis Bern- hard was one of the pioneers of Effingham County. He was born in Baden. Germany, No- vember 25, 1831. and died in Ettingham County, 111., February 13, 1809. In 1852 he came with friends to America and for a time lived in New York, then in St. Louis, where he engaged in a butchering business. From that city he went to St. Clair County, III., and worked at the car- penter trade. There he boarded with Jlrs. Chris- tina Freidberger, \N'liose sister, Sybella Keim, came from Germany, and the two met and were married at Belleville, September 27, 1859. He followed the carpenter trade until ISCA, when he came to what is now known as Blue Point, Moc- casin Township, Effingham County, where he had previously invested in eighty acres of land. The family began their pioneer life In a log cabin, but as soon as possible replaced this by a frame house. Mr. Bernhard had but little money when he came to the county, but was a frugal man and knew how to save; he finally opened a store in B1h« Point, which was the first and only one there, and naturally he had a good trade. He built his residence, barns and other structures on his farm, himself. In 187(3 he sold his store aud the family moved to Shumway, where he became a clerk in the store of his brother, Henry Bernhard, one of the successful mer- chants of the village. In 1S7S Mr. Bernhard bought 280 acres of land — 120 acres on Section 15 and 160 on Section 10 — and 80 acres in Mocca- sin Township, making 360 acres in Effingham County. He also invested in thrrtj-three Shum- way town lots. He thus became one of the heavy land o\^^lers of this part of the county. He al- ways voted the Democratic ticket, and worked for his party, but while he was enthusiastic in this, he would never accept office. He and his wife were for many years consistent members of the Lutheran Church, and contributed liberally to- wards its support. Mrs. Bernhard was born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, October 28, 1837, and with her daugh- ter resides on the home farm. Mr. and Mrs. Bernhard had the following children: George, born in St. Clair County, Seirtember 13, 1860, now residing in Effingham; Louisa M., born February 22, 1863. wife of Anton Leiendieker of Chicago ; Christina, born September 20, 1864, In Effingham, died March 7, 1907; Catherine, bom January 5. 1860. married Frederick Goupe, a farmer of Summit Township; Elizabeth, born August 14, 1868, at home with her mother; Regina, born December 17, 1872, died May 20, 1903; Louis bom December 19, 1874, a sketch of -whom appears elsewhere in this work ; Annie M., born December 3, 1876, married Joseph Hoef- figer, a farmer of Lafayette County, Mo.; Su- sanna, born March 10, 1881, married Harry M. Coombe, and resides at Bourbon, 111., and two who died in Infancy. By his upright, steadfast. Christian life, Louis Bernhard set an example that his children are endeavoring to follow. He never willingly wronged a fellow being; he was honest in all his dealings, and through his hard work, econ- omy and good management, made a fortune, which his heirs are now enjoying, but at the same time he never lost the friendship or respect of those who knew him. BIRCK, John. — England has given to the world its greatest colonizers, and wherever an English- man is found, the community is bettered by his efforts. Etiingham Countj' owes much to these sturdy pioueei's who never jjermitted any hard- ships to daunt them but forged steadily to the front. One deserving of special mention is John Birck of West Township, an old soldier and honored resident of this locality. He was bora in Lancastershire, England. December 24, 1842, a son of Henry and Alice (Al worth) Birck, Ijoth natives of the same place. In 1854, Henry Birck came to the United States, landing in New York, whence he went to Rhode Island, and there worked as a teamster and stationao' engineer. He brought his family west in 1857, settling on eighty acres of land in West Township, which remained his home until he left the farm and located in the vicinity of Edgewood, where he still lives, being now eighty-eight years old. John Birck was twelve years old when the family came to this country, and here he received a limited education, remaining at home until the outbreak of the war. He then enlisted for a three years' service, at Mason, 111., in Company D, Fifty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Captain Dare and Colonel Harris commanding. The regiment was assigned to the Sixteenth Army Corps, under General Scofield. His service extended over tliree years and six months, and he had some exciting exiseriences, being taken pris- oner in Arkansas by troops belonging to the command of Marmaduke and Shelby. He was paroled on the field and joined his regiment at Little Rock, and was there mustered out, and discharged at Springfield, October 15, 1865. On October 5, 1870, Mr. Birck married Mary Elizabeth Gilraore, daughter of the Rev. Gil- more and Cynthia (Seals) Gllmore. After mar- riage Mr. and Mrs. Birck located on eighty acres of land on Section 26, but In March, 1887, moved to the present home, a farm of 160 acres on Section 35, West Township. This property is a valuable one, made so through Mr. Birck's efforts. Mr. and Mrs. Birck have had the follow- ing children : James LeRoy of Edgewood, who married Maggie Lewis ; William of Cliicago, mar- ried Kitty (Jan-ett ; Jennie, Mrs. John Deweese of Shelbyville, 111. ; Nettie, Mrs. George Howkey, of Edgewood ; Flora, Mrs. Charles Ruff, of West EFFINGHAM COUNTY 717 Township; Fred, of Fayette County, married Emma Harper, and Riley, at home. Mr. Birck has always supported the principles of the Republican party in national affairs, but in local matters he likes to do his own thinking. A hard worker, thrifty in his habits, he has been able to accumulate a good propertj' and to bring up "his family comfortably. He and his wife are now enjoying some of the comforts their industr.v has produced, aud they have the friend- ship and esteem of all who know them. BISSELL, Lewis Horace. — Some men seem des- tined by nature to succeed. No matter what obstacles may appear in their paths, they are able to overcome them, if for no other reason than that of never giring up. Lewis Horace Bissell, of Effingham, 111., President of the Illi- nois College of Photography, and President of the Bissell College of Photo-Engraving, is one of the most successful men of Effingham County, and one who is intimately associated with its best interests. Mr. Bissell was born in Huntington, Ind., June 29, 1S59, a son of Sanford Rockwell and Sarah (Preston) Bissell. Sanford R. BLssell was a Presbyterian minister, and he and his wife most earnest. Christian people. He organized the first Presbyterhin church in Effingham, and was its pastor for a protracted period. Both he and his wife were born in Connecticut, but lived in Ohio for a number of years. Mr. Bissell was a well educated man, upright in the highest degi-ee, and a great temperance worker. He was assisted in all of his work by his wife, who will long be remembered for her loving deeds and tender sympathy. WTien he was a lad of fifteen years. Lewis Horace Bissell entered a photogi-aph studio and learned the business from the beginning. Even- tually he opened a studio of his own. but his business develoiJed into the widely known Illinois College of Photography, and the Bissell College of Photo-Engraving, of each of which he is Presi- dent. Students attend these two schools from iUl parts of the counti"y. Mr. Bissell is a Democrat, served as a mem- ber of the City Council of Effingham from 1902 to 1904, and was JIa.vor of the citj- from 1904 to 190*1. Fraternally he is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias and an Elk. His religious affiliations are with the Presbyterian Church. On March 20. 1,S82 Mr. Bissell married Ruby Winston Wittle.s,sey, born .June 3. 1861, in La- crosse, Wis. Her ancestors were active partici- pants in the Revolutionary War and her father served in the Civil War. Jlr. and Mrs. Bissell are the parents of two children : Ruby Harriet, bom September 27. lS8.i. and James Garnet, bom October 14. ISSO. BOVARD, Rev. Charles E., proprietor of the Cottage Grove Stock Farm, at Mas^on. 111., is also the beloved pastor of the Alma Metliodist Episcopal Church, and is as widely known for the success v\-hieh has attended his ministry as for the excellence of the stock turned out from his farm. The standard in the breeding of roadsters all over the county has been set by him. He was born at Howard's Point, now St. Elmo, Payette County, 111.. July 2, 1803, a son of Elijah and Mary J. (Parker) Bovard. Grand- father Bovard was born in France and during the latter part of his life was a local Methodist preacher in Pennsylvania, where his son, Elijah Bovard was born. The Bovard family came to Fayette County at an early day as did also the Parker family, the latter coming from Ohio and originally from England. Elijah Bovard died in 1870, hut his widow still survives and continues to live on the old homestead. She was reared in the Catholic faith but later united with the Jlethodist Episcopal Church. Four children were born to Elijah Bovard and wife, namely : Charles E. ; Orival E., who lives at Davenport, la., is a traveling salesman ; Fannie, who is the wife of Walter Spears, of Villa Grove; and Florence, who is the wife of Fred Eagelston, residing at Marion, 111. The boyhood days of Mr. Bovard were spent on the home farm, his primary education was obtained in the local schools and later he at- tended the public schools of St. Elmo. At the age of eighteen years he was converted in the old Methodist Church at St. Elmo, and then he began the close study of the Bible which his good mother had provided. The little red-bound Testament was his c-onstant companion, and he pondered on the wise sayings and inspiring sug- ge.stions found within its covers, when he was plowing a furrow, working in the din of the threshing machine, or driving his binder or mow- ing machine, and thus the conviction was forced upon him that he was called to the ministrj'. When twenty-one years of age he was given a charge at Shobonier. 111., where he preached one year, and so earnest were his appeals and so zealous his work for souls, that he added more than one hundred names to the churc'h roll during that time. Jleauwhile. he began to recog- nize his need of more thorough training for his work, and when twenty-two years old he entered McKendree College, where he took a three-year theological course, leaving in 1888, and in the same year had charge of the Mason Church. For two years he served lx>th the Mason and Edgewood Churches and, as at first, his preach- ing added ere long to the membership of those congregations. Subsequently tie had charges at Alma. Carlyle, Altamont aud other points, up to 1900, when he partially retired from active ministerial labor, on account of failing health. He still has charge of the church at Alma and is much beloved by his congregation, old and .voung. In 1884 Mr. Bovard was married (first) to Miss Elizabeth Fletcher, of St. Elmo, who died in 1889, leaving two children, — Beula'h and Enola. both of whom are successful teachers. His second marriage took place in 1890. to Miss 718 EFFINGHAM COUxXTY Laura Cannon, born at Mason, 111., daughter of Ira Cannon, an honored pioneer and a survivor of the War of the Rebellion. The folowing chil- dren have been born to this union : Alma B., who i.s a graduate of the Mason schools ; Lois, who died in infancy ; George, who died in in- fancy ; and Charles. Paul. Robert and Nellie. In 1900, Mr. Bovard purehasetl the thirty- acre farm of Ira Cannon, adjoining the village of Mason, and to this he added 145 acres, having 125 acres under cultivation. In operating his farm. Mr. Bovard has gained his normal health and is thus better fitted for the many duties that devolve upon him. From his Iwyhood he has admired a good horse and thoroughly under- stands these useful and intelligent animals. For a number of years he has raised horses and has tried to improve the standard. The first horse he raised from good stock he named "Bismarck." and this animal was the sire of a long list of fast roadsters which have made his stock fann notable. In addition to his sjieedy horses, he has fine Jersey cattle and the best gi-ade of hogs, and has in contemplation the ad- dition of Angora goats. In polities Mr. Bovard is a Republican but he is greatl.v interested in the cause of temimrance and has served as chairman of the Local Option Committee. For four years he served also as a member of the Town Board. BOYD, John L., proprietor of the beautiful M.-ijili'luirst Farm, of 120 acres, on Section 20, West Township. Eflingham County, 111., inherited this iiro])erty from his father, who had inherited it from his father's estate, so it is now the prop- erty of the third generation of owners. The Boyd family is of Irish e.xtraetion, Mr. Boyd's grandfather, James Boyd, having been born in County Tj'rone, Ireland, March 28. 1811. James Boyd received a good education in his native land and there learned the trade of a stone-cut- ter. Coming to America in young manhood, he worked at his trade in New York City, later moving to Columbiana Countj-, Ohio, and still later to Washington County, same State. His next removal was to St. Louis, where he heli>ed put up the stone work on the court house in that city. lie next located in Edwardsville, 111., and I)ought a farm in that vicinity which he operated in connection with his trade. In addition, he became an extensive cattle dealer. In the spring of 1808 he moved to West Township, Effingham County, where he bouglit 120 acres on Section 20, now owned b.v his grandson, John L.. and here he died in the fall of 1869, being buried in Gilmore Cemetery. He was a member of the Church of England. His wife, whom he mar- ried in New York City, died in 1880. at the age of sevent.v-three years. They had eliildren as follows: John M.. father of John L. ; James W., who died at Gray's Ridge, Mo., while Fife Major In an Illinois Regiment — had married Caroline M. Almyr; Mary Jane, married W. B. .Tohnson. and died in Edwardsville, 111. ; Sarah M., mar- ried Werner Phenninger; Angelica, married J. T. Fahnestock. John M. Boyd was born in Columbiana County, Ohio. Februarj- 18, 18.38, and was still a child when his parents moved to St. Louis, where he was educated. He was reared on a farm and as- sisted his father in the work in which he was engaged. He came with his jiarents to Effingham and inherited the homestead, becoming a suc- cessful farmer and dealing extensively in cattle. He retired from active life in 1899. and since then has been a resident of Loogootee, 111., being one of the most esteemed men of that locality. While in active life he was a powerful factor in the business life of Effingham County, and made a record for honorable dealing of which he may be justl.v proud. Mr. Boyd married Emma C. Leonard, daughter of Jonas Leonard, and their only child is John L. John L. Boyd was born on the farm which he now occupies, November 5, 1869, and was there reared to manhood, enjoying the advan- tages offered by the schools of West Township. His first teacher was John Campl>ell, and among the others were Amanda Spragg, Rose Milling- ton, Sadie Brets and Emma Fulton. When he was nineteen years of age Jlr. Boyd left home and learned telegraphy, and when twenty-one became operator and Station Agent at Venedy, 111., remaining in that position four years. After si>ending another three years in a similar posi- tion at Dahlgren, 111., he was assigned to extra work in various parts of the countr.v. In 1899 he left this occupation to take charge of the home farm, being at that time In the employ of the Chicago. Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, at East St. Louis. Since then he has improved the homestead by erecting a new barn and other outbuildings, and inaugurating other changes. In iMlitics Mr. Boyd is a stanch Republican, and altho\igh not a member of any church, he in- clines toward the Methodist belief. September 17. 1893. Mr. Boyd married Nellie Myrtle .Tones, of Opdyke. 111., daughter of Lewis E. and Katie B. (Burns) Jones, and they have one son. Gratton Everett, born September 23, ISiWr. now attending high school at Sparta. Mrs. Boyd is an artist of remarkable talent and her landscape and animal .studies are exceedingly true to nature and .show fine drawing and color work. However, it is as a sculptor that she has done her best work. She moulds in cement, work- ing with very crude tools, and the results are as tonishing. Her bust of Lincoln is worthy a place in any art gallery, especially as working with cement is her owu idea. Both Mr. Boyd and his wife have many friends in the county, and their home is the gathering i>lace upon numerous occasions, as those who have once en- joyed its hospitalit.v return whenever opixjrtun- ity offers. BRACKEN, WiUiam S.— The skillful and ener- getic farmer in Efflnsfliam County, especially if ixjssessed of fertile land, can always be sure of MR. AXIl MRS. D.WIl) H. lit H.l.. i\\ AV EFFINGHAM COUNTY 719 a substantial return for his labor, but many of the enterprising men of this section have not confined their attentions to agricultural pursuits, but have c-ombined with farming other industries, In which they have become equally successful. An example of this tyi^e of business men in Jackson Township, Effingbam County, is William S. Bracken, the owner of a fine tract of 145 acres of farming land, who also owns and success- fully operate a sawmill. Mr. Bracken was born in Effingham County, April 7, 1870, a son of Buchanan and Delia (Sarver) Bracken. The parents of Mr. Bracken were both bom in Virginia, and when .voung accompanied their parents to Tennessee, where they were man-ied. In 18G1 they moved to Illinois, settling in Effing- ham County, where the remainder of their lives was spent, the mother dying in January, 1891, and the father surviving until 19(>1, both being buried in the Sulphur Springs Cemeteiy in Ma- sou Township. They were the parents of the following children : Mary W., wife of Wiley Hunter, but now deceased ; Ella, wife of William Jenks, a resident of Jackson Township ; John ; Bryce ; Rhoda, wife of Frank Baughman ; Gil- more; Lottie, wife of Halleck Eugram, now de- ceased; Julia, deceased; Delia, wife of Owen Smith, of Jackson Township ; William S.. and two who died in infancy. Buchanan Bracken served for one year in the Kentucky State Militia, in the Home Guard dut>'. Wiliam S. Bracken received the advantages of a good public school education in his native countj', and remained at home on the farm until the death of his mother, when he began working out by the month on farms in the neighborhood. He was married in Effingham County, Febniary 10, 1897, to Maud Parker, who was also bom in that county, April 17, 1878, a daughter of Adwln and Martha (Broekett) Parker, who now reside on a farm in Jackson Township, Mr. and Mrs. Parker were the par- ents of six children : Claude ; Maud ; Blanche, the wife of Walter Mesnard ; Burrell and Pearl, t^vins, the latter of whom is the wife of Walter Fry ; and Tracy, the wife of Charles Davis. Mr. Parker saw three years of hard and active ser- vice in the War of the Rebellion, being a member of the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry. After their marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Bracken settled nix)n a farm in Jack.son Township, and In 190,S located on their ppeseut farm. With the exception of one .vear they have spent their en- tire married life in this township. Mr. Bracken now owns a tract of 1-15 acres of well improved farming property, on whicli is located a fine resi- dence and substantial barn, and here he suc- cessfully carries on general farming. In ad- dition he owns considerable real estate in other portions of Illinois, including a half-interest in city propertj' in Bement. 111., valued at alxmt $1,000. He also oijerates a sawmill near his home, which has a capacity of 5,000 feet daily, and in all is considered one of the substantial men of his communit.v. where his sterling in- tegrity has won the confidence of his fellow- townsmen. In politics a Republican, he is stanch in the support of his party, although he has never sought public preferment. With his wife, he is active in the work and supiwrt of the Methodist Church in Jackson Township. 5Ir, and Mrs. Bracken have been the parents of four children, one of whom died in infancy, the others being, Roy, James and Burrell. BRADEN, James S.— In spite of the handicap of crude tools, [X)or irrigation and wild, un- tamed land, the farmers of fifty years ago were able, through their knowledge of agricultural methods and conditions, by hard work and un- tiring perseverance, to make their farms yield good crops, and the man who kept everlastingly at it was able to amass a competency for his later years. In these days, however, the work is not .so hard, nor .success so difficult to attain, and the farmers of the .vounger generation are making records in the raising of crops that should cause those cf former years to look to their laurels. James S. Braden, a successful young farmer of Section 9, Union Township. Effingham County, was born in Washington County, Ind., January .31. 1871. a son of John and Sarah (Pennington) Braden. John Braden was a native of Tennessee, and in young manhood moved to Indiana, where he was married to Sarah Pennington, a native of the latter State. He had served in the Union army from 1862 to 1805, and in 1886 moved to Effingham County. 111., where he continued to reside until March, 1905, after the death of his wife, when he went to make his home witli a son in Sangamon County. 111., where he now resides. Of eleven children lioru to John Braden and wife, five gi-ew to maturity, as follows : Charles, with whom the father makes his home in Sangamon Countj- ; JIary, wife of Henry Boggs, a farmer in Sangamon County; Blanche, living with her brother Charles ; Elsie, deceased, who was the wife of Charles Beck, of Sangamon County ; and James S. James S. Braden was educated in the common -schools of Indiana, and of Watson Township, Effingham County, and at the age of thirteen years began to make his own wa.y in the world. At the age of fourteen, he commenced work on a farm at $7 per month, and after five months' employment — during which time he was never absent from his work for a day — he secured a position at .$9, and there kept up his clean record for the ensuing five months. His next wages were .$13 per month, and he soon went to the northern part of the State, eventually return- ing to his home. Later still, he began to work for William M. Abraham, with whom he con- tinued three years. On December 25, 18S9, Mr. Braden was married to .lane Ashle.v, who was born March 10, 1871, a daughter of William and Armilda (Bozarth) Ashle.v, natives of Kansas and early settlers of Clark County, 111. Mr. r20 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Ashley was a soldier in tbe Mexican War and later entered the Twenty-sixth Regiment, Illinois Volnuteers, with which he served through the Civil War. He died In 1901, his widow still surviving and making her home in EfBngham County. After their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Bradeii rented a farm in Watson Township, which they operated until 1893, when he again went to work for Mr. Abraham, his old employer, continuing with him for three years. From Mr. Abraham he rented a farm in Union Township until 19(10, when he bought a tract of forty acres in Se<-tlon 9, Union Township, on which was located a log cabin. He at once commenced to cultivate his land, adding to it, until he now has a tract comprising 280 acres, seventy-five acres of which are timber, the rest being under cultivation. During later years, Mr. Braden has given much attention to the raising of stock, and he now owns thirteen head of fine horses, including some Percheron mares, as well as prize mules and Duroe Jersey hogs. His present suc- cess In life is due to his own Industi-y and per- severance, and, as a selfmade man, his record is an inspiration to the enterprising youth of the community. Mr. and Mrs. Braden had seven children : John, born March 8. 189.3; Ethel, January 18, 1895; Pearl, March 10. 1897; Inez, February 2C, 1899; Rtissell, December 19, 1901 ; Avis, April 23, 1905 ; and Loua, May 18, 1909. Mrs. Braden was a devoted member of the Christian Church, as also is her husband. On October 11, 1909, Mrs. Braden died, a loss that was deeply felt by her bereaved husband and their seven children. Owing to the tender age of his children — all except the older son ranging from fourteen years to four and a half months — Mr. Braden's friends advised him to place them in charge of some friendly families. After careful consideration, he declined to do so, preferring, with the aid of his older son and daughters, to care for them, and the wis- dom of his determination Is shown In the fact that, while they all mourn the loss of their faith- ful and devoted mother, the younger members of the family are being well cared for. The older daughters. Ethel, at fourteen years of age, and her sister, at twelve, are making a record as housekeepers of which their father Is justly proud, believing it can nowhere be suipassed. Besides earing for their younger sister, at less than five months of age at the time of her mother's death, they are keeping the home in neat condition and ui>to-date. while their brother, John, at seventeen years of age, cannot be beaten in the zeal and energj- with which he follows out his daily task as a farmer without com- plaint, giving promise of a highly successful future. The success which has attended Mr. Braden's business Is indicated by the fact that, while start- ing out In life with few advantages and depend- ent ui)on his personal labor, even in Iwyhood, for means of subsistence, he is now the owner of 280 acres of land developed by his own In- dustry and enterprise, of which as much as 100 acres are devoted to that stable commodity of Illinois, Indian corn, and the local maxim Is, "whenever any corn is raised in the country, just look in Jim's crib and you will find some of It." Politically Mr. Braden is a Republican and has served his District as School Director. His fraternal relations are with the Yeomen of Watson, and Camp No. 2705, Modern Woodmen of .\meriea. BRADLEY, Benjamin F.— The Illinois farmer, if he is enteri>rising and energetic, is usually loath to transfer the control of his oijerations to other hands, even when he has reached an age that men in other lines of industrj- would consider advanced years, but when finally he does relinquish his hold on active labor and retires to a residence in the city, he makes one of the substantial, solid citizens of his new community, and as such Is a welcome addition. One of the best and most favorably known men of Effingham County, 111., residing at Xo. 326 South Third Street, Efiingham, was born in Summit Township, Effingham County, 111., No- vember 13. 1845, sou of Joshua Bradley. Joshua Bradley, who was for many years a teacher in the suliseription schools of the pioneer days of Effingham County, became noted through- out the comity fur bis extreme kindness and good- nes.s of heart. No worthy claim ever made on his time or resources was refused, and many of the successful men of today can look back to the time \\-lien their start in life was given them by this grand old pioneer. Reared in a Christian home, with .such a father for a teacher and guide, it is only natural that Benjamin F. Bradley should inherit many of the worthy traits of his father. His education was secured in the schools of his day. and until seventeen years of age he remained on the home farm. At the time of the call for 300.000 volunteers to avenge the Insult when the flag was fired upon at Fort Sumter, young Bradley, fired with enthusiasm, was the second man to offer his services to his country, but his youthful appearance caused his refusal. However, in February, 1862, he was accepted as a member of Company A, Twenty- sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, be- ing mustered in for three years' service at Spring- field, and accompanied the regiment to Nash- ville. Tenu., afterwards serving with this, the hardest fighting regiment from Illinois, in its fifty-six battles, the sieges of Atlanta and Vicks- burg. the JIarch to the Sea with Sherman, and the Grand Review at Washington, D. C. at the close of the war. Mr. Bradley had no hospital service, never missed a roll call, or failed to be on hand to partake of his hard tack and rations, and was ever ready to do his full dutj' as a soldier, cheerfully, bravely and faithfully. After the Grand Review, the T\venty-.sixth was sent to Louisville, Ky., where the regiment remained EFFINGHAM COUNTY 721 until July 20, 1865, and then was sent to Spring- field, where the soldiers received their honor- able discharge. On December 29. 38CD, Mr. Bradle.v was mar- ried to Sarah E. Morgan, who was born in Craw- ford County, Ind., November 30, 1851, daughter of John J. and Sarah (Short) Morgan, natives of Kentucky, who were married young and be- came early settlers of Indiana, later moving to Coles County, 111., where both died, being in- terred in Dodge Grove Cemeter.v. For two years after their marriage, Jlr. and Mrs. Brad- le.v resided on the farm on which he had been tK>rn, and then removed to Mattoon. 111., where he accepted employment with the Big Four Railroad, with which he was identified until 1876, and in the latter year purchased a farm in Effingham County. From 1879 until 1900 he was in continuous service with the Vandalia Railroad Comjiany, and it was with regi-et that the Company received notice of his resignation in the latter .year, when he again resumed farm- ing and shipping stock, continuing in this line with much success until 1905, when he practically ■retired from active pursuits. He was an ex- cellent .iudge of stock, and his opinion was often consulted on the stock market, while buyers from all over the country preferred to deal with him rather than others. Mr. and Mrs. Bradle.v have never been blessed with any children ot their own, but their hearts have gone out to those who have been unfortu- nate, although deserving. The extent of their charities in this wa.v will never be fully known, hut almost countless boys and girls, who in no other wa.v would have known it, have realized the loving kindness and tender affection of par- ents through them. Fred Bradley, whom they reared and educated, was taken by them as a child of six months, and is now an honored cit- izen of Eflingham. Florence R. Bradley was found on the seat of a car. ticketed to an oiphan asylum, by Mr. Bradley, who was on a trip to Terre Haute. Ind.. .lanu'ary 2. 1889. He took the child home, and at once his kind-hearted wife decided that the.v should raise the little one, who is now holding a lucrative position as stenog- rapher with a large St. Louis concern, and every second Sunday makes a visit to the home of her benefactors, to see "Pa" and "Ma." Ed- ward Francis Morgan, who came to Mr. and Mrs. Bradley after the death of his mother, when he was two years old, is now living with them. William .T. Morgan, now State Factory In.spector of Missouri, owes and credits his suc- cess in life to this couple, who took him to their hearts and home when he was fourteen years of age, gave him an excellent education and reared him to be a vigorous, honorable man. Samuel Majors, now principal of schools of Houston, Tex., and one of the leading educators of the State, was given his educational advantages by Mr. and ilrs. Bradley. To use another's words : "Mr. and Mrs. Brad- ley are doing God's own work.'' Having in their hearts that love and tenderness which may find its truest expression when bestowed uiwn little ones, and beiug deprived of children of their own. they have given their lives to assisting little ones to grow up into good women and .strong men, and now in their declining years can look back with satisfaction upon their handi- work. Long after they have passed away their memories will be honored and kept green, not only in the hearts of those whom they have as- sisted directly, but those who saw and recog- nized their true worth In other ways. Mrs. Bradley has been a life-long member of the Presbyterian Church, and is active in the work of that denomination, the Sunday school and the Women's Christian Temijerance Union. Although not directly couuected with any de- nomination of a religious nature, Mr. Bradley has been ever ready to give of his time and means for the support of educational and relig- ious movements. Socially he is a member of Yates Post, Grand Army of the Republic, No. 88, in which he has passed all the chairs ; of the Modern Woodmen of America, Tall Timber Camp No. 351 ; and the Order of Railroad Conductors. In political matters he is a stanch and earnest Republican. BRADLEY, Edwin E.— The city of Effingham, 111., has its full quota of successful business men. and all lines of business endeavor are represented. Mr. Edwin E. Bradley, one of the city's prominent business citizens of the younger generation, was Iwni at Altamont, 111., Decem- ber 19, 1875, a son of John H. Bradley, whose sketch in this volume contains further history of the family. Edwin E. Bradley began his education in his native city, and in 1887 went with his father to Terre Haute. Ind.. where he continued his studies, completing same in the schools of Effing- ham. At the age of sixteen years he left school to learn the marble business, m the shop of his father, and was given a thorough training In all branches of this work, continuing as a work- men until 1897, when he purchased the shop of Cole & Nireder, at AltamOnt, and conducted at that place successfully until 1903. In this year he bought his father's shop in Effingham, and consolidated the two, and here he has con- tinued to the present time. He installed a pneu- matic plant, having a compressed air drill for all engraving, has an overhead traveling crane for lifting and moving heavy blocks of marble, and estimates that he can now handle five tons more easily than he could 100 pounds in the old way. At liis ijlant, situated at the corner of South Banker and Section Streets, may be found all kinds of foreign and domestic granite, and most of the fine work at the cemetery has been done by Mr. Bradley, \Vho makes a specialty of fine design work of any kind desired. He also does all kinds of cut stone building work, and deals extensively in crushed stone. On .June 19, 19t>3, Mr. Bradley was married to 722 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Miss Adeline Goetting, of Altamoiit, wlio was born at St. Louis. Mo., December 25, 1878. Tliree children have been born to this union, namely : Margaret, born April 11, 19(>1 ; Helen, born April 10, 190C ; and Eugenia, born December 21, 1908. Mr. Bradle.v is a member of the Baptist Church, while his wife is a Lutheran. He is socially connected with the A. F. & A. M., the B. P. O. B. and the M. W. A., of Effingham. In iwlitieal matters he is a Democrat, and is somewhat lib- eral in his views. He has ever been read.v to ad- vance the interests of his State, where the fam- ily has lieen in the marble business .since Illinois was admitted to the Union. BRADLEY, John H.— The growth and develop- ment of Effingham County, 111., has been rapid and sure, and the present general prosperity of the county is due to the efforts of citizens who have been steadfast and earnest in their efforts in behalf of progress. One who has made his home in the City of Effingham all of his life, although now practically retired from active work, is John H. Bradley, who for many years was engaged in the marble business there. Bom in Summit Township, Effingham County, De- cember 19, 1854, Mr. Bradley is a son of Joshua and Susan (Bourland-Flaek) Bradley, and comes of an old pioneer family of this part of Illinois. It is related that In the early settlement of the State, Hughes Bradley, the great-grand- father of John H., was killed by the Indians near Kaskaskia. He had gone across the river to a point where he had a truck patch, when he was surprised and shot by the Indians, who also killed one of the children before the frantic mother, who was handling the oars in the canoe, could get out of range. However, she managed to drag the child out of the water, and with the two bodies rowed across the river. The child had been shot in the breast, but recovered, and lived to tell the experience in after years and show an a^A-ful scar. This early pioneer home was often the stopping place of the Indians, who came for milk and other supplies, and when General LaFayette made his trip to this section of the country in 1825, he stoiiped there and was given buttermilk and corn bread by John H. Bradle.v's grandmother. Susan Bourland was bom in Kentucky, from ■wliich State she came to Illinois, her father, Andrew Bourland, being at that time Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk at the State Capital. Her first husband was Milton Flack, one of the orig- inal surveyors of the State, and the first Post- master of Effingham County, the office being situated on the old State Road at Freemanton. B.v her first marriage she had two children : James -V. Flack, who still resides in Effingham, and ;i daughter who died in infancy. Her sec- ond marriage was to Joshua Bradle.v, who was Ixirn in Jackson County, 111., a son of James H. Bradley, who was the first man to do stone cut- ting and monument work in this part of the State, shaping boulders and sandstone into mon- uments in honor of the memory of the old pio- neers who passed to their reward ; he was also a maker of grindstones. The son, Joshua Brad- ley, having learned the business, in 1860 estab- lished himself in this enterprise and l>ought th^ business of a Mr. Gribbins. He continued in the marble business until his death, in 1890, and was successful to a large degree. His family con- sisted of the following children : Lucy, who died in infancy ; B. F.. a resident of Effingham ; J. F., decea.sed ; John H. ; Mary V.. the wife of A. J. Glo.vd of St. Elmo. 111. ;" and William A., who died in infancy. The mother of these children survived until 1904. John H. Bradley was educated in the common schools, after leaving which he went Into the shop with his father and continued in that busi- ness the rest of his active life. In 1887 he took charge of the establishment, and continued to operate it successfully until 190.3, when, on ac- count of ill health, he was compelled to give up his duties in the shop and since that time has been practically retired, although he still does some outside work, including the taking of or- ders. In the latter named year he sold out the business to his son, Edwin E., who has since been conducting it. Mr. Bradley was married to Mi.ss Sarah Kag- way, daughter of Daniel H. Kagway, one of the old pioneers of the county and a carpenter by trade. The following children have been bom to Mr. and Mrs. Bradley : Edwin E., a slcetch of whose successful career will be found in another part of this volume; C. Maude, wife of Dr. C. E. Bellchamber. whose sketch is also in this work ; Mabel, who died at the age of thirteen years; Nellie E.. the wife of T. A. Seller, of Peru, Ind. ; Walter W.. a baker of Terre Haute. Ind. : Otis Roy, connected with the Wellman Tobacco Company, of St. Louis, Mo. ; Ralph E., a marble cutter by trade, employed in the shop of his brother; Lottie Irene, at home: and Mont and Mart, twins, the latter of whom died in infancy. In political matters Mr. Bradley is a Democrat, and for four years held the office of Town Clerk of Mound Township. Fraternally he is connected with the Jlodern Woodmen of America, at 15f- fingham. and with his wife is a member of the Missionary Baptist Church. BRADLEY, William C, for thirty-five years a resident of Effingham County, III., where he has seen man.v changes take place, and as a veteran of the great Civil War throughout which he served with credit to himself and his country, is now retired after a long and useful life spent in agricultural pursuits, his only occupation being that of caring for his truck farm in Watson vil- lage. Mr. Bradley was lx)rn near Shiloh Hill, Jackson County. 11!.. May 10. 18.'?5. a son of James H. and Martha (Hughes) Bradley, two of the most prominent pioneer families of Illinois. James H. Bradley was born in North Carolina in 1797, and was reared in Tennessee, whence his ^ B m^ ■^ ^' ili^^^^^l 1 /^./t^^ ^ EFFINGHAM COUNTY 723 father emigrated in 1819. He went witli Gen- eral Jaclison to Xew Orleans, and served in tlie battle near that cit.v under Captain Coffee and General Carroll. He continued under General Jackson to the close of the war, and after his return home in 1815. settled in Jackson County, 111., where he married Martha Hughes, who in the early days was known as "Aunt Patsie." Mr. Bradley was a stone-cutter by trade, and for many years lived on his fanu and manufactured monuments and chimney foundations. His death occurred in 1806, his wife having passed away in 1814. Mr. Bradley lived all of his later life in Jackson County, his death occurring near Shiloh Hill. Six of the thirteen children of James H. and Martha Bradley grew to niaturity. namely : William C. ; Joshua ; James H.. a sol- dier, who was honorably discharged and acei- dentall.v killed after his return home; Richard, who went to California ; Mary Ann, who married Nathan Woodridge and died in California. William C. Bradley began his school days in Jackson County, and one of his sch(X)lmates at Shiloh Hill College was that great soldier. Gen- eral John A. Logan, who was one of Mr. Brad- ley's warmest Iwyhood friends, an attachment that continued throughout the General's life. Mr. Bradley remembers him as an upright, fear- less lad, and a leader among the friends of youth, as he was later to become such a great leader of men. Mr. Bradley's last meeting with the General was while the latter was a member of the United States Senate, when for three hours at the old Logan Hotel the two talked over Iwyhood days, and when it came time for the General to speak, he took Jlr. Bradley's arm and led him to the platform where he gave him a seat on his right hand. This incident, which served to prove that General rx>gan never for- got a friend, occurred during the campaign of 1872. Mr. Bradley left his home when he was six- teen years of age to make his home mth an un- cle. Richard A. Bradley, who was twice elected to the State Legislature on the Democratic ticket. In 1S55 Mr. Bradley went to Warren County, HI., where he remained until lS."iO, and then went back to Jackson County, where he was farming in 1861. In July of that year he enlisted in Company I, Tenth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infanti-y, and on August 3 following was mus- tered in with the rank of Sergeant for three years under command of Col. James D. Jlorgan. In April. 1862. the regiment was sent to New JIadrid, from whence in Payne's Brigade it went to Island No. 10 ; was later engaged in the first campaign against Corinth. Miss., and operations in Alabama and Tennessee, taking part in the march to Knoxville. and afterwards for several months on duty about Nashville. It also took part in the engagements at Dalton Gap. Buz- zard's Roost. Resaca. Kenesaw Mountain and Peach Tree Creek, and after the capture of At- lanta, in the JIarch to Sea, the capture of Sa- vannah, and the subsequent campaign through the Carolinas and Virginia, finally taking part in the Grand Review at Washington, which marked the end of the war. The Tenth, march- ing in the soiled uniforms in which it had made its last campaign, told the story of the awful hardships through which it had passed. It was then sent to Louisville. Ky., where the regiment was mustered out. being finally paid off and dis- charged in riiicigo, Mr. Bradle.v's service end- ing July 14, isr,."., after four years and ten days of continuous service. He was always a brave and faithful soldier, performing cheerfully the duties assigned him, and won the friendship of his comrades and the respect of his officers. Mr. Bradley's first vote for President was cast in 1856 for John C. Fremont, and he has since continued to act with the Republican party. He considers the best vote of his life was that cast for Abraham Lincoln in 1860, when but eight votes were cast for Lincoln in his precinct. After the war. Mr. Bradley bought a farm in Jackson County, which he operated until 1875, then com- ing to Effingham Count.v, where he has since made his home. Aside from raising truck and fi-uit he is now living a retired life, but in his active years has twrne his part in the develop- ment of the county, and still can be counted on to do his full share in advancing those move- ments which have for their ultimate object the betterment of his community. In April, 1865, Jlr. Bradley was married (first) to Melis.sa Koen. who was iKirn in St. Clair County, 111. She died in 1869, leaving two children : Curtis, born May 2!), 1866. who is a canienter and builder of Vandalia, married Ma- hala Gibbs and has four cliildren, — Flossie, Madeline, Omer and Fred; and Frank E., born November 20, 1867, and died in October, 1892. Mr. Bradley's second marriage occurred in 1870, when he was united with Emily Tash. a widow whose maiden name was Steel, and they have had one daughter, Alice Ma.v, lK>rn August 21, 1871. She married Charles LeCrone. and they had one daughter, Blanche, who is makinug her home with her grandparents, and a daughter who is living with her father at Watson, III. During Mr. Bradley's seventy-four years in Effingham Couutj- and Jackson County, he has been prominent in many directions. Always en- ergetic, and with a reputation for sterling in- tegrity, he has been elected to numerous town- ship offices by his fellow citizens, serving for years as a member of the County Central Com- mittee, and as a delegate to numerous county and State conventions, in addition to capably filling the office of Police Magistrate. He joined the Masonic fraternit.v in ISd.'i at Alma. III., now being a member of the lodge at \\'atson, and also belongs to the I. O. O. F. and the Eastern Star order, in both of which he has filled all the chairs. For many years a ]X)pular comrade of the Grand Army of the Republic, he is now serving as Commander of the Watson Post. Mr Bradley is rightly considered one of the representative men of Eflingham County, and his war record, if not 724 EFFINGHAM COUNTY eclipsetl, has been equaled by his record as a public-spirited citizen in times of peace. BiiAUN, Anton. — During the past forty years improvemeiils have been made in methods of farming that have almost revolutionized agri- cultural life. Today the farmer is one of the most independent men in the coimti-j-. for upon the success or failure of crops depends the pros- ]>erity of the country. For this and other rea- sons, the farmer is making money, and enjoys many comforts his forbears never even dreamed of. Anton Braun, a farmer of Section 8. Doug- las Township, Effingham County, was born in that township, on Section 17, which was the original family home, August 5, 1863, a son of the late Ferdinand and Angela (Steinke) Braun, natives of Prussia and Hanover, Germany, re- sijectively. Ferdinand Braun was probably one of the most desirable German-Americans who ever located In Effingham County, and his mem- ory is held in high esteem by those who had ttie honor of knowing this honest, sturdy man. He ■was born in 1815, and when twent.v-two years old (in 1837) he came to America, landing at New York. He went to work immediately, and saved his money, so that in 1843 he was able to go south. In time he reached the Missis-sippi River and came up it to Illinois, coming on to' Effingham County al)out 1844. He entered land on Section 17. Douglas Township, paying .$1.2.5 per acre for it. obtaining in all 120 acres of raw land. On this he put up a little log cabin, in which he lived alone, until his marriage in 1847. His wife had come to America with her parents, who located in Douglas Township. With the help ot his wife. .Mr. Brann added to his farm until he o^^^led .300 acres adjoining his first purchase, on which all of his children were born. These children were : Ferdinand, deceased, who mar- ried Mary Siemer. and she later married Ben Starman ; William, of Hanover, Kan. ; Anton ; I>izzie, who lives with her brother Henry ; Bar- man, and five who died in infancy. During his long residence in his adopted country, Ferdinand Braun lived to see the raw land converted into rich farms, and no one re- joiced more than he over the wonderful change. His death occurred about 1803. his wife having died in 18,90. He was one of the noble-hearted men of the county, who will long be remem- bered. He was one of those honest men whose word was as good as another's note: whenever he stated a fact, its truth was undisputed. He was a devout Catholic, and took much comfort and pleasure in his religion. He and his wife gave their children a good education, and were very proud of them, and at his death they were all provided for thi-ongh his own hard work and thrifty investments. For years he was School Director, and gave liberally of his means towards the cause of religion and education. Mr. Braun was very charitable, and without doubt gave assistance to many of which ho kept no record. He was generous and kind-hearted to a fault, deeply beloved in his family, and hon- ored in the community. Such men are rare, and when they are found, special mention should be made of their virtues and the work they ac-com- plished. Anton Braun was educated in the district schools an.l at St. Anthony Parochial School at Effingham. When ho had finished at the latter institution, he came back to the farm, and lived until his marriage. May 3, 1887, to Rosa Koe.ster, Iwrn in Douglas Township, daughter of G. H. Koester. one of the prositerous farmers of Efflng- luim L'ountj-. Mr. and Mrs. Braun hegan their married life on the farm he ow^ls, in a small house he had built. The farm was a si.xty-acre unimproved one, and at first it was hard work clearing it, but they soon had a good start, and he now owns 200 acres in one of the best locali- ties of the county. He has a good house, a big barn 30 x 80 feet, and feeds Holstein cattle, having at the head of his herd a registered bull. He has always been progressive in his work, and his farm is one of which any man might well be proud. Mr. and Mrs. Braun have had children as fol- lows : Henry, Frank, Minnie, Clara, Edward, Louis, Alphonse. Louisa, and two who died in infancy. Mr. and Mi-s. Braun are members of St. Anthony Catholic Church, of Effingham. In ix>litics Mr. Braun is a Democrat, and for sev- eral years he has been School Director. Like his father he has alwfiys been identified with the best interests of the county, and the people of Douglas Township have every reason to be glad that such men as those belonging to the Braun family have been numbered among its residents. BROOKS, E. W., M. D.— No learned profession demands so much of its membere as that or med- icine. The conscientious physician of to-day has little rest, as when he is not ministering to the sick he must spend a great deal of time read- ing along the lines of his profession to keep in touch with recent discoveries and theories. Those in general practice have to give more of themselves in their work than those who con- fine their attention to specialties or to office con- sultations, as regardless of weather they must fare forth to look after patients who need their care. The smaller cities and villages of Illinois know many of these self-sacrificing men, who re- gard their work as a sacred dutj-, and none en- jo.ys a larger amount of good will in his com- munity than Dr. E. W. Brooks. Dr. Brooks was born at Parker, Randolph County, Ind., being a son of Daniel and Sarah Catherine (Artiogast) Brooks. The Brooks family was founded in this country by three brotliers who came originally from England, one locating in New York, a seeonci in Tennessee and the third in South Carolina. Dr. Brooks is de- scended fixim the last-named. His maternal an- cestors included both Dutch and Irish blood. His great-grandfather fought in the ^\ ar of 1812 EFFINGHAM COUNTY 725 and his father in the Civil War. the latter eulist- Indiana Volunteer lufauti-j-. sening with credit ing in Company B, One Hundred Thirty-fourth and bravery. Daniel Brooks, who is now sixtj- flve years of age. had the misfortune to lose his wife, who died March 23, I'.KW, at the age of fifty-five years. The boyhood of Dr. Brooks was passed ui)on a farm one mile south of Beeeher City, to which the family had moved in 1883. from Shelby County. They had come from Indiana in 1876, and located near Cowden. in Shelbj- County. Having determined to study medicine when a boy, Dr. Brooks taught school with the purpose of securing money to pursue his studies, studying for a time with Dr. N. S. Cox. He took his course at the Barnes Medical College, St. Louis, from which he graduated in 1901, a member of the first class to graduate after the passage of the law requiring a four year course. He had pre- pared for his medical studies by taking a course at Austin College and had begun to study with Dr. Cox in 1806, so that at the time of his gradu- ation he stood well among his associates in the matter of good marks. Following this course he took a post-graduate course at the Chicago Hos- pital and one at the Postgraduate Medical School, completing these in 1007. His first prac- tice -was in connection with Hemmeberger & Fri- ant Lumber Company, at Pascola, Mo., where he gained valuable experience. Dr. Brooks had established himself in px-ac- tice at St. Elmo, 111., in 1901, but when the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad moved its divis- ion from that town, he accepted a ix>sition as in- structor at the Charleston Sanitarium, remain- ing there until 1909, when he purchased the practice of Dr. A. L. Golightly. at Beeeher City, where he is now located. He has established himself in the confidence of his fellow-citizens and his prospects are good. He is a member of the various medical societies and is also affiliated with the A. F. & A. M., the M. W. A., the I. O. O F.. the M. A. F. O.. the K. of P. and the I. T. A. A. He was formerly a meml>er of Company G. Fourth Regiment Illinois National Guard. While a re.sident of St. Elmo he was President of the Board of Education and in 1904 was unani- mously chosen to represent his party as Coroner of Fayette Count?-, but declined the honor. May 19, 1899, Dr. Brooks married Nellie M. Casstevens, the ceremony taking place at the First Christian Church. No. 3126 Locust Street, St. Louis. Reverend F. O. Fannon officiating. Three children were born to Dr. and Mrs. Brooks, two of wlioni survive: .luanita and Charles C. Little Earl C. died when only six- teen days old. Wherever Dr. Brooks has been located he has gained universal esteem and has steadily won friends by his reliability and warm sympathy. Unsolicited, he has received many testimonials to his skill and kindly interest in his patients, of which lack of space forbids mention here, al- though they richly deserve such recognition. He never spared himself in obtaining his educa- tion and training, sti-uggling thi-ough college by his own efforts, and while still in the very prime of young manhood, he has attained an en- viable ijositiou in his pi-ofession and has friends throughout Effingham aud adjoining counties. He is a close student, a skilled physician aud surgeon, aud it is rare indeed that his care fails m rendering benefit, and even in some cases saving the life of a patient. The services of such a man are a valuable boon to any community, and the people of Beeeher City manifest their appreciation of the service rendered by Dr. Brooks in choosing their community as the field of his labor. BkOOM, Judge John, was the second son of Miles aud Edith (\inceut) Broom and was born in the newly settled portion of the Uld Dominion known as "New Virginia," (now West Virginia) near the Tennessee line, October 10, lS(jy. While still an infant his parents moved to Jackson County, Tenn., and soon after to Smith County, in the same State, where his boyhood was passed in a log hut in the wilds of a dismal canebrake. Miles Broom served in the War of 1812 and when discharged at New Orleans, started home, but when only thirty miles on his way, sickened and died. This was in the year 1815. Mrs. Broom was thus left with three small children, and John Broom, then a very small boy, toiled and struggled to help his mother on the ten acres of land she had secured, until he w-as sev- enteen years old. ■\\-hen less than nineteen years old, in 1828, he married Mary AJlen, of Smith County, Tenn. In August, 1829, their first child was born, and in October of the same year the litUe family started west, taking with tbem their goods, which they loaded into a "carry-all." He joined his father-in-law, Benjamin Allen, and the two families arrived at their new home in Illinois, near the present site of Mason, No- vember 6th. John Broom, then a husband and father, but not yet a voter, was five dollars in debt with nothing to dept>nd upon but his stout heart aud brawny arm. He and his father-in- law purchased the improvements on a claim made by John McCoy, and Mr. Broom went to \ andalia and there bought, on a year's CTedit, such things as he was compelletl to have. In 18oo Jlr. Broom secured employment at thirty-seven and a half cents a day, getting out rock in a limestone quarry for the National Road, and thus earned money to pay for eighty acres of land, together with a yoke of oxen! This was the foundation of his fortune and he prospered so well that he was able to give each son 100 acres of land, each daughter forty, aud retain 400 acres himself. In 1830 Judge Broom was elected Constable and in 18:39 Justice of the Peace, holding that office for over forty years. For five years he held the office of Associate Judge and in 1862 was elected County Judge, which office he held four years. Judge Brooms was a useful, busy life, as he won his success in life mainly through 726 EFFINGHAM COUNTY fai-niiug, stock raising, contracting and teaming and also various otlier occupations. lie married people, tried suits, adjusted the difficulties of neighbors, administered estates, and often gave gratuitous legal advice. He read the Declara- tion of Independence, standing on a cotton-wood log, at the fii-st Fourth of July celebration held in Effingham County, on the. occasion when Aiken and Berry Evans, of Vandalia. were orators of the day. He was well known through his public life and in his private capacity as neighbor and friend was greatly esteemed. .Judge Broom died February 9, 1886. BROWN, James W., who ranks high among the honored pioneers of Effingham County, and who has done much to advance its best interests, is now residing on Section 16, Summit Township. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 3, 1835, a son of John and Martha (Hoou) Brown. Mrs. Brown was born in Kentucky, and was brought by her parents to Illinois at an early day. They located in White County, where Mrs. Hood died. The trip was made down tue Ohio River on a flat boat, which upset and everything was lost. After the death of her mother, Mar- tha Hood went to what was known as the "Amer- ican Bottom," near St. Louis, Mo., with a cousin. She was robbed of all her belongings and left among strangers, when only twelve years old. The child was then offered a home, and grew up with her new found friends. John Brown was born in Maryland, and his father was a native of Scotland. The family came to Ohio, locating in Belmont County, near Wheeling, W. Va., and re- mained there until after the death of Mrs. Brown, when John was a mere lad. They had made the trip overland, and John walked the entire distance. While in Belmont County they set out the first orchard there. AMien the War of 1812 broke out, John Brown enlisted. He was as brave as a lion, really courted danger, and had a vei-j' exciting career as a soldier. After lie was discharged, he came west to Alton. 111., at a time when the Indians were giving trouble, and helped to build a block house at Upper Al- ton, which still stands. The shingles were made by hand, and it was a remarkable piece of work. Mr. Brown then went to St. Louis, which was then a French settlement. He went to the "American Bottom," and there, at the home of Isaac Gilham, he met ilartha Hood. They were married at Edwardsville, Madison County, 111., In 1827. For a time they lived in a little log cabin they put up, and their bed was built along one side "of it. In 1829. Mr. and Mrs. Brown started back to the home in Ohio, and reached Cincinnati, when they ran out of money ; there Mr. Brown secured employment tearing up log rafts, and taking them through the shoals to the mill, for which he received seventy-five c-ents per day. After this he went to work in the shipyards, and worked until 1846, making some money. Part of this he invested in a good home in the city, in which James W. was born. How- ever, he was not satisfied, and in 1846 moved his family to Jamestown, now Dayton. Ky., remain- ing there until 1852, when once more a change was made, the family coming to Freeix)rt, 111. He had traded his Kentucky property for a farm near Freeiwrt, and they lived on it until April 17, 18.5.5, when he sold that farm and came over- land to Effingham County. Mr. Brown then bought 280 acres on Section 15, Summit Town- ship, the site of the present George William Hertzell farm, and eighty acres of John W. Brow-n's farm. Here John Brown rounded out his useful and eventful life, dying in 1866. His death was vei-y sudden ; he had driven hogs to Effingham, and having disposed of them, was sitting chatting and laughing with his friends, when he fell dead before them. James W. Brown and his sister Elizabeth Jane were the only children born to their parents. She married John W. Piles, and lived and died in Campbell County, Ky. James W. Brown was farming when the call was issued for 300,000 volunteers, and fired by the same spirit that made his father a soldier of 1812, he enlisted, July 25, 1861, at Effingham, in Company G, Eleventh Illinois Volunteer Infan- ti-y, for three years or until the close of the war. He was mustered into the service and the regi- ment was sent to Fort Henry, then to Bird's Point, where Mr. Brown was wounded in the jaw by a revolver, and one tooth was knocked out, and he was also wounded in the left shoul- der and small of the back. The Eleventh was on the right flank, under T. G. Ransom, and while they were charging this brave man was struck in the body, and the bullet is still there. Owing to his many wounds, he was sent to Pad- ucah, Ky., and from there home on a furlough. In spite of his serious condition, he remained at home only thirty days, and then rejoined his regiment, in time to participate in the battle of Sliiloh. which was so fatal that but a few of the old Eleventh remained. From Shiloh the regi- ment was sent to Vicksburg, and the Eleventh not only participated in the forty-six aays' siege, but was in the charges of May 10 and 22. Mr. Brown was with his regiment until July 25, 1S(J4, when he was honorably discharged at Springfield, 111., having served three years to a day. Returning to his old home in Summit Town- ship, he resumed his duties. In 1867 he maiTied Cynthia A. Levitt, born south of Effingham, in Douglas Township, daughter of James Levitt, who was one of the old pioneers of Effingham County, and died in Summit Township, in June, 1861. " Mr. and Mrs. Brown have had five chil- dren : William W., a farmer of Shelby County ; Martha E.. wife of Samuel W. Shewmake of Slielby County : Georgiana, wife of W. H. Smith, a farmer of Shelby County : James Frank, a farmer of Summit Township: Lucy J., wife of Leonard Young, a farmer of Watson Township. Mr. Brown has supiwrted the principles of Abraham Lincoln as embodied in the Republican ^^-^ EFFINGHAM COUNTY 727 party. His first vote was cast for John C. Fre- mont, and he has never east any since except for Republican candidates. While he is enthusiastic in his support of the party, he has no desire for public honors, and although he once served as Assessor, he did so against his own wishes. Mr. Bro^-n was too brave a soldier and too true a citizen ever to have any use for a coward or hypocrite. He and his wife are consistent mem- bers of the Methodist Church, and heartily en- dorse its principles. Ever since its organization he has been a faithful member of the G. A. R. and belongs to Yates Post. Xo. SS, of Effingham, 111. He openly expresses his wish that at his death the flag for which he suffered so mucli, be wrapped about him. Costly etiuipments do not appeal to him, — what he wants is to go to the last roll call beneath the flag under which he resfionded to so many while here on earth. After his long life of hard worli and heavy suf- fering, Mr. Brown is now surrounded by all the comforts his means afford. He stands very high in the confidence and respect of his neighbors and friends, is proud of his children, and com- forted by the devotion of his wife, so that he is greatly to be envied by those whose sense of duty has not been strong enough to keep them on the straight road that leads to true happiness and well-earned prosperity. BUCHHOLZ, William Frederick, one of the rep- sentative and enterprising farmers of Effing- ham County, who is operating an excellent prop- erty in Mound Township, was bom on the farm which he now occupies, February 9, 186.5, a son of Rev. Fred and Elizabeth (Mahler) Buehholz. Rev. Fred Buehholz was born in Germany and attended the public schools there until he was fourteen years of age, when he engaged in the manufacture of cigar boxes and carpentering. He was married in his native country to Elizabeth Mahler, a daughter of Henry Mahler, and about 1856 they came to the United States, landing in New York after a voyage of eight weeks. They lived near Chicago about eight years and in the fall of 1864 came to Effingham County, purchas- ing 160 acres of land near Altamont and living in the old Hepsher home until their log cabin was finished. Mr. Buehholz died on this farm August 11, 18.S2, at the age of fifty-three years, his death resulting from a tumor. He was a German Lutheran when he came to America, but later joined the German Methodist Church, near Chicago, and later at Altamont. and soon after began preaching, his circuit including Altamont, Bible Grove, Dieterich. Effingham and Shumway. He was a lifelong Republican. The children born to Fred Buehholz and his wife were as follows : Fred, a German Methodist Episcopal minister, died at the age of twenty-.six years, at Ellis Grove, leaving a widow, Louisa (FYitz) Buehholz, and one child, Emma; Rich- ard, who met his death while on a hunting trip, December 14, 1898. having married (first) Ro- setta F^itz, who died ten Teeks afterward, and (second) Christina Rodenburg, who bore him four children— Joe (decea.sed), Nellie, Oda and Mildred, the wife having died in 1902; John, who married Sarah Sutton, and is a local preacher in the American Methodist Episcopal Church at Watson, III.; Lizzie (now deceased), who married William Dickman ; Wiliam Fred- erick; and Mary, who died in infancy. Mrs. Fred Buehholz survives her husband, having now reached the age of seventy-nine years. William Frederick Buehholz was sent to the German Methodist Episcopal Church School for a year or so, aud then became a pupil in the pub- lic school under Mr. Baudrj- until eleven years of age. when he returned to the German School for two winters, then again attended public school until he was seventeen years old. Reared on the home farm, be worked for his father until his death, and after that for his mother until July 7, 1891, when he was married to Bertha Hesseman, who was bom near Dexter, Effingham County, and at four years of age was taken by her parents to Nashville, 111. ^Mieu fourteen years old she went to Sutter County, Cal., but in 1890 returned east. Her parents were Fred and Rosina (Corber) Hessemann, both of whom are now deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Buehholz are members of the German Methodist Church, of which he has been Steward for many years. He has been a lifelong Republican. The following children have been born to Wil- liam F. Buehholz and wifer Frederick Arthur, Walter Edward, Esther Rosina, Alma Viola, Edna and William Paul. BUCKMASTER, Frank, M. D.— In nothing has medie.il siicTiii' nuide such tremendous strides as in its treatment of tuberculosis. Until within the past decade this once most dreaded of all diseases was regarded as absolutely incurable and tran.smittable from one generation to an- other. Innumerable homes have been rendered desolate because of its ravages ; many young hearts have been kept asunder because of fear of its terrors. Now. however, the great White Plague can be prevented by the patient as well as the physician, and the fact that it is not an inherited disease has been clearly demonstrated beyond possibility of doubt. So interesting Is the study of this disease, which presents itself in innumerable forms, that many physicians are specializing with regard to it, and among these eminent men of science, who have attained a dis- tinction in this line, is Dr. Frank Buekmaster, of Effingham, 111. Dr. Buekmaster was born May 14, 1876. near Ramsey, Fayette County, 111., son of Frederick B. and Ellen (Alley) Buekmaster, natives of North Carolina, who were among the pioneers of the southern part of Illinois. The father died in April. 1877, and the mother survived until March. 1900. Dr. Buekmaster was the only child of his parents, and was deprived of his father when but one .vear old. His early educa- tion was secured in the district schools' and at 728 effingha:m county the age of seventeen be began teaching, wbieh he continued until 1895, when he tooli his carefully hoarded earnings and entered a medical col- lege in St. Louis. Next he took a three-year course in the Barnes Jledical College, where he won two gold medals, the first being the medal on anatomy and the second for highest general average in the senior class of 1899, which was composed or 275 members. During the last year he was first assistant to the chair of anatomy. After finishing his medical course. Dr. Buck- master went to Beeeher City, where he formed a partnership with Dr. J. F. Guthrie, and re- mained until January 12, 19Ir. Cohea was so pleased with the country that he settled there. He met with a serious accident, being bitten by a snake, but while be was being nursed back to health by Miss Rodisa Renfrow, he fell in love with her and they were married. In 1820, the.y went to Clay Count.v, 111., where they made their home until 1827, when they came to Etflngham County, settling on Green Creek, on land now owned by Anton F. Jansen. lie there built a little log 730 EFFINGHAM COUNTY cabin, but later, as the site was too much ex- posed to the wind, he built another cabin across the creek under the shelter of the hill. He was the first settler in this part of the county. Realizing the need of a mill, he built one oper- ated b.v hand, and farmers came from the sur- rounding country to get their corn ground. Mr. Cohea began building a water mill on the Little Wabash, but having been taken ill, the idea was abandoned, tliough later taken up by a Mr. Ram- sey in 1831 or '32. Richard Cohea was a natural mechanic, and could make almost anything in the way of house furnishings. Not only did he supply his family with furniture, buckets, barrels and like articles, but his neighbors as well, and his son James, who inherited his talent, continued the work. Richard Cohea was a noble, high-minded man, and when he died March 17, 1852, the whole county mourned his passing away. He was a man who had a deep sympathy with the under dog, and did not hesitate to express his opinions about matters. No one ever called uijon him for help in vain. He fed thousands in his day, for which he never took a cent. Both he and his ex- cellent wife were members of the Methodist Church, and they carried their faith into their everyday life. In the early days, meetings were held in their house. Mrs. Cohea survived him until 1S!>2. when she died. James Cohea. son of these honored pioneers, was one of the six children born to his parents, one of whom survives. He spent his life on the farm. He and his wife had six children : John R. : Adrian H.. gate keeper for (he Illinois Cen- tral Railroad at Effingham ; Marj- E., wife of J. H. Maston of Allensville, 111. ; Verstia. wife of J. P. Baker, moved to Reese. Kan., where both died : while two other children died of chol- era in 1855. James Cohea died November 15, 1890. his widow sun-iving him until 1893. He w-as a Democrat politically. John R. Cohea is a native son of Douglas Towniship, and with the exception of thirteen months spent in northern >Iissouri, this has been his home. There were but few educational advantages at that time, but Mrs. Cohea gave her son what instruction she could. When a Mr. Renfrow. a writing and singing master, came into the neighborhood, John attended his school. The teacher boarded with James Cohea. and took a great deal of interest in John, and taught him all be could. Many have been the changes Mr. Cohea has witnessed. When a lad, venison ■was an every day meat. Whenever more was needed, he or another member of the household would pick out the best deer in the herds which were within easy reach, and shoot it with the old flint lock rifle. There were all other kinds of wild game in great profusion. On January 27, ISfil, Mr. Cohea married Mary Ellen Gamble, Ixjrn in Douglas Township. July 29. 1,843, a daughter of .John G. Gamble, at one time Sheriff of Effingham County, and one of the very prominent men of this locality. He was a native of Licking County, Ohio, but is now de- ceased, his wife also being dead. After mar- riage, Mr. and Mrs. Cohea settled on Section 29, in Douglas Township. He there built a log cabin, which was much better than many of their neight)ors possessed, for he was an exi)ert in building, and he put in a fine stick and clay chimney. In this little home four of the eight children were born : Sarah E., wife of S. E. Daniel, a farmer near Newton, III.; J.ames A., died in infancy ; Arminta C, wife of Charles Bushul, a farmer of Union Township ; Didama Ann, wife of E. F. Carr, a farmer and dairy- man near Effingham ; Samuel G.. who lives in one of the western States ; Frank R., a farmer of Douglas Township ; John H., at home ; Mary Alic-e, wife of A. W. Huntzburger, a contractor and builder and a resident of Decatur, 111. Mr. Cohea is a "Dry Democrat," and has filled the office of Township Constable, and twice has been Supervisor. He has very ably represented his c-onstituents, and has always been one of the leading men of the northern part of the county. For many years he and his wife have been mem- bers of the Christian Church in which for eleven years he has been deacon. Some years ago Mr. Cohea had a very favor- able offer for his property, so he sold it and for eleven years has operated 160 acres of the Scher- man land. He has been very successful in all his undertakings, and has gained the full con- fidence of his neighbors. Many times he is called upon to settle a dispute, and his advice is followed without question. Many a lawsuit has been prevented by him, for he seems to know the right and wrong of a question, and how to convince his neighbors as to what they ought to do. Such a man is very valuable in a commu- nity, and his neighbors fully appreciate his serv- ice and give him their confidence. Always a hard worker and a man of exceptional energy, Mr. Cohea has not only been able to attend to his o«ni afl'airs with success, but has given freely of his time and money to public matters. COULTER, 0. E., D. V. M.— The veterinary doctor and surgeon of to-day recognizes the ben- efit of science as applied to his profession, and it is a noteworthy fact tbat, within the last de- cade, the course in this line is as strict as that of a regular doctor of medicine, while the scope of practice being wider, many of the young meu of to-day are taking up the veterinary line In preference. O. E. Coulter, a successful young veterinary surgeon of Altamont. 111., was born in Crawford County, 111., in October, 1884, the youngest child of Henry and Kate (Hill) Coul- ter, retired farming people of Crawford County. O. E. Coulter's early educational advantages were secured in the public schools of his native place, and later deciding upon bis profession, he entered the Indiana Veterinarj- (I'ollege, from which he was graduated with the class of 1909. He has had five years' experience in this line of work, however, and although he has been a resi- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 731 dent of this district but a short time, in fact from the sprhig of 1909. he has built up a large and lucrative practice, he being the only college veterinary graduate within twenty miles of Al- tamont. He uses the latest scientific methods, and keeps abreast of the latest inventions and discoveries in his profession by subscription to various veterinary journals, and his success has won for him the confidence of the community. On December 2.5, ]907, Dr. Coulter was united in marriage with Mar.v Jane Shoemaker, who was born in Crawford County, 111. Dr. Coulter is a member of the Indiana Alumni Association, and one of the progressive young professional men of his section. The standard of his science Is being constantly raised through the efforts of just such men as Dr. Coulter, and his profession is recognized as one of the most important. The Government recognizes this fact, and has many skilled veterinary surgeons constantly in its employ, to care for the health of the valuable stock belonging to it, as well as to pass upon that which is to be slaughtered. COX, Dr. William H., veterinary physician and surgeon of Mason. EfHngham County. III., dem- onstrates in his daily work the importance of his profession. The lives of valuable, registered stock often depend upon the skill of the man who is called to attend them, and such advances have been made in this branch of medical science, that the course the veterinary physician and surgeon takes is quite as exacting as that in many other professional fields. Dr. Cox was bom at Oska- loosa. Clay County, 111.. November 3. 1856, a son of Hardin and Belinda (Rakistraw) Cox, na- tives of North Carolina and Indiana respectively. Both went to Clay County. 111., at a very early day. before there were any I'ailroads through southern Illinois. They had to go to Vandalia for all deeds and land transfers. St. Louis was then the market for stock, and the source of supplies. The present generation has no con- ception of the hardships and privations of those noble old pioneei^s who went ahead preparing the way for the present advanced civilization. Hardin Cox became a merchant and stock- dealer in Clay County, and did a large business, buying all farm produce. Once he bought 1.000 head of geese, which he drove to St. Louis. In his time he was one of the most extensive mer- chants and stockmen of his part of the State, and he operated over a wide territor.v. He re- mained at Oskaloosa until his death, which oc- curred about 1.856. his widow surviving until 1S59. Those times were hard upon both the men and the women, and they aged early. It was not an uncommon thing for men to die soon after they had passed the half centui-y line, and many died long before that, exhausted by their priva- tions. The women died even earlier, for the bearing of large families, without even the com- mon necessities of life, combined with their hard work, was too much for them. Mr. and Mrs. Hardin Cox had seven children, but all of those now living are Dr. Cox, and his sister Prudy, wife of J. E. Willis, of Toloma, 111., a retired farmer, and one of the influential men of that town. Dr. Cox was only three years old when he lost his mother. He was taken in charge by a Mr. and Mrs. Love, and remained ^vith them until he was seven, when he was taken by his uncle, T. J. Cox, who had returned home after a three- years' servic-e in the Civil War. The family spent a year in Kansas, but in 1866 the uncle moved to Springfield, Mo., where the lad was given the advantage of attending the city schools. At the age of seventeen he began the study of his choseu profession at Little York, Mo., with Dr. Phelps, for three years studied with that distinguished veterinary physician and surgeon, and, when only nineteen, began prac- ticing with his tutor. A year later. Dr. Phelps having died, Dr. Ctox succeeded to his large practice. In 1878 he decided to return to his native State, so he located in Macoupin County and began practicing there, where he continued until 1880. In the latter year he came to Effing- ham Countj-, first locating on a farm of 120 acres in Union Township. This was only partly im- proved, and he began to clear it off, and since then he has greatly extended its improvements. At the same time he continued his practice, which steadily increased so that in 1900. he rented his farm, bought property in the south- eastern part of the village of Mason, and now devotes, all his attention to his profession. He has always kept up with the discoveries in his profession, and took a post-graduate course at Taylor Springs. He takes all the leading vet- erinary journals, and no man in his profession is better posted than he. For man.v years he has been a member of the Southern Illinois Vet- erinary Association, which meets twice each year and discusses the treatment of different di.seases. Some of the most prominent men of the profession lecture at these meetings. Dr. Cox makes it a point to attend all these meet- ings and his patrons benefit by his care in these matters. He has a large laboratory, and com- pounds his own medicines. As he thoroughly understands his business, he has an extensive practice throughout Southern Illinois, for it ex- tends over Jasper, Clay, Fayette, Jefferson and Effingham counties, and he is often called into consultation with others of his profession. Dr. Cox was married in 1877 to Mary O. Kin- caid. who was bom in Macoupin County. 111., the daughter of A. J. Kincaid. one of the prominent citizens of that part of the State. Dr. and Mrs. Cox have had children as follows : Juletta, born June 29. 188.3, wife of S. J. Marquis, a merchant of Edgewood. 111. : Claudius H.. born April 16, 1888. a brakeman on the Illinois Central Rail- road, and Otto W., born October 29, 1892. The eldest. Nellie P., born November 3, 1878, died De- cember 6, 1908. She had married Oscar Boone, a farmer in Union Township, and they had two children. Ruby and George. As the children grew 732 EFFINGHAM COUNTY up, Dr. Cox educated them carefully. The youngest, Otto, is a musical genius, and has been given special advantages to pursue his studies. He has won several gold medals in oratorical contests, and is the pride of Mason, its citizens looking for something remarkable from this gift- ed young man. Dr. Cox was left an orphan at a tender age, and has had to make his own way in the world. That he has succeeded in a remarkable manner, his present status shows. He has friends all over the State, and his personality is so pleasing that he gains new ones wherever he goes. A strong Democrat, he is ever ready to work for his party, and has been honored upon many oc- casions by election to various offices, the duties of whichhe has discharged in the same pains- taking manner he does everything he attempts. CRAMER, Michael. — The business interests of Efflngliam, 111., are heavy and varied, offering op- ]X)rtunities for development and advancement, as the city is the natural center of a rich farming community that looks to this iwint as a source of supplies, as well as a market for farm prod- ucts. It Is. therefore, ixrfectly logical that those engaged in business there have succeeded, and one of the sound, practical men of Effingham Is Michael Cramer, jeweler, optician, dealer in real estate and maker of loans. He was born In Ef- fingham, October 3. 1872, a son of Chris and Susan (Schannel) Cramer, both natives of Ger- many, who came to America with their parents. They were married in Effingham County. Chris Cramer was a stone mason, and after the great fire in Chicago he located in that city, in the latter part of 1872, was stricken with smalliwx and died there in June, 187.3, leaving two small sons, Michael, subject of this sketch, and Charles, who died at the age of five years. Michael Cramer was educated in the School of St. Anthony (German Catholic) of Effingham. Meanwhile, his mother had married Charles Schmidt, who was her third husband, she having been the widow of Henrj- May when she married Mr. Cramer. By her first marriage she had two sons. Joseph and Frank, the former of whom was killed by lightning May 17, 1908. near Benton, K.v. Frank is now a resident of Effingham. Charles Schmidt, step-father of Michael Cra- mer, was a son of Henry Schmidt, a jeweler, who came to America, and his son was also a jeweler. Therefore, Michael Cramer at the age of twelve began learning the same trade and remained in the Schmidt store from 1.88i to 1880, when he went on the road for three years, traveling over several States. In December. 1892. he returned home and embarked in a branch store at Alta- mont for his step-father. In 180!>, he was in charge of a jeweln- store at Dodge City, Kan., but returned to Illinois, locating at Decatur, and there conducted a repair shop. For alwut ten years he has been conducting his present liusi- ness, having bought out Mr. Schmidt. Since then he added to his stock, and now has the largest and finest in Effingham County. By his careful attention to and thorough knowledge of his busi- ness, and his c'omprehension of the needs of his patrons, he has built up a splendid trade, and is the most reliable man in his line in this part of the State. In 1902 he began dealing in real estate and is now doing a good real estate and loan business. Mr. Cramer had the misfortune to lose his mother JIarch 7, 1909. but her husband (Mr. Schmidt) .survives, having attained the ripe old age of ninety-four, being born in 1815. The grandmother Schannel lived to be uinety-six, and then her death was caused by a fall. Mrs. Schmidt was seventy at the time of her demise, so Mr. Cramer comes of a long-lived stock. Mr. Cramer was married in Effingham, Decem- ber 10, 1893, to Amelia Koch, daughter of Dr. Dledrlch Claus Anton Koch, who was one of the pioneer physicians of this part of the State. He and his wife had ten children. Mr. and Mrs. Cramer have had five children : Viola Myrtle, bom September 26, 1894 ; ilichael. Jr., born Oc- tober 12, 1895; Arthur Schaefer. born July 20, 1899 ; one who died in infancy and Noble, born March 22, 1903. Jlrs. Cramer is a member of the German Lutheran Church. Fraternally Mr. Cramer is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America and Modern Americans. He has always been ready to do his full part in the upbuilding of the community, and wins many friends, which he has no difficulty in keeping. Mr. Cramer is a graduate of the Charles Mc- Corraiek College of Chicago, and has novi- had fourteen years experience, having graduated Oc- tober 14, 1895. Mrs. Cramer is a first cousin of the world- famous Dr. Cook, who came through Effingham in October, 1909, and Jlr. and Mrs. Cramer ac- companied him on his trip to St. Louis. CRAVER, Alexander (deceased). — In the death of Alexander Craver Effingham County, 111,, lost one of Its most public-spirited citizens, a man whose life was an exemplary one and who had won the esteem and regard of all who knew him by his honest and upright character. Mr. Craver was horn in North Carolina March 27, 1814, a son of John and Mary (or Polly) (Ladd) Craver. John Craver and his wife moved to Indiana and remained there until 1851. when they located in Mason Township, Effingham County, where they spent their remaining days. Mr. Craver was a successful farmer and became prominent in the community. Alexander Craver spent his boyhood in North Carolina and there received his education. He came with his parents to Illinois and settled with them in JIason Township. While living in In- diana he became a coojier and wagon-maker, but after coming to Illinois he engaged in farming nnd followed this occupation the rest of his life. He became one of the leading Democrats of the county and was several times elected Supervisor from Mason Township. He and his family were ^^^^^'h^T^7^''7!». when the family moved to Effingham, he entered the schools there, and received a lil)eral education. At the age of sixteen. John H. C\irry engaged to work in a woolen mill in Etliugham. and con- tinued with this concern three years. After this he engaged in several lines of business, both at Effingham and Paxton, and at the latter place began work as clerk of the Occidental Hotel. A year later he went to Charleston. 111., and once more entered a woolen mill, as carder. Later he had charge of the carding department at Wapello, Iowa, but returned to Effingham, where he began handling musical instruments, carrj'ing a full line of pianos, organs and other instruments. This business occupied him for seven years. In 1880. Mr. Cnriy married Ida Abraham, daughter of AVilliam M. Abraham, and imme- diately thereafter went to Watson, where he formed a partnership with Mr. Abraham, under the firm name of Abraham & Curry, general merchants, and for six years the two conducted a flourishing business, controlling an immense trade. In 1887 he once more returned to Effing- ham, and took charge of a general stock. Later he sold his interests in Watson and opened up a large mercantile business in Effingham, with sev- eral brancli stores. However, in 1894, he sold his main store and one of its branches, and formed a stock company, known as the Effingham Ice & Cold Storage Company, and was its manager for two years. About this time he resigned, and bought the Pacific Hotel, the largest in this part of the State. The ice and cold storage plant is an inuiiense one. having a capacity of ten tons of ice and fiOO gallons of ice cream, which was shipped to the surrounding cities within a radius of seventy-miles. The ic-e is as clear as crystal and perfectly pure. While the Pacific Hotel was well known when Mr. Curry bought it, under his able management it has grown in favor until it is the most largely patronized hostelry in Southern Illinois. With its annex accommodation is afforded sixty-three g\iests ; the rooms are large, well ventilated, and kept in perfect condition. Tlie dining rooms, parlors, and other public rooms are elegantly ap- pointed, and nothing is left undone to minister to the comfort and well being of those who make it their temporarj- home. Tne cuisine is excellent and the cooking of a quality not usually found outside a private home. Mr. Curry is a strong and faithful Republican, and well versed in national and local issues. He is genial, pleasant, and entertaining; his friends number legion, and are to be found in all parts of the country. Mr. and Mrs. Curry have had four children : Vera, Donald, Mildred and Wayne. DAMRON, Elbert L., M. D.— Many of the physi- cians and surgeons of today are devoting their energies to certain special lines, believing that in this way they accomplish much more good than if they spread their efforts over a wider field. Especially have they effected much in the direction of the improvement of hospitals, bring- ing these institutions to a marvelous state of i)er- fec'tion. Among the members of the medical pro- fession who have made names for themselves, may be appropriately mentioned that of Elbert L. Damron, of EHingham, one of the most efficient pliysicians and surgeons of Effingham County, if not of his part of the State. Dr. Danu-on was born in Progress. Union County, 111., November 22, 1878, a son of Jasper W. and Xancy J. Damron, natives of Union County, 111., and Tennessee, respectively. The father was a stock dealer and the family was early located in Union County. After passing through the State Normal University at Car- bondale. 111.. Dr. Damron entered the St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he was graduated in 1907, and he entered upon active practice in Effingham, where he is now verj^ favorably known. During the Spanish-American War Dr. Dam- ron served in Company C, Fourth Illinois Vol- unteer Infantry, with distinguished bravery. He is a member of the Modern Woodmen, Elks, ila- sonie fraternity, Modem Americans and the Yeo- men, also the American, State and County Medi- cal As,sociations. His religious belief makes him a member of the Christian church and he is highly valued in that congregation. He is a Re- publican but has not sought public preferment, although his energetic efforts in the direction of civic reform have brought him before the people of Effingham very prominently. Dr. Damon regards his surgical work in con- nection with St. Anthony's Ho.spital as the best he has accomjilished, and certainly to his untir- ing efforts is largely due the present standing of this institution, which is recognized as one of the best ho.spitals in the State. A close student, a careful observer, full of energy and ix)ssessed of executive ability. Dr. Damron is one of the leaders not only in his pro- fession, but also in the city where he resides. DANKS, George I.— Effingham County is for- tunate in that it numbers among its most pro- gressive and energetic men those who are yet in the very prime of vigorous manhood, for from them much can be exi)ected. George I. Danks, merchant, attorney and manager of the large Gillmore estate, is one of those young business EFFINGHAM COUNTY 737 and professional men who have made the county what it is today. He was born in West Town- ship, Etfingham County, 111., March IS, 1878, a son of Josoiih and Addie (Coley) Danks. Joseph IJanks was torn in New Jersey, but came to Effingham County, 111., when a boy. and secured employment in JIasou Township by the month. He was frugal, saved his money, and bought land in West Township, where he Is still living. Eventually, he made a fine farm of 250 acres, which is well stock and is one of the best in his localitj-. For three terms, he has been elected Supervisor, on the Democratic ticket, and he has acted as Chairman one term, alwa.vs giving his constituents the best service that lies in his power. He is a Mason, and a Modern Woodman, and in religious faith is an Episc-o- palian. He and his wife had thirteen children, and all survive, no deaths having occurred in the family. They are : William C. an attorney of Denver ; George I. ; Anna, wife of Henry Laugerhausen, a farmer of Liberty Township ; Joseph R. and Charles R.. at home ; Ada, wife of William E. Bell, a farmer of Logan County ; Sadie, wife of Joseph Lieb, a farmer of West Township ; Ruth, Eva, Ethel, Samuel. James and Mark, at home. All have been well educated, George I. Danks was reared to farm life in West Township, attending the district school and a private school at Edgewood. In 1895 he entered Austin College, of Effingham, where he took a teacher's course, and began teaching in 1807. in Mason Township. During 189S and 1899 he taught in the county .schools, and during 1900 taught in Edgewood. Meanwhile he had been studying law, and in lOOC* he entered the law department of Huntingdon (Tenn, ) University, from which he was graduated in 1901. and he located at Great Falls, Mont., where he built up a large practice, and for two years served as As- sistant District Attorney. On August 21, 1907, he returned to Edgewood and married Maude Gillmore, daughter of Hon. William Gillmore. one of the most honored of Effingham's pioneers, who was prominent in the affairs of the county and State. Mrs. Danks was born in Edgewood, August 10, 1885, After mariage Mr. Danks re- turned to his home at Great Falls, closed out his practice, and on account of the feeble health of Mr, Gillmore, the.v returned to Edgewood, where Mr, Danks took charge of the former's mercantile business and various other interests. Owing to the magnitude of the Gillmore estate, Mr. Danks has been able to resume his law prac- tice only incidentall.v. Politically he is a Democrat. Fraternally is a Mason, belonging to Lodge No. 484. of Edgewood, and the O. E. S. Chapter, of Mason, and is also a member of the Modern Woodmen of America. DANKS, Joseph, a prominent citizen, Justice of the Peace and leading farmer of West Township, belongs to the old Danks family of New Jersey, which was founded in that State by Samuel Danks. a native of England who emigrated to this country, locating in New Jersey, One of his de- scendants, William Danks, the father of Joseph, born in England, settled four miles from Pater- son, N. J,, and was a farmer all his life. After coming to America he married Rhoda Izon, who was of English descent, and after rearing a fam- ily of children, both died in New Jersey. Their children were: Sarah, Mr.s, James Billings, of New Jersey; Samuel, deceajsed; Elizabeth, Mrs. JIatthews, deceased ; William ; Joseph ; Charles, of New Jersey, and Anna. Joseph Danks was brought up on the home- stead, where he was born, April 14, 1854, and there he receivetl his common school education and helped his father. When sixteen years old he and his brother Samuel went west and found employment at Edgewood, Effingham County, Mr. Danks was employed by William Coley on the farm which he now own.s. at fifteen dollars I)er month. Later Mr. Coley became his father- in-law. For fourteen years Mr. Danks worked for various farmers in this neighl>orhood, and so expert did he become that during the last two years he received twenty dollars per month. Be- ing a thrifty man he saved his money, invested it carefully and it was not long before he had considerable accumulated. On December 20, 1874, occurred the marriage of Mr, Danks and Addie Coley, the ceremony being i)erformed by the Rev, William Campbell, a Methodist clergyman, in the old log house then the Coley family home. This old residence is still preserved by Mr. and Mrs. Danks. Mrs. Danks was lK)rn January 25, 18.'i4, in Elgin, Kane County, 111., a daughter of William and Rebecca (Dew- ell) Coley. Mr, and Mrs. Coley were natives of England who lived in Utiea, N. T,, for seven years after coming to the United States, then moving to Elgin, 111,, which remained their home until they located in West Township, Effingham County, when Mrs. Danks was six years old. Wlien Mr. and Mrs. Danks were married, Mr. Cqley gave Mrs, Danks the farm which is now the Danks home, consisting of 100 acres, being the northeast quarter of Section 28. In addition to this Mr, Danks owns ninety acres in LaClede Township, Fayette County, which he operates In conjunction with his home farm. Mr. Danks has been very active in politics for mau.v j'ears as a stanch Democrat, and has held various offices, in- cluding those of School Director, Township Su- pervisor, Road Commissioner and Township Assessor. For two years he was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and for two years was Chairman of the Board of Review. In former .vears he was a director of the Gilmore Telephone Com]5any, and has been interested in the work of the Farmers' Institute for a long period, serving as its President for several years. He has given his party .veoman service, acting as Township Central Committeeman for man.v years, and has never been found lacking In any of the essen- tials that go to make the good citizen, Mr, and Mrs, Danks are the parents of thir- teen children: William C. ; George I., born 738 EFFINGHAM COUNTY March 18, 1878, educated in the public schools and Austin College, taught several years, then studied law in the University of Tennessee, and after graduation practiced law for seven years at Great Falls, Mont., but returning to Effing- ham County, be and his wife (formerly Maud Gilmore) now reside at Edgewood — they have no Issue ; Annie B., born September 1, ISSO, was educated in the public schools and Austin Col- lege, taught school prior to her marriage to Henry Laugerhausen, now resides at Shumway, where she is still teaching — no issue; Joseph R., born December 14. 1883, educated in the public schools, is at home and serving as Clerk of West Township ; Ada Frances, born December 10, 1885, educated in the public schools and Austin College, taught school in Effingham County for several years prior to her marriage to W. R. Bell, of Logan Couuty, 111., and they have one child — Eva G. : Sarah J., born March 2, 1888, married Joseph Lieb of West Township, they have one child — Ruth Marie; Charles Robert, born Jan- uary 27, 1890, attending public school; Emma Ruth, born July 7, 1892, holds a teacher's certifi- cate; Mary Eva, born December 10, 1894, at- tending school ; Ethel May, born January 6, 1897 ; Samuel John and James Henry, twins, born January 6 and January 8, 1900; and Mark Jay, born April 28, 1902. Wiliam C, the eldest, was born December 16, 1875, and attended the pub- lie schools and Austin College, and the Lincoln College. He then studied law at Dixon, 111., where he was admitted to the bar. His first law practice occurred at Great Falls, Mont., but after a few years he returned to Illinois and located in Cornland, Logan County, 111., where he practiced law and looked after his landed in- terests until about 1905, when he went to Denver, Colo., which is his present home. lie is remem- bered as oue of the popular teachers of Effing- ham County, where he taught in young man- hood. 'When the Spanish-American War broke out, he enlisted in Company K, First Illinois Cavalry, under Captain John Oglesby, at present Lieutenant-Governor of Illinois, remaining with his regiment until the close of the war, when he was mustered out at Fort Sheridan. He mar- ried Tillie E. Lanham, of Logan County, 111., and they have two children, Edna Montana and Wiila E. DANTE, Harris. — The power of the press has never been more clearly demonstrated than it is today, when the newspapers of the country prac- tically control public opinion. The editors of these organs shoulder a great responsibility, when they assume charge of a sheet destined to go into the homes of thousands, and especially is this true of the newspapers that circulate in the rural communities. The "Effingham Republican," of which Harris Dante is editor, is the only Re- publican paper published in Effingham County. Mr. Dante is President of the Southern Illinois Editorial Association and a young man of con- siderable newspaper experience. Mr. Dante was born in Menard County, 111., the son of J. Frank and Anna (Curry) Dante, and grandson of Rev. H. P. Curry, of Petersburg, the oldest Baptist preacher in Illinois, and a na- tive of Kentucky who became one of the sturdy pioneer settlers of Central Illinois. Five sons and two daughters were born to J. Frank Dante and his wife, of whom Harris Dante was the third child in order of birth. Harris Dante is a self-made young man, having worked his way through Athens (III.) High School, from which he graduated at the age of seventeen years, and then began teaching. After following this pro- fession several terms, he attended Lincoln Col- lege one term and read law one year. However, his legal studies being interrupted through force of circumstances, he entered the newsjjaper field, and during his first efforts In this direction, did considerable work for Springfield, St. Louis and Chicago papers. For three years he was asso- ciated with Litchfield papers, and was for more than two .years managing editor of a Centralia paper, taking charge of the Effingham County Printing Company (publishers of the Republi- can) in Januarj', 1908. He is manager and ed- itor of the paper, having a three-fourths interest, with an option on the remainder, so that in a short time he will be sole owner. The company is incorporated on a capital of $5,000, and lead- ing Republicans throughout the county hold stock in the enterprise. Under its present man- agement the paper is recognized as one of the leading papers of its part of the State. September 17, 1907, Jlrs. Dante was married at Centralia. 111., to Jliss Myrtle Loy, second daughter of Rev. and Mrs. Frank William Loy. Dr. Loy is one of the foremost .Methodist preach- ers and lecturers of Southern Illinois, and mem- ber of a prominent family in that part of the State. Mrs. Dante is well educated, being a graduate of McKendree College. She is largely interested in her husband's work and is very helpful in his chosen field. Mr. Dante is a mem- ber of the Modern Woodmen of America and the Knights of Pythias, is prominently identified with the Y. M. C. A. organization of Illinois, and is frequently called njwn to participate in public meetings of the Association. DAVIS, Foster J. — To the man of industry and enterprise a life of retirement, after many years si)ent in hard and faithful toil, seems repellant, and not until he feels absolutely convinced that he has done his share in developing his commun- ity, will the average Illinois farmer relinquish his hold upon active operations. Then, when he finally does settle down in his home in the city, he is bound to prove a valuable asset in what- ever comnmnity he makes his home and is inva- riably a welcome addition. Foster J. Davis, an honored resident of Lucas Township, Effingham County, a veteran of the Civil War, is now living retired after a long period spent in agricultural pursuits In Effingham County. He was born in ,0^. \/xx3tvj-^-- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 739 Madison County, 111., October 12, 1S46. a son of William C. and Ruth (Holloway) Davis. William C. Davis was a native of Bracken County, Ivy., came to Madison County. 111., with his father, Foster Davis, and was there married, in 1!W4. to Ruth Holloway. Mr. Davis went to Effingham County in 1848, and there he and his wife resided until their deaths. They had a family of nine children, of whom four are still living : Andrew J., a retired merchant of Eberle ; Thomas W., a farmer in Lucas Township ; Lewis R., of Stonington, 111. ; and Foster J. Those de- ceased are : W. H., who died in Eberle ; John W., at Elliottstown ; James R., in Bishop Town- ship ; Curtis M., in Lucas Township : and Amanda A., who was the wife of Hiram Evans, of Lucas Township. All of these children had families with the exception of James and Curtis. Foster J. Davis went to Bond County, 111., in 1819. and there remained until 1851, when the family moved to Lucas Township, Effingham County, settling on Section IS when the country was wild and game plentiful. Deer were so numerous that the family's first crop of wheat was destroyed by them, and Mr. Davis well remembers having to run out into the field to chase them away. His father planted the first crop of wheat in his part of the county. He was one of the progressive men of the day and, in addition to raising good crops, would each year drive to St. Louis with a load of dressed deer and wild turkeys, which he would erehange for sugar, coffee and other necessities, making the trip overland with teams, which consumed about six days. In these primitive days the younger children often had .voung deer for pets. The wolves were then so bold that they were a con- stant menace ; hogs were driven all the way to Chicago to market, and matches were an un- known quantity, the settlers often having to go to a neighbor's house to get coals with which to start fire. Mr. Davis has been the witness of wonderfiil changes: the haunts of the deer and wolf have disappeared ; in place of the flint and steel there is now the match with gas and elec- tricity, and the old hand-plow has been sup- planted by machine cultivator and the sickle and cradle b.v the reaper and selfbinder. ^ATiere once stood little log-cabins with puncheon or earthern floors, handsome churches and school- buildings rear their statel.v spires, and the old days of hard, unremitting toil and little gain have become the modern days of prosperity and plenty. William C. Davis passed to his reward April 6, 1881. his wife having died in October, 1872. He was first a Wbi^ and later a Republi- can in politics, and he and his wife were lifelong nieniliers of the Xew Light Church. When he was but seventeen years of age. Pos- ter J. Davis enlisted in ^ompany D. Fifty-fourth Regiment. Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for three years, and from February. 1863, until the close of the war, was with his regiment on all its hard and trying marches, heavy engagements, foraging exiieditions and skirmishes, ever bearing his hardships and privations with the utmost brav- ery. August 24, 1864. he was at Brownsville, Ark., when eight companies of the regiment were captured and there paroled, at which time the; l>oys walked to St. Louis, and after six months in captivitj- were exchanged. After having been exchanged for the prisoners then confined at Camp Douglas, Chicago, the regiment was reor- ganized at Little Rock, Ark., and from there went to Fort Smith, whence they were sent to suppress the Indian uprising in the West. Returning to tlie fort, they there received honorahle discharge in October, 186.5. At Brownsville, Ark., Mr. Davis lost an eye from fever and esiwsure while a prisoner. After his discharge he returned home and engaged in farming. In the spring of 1866, Mr. Davis married Ade- line Russell, a native of Ohio, and they went to live on a farm in Union Township, which he rented for seventeen years from W. M. Abraham. Two children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Davis: Ida. wife of Hannibal H. Strand, a farmer of Elliottstown, and Charles, who married Minnie Richenson, and they had two children, after which both he and his wife died. Mrs. Davis died in October. 1869. and in Februaiy, 1871, Mr. Davis married (second) Lavina Gillmore, by whom he had five children: William H., married Ethel Rockwell and they had six children — Lester, Ar- dith. Glen, Lottie, Beulah and Enflr— and live on a farm in Lucas Township ; Hiram R., a farmer of Jackson Township, married (first) Emma Agnew. by whom he had one child, Orville, and (second) Elizabeth Ernie, nee Park, by whom he has one child, Otis; Sarah, wife of George Croft, a farmer in Watson Township, has had six children— Josie, Orvie, Ethel, Amy, Leonard and Ruby, of whom Orvie is deceased ; Leora, wife of John Calhoun, a farmer of Watson Town- ship : and Tony B., a farmer of Union Township, married Nettie Amey, and they have two children — Agnes and Forest. The mother of the.se chil- dren died in May, 1884. Mr. Davis married (third) Mrs. Emma Goss- man, who was born in Pendleton County, Ky., and came with her parents to Effingham County. She was first married to John Poe, by whom she had one child— Sylvester E. Mr. Poe died in 1876 and his widow married (second) Benjamin Gossman, by whom she had four children — two who died in infancy, Henry B. and Albert R. Mr. CJossman died in 188.3 and June .3, 1886. she was married to Mr. Davis. To this union have been born children as follows; Curtis F., born June 26, 1888; Joyce Alice, born September 15, 1890, wife of John W. Dobbins, whom she married March 20, 1908, and they have one child, Curtis, born July 10, 1909; and Naomi F., born June 29, 1900. Mr. Davis has been a resident of Effingham County since 18.51 and, until 1899, he made his home in Union Township, since then having re- sided in Lucas Town.ship and being retired from active life. He was for a long period one of the successful farmers of his community and was r4o EFFINGHAM COUNTY also prominently identified with the Repnblican part}-. Although Union Township was strongly Democratic. Jlr. Davis was elected on the Re- publican ticket to every township office in the gift of his tellow-citizens. and while a member of the School Board did mucli to further the cause of education by erecting new buildings, installing innovations and ever being ready to hire the best instructors. He has served as Assessor of Lucas Township and for thirty-five years has been a •Tnstice of the Peace. Fraternally he is connected with the Masonic order, having been for thirty- years a member of Delia Lodge No. 525. at El- iidttstown, filling all the chairs in the lodge, and being now Senior Warden. Ilis sons are all mem- bers of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and his wife belongs to the Order of Rebekah.s, and is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Davis has had a long and useful life and one to which he can look back without shame or regret. His record as a soldier fighting to uphold his counti-j-'s honor was good, and his record as a ]jrivate citizen, striving to maintain the high standard of his community, is no less meritorious. The e.xample set by his actions may well be used as a pattern for the generation now growing up. DENTON, Guy P.— Some of the most eminent attorneys of the country are numbered among those who have fitted themselves for their pro- fession, without ever having had the oppor- tunity to attend a law school. They have proven themselves and their force of character by per- sistent, individual effort. Guy P. Denton, attor- ney at law and member of the law firm of Wriglit Brothers & Denton, was born at Paris. 111.. August 22, 1878. but has made Effingham his home since the age of four years, when he was brought here by his parents. Ileni-j- A. and Kath- erine S. (Partridge) Denton. Henry A. Denton was caiitain of the Twelfth Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry, and sened throughout the war. Guy P. Denton is a graduate of the Effingham High" School, class of 1804. and of the Steno- graphic Department of Austin College, Effingham, class of 189G. and was admitted to the Illinois Bar in February, 1908. When only seventeen he began working in the Vandalia shops as call boy, and remained there about two years when the shops were removed to Terre Haute, Ind. When only twenty -two he had already made himself felt so strongly, that he was elected City Clerk of Effingham on the Democratic ticket, carrying every ward in the city, and served veiy ably one term. On February G. 1905. he was appointed Deputy CTerk of the Circuit Court, and in De- cember, ItiOS, he was re-apix)inted. On February 1, 1910. he resigned his position as Deputy Clerk to engage in the active practice of law, having entered into partnership with the firm of W'right Bros., one of the leading law firms of Effing- ham. On or about the 1st of February, 1910. he was elected Secretary-Treasurer of the Triple Adjustment Company, ineoriwrated, which posi- tion he still holds. On April 17, 1902, Mr. Denton married at Terre Haute, Ind., C. Ethel Glick. Mr. and Mrs. Den- ton are pleasantly located at No. 504 E. Jeffer- son Street. Effingham, where they show gracious hospitality to their many friends. Mr. Denton h.is always been a Democrat, and his influence in his party is felt to such an e.xtent that it is more than probable that he will be called upon to represent it in much higher offices than he has yet occupied ; and, if he does, there is no doubt that he will prove himself Quite as capable then as he always has in the past. DETTERT, Barney, a well known business man of Altamont, 111., where he is representing the Evausville Brewing Company, is one of the self- made men of Effingham County, and has forged his way to a place among the prosperous business men of his community solely through his own efforts. Jlr. Dettert was born on a farm in Douglas Township, .January 23, 1851, a son of Barney and A. (Hoving) Dettert. The parents of Mr. Dettert came from Prussia and settled in Douglas Township, the father first working in a sa\A-null on Salt Creek. Later he purchased a farm of 120 acres, which he oijerated until his death, in 1863. His widow was eighty-four years old at the time of her death, which occurred at the home of her son Barney, in Altamont. There were three children born to Mr. and Mrs. Dettert : Barney ; ICaty, who died in childhood ; and Mary, who married B. H. Hilmer and died in Altamont. Barney Dettert was educated in the common schools of his native locality and was reared on the home farm, on which he remained until thirty years of age. He then six-ut two years in the roundhouse of the Vandalia lines, and in 1884, the year of his marriage, moved to Alta- mont, where for si.x years he was engaged as a bartender. He then bought property, erected a building and engaged in the saloon business, in which he continued for twelve years with vari- ous partners, and at the end of that time engaged in the wholesale liquor business for the ludian- aiiolis Brewing Company. In 1902 he became connected with the Evansville Brewing Com- pany, and has been their agent in the wholesale trade to the present time. Starting in life with little or no resources, Mr. Dettert has made a success of his business, and is one of the best known men in his line in Effingham County. He is a prominent Democrat in iwlitics, and his re- ligious faith is that of the Roman Catholic Church. On Feliruary 17. 1884, Mr. Dettert was united in marriage with Rose Ungrunt, of Effingham, and tliey have one child, Anthony, born in 188G. who was graduate. ISArl. and in his youth at- tended school about three days out of the week during the winter months, when he could be spared from farm work. Wlien only sixteen years old he began doing a man's work, and con- tinued to work for his father until he attained his majority. About this time his father died and he worked for two imcles, Daniel and John Wesley Devore. five years. He then spent a year or two on the home farm, when he was married. November 5, 1S7.5, Mr. Devore married Nancy lyovelace. a native of Ohio, and immediately after their marriage they settled ujwn his present property, then a brush farm, which he has now developed until it is in a remarkably fine condi- tion. He has erected all the buildings himself, and in 1800 started his store, in which he enjoys a good trade. Politically he is a Republican, and his religious affiliations are with the Metho- dl.st Church of Dexter, of which he is treasurer and a trustee. He is liberal in his donations to the cause of the church and is prominent in the congregation. The children born to Mr. Devore and wife are: Orvil, who died young; Je.ssie, married Willard Young, of Effingham ; Roy, lives at Dexter, and married a Miss Kepler; Julia, and Durrell, at home. ilr. Devore enjoys the confidence of a wide circle of friends and is proud of the record his family have made in the history of the county. The father of Mrs. Devore was born iu Mary- land, came to Ohio when fourteen years of age, and in 1864 removed to IllinoLs, where he died, January 25, 1876. Mrs. Ix)velace was bom in Ohio and came to Illinois with her husband. She survived him a few years, passing away April 17. 1881, and both .she and her husband are buried in the cemetery at Altamont. DICKMANN, Henry.— Effijigham County has ita full quota of business men, manufacturers, doc- tors and lawyers, but particularly has it been noted for the high standard set by its agricultur- ists, whose energy and enterprise, during the past decade or two, have made this part of the State one of the garden spots of Illinois. Henry Dick- maun, a prosperous farmer, residing on Section 2, Mound Township, two and one-half miles northeast of Altamont, was born on a farm in Cook County. 111., February 8, 1863, the third .son and fifth of a family of six children of Fred- erick and Catherine (Herwig) Dickmann. Henry Dickmann was about two years old wlien his parents located in Effingham Countj', where the father had purchased 160 acres of laud. Ileni-y Dickmann was sent to the public schools, and some of his teachers were : Mr. Boudry, Joe Ashing, Catherine Yarnell, Hale Johnson. Mr. Clark and Claude Mitchell, the latter now being County Superintendent of Schools. At sixteen years of age. Mr. Dickmann quit school and started in to operate the home farm with his two brothers. When the estate was divided, he received as his share fifty-sis acres. Mr. Dickmann was married, March 15, 1888, to Alice E. Smith, of Kossuth, Iowa, and to this union the following children have been born : George Frederic, born December 27, 1888, re- ceived a public school and Normal School edu- cation, and began teaching, October 6. 1900, at the Oak Ridge School and will enter college this fall; Charles Henry, Iwrn November 28, 1890; Mary Edith, born January 30, 1895 ; and Laura Blanche, born July 4. 1897. Mr. Diekmanu is considered one of the reliable citizens of his conmninity, and is an acknowledged judge in agi'icultural matters. In 1897 his home was destroyed by fire, but it was soon after replaced by his present comfortable residence. Both Mr. Dickmann and wife are members of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church, at Altamont, having been reared in that faith. Mrs. Dickman was born in Kossuth, Iowa, where she lived until her marriage, being for a time a teacher in the public schools. Her father, 742 EFFINGHAM COUNTY James B. Smith, was born near Clarksburg, Ind., and removed to Kossuth with his family after marriage in the year 1S49. He and his wife, who was also a native of Indiana, died in Iowa, Mr. Smith in June. ISOO, and Mrs. Smith in May, 1898. They were parents of children as follows : John T., who died in August. 1907 ; Sarah J., who married Edward Moore, and died in February, 1908 ; Mary E., who was Mrs. John Todd, died in February, lfl09; Laura J., married James Moore and is living in Oklahoma ; David G., died in May, 1900 ; George P., of Nebraska ; Mrs. Dickmaun ; James W.. who died in child- hood ; Michael S., residing in Oklahoma ; and Mattie N., who married Charles Eckey, of Win- field, Iowa. Mrs. Dickmaun is a member of the Royal Neighbors, which is auxiliary of the Modern Woodmen, of which organization Mr. Diekmann is a member, being affiliated with Dia- mond Camp, No. 786. Mr. Diekmann and his family are all very pleasant and sociable, and the stranger who comes to their home is made to feel at home. In politics Mr. Diekmann is a Democrat. Both his sons, George F. and Charles H., are prominent in church work, belonging to the Methodist Church, its Epworth League and T. M. C. T. U.. and both sing in the church choir, the former being a member of the male quar- tette. The daughters also belong to this church. Mr. Diekmann is a member of the Epworth League and of W. C. T. U. DICKMANN, William.— The farmers of Effing- ham County are among the most progressive of the State, for this part of it is especially fertile and adapted to agricultural purposes. One of those who has proven the profit to be had from cultivation of the soil is William Diekmann, of Mound Township. He was born on a farm in Cook County, 111., October 12, 185.3. being a son of Fred Diekmann, who was born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1795, and was a farmer in the Fath- erland. His first marriage occurred in his na- tive land, but he had the misfortune to lose both his wife and their one child, and, in 1838. came to the United States to forget his sorrow among new sTirroundings. From New York he came on to Chicago, and there lived for a number of years, marrying in 1852 Mrs. Catherine Herrick, also a native of Germany. Following his mar- riage, Mr. Diekmann farmed in Cook County un- til 1865, when he moved to Mound Township, Effingham County, and bought 160 acres on Section 2. Here his death occurred in 1869, and he is buried on the farm. In religious faith he was a Methodist, and his political opinions made him a member of the Repub- lican party. His widow survived him until about 1901, when she died and was buried in Union Cemetery. Altamout. The children born to these two were: William; Mary, deceased; Henry, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work ; and John, who resides with William. William Diekmann first attended a private school in Cook County, and was about ten years old when removal was made to Effingham County, where be attended the public schools. He was reared uix)n the home farm, and its heavy duties interfered with his school work to a considerable degree. On December 1, ]SSl>. oci'urred his mar- riage with Elizabeth Buclihols. daughter of Fred Buchhols and Elizabeth .Mahler Buchhols. A year after marriage Mr. Diekmann located on his present farm of 140 acres. In addition to this he owns land in Jackson Township. On his propertj- he built a comfortable house. In 1896, Mr.s. Diekmann died, and in 1902 Mr. Diekmann married Mrs. Annie (McCoy) Majors, widow of Frank Ma.iors. By his first marriage Mr. Dick- maim had four children : Lydia, Mrs. Otto Priess ; Matilda, Mrs. Young : Christina, Mrs. Edward Ooumbs ; and Frederick, at home. Mrs. Diekmann had three children by her former mar- riage: George. Flora and James. Sir. and Mrs. Diekmann have one child, Arvitta. Mr. Diek- mann is a Methodist, while his political affilia- tions are with the Democratic party. Always a hard worker, intelligently applying a training of a lifetime to his calling, Mr. Diek- mann has developed a fine property and has something to show for his efforts. He has also gained and retained the friendship and esteem of his neighbors and business associates. DIEHL, Christian Herman, M. D.— One of the men \\lu.< has achieved success in his chosen walks of life, almost before the flush of youth has faded from his countenance, and has made his name a representative one in his community in the profession of medicine, is Dr. Christian Herman Diehl, who has been established in prac- tice at Montrose since 1908. Dr. Diehl was bom December 9. 1870, at Montrose. Effingham County, 111., son of George and Louisa (Goebel) Diehl. The parents of Dr. Diehl were both born in Germany and came to America with their pa- rents, the mother being reared at Mendota, 111., and the father at Belleville. About 1860, George Diehl came to Effingham County and l)ought some 200 acres of land from the Illinois Central Rail- road, and about the same time the Goebel family also came to this section, and thus the two fami- lies became acquainted. After his marriage, George Diehl .settled on his farm adjoining the village of Montrose, and spent many years of his life converting the wild, marshy land into fertile and productive acres. He now owns 075 acres in Effingham County and has become one of the representative citizens of that locality. His wife survived until March 8, 1906. She was an ad- mirable woman in every way, a most excellent manager and adviser in business matters, a faith- ful wife and devoted mother. Of the family of nine children, four died in infancy and those yet living are as follows; Lizzie, wife of John Ilit- aer, a farmer in Jasper County ; John, a farmer and stockman, residing north of Effingham ; Christian Herman ; Lena, wife of John Miller, of Jasper County ; and George, Jr., residing with his father on the homestead. SUSAN LANDENBERGER EFFINGHAM COUNTY 743 Christian Herman Diehl's boyhood was spent in attendance at school and helping with the farm duties, and when fifteen years old he entered the German Lutheran School at Island Grove, remaining there two years. At seventeen years of age he decided to embark in a mercantile busi- ness and, as a means of preparation, became a clerk In the store of Hyatt Bros., at Montrose, where he worked through the summer of 1806 and then returned home. Later he accepted a position in the Illinois Southern Hospital, under H. G. Van Zant, and continued there until 1897, after which he attended two terms at the State Normal School at Camp Girardeau, Mo., follow- ing this by taking a course in Austin College, at Effingham, where he received the degree of B. 8. The young student then bent all his energies to complete his medical education, taking a course of four years at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in St. Louis, and was creditably grad- uated with the class of 1908. During his vaca- tions he continued to apply himself to his studies and investigations, taking special courses in anatomy and nervous diseases in the medical de- partment of the University of Illinois. Prior to graduation he took an examination in Indian Territory and practiced there during that sum- mer, and following his graduation he had the splendid experience afforded as an interne in the Jefferson Hospital, taking the Mis.souri State medical examination and the rigid one exacted by the Illinois State Board. To his old home town he then came and has proved the falsity of the ancient saying that a prophet has no stand- ing in his own community. He has built up a large and lucrative practice, and has handled some very discouraging cases with complete suc- cess. He has his own laboratory and com- pounds his own medicines. He keeps thoroughly abreast of the times and is identified with medi- cal organizations. Dr. Diehl was married October 6, 1907. to Miss Jennie Deiclimann, who was also educated at Austin College. Her father, Leonard Deich- mann, is a prominent retired farmer living at Eflingham. She was reared in the Methodist Episcopal Church and he In the Lutheran faith. DIEHL, John H. — Some of the most successful farmers of Effingham County, 111., are tho.se of the younger generation, who are now profiting from the sacrifices made for them by the pio- neers who braved everything to secure homes in the new country. Mr. John H. Diehl, a farmer and dairyman of Section 17. Douglas Township, is a native of the county, born in St. Francis Township. September 12. 1S70, a son of George Diehl. a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. John H. Diehl was the eldest son of his pa- rents, and as his father's health failed, he vir- tually had charge of affairs from boyhood. While he endeavored to secure an education his studies were often interrupted and he studied many branches without a teacher. At the age of eighteen years he began managing the farm, but was not content to work in the old-fashioned way, so he studied the properties of the soil, the best methods of breeding and raising stock, and kindred subjects, becoming a scientific and prac- tical farmer. On March 15, 1896, when about twenty-five years of age, Mr. Diehl married Minnie F. Fel- lers, who was born in Shelby County, 111., a daughter of Louis and Eliza (Gibbons) Fellers, the former a native of Ohio and now living in Fayette County. Mrs. Fellers died when her daughter, Mrs. Diehl, was about four years of age. Mr. and Mrs. Diehl moved, after their mar- riage, to a portion of the old homestead in Jas- per County, and here he farmed successfully nine years, but in 1900 purchased 100 acres of land in St. Francis Township, Effingham County. In 1902 Mr. Diehl purchased eighty-five acres of land in Jasi^er County, and in 1904, 180 acres more in Section 17, Douglas Township, Effing- ham Countj-. which he now rents. There were some buildings on this farm when he located on it in December. 1904, but he has improved them all and has made many other improvements. There was a fine dwelling on this farm and also a good cattle barn, 48 by 90 feet, with room for fifty-four cows and nine horses. Mr. Diehl has added to his farm until now he owns 242 acres, having paid as much as $80 per acre for a portion of it. In the year 1909 he built a handsome modern residence, with all possible conveniences, and also put up a good cattle barn, 30 by 48 feet, and a concrete silo, 12 by 30 feet. He is one of the most progressive of Effingham County farm- ers and is making a number of experiments. On his Fayette County farm, which he pur- chased in January, 1909, Mr. Diehl is raising grain, while devoting his attention on his Effing- ham County farm to dairying and raising Duroc Jersey hogs of the finest breed, all of registered stock. His dairy cows are all Holsteln and he has twelve full-blooded cows, having sold one for $175. which had produced over 15,000 pounds of milk annually. Another cow, which produced 12..500 pounds annually, he sold for $100. These figures demonstrate the difference between full blooded stock and the ordinary kind, whose an- nual yield at the best does not often exceed 6,500 pound.s. Mr. Diehl's judgment of dairy stock is autlioritative and is recognized as fiual. In 1909 he built several buildings of good quality on the east side of his farm, which he now occupies, as he wishes to turn all his attention to his dairy work and the breeding of hogs. He attends the State and County Fairs and many stock exhibits, and is well informed on the latest advances made In his line of work. He has long been a firm believer in blooded stock, and judging from the results he has obtained, he has a bright future before him. He now owns 410 acres of land, stocked with full-blooderil 27, 1821, Thomas Warnick was conunissioned Clerk of Greene County, and <>n June 4, 1822, was quali- fied. For some years lie made his home with his father, Bloonifield tlicn being the county-seat of Greene County, but towards the close of his four- teen years as County Clerk, he purchased a home and moved to the farm. Under the Militia Law of Indiana, Thomas Warnick was elected Colonel of Greene County, and served as such for many years. After the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Dob- bins, they settled on a farm in Greene Count>', Ind.. but in 1851 the family emigrated to Jasi>er County. 111., and at Vandalia, then the Capital of the State, Almus Dobbins entered a squatter claim for eighty acres of land on which was located a small log cabin. At this time, Mr. Dobbins' personal property consisted of a yoke of oxen and one horse, but nothing daunted, he started out to make a comfortable home for him- self and family, one of his first occupations being the acceptance of the contract to split rails at a compensation of fifty cents per 100. He rode to and from his labor on his horse, a distance of about three miles, on each trip carrying a sack of corn to an old horse-mill, where he hitched his own horse to do the gi'inding. These trips to the mill were made at night, as during the day the green flies were so numerous as to make traveling almost dangerous, in fact almost im- possible. Overcoming every obstacle, with the true pioneer siiirit, Almus Dobbins succeeded eventuall.y in making a comfortable home for his family and surrounding them with every com- fort. He and his f.unily were devout members of the Christian Church. He was first a Whig and later a Republican in politics, and during his later years cast his vote with the Prohibition party. A temjierate man in all things, through- out his long life he never touched liquor or to- bacco, and none of his sons have ever done so. Of the children of Almus and Sarah (Warnick) Dobbins. Newton is the eldest; Lovel H.. bom July 13, 18.52, has never married, and lives with NewtoiT; and Jason, born March 16, 18.5.5, re- sides in Jasper County, 111. Almus Dobbins died March 14, 1901. aged over seventy-four years, and his widow survived him until October 27, 1907, when she passed away, aged nearly seventy- nine years. Newton Dobbins was two years of age when he came with his parents to Illinois, and he can well remember his first day at the little primi- tive log house that served for a school. His teacher is still living, Mrs, Nancy J. Debolt. a resident of Newton, and widow of ex-County Judge Carter. Until the age of twenty-five years his life was spent much as that of other youths of those days, and at the time mentioned his father turned over the management of the home place to him. On April 2, 1874. he was married to Susan Royston. who was born in Clermont County, Ohio, May .31, 18.56, daughter of Jonas and Sircelia (Starkey) Royston. Jonas Royston was born in Ohio, July 17, 1816. moved to the farm now occupied by Mr. Dobbins in 1871, and died February 3, 1908. His wife was born in Virginia September 18, 1829, and died December 18, 1907. Mrs. Dobbins was the youngest of a famil.v of seven children, the only other survivor of this being Daniel, who resides near Shumway, 111. After the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Dob- bins, he built a home on the old farm in Jasper County, 111., where he lived until 1897, caring for his parents in their declining years, and later moving to Effingham County, where Mrs. Dob- bins' parents were taken care of. Mr. and Mrs. Dobbins have given the greater portion of their lives to caring for others, and they have per- formed their duties in this line faithfully and cheerfully. They have been the parents of nine JOHN T. LANDENBERGER MABEL LANDENBERGER EFFINGHA:\r COUNTY 745 children : Robert O., bom February 22, 1S75, a farmer near Antlers, Okla., married Maud Kiu- oaid and has one child, Cecil ; George C, born March 2, 1878, is a larmer in Watson Township, married Emma Smart, and has two children, Clarence L. and Ruth L. : Ro.v E., born January 28, ISSO, a farmer near HoUinville, Okla., mar- ried Fern Nevils and has five children, — William R., Newton Paul, Floyd, Annabelle and Dorothy D. ; Fi-ank, born February 6, 1882, a farmer of Jasper County, married May Painter, and has one child, Flossie E. ; John W., born February 17, 1884, a farmer of Union Township, married Joice Davis, and has one child, Arlln C. ; James H., Iwru November 3, 1887, lives in HoUinville, Okla. ; Charles, born August 1, 1890, died January 17, 1900; Frances Edith, born September 24. 1893, lives at home ; and Elsie Starkey, born Decem- ber 3, 1896, is attending school. The family are active members of the Christian Church. Jlr. Dobbins now owns 100 acres of choice land in Section 17, Watson Township, and he has al- ways been one of the enterprising and energetic men of his community, being a leader of impor- tant public enterprises. He is a Democrat in politics and a great admirer of William Jennings Bryan. ^Tiile a resident of Jasper County, he was twice elected Supervisor of North iluddy Township, serving four years, and since coming to Effingham County he has been Collector and Assessor, his majorities at various elections proving his popularity and the confidence and esteem in which he is held by his fellow citizens. DOBBS, Capt. Thomas Hamilton, was born at Milledgevllle, Ga., October 15, 1829, the son of Alexander and Millie (Smith) Dobbs. Alexander Dobbs was a native of Scotland and emigrated to the United States as a young man. He was married in North Carolina, later moved to Georgia, and in 1834 came with his wife and children to Shelbyville, Ul. He and his wife had five children liorn in the South, namely : James, William, Eliza, Thomas H. and Peter. The mother of these children died soon after lo- cating in Illinois and they were scatterecL Thomas H. was reared by his uncle, Isham Jen- nings, who lived in Fayette County, near the line which separated Shelby and Effingham Counties. Alexander Dobbs finally settled in Effingham County, near the Shelby County line. Like other children of the early pioneers, Thomas H. Dobbs had no opportunity to secure an education, never attended school, and at the time of his marriage could not read or write. During the second year of the Mexican War he enlisted in Company H, Fifth Regiment Illinois Infantry, which regiment was mustered into service June 8, 1847, leaving Alton by steamboat, June 14, and proceeding to Fort Leavenworth, whence they marched across the plains to Santa Fe. In October of the same year they marched to El Paso. The regiment was ordered back to Alton and was mustered out of .service, October 18, 1848. Captain Dobbs married Elizaljeth Miller in 1854 and they went to housekeeping on Wolf Creek, Eflingham Couutj-. Five children were born of this union, all of whom are deceased. July 3, 1861, Mr. Dobbs enlisted for three years' service in the Civil War, being mustered in at Decatur, 111., August 28, and commissioned Captain of Company K. Thirty-fifth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He went to the front, participating in the Battles of Springfield, Mo., and Pea Ridge, Ark. In the latter engagement he was stnick on the left leg by a six-pound can- non ball and seriously wounded, and on October 14, 1862, he was discharged at Crab Orchard, Ky., on account of di-sability. In 1S64 Captain Dobbs re-enlisted for one hundred days, and was mus- tered into service at Mattoon, 111., June 0, of that year, being commissioned Captain of Company D, One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Regiment Illi- nois Volunteers. He served the term of his en- listment, was honorably discharged, and re-en- listed for one year or during the war, being mus- tered into service at Camp Butler, February 22, 1865, and commissioned Captain of Company H, One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infantry. This regiment went to the front and remained on ac- tive duty until the close of the war, and Captain Dobbs received his final discharge September 18 1865, at Springfield. 111. In 1867 Mr.s. Elizabeth Dobbs died and was buried at Efiingham, 111. Captain Dobbs mar- ried (second) in 1869, Miss Maggie Maxfleld, and four children were born of this union, one of whom is now living. Mrs. Maggie Dobbs died in 1876, and in 1878 Captain Dobbs married (third) Miss Elizabeth Green, by whom he had four children, three of whom survive. Captain Dobbs learned to read and write after entering the army. He is a Democrat of the old school tyiie and has held several public offices. He served thirteen years as Marshal of the City of Effingham, two terms as Sheriff of Effingham County, and one year as Supervisor of his town- ship. He is a member of the Baptist Church. He feels the weight of his .vears and the result of his long exposure while serving in the army, yet he walks out on the streets whenever the weather is pleasant, and most thoroughly enjoys meeting his old comrades and friends and having a social chat. He and his wife have a comfort- able home and their simple needs are supplied by the generosity of the Government. All who know Captain Dobbs accord him the highest respect. DOTY, Charles M., M. D.— One of the leading professional men of Mason, III., is Dr. Charles M. Doty, who for some years past has had a large medical practice in that city and the surroundin<' country. Dr. Doty was born August 6, 1869 on a farm near Vergennes. in Jackson County 111 a sou of Daniel and Margaret (Blacklock)' Doty, the former born in Jackson Countv, HI., and the latter a native of Scotland, who came to this country with her parents. Daniel Doty was a farmer by occupation, following that pursuit iii 746 effingha:\i county Jackson County, nud although a quiet and un- assuming man, became one of the best known farmers and stock-raisers in his section of the State. He died about 1875, while his wife survived him until 1802, when she passed away, leaving four children : Charles M. ; James, on the old farm in Jackson County ; Agnes, who resides in Peabody, Kan. ; and Robert, who also lives in Peabody, Ivan. Dr. Charles M. Doty's boyhood was spent much the same as other farmers' sons, attending the district school during the winter months and assisting in the work on the farm during the summer. Later he entered the old Duquoin Sem- inary, and after graduating from that institu- tion'weut into the office of his uncle. Dr. Thomas W. Blacklock, of Albany, Iowa, where he re- mained one year. He then spent one year in the Keokuk (Iowa) College of Physicians and Sur- geons, and from there went to the College of Ph.vsieians and Surgeons at St. Louis, Mo., grad- uating therefrom with the class of 1897. Re- turning to the town of his boyhood, he opened an office for the ja-actice of his profession, and con- tinued there successfully until 1002, when he took a post-sraduate course at the West Side Collejje of Physicians and Surgeons. He located in Edgewood in I'HK!, and there continued in practice until 1010, when on March 14th, he re- moved to Mason. 111., where he en.ioys an en- larged practice, and retains the confidence of a large body of patrons In Effingham County. He is a close" and careful student, a steady-handed surgeon, and keeps himself posted on the latest discoveries In his profession by subscription to numerous medical journals. He is one of Ma- sou's most public-spirited citizens, and can al- wavs be found in the front rank of any move- ment which will prove of benefit to his profession, to the cause of education or to the city. He is an enthusiastic motorist and drives his own auto- mobile. On January 10, 1000, Dr. Doty was maiTied to Lulu Gruenewald, who was born in Belleville, 111,, March G. 1875, a daughter of George Gruene- wald. a stock dealer and meat merchant of Belle- ville. Mrs. Doty is a member of the Eastern Star' Lodge and of the Modern American Insur- ance Company, while the Doctor is connected with the Masons, the Modern Woodmen of Amer- ica, the Odd Fellows and the Modern Americans. In political matters he is a Democrat. DUCKWITZ, John Gottfried. — Many of the bravest soldiers in the Union army during the great Civil War were natives of Germany, In whicli country liad been instilled into them val- uable military knowledge, and in turn, after the war had ended, they became men of industry and sobriety, fully able to fight the battles of peace as well as of war. John Gottfried Duckwitz. prom- inent farmer, old soldier and highly esteemed citizen of Mound Township, was born in Prussia, Germany, April 25. 1830, son of Christian and Banta (Kuhl) Duckwitz. both of whom died In Germany. They had six children, namely : Fred and Charles (both of whom died in the United States), Dorothea, Loui.se, Mary and John Gott- fried. John Gottfried Duckwitz went to school from the time he was six years old until his fourteenth year, and for one summer was engaged in herd- ing sheep, after which he hired out to a preacher, for whom he did chores. He was thus engaged in 1857, when his brother Charles, who had pre- ceded him to the United States and was living near Buffalo, N, Y,, sent him money to pay his passage to America, and on May 18th of that year he left Hamburg on the sailing vessel "Quebec," which made iwrt at New York City on July 6th. On arriving in this c-ountry, Mr. Duekvrltz was in very limited circumstances, but he at once found employment on a farm with his brother, and remained in that part of the coun- try for four years, when, in 1801, he came to Mound Township, Effingham County. In 1862 he enlisted at Horner's Point. 111., for three years, as a private of Company F. Fourth Illinois Cav- alry, and was stationed at Peoria for a time. In the spring of 1863 the regiment joined Sherman's army in time to t^ake part in the battle of Nash- ville and the Atlanta campaign, and later pur- sued Morgan, under <'aptain Jenkins, and cap- tured that notorious finerrilla on the Ohio side of the Ohio River, ilr. Duckwitz was captured near Atlanta, but refused persistently to dis- mount, and in the meantime the Federal troops had recovered and charged back. Mr. Duck- witz was disixissessed of his horse and equip- ments, but espying a mounted Confederate some distance away, he made a wide detour .and pick- ing up a carbine, soon was In possession of the Confederate's horse and equipments. On rejoin- ing his company they thought he had deserted to the enemy, as he wore a Confederate hat and blanket. Among many other notable battles, Mr. Duckwitz was a participant in the notable en- gagement at Keuesaw Mountain, and his record is one that will stand comparison with an.v sol- dier during the war. He was also at Oakville Gai), where all the Union soldiers suffered greatly for want of provisions, and their horses ate the leaves of the trees as high as they could reach. Later he participated in the raid through North Carolina. At the close of hostilities he was honorably discharged at Nashville, and returned to the farm, which he has continued to operate to the present time with gi'atlfying success. He built a home in 18G6, and his present residence was erected in 1888, and he has put up all of his other buildings. He has an excellent property of LW acres, all In the finest state of cultivation, and he ranks among the leading agriculturists of Mound Township. He is a faithful member of the Lutlicran Church. On Septenilier 21, 18G0, Mr. Duckwitz was married to Minnie Celline. who died in 1877, leaving one child. Gustave, who resides at home. Mr. Duckwitz's second marriage was to Jennie Bahlow, of Mound Township, daughter of Fred- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 747 eriek and Louisa (Brauer) Bahlow. and tbis union lias been blessed witb tbree children, namely: Gottfried, who married Annie Wach- mann ; Minnie, ilrs. Theo. Rich ; and Mary, who lives at home. DUNN, John W., M. D.— It very frequently happens that tlie men in a family will show an inclination towards a certain profession or line of work, and especially is this true with regard to men who make a study of medicine. There are often generation after generation of physicians in a family, the sons inheriting their skill and inclination from their fathers. However, the physican and surgeon of to-day faces an entirely different proiMsition from that of a quarter of a century ago. Each day brings some new dis- covery, some improved methods, and but adds to the strictness of the requirements, so that the younger physicians of 191(1 are often better fitted to cope with disease than those who have had many years of experience behind them. One of the most successful physicians and surgeons of Effingham County is Dr. J. W. Dunn, a son of the beloved Dr. Thomas J. Dunn, who for so many years ministered to the people of Elliotts- town. Dr. J. W. Dunn was born at Elliottstown, March 19, 1882, and a full history of his distin- guished family will be found elsewhere in this work. After completing the course of study in the district school, known as Grange Hall, Dr. Dunn, in 1900, entered Austin College at Effingham, from which he graduated in the Class of 1902, with the degree of B. S. and also with the pre- paratorj- medical degree. In the fall of 1902 he entered the Marion Sims Beaumont Medical College, at St. Louis, now the medical depart- ment of the University of St. Louis, and took a four years' course in medicine. He was credited with one year's work on account of the degree he had received from Austin College, so that he graduated in the Class of 19rated as the Effingham State Bank. Mr. Engbring was elected Cashier and has held this position ever since. He is a heavy stockholder in the bank, and one of its Directors. In addition, he owns considerable city propertj' and is one of the successful busi- ness men of the countj'. Mr. Engbring was married in Effingham County, October 11, 1887, to Louise Eversman, who was born in Effingham in 1868. A sketch of the family is given eLsewhere in tliis work. Mr. and Mrs. Engbring have had children as follows : Clara, Mary, Henry, Gertrude, Hilda and Louise. In politics Mr. Engbring is a Democrat and takea a very active part in party matters, and for ten years has been a member of the City Board, al- though his ambition does not lie in the direction of public honors. He and his wife are members of St. Anthony Catholic Church, and are inter- ested in church work. It has always been the policy of Mr. Engbring to strive for pei"sonal success, for he believes that the prosperity of the individual is the keystone to national prosperity. He has always labored systematically, and with a definite end in view, and in his responsible position in connection with the bank, he shows that same careful attention to detail and c-onservatlve method of action which have worked so advantageously in his pri- vate affairs. ENGEL, Jolin Louis. — Shumway is the home of some flourishing business houses which supply the large contiguous territory with necessities. One that controls an extensive trade and is con- stantly enlarging its operations, is that owned by John Louis Engel, an extensive dealer in lum- ber and hardware. He was born in Linzburg, St. Clair County, 111., a son of Louis and Cathe- rine (Metzler) Engel, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. The boyhood days of ilr. Engel were spent on the farm one half mile from Shumway, and he attended school in the neighborhood. When six- teen years old he began learning the carpenter trade with his bix)ther-in-law, Dieterich Bru- merstadt, a contractor and builder of Shumway, with whom he remained for five years. Having learned his trade thoroughly, Mr. Engel then began building and contracting, thus operating for alxiut nine years. He built many of the best farm and city residences in this vicinity, operat- ing from 1877 to 1889. when he formed a part- nership with his father under the firm name of Engel & Son. They bought the lumber business of Frank Iloese, and c-ontlnued together until 1892. when the junior member purchased the stock of his father. At this time he abandoned his contracting work, to devote his attention ex- clusively to his other interests. At all times he can-ies a lull line of builders' supplies of all kinds, His business has increased by adding to his stock, until he is. now one of the largest dealers in the county. He also has a branch yard under the management of his brother, H. E. Engel, in Beecher City. In 190.3, Mr. Engel purchased another lumber yard at Stewardson, and put his brother, Theodore Engel, in charge of it. In 1902. he erected a store building which he stocked 754 EFFINGHAM COUNTY with a fine line of millinery and notions, placing it under the manageuient of Eva Stans- field, whose efforts have resulted in its estab- lishment on a solid basis. Later his daughter Lillie took charge of it for her father. A year earlier he had embarked in another line, stoekiug a store with hardware, wall paper, paints, oil and glass. This store is the best stocked of its kind In this part of the State, and Shumway is very proud of it. Mr. Engel is one of the most ener- getic of business men and a most excellent mana- ger, conducts his several enterprises intelligently and proiitably and through them brings many customers into Shumway. In this way he has beeu instrumental in largely increasing the gen- eral trade of the place. On November 5, 3885, Mr. Engel married Ida Rath, bom in Summit Township, March 13, 1866, a daughter of Charles Rath, a native of Ger- many who came to Effingham County in 1865. He died here, but his widow survives, making her home in Shumway. Mr. and Mrs. Engel (1.) had five children : Lillie. torn August 31, 1886, married Dr. L. H. Pbifer, a dentist of Chicago; Emil, born April 3, 1891, died July 22, 1894; Amy, lx)rn September 9, 1894 ; Walter, born Feb- ruary 25, 1897 ; Martha, born May 2, 19a3. Mrs. Engel died May 12, 1003, and was deeply mourned as a kind and loving wife and mother, and a consistent member of the Lutheran Church. On May 29, 1904, Mr. Engel married Mary Ai>i)el, born in Shumway, 111., daughter of William Ap- pel, a pioneer of Moccasin Township. One son, Clarence, was born March 7, 1905. Mr. and Mrs. Engel are active members of the Lutheran Church, of which Mr. Engel has been trustee for fifteen years. In politics he has always been a Democrat, and he has filled various township oflices, discharging the duties pertaining to them faithfully and con.scientiously. He is ever ready to bear his full share in the upbuilding of his conmmnity, and is generous in his contributions to religious and educational work. A man of his business capacities, public spirit and enter- prising character is a very valuable asset in tlie life of any community, and without him Shum- way to-day could not occupy the place it does. for be has largely influenced Its commercial life and aided in its material advancement. ENGEL, Louis, (deceased), who was for many years numbered among the leading men of Effing- ham County, was born in Rhinbeiren. Germany, August 2.3. 1830, a son of Philip and Mary (Hengstenberg) Engel, the third child of a fam- ily consisting of three sons and four daughters. He was born on a farm and was reared to till the soil, attending the school in the neighliorhood. Losing his mother when he was six years old and his father a little later, he lived with a ma- ternal aunt until he was .sixteen yars old. At this time, liaving heard many stories of the ad- vantages given young men in America, he came to New Orleans, a young lad in a strange coun- try. Notwithstanding this, he immediately found employment with a gardener in that city for whom he worked for three months, after which he went to LouLsville, Ky., where for three years he worked for a gardener by the month. Leav- ing Kentucky, he came on to Illinois, settling in St. Clair County, where he went to work on a farm by the month. Here he was married, in July, 1854, to Catherine Metzler. A history of the Metzler family is given In the sketch of Henry Metzler, to be found elsewhere in this work. Mr. Engel continued on his farm after his marriage, eventually purchasing forty acres in St. Clair County, which he immediately began to operate. Having improved this land, he sold it in 1865 at a good profit, and bought 100 acres near Shumway, which he developed into a fine property. This farm was only half a mile from the village, and increased in value with the growth of the community. In 1886 he began buy- ing grain, and leaving his farm estalilished him- self in Shumway, where he also became inter- ested in the poultry business, continuing his operations until 1889. At this time he bought a lumber yard in conjunction with his son, J. L. Engel, under the firm name of Engel & Son, operating it until 1892, when he sold his interest to the junior partner. Mr. Eugel and his wife became parents of chil- dren as follows : Christina, wife of Herman Lane, a farmer of Banner Town.ship ; Mary, wife of Dieterich Brumerstadt, of Shumway ; .John L., mentioned elsewhere in this work ; Adam, a farmer of Banner Township ; Theodore, manager of a lumlier yard at Stewardson ; Catherine, wife of Theodore Kunze; Minnie, married Ben Miller and they live at Villa Grove ; Mary Matilda, mar- ried F. J. Struse, a section foreman at Wind- sor; Henry, manager of a lumber yard at Beech- er City; and William, in real-estate business at Strasliurg. Mr. Engel died April 8. 1809. at his home in Shumway, and many people assembled to do him honor at the funeral. Mr. Engel was a stanch Democrat and held several local offices, always striving to discharge all his obligations, Iwth public and private, faith- fully and honorably. He and his wife had been for many years united with the Lutheran Church. The history of this man's life -shows what can be accomplished by a jwor boy if he possesses the right principles and is willing to be thrifty and indu.strious. His example is one that may be prof- itably cited to the coming generations, and the in- fluence of it is still strongly felt in the com- munity where, for so many years, he was so important a flgure. ENGLE, Samuel, a veteran of the Mexican and Civil Wars, now living in quiet retirement in his home in Effingham, 111., was born in Indiana. April 0. 1825. a son of Abraham Engle. The father moved from Union County, Ind.. to Wi,nd- sor, Randolph Countj'. and located on a farm where Samuel Engle si>ent his boyhood. Abraham Bngle died before Samuel reached his majority THOMAS B. AUSTIN JOSEPH B. JONES HENRY STAIJJNGS LEWIS J. HANKINS EFFINGHAM COUNTY 755 and the latter was apprenticed to Andrew Ringer. May 9, 1S47, Samuel Engle enlisted in the volun- teer service of the United States Army, in Com- pany A, Fourth Indiana Infantry, for service dur- ing the War with Mexico, and was honorably discharged May 20, 1S48. at Madison, Ind. Mr. Engle was married, at the age of twenty- two years, to Annie Catherine Pope, and of this union ten children were born, of whom two sons and two daughters still survive. In 1858 Mr. Engle moved with his family to Effingham Coun- ty. III. At first he worked at any emjiloyment he could find, but in October, 1861, enlisted In Com- pan.v K, Eleventh Regiment Illinois Volunteers, to serve three years, being enrolled October 8th, being discharged from service, however. July 9, 1862, on a surgeon's certificate of disability. After his return home he was employed by John F. Wasehefort. of Teutopolis. who was at that time engaged in an extensive milling and lumber business, and for seven years Mr. Engle worked In this business, driving a team and hauling logs and himber. He then moved to a farm. In 1881 his wife died and was buried in Blue Point Cemetery in Effingham County. Mr. Engle was married (second) In 1891, to Mrs. Davis, a widow living in Fayette County. At the present time Mr. Engle has fifteen grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren. Mr. Engle is now much broken in health, but cheerfully retains his interest in affairs alwut him. and walks out on his crutches whenever the weather will permit him. He much enjoys meeting his old friends, comrades and neighbors, and is a very sociable and agreeable companion. He is not a member of an.v church and belongs to no society except the Grand Army of the Re- public. He and his wife live quietly and com- fortably in their little home, their wants being supplied by the liberality of the generous Govern- ment for which he fought in two mighty wars. Mr. Engle has established a reputation as an honorable and upright citizen, who has lived a simple, pure life and has been strictly honor- able In his transactions with his fellow men. EVANS, Robert Clark.— With many men there seems to be but one line which they can follow, one vocation which fits their abilities, one spe- cial occupation in which they can find success, and until they have settled themselves in that spe- cial groove, they make little headwa.v. To the man of versatile traits and abilities, however, any line of occupation which presents itself is acceptable, and if he be persistent enough he will win success in whatever field he finds employ- ment. Robert Clark Evans, merchant and promi- nent citizen of Ebevle. III., is not only a man of versatile abilities, but is a good example of the successful self-made man of to-day. He was born on the farm now owned by .John Woody, in Sec- tion 24. Union Township, Effingham County, 111., November 20, 1857, and Is a son of Ran.som and Anna (Morris) Evans. Robert Clark Evans cau remember but little of his parents, as he was but a child when both died. However, it is thought that Ransom Evans came from South Carolina as a youth, with his parents, and .settled in Indiana, where he was married and where four of his children were born. Aljout 1850 he came with his family to Effingham County, settling on the farm in Union ■iviw uship. which some years later he traded for a mill near Flemsburg. in Union Township. He operated the mill until his death In 1860, his wife passing away four years later. They were the parents of these children : Amanda, wife of John McXelley, of New Bible Grove, Clay County, 111. ; John, who died in infancy ; William ; Robert Clark ; Ruhama. wife of James Rentfrow, of Perkins. Okla. : Louisa J., widow of Henry Mc- Gee, residing on a farm near Bible Grove, Clay County ; and Henry, of Custer County, Neb. Robert Clark Evans went to live with his brother William after the death of his mother, and was given a limited education, but at the age of fourteen years he started to shift for himself, going to work for John Woody on the farm on whicli he was born, his wages being .$12 per mouth for the first year and $16 per month for the two years following. In 1872 he began rent- Jug land for himself in Lucas Township, and con- tinued farming until 1892, when he engaged in mercantile business at Elaerle with Peter Jacob, under the firm name of Evans & Jacob, and this partnership continued until 1900, when Mr. Evans purchased Mr. Jacob's interests, and since then his son Theron has been admitted into part- ner.ship. the firm style now being R. C. Evans & Son. They handle a full line of high-class goods needed by the people of their community, and their practice of giving farmers with whom they deal the full worth of their produce, as well as a .square deal for their money, has won them a fine trade throughout the town and its vicinitj'. Mr. Evans is a good business man and realizes that his best profits will come through doing a large amount of business and having the confi- dence of his customers, and his business has in- creased correspondingl.v. Left early in life to shift for himself, he has .shown what a man can do by persistently and earnestly seeking success, and his example should be a good one for those who have not had the benefit of an easy start. In politics he is a Democrat, and fraternally Is connected with the Odd Fellows at Eherle. He will be found supporting all movements for the good of the public or the community. In 1872. Mr. Evans was married to Fran- ces (Holt) Trapp, and to this union there were born four children : Leslie, a photographer, of Kearney. Neb. ; Ollie, the wife of Charles Woody, a farmer in Union Township ; and twins that died in infancy. The mother of these children died in 1878, and Mr. Evans was married (sec- ond) to Mrs. Eliza Thorp, widow of Charles C. Thorp, born July 20. 1844. in Shelby County, Ind., daughter of Robert B. and Pennelia (Steers) Peek, natives of Boone County, K.y., where they were reared and married. Alx)ut 1830 thev emi- 756 EFFINGHAM COUNTY grated to Shelby County, Ind., where they en- tered land from the Government and made a home. They were parents of twelve children, of whom four survive : Elender, wife of Corne- lius Mingle, a resident of Rush County, Ind. ; Permelia, wife of George Howe, of Shelby Coun- ty, Ind. ; John T.. on the old home farm in Shelby Count.v, Ind. ; and Mrs. Evans. Eliza Peek was married and oame with her husband, Charles C. Thorp, to Elliottstown. Effingham County, and in 1872 they located on a farm in Liieas Town- ship. Five children were born to Mr. Thorp and his wife : two of whom died in infancy ; Pres- ley T., a resident of Alberta, Can. ; Amy A., wife of Mike Crouk, a farmer in .Jackson Township ; and Ora A., a resident of Champaign Comity, III. Mr. Thoi-p died in 1870. and the marriage of his widow and Mr. Evans took place Februar.v 4, 187f). Mr. Evans and his wife have had one son, Theron. a member of the firm of Evans & Son, who was born July 1. 1885, was educated in the common schools, and April 22, 1906, was married to Iva Woody, daughter of John Woody. Two children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Theron Evans : Beulah, torn December 12, 1906 ; and Clenna, November 19, 1909. EVERSMAN, Henry.— There are certain traits of character that are necessary to make a man an efficient and successful financier. He must IX)ssess sound judgment, know human nature, be well ae<]uainted with financial conditions, and be conservative in his action. The Effingham State Bank is fortunate in its Assistant Cashier. Henry Eversman, who although still a young man is well known in banking circles, and is associated with some of the substantial Institutions of the county. Mr. Eversman was born in Teutopolis, 111.. April 4, 1880, son of Dr. Henry and Caroline (Wasehfort) Eversman. Dr. Eversman was torn in Hanover, Germany, February 23. 1837, a son of Francis F. and Char- lotte (Tirren) Eversman, the former born in Alf- hausen, Hanover, Gennany. in September, 1807, and his wife born in Osnabruck, Hanover, Ger- many. Francis F. Eversman educated his son Henr>-, later Dr. Eversman, in the parochial schools of his native country. After coming to this country, the young man studied in Cincin- nati. Ohio, and later attended St. Xavier's Col- lege, at Cincinnati, for four .years. He then be- came a student in the Ohio Medical College of that city, and remained three years. In January, 1862, he was appointed house physician in the Commercial Hospital in Cincinnati by President Lincoln, with the rank of Assistant Surgeon. Later he became Chief Surgeon after a service of six months, and also held other important professional offices during his term of service. Returning home in September. 1865. he began the practice of his profession in Effingham. In 1881 he embarked in the banking business as member of the firm of Eversman, Wood & Engbring. pri- vate bankers. He remained active in this insti- tution until his demise, which occurred April 7. liWa, when Effingham lost one of its most valu- able and desirable citizens. His widow sur- vives him, residing iu Effingham. Dr. and Mrs. Eversman were the parents of six children, four of whom are now living: Louise, wife of W. H. Engbring; Mary, wife of J. G. Schultz. of Lewiston, Idaho; Elizabeth, wife of Dr. H. Taphorn, of Effingham ; Henrj' ; Freder- ick and Clara, both deceased. Henry Eversman was married May 4, 1905, to Ursula Fisher, born in Effingham County, Novem- ber 17, 1885, daughter of John and Bridget (Wade) Fi-sher, a sketch of whom appears else- where in this work. Mr. and Mrs. Eversham have one child — Henry Louis. Mr. Eversman was given a thorough education in the schools of Teutopolis and at St. Joseph Catholic College, from which he graduated in the commercial course with high honors. His business career began when he was only fifteen years old, in the bank where he has remained for fourteen years, gradually earning promotion until he now is Assistant Cashier. He is also a di- rector and stockholder in this bank, is a Director in the Washington Building and Loan Associa- tion, and Treasurer of the Effingham Building and Loan Association, and owns city realty of considerable value. Both Mr. and Mrs. Eversman are members of the Catholic Church of Effingham, and are active in church work. In politics Jlr. Eversman is a Democrat, but has never aspired to public office. He is a member of the K. of C. and the C. K. of A., both of Effingham. Mr. Eversman is one of the most practical and reliable bankers of the county, and having given all his life to the work, knows Its every detail. Thoroughgoing in all he undertakes, with a keen taste for his business, he has a brilliant future before him and an out- look on life not usually gained by a man of his years. FAUGHT, Charles Otis.— One of the represen- tative men of Effingham County, 111., is Charles Otis Faught. who was for many years known as one of the most prominent railroad constructors in the country, and is now living retired at Alta- mont. 111., wliere he is President of the Altamont Agricultural Fair Association. He was Iwrn in Kenton. Hardin County. Ohio. November 22, 1858, son of Preston anl Lena (Pughl Faught, who moved to Shelby County, 111., in 1864, and located on a large tract of land near Shelbyville. The father died at Tower Hill in the fall of 1894. Charles Otis Faught was sent to the public and high schools at Tower Hill and Pana. On com- pleting his education he took up the study of telegraphy, but shortly thereafter started civil engineering, which he in turn gave up for rail- road contract work, and m 1S82 finished a few contracts on the old Clover Leaf, then a nar- row gauge road. He soon accepted a contract for superintending the construction of a road from Wakefield to Niobrara. Neb., for Charles Pelts, of Minneapolis; one on the Little Blue River, at ^ ^)l>BiXz.U^. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 757 Hanover, in Kansas, for Patrick Fitzgerald of Lincoln. Xeb.. and in 1SS4 came East and as- sisted the engineering department in locating a line between Altamont and Jletropolis City, 111., w-liicli is now part of tlie Chicago «& Eastern Illinois Railroad. His next work was the build- ing of a road from East St. Louis to Springfield, which was later built through to Peoria, and in 1885 he went to Jamestown, N. Y., and built a road from that place to Ma.vville. Chautauqua County. Returning to Illinois, he built a line from Mt. Olive to Springfield, one from Grand Tower to Cape Girardeau, on the Mississippi River, next built the T. P. & A., a road from IVIontpelier. Ohio, to Chicago, and in 1892-03 built the Alton to St. Louis. In 1894 he built the C. P. & au., now part of the 'Fi'iseo. and the year fol- lowing built from Johnson City to Carbondale, now a part of the Chicago & Texas. In the fall of the same year he built from Holmesville te Wooster, Ohio, and from Trenton to Pattonsburg. JIo., an extension of the Stillwell System. His next work was a road from Sapulpa to Oklahoma City, Okla. ; from New Ulm. Minn., to Storm Lake. Iowa ; from Sapulpa. Okla.. to Denison. Tex. : from Weatherford. Okla., to Tucumeari, X. M.. from a point in Arkansas to Lawton. Okla., from Oklahoma City to Amarillo, Tex., and from Chandler to Guthrie, Okla. His last work was a line from Red Fork to Enid, Okla. During these active years. Mr. Faught made his home in St. Elmo, 111., but in 189.5 he moved to Alta- mont, where in 1897 he erected his present beau- tiful residence. He was one of the founders of the Altamont Agricultural Fair Association, and has been its Secretary three years and Presi- dent one, being the present incumbent of the lat- ter office, ilr. Faught has always done big things, and although practically retired from ac- tive business, any movement of public moment will find in him a ready supporter. He is the owner of mucli valuable property-, located in vari- ous States. Fraternally he is connected with the Masons, the Knights of Pythias and the Modern Woodmen ; he is a member of the First Presby- terian Church of Altamont. and one of its trus- tees. Politically a Republican, he was Mayor of Altamont from 190.5 to 1907, and proved one of the best executives the city has had. He also served some time as alderman. Mr. Faught was married, at Rochester. Ind., May 30, 1885. to Orr Davidson, daughter of the late State Senator W. D. Davidson, of Indiana. Four children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Faught: Donald. Gail, Bemice and Madeline, of whom Bernice is deceased. FELLHOELTER, Joseph.— The annals of Effing- ham County show many records of the lives of farmers who have rounded out the duties con- nected with agricultural pursuits, and have amassed considerable fortunes gathered from the fertile soil. One who has met with remarkable success along these lines is .Taseph Fellhoelter of Section 33, Douglas Township, who was born in Hanover, German.v, March 1, 1867, and pos- sesses all of the German characteristic-s that make for such good citizenship. He is a son of Ernest and Mary (Sehwoeppe) Fellhoelter, both natives of Hanover, Germany, where both died, the mother in October, 1898, and the father in October. 1902. The father was a farmer and stock-rai-ser. and devoted his life to this work. Four sons and four daughters were torn to these parents : Minnie, .Iosei>h, August, Bernard, Ger- trade, Theresia JIary. and Henry, who came to America, and two others who remained in the old country. Minnie married Anton Xiebrugger and came to Effingham County, settling on Green Creek, where she died in 1895, leaving five chil- dren. Gertrude came to America and married Henry Rocklage, a farmer of Washington County, 111. Henry Fellhoelter is a farmer of Sheridan County, Kan. Joseph Fellhoelter was brought up in Germany and there educated. In 1.S84, desiring larger opportunity for employment and development, Mr. Fellhoelter came to America with his sister Minnie and located in Douglas Township, where he secured employment with Anthony Jansen on a farm. Here he worked by the month for two years, receiving for all that time only .$2-W. For the following t^-o years he secured $260, and of this $500. he saved nearly all. He then secured work at $11..50 per month, when he married. May 28. 1889, Minnie Jansen, daughter of his first em- ployer. (A full histoi-j^ of the Jansen family is given elsewhere in this work.) After marriage, the young couple settled on Section 33. iu Doug- las Township, on a partly developed farm, which had received .some improvements. He at once began to bring this property into a good state of cultivation, put up a beautiful five-room house, a good barn, and now has one of the best farms in this part of the township, .\bout six years ago. Mr. Fellhoelter began experimenting with dairy stock, putting in eleven head of mixed breed. He now has a large dairy barn, 50x90 feet, well equipped with the latest dairy appli- ances. He also has thirty-five head of cattle, eleven head being pure bred Holstein stock, and at the head of his herd is Sir Korndyke Johanne De Kol, a pure blood Holstein bull, which he bought from Samuel Campbell of Genoa, 111., a breeder of Holstein cattle. Mr. Fellhoelter has been very .successful in his dairy business, as well as in other lines, and for a quarter of a century he has been closely identified with the develop- ment of Effingham County. Coming here as a stranger, not even knowing the English language, he has made remarkable progress and his Ger- man friends are very proud of him. In 1900 he made a trip to his old home, but found that things had changed, and after a month's stay he was glad to return, although regretting to leave his father, brothers and sisters. Mr. and Mrs. Fellhoelter have no children of their own. but after the death of Mrs. Xiebrug- ger, they adopted two of her children— Anton and John — and have cared for them as for their own. 758 EFFINGHAM COUxNTY In iwlities Mr. Fellhoelter lias been a Democrat. He and his wife are members of the Green Creek German Catholic Church. FISHER, John H. — Naturally a man's success in lite is geuerally measured by his prestige in business, political or social circles, and when he figures prominently in all. then he has accom- plished much. John H. Fisher, of Effingham, 111., who conducts one of the largest cluthing and gent's furnishing houses in Effingham County, is a representative of his party in the City Council, is a welc-ome guest in the best homes of the city and is recognized as one of the best representa- tives of successful men in his part of the State. Mr. Fisher was born in the county, January 22, 1853, and was educated in Its public and Catholic schools. He is a son of John H. and Mary (Knoppe) Fisher, both natives of Germany, from whom Mr. Fisher inherited the sterling traits of character that have made him what he is today. The parents came to the United States prior to their meeting, and were married in Effingham County, in 1848 or 1849. Locating upon a farm of 160 acres in Douglas Township, which they bought, the two prosiiered, and lived there until the father died, in 1857, aged fifty years. He is buried at Green Creek Catholic Church Cemetery. The mother sur- vives, aged eighty yeai-s, and enjoys exc-elleut health. She bore'her husband four children, but only three grew to maturity : Annie, married Jo- seph Kreke, and both are deceased; Angeline is unman-ied and lives in Effingham with her motner ; John H. ; and Catherine, who died in infancy. John H. Fisher remained at home until he was seventeen and then became a clerk in a grocerj- store, after which be entered the employ of a clothing merchant and, having learned the busi- ness, in 1884 embarked in the clothing line for himself, in Effingham. His business house has been a leader from the beginning and his volume of trade shows a healthy and steady increase. Mr. Fisher carries a full line of clothing and men's furnishing goods and does a very large business, not only in Ef- fingham, but throughout the large territory tribu- tary to that city. Havin- such excellent con- nections, Mr. Fisher is able to offer special in- ducements to his customers, both as to the qual- ity and prices of his stock. On May 18, 1875, Mr. Fisher was married to Bridget E. Wade, who was born in Somerset, Perry County, Ohio. July 5, 1849, but came to Illinois in 1872, after the death of her parents at Somerset, where they were buried. Mr. and Mrs. Fisher have had the following children : Mary, unmarried ; Adelia, unmarried : John, died at the age of twenty -two; Clarence L.. unmar- ried, is associated with bis father in the clothing store; Ursula, married Henry Eversman and they reside in Effingham ; Georgia, died at the age of two years ; and Henrietta, unmarried. In polities Mr. Fisher is a Democrat and be takes an active part in local affairs. He has served as Alderman for three terms, although he never aspired to public office, fraternally he is a member of the K. of C, of Effingham. He and all his family belong to the Sacred Heart Catho- lic Church, of Effingham, and are all active in church work. Mr. Fisher is a genial, wuole-souled man, who has countless friends, and his remarkable success is due to his good business sense, sterling integ- rity and courage. Owing to the lack of good schools in his youth, he received but a limited education and was early forced to earn his own living, but he has gone steadily forward and the results of his labors must be very gratifying to him and his family. FRITSCHER, Henry M., Postmaster at Diete- rich. III., where he is also interested in business enterprises and active in all that concerns the welfare of the place, .serving efficiently in public office and .setting an example in private life as a church member and worth.v citizen, was born in St. Francis Township, Effingham County, 111., October 3, 18(57. His father, Fred Fritscher, was one of the pioneers of the county, coming to America from Germany in 1852. He located first in Cook County, 111., where he was married to Miss Louisa Kenner, also a native of Germany. In 1800 Fred Fritscher removed with his fam- ily to Effingham County and settled in St. Francis Township, where he bought land and engaged in cultivating it until 1879, when he returned to Chicago. There he was engaged for a time in mercantile business and became well-to-do, finally retiring and dying there in 1899, when aged sixty- t\\o years. His wife died at the age of fifty- nine years. He was an active member of the Republican party. In religious faith he was a Lutheran and was one of the original twelve members in St. Francis Township that funiLshed the means to build the first Lutheran church edi- fice there, both he and wife being constant at- tendants and supiwrters as long as they lived in the township. To them were born nine children, four sons and five daughters, of whom three sons and three daughters still survive: Fred. H. is a merchant residing in Indiana ; Albert is a rail- road man and lives at St. Paul ; Henry M. is Postmaster at Dieterich ; Louisa is the wife of John L. Minor, a railroad conductor, and they live in Chicago ; Alma is the wife of Paul Joer- gensen, a steel engraver, and they live in Chi- cago ; Ella is the mfe of James M. Donehue. an actor, their home is at Atlanta, Ga. Mr. Done- hue and his wife both appear publicly in opera, she as pianist and he as vocalist, and are recog- nized as highly gifted musicians. Henry M. Fritscher remained on the home farm until he was fourteen years of age. attend- ing school and making himself generally useful, and then accompanied his parents to Chicago, where he entered the Haves School and was grad- uated in the class of 188.S. For a short time he made his living at bookkeeping and then followed :^rmh^^^^^ ^,(5%/^^/^^— EFFINGHAM COUNTY 759 paper hanging and decorating, remaining in the great city by Lalie Michigan until 1S91, when he returned to the old farm, where he remained until 1893, then returned to Chicago, where he followed his trade until ISOC, when he came to Dieterich. Here he embarked in busine.ss as a general merchant, putting in a 13ne stock of sea- sonable goods and erecting two business houses on Main Street ; he continued in that line for five years and then sold out. He then accepted a position with the J. H. White Company, of Chi- cago, dealers and commission merchants in poul- try and produce, remained with that iirm one year and then accepted a better proposition from G. H. Lewis & Sons, of New York, and continued with that commission house until M.iy 31, 1905. He is interested at jiresent in the produce trade and is western agent for Lewis & Sons Company. In politics Mr. Fritscher has alwa,vs been a Republican and his services have been recognized and acknowledged b.v his part.v on mau.v occa- sions. He has served several terms as Alderman of his ward and one term as President of the Village Board. He has invested in property and built a comfortable, attractive residence in the town. From 1S97 until 1901 he was connected with the Post Office and was First Assistant to Postmaster J. P. Wendt. In 1906 he completed the building in which the post-office is installed, equipping it with all modern conveniences, and making it the best building for the purpose in the southern part of the State. He took charge of the office as Postmaster May 31, 1905. In 1893 Mr. Fritscher was married to Miss Bertha Gust, born also in St. Francis Township, daughter of August Gust, a prominent farmer of the township. Two children have been bom : Arneta and Grant. With his family Mr, Frit- scher belongs to the Lutheran Church. GIBSON, Aden K.— The banks of Effingham County are sound, reliable institutions, as a class, and in the care of financiers of experience, who conserve carefully the interests of their de- positors. Mason is the home of one of these establishments, known as the Mason E.xchange Bank, and its Cashier, A. K. Gib.son. is one of the most astute men in this part of the State. Mr. Gibson was born in Mason, 111., July 20, 1881, a son of the late Robert G. and Ellen L. (White) Gibson, and was educated in the common schools of his native place. When but eighteen years of age. Aden K. Gib- son took charge of the affairs of the firm of Gib- son & Company, organized by his father in 1869. This is the leading dry goods and grocery house in Mason, and since his father's death, Mr. Gib- son has built up its trade wonderfully, each year's profits showing steady growth. He is also a member of the firm of Evans & Gibson, deal- ers in hardware, established in 1906. Since the organization of the Mason Exchange Bank, ownied b.v himself and his mother, Mr. Gibson has been its Cashier, and under his conservative management the confidence of the people has been gained and maintained. In 1906 Mr. Gibson was honored by appointment to the oflice of Post- master at Ma.son, being entitled to this recogni- tion by his prominence and services in the inter- ests of the Republican party, of which he is an enthusiastic adherent. Mr. Gibson was married in Chicago, October 24, 1905, to Mabelle L. Holloway. Since he reached the age of twenty-two years Mr. Gibson has been a Mason, and is also a member of the Methodist Church. A good business man, keen, shrewd and resourceful, he has a bright future before him, both as a private citizen and as ac- tive member of the party whose interests he and his father before him have done so much to main- tain and advance. Mr. Gibson's maternal grandfather, Perigrene White, was a member of Company E, Thirty- eighth Illinois Infantry, in which he served three years during the Civil War. His father served in the same company and regiment and was taken prisoner and confined in Andersonville, Libby, Belle I.sle and Florence prisons. GIBSON, Robert G. (deceased).— The life of a successful man is an interesting study, but that of a good one furnishes a fitting example for others. Some men never shrink from the line laid out by duty, but unflinchingly tread it to the goal, wherever it may be. Many remarkable characters were developed by the Civil War. The trials, dangers and privations of that great struggle brought out the good and strengthened the weak points in a man, making him a hero. Among those who are honored above the ordl- nai-y in Effingham County i.s the late Robert G. Gibson, whose life was one of long sacrifice for ■what he believed to be the principles of honor and dut.v. Mr. Gibson was born in Ohio County, Ind.. May 10, 1841, and died in Mason, 111., where he had made his home for many years. Mr. Gibson learned the cooper's trade but never followed it, for coming to Illinois in 1861, he began quarrying rock at Mason. But the call made upon his patriotism was too strong to with- stand, and on August 12, 1861, he answered it by enlisting in Company B, Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for a perioci of three years. During the two .years that followed he partici- pated in all the hard-fought battles in which his regiment was engaged, but at the battle of Chick- amauga, September 19, 1863, he was captured and for two months was held a prisoner at Richmond, Va. From Richmond he was taken to Danville, Va., where he was held five months and then consigned to the horrors of Andersonville Prison. After remaining there four and one-half months, he was sent to Charleston. S. C. (being one of those selected by the rebel authorities for the piiriwse of being exjwsed to the dangers of bom- bardment by the Federal war ves.sels), but thirty days later was sent to Florence, N. C, where he remained until February 17, 1865, when he was 760 EFFINGHAM COUNTY released, returned to Illinois and was mustered out of the service, receiving an honorable dis- charge at Springfield, May 9, 1805. No mere words can describe the horrors en- dured during those weary months in Southern prisons, and ijerhaps it is as well so. Mr. Gibson himself was of too kindly a disposition to dwell upon them at length, preferring to consider the outcome of the struggle and the subsequent de- velopment of the eouuti-j- made possible by his personal sacrifice and that of many like him. It was but as the shadow of the brave young soldier of 1861 that he came back to Mason after his dis- charge ; but, although broken in body, he was still full of mental vigor, aud soon after em- barked in the milling business, buying a half-in- terest in the firm of D. W. Sisson & Company. This interest he later traded for a farm, but in the fall of 1868 bought a stock of goods of Isaac Baker and engaged in mercantile business. Mr. Gibson was a born organizer, and soon became identified with almost every leading line of busi- ness in the village. He. Imugbt and sold grain, railroad ties, hav and hoop i»les, and became the owner of a large tract of land. It api>eared that he had only to take up an enterprise in order to make it sueces.sful. With all his business suc- cess he gave liberally of his personalitj-, winning friends everywhere and dispensing charity of which no one beside himself and those who en- joyed its benefits were aware. However, his strength, wasted by disease in consequence of his sufferings in prison, could not withstand the de- mands made upon it, and he was forced to relin- quish his affairs to the care of his son, A. K. Gibson. Mr. Gibson joined the Grand Army of the Re- public as soon as it was formed, and was one of its most enthusiastic members. Every Decora- tion Dav, in spite of his loss of physical strength, he would march in the procession to the cemetery, where he would scatter flowers upon the graves of those who had already answered the last roll call. His favorite song was "Marching Through Georgia," and whenever it was sung his voice could be beard leading in the inspiring battle Mr. Gibson was married, October 24, 1867, to Ellen E. White, who bore liim children as fol- lows ■ Walter, of Mason, 111. ; A. K. ; Flora, who died in infancy ; Ada B.. married Harry D. Sis- son • Iva M., married W. W. Carroll, of Cham- paign 111., a conductor of the Illinois Central Railroad ; and Nona M. Robert W. Gibson is in the mercantile business at Mason. Mr. Gibson was a member of the Masonic fra- temitv, and took much interest in his lodge. He was one of those whole-souled men whose ener;^ far outweighed bodily strength, and May 17. 1900. his remains were added to the soldiers' graves in Mason Cemetery, where on Decoration Day following his old comrades decorated his grave. There was not a dry eye in Mason when the march of the veterans was made on that day. Mr. Gibson's place was empty as his favorite song was played, and his fellow members of the G. A. R., with bowed beads and streaming eyes, held him in reverential memory, as they advanced to do him honor beside the grave that held all that was mortal of him. "BOB GIBSON" By James Newton Matthews. "As I look at you, Bob Gibson, and size you up and down, You are just a common neighbor in a common country town, — But under that old coat of yours throbs a heart as kind As the Maker in His wisdom ever made to match a mind; And so it is I rhyme your name with everything that's fair. And braid the purple pansies of my praise for you to wear. "Tho' Nature never gifted you with silver-plated speech. She never filled your head with thoughts your language couldn't reach ; And more than that she gave you common-sense enough to know That the simple path of duty is the smoothest road to go, — And so .you jog along it, Bob, a jolly sort of man. Keeping eveo'body jubilant and happy that you can. "You are just the man. Bob Gibson, that my fancy likes to paint, A kind of happy cross between a sinner and a saint — A cunning intertangling of antagonistic traits, A palatable compound of big loves and little hates — Yes, Gibson, you are all of these, and all of these combine To make your friendship sparkle like an over- flowing wine. "You suffered in the army, Bob, and sweltered in the suns Of Georgia, when the Johnnies had you girdled with their guns ; And they say a better soldier and a braver never drew The buckles of a cartridge-belt around a coat of blue; But those were times of trouble and have long since passed away. And I shall not recall them in the sun-light of to-day. "You are just the same, Bob Gibson, that I found you long ago. Save that your curly hair begins to hint of early snow — Save that your eyes are dimmer, and there's something in your gait. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 761 That seems perhaps a little less elastic here of late,— But your augh is just as hearty, aud the fun flows Just as free. From the bearded mouth of fifty as the lips of twei.ty-three. ",' health to you, Bob Gibsou ! aud may the com- ing time. When you meet it. melt to music lilse the ripple of my rhyme ; May the years break into blossoms of enchant- ment at your feet, And over-head the skies be clear, and all the songs be sweet ; And when your hands have weary gro\^-u, and Nature calls to rest, Go down the twilight singing like a glad bird to its nest." etery, Altamont. He was a consistent member of the Methodist Church and died firm in Its faith. For years he served as an ofiicial of the church, always giving it bis earnest supix>rt. In political faith he was a Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Gieseking had children as fol- lows : Louisa, now Mrs. Joachim Priess, of Ef- fingham County ; Friedricb, of Altamont, married Mary Schrotb ; William G., a creamery man, of Altamont, married Laura M. Watton ; John H., on the home fann, married Lena Karrer ; Henry C, is also on the farm and is married to Melva Young ; C. Herman, of Altamont, is unmarried ; Lena E., at home ; two daughters who died in infancy, and Hannah, who died in 1S94, at the age of twentj'-six years. The famil.y is one of the best known in the locality of their home, and its representatives are lionored and respected, a credit to their father and his earnest life. GIESEKING, William (deceased).— Some men, in their quiet, earnest way, make themselves be- loved and leave their impre.ss upon their com- munities. Public honors may not have been theirs, but in their private lives they have accom- plished much good and left a name of which their families may well be proud. Such a man was the late William Gieseking. who during life was a successful farmer of iloccasin Township, Effing- ham Count.v. He was born in the City of Quet- zen, Westphalia, Germany, October 18, 1828, being a son of William Gieseking, who died in Ger- many. In addition to attending the public schools in his native country. Mr. Gieseking learned the trade of cai^enter and followed it there until he sailed for the United States, in 1852. making the trip in a sailing vessel which took six weeks for crossing. From New York, where he landed, Mr. Gieseking went to St. Louis, thence to Belle- ville, 111., working all the time at his ti-ade. His next location was at Nashville. 111., where he was married, in November, 185.5, to Caroline Hesse- mann, who was born in Bergkirchen, Westphalia, Germany. February 0, 1837, but was brought to the t'nited States when fourteen years old, by her parents, who landed at Baltimore, after a voy- age of seven weeks and three days. The family lived in York. Pa., two years, then moved to Na.shville, 111., and later to Minden, 111., where the father died. In 1SG.3 Mr. Gieseking moved from Nashville to Effingham, and operated the mill now called the Alt Mill. In 1866 he moved to old Freeman- ton, and two years later located in Jloccasin To^-nship. where the remainder of his life was spent. While living in Freemanton his brother- in-law. Fred Hes.semann, was associated with him. The farm In Jloecasin Township, on which he lo- cated in 1868. was given his best efforts aud he made it a valuable propert.v. He was well known for his industry and thrift, and at his death owned 400 acres of land. January .30. 1887. occurred the death of this most excellent man. and his remains are interred in Union Cem- GILLESPIE, Ambrose D.— Ever since scientific investigation has proven the imiwrtance and ne- cessity for having pure milk, the production of that article has become an imiwrtant factor in the agricultural life of Illinois, .so that many farmers are specializing along the lines of dairy work with profitable results. Ambrose D. Gil- lespie, one of the leading daii-j- farmers of Wat- wn Township. Effingham Coiuit.v, was born in Bishop Township, same county, September 3, 18.55. and is a sou of Herman aud Margaret (Field) Gillespie. Herman Gillespie was born on Blennerhasset Island, in the Ohio River, April 10. 1810, one of the sixteen childre]i of John and Esther (James) Gillesi)ie. and the only one of this family ever .lia, born July 20, 1867, died in Infancy; William, liorn April 20. 1840. died in May. 1001, in Terre Haute. Ind.. where he had been a merchant and commercial traveler for wholesale dry-goods houses : Sarah J., born October 21. 1841. married John E. Sullivan of Kansas, but is now de- ceased : Mattie E.. bom June 5. 184.S. second wife of John E. Sullivan : Elhridge G.. born .July 19. 1844, came to Efiingham. became a merchant. H eut to I el re Haute, Ind., where he became a commercial traveler tor a dry -goods' house, ana died there September 25, 1889, his widow dy- ing iu 1895, leaving two children, — Walter D. aud Gertrude; Walter D., born December 22, 1885, Is now on the homestead ; Allen P. ; An- drew J., born May 1, 1849, Is a carpenter for the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, with residence at St. Elmo, 111. ; Maggie M., twin sis- ter of Andrew J., wife of Ernest Feckler, a merchant of Kansas; Minnie A., born May 20, 1851. is wite of Rev. J. E. Ripetre, a Methodist minister of Nebraska. On October 6, 1SG6, the family came to Eng- ham and located on the George W. Wright farm, and here on February 6, 1867, the mother died, at the age of fifty-four years. In 1880 Lorenzo Gloyd married Mrs. Melcenq, Johnson, and they resided on the farm. Mr. Gloyd was a man of energy who gave liberally to all religious and educational enterprises, believing that both did much to advance a community. His own re- ligious affiliations were with the Methodist Church. No one man did more to advance the Republican party in Effingham County than be, aud when he died his loss was deeply felt. Mr. Allen Perry Gloyd was educated in Allen County, Ind.. where bis boyhood daj-s were filled with exciting incidents relative to the war. His father's house was a station of the Underground Railroad, aud he remembers many a slave who was helped to escape. Coming to Effingham County with his parents, Mr. Gloyd remained on the farm until bis marriage. September 11, 1877. he was married to Miss Mattie Hicks, daughter of Daniel and Leah (Frost) Hicks. She was born in Clinton County, Ind., April 30, 1856. Her father was born January 8, 1817, and his wife was born ilarch 2, 1813. They were married Febmary 23, 1838, in Pennsylvania. Her death occurred February 6, 1866, and her husband sunived until July 23, 1S8S. They had eight children : Elizabeth, born November 24, 1838, married Hiram Ghere and they live retired at Areola. 111. ; Ellen, born September 4, 1840, married William Pine, who died and she lives at Frankfort, Ind. ; JIargaret, born November 1, 1841, married Alexander B. Sosbe, who died and she resides in Effingham ; Sarah M.. born June 2. 1845. married Jesse McKinze.v, and they live at Denver. Colo. : John A., born November 27, 1847. lives in Effingham ; Laura M., born De- cember 30, 1849. married Samuel Spalding; William H.. born November 19, 1852, married Maggie Ballard: Mattie May. Mrs. Gloyd. After marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Gloyd located on his farm on Section 14, Summit Township. Pie bad liought twenty acres on which was a log cabin, and this was their first home. Tliere was a .straw-covered shed for their stock. To them were born on this farm : Maggie Garfield, born November 19, ISSO. married November 21, 1900, Edgar Dennis, a farmer of Smnmit Township ; Anna Frost, liom March 2."). 1885. wife of John D. Means, married November 2, 1904, and has 766 EFFINGHAM COUNTY one child, — Margaret, born August 4, 1905 ; Glenn S., boru October 5, 1SSL>, at home, married Idesa Bock on July 29, IIXIS, and they have one child, — Ki chard. Mr. Gloyd now has 100 acres in one tract, ten acres of which is in orchard. He has 600 fruit trees, which are bearing heavily. Although he Is now prosperous, he can look back over many years of hard work and strict economy. There was a time when he paid as high as ten per cent interest. During the panic of 189G, he had a hard time getting along, but has overcome his dlfflcul- ties. It is his nature to be optimistic, and when his wife became discouraged, he would cheer lier up. and she would raise more chickens and bend all her energies to help along. He has a good herd of cattle, his orchard is a fine one, and his tields yield large crops, the result of hard work and good management. Mr. Gloyd has been one of the most energetic Republicans of his neighborhood, and for many years was County Central Committeeman for Summit Township. He and his family belong to the Van Tresse Chapel of the Methodist Church, in which he is a Deacon, and his wife belongs to the Ladies' Aid Society. The Gloyds are most excellent people in every way. and their home Is a delightful one which their friends enjoy visit- ing, for both Mr. and Mrs. Gloyd are the souls of hosiiitality, and welcome warmly all who en- ter their door. GLOYD, George D. — Many intelligent men of Illinois are taking a very active part in the Pro- hibition movement, believing that in it will be found the solution of many problems of the pres- ent day. Among those who have devoted much time and thought to the matter is George D. Gloyd, a farmer of Section 11, Summit Town- ship, who was born in Allen County, lud., De- cember 18, 1844. a son of Lorenzo D. Gloyd, a sketch of whom will be found elsewhere in this work. The boyhood days of George D. Gloyd were spent in his native county, and he attended school and worked on the farm. Under his father's in- struction he soon learned to do a mar's part in the work on the farm, and thus became a prac- tical farmer himself. In 18t)G, when twenty-two he came to Summit Township. Effingham County. 111., with his fatlicr's family, and bought 240 acres of land. coin|irising a partly improved farm. In 1867 a house was finished. In the year 1808 2,100 bushels of wheat were harvested from 110 acres of the land : the grain was cut with the old fashioned Buckeye machine, and seven men were reldstein is one of the most progressive of farmers and an e.\cellent business man. He holds the confidence and es- teem of his neighbors, and takes a pride in what be has acc-omplished. He belongs to the C. K. of Illinois. GOODELL, Frank Wise, M. D., physician and surgeon, Effingham, 111., was born in Marshall, Clark County, 111., March 1, 1859, a son of William S. and Catherine (Herrick) Goodell, his father becoming a leading physician of Central and Southern Illinois. The father was descended from Uoberte Goodelle, who came to America and settled in Salem, iVIass., in 1034. Dr. William S. Goodell was distinguished in his day as a man of letters, a widely informed scientist, jour- nalist and orator, while his wife, and mother of the subject of this sketch, was a lady of finely balanced domestic, scientific and literary tastes, and high Christian character. The for- mer died in 1877, aged sixty-five years and the latter in 1908 aged eighty -six years. (A more extended sketch of Dr. William S. Goodell will be found in a following section of this chapter.) In ISGl, when Frank W. was two years old. Dr. William S. Goodell removed with his family to Ann Arbor, Mich., but after remaining there three years, in 1804 returned to Marshall, 111., soon thereafter removing to Jasper County and, in 1867, to what is now the City of Effingham. Here Frank W. attended the German Catholic School (then Rev. Bissell's sub- scription school) for the purix)se of learning the German language. He later attended the pub- lic schools, and at borne received instruction in anatomy, chemistry, physiology, history and biograph.v. In 1877 he attended medical lectures at the Louisville (Ky.) Medical College, where, according to a city paper, he was the youngest and most popular student that ever attended the institution. Returning home in 1878, he soon had a large practice, under the care and assist- ance of his brother, Dr. William L. Goodell. Being only nineteen years of age at the time of beginning his practice, he was known for some years as the "lK>y doctor." In the spring of 1880 he graduated from the medical department of Butler University, Indianajiolis, Ind.. just be- fore attaining his majority, and stood fifth in a large and unusually well-informed class. He was offered a position in the Indianaijolis City Hospital, and another in the State Insane Asy- lum, and was also invited by several prominent citizens of a small town near Indianapolis to be- gin practicing in their town. Refusing these flattering offers, he returned to Effingham, where he and his brother had agreed to occupy an of- fice together. They were to work for each oth- er's interests but were not to be partners pecun- iarily. This brother had educated him and helped him secure a foothold in his chosen work. This contract, which was entered into thirty-two years ago, has never been violated nor altered. The younger brother soon became a favorite in the community and stood high in his profession. His opinion and judgment were often sought by 768 EFFINGHAM COUNTY otber physicians who had not his intellectual qualities, or had not enjoyed such ample advan- tages for securing their education. He was a fine athlete, being straight as an arrow, gifted with abilitj- and fluency in speech, had a good voice and wrote a good hand, was able to nialie good sketches to illustrate his points, and was well equipped for his profession, as well as for the vocation of journalist, lecturer or scientist He is a fine singer and can sing tenor or bass with equal ease. Dr. Goodell has always enjoyed a very large practice from the first, and has frequently been called into court to give exijert opinions iu cases that hinged on medical knowledge. In these trying circumstances he has never grown con- fused or hesitated under the most exacting cross-examination. During thirty-one years he has never lost a ease nf childbirth, except that of one woman who died from hemorrhage of the brain, has never set a bone crooked or left a badly deformed joint, and has lost but three cases of tjiihoid fever. We copy the following from the pen of the late Henry Clay Bradsby : "In concluding these few lines to the medical profession, we refer to the shooting and re- markable recover?' of George Halliday. He was a barber in Eflingham, was well-known, and was shot early in the year 1S82, with a thirty-two caliber cartridge pistol. He was attended by Dr. Frank Goodell, who worked with him faith- fully, notwithstanding that older physicians pro- nounced his case hoiieless and his wound mor- tal : but after six months' faithful and patient care, he was dismissed on the .3rd of July, 1882. — cured. No one believed it iKissible for Halliday to recover, not even the physicians; and for hours after the wound was inflicted they pronounced him dead. But, andd all discour- agements. Dr. Frank Goodell persevered, and enjoys the satisfaction of knowing that his ef- forts were crowned with success. The case of Halliday was pronounced by competent judges to be more serious than that of President Gar- field." Dr. Goodell has traveled extensively in his own country, his tours having extended from New York to San Francisco and from North Da- kota to New Orleans, from Louisville to Puget Sound and from Ijoa Angeles to St. Paul. His last tour la.sted six months and tlie trip took in every State and Territory in the Union ; he touched Canada, visited Havana. Cuba, and trav- eled four thousand miles in old Mexico. He made the trip for educational advantages as well as to see the country, in the meantime visiting hospitals, sanitariums, medical colleges and dis- tinguished surgeons. Since first engaging in practice, even before graduating from his medical course in Indian- apolis, Dr. Goodell has been writing articles of interest to his profession, and he has also writ- ten several poems that have been copyrighted, among which are: "The Old Rail Fence," 'Tears and Frowns." "The Old Clothes Line,'" "The Riches of Poverty," and "The Burden of the Blonde," the last being pronounced by many competent judges the finest lX)em ever written of a religio-Christian-missionary description. Each one of the poems mentioned above require about one hour for reading and are of about the i-ight length tor an evening's entertainment. "Dr. Frank," as he is familiarly called by his intimates, was apiwiuted special lecturer on Anat- omy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of St. Louis, iMo., ten years ago, and is still lec- turing iu that institution, which is considered the best medical institution west of the Mis- sissippi River and second to none. We copy from a printed letter of (now) Dr. Calhoun the following: "Among the luxuries of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of St. Louis, are the lectures of Dr. Frank W. Goodell on anatomy. Many a student, years from now, will remember them, and consider it one of the pleasant events of his life to have listened to the eloquent and learned addresses delivered by the doctor, who is called the 'luxury of the P. & S.' " Dr. Goodell plays the piano and the cornet and is considered one of the finest performers on the guitar in the United States, and though he plays entirely by ear, he has comiwsed severa) pieces of music for each of these instruments. Dr. Goodell has been highly esteemed by his fellow-physicians, among whom he has been a leader since entering the profession. He was the first doctor to say consumption would attack any organ of the human body (now a demonstrated fact), and originated the (now so common) name, "grip-pneumonia." He was candidate for the presidency of the Effingham County Medical Society in 1908, against Dr. J. B. Walker; but, after the vote had been canva.ssed three times as a tie, he lost by the result of a friendly "toss- up" of a silver dollar. In 1904 he attended the meeting of the American Medical Association, at Atlantic City, N. J., the following year attended the meeting of the same Association in Portland, Ore., and also attended meetings of the National As.sociation of Medical Pension Examiners of Chicago and New Jersey, and read a paper on "Soldiers' Rheumati.sm." He has attended meet- ings of the State Medical Society for years, and in 1900 was a delegate to the meeting. In 1904 he served as delegate from the College of Ph.vsieians and Surgeons, of St. I^ouis, to the Con- vention of American Medical Colleges. He re- ceived personal letters from Drs. Nicholas Senn. J. B. Murphy, Hunter, Gu.ver and many others, praising his compact little book on anatomy. Dr. Goodell has held, or is now holding, the fol- lowing posts of honor and trust : County Cor- oner. City Health Officer, local railroad surgeon, honorar.v Vice President and President of the Alumni of the College of Phy.sicians and Sur- geons of St. Louis ; President of Sydenham Med- ical Society, member of the Illinois State Medi- cal Societ.v, of tlie American Medical Associa- tion, National Association United States Exam- ining Surgeons, Medical Association of College of Physicians and Surgeons. St. Ix)uiR: member of the Pure Food IjCglslative Committee, the WILLIAM RAMSEY EFFINGHAM COUNTY 769 Southeastern Illinois Medical Association and the EtBugham County Medical Society (of which he is Secretary), Supreme Medical Examiner for the Modem American Fraternal Society, mem- ber of the Interstate Medical Society ; Local Board of State Charities, auxiliary to the State Board of Health ; Illinois Children's Home and Aid Society ; County Phy- sician to St. Anthony's Hospital. Poor Farm and Jail ; member of the National Board of Regents, American Alumni Association of the University of Indiana, Association for the Advancement of National Health of the Roc-hester (Miun.) Sur- geons' Club, and of the EtHngham Physicians And Deutists' Club ; Special Lecturer on Anatomy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Louis, and examiner for thirteen life insurance companies. Other imjxvrtant oflicial positions held b.v Dr. Goodell include that of Government Examining Surgeon for the Pension Board, first by apiMintment of President Cleveland, and later by appointment of President Roosevelt, now serving as President of the Board; also served as Coroner of Effingham County for six years and as Alderman of the First Ward City of Eflingham. In creed Dr. Goodell is a Presbyterian, in politics a Democrat, fraternally a Master Mason and a Royal Arch Mason, and professionall.v has a practice second to that of no other physician and surgeon in Southern Illinois. He became a Master Mason in 1902 and a Royal Arch Mason in IflOT. and in the former branch of the order has held the rank of J. W.. J. D., and Sr. D., and at the meeting of the Grand Lodge held in Chicago in 1906. introduced the resolution "To make the secret wording of Free Masonr.v con- form exactly with an established and adopted standard." He has a fine physique, fixed habits and good morals, and is fortunate financially, so that he is able to live in great comfort in the old Goodell home, a twelve room brick house, where he lives alone and has a stable of fine horses. All who know him be- come his friends, and he is considered very fortu- nate in every way. GOODELL, William Lott, M. D,, one of the oldest and most successful physicians of Effing- ham. 111., was born in Richland County, Ohio, in 1S40. When twelve years of age he went with his parents to Marshall, Clark County. 111., where he attended the public school and entered Marshall College, which institution gave to the medical, legal and ministerial professions man.v distinguished men. We quote the remainder of this sketch from the pen of his brother, Frank W. Goodell. M. D.. his partner in practice: "During leisure hours and vacations he as- sistpLartinsville. N. Y., and while there he was married to Augusta Gold- beck, who was born in Leipsic. Germany. March 1. 1830, and came to the United States in 1845. She came to this country with a sister, her mother being deceased, sailing from Hamburg on the sailing vessel "Braveno," which took forty-five days to make the journey, landing safely at Xew York City, they went to Martinsvile, where for four years Mrs. Grobengeiser was employed as a domestic. In 1.SG6 Mr. and Mrs. Grobengeiser re- moved to Effingham County, 111., with their sis children, going by wagon to Niagara. N. Y.. thence by rail to Chicago, and from there to their des- tination. Mr. Grobengeiser purchased what is now the G. V. Grobengeiser farm of seventy acres in Mound Township, but in 1881 he sold that farm and purchased IfiG acres in the same town- ship, two and one-half miles west of Altamont. He had built a fine home and settled down to the enjoyment of a happy life, but met with aa acci- dent in a runaway, in which he received inju- ries to his spine which prevented bis ever work- ing again, and he died thirteen years later, being buried from the Lutliernn Church, of which he was an official member for years. In politics he was a stanch Democrat. Mrs. Grobengeiser sur- vives her husband, and has reached the advanced age of eighty years, but is in the best of health and spirits and in possession of her full faculties. She is as well known in this vicinity as was her estemed husband, and has many friends and ac- quaintances. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Groben- geiser were as follows: Augusta Helen, at home; Martha, deceased, who was the wife of Augustus Sy ; William, of Mound Township, who married Tina Goers; Beata, who married Frie- bert Schwerdtfeger. of Mound Township ; August v.. of Altamont. who married Bertha Milleville; Paulina, who died in childhood; Paulina (2), who married Charles Dietrich, of St. Louis ; Mal- vina ; and Emily, who married Fred Goers. GROVES, John Edward, M. D. Among the pro- fessions the one making the most demand upon time, experience and study, is probably that of medicine, and to make a success of his vocation the doctor must at all times be willing to sacri- fice everything else for it. Effingham County can boast of many successful men of medicine, and one of these is John Edward Groves, of Alta- mont. He was born at Marion, Williamson County, 111., April 11, 1865, and comes of an old and honored family. The Groves family was founded in the United States by three brothers who came from Hol- land, one settling in the East, one in Kentucky, and the other in the Middle West, and from the last-named Dr. Groves is descended. His grand- father. George Groves, was a resident of Me- chanicsburg. Champaign County, Ohio, was mar- ried three times and had a family of twenty children. One of these children he named Simon Peter, saying ue should be the preacher of the family, and the young man really adopted that occupation after graduating from Ohio Wesleyau University, being for fifty years a member of the Southern Illinois Conference, and one of its old- est preachers, being now superannuated. Rev. Groves married Mary Jane Mitchell, of Cave in Rock. Hardin County, 111., and they now reside at Nashville, III. There were seven children born to Rev. and Mrs. Groves, but four are deceased, those surviving being : John Edward, M. D. ; Rhoda. wife of Dr. J. H. Oakley, of the United States Marine Hospital Service, now stationed at Port Townsend, Wash. ; and C. Coo|ier. a teacher in Science at the High School at Kecember, 1860, and locating on a farm in Teuto- polis Township, Effingham County, 111. During his first year he received ?60, but in 18G2 he rented 120 acres of land in this township. Owing to debts incurred in bringing over his family, he had a hard struggle for some time, but with Ger- man persistency and strict economy he managed to buy this 120 acres, which later he sold at a profit. After selling his farm, Mr. Hardiek rented land and entered into stock-raising extensively. In 776 EFFINGHAM COUNTY 1875 he moved to Teutopolis and bought a hard- ware and tin shop, paying $400 iu part settle- ment for a business valued at $2,000. Six months later he sold this business, but retained the own- ership of the shop. He then formed a partner- ship with Clem Uptmore, under the title of Upt- more & Hardiek, general merchants. They did a business handling merchandise, grain and live stocli. During the third year of this connection Mr. Uptmore died. About 1883, having taken his sons iu with him, Mr. Hardiek added a lumber yard and coal business. As he bought and sold merchandise of every description, Mr. Hardiek did a large business, but sold the general merchan- dise part in 1903. In October, 1905. he assisted in establishing the Bank of Teutopolis, and was made its Cashier. B. H. Wernsing is the Presi- dent. J. L. Runde Vice President and H. J. Weber Assistant Cashier. Owing to the financial and business standing of the men who are its officials and on its Board of Directors, the Bank of Teutopolis is one of the strongest banking con- cerns in Effingham County. In addition Mr. Har- diek, with several other representative men, founded the Teutopolis Mutual Fire and Benefit Association. During his connection with this companv he has managed to reduce the cost of polices "fifty per cent from the standard rate, and the surplus of the company is about $10,000. He also assisted in establishing the creamery at Teutopolis, and so excellent is the product of this concern, that it commands one cent more a pound than any other. In iwlitics Mr. Hardiek is a Democrat and, in religious faith, a Roman Cath- olic. In addition to other Interests, he owns 600 acres of land in Effingham County, 1.000 acres In Norton County, Kan., and thirty-eight town lots in Teutopolis. Without doubt be is one of the richest men in the county, while his name has always been associated with fair dealings and honest enterprises. In September. 1863. Mr. Hardiek was married to Catherine Buenker, who was born March 30, 1844, on a farm in the south part of what is now Teutopolis Township, the daughter of Dieterich and Elizabeth Buenker, who were natives of Germany. For eleven years Mr. and Mrs. Har- diek lived on a farm with her uncle, Henry Buenker, whence they moved to Teutopolis, where Mr. Hardiek engaged in general merchan- dising and grain and stock-buying business. Mr. and Mrs. Hardiek had thirteen children bom to them, only four of whom survive, namely : John, a farmer of Teutoiwlis Township: .Toseph, a farmer in St. Joseph Township; and Anna and Leo, at home. Mrs. Hardiek died at the family home in- Teutopolis. April 2. 1910. She was a de- vout member of the Catholic Church and a mem- ber of the Third Order of St. Francis, and her death was deeply deplored l\v a large circle of friends. Mr. Hardiek has always taken an active part in securing the promotion of enterprises calcu- lated to build up his beloved city, and has never been sparing of either time or money to effect such improvements. He is one of the soundest business men this locality has ever known, and displays that German sense of values and ability to economize that bring success iu almost every case. Mr. Hardiek has made every ceat he pos- sesses through honest endeavor. When he came to this country he could not speak a word of English, but in later years labored earnestly for the benefit of his family, assisting them to Join him in America. Such men are few, unfortu- nately, but when they are found they are truly appreciated. HASDIN, Stephen, was born in Washington County, Ind., Septemljer 18, 1818, a son of John and Ellen (Colclasure) Hardin. He was raised on a farm and attended school but a few winter terms. He was married in 1841 and, two years later, located in Clay County, 111., where he served as Sheriff, and for two years kept a store in Georgetown. He removed to ilason in 1855, bringing with him a stock of goods, and the nest year removed his family to that town. He .sold out his stock in 1858. at which time he was elect- ed Representative from the Counties of Fayette and Effingham, on the Democratic ticket. Dur- ing the session of 1858-59 he introduced the bill providing for the removal of the county-seat from Ewington to Effingham. About ISOO he again en- gaged in mercantile business, with a branch store at Winterrowd. Some two years later, he turned his attention to farming and stock-raising, in which he was very successful. His farm was on the northern border of the Town of Mason, and he platted sixteen acres, which became known as Hardin's Addition. Mr. Hardin's death oc- curred January 25, 1907. HARRAH, (Hon.) Rufus C— A man who is well versed in the laws of his State and country is always a recognized power. As a class they are depended upon largely to conserve the best interests of the people, and without them and their practical judgment the work done by the business man and the mechanic, as well as the efforts of the statesman, would be inc-omplete. The professional lawyer is not the creature of circumstance, as the profession is open to talent, and no definite prestige or success can be attained save b.v indomitable energy, perseverance, pa- tience and strong mentality. At the same time, the lawyer is well fitted to occupy positions of public trust, as his legal training, his ability to concentrate his puiixise and his wide knowledge of men fit him to discharge his duties faithfully and well, and so it is that men of this profession are so often chosen to represent the people. A notable case is presented in the career of Hon. Rufus C. Harrah. present State's Attorney of Ef- fingham County. 111. Mr. Harrah was Ijom in Putnam County, Ind., October 10. 1846. the son of Daniel F. Harrah, and comes of an old and distinguished family. His paternal grandfather, Daniel Harrah, was with Gen. Scott at the Battle of Lundy's Lane, Canada, and saw other active service during the War of 1812. Daniel F. Harrah was born in ^H ^^^^^^^\ ^^1 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^H ^^^B 1 ^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^H' ^^^^^1 ^K ^ V £%■ W<' ' '^^^ m ^^^^^ \ :^m i^H JOSEPH P. SCHWERMAN EFFINGHAM COUNTY Sloutgomery Coimty, Ky., moved to Putnam County, Ind., and in 1858 brought his family to Jasjjer County, 111., where he located on a farm. From early boyhood Rufus C. Harrah sho\yed a determination to secure better educational ad- vantages than those afforded the average farm- er's son of the times. After leaving the district school he entered Westtield College, and fol- lo\ying his course in this instinition he taught school three years. March 10. 187J. he located in Effingham, and soon began the study of law in tne office of J. N. Gwnn. In June. 1874. he was admitted to the bar, since which time he has been in active practice, and is recognized for his abil- ity as a Iaw.yer and for the fidelity with which he adheres to the Interests of his clients In the courts. Mr. Harrah has always been an active Demo- crat and his value was soon recognized by his party. He has been called upon to hold a num- ber of offices since locating in Effingham, being elected in 1873 to the office of Police Magistrate, which he held until 1881. In 1880 he was hon- ored by being elected to the office of State's At- torney for Effingham County, serving until 1896, being successively re-elected. In 18',>7 he was an unsucessful candiaate for the office of Circuit Judge, although heartily endorsed by the pro- fession. In 1898 he became Master in Chancery, serving until 1904, and made a remarkable rec- ord, there being not a single exception on tile against any of his reiwrts. In 1902 Mr. Harrah was placed before the celebrated dead-lock con- vention, the first in the newly constructed Twen- tj-thlrd Congressional District. He received the nomination at Xewton, but as the vote of Jasper County was challenged before the result was an- nounced, the convention was adjourned to meet at Centralia. After two days of exciting bal- loting, the convention was adjourned sine die. Later the same delegates were called back to a new convention at Mount Vernon, where Mr. Harrah received enough votes to nominate, but as the vote of Jasper County was once more challenged, he failed of nomination, the nominee being Hon. J. B. Crowley, of Crawford County. In 190.3 Mr. Harrah secured the endorsement of his party for the office of Circuit Judge, and in 1900 carried the county in the primary election for endorsement as a candidate for Circuit Judge, to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Judge Farmer to the Supreme Court. In 1908 Mr. Har- rah was nominated and elected State's Attorney of Effingham County, and is now serving his fifth term in that office. He was also for many years Chairman of the Democratic County Central Committee. In 187.3 Mr. Harrah married Mrs. Ellen War- ren, of Jasper County. 111., and they have had three sons, Leonard H., Robert B. and William F.. only one of whom is now living. William F.. of Chicago. In 189.3 Mr. Harrah joined the Chris- tian Church and since then has been a prominent and consistent member. During the many years that Mr. Harrah has served the county as State's Attorney, he has established a record which is recognized and ad- mired by almost every lawyer in the State of Illi- nois. His administration of the office has won for him a reputation as a man of far more than ordi- nary ability. As a prosecutor he has been re- lentless and fearless, but at all times just, and no one can say of him that he was ever influenced by prejudice, nor can any one ixilnt to a single instance where he has shown personal favor. In tulfilling the duties of his office he has been pre- eminently fair to all parties with whom he has had to deal, and no shadow of dishonesty or weakness rests upon him. That he has served the people of the count}- five terms without the slightest blot to mar his record is an achieve- ment which should be most gratifying to him, and of which his family may justly speak with pride In years to come. HARRELL, Jacob.— No mere words will de- scribe the privations endured by the pioneers of Effingham County or their bravery in attempting to blaze a path for civilization. To understand what they did one must have lived as they did. However, while not entirely appreciating, the country gives them due honor and accords them a high place in its history. Jacob Harrell of Jack- sou Township is one of the sturdy old pioneers of this locality, having been born in Shelby Coun- ty, Ind., May 13, 1837, a son of Jethrow and Effie (Noe) Harrell, the former born in Xorth Carolina, July 4, 1800, and the latter In Ohio, April 13. 1812. They were married in Shelby Cbunty, Ind., but in 1840 moved to Effingham County. 111., and soon thereafter, the father en- tered land from the Ckjvernment in Jackson Township at $1.2.5 per acre. This land was mostly timber. After making some improve- ments, the father .sold and moved on the present farm of Mr. Jacob Harrell, which consisted of 28(! acres. Here they lived until their death, that of the father occurring In 1806, and the mother's In 1867. Both are interred in the New Hope Cemetery, in Mason Township. They were the parents of eight children, five of whom are now living : Jacob. William H.. John W.. Sarah J. and Frances H. Prior to his marriage with Effie Xoe. the father had been married to Hannah Harrell, who died In North Carolina, where the marriage took place. They were the parents of seven children, only two of whom are now liv- ing — Margaret Robertson, who resides in Effing- ham, and Hannah Hacklemau, who resides In Hancock County, Ind. Jacob Harrell went to school in the primitive log sehoolhouse desc-ribed in the general history, and used a quill pen in writing. He remained at home until his first marriage, which occurred in Effingham County, December 2.5, 1860, to Lathenia Brewster, who was bom in Ohio, a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George Brewster. Mr. Brewster died in Marion County. 111., while Mrs. Brew- ster died in Chicago, in 1864. and was buried in New Hope Cemetery. Tliey were the parents of two children, one of whom died in infancy, the other being Mrs. Harrell. After the death of the 778 EFFINGHAM COUNTY first Mrs. Harrell, Mr. Uarell married iu October, ISOo, jlartba KUeu Browu. boru iu Kimx Couuty, Oliio, iu Juue, 1S47, a daughter of William aud Naucy Browu, uatives of Oliio, where Mr. Browu died, while Mrs. Browu came Irom Ohio to llli- uois about ISUU, aud died iu Clay Couuty, beiug iuterred iu the Peuder Cemetery, Ettiugham. Seveu chilUreu were boru of the secoud marriage of Mr. llarrel, but ouly five grew to maturity : Ada, wife of Lewis OeFreece ; Stella, wife of Charles Ciuders; Grade, wife of Frauk Yates; Gertrude, wife of Frauk I'ultou, aud Blanche, wife of William Shoemaker. Jlr. Harrell has always beeu a Democrat and a loyal supporter of his party, takiug au active iuterest iu local politics. He has served four terms as Towushiij Commissiouer, aud is now Deputy Koad Boss iu Jackson Township. He served two terms as School Trustee, aud for many years has beeu School Director. Iu for- mer years, he was a member of both the Grange aud the F. B. M. A. iu Jacksou Township. Both Mr. and Mrs. Harrell are members of the Metho- diset Episcopal Church, South. The father of Mr. Harrell was the oldest Methodist in his neighborhood, and was very liberal iu his sub- scriptions towards the support of the church, and Mr. Harrell has also beeu one of its liberal con- tributors. He has served as its trustee and is a member of the Board of Stewards, and is also Sui)erlnteudent of the Sunday school and a class leader. Mr. Flarrell has been a very successful man, and is greatly honored by his many friends. He did not serve in the Civil War, when he offered to enlist being afflicted with "milk sickness"' aud as a consequence the recruiting officers refused to accept him. He and his wife reside on their fer- tile farm of 286 acres in Jackson Township, wuere they are enjoying the fruits of their early labors, in a comfortable home. During Mr. Har- rell's early boyhood, he worked early and late on the farm for his parents. At times the swarms of flies were so numerous that farm work had to be done at night. In those early days it was diffi- cult to procure breadstuff. It was uec-essary to ride early to mill, aud wait a turn to get the grist ground. In addition to his farm. Mr. Har- rell owns property iu Altamont. III., aud is cer- tainly one of the substantial, reliable men of the county, in whom exiilirit confidence can alwaj-s be placed. HARVEY, Theodore H., whose ideal rural home, with its lie.inliful surroundings aud solid com- forts, is situated on Section .32, Douglas Town- ship, Effingham County, .seemingly has every reason to feel satisfied with his earthly lot. in- cluding as it does. home, ample means, friends, family and universal esteem. Mr. Harvey was born at Pine Grove. Pa.. April 2."?. lS.o.5. a son of George and Mary (Dentler) Harvey, who were natives of Pennsylvania, there grew to maturity, married and reared a family. In 1870 George Harvey came, first, to Effing- ham County, purchasing eighty acres which his sou, Theodore H., now owns. In 1880 he returned to I'enusylvania aud was accompanied back to Effiugham Couuty by his family. Formerly this farm had served as a kind of sporting grouud for people from many sections, game being abuudant aud a pond supplying good fishing. It required some firmness on the part of Mr. Harvey, at first, to keep the old visitors off his preserves. Like his sou, he was a progressive aud enterprising man, and started right in to improve his land aud, iu 1884, built a fine residence on the north eud of the property, which his widow now occu- pies. To his first eighty acres he added uutil he owned o(X) acres iu the county, 380 acres lying in Douglas Township, forty iu Watson Township and eighty Iu Jacksou Township. He was a man of much enterprise, but this quality he tempered with good judgment, aud hence bis undertakings usually proved successful. He gave liberally to charity aud to the building of schools aud the promoting of religious agencies. For forty vears he was a member of the fraternal order "of Odd Fellows and lived up to its principles. His death occurred October 14, 1908, iu his seventy-eighth year. His children were as follows: Theodore H. ; Isaac, a merchant at Harrisouville, Mo. ; Charles, a farmer in Watson Township; Anna, wife of Sephor Bushore, of Muncie, Ind. ; Amelia and Jane, both of whom died in infancy ; Esther, wife of W. B. Lyons, a machinist at Terre Haute] Ind. ; George, who died In 1904, aged thirty-six years ; Samuel, a railroad conductor, residing at Pine Bluff, Ark. ; Richard, who. like his brother George, died while being operated on for ap- pendicitis ; and Bessie, the wife of Harry Jones, who is yardmaster of the Vandalla Railroad at Effingham. The venerable mother is a devoted member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Theodore II. Harvey was educated iu the schools of his native State and before he came to Effingham Couuty he worked in the coal miues of Pennsylvania, aud then worked for his father by the month uutil 1881. when he rented a part of the farm, which he bought in 1884, securing 110 acres. He immediately began to improve his property and has made it into one of the most jd-oductive farms of the county. He grows grain and fruit of all kinds and is largely interested In breeding fine cattle, his registered stock lieiug of the Red Polled variety. He also has a registered sire for his Berkshire hogs. Mr. Harvey has taken a great deal of pride in making the sur- roundings of his home attractive and his beau- tiful lawn, with its swings, hammocks and lawn seats is freijuently the scene of .social gatherings, for Mr. and Mrs. Harvey are very hospitable. On December 5, 1874. Mr. Harvey was mar- ried to Miss Martha Klahr. who accompanied her parents from Pennsylvania to Effiugham, where they still reside. Seven children have been born of this marriage, as follows : Emma, residing at home; Kate, wife of H. E. Crumm, residing .it Mishawakji. Ind. ; George Elmer, residing at home ; Maliel. wife of Leo L. Callahan, a merchant tailor at Charleston, 111. : and Carrie, Mary and Albert, all residing at home. Mrs. t «^ ■'V-*-*.^ MRS. JOSEPH P. SCHWERMAX EFFINGHAM COUNTY 779 Harvey and older children are members of the Methodist Church, of which Mr. Harvey is an attendant and to which he llberrally contributes. Politically be is a Republican and fraternally is connected with the order of Jlodern Woodmen of America. HEIDEN, Henry.— Many of the leading men of Effingham County, 111., started out in life as IMjor boys, but through their owu efforts have be- come wealthy and prominent. The most success- ful men of this cxjuntry are not always those who are born to wealth and iuHuence. Tliere appears to be something in the necessity for exertion that develops a man's best ciualities and demonstrates what he is capable of accomplishing. Henry Heiden, of Section 9, West Township, is an excel- lent example of this fact, and is proud that all that he now owns has been earned through his owu efforts. He was born In Bergholtz, Niagara County, N. T., Decemlier 6, 1857, a son of Fred and Margaret A. (Alwertt) Heiden. The father was born in Mecklenburg, Germany, in 1832, and grew up to be a farmer in his native country. In 1857 he and his wife came to the United States, sailing from Hamburg to New York, and locat- ing at Bergholtz, N. Y., where for five years the father was a day laborer. He then came to Effing- ham County, 111., buying twenty acres of land in Section 8, West Township. On this he put up a little one-room log house, which was without a door for some time. Shortly thereafter he added forty acres to his holdings, and then another forty acres. Still later he bought two small tim- ber tracts, one of ten and the other five acres, finally becoming the owner of 11.5 acres. After a long life of hard work and frugal living, he died on his farm, January 2, 1908, his widow surviving until January 30. 1908. They were consistent members of the Bethlehem Lutheran Church during life, and were interred in Bethle- hem Cemetery. Fred Heiden was a strong Dem- ocrat and served the township for a time as overseer. He and his wife had six children: Tbeo. who went to Kansas, is now farming in Smith County, that State, and married Tina N.ve ; Henry ; Marj-, who is Mrs. Ferd Aderman, of Altamont ; Tina, who is Mrs. Charles Rath, of Fayette County ; Fred, who is on the home place, married Mary Banke, and Caroline, who is Mrs. Herman Krneger, of Mound Township. Henry Heiden was five years old when he was brought to Illinois, and there attended a paro- chial school and later the public school. Some of his early teachers were George Wolf, a Mr. Tay- lor and Amanda Spragg. From the time he was old enough, Mr. Heiden as.sisted his father in Im- proving the homestead, remaining at home imtil his marriage. This event took place October 30, 1881, when he was united with Augusta Buth, daughter of Carl A. and Pauline Buth. After marriage the young couple locate^U^^^ ^. J C(fT^ EFFINGHAM COUNTY rsi lived, and where the parents siieut their mar- ried life. They were the parents of three chil- dren : John W., Mary (deceased) and Calvin C. The father met with an accident from a thresh- ing machine, receiving injuries from which he died August 29, 1866. His remains lie buried at Watson, III. His widow survives, and makes her home with her son, C. C. Higgins, ou the farm. Calvin C. Higgins attended the public schools of Jackson Township, and spent three months in what was then known as the "Hayward" School at Fairfield, 111. He then took a special course at the Austin College. Effiugham. 111., and thus ob- tained an excellent education. Finishing his studies, he began teaching, and has continued in this work for the past twenty years, and in which he is still engaged. During all this time he has taught in only four different schools and only one term outside of Jackson Township. In addi- tion to teaching. Mr. Higgins owns forty acres of fine farm land in Jackson Township, which he de- votes to general farming. He has been success- ful in his life work, although his youth was a hard one, for his mother was left a widow with three little ones, he being but five months old at the time of his father's death. She struggled along, brought up her children, and now is en- joying her honored old age, surrounded by lov- ing care. Mr. Higgins was married in Mason Township, April 5, 1890, to Anna Davidson, born in Effing- ham County, September 8. 1873, a daughter of James and Elizabeth (Ensley) Davidson, both natives of Illinois. Mr. Davidson is now de- ceased, but Mrs. Davidson resides in the State of Washington, where she has since remarried. Mr. and Mrs. Higgins are thg parents of the fol- lowing children : Albeit E.. born June 11, 1894, deceased : Walter, born July S. 1896 ; Grace, Ixirn July 22, 1898, deceased; Ethel Florence, born July 16, 1904, and Calvin Arthur, born August 10, 1908. The two who died are interred in Wat- son Cemetery. In politics Mr. Higgins is a Democrat, and has always taken an active iiart in local affairs. He is a member of the M, W. A. at Watson. Camp No. 2705. He and his family belong to the Bap- tist Church at Watson, where thej; are active in all church work. Mr. Higgins is 'a man of de- lightful personality and a close student, not only of books but mankind. He tries to study the qualities and needs of each individual pupil, so as to adapt his teaching to the requirements of the young minds under his fostering and devel- oping care. and. that he is eminently successful, the host of his former pupils who are his warm personal friends, testify. HIGGINS, John Wright.— Perhaps no part of Effingham County. III., has more comfortable old homes or a more prosperous class of citizens, than has Mason Town.ship. and the farm of John Wright Higgins, which is situated in Section 4. offers proof of the statement. Mr. Higgins was born in Jackson Township. Effingham County, 111., December 14, 1862, a son of James and An- nie (Neaville) Higgins. The father, James Hig- gins, was born in Indiana and came to Effingham County with his widowed mother when a lad. He was accidentally killed in 1866, while oi^erat- ing a threshing machine, leaving a widow and three children. John Wright was the oldest of these children. Mary the second and Calvin C. the third. Mary and her husband, Thomas Martin, are both now deceased. They left six children : Belle, James. Ellery, Anna. Mabel and Willie. Calvin C. Higgins is a teacher and farmer near the old homestead and with him lives the vener- able mother. She was born in Effingham County, October 22. 1836. and is still hale and hearty. She loves to tell of the old da.vs and her stories of people and events are very entertaining. She is a devoted and valued member of the Baptist Church. John Wright Higgins obtained his education iu the district schools, but from the age of five years being fatherless, he was not able to en.joy many educational advantages, his mother needing his help on the farm. He remained at home until twenty-one years of age. when he rented a farm near his birthplace and on November 26, 1884, was married to Alice Davidson. He later con- tinued farming there until the death of his wife, November 18. 1887. She left one child. Leslie, who died aged about eight years. On November 30. 1889, Mr. Higgins married as his second wife Elsie R. Bailey, who was born February 18, 185.5, on her paternal homestead where they have since resided. Mr.s. Higgins' father. Henry P. Bailey, was born in Campbell County, Va., in 1809. and in youth came to Effingham County, 111., with his mother but later went to Indiana and there was married November 18. 18.38. to Susan Landers. In 1850 they came to Effingham County and set- tled, first, where Wilson Turner now resides, but in 1853 bouglit what was known as the Bradley farm, on Section 4. Mason Township. Henry P. Bailey who had been a soldier In the Black Hawk War. became a prominent citizen in Effing- ham County, serving as its fir.st Sheriff. He also conducted a blacksmith shop on his farm, which he operated until the outbreak of the Civil War. when he began to make arrangements to take up arms in defense of his country. In 1862 he en- listed in Company B, Thirt.v-eighth Illinois ■Volunteer Infantry, for three years, at the ex- piration of his term of service, re-enlisted for the same period. He participated in many im- Iiortant battles and when, at the close of the struggle he was honorably discharged, the ef- fects of the long marches and man.v hardships he had endured w-as shown in his inability to re- sume his work in the shop and on the farm, al- ways afterward having to hire help for the same. To Henry P. Bailey and wife the following children were born : Eliza J.. Wyett, Tandy, Cassandra. Mary. William H.. James A.. Nancy F.. Essie R.. .John L. and Marie, who are twins. The eldest daughter, who is now deceased, was the wife of Calvin Austin. W.vett Bailey was born October 4, 1810, served three years in the 782 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Civil War and was killed at the battle of CUick- amauga. Tandy Bailey was boru December 13, 11^1, completed bis army service as a member of the One Hundred and Eleventh Illinois Volun- teer Infantry, and died at Mattoon, 111., waiting to receive his honorable discharge papers. Cas- sandra was born September 24. 1S42. and married John T. Martin. Mary was born December 31, 1&45, and died in the following year. AX illiam H. Bailey was born January 18, 1&4T. and is a farmer in Jackson Township. James A. Bailey was born November 4. 1848, and lives at Dunlap, Mo. Nancy F. was liorii July 26, 1852, married Elijah Neavills, and ilifd Ausust 25, 1896. John L. Bailey was born September 9, 18.56, and died Januai-y'lS, 1895. Marie married Elisha Tucker, who is a farmer in Mason Township. After the marriage of Mr. and ilrs. Higglns they settled on the Bailey farm and after the death of her parents, bought the place which con- tains ninety-five acres of valuable land. The property has been well kept up and Mr. Higgius has spent a large amount of money in the pur- chase of fine stock. To his original purchase of laud he has added until he now owns 150 acres. While Mr. Higgius is interested In his cattle and other stock, Mrs. Higgius is equally so in her poultry. They have one daughter. Beulah, who was born December 14, 1882. She has been given e.xcellent educational advantages, includ- ing le.ssons in music, and will graduate from the town.ship schools in the class of 1910. Mrs. Hig- gius was reared in the Baptist faith and he in the Christian. They lioth contribute by their lives to the moral ut>lift of the community. Prior to 1892, Mr. Higgius was identified with the Dem- ocratic party but then the money and tariff questions caused him to think deeply on public matters, and since then he has voted the Re- publican ticket. In connection with his other in- dustries, Mr. Higgins operates a well equipped saw mill on his farm. HIGGS, George W., a leading representative of the successful farmers of Effingham County, 111., is the second-oldest native-born citizen of the county, his friend and relative, Thomas B. Aus- tin, of Jackson Township, being the oldest. Mr. Higgs was born on what is now the Joseph Smith farm, in Jackson Township, March 11, 1832, a sou of Harrison and Mary (Martin) Higgs, na- tives of North Carolina and Tennessee, respec- tively. Their home was a rude log cabin, as they were among the early pioneers, coming to the State about 1828-29. Harrison Higgs laed at the age of forty-five years, when George was nine years old, his wife having died two years previ- ous. Their children were: John, who was Iwrn in Tennessee, married Mahala Ostini. and died in ■Effingham County; Benjamin Franklin, born in Tennessee, never married, but J^raveled all over the world, — went to California in 1858, found a fortune several times and lost the same by speculation, but died in San Francisco, at the age of seventy-two years in good circumstances ; Martha, ma'TJed .John McCoy, but is now de- ceased; Levi, dieil unmarried; Mary Ann. Mrs, Joseph Yales of Mound Township; and George W. The father of Harrison Higgs was of Eng- lish e.xtractiou and was supposed to be a native of North Carolina. He came with his family to Tennessee and died there. After the death of his father, George W. Higgs spent three years in the family of Samuel Win- ters and attended the primitive log cabin sub- scription school of the neighborhood. He spent the next three years in the family of John Brack- ett, where he was to work on the farm and to at- tend school three months of the year, also at the end of three years to receive a horse, saddle and bridle. The bargain was not fully kept, though at the end of his time of service he re- ceived a horse, which he sold for thirty-five dol- lars. During his boyhood the wild game was plentiful, the Indians roamed through the woods and the howl of the timber w'olf was a common sound. On March 10, 18.53, upon attaining his major- ity, ■ Mr. Higgs married Rachel Jane Beck, daughter of William Beck, and began farming on his own account. He purchased eighty acres of prairie land from his brother, B. F. Higgs, who had purcha.sed it from a Mexican War veteran who had received it for settlement of a land grant for his services. Mr. Higgs still owns his land. He began to bring it under cultivation, for several years using an ox-team for this work. He Ijuilt a log-cabin from timber on the farm, and because he put up a stone chimney his neighbors called him "high-toned." He lived in this home until 1890. when he replaced it with a modern, c-ommodious home. He had the misfortune to lose his faithful and devoted wife four years af- ter their marriage. She had borne two children : William Franklin, of Jackson Township, and one who died in infancy. Mr. Higgs married (second) in 1857, Adeline Ward, daughter of Charles Ward of Bond County, 111., who died alwut 1894, and is buried in the cemetery of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Salem, of which she was a devout member. They were parents of children as fol- lows: Mary Ann, Mrs. Frank Gillespie, of Bond County ; Sarah Elizabeth, wife of William U. Dowd. of Jaijkson Township ; George, married Tora Griffith, both now deceased ; Albert, of Ma- son Township, married Jennie Leonard ; Charles, died at the age of eighteen years ; John, of Moul- trie County, 111. : James, on the home farm, mar- ried Delia Thrasher. Mr. Higgs has always been a Democrat and is a consistent member of the Metliodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Hi.ggs is well known in the communit.v as a man of superior business judgment, energj' and thrift, as well as one who is kindly and charita- ble to all, being broad in his sympathies and views. He is a man of intelligence and vigor, who through his own efforts has attained a veo' fair degree of success. He is highly esteemed and revered. His father was a .soldier in the Black Hawk War, and though he died in middle age, had impressed himself upon his conununity EFFINGHAM COUNTY 783 and was regarded as a valuable citizen. At the time of his settling in Illinois Effingbam County was not organized and the Sberift' rode from house to bouse to collect tbe taxes. HIGHTOWER, John D.— In every branch of industry, the advance of Effingham County bas been remarkably rapid during tbe last few years, and its progress has been equal to that of any other section of tbe State of liimois. Tbe pres- ent prosperity of tbe county is well represented in Its stockmen and agriculturists, and among these may be mentioned John D. Higbtower. of Section 20, Watson Township. Mr. Hightower was born in Pickens County, Ga., November 1, 1840, a son of John and Martha (Jordan) High- tower. John Hightower was a native of North Caro- lina and his wife of South Carolina, and both, so far as is known, were of German descent. They were married in South Carolina about 1830, and removed thence to Pickens County, Ga., where their ten children were born. Of these nine grew to maturity, one dying in childhood. The three surviving members of the family are : John D. ; Angeliue. married (first) Aaron Liv- ingston (who died in Effingham County) and is now the wife of John Loy, a resident of Watson Township; and Marshall J., who was last heard from in Arkansas, and was then contemplating a trip to Indian Territory. About 184.5 the par- ents of John D. Hightower moved to Winston County, Ala., and there the father was killed about 1858, while serving as a Deputy in the ar- rest of a desperado. His wife had died in Mar- shall County, Ala. John D. Hightower received bis education in the subscription schools of Georgia and Alabama. At tbe outbreak of the Civil War the four High- tower brothers joined the First Jliddle Tennes- see Cavalry, United States Troops, in which he served until after the battle of Stone River, when they were transferred to the First Alabama Cav- alry. Just prior to the organization of the First Tennessee, John D. Hightower had been captured by tbe Confederates and taken, as a prisoner, al- though in citizen's clothes, to Tupelo, Miss., but after two months' confinement he managed to es- cape and hid in the woods, escaping from tbe scouts of the Confederate army in October, 18(33. when he joined the First Alabama Regiment, en- listing in Company I, in which his three brothers, Marion, Monroe, and Wilburn. were serving. The First Alabama Regiment was in the Fourth Army Corps. KiliMtrick's I>ivision,l and took part in all the hard-fought battles of the Atlanta camjiaign. when this company served as escort to General Sherman, ,Tohn D. Hightower serv- ing in the capacity of General Sherman's Orderly throughout the xiarch to the Sea. In 1864 Mr. Hightower .spent five months in scouting service, going first to Iluntsville, Tenn. He then re- joined his regiment. After the surrender of General Lee, at Apiximattox. Company I. First Alabama Cavalrv, was ordered back to Hunts- ville, Ala., and as the company was preparing to march, General Sherman presented Lieutenant David R. Snelling with a letter extending his heartfelt thanks to him and his company for their bravei-y and steadfastness to duty. The company remained at Huntsville until ordered to Nashville, Tenn., where they were mustered out of the service, July 21, 18G.5. John D. Higb- tower then came to Effingham County, III. His brother Monroe had died at camp In Nashville, Wilbm-n had died at Memphis, and Marion was honorably discharged and went to Arkansas, where he soon died as a result of the exposure and hard service of his army life. Mr. High- tower can relate many thrilling experiences of his army life, but none are so interesting, perhaps, as his recollections of his escape from the Con- federates at Tupelo, Miss., which he has often de- clared caused him more suffering and hardships than his army life. He could often hear the howls of tbe blood-hounds which were being used to track him down, and on one occasion his life was saved b.v a lady who struck up the gun of a soldier who was about to shoot him as he was making at attempt to get away. In 1865 Mr. Hightower came to Effingham County and l>ought a small farm on Section 20, Watson Town.ship. His wife, whom he had married after his escape from the Confederates, in 18(j3, had come to Effingham Count.v in 1864. She had been Mary C. Klevens. and bore her hus- band five children, namely : (icorge F.. born Jan- uary 1, 1867, now Superintendent of Schools of Coulterville, 111., married Catherine McCoy and has two children, — Lloyd and Earl : Wilburn C, died in infancy ; Martha Alabama. liorn January 2. 1870. is the wife of George Percival, a farmer of Watson Township, and has seven children, — John O.. Lettie. Iva A.. Grace, Sadie and Lota and Lee ; Minta A., born January 23. 1872. mar- ried the Rev. Erwin McJInrry. minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Bethany, 111. ; and Effie M., born June' 5. 1S74, married Otto Le- Ci-one. of Watson, and has two children — - Walter and Lura Jane. The first wife of John D. Hightower died February 23, 1875, and was buried in tbe Loy Cemetery. On March 15. 1877, Mr. Hightower was married (second) to Harriet McCann, a native of Illinois, and they had three vnlldren : John E., Ixirn August 26, 1878, married Ella Lo.v, daughter of Henry Loy, and they have two children. — Howard and Noble : Noble, born March 11, 1881, manager of the Remington Type- writer Company, at Cincinnati. Ohio, married Rhea Hamilton, of Atchison. Kan., and they have one child, — Helen ; and Clark M., born November 12, 1884, principal of the schools of Murdock. Douglas County, lU. Mr. Higbtower's second wife died January 7, 1002. and her loss was felt not only by her family and intimate friends, but by the entire community, wlio knew her for a woman of true Christian character and a loving and devoted mother. Jlr. Hightower never having had the advantages of a thorough educa- tion himself, gave his children every possible op- portunity, and the benefit of this action will b» 784 EFFINGHAM COUNTY seen in the high iwsitions in life in which they have i5laee(l tliemselves. Mr. Hightower has voted for every Republican president since the election of President Lincoln, although at that time he was in the South. He was for a number of years Chairman of the Re- publican County Central Committee, although he has never sought offices of a political nature. His religious affiliations are with the Methodist Episcopal Church of which he is a liberal sup- porter. His honest and upright life has been such as to win the respect, esteem and confidence of the community in which he has spent forty- five years of a useful life. HILL, David Stanley, D. D. S.— The dental surgeons of Effingham County are represented by as fine a body of men as can be gathered any- where in the country. They have taken the present e.xhaustive course which has reduced the care, preservation rnd restoration of teeth, and the treatment of the various disorders attendant upon them, to an exact science. Among those who have built up a large practice and firmly es- tablished themselves in the confidence of the peo- ple of the community, is Dr. David Stanley Hill, of the city of Effingham, who has a well-ap- pointed suite of rooms in the Parlier Building, lOOli South Banlier Street. Dr. Hill was l)om at Calhoun, Richland County, 111,. October 30, 1878, a son of Titus and Flora Margaret (Bolingerl Hill. The great- great-grandfather and great-grandfather served in the Revolutionary AVar, the former being fallen prisoner and confined on a British prison ship, where he died. Dr. Hill attended the Calhoun public schools and then went for two years to the Southern Illi- nois State Xonnal University at Carbondale, 111. During his vacations, and while at school, he .studied medicine under a preceptor, intending later to enter a medical school. However, after finishing his studies at the'State Normal, he ac- cepted a position with the Northwestern Yeast Company of Chicago, remaining in tlieir employ for five years, during which time his travels ex- tended over the Central, Southern and Western States, visiting some twenty-six States besides portions of Canada. His ambition was toward some pi-ofession where he could be permanently located, so with this purpose in view, he re- signed this position and in 1904 entered the Ohio College of Dental SurgeiT. at that time the den- tal department of the University of Cincinnati, gi-aduating therefrom in 1907 with honoraiT mention. Following this. Dr. Hill practiced for H time at Xewton. 111., under Dr. George Franke, finally locating at Effingham in March, 1008. Dr. Hill is a member of the Masonic Order, Modern Woodmen of America. Modern American Fretemal Order, and is also a member of The Xi Psi Phi Dental Fraternity and of the Illinois State Dental Society. He is unmarried. HILL, Dr. J. Leslie, was bom at Calhoun, Rich- laud County. Illinois. He received his prelim- inary education in the schools of that place. Later, during his vacation, he carried on the study of medicine under a preceptor, he having a desire for a professional life, and intending later to enter a Medical College. However, upon the completion of his course at the Calhoun Schools, he ac-cepted a position with the Northwestern Yeast Company of Chi- cago, remaming with that firm four years, trav- eling in their interests over a territory extending over Illinois, Kansas, Ohio, Kentucky, West Vir- ginia, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas and other States. Dr. Hill gave up the intention of studying medicine for the profession of dentistry, entering the Ohio College of Dental Surgery, at Cincin- nati, Ohio, and graduating therefrom with hon- ors May 13, 1910. He is a member of the United Commercial Travelers of America and of the Masonic Lodge. HIPSHER, John F.— After a life of usefulness and hard work, John Hijisher, of Mound Town- ship, Effingham County, has now retired to the ease which he has earned. He was born in Fair- field County. Ohio, January 18, 18,3(5, being the second son of John and Elizabeth (Young) Ilip- sher, the former a native of Harrlsburg, Pa., who moved to Ohio with his parents at an early date, settling in Fairfield County. He was a son of Matthias Hipsher, while his wife's father was Robert Y'oung. In 1851, John Hip.sher moved to Illinois, locat- ing In Mound Township. Effingliam Count.v, and here his family was reared. The children were as follows : Margaret ; Robert M. of Ohio ; John F. ; Jane, now ilrs. Brown ; David, deceased. John F. Hipsher went to the subscription schools of his neighborhood, and made the most of the opportunities offered him. When only nineteen, he married, in 18,^55, Edith Jane Nevill, who died in 1858. His second wife, whom he married in 1860, was Catherine Steritt, daughter of Andrew Steritt and his wife Catherine, na- tives of Scotland. With the exception of two years spent in Mis- souri. Mr. Hipsher has spent his life, since com- ing to Illinois, in Effingham County. For many years he has lived upon his present farm or 80 acres of rich land in Section 14, and he also owns thirty acres in Section 11, and 10 acres in Section 13, and ,32 acres in Section 24. His political views make him a Democrat, but he lilies to do his own thinliing. The children born to Mr. Hipsher and his sec- ond wife are as follows : Margaret. Mrs. G. W. Gwin of Altaniont ; William R. of Jackson Town- ship, who married Ella Kepler ; Lola B., de- ceased ; Annie N.. who married Dr. Baker of Al- taniont ; .John A., deceased : Allen Benton of In- diana, and Robert F., who is in Northern Minne- sota. For many years Mr. Hipsher cultivated his own land, but is now retired from the active pur- suits of his ordinary- life, and is enjoying the comfort his own liard work has earned. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 785 HIRTZEL, George John. — vSorae men are nat- urally stroiifier mentally than others, and these are bound to rule. They understand men, know how to estimate motives, and to make due allow- ances for existing conditions. Such men when governed by sound motives are of benefit to the communities in which they are found. George John Hirtzel. a farmer on Section 19, Summit Township, is one of the influential citizens of his part of the count.v. He was born on a farm in Lake County, Ind., December 0. 1864. and when but a bab.y. was brought by his parents to Effing- ham County. 111., about iS64, when the family settled on the farm which Mr. Hirtzel now o^^tis. Here his boyhood days were spent, alternating hard work on the farm with such educational privileges as were offered by the district schools. He remained at home until he attained his ma- jorit.v, when he left the homestead on January 21, 1885, and went to Yazoo City, iliss.. where he was In the employ of the Illinois Central Rail- road for a time, from there going to Tehula, Miss., where he remained until June 5. 18S.'i. He then went to Arkansas, working on the ex- tension of the Bald Knob Railroad. After this he returned home and. after a short stay, went to Chicago, to work in the Illinois Malleable Iron Works. From that establishment he went to work for the David Bradley Implement and .Ag- ricultural factory, remaining there until May 7. 1SS7. when once more he returned home and worked on the farm until November 1. 1889. ■when he went to Chicago to work for the Deering Harvester Company. On Ausnist 1. 1891. he came home, and on the 2.5th of that month was mar- ried to Louda F. De Vore. On September 1st. he and his wife returned to Chicago, and he contin- ued with the Deering people until April 8, 1893, when returning to the old home, he there took charge. On .\ugust l.S. 1893. Mrs. Hirtzel died, and her remains rest in Freemanton Cemetery. On November 8. 1894. he was married to Miss Mary Bernius. born in Effingham County. Janu- ary .31. 1868. the daughter of Matthew Bernius. and he and his wife are still livina on the farm where Mrs. Hirtzel was born, .\hout this time the elder Mr. and Mrs. Hiitzel retired to Shum- wa.v. and Jlr. Hirtze! assumeunty. Having but a meager start, he was forced to borrow money with which to pay for his land. When he began farming he had a horse, and only money enough to buy another, but he borrowed a wagon and commenced his work. For many years the family lived in an old frame house, but "in the fall of 1901. he built the present commodious one, unfortunately dying soon after its completion and before he was able to enjoy its comforts. He was highly resijeoted by his neighbors and loved in his home. His funeral was largely attended, those who knew him being glad to pay respect to his memory, and bis re- mains were interred in the Foike graveyard. Id political faith he was a Republican. Besides his widow, Mr. Hites left the follow- ing family to mourn his loss : Maud, married and living in Mason Township ; Edgar, of Mason Township, married Ella Greer ; Esther, Mrs. Matthew Derbolt. of Fayette County ; Earl, of Mason Township : and Winifred, CliffoiHl, Chloe and ,\lta. at home. HOFFMANN, Anton.— When it is said that a man is a typical German, high praise is bestowed, for those who come from Germany, or from Ger- man parents, inherit those fine traits of charac- ter, being industrious, law-abiding and thrifty. Such a man is Anton Hoffmann, who resides on Section 33, Douglas Township, who was born a son of Frank Hoffmann, Sr., on the farm now owned by his brother Charles Hoffmann. The boyhood days of Mr. Hoffmann were spent at- tending the common schools and St. Anthony College, Effingham. Having finished his education, he returned to the farm and began working upon it, remaining under his father's roof until he was twenty -seven. At that time. October 1.5. 18S8, he married Kate Hendelmyer. horn in Effingham. Her parents were natives of Germany, who came to the United States to establish a soda-pop plant. Later they sold, and went to a farm south of ElBngham, where Jlr. Hendelmyer developed a good farm, dying there since 1900. His widow survives, residing on the homestead. After marriage, the young couple settled on a portion of the old farm, in a three-room cottage, to which they have added until they now have a comfortable residence. Mr. and Mrs. Hoffmann have had a family as follows : Annie, Gertrude, Francis, Clara, Alice, Albert and Irene. The farm includes 1.38 acres of excellent laud, a good part of which Mr. Hoffmann helped to clear. He carries a good lot of cattle, horses and nogs, and for a number of years has been milking twelve cows. In politics he votes the Democratic ticket. He and his family belong to St. Anthony Catho- lic Church of Effingham. Mr. Hoffmann belongs to one of the pioneer farmer families of this locality, and has devoted himself to the cultivation of the soil. A full account of the Hoffmann family will be found elsewhere in this work. He has proven himself a good farmer, a kind neighbor and devoted to his family. HOFFMANN, Frank.— The Hoffmann family is intimately assoratted with the pioneer history of Effingham County, and its representatives are deserving of much credit for the part they have liorne in the development and improvement of this section of the State. One of the best-known members of the family is Frank Hoffmann, a farmer of Section 32," Douglas Township, who was boi'n on Section 31. of this to\\aiship. Janu- ary 23, 1S57, a son of Frantz Anton Hoffmann. Frantz Anton Hoft'mann located on Section 31 about 1835, and established the family in Effing- ham Count} . This farm is now owned by Charles Hoffmann. Frantz Anton Hoffmann was a native of Ger- many, who in 18.33, at eighteen years of age. left the Fatherland and came to America, locating at Cincinnati, where be worked on the roads, then went to Kentucky and obtained employment in a distillery. When he came to Effingham Count}-, it was with the intention of becoming a farmer, and he secured land and cleared it off, develop- ing a good farm. The land was all raw prairie and timber, and wild game of all kinds was plentiful. In order to secure money to pay for entering his first forty acres and to secure a yoke of oxen to break the land, he walked back to Cincinnati and worked on the turnpilve road until he had enough. The land office was then at Vandalia. and he started out on foot to enter his land, and as the money, in gold pieces, was heavy he wrapped it in his red handkerchief, and hung it on the end of his umbrella. While trudging along, he was stopped by t^\'o men who asked him if he was going to pay for his land, but with keen wit he managed to divert sus- picion and was allowed to go on unmolested. Once he had oWained his land, he built a little log cabin. His first forty acres cost him .$.50. but he paid much more for the 260 be later added to his farm. It was difficult for him to get ready money, prices paid for farm products were so low. 788 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Eggs sold for three ceuts u dozen, and other com- modities at a like rate. ^t. Louis and Vaudalia were the markets. Mr. Iloffmuuu remained ou his farm until 1895, during which time he saw a wonderful change come over things, and it was one In which he always rejoiced. He then bought a lot near St. Anthony's Church. Effingham, and moved to his new home, and there, surrounded by comforts his means had provided, he died in 1901, on the day his wife was buried, and they both lie in St. Anthony's Cemetery. Mr. and Mrs. Hoffmann had children as fol- lows: Frank; Clem, ou the old homestead; Tony, also on the homestead ; Mary, wife of Theodore Lang, a merchant tailor of Effingham; Katie, wife of John Harmon, a farmer of Watson Town- ship ; Anna, a sister in a convent. In politics, Mr, Hotfmaun was a strong Democrat, and no one could induce him to change his views. He was often solicited to accept nomination for of- fice, but stoutly disliked to allow his name to be used. All of the family are members of St. Anthony's Catholic Church, but when he first located here they had to go to Teutopolis for re- ligious services. Being a great hunter, he took pleasure in tne sport, and many deer were killed by him, some on the present site of the court- house. Frank Hoffmann attended school held In a lit- tle log house, and then went to St. Anthony's Col- lege at Effingham. As he was the eldest, he early was forced to do his part on the farm. While he was too young to shoot them, he remembers his father killing deer and wild turkeys for the table. He remained with his jiarents until he was twenty-three. In ISSfi. he married Anna Gold- stein, born in Douglas Township. After mar- riage, they came to the present farm, and began housekeeping in a log cabin. The farm con- tained 100 acres, which his father gave him, as he did to his other children. In this primitive home the following family was born: Henry, a policeman of Effingham ; Mary, wife of Lawrence Blchler. clerk in a dry-goods store at Decatur, who has one son, — Franklin : Allie, at home. Mrs. Hoffmann died in 1SS7. In 18.SS Mr. Hoff- mann married Maggie Hilgeforte, who was born in Germanv and came with her parents to Amer- ica. Mr. ,and Mrs. Hoffmann became the parents of the following family : Rosa, born .January 16, 19.00 : Katie, born May 22. 1891 : Eddie, born Oc- tober 1. 18.9.",; Theodora and Ouy (twins), horn July 11. 189.=;, the latter rtving ,Tuly 20, 189.5: Frank, born June 11, 1897; Lawrence, horn Jan- iiarv 11 1899; Florence, born April 30, 1901; Adeline, born November 20, 1902, and Clarence, born Julv 10 190r.. Mr. Hoffmann's whole life has been devoted to farming and stock-raising, and he has one of the best farms in Effingham County. A strong Dem- orat. like his father, he has been active in the ranks of his party, but has never desired office, although he has served as Road Commissioner. In addition to his farming Interests. Mr. Hoffmann is a Director of the Teutopolis Fire Insurance Company which is one of the cheapest insurance comijanies in the country. Mr. Hoffmann was elected a member of the Board of Directors with- out his knowledge, but he nas given the stock- holders and iwlicy holders efficient and faithful service. HOGAN, Thomas E.— One of the most profitable and satislart<>i->- business c-onnections is that whicli exists between father and son when they are associated together in important ventures. The experience of the eldej- man and the enthu- siasm of the .vouuger are weldetl into a strong chain that binds them together and makes their efforts productive of remarkable results. Such a combination exists in the well-known mercantile house of M. E. Hogan & Son, of Altamont, 111., the junior partner, Thomas E. Hogan, being the son of the senior member, Michael Edward Hogan. Thomas E. Hogan was bom in Altamont, 111., December 1.3, 1S80, being a sou of Michael E. and Lucy (Dial) Hogan. the latter now deceased. Michael Edward Hogan was born in Albany, County, N. Y., August 19, 1849, being a son of Christopher and Helen (King) Hogan, His edu- cation was received in the district school of his native county, and in Fayette County, III,, to which his parents removed while he was .still a lad. He was married at St. Elmo, 111., on Au- gust 25. 1873. and he and his wife had the fol- lowing children : Jlary Ellen, now Mrs. JIurray ; Lucy Mabel, Florence Eugenia, Thomas Edward, John Jerome, Verena Angela, Madonna Laura and Cecilia Clara. The business life of Michael E. Hogan began in 18t)5. when he became a clerk in the store of Dieckmann & Bradley, at Vaudalia, 111, Here he learned mercantile business, so that he was able to embark in a similar line at Ramse.v! in 1872, with Dr, Sumner Clark, under the name of M. E, Hogan & Co. They continued together until 1877, when Jlr. Hogan purchased the Interest of his partner, removing the stock to Altamont, where it has since been located. ^Tien he took his son into the business. Mr. Hogan changed the caption to the present one of M. E. Hogan & Son. Mr. Hogan is also a manufacturer of cross ties, and owns a store at St. Elmo. His banking house, conducted under his own name, is one of the best-known financial institutions of the county, and he is properly regarded as one of the representative men of his locality. Thomas E. Hogan was educated in the Alta- mont public schools. St. Joseph's college at Teu- toiX)lis, and the Christian Brothers College in St. Louis. After completing his education, he spent one year in the wholesale dry good.s business at St, Louis, in order to gain a practical training for mercantile work. Returning home he was taken into partnership by his father, where he has since remained. He is also his father's part- ner in other ventures, and displays an unusual amount of interest and special ability for hand- ling the affairs entrusted to his capable hands, A resident of Altamont, Mr. Hogan is very much interested in its progi-ess, and is ever readv to contribute time and money towards the MR. AND MRS. J. II. i-. .-:i: EFFINGHAM COUNTY 789 support of any measure wbich he believes will work for the ultimate good of nil concerned. HOLLOWAY, David H., a prominent merchant of Mason, 111., is a li.an of whom it may well be said that the foundation stone of his success has been business integrity. Beared to work, he was schooled in practical economy, and from boy- hood has attended to his business and saved his money. Yet he possesses a liberal public spirit, and participates in all the affairs of the com- munity ; his private benefactions are wide-spread, and in his store he shows unusual ability in catering to the wants of his customers. Mr. Holloway was born in Madison County, 111., July 21, 1847,' a son of James T. and Rebecca (Hoskiu) Holloway. He was the youngest of a large family, of whom but two are now left, Mr. Holloway and a brother, Thomas J., a farmer of Lucas Township. The father died when David H. Holloway was but a baby, in 1S47, and in 1854 the mother removed in a wagon from Madi- son County to Effingham County. Mr. Holloway can vaguely remember the trip and the camping out at night. She located in Lucas Township and rented land, her sons taking charge of the farm. Thomas finally bought forty acres, the family separated, and the mother died in 1ST2, in Lucas Township. David H. Holloway was educated in the com- mon school of his neighborlwod, and remained on the farm until 1864, when he enlisted in Com- ])any D. Fift.v-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for three years or until the close of the war, and was at once sent to the front. The regiment had been on veteran furlough at Mattoou, where Jlr. Holloway joined them. As he was only sixteen years of age, and the rigors of the trip to Arkan- sas, to which his regiment was sent, had impaired his health, the lad was honorably discharged at Hickory Station, Ark., January 21, 1865, and re- turned home. In March. 1865, he began teaching and contin- ued teaching three years in Effingham County, during the winter terms. On August 5. 1868, he located in Mason, where he worked as clerk in the dry goods store of Isaac Baker, alternating this with his teaching. He then bought a drug store and continued in that busines.s until 1872. In that year he sold out and bought a general stock, forming a partnership with John Pullam, and the busines.s was conducted as Pullam & Holloway until Mr. Pullam died in 1875, when the business was closed out and the stock sold. Jlr. Holloway clerked for several firms and in 1881 went to Clifton, 111., where for two years he operated a, general store. In 1883 he came back to Mason and thercs oiiened a general store. He finally disposed of all his interests and. because of ill health, rested for a time. In 1885. however, he and John A. Gladson traded for a stock of goods and a house at Alma, 111. Mr. Holloway then traded some interests for a farm in Mason Township, but returned to :Mason . to engage in a real estate business, and was thus successfully engaged until 1901, when he em- barked in his present business, although he still deals in i-eal estiite and insurance, negotiates loans, etc. Mr. Holloway has the best store of its kind in Mason and carries a general line of staple and fancy groceries, enjoying an immense patronage from the people of JIason and the sur- rounding country. On March 15, 1874, Mr. Holloway married Emma Leith, born on a farm in Mason Township, in 1851. They had four children: Harold H., clerking in a clothing establishment in Chicago; Charles D., a groceiy clerk in Chicago ; Stella B., wife of Albert Paugh, clerk in the offices of the Illinois Central Railroad, at Chicago : Mabel, wife of Aden K. Gibson, a banker and merchant of Mason. Mrs. Holloway died August 11, 1901. On May 15, 1907, Mr. Holloway married Martha (LeCrone) Traxler. He is a self-made man and has won success through his own efforts. He has reared a fine family, educated his children, and taught them to be law abiding and God fear- ing. Mr. Holloway was elected Trustee of the Village Board in 1881, and for four years was its President. Nominated on the Republican ticket for Supe^^•isor he was elected by a large ma- jority in a Democratic township. He resigned this office when he went to Clifton. Upon his return, he was again elected to several offices of public trust. In 1006 he resigned the office of Justice of the Peace, which he had held for eight years, and that same year was nominated for Supervisor from Mason Township, again tri- umphing by a large majority, and he was re- elected to the same office in 1908. By his hon- esty and efficiency he has won public approval. For sixteen years he has been a Notary Public. While not a lawyer, he is so well informed with regard to legal matters, that his advice is often sought and never in vain, if he can help those who need him. Mr. Holloway has done efficient work in helping soldiers and their widows to se- cure pensions, and his motto seems to have been "Help those in need." Fraternally he is a Mason, having joined that order in 1869, and belongs to both Blue Lodge and Chapter. He is also a mem- ber of the Modern Woodmen of America and ttie Eastern Star. His religious affiliations are with the Christian Church, to whose support he is a liberal contributor. He is thoroughly conversant with all the details of his business and has gained an enviable reputation as a business man of sound judgment, unquestioned integrity and re- liability, as well as a good manager and a friend of progress. HOLMES, William Spencer.— When it can be truthfully said of a man that he has been at various times trusted with the management of business other than his own and has handled large sums of nione.y, many times without bond, and never had a complaint made against him ; when he malces a success of whatever he under- takes, because of his thoroughness ,ind realiza- tion of the rights of others : when he has tried to live up to a high standard and help others to do the same — then that man is a good citizen 790 EFFINGHAM COUNTY and auy community may well be proud to own him. William Spencer Holmes, of Efflugliam, 111., is one of the thoroughly reliable lawyers of Edjug- ham County, and a man who can be depended uiJon in auy emergency, tie was born in George- town, Vermilion County, 111., September 16, 1852, a son of William Bartholomew and Eliza (Wrenn) Holmes, the former born in Briming- tou. England, September 28, 1S20, and the latter in Bristol, England, October 4, 1820. The parents were married in England and came to America in 1848, settling in Wiseousiu, near Fond du Lac, but after nearly a year they moved to Georgetown, 111. This was the Holmes home until 1857, when removal was made to what is now i'ord County, 111., near the present site of Melvin. The father died in Melviu in 1897, and his widow in 1903, and both are buried in the beautiful cemetei-y there. The Holmes family were pioneers of Ford County and endured all the hardships incident to their day and locality. William B. Holmes was one of the tirst settlers in what is now Peach Orchard, Ford County, and was ten years trying to induce two other set- tlers to locate in his neighborhood long enough to get a district school established. On account of this struggle, William Spencer Holmes was thirteen years old before the counti-y school was established, with his father and two neighbors as directors. Mr. Holmes bought a box house for $50 from a man who was leaving the coun- try, and moved it to a iwint an equal distance from the three families, and here William S. Holmes started to attend school, and he was through with his course there before a better school-house was put up. The boyhood of William S. Holmes was spent in herding cattle and doing work on the farm, with an occasional hunting expedition. Mr. Holmes was a poor hunter, but succeeded well as a trapper. After leaving school he worked on his father's farm and studied law, for he was am- bitious, buying his own books, and reading them as he found time. As soon as he could he began studying with Mr. Wyman, an old friend of his father, and as the young man was allowed to recite in the lawyer's office, he had the advan- tage of listening to the e.xaminations conducted by Mr. Wyman, who was on the committee to examine law students before the Supreme Court Mr. Holmes attributes much of his success and his deep knowledge and keen insight into legal matters to this early training. When twenty-six yeai-s old. he left the farm and began practicing law at Altamont. 111., where he continued until 1885. when he was appointed Postmaster by President Cleveland, but when the administration changed, he was succeeded by a Republican. In 1874 Mr. Holmes and a friend, being in Texas, went 200 miles in order to join the Rangers, but the company being full, there was no need of their services. Mr. Holmes was defeated both for State's Attorney and for the Assembly, owing to his views on temperance, but be prefers to continue his practice, and earn his living in that way. He has always been in favor of progress, and has always done what- ever he could to make the community better, but has never been honored by any high office where he could serve the public, although he has been Alderman of his ward in Effingham. While he ran on the Democratic ticket, his personality was so strong that he received more Republican votes than he did Democratic, and was elected by an overwhelming majority. He is a Democrat, and will alwa.vs continue in that faith as long as the party stands by its principles, although he votes for any man in local affairs whom he be- lieves is best fitted for the office. During the prohibition movement he fought against his party and helped to wipe out the saloons of Ef- fingbam. He has never been affiliated with an.v church, having no preference for any, liking them all and giving them his heartv sui>ix)rt. On October 25, 1881, Mr. Hiihnes married Miss Lena Heiligenstein, at Altamont, 111. Mrs. Holmes was born in St. Clair County, 111.. No- vember 25. 1856. They have three children : Edith C born August 19. 1882. married John T. Lindsey and lives at Robinson, 111. ; Elizabeth F., born April 26, 1886, and William B., born May 10, 1890. HOMANN, William H.— Those who are fortu- nate enougli to come of German ancestr.v are sure to possess sterling traits of character that event- ually work for success, and this is true of Wil- liam H. Homann. former junior member of the grocery firm of Grubb & Homann, in the town of Moccasin, 111. Mr. Homann was born in Moc- casin Township. Effingham Count}-, February 5, 1868, a son of William and grand.son of Fred Ho- mann. The latter came from his native land, Germany, locating in St. Louis, where he carried on his trade of a gunsmith, and later removed to Effingham Countyt III., where his death oc- curred in 1896, his wife passing away two days before. William Homann, the father of William H., was born in Hanover, Germany, October 7. 18.37, and came to America in young manhood, landing first in New Orleans, whence he came to Wash- ington County, 111., but a few years later re- moved to St. Louis, where he worked as a com- mon laborer. While living there he enlisted in the Union Army for three years' service in the United States Reserve Corps Cavalry, and was mustered out with his company at the end of his service. In political faith he is a Repub- lican. His fine farm of 400 acres shows that he has been able to accumulate a desirable property. The first wife of William Homann was Miss Hesse, and after her death he married a Mrs. Beckman. nrr Haase. He is father of nine liv- ing children, namely : Mary. Frederic W., Liz- zie. William H., Herman L., Dina, Henry, Riecki and .Tohn. William H. Homann was a farmer until 1907, when he and Mr. Grubb entered into partnership, which has recently been dissolved by Mr. IIo- mann's retirement. Mr. Homann's devotion to the principles of his party has resulted in mak- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 791 ing him a leader of the Republican forces in Moccasin Township. He is now serving as Cen- sus Enumerator for his township. He has es- tablished a reputation as an upright and trust- worthy citizen entitling him to the confidence and respect of the community in which he lives. HOOKS, Sharon Q.— One of the leading indus- tries of Effingham County, 111., is the selling of hay and grain, as the county is in the center of the great agricultural district of Illinois. One of the representative men of the county, who is engaged in this business, is Sharon Q. Hooks, who has also been prominent in public matters, and is at present serving as Magistrate of Gil- more, 111. He was born in East Franklin Town- ship, Armstrong County, Pa., December 15, 1859, a son of Solomon and Susanna (Christman) Hooks. Solomon Hooks was born in Cambridge, Ohio, about 1825, and when twenty-one years old moved to Pennsylvania, where he engaged in farming and was married, spending the remainder of his life in Armstrong County, where his death oc- curred in 1900. He died in the faith of the Luth- eran Church, of which his wife was also a mem- ber. Their children were: William, a school teacher since the age of eighteen years, has now reached the age of sixty and is still teaching at Rammertoji, married Mary Wolf, now deceased; Chambers, came to Effingham County, 111., as a teacher, married a Miss Baker and went to Kan- sas, thence to Washington, where his wife died, and he is now a merchant ; Lydia, died soon after her marriage to Lige Mosher, an oil mer- chant ; John, for a long period a school teacher, now superintendent of a stone quarry at Mos- cow, Pa., married Mary Ritchie ; Sharon Q. ; Mag- gie, deceased, was unmarried ; Jacob, for many years a teacher, now a farmer in Armstrong County, Pa. ; Anne, a teacher for many years, married Cj-rus Elliott, and now resides in Pitts- burg, Pa. ; Laura, taught school for a time and married Amos Bowser, of Worthington, Pa. ; Ida, married David Wolfe, and resides on the old homestead : Mary, married Samuel Henry Bow- ser, and resides in Virginia : and Rebecca, mar- ried Nash Leisure, and resides in Pennsylvania. Sharon Q. Hooks attended the public schools until he was eighteen years of age. and then spent two years in Worthington (Pa.) College, after which he taught school for four years in Armstrong County, Pa. For the two years fol- lowing he was at Rammerton and then for two years taught at Watsonville. where in 1880 he was married to Miss Rella Stew-art, daughter of William and Mary (Eccles) Stewart. After his marriage he engaged in the lumber business in Dubois. Clearfield County, Pa., but in the spring of 1883 came to Welton, Effingham Coun- ty, 111., and purchased 100 acres of land three- quarters of a mile east of that town, which he still owns and cultivates. His wife died on this farm and two .vears later he was married, at Warrensburg. Mo., to Elizabeth S. Smith, born in Shelby County, 111., daughter of William and Dorothy (Salzman) Smith, and an excellent wo- man and a good wife. Soon after his second marriage Mr. Hooks removed to the home of his wife in Shelby County and farmed there two years, but subsequently returned to his own farm near Welton, and for fifteen years was engaged in mercantile business there. In January, 1908, he sold his store to Heth & Schoen. but has con- tinued business in the line of buying grain. In 1001 he erected a large elevator. A life-long Democrat, Jlr. Hooks has been prominent in the ranks of his party in local matters and for about fifteen years has served as Justice of the Peace, being now Magistrate at Gilmore. He w-as reared in the faith of the Methodist Church. By his first marriage Mr. Hooks had two children, namely: Carl Chambers, educated in the public schools and Effingham College, is telegraph operator and station agent at Bridge- port. 111., and a first-cla.ss business young man ; and Roy L.. educated in the Effingham public schools, worked for a time as clerk in his fath- er's store, then became ticket agent at Spring- field, 111., held the same position at Washington, Ind., was assistant agent at Bridgejxtrt. and for the past year has been an agent of Swift & Com- pany in Ohio and Virginia. To the second mar- riage of Mr. Hooks one son was born, Glen Orville, March 12, 1890, educated in the public schools, at Lebanon College and a business col- lege at Flora, 111. ; worked some time as clerk in his father's store and now resides with his parents. He married Agnes Spragg and they have one child, Elinor Russell. He has reared a good set of boys and his home is always pleas- ant to both friends and strangei-s. JACKSON, William H., County Treasurer of Effingham Count.v, 111., and a man of prominence in Jackson Township, owes his success in life no more to his enterprise, energy and iierseverance than he does to his remarkable ability to make and keep warm friends Mr. Jackson was bom April 5. 1844, in Jlunfordville, Ky., a son of Andrew J. and Fanny G. (Crane) Jackson, na- tives of Kentucky, whose parents were from Vir- ginia. Andrew J. Jackson died when William H. was but four years of age, and was burled at Lebanon, Ky. His widow married again in 1855, becom- ing the wife of William Tolley, al.so a native of Kentucky. There were three children bom of the first marriage : William H.': Mary, the w-idow of Felix Sandefier. of Darlington. VPis.. and Net- tie, who married W. R. Tix>ney, of Ix)uisville. where she died and was buried. Mrs. Tolley died in 1868. and was buried at Darlington. Wis. She had two children by her second marriage: Ada, the wife of L. Metcalf, of Storm Lake, la. ; and Eli C., of Tolly. N. D. William H. Jackson was thrown on his own resources w-hen still a youth, and at the age of fourteen years he left his mother and step-father in Wisconsin, and returned to Kentucky, w-here he learned the trade of blacksmith, an occupa- tion which he followed until reaching his seven- 792 EFFINGHAM COUNTY teenth year, when he enlisted in the Southern Arujy, under command of Gen. Morgan, becoming a member of Company K, Col. Clukes Regi- ment, in September, 18U2, and serving until cap- tured in July, ISOS, at Bufflngton Island, Ohio. As a prisoner he was takeu to Camp Morton, Ind., and later transferred to Camp Douglas, Chicago, whence he made his escaije. Though not able to rejoin Iiis regiment, he avoided recapture by dodging around through Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin until the close of the war, when he located in Effingham County, and has since re- mained. At the time of his coming to Effing- ham County Mr. Jackson did not have a dollar in the world, and at Urst began to work at any- thing he could find to do. He was later elected City Clerk of Effingham for three tenns, and afterwards engaged in the retail grocery busi- ness, and subsequently purchased laud and began the raising and breeding of fancy cattle. He retired on accumulating a competency, sold out and located in Effingham, and became a candi- date for the office of County Treasurer, to which he was elected by the largest majority and vote on the Democratic ticket. In iMlitics he has al- ways been a Democrat, but some of his stanchest friends are to be found among the Republicans, while he has a true friend in every Union vet- eran in the county. Mr. Jackson feels that his success is due in a large degree to the faithful- ness of his frieuds, but it is the personality of the man that has attracted those frieuds and made them faithful. On October 8, 1873, Mr. Jackson was man-led at Effingham, 111., to Amanda B. Myers, born in Effingham County, August 28, 1850, daughter of William T. and Ann Myers. JAKLE, IVIartin, Sheriff of Effingham County, has taken an active i)art in shaping piUilic senti- ment whenever the welfare of the i-ounty or city has been at stake, and is a representative of the best t.vpe of citizens In this part of the State. Mr. Jakle was born in Cleveland, Ohio., August 28, 1854, and was educated in Terre Haute, Ind., and Effingham, 111. He is a son of Felix and Mary Aim ( Settle) Jakle, both natives of Baden, Germany, where they married. In 1854 they came to the United States, coming direct from their landing place in New York to Cleveland, and there their son Martin was born. In 18.55 the family removed to Terre Haute. Ind., and in 18C7 to Effingham Countj', 111. By trade the father was a shoemaker, but he conducted a brewery in Effingham for a year. The mother passed away in Effingham, in 1875, and the father in 1879, and both are buried in the City Ceme- tery. They were parents of nine children, eight of whom grew to maturity, but only four are now living : August, deceased ; Martin ; Charley and William, deceased; John, of Terre Haute; Lewis, of St. Louis; Edward, of St, Louis; Bertha, deceased, and an infant that died un- named. When he was only eleven years old Martm Jakle began earning his own living, and no one can tell him anything new about the hardships incident to .such a life as he had to endure at that tender age. He came to Effingham in 1881 and started in a retail bakery business, which he sold in 1896. For eight years he was City Policeman, was Assessor two terms, and has ap- peared on the Democratic ticket for various of- fices a number of times, as he is very prominent politically. In 1906 he was elected Sheriff and is now ably discharging the duties of that office, being recognized as the best Sheriff the county ever had, and is given the cordial support of the people of Effingham County without regard to party lines. Mr. Jakle married in Terre Haute, Ind., on May 9, 1875, Catherine Klements, who was born in Mt. Carmel, 111., December 7, 1858, a daughter of John and Annie (Megnar) Klements, both natives of Bavaria, Germany, who came to the United States after marriage, and settling at Mt. Carmel, resided there many years. The burial place of the father is not known, but the mother, who died in Effingham, is buried in the Catholic cemetery in this city. There were three children in the klements family: Mary, deceased; Cath- erine and John, Mr. and Mrs. Jakle became parents of five children, namely : William, who married Emily Schmidt, resides in Effingha.n and has two children — Cleou and Leslie; Albert, uumarried, resides in Effingham ; Otto, unmar- ried, resides in Effingham, being Deputy Sheriff under his father ; John, who died in infancy, and Julia, who resides at home. Fraternally Mr. Jakle is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and w.is a member of the Knights of Honor, but with- drew. He and his family belong to the Sacreil Heart Catholic Church, and are active in its good work. Through the able management and good judgment of Sheriff Jakle, the affairs of the county which are under his care are well looked after, and the people owe him a heavy debt. He is a broad-minded man, sympathetic and kiid- hearted, and it would be difficult to find anyone to take his place satisfactorily. His succe.ss in life has been entirely due to his own courage and hard work, and that his hard struggle did not embitter him in the least is due to the natural cheerfulness of his disposition. JAMES, Oscar D,, proprietor of Oak View Stock Farm, Watson Township. Some of the largest tracts of farming land in Effingham County have, in late years, been converted into stock farms, and among these one of the best known and most favorably situated is the Oak View Stock Farm, owned by O. D. James, a breeder of registered Hereford cattle, standard breed horses, Duroc Jersey hogs and sporting dogs. In Watson. 111. Mr. James was l)orn August 3. 1865, in Watson Township, son of John G. James, a retired farmer of Effingham County. Oscar D. James was educated in the Franklin Prairie district school, W. F. Scott, now de- ceased, being his first and last teacher. His DAVID SWEAZY EFFINGHAM COUNTY 793 father was a practical farmer aud stoeknuin. and young James began to do his full share of the farm work under his tuition at the age of eleven years, remaining at home initil he was about twenty-two years of age. In 1SS7 he went to Shelby Couutj-, III., where he hired out at larni work by the month for one year, then renting land for three .rears. Achieving remai-kable success, in 1891 he bought 175 acres of laud on Section 8, Union Towuship, practically all in brush, on which was located a log cabin and log stable, and here he at once set to work to make improvements, including the building of a seveu- room residence, a large stock-baru, etc. Mr. James has always been a firm believer in thor- oughbred cattle and pure bred stock of all kinds, and it was he who introduced the Duroc Jersey hog into I'nion Township, as well as the im- ported French Coach hoi-se, which he purchased in Crawfordsville, Ind. In 1905 he engaged in breeding the Hereford pure bred cattle, and he now has a herd of fift.v-two cattle, at the head of which is Bellboy No. 214,505, a full registered animal. Mr. James' farm, which is located three and one-half miles southeast of Watson, on the Lit- tle Wabash River, is one of the finest tracts of this kind to be found in the State, and its sub- stantial buildings are fitted with every kno\\ii in- vention for the raising of pure bred stock. He is considered one of the best judges of stock in this part of Effingham County, always gets the top prices for his animals, and has a reputation for honesty and integrity in his business deal- ings which is far reaching. He has given quite a good deal of attention to the raising of hunt- ing dogs, having started this line from some fine registered pointers which he himself used while hunting quail. He is a Democrat in poli- tics, aud has served as School Director and Clerk Df the board for a number of years. Fra- ternally, he is connected with the Masons, the Odd Fellows and the Modern Woodmen of the World. In Shelby Coimty, 111.. February 5. 1888, Mr. James was married to Laura Maude Wallace, who was born in that county, February 3. 1866, and to this union there have been born foin- chil- dren : Bessie D., John J.. Kenneth A. and Hazel D. ilrs. James died March 11. 1910, from a stroke of paralysis, and was laid to rest in the Watson Cemeter.v. JANSEN, Anthony Bernard (deceased).— There have been man.v instances in the life of Germans who have come to this county, to become thor- oughly Americanized aud regarded as some of OUT best citizens. They bring with them those characteristic German traits, honesty, industry and thrift, and soon acquire a standard in the connuunity where they reside. Such a man was the late Anthony Bernard Jansen, who was born in Lohne. Germany, February 20, 1822. When only twelve years old he came to America, going to Schuylkill County, Pa., where he remained two years, and then went to Cincinnati. Ohio. When he reached the latter place, at the age of fourteen years, he was apprenticed to learn the trade of carpenter, and for five yeare remained in this ijosition, when for a short "time he worked as a journeyman. In 1840 he came to Effingham County, 111., to visit his parents who had located there, and then returned to complete his term of apprenticeship. In 1841 Anthony B. Jansen returned to Effing- ham County and began working by the month on a farm on Green Creek. In April. 1842. he married Elizabeth, the only daughter of John B. Bruunner, his employer, and continued to live on the farm of his father-in-law about ten years longer. In 1852 he purchased 160 acres of" land in two tracts, the same being well-improved, and in 185.3 he moved to his o«ti farm. At that time there was much Congress land still to be obtained and he bought .several tracts, eventually becoming the omier of 227 acres in his home- stead aud 160 acres of the Brummer estate. Mr. Jansen was a very successful farmer and stock- raiser, and was one of the most prominent and influential men of the c-ounty. In politics he was a Democrat and filled many offices in Douglas Township, which was his home so many years. In religious faith he was a Catholic. Mr. Jansen and his wife had children as fol- lows: John B.. deceased: Anthony Bernard, de- ceased : William J., deceased : Anu'a JI.. who mar- ried Joseph L. Schmidt, but is now deceased; Malenia, married Clennnens Kaufmau. and later Joseph L. Schmidt : Philomiua C, married Jo- seph Fellhoelter ; Mary, deceased : John H., a farmer of Effingham County : and Elizabeth, mar- ried B. Husman, of Idaho ; Henry J., farmer, in Jasper County. Anton F. Jansen, whose sketch appears in a following section, is also a member of this family. Anthony Bernard Jansen died February 22, 1888. highly respected by the many who knew and appreciated this hardworking German- American, who accomplished so much from a very small beginning. He had served a number of years as SupeiTisor of the township aud had been a Justice of the Peace. JANSEN, Anton Francis. — No longer does the traveler through Effingham County. 111., see neglected fanns and iX)or. unremunerative stock ; and this fact goes to show that the owners of the land are men of experience and foresight. However, it is not every farm that shows the same sleek and shining cattle, well nurtured and thoroughbred in appearance, that may be found on the beautiful estate which is owned by Anton Francis Jansen. In Section ,3.3, Douglas Township. On this farm .\nton F. Jansen was born. June 3. 1868, a son of Anthony B. .lansen, a sketch of whom appears in a preceding section of this work. The education of Mr. Jansen was secured in the public and parochial schools of his neigh- borhood. but as soon as he was old enough to reach the handles of a plow, he was required by his practical father to help perform his share of farm work. This good father died wheu the son 794 EFFINGHAM COUNTY was nineteen years old, and as his brotliers had left home and were doing well on their own ac- count, Anton F. found himself the manager and operator of 227 acres of land. In 1890 he began making a specialty of breeding stock, and in partnership with his father-in-law bought the first thoroughbred Shorthorn bull ever brought to that section, and through this fine animal he has developed one of the best herds in the county. He entered into the dairy business quite exten- sively in 1903. beginning with common stock, but he has bred up to fine Holstein stock, which has the highest record in the world for quantity of milk. In 1906 he bought the first Dutch beltean Association. A little pam- phlet recently issued by the Kagay Realty Com- pany, on Effingham, gives many interesting facts regarding the city and demonstrates the interest the company takes in this locality. Mr. Kagay was a member of the Board of Etlucation and Seeretai-j' of the Board for thirteen years. Fraternally Mr. Kagay is a member of the Knights of Pythins. is K. R. & S. of Venice. Lodge No. KiS, which he joined in 1SS8. and also belongs to the Medern Woodmen. Modern Ameri- cans. Royal Neighbors and to Lodge No. 1010. Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. While not a memlier of any church, his preferenc-e is for the Methodist denomination. In politics he is a Democrat. July 21. 1886, Mr. Kagay married. In Fairfax County. Va., Bessie Harrison, born at Alexandria, Va.. November 6. 1864, a descendant of Thomas Harri.son. and a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution through that line. Mr. and Mrs. Kagay have two children, namely: Benjamin F.. III., born at Effingham. July 23, 1887. a member of the Kagay Realty Company, and Bessie Pearl. lx)rn also at Effingham. De- cember 22. ISOO. KAUFMANN, John. — Practical scientific farming is taking the place of the old hit-or-miss style, and as a re.suit, land which at one time could be bought for almost nothing, is to-day worth hun- dreds of dollars per acre. Much of this has been brought about by the use of improved machinery and the application of scientific methods, as well as l)y general progress and increase In population. As a general nile. it is the younger class of farmers who incline most toward.s new ideas, and upon their farms are generally to be seen the re- sults of intelligent progress. .John Kaufman, fanner, stockman and dairyman of Section 10. Douglas Township. Effingham County. 111., is one of these progressive and successful men. He was born in Shelby County, 111., on the line be- tween Effingham and Shelby counties, April 20, 1889, a sou of Ferdinand and Mai-j' (Dust) Kaufman, both natives of Effingham, 111., and of German descent, now living in Shelby County. Ferdinand Kaufman owns considerable land in Shelby County and is honored and resjjccted through his part of the .State. He and his wife had eight children, namely : Annie, wife of John Keukel. a farmer of Effingham County ; John, Sophia, wife of Joseph Hackman, a farmer of Douglas Township; Clem, a farmer of Douglas Township; Dora, wife of Joseph Fallert, of Shelby County ; Mary. Tony and Josie, at home. John Kaufman was i-eared on his father's farm and after receiving a good common school educa- tion in the district school, has spent his entire life in farm work. April 8, 1902, he married Miss Lizzie Custer, born near Effingham, 111., Janu- ary 1, 1880, a daughter of Clem Custer, Jr., a farmer of Douglas Township, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. Mr.s. Kaufman was educated at St. Anthony College in Effing- ham, and is a charming and refined woman. Not only is she well educated, but she is an excellent housekeeper and a deligbtfnl hostess, possessing the talent of making her guests feel at home through her warm, cordial welcome. Her beauti- fully managed household shows how well she understands its care, and she sets a table that would tempt the most captious. Afer his mar- riage Mr. Kaufman began farming on his own place in Douglas Township, where he has 220 acres under cultivation. He is well sujiplied with modern machinerj- and appliances, not only for his farm work but for fitting out his home. He keeps high grade horses, cattle and hogs, and does an extensive dairy business. Wlieu he was seven- teen years old he began operating his father's threshing outfit, and continued to take charge of it until he bought a first-class outfit of his own with all modern improvements. Mr. Kaufman and his wife are members of the Catholic Church, and in politics he is a Demo- crat. They are numbered among the enterpris ing young married peojile of the locality, and their pleasant home is often the scene of delight- ful gatherings, over which Mrs. Kaufman pre sides with her customary dignity and hospitality KERSHNER, Joseph L., M. D., physician and surt'eon at r>ieterich. 111., is not only an eminent menilier of his nol)le profession, but is also a thoroughly representative citizen of his commu- nity and a wortbv descendant of .some of the best pioneer stock of Effingham County-. He was bom on his father's fann In Bishop Township, within six miles of Dieterich. and is a son of David and Llnaford (Handley) Kershner. His father was born in Pennsylvania and his mother in Ken- tucky. When the parents of Dr. Kershner first came to Bishop Township they occupied, as did other settlers, a log caliin in the woods, built near a stream. David Kershner was a skilled carpenter and .soon planned a comfortable frame house. fy^O^^^ ^^^Ct-u-^X^/ EFFINGHAM COUNTY 797 wLich he hiid the foresight to build on a high- way, the old \Vatson and Newton mail route. At this time (1S52) the mail was still carried through the thinly settleil country on horseback. The lumber for Jlr. Kershner's house was all dressed by hand, and when it was c-ompleted, peo- ple came from miles around to see it, viewing it with admiration, as it was the tirst frame house in the eounti-y. At that time the surrounding tounti-y was so sparsely settled that the prairie wolves had not been driven away and fretjueutly visited the farmyards of the pioneers at uight, even being known to attack travelers. David Kershner lived in the house he had built until the Civil War, when he and five of his sons of- fered their services to their country. He was a brave soldier and one of his sous became one of the body-guard of Gen. Sherman after the anny left ,\tlanta, Ga., for the "March to the Sea." David Ker.shuer did not live to reach home, but died at Little Rock. Ark. His widow survived him many yeare, her death occurring December 31, 1899, at sixty-two years of age. but three of her family then remaining on the old homestead. The children born to David Kershner and wife were : Daniel, who lived at Sheridan, Wyo. ; Da- vid C, before mentioned as one of Sherman's body-guard, now lives at Norcatur, Kan. ; George W.. lived at Shell, Wyo. ; John William, the third brother to march with Sherman to the sea, is now deceased and lies buried at East St. Louis ; Forniau, was a soldier and was injured at Fort McAlister; Henr.v, who was also in the service, died in Ai'kansas ; I. B., a farmer, is living in Kansas ; Mary L., is deceased ; and Joseph L., of Effingham County. •Joseph L. Kershner obtained his primary edu- cation in a log schoolhouse three and one-quarter miles from his home, and to reach it he had to follow a path across the prairie, through grass that grew higher than a man"s head on horse- back. Later a larger structure, of brick was built, but Dr. Kershner easily recalls the old building. I'pon him fell much of the responsibility of the farm work, but his natural inclination was to- ward a professional career, and he bent every energy to secure an education. When twenty- five years old he completed a satisfactory literary course at Fairfield. 111., and by that time was pre|iared to begin his medical education. He completetl a course of four years at the Marion Sims Medical College, now known as St. Ix>uis Universitj'. at St. Louis, and graduated with credit, April 2.o, 1882. Hq then returned to the old Kershner homestead and entered Into prac- tice. In 18f)f! Dr. Kershner had the foresight to real- ize that investments in land at Dieterich would be profitable, and he therefore bought thirty-two town lots in what is now known as the Ix>y .\d- dition, some of the lots being on Main Street as it was platted. At the time he purchased this land it was ver.v productive as a cornfield. He is not a man that anyone would think of accus- ing as visionary, but in the practical develop- ment of this land he has evidently followed ideas outside the orduiary line, for his beautiful home and Its charming surroundings, all after his own plans, prove that with him beauty has been re- garded as well as utility. Ills ornamental ti-ees and gorgeous flowers give a park-like appearance to his home, and in watching them grow and de- velop he has spent some of his happiest hours. He still retains ten acres of the old home farm which is yet in timber. Since he built his handsome residence much capital has been directed to that part of the village and many of the finest homes of Dieterich may be found in that part of town, called the central residential iwrtlou. Dr. Kershner was married, January 11, 1898, to Miss Florence Enmia Dueker, born at Bible Grove, Clay Cbunty, 111., her grandparents having come to this section of Illinois from Germany, One daughter and one son have been born of this marriage : Mary Louise, born March 19, 1907, and Joseph D.. bom April 10, 1910. Dr. and Mrs. Kershner are members of the Methodist Episco- pal Church, of which he was chorister for many years. It is not difficult for Dr. Kershner to recall hi>, older professional c-ontemporaries and their methods of practice, although in almost every particular his own have been different. He keeps thoroughly abreast of the times, takes all the latest medical journals, applies scientific methods in his treatment and has the satisfaction of at- taining a good degree of success in his efforts for the restoration of the health of his patients, or at least in the alleviation of suffering. He owns a laboratory, procures his drugs at wholesale, and as he compounds his own medicines, he can with certainty judge of their purity and esti- mate their potency and effect. He has been en- gaged in active practice In the vicinitj- where he now lives more then eighteen years, and among his patients are many who have known him from boyhood and unplicitly rely upon his skill and judgment. His field of labor is widely distrib- uted, and his more distant patients are visited in his automobile, being the owner of the first of these machines in his vicinity. In ix)litics he was au active Republican until 1902, since which time he has been closely identified with the Pro- hibition party. He has always taken an active part in the social life of the community and he and his wife, in possession of ample means, are most generously hospitable. Dr. Kershner is a member of both the State and County Medical Societies, and has served at times in township offices and as village Health Officer. KLITZING, George.— Some of the best farmers of Effingham County are those who have inher- ited their homes from their fathers, and are now operating the properties upon which they were born. Having spent their lives in clase connec- tion with these farms, they are able to give them intelligent attention and their success proves that they understand theii work. One of the prosperous farmers of Mound Township Is George Klitzing. who owns a fine farm of 125 acres on Section 3, where he was l)om, August 798 EFFINGHAM COUNTY 10, 1868, the youngest sou and sixth child of Charles F. and Miuuie (Sauder) Klitzing, both now residing at Altamont. Mr. Klitzing was reared on the homestead, and attended district school, and Altanumt IIit,'h School for two years. He pleasantly remembers Miss Satt, Henry Kubrick, Fred Loy and Philip Zimmerman among his teachers. While in High School he was fortunate enough to be under tne instruction of Prof. J. E. Smothers. Having c-ompleted bis studies, Mr. Klitzing resumed his farm work. On September 30, 1890, he was united in marriage with Emma Eblert, born in Missouri, March 0, 1SG8, a daughter of Charles Ehlert, a German Methodist clergyman. The young couple settled on the homestead, where Mr. klitzing has made all of the improvements and has now a very valuable property. He makes a specialty of blooded stock, and has had remark- able success with hogs and sheep. His farm is conducted according to the latest improved methods, and his premises and fields attest to his good management and thrift. He and Mrs. Klitz- ing are members of the German Methodist Church of Altamont. In politics, Mr. Klitzing is a Re- publican. Mr. and Mr.s. Klitzing have had children as fol- lows: Olga Augusta. Edgar Chai-les, Mildred Laura, Arthur George. Mr. Klitzing has never given much time to public matters, being ab- sorbed with his fann, but is always in favor of good government and supports whatever meas- ures he believes will work out for the best in- terests of the community at large. KUHN, LesUe A., M. D.— Probably no other profession has advanced so rapidly during the la.st half-century as that of medicine, and as this advance still continues, the physician who would win success must keep abreast of the discoveries and inventions of appliances. One of Effingham County's most successful young physicians and surgeons is Dr. Leslie A. Kuhn. David Kuhn, his father, resides at Greencastle. Pa., and is one of the leading farmers and influential citizens of that locality. After completing a course in the district schools, at the age of fifteen years Dr. Kuhn en- tered the Central State Normal School at Lock- haven. Pa., and after a course of four years there, took up his studies at the Pennsylvania State College. In 1901 he entered Jenner Medical Col- lege, Chicago, and here took a four years' course, after which he siient two years in a jwst-graduate course at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Chicago, in which city he began the practice of his profession in 1905. December 4. 1908, Dr. Kuhn became a resident of Watson. 111., where he has since been located, and has built up a large practice. He succeeded Dr. R. O. Broadway, and has been very success- ful in his work. He has his own laboratory, in which he carefully comi>ounds his own prescrip- tions, and his success in a number of serious cases has won him the confidence of the people of his conmiunity and served to increase his practice. Dr. Kuhn was married November 30, 1905, to Miss Leona Couch, who was born in Chicago, Au- gust 1, 1879, a daughter of James W. Couch. Dr. and Mrs. Kuhn became parents of two children : Elmer L., born October 3, 1900, and Leona, born January 21, 1908. Dr. Kuhn and his wile were married by Rev. Morton P. Hartzell, a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, of Chicago. Dr. Kuhn is affiliated with the Modern Woodmen of America, the Court of Honor, the American Yeomen and the Independent Order of odd Ft'lluws. His re- ligious faith is that of tlie Preshylcrian Church, and in political matters he is a Itepulilicau. LAATSCH, John F.— Probably there is no bet- ter example of what perseverance, hard work and enteri_)rise will do for a man than the career of John F. Laatsch, present Mayor of Altamont, 111., and one of that city's foremost business men. He was boru October 19; 1858, on a. ten-acre tract near Buffalo, N. Y., the son of John F. and Fred- erica (Ploeger) Laatsch. The parents of Mr. Laatsch came to the United States from Germany, bringing with them one daughter, Frederica, and Mr. Laatsch settled on the ten-acre farm betore mentioned, and worked out by the day. In 1804 he sold this property, and with fifteen other families moved west, locating at what is now Bethlehem, Effing- ham County, 111. Here the settlers erected a church and schoolhouse, and Mr. Laatsch con- tinued to live on his farm of 100 acres until his death, at the age of seventy-five years, his wife having passed away at the age of sixty-five. They were members of the Lutheran Church, in which he was a Deacon. In politics he was a Demo- crat. Mr. and Mre. Laatsch had eight children : three who died in early youth ; Frederica, Minnie, John F., Tennie, and William, who died at the age of forty yearsi John F. Laatsch was six years old when his parents came to Illinois, and his education was secured principally in the school built at Beth- lehem, although he secured much of his learning from home study. He was seventeen years of age when be began work for George W. Gwin, who was then conducting an agricultural implement store at Altamont. After eight years with Mr. Gwin, Mr. Laatsch formed a partnership with William i:yestone. the firm name being Ej-estone & Laatsch] but two years later Mr. Laatsch sold out to bis partner, and engaged in the implement business on his own account, later adding hard- ware, and he conducts these lines at the present time. At the age of fourteen years Mr. Laatsch was confirmed as a member of the Bethlehem Lu- theran Church, and he has lived up to his avowed faith. His family are also members of the same church in which they were brought up by their parents. Mr. Laatsch has been a lifelong Democrat, al- though he has received a great deal of support from the Republican party. For seven years ho EFFINGHAM COUNTY 799 was Alderman, then becoming Mayor of Alta- mont for six years, and after four years was again elected to tlie highest official incumbency in the city, in 1909. He also served for seven years as Town Clerk and for six years as Super- visor, and in each position has proved himself a faithful official and efficient executive. October 30, 1884. Mayor Laatsch was married, at Bethlehem Lutheran Church, to Miss Emilv Zahnow, of Bethlehem, daughter of Charles and Henrietta ( Loeven ) Zahnow, the former now de- ceased, while the latter is .still living at the age of ninety-three years. Four children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Laatsch : Delia, who mar- ried Fred Brockman, and is living at Altamont, 111. ; Emma, who married Herman VonRenuer. .a Lutheran preacher of Germantown. Cal. ; and Ed- win and Lewis, at home. LAMMERT, Louis William, priest in charge of St. Anthony's Church, of Effingham, 111., was bom iu Iserlohn, Province of Westiihalia, Ger- many, April 10, 1852, a son of Louis Lammert, born in Arnsberg, Germany, in ISIO, and his wife, Caroline (Quitmaun) Lammert, born at Iserlohn, Germany, in 1817. They had eight children, seven of whom grew to maturity, and Father Lammert is the fifth in order of birth. Father Lammert is the only one of these children to come to America. But five now sun-ive. A nephew of Father Lammert is also a priest,— Father Frank Schnette, of Cologne, Germany. Blither Lammert studied at the parochial schools in Germany, where he was graduated. He took his classical course at different places, studying five years at the seminary at Fulda, Germany. Part of his theological course was ac- QUired in Germany and part in the United States, as he came to this country in 1874, landing in New York City. Ma.v 29. Soon thereafter he en- tered the St. Francis Seminary, at Milwaukee, Wis., where his education was completed. He was twenty-four years old when he was or- dained at Alton. 111., in Sts. Peter and Paul Ca- thedral, June 29, 1876, by the Right Reverend Bishop P. J. Baltes. now deceased. His first ap- pointment was to St. .loseph's Church, at Cairo, 111., where he remained three years, from 1876 to 1879. He was then sent to Decatur, 111., to take charge of St. James' Church, and continued there for sixteen and one-half years, when on January 1, 1896. he came to St. Anthony's Church, Effingham, and has since remaineandenberger, of JIason Town- ship, Effingham County, 111., for he is the owner of 344 acres of well improved land, as well as a farm of 160 acres in Haskell County, Kan. He was born in Oldham County, Ky., August 15, 1855, and is a son of Aaron and Susan (Foster) Landenberger. His Grandfatner Fo.ster was a native of South Carolina, whence he moved his family to Mis.souri. His Grandfather Landen- berger was a native of Germany, who on coming to the United States settled in Maine, where he lived until his death. Aaron Landenberger was apprenticed to a builder and contractor in his youth, and after completing his apprenticeship started out as a journeyman, and thus drifted to Oldham County, Ky., where he married Susan Foster, in March, 1849, and they removed to Effingham County, III., in 1863. He bought 160 acres of land in Section 30, Mason Township, and 320 in Fayette County. In the fall of 1864 he returned to Oldham County, hut as his wife's health was not so good in Kentucky, he returned to Illinois in the fall of the same year. He cast his vote for Presi- dent in the morning of the day he left Louis- ville for his new home in Illinois, and alMut three years prior had disposed of the slaves he owned. He did not live long after locating in Illinois, his death occurring in June. 1805. In his death Effingham Cbunty lost a man of true worth and u.setulness. His widow survived him many years, her demise taking place in December, 1905. He was a consistent member of the Methodist Church and his wife was connected with the Christian Church. They had children as follows: Lavinia, who resides at Edgewood. III., the widow of J. L. Gillmore; William, who is a farmer in Mason Township; John T. : Fannie, deceased, was the wife of James B. Chase, of Ashland, Ohio, whose second wife is Lilly, youngest daugh- ter of Mr. Landenberger and sister of his first wife. John T. Landenberger continued on the home farm with his mother after his school days were over, and conducted the same from the time he was twenty-one until he was thirty years old. In 1887 he visited the West, and while in Colo- rado and Kansas he saw some tine land, which induced him to take up 160 acres in Kansas. While in Colorado he woiked for a time in the employ of the Rock Island Railroad and worked six months with a grading gang. In the fail of 1889 he returned home and remained on the farm until a desire came over him to visit the West again and note the improvements that had been made. He went without capital, knowing he could always make an honest dollar at mining, and went as far as California, spending two months at Redwood City and Stockton, In De- cember, 1894, he returned to the old home neigh- borhood and Iwught eighty acres of land in Sec- tion 18. Mason Town.ship. In 1902 he added a tract of sixty-four acres in Section 19. To these purcha.ses he has added until he has a large 800 EFFINGHAM COUNTY acT'.-age. his land being in a fine state of eulti- v?ition and stocljed well. December lt». I'JOO, Jlr. Landenberger married Miss Mabel B. Winter, who was born in Mason Township, daughter of Fi-auk Winter. Two children have been born to them : Ada. born De- c-ember 16. 1907, and Aleda, born July 5, 1909. Politically Mr. Landenberger is a Democrat, and on this ticket he has been twice elected Super- visor of Mason Township, serving four years. He is identified with the lodge of Odd Fellows, at Mason. LARIMER, James. — One of the most sincere, substantial and honored pioneer couple of Ef- fingham County are James Larimer and his ex- cellent wife, who reside in Jackson Township, on the faiTU that has been their home for so many years. Mr. Larimer was bom in Fairfield County, Ohio. April 7, 1834, a son of Moses and Nauc.v (Blosser) Larimer, natives of Ohio and Virginia, respectively. They were married in Ohio at an early day. but came to Indiana in 1837, and after a number of changes, finally set- tled in Miami County. Ind.. where they spent the remainder of their lives, the father dying at the age of forty-eight years. He is buried in tlif- Baptist Hill CemeteiT at Bunker Hill. Ind. His widow survived him many yeai-s, dying at the age of seventy-five years, and her remains are in- terred by his side. Eleven children were born to this couiile, namely : Sally. George, John, Ann Nancy, all deceased; James, living; Jacob W. Isaac, deceased; Moses. Rachel, deceased; Maiy, living and Jane det^eased. James Larimer received a scanty education in the subscription schools of his period, and grew up to work on the farm. On September 1. 1859, he married in Miami County, Ind., Catheriuft Pontious. born in Wayne County, Ind.. December 3. 1841, daughter of George and Mary (Coffman'v Pontious. The father was a native of Ohio, and the mother of Pennsylvania. The latter secured an excellent education in the public schools of Miami County. In 1866 Mrs. Larimer's parents came to her in Illinois and settled on a farm in Effingham County. There the father died in 1886, and his widow in 1894. and both are buried In tlie Baptist Church Cemeteiy. They were the parents of ten children, eight of whom grew to niaturitv. two dying in childhood. But four are now living, namely: Noah, Mollie, William H. and Catherine. After marriage, ilr. and Mrs. Larimer lived in Indiana for a few years, but in 1865 came to Ef- fingham County. 111., locating on the farm in Jackson Township which has since been their home. They have had ten children, only five of whom are now living. These children are as fol- lows: Sarah, wife of William Gardner, resides on a farm In Jackson Township; Rosa, wife of Benjamin Porter, resides in Effingham. 111. ; George, married Carrie Hughes, resides in Kan- sas: Scott, married Rena Hooten, resides in Ef- fingham ; James. John and Mary, deceased ; Clarence W., married Mollie Manuel, is now de- ceased ; Charles Hallie, deceased ; and Grover, unmarried, living with bis parents on the farm. The farm which has been the home of the Lar- imers for forty-six years, consists of 120 acres of land devoted to general farming. By indus- ti-y Mr. Larimer has been successful in his work, and is well satisfied with what he has acx-om- pllshed. On September 1, 1909, Mr. and Mrs. Larimer celebrated their golden wedding. In politics Mr. Larimer is a Prohibitionist and a strong advocate of temperance. He has never as- pired to public office, but has always taken an active part in local i»litics. Both he and his wife are devout members of the Baptist Church near their home in Jackson Township. Mrs. Lar- imer has been a teacher in the Sunday School for twenty-three years, and at sixty-eight years of age still retains her class, giving devoted attention to both church and Sunday school work. Mr. Larimer has been a deacon in his church for forty years, and also served as Clerk for some twelve years. The Christian atmosphere of this home deeiily impresses all who enter it and, by personal con- tact with its occupants, acquire a just conception of the faith and devotion which has characterized their lives. Le CRONE, Byron Kendrick, printer and pub- lisher, and present business manager of the '■Morning Record" and "Weekly Democrat," Ef- fingham, 111., was born in the city of Effingham, October 2. 1882, the son of George M. and Fran- ces (Xitchcr) Le Crone, both members of early and well known families of Effingham County. The father, George M. Le Crone, has been for more than thirty years identified with journalism in Effingham County, for the greater part of tliat period being connected with the "Effingham Dem- ocrat," of which, for the past sixteen years, he has l)een proprietor and publisher. (See sketch in an adjoining section of this volume.) Byron K. Le Crone began leanning the printer's trade as early as eight .vears of age. and later, but while still in his boyhood, was accustomed to furnish a column each week for "The Demo- crat," his father's paper, which was published under the heading, "Local Jottings." In the meantime he received his education in the public ■ schools, the High School and at Austin College, Effingham. After completing his course In col- lege, he continued to give his attention to print- ing and newspaper work, remaining in Effingham until February, 1906, when he went to Cliaffee, Mo., where he established the "Chaffee Review," and. while there, served as City Clerk two suc- cessive terms, and was also the first Clerk of the new town. Two yeai-s later he returned to Ef- fingham, 111., and In May, 1908. became business manager for the Le Crone Press Company, jnib- lishers of the "Morning Record" and "Effingham Democrat," which position he has retained to the present time, establishing for himself a high rep- utation for efficiency and success in this capacity. Mr. Le Crone is a Democrat in political prin- ' ciples an4 affiliations, is unmarried and a mem- ber of the Presbyterian Church of Effingham. He EFFINGHAM COUNTY 801 Is associated witb a number of fraternal organi- zations, including the Order of Ellvs. Knights of Pythias, Order of Odd Fellows, the Modern American Fraternal Order. Modem Woodmen of America, and has entered uix)u a series of Ma- sonic degrees. Not afraid of worli. and of a mechanical turn of mind. Mr. Le Crone finds his duties in con- nection with the printing business of a congenial nature and takes pleasure in their performance — a condition which, in connection with integrity and high moral character, lies at the basis of true success. As may be inferred from his fra- ternal relations, he mixes easily with societj- and enjoys the acquaintance of a wide circle of friends. Le CRONE, George M., editor and business man of Effingham, 111., is a man widely Unown for his diversified activities and is a joumalist of long standing and marked abilit.v. Irle is one of the most influential men in Effingham Cbunty and has borne his part in its devlopment, both as a private citizen and as a represeut;itive of the press. He was born in Ewiugton. 111.. December 23, 1858, a son of Dr. John Le Crone. Wheu he was seven years of age his father located in Ef- fingham, and here George attendetl the public schools until 1870. During the sunnner months he worked at farm work and various other occupa- tions. In the fall of 1870 he, entered the State Normal University at Normal. 111., from which he graduated in June, 187.3. Upon completing his education Mr. Le Crone taught in the district schools of Effingham County for one year, and in 187.5 became Principal of the Effingham East Side School, which jxtsition was offered him because of his proven efficiency. Af- ter teaching one year in Effingham he accepted the position of Deputy Circuit Clerk and held it two .years. In January. 1878. he purchased a half-interest in the "Effingham Democrat." and for three years was joint editor with John Hoeny, Sr., then continued with the latter's successor, Mr. Scott, until October 1. 1.S81. Mr. Le Ci'one then sold out bis interest and entered the em- ploy of Osgood & Kingman as book-keeper. In December. 1881. he started the "Altamont News." in company with C. A. Coleman, though he con- tinned but a short time with this paper. In Oc- tober. 1882. Jlr. Le Crone formed a partnership with N. D. Clutter, in a real estate and loan busi- ness, under the name of Clutter & Le Crone, which continued two years. Jlr. Le Crone purchased the "Democrat" in 1884 and has since that time, been engaged in .iournalistic work. He now owns the "Daily Record" and the "Weekly Democrat." Mr. Le Crone was instrumental in securing the organiza- tion of the Modem American Fraternal Order in Effingham in 1897, and is now its Secretary and Manager. Not' only has Mr. Le Crone been active in busi- ness circles, but he has also been prominent po- liticall.v. being a stanch Democrat. In 1805 he was elected a member of the Lower House of the State Legislature and was further distin- guished by being appointed by G!ov. Altgeld Secretai-j- of the State Live Stock Commission. He has served in Effingham as Alderman from his ward and as a member of the Board of Educa- tion, having at all times given the best of service to the public aud working for improvements for his locality in many different ways. In 1879 Sir. Le Crone was united in marriage with Frances K. Nitcher, of Effingham, and five children ha^e been Iwrn to them, namely : Byron K. ; George and Humphrey ; Frances, who died at the age of twenty-two years, and Hugh, who died at the age of eight years. Mr. Le Crone's t«-o papers are recognized as the leading organs of the Democratic part.v iu the county. His editorials are forceful and clear, and are widely quoted in matters of national as well as local import. Personall.v he is a man of pleasing address, a firm friend of those who have shown him consideration and generous to his en- emies. He is strong in his opinions and princi- ples and ready to stand up for what he con- siders right. Le CRONE, John M.— It is a noticeable fact that the agriculturists of any section who have the best farms, are those who take the most pride in the prosperity of their community and the most active part in the upbuilding aud development of the section in which the.y reside, and this is true of the farmers of Effingham County. One of these representative men of Jackson Township, who' has always been in the leading ranks in any movement likely to prove of benefit to his locality, is John M. Le Crone, the owner of a well regu- lated farm of sixty-seven acres, who was bom in Missouri August 31. 1801. a son of Mathias and Sarah E. (Porter) Le Crone. The parents of Mr. Le Crone, who were na- tives of Pennsylvania, came to Illinois early in life. The father was bom December 20. 1829, and the mother May, 5. 18.34, and they were mar- ried in Effingham Count}', where the.v spent their man-ied life. After a long and useful life spent in agricultural pursuits in Jackson Township. Math- ias Le Crone died June 21. 1894. his wife follow- ing him to the grave ilarch .30, 1890. Both were buried in the Turner Cemetei-y in Jackson Town- ship. They were the parents of ten children, four of whom died in childhood, while those who reached matin'ity were: John M. ; Mary and Elizabeth, deceased : William ; Samuel and Clara. Mathias Le Crone served throughout both the Mexican and Civil Wars, in the latter being a member of the Twenty-sixth Regiment. Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and though he saw hard service, he came through both struggles without a wound. John M. Le Crone came to Illinois with his parents when but four weeks old. and he ob- tained a very good education in the free schools of Effingham County. He remained at home until twenty-six years of age. and on December 2, 1886, he was united in marriage with .\nna Harrell. who was born in Effingham Countv. December 31, 802 EFFINGHAM COUNTY 1866 daughter of William and Sarah (DeFreece) Harrell, natives of Keutucli.v who caiue to Illi- nois as voung people and were married m Eftug- ham County, and are now residents of Jackson Township. They were the parents of eight chil- dren, of whom seven still survive, Mrs. Le Crone being the second in order of birth. Mr. and Mrs. Le Crone have spent their entire married life in Jackson Township, and now reside on a fine tract of sixty-seven acres, on which Mr. LeOrone is carrj-ing on general farming in a very successful manner. Mr and Mrs. Le Crone have been the parents of six children: Walter E. ; Maytie F. ; ElHe, who died when twelve years old : Leslie H. ; Belva S. and Sarah L The family ai-e members of the Christian Church at Fairview. and both Mr. and Mrs. Le CTone are active in church work, he being a member of the Board of Ti-us- tees. In political matters he is a Republican, but although an active worker in the ranks of his party, he has never cared for iiublic office for himself. His fratenial connection is \vith the Brotherhood of American Yeomen. No. 2111. at Altamont. LEIBNITZ, John Frederick.— The Germans in America form an important class of good, reli- able, and industrious citizens, who can be de- pended upon to work hard, save what they earn and so invest it that it will afford excellent re- turns. One of the well-to-do farmers of Section 20, Mason Township, is John Frederick Leib- nitz born in Germany, January 18, 1825, a son of John A. and Marie (Smidth) Leibnitz. John Frederick was the only one of his family to come to the United States. He lost his father in 18.39, when he was fourteen years old, but the mother lived until 1880. John F. is the only survivor of their four children, one son. Carrel, having died in Germany, October 7. 1000, at the home of his son Frederick. The others are Hannah and Minna, both of whom married and died without having had any children. .Tohn Frederick Leibnitz was educated in Ger- manv. and then served two and one-half years in the German armv. He had served as a waiter in a prominent family by whom he was well liked In 1854. however, he decided to come to the new country where he felt he conld find larger opportunities, and landed in New \ork City during a Fourth of July celebration. This patriotic demonstration filled the young German with wonder, and he felt glad that he had be- come one of the residents of this free land. For a year he remained in New York City, then went to' Whiteside County. 111., and for some time workefl on a farm for .$10 per month. Later, he rented land from his emplover and farmed on his own responsibility. His first presidential vote was cast in 1860. and shortly after the election he left Whiteside County and moved to Clay Countv. reaching there November 29th. Mr Leibnitz was married in 1860. to Wilhel- mina Henrietta Koss, l)orn in Russian-Pol.nnd. December 31, 1834, and came to America with her parents iu 1858. Her four brothers had already oome to this country, and two of them, Daniel and Michael, were killed in an explosion on a Mississippi River boat. John Koss died in Ettiug- ham County, in 1897. The other children were : Frederick, of Missouri ; Andrew, of Clay County, 111., now deceased; Si'sauua, died in Chicago; and Louise, Mrs. Knispel of La Clede, Fayette County. Mr. Koss died in Clay County, 111., iu 1869, and his widow in the same place, Decem- ber 3, 1881. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Leibnitz lo- cated iu Edgewood, 111., and in 1S»33 bought forty acres of laud, at $11 per acre. This was wild land and on it they built a small frame house. They kept adding to the land until now they have 140 acres. Tliey have had seven children : Emma L., born .September 13, 1861, died September 26, 1862; Otilda, born February 5, 1862, died April 22, 1864 ; Mary A., born September 17, 1864, died July 17, 1880 ; Ada Rosamonda, born October 1, 1866, married Charles Durre, a farmer in West Township, and they had seven children, — Fred, George, Lawrence, ilary, aud three who died in Infancy ; Frederick William, born March 8, 1869, married Margaret Culley February 10, 1893, and they have one child — Clara ; John Andrew, born January 18, 1875, is now In charge of the old farm. Mr. and Mrs. Leibnitz are Lutherans and ac- tive in the good work of their church. They have a nice, comfortable home, with a goo tlou, from which he died in 1868, at which time his sou John W. was but two years old. His other child, a daughter, had died in Nashville, Tenu., while the mother was on her way north. For five years after the death of the" father, the mother and sou lived at the home of one of Mrs. Livingston's brothers, John Ilightower. Mrs. Livingston was married a second time, to John Loy, and young Livingston lived with John Loy until his twenty-first year, when he started to work out ou a farm by the mouth, and with the first $10 he earned bought himself a suit of clothes. He continued to work by the mouth for some time, hoarding his wages carefully, and finally had accumulated enough to purchase eighty acres of land in Section 23, and 27, Wat- son Township, a tract covered with heavy tim- ber and brush, but the young man had proved that he was not afraid of hard labor, aud he at once set about clearing it from its wild state and putting it into a state of cultivation. Throughout his life, he has been a hard and en- ergetic worker, and this accounts for the success that has come to him. He is now considered one of the substantial farmers of his disti-iet, has a pleasant home, aud is highly regarded through- out the township, where he has been elected to numerous public offices. He and his wife are members of the Jlethodist Episcopal Cihurch, be- longing to Loy Chapel congregation. On February 7.' 1801, Mr. Livingston was mar- ried to Cora M. Webb, who was born in Iowa, December 29, 1870, a daughter of Ervin Webb, a well-to-do farmer of Wat.son Township. Mr. and Mrs. Livingston have been the parents of eight children: Earl A., born September 28. 1893; Enin H., born December 25, 1894 ; George R., bom June 10, 1896; Aaron, born January 14, 1898; Mary, born September 7, 1899; James H., bom June 10, 1901 ; Ida, born April 1, 1906 ; and Wilborn, born July 16, 1908. LLOYD, Michael (deceased).— Ireland has fur- nished the United States with some of its rep- resentative men. and they are to be found in ev- ery rank and walk of life. The sons of Erin IX)ssess those qualities which make for success and bring them into favorable notice, so that they are welcomed In any community. A notable ex- ample of the prosperous agriculturist of Effing- ham County was furnished in the life of the late Michael Lloyd, who was bom in County Lim- erick, Ireland, in 1825, a son of Captain William 804 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Lloyd, an officer in the English army. Michael Lloyd was married in his native country to Mary Whealon, also a native of County Limerick. When their first child was a babe, the wife took him and came to the United States, binding in New Orleans, whence she came to Madison County, 111., and there the husband and father joined them a year or so later. For the suc- ceeding si.xteen years Madison County was their home, and they then removed to West Township, Effingham County. There Michael Lloyd bought eighty acres of land and operated it until his demise, which occurred in 1807. In religious faith he was a Roman Catholic, and his remains rest in the Catholic Cemetery at Edgewood. His e.xcellent wife died in 1884, when about seventy years of age. firm in the faith of the Catholic Church, of which she was a devout member. Her sons tenderly cherish her memory, for she was one of the best of mothers and a kind-hearted, true Christian woman. One incident will show the reverence in which her sons hold her memory. During her lifetime she planted a weeping willow tree by the side of the well, and in time this tree grew to such proiwrtious that its roots choked up the well, but they would not allow it to be dis- turbed and went to the expense of drilling an- other well rather than destroy the work of her hands. Michael Lloyd and bis wife had two sons, Thomas and .John. Thomas Lloyd was born in Ireland, in 184.o, and was brought by his mother to Madison County. 111., in infancy. He at- tended scliool and learned the details of farming on his father's farm in Madison County, and is now operating the family homestead in Effing- ham County, in partnership with his brother. John Lloyd was born In Madison County. 111., about 1856, attended school in both Madison and Effingham Counties, and was reared to farm life. Both he and his brother are excellent farmers and tliey have a valuable property, which yields them a "good income. They are intclligenr and public-spirited citizens, taking a proper interest in the welfare of their community and are rightly considered fit representatives of its agricultural element. LOHMANN, Herman H.— Eflfijigham County, 111., has some of the best agricultural land in the State, and the men who own it are realizing this fact, as tliey are steadily improving their farms and reaping immense crops. One of the men who have made a success of farming is Herman H. Lohmann. a farmer of Section 28. Douglas To^^^l- ship. who was born on the farm he now occupies. September 24. \S5'j. a son of George H. and Mary Adelaide (Osterman) Lohmann. both na- tives of Germany. He came to America in young manhood, but she was brought by her parents, wlio located in St. Louis, whence they came to Effingham County. There George H. Lohmann and she met and married. They were among the first settlers in this part of the county. After marriage George H. Lohmann bought 120 acres of wild land, and he and his wife located on it. and began making a home for them.selves out of the wilderness. Mr. Lohmann added to bis holdings until he owned 407 acres, of which he made a fine home, although all his children were born in a log cabin. They were : Ilerniau H., Henry, James, Canada ; Elizabeth, wife of John Dasenbrock, of Douglas Township ; George, deceased ; Borney, deceased ; Catherine, de- ceased. George II. Ix>hmanu died in 1894, aged eigthy-six. His wife died in 1902, aged seventy- six. He was a good, practical farmer, and great lover of his home. Herman H. Lohmann began his education in the primitive log school of his neighborhood, and continued it at Green Creek Catholic school. When he was thirteen he began to bear his part in the farm work, and remained at home. On Sep- tember 28, 188(1, be married Catherine Aulen- broek, a sketch of whose parents appears else- where in this work. After marriage Mr. Loh- mann continued on the old home and lived in the house in which be was liorn until 1902, then built a good re.sidence, and in it he and bis wife are now injoying life. He has also built a large barn for his stock, as he feeds fifteen cows. This barn Is .38x96 feet, one-half of it having a concrete floor, and is one of the best in Effingham County. Mr. Lohmann Iceeps Ilolstein cows and finds them a profitable investment. Air. and Mrs. Tx)hmann are the parents of seven children : Henry, died at the age of four years ; Mary, died in infancy ; Fritz, died at the age of eight months ; Annie, at home ; Herman, at home; Frank and Anton at home. Mr. Loh- mann has been one of the thrifty men of his lo- cality and now owns 2.37 acres of land in Sec- tions 20, 25. 28. 33 and 34 in Douglas Township. Politically he is a Democrat and is now serv- ing as School Director, but he has never sought honors, for his Interests have been centered in bis farm and church. He belongs to the Green Creek Catbolic Cburcb. LORTON, Samuel Clifford, M. D.— Effingham County is the home of some of the most skilled medical men in the State, who are laboring to minister to the sick and reduce the percentage of deaths in their vicinities. Their work is a noble one and deserves more praise than is ever ac- corded it. One of the most popular and success- ful representatives of the profession here is Dr. Samuel Clifford Lorton, of Shumway, 111. He was born in Tx)udon Township, Fayette County, April 23, 1879, a son of James and Josephine Hotz Lorton, a full sketch of whom appears else- where in this work. After a boyhood spent in attending the distric"t school and working on the farm. Dr. lorton went to Austin College at Effingham. Returning liome, he devoted himself to teaching school, dur- ing inoo and 1901. but in 1902, was able to enter Barnes Medical College of St. Louis, where he took a four years' course in medicine, being grad- uated with the class of 190G. During his vaca- tions, he assisted several physicians, including the celebrated Dr. F. Buckmaster of Effingham, EFFINGHAM COUNTY 805 III., with whom he was associated in surgical work, and Dr. W. S. Jones of Redmon. Edgar County. After receiving his diploma. Dr. Lortou remained with Dr. Jones until November 10, 190(5, when he located in Shumwa.v which has since been his home. Since then he has built up a large practice and has firmly established him- self in the confidence of his patients, winning their friendship by his kindly sympathy. Dr. Lorton has been very successful in general prac- tice and surgical work. He has all of the most improved appliances in his offices, and keeps thor- oughly abreast of the times in every particular. On June 12, 1907, Dr. Lorton married Even D. Snoddy, born in Coal Creek. Ind.. a daughter of E. O. Snoddy, the banker of Redmon, 111. For some years prior to her marriage. Mr.s. Dorton , was ca.shler of the Rodmon Bank. She is highly educated, being a graduate of the Westfield, 111., College, and proficient in music. One son was born to Dr. and Mrs. Lorton, Roland Clifford Kieffer Lorton. Dr. Lorton is a Mason, belonging to Beecher City Lodge No. 665, and a member of the Escula- pian Medical Society of the Wabash Valley, which was established in 1846. Dr. Lorton en.ioys outdoor sports and is fond of hunting and fish- ing. It would be difficult to find a man more highly respected or esteemed than Dr. Lorton. whose success has been earned by conscientious and persistent effort. LOWDER, Aaron H. — The raising and feeding of stock in conjunction with farming has alwa.vs lieen a profitable business, and especiall.v is this true now when high prices prevail and the agri- culturist can get an adequate return for all his hard work and frugality. One of the represen- tative farmers of Mason Township. Effingham County, is Aaron H, Lowder, of Section .36. born on the farm of his parents, on Section 25, the same township, July 3. 1854. He is a son of Gid- eon Lowder a sketch of whom is given elsewhere in this work. After securing a common school education in the district, Mr. Lowder helped on the farm until his father's death. His marriage occurred De- cember 19, 1880, when he was united with Zillah C. Turner, daughter of Wilson Turner, whose history is also given elsewhere. She was born May 5, 18G2. After their marriage they rented a farm, now owned by .Tohn Ready in Mason Town- ship. In 1882, they bought forty acres of land on Section 36, on which they put up a log house and began life on their own land. To his origi- nal forty acres Mr. Ijowder added until he now owns eighty acres. Although the original log cabin still stands in good repair, as a dwelling it has been replaced by a fine farm cottage, built in 1899, and the groves and brush have given place to nodding fields of grain and an excellent orchard containing all kinds of fruit. Mr. Low- der has been raising Duroc-Jersey hogs, as well as high-grade cattle and horses. He also carries on general farming and has made a success of his work. His well-kept premises indicate that he understands his business from the bottom up. Mr. and Mrs. Lowder have had four sons : Wil- liam H.. who died when only nine months old; John W.. born December 15, 1882. is a farmer and carpenter of Mason Township, married April 15, 1909, Edna Smith, born in Clay County. 111., a daughter of Bloomer Smith, a farmer there; Walter H.. born April 15, 1885, married Grace Payton. April 4, 1909, and is a farmer in Mason Town.ship ; Owen G., born February 19, 1887, married Maggie Edwards, July 7, 1908, born in Clay County, November 4, 1889, and they have one son, Arthur, born April 28. 1909. All the family are active members of the Chri.stian Church of Mason, of which for many .vears Mr. Lowder was Deacon. He has alwa.vs been a Democrat in politics, serving as School Director. He never belonged to any secret orders, but his son. John W., belongs to the M. A. F. O. and Walter H. to the Modern Woodmen of Amer- ica. No enterprise looking towards the eventual betterment of the connnnnity need fear of not securing Mr. Lowder's support, for he is a friend of progress and lends his influence towards secur- ing all improvements possible. LOWDER, John Wesley.— There are many old and honored families in Effingham County that have descended from some of the finest stock in the country, and among them may be mentioned that of Lowder, representatives of which have been prominent in Effingham County, 111., for many years. John Wesley I,owder. an excellent farmer of Section 25. Mason To-miship. was born In that township. July 10. 1.8.50. a son of Gideon and Eliza fPendelton) Lowder. natives of Nofth Carolina. Gideon Lowder came from his native State to Effingham County when a young man of about twentv vears. fii-st. however, having located on Dismal Creek, in Clay County. In 1833 he en- tered land in Section 25. JIason Township, and here his first marriage occurred, his wife being Marv Bishop, daughter of Benjamin Bishop, one of the pioneer settlers of this part of the State. They had six children : Elizabeth, the wife of William McLean, had three children : William, married a Mrs. Randalls, whose maiden name was Bailey, and they left one son : Henry, a farmer in West Township : Nancy, was married Cfirst) to Sidney Neal. and (second! to Thomas Hollowa.v. the latter a farmer in Lucas Township, where jfrs. Holloway died ; Gideon, married Ann Baker, resides in Edgewood and has five chil- dren : and Celia. the widow of David Montgom- ery, residing in Missouri. The second marriage of Gideon Ijowder was to Eliza Pendelton. by whom he had children as follows : John Wesley ; Aaron, a farmer in Mason Tomiship ; George a f.ai-mer of Edmond. Okla. : Barbara, wife of .Tames Bingman. a farmer in Sinclair. Morgan Countv. III. : Preslev Funkhouser. of Mason Townshin; Charles, in the emplov of the Illinois Central Railroad, at Mattoon. 111. Gideon Lowder was one of the pioneers of 806 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Effingham County, and experienced all of the hardships and privations of pioneer life. He fought throughout the Black Hawk War with signal bravery, but was known as a man of peace, and during the many quarrels that came up in those days in his vicinity, he was invariably known as the peacemaker. It is s:\id that on many occasions he risked his life in settling a dispute. On a number of occasions he was com- pelled to protect his stock from the raids of the wolves, and once lost some valuable sows in this ■way. He saw the home of the wild red man blossom into the flourishing villages and cities of civilization, the wigwam replaced by the school and church, and the wild, uncultivated land change into orderly farms, fertile and well cared for. In religious faith a Uuiversalist, Mr. Lowder gave freely of his time and money to both church and educational movements. In po- litical matters he was a Democrat. One of the grandest figures of his day, his memory will long be kept green in the hearts of those who knew and loved him. He died March 30, 1877, his widow sun'iving until 1904. John Wesley Lowder was educated in the dis- trict schools, and on reaching his majority took up the work of handling the home farm. On De- cember 6. 1874. he was married to Adeline Wright, born October 18, 1851, in Jackson County, Ind., daughter of Rev. Clayburn and Charlotte (Clayton) Wright. They came in 1861 to Illi- nois, settling in Alason Township, where Mr. Wright followed farming and preached the faith of the Christian Church. This good man was called to his reward June 24. 1805, while his widow passed away September 17, 1005. They were the parents of these children : Erastus, de- ceased; Reason, of Colorado Springs. Colo.; Jonas, of Lamar. Colo.: John, of Mason, 111.; Frank, of Pueblo. Colo. ; Ellen, widow of William Sperland. of Edgewood ; Flora, wife of C. R. Brown, a Clav Ctounty farmer; Alice, widow of John Gwinn, of Chicago ; and Mrs. Lowder. Mr. and Mrs. Lowder have been the parents of three children: Oscar, born October 6, 1875, attended Austin College, and is now in the freight department of the Illinois Central Rail- way ; Everett, born December 11. 1877. a bright voiith with manv noble traits of character, died May 5, 1901 ; and Alma, liorn December Ifi, 1883, at home. Mr. Ix)wder has been a Republi- can in politics, but has never cared for public preferment. The family are active members of the Christian Church. LOWDER, Presley Funkhouser. — Effingham County, 111., is noted for its men who have a thorough knowledge of agi-icultural conditions and the science of breeding stock. Probably the conditions In this part of the State are as near ideal as anywhere for the successful raising of huge crops of grain, and the fertile pastures are especially adapted to the needs of the stock raiser. Presley Funkhouser Lowder, a leading agriculturist of Section 25, Mason Township, was born in that tonmship, September 3, 1861, a son of Uideon and JDliza (Pendelton) Lowder. Mr. Ijowder was educated in the .listricl schools and reared to the life of a farmer. After the death of his father he took charge of the old home farm. Later his mother went to live with her only daughter, Barbara, now the wife of James iiurr, a farmer and stockman near Jack- sonville, 111. On December 11, 18 — . Mr. Low- der was united in marriage with Kate Bailie, who was born in Mason Township, June 12, 1S(J4, daughter of Samuel H. and Martha (Da- mon) Bailie, the former of whom died in 1002 and the latter about 1892. She was a native of Mas.sachusetts and came to Illinois with her parents, while her husband came originally from Pennsylvania, going thence to Ohio and from the latter State to Illinois. Of their seven chil- dren two are deceased : Clinton, F., Mrs. Low- der, and Agnes, the wife of Arthur Mason, of Watson, 111. After marriage, Mr. and Mr.s. Low- der settled on the old home farm In Section 25. in the log cabin, in which all of the children of Gid- eon Lowder were born except the eldest. They resided in that old pioneer home until 1900, when he built one of the best residences in this part of the county, on the Public Road, in Section 25. He owns 140 acres of excellent land, about fifty acres of which have been cleared of heavy timber. He has been successful in his under- takings and is numbered among the prosperous men of his community. His succe-ss has been well merited, as it has been gained through hard, unremitting labor and a perseverance that has overcome all obstacles. He has many friends in bis part of the county. Three children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Lowder : Zepher, November 27, 1896 ; Le- land. March 31, 1898; and Maude Estelle, Sep- tember 25, 1904. Mrs. Lowder and the children are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. while Mr. Lowder is a Universalist. Formerly a Democrat, he later became c-onnected with the Prohibition party, and although he has never ac'cepted public preferment, he bore an active part in the great temperance wave that swept Illinois in 1908. Fraternally he is connected with the Ma.sons, the Odd Fellows and the Mod- ern Woodmen of America. LOY, Calvin C— Many farmers from Southern States sought homes in Illinois, where they could secure land and establish themselves far from the vexing problems which early distracted those who lived south of the Mason and Dixon line. Land in Illinois was to be had for a merely nami- nal figure and wild game was plentiful, which inspired hope in their breasts, and animated their actions. The pioneei-s came from all sec- tions of the country, felled the forests, con- quered the prairies, and within the past few years drained the swamps, making the wilder- ness into a fertile and valuable state. One of the very early settlers of Effingham County, 111., was John H." Loy. father of Calvin C. Loy, who EFFINGHAM COUNTY 807 is one of the prosperous farmers of this part of the State. Calvin C. Loy was born in Watson Township. Effingham Countj-. April 7. 1857. He is a son of John H. and Mahala (Slover) Loy. The for- mer was Ixirn in the State of Alabama and the latter in Pennsylvania. John H. Ixiy was born April 10. 1821, son of John H. I^y, who brought his family from Alabama in 1829, coming with teams and wagons, and settling in Effingham County in 18-30. He was the first Treasurer of Effingham County, being elected in 18.33. Both he and his son. John H. Loy. entered land and became large farmers and stockmen. The education of Calvin C. Loy was secured in the common schools of his neighlxirhood. and he was reared to work on the farm. He engaged in farming until his election to the office of County Clerk, in November. 1006. on the Democratic ticket, and he is still discharging the duties of that responsible office. Mr. Loy is a conscien- tious official, and under his active administration the work in his office is being turned out in a thoroughly business like and efficient manner. Mr. Loy is very popular. pos.sesses a pleasant, agreeable manner, and is likely to be called upon to justify the faith his party has in him by ac- cepting other and higher offices. January 12, 1887. Mr. Loy married Ina Beem, who was born at Effingham. 111.. February 9. 1867. daughter of David and Nellie (Golden) Beem. who were natives of Ohio and Pennsylvania, re- spectively. The father of Mrs. Loy died in the early 'sixties, and her mother is still living in Effingham. To Mr. and Mrs. Loy have been bom fonr children : Raymond S.. Sible. Gladys and Byron. Mrs. Loy is a member of the Methodist Church. LOY, James H. — There was a period in the history of Effingham County when its agricultural interests were of small importance, when the farmer gathered from his fields only a mere sub- sistence, and when his few head of common, scrubby stock scarcely paid for their mainte- nance, but, through the intelligent efforts of a body of thoughtful, earnest men. such conditions have largely become a thing of the past. In this connection the citizens of the county- readily ac- cord to James H. Loy. farmer and dair.vman, of Watson Township. Effingham County. 111., who holds the office of State Food Inspector, a large amount of credit. Mr. Loy was born in Watson Township, February 17, 18.57. and is a son of James B. and Nancy J. (Tucker) Loy. James B. Loy was born in Shelby Counts*. 111., in 1829. and in 1830 came to Effingham Connty with his father, Joseph C. who was a son of John Loy. He was one of the first settlers in Watson Township and the progenitor of a large family, which traces back to .\lahania. James B. Loy was a soldier in both the Mexican and Civil Wars, serving two years in Company I.. FMfty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and after being honorably discharged, in 1865. re- turned to his home with impaired health, and answered the last roll call on earth, July 9. 1897. He is survived by his three children : Kev. F. W., Joseph and James. In iwlitics, James B. Loy was a stanch Republican and always took much intere.st both in National and local politics. He was prominent in all movements for good in his community and, with his wife, was very active in the affaire of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His widow still survives, now being seventy-five years of age, and still in the enjoyment of excel- lent health. James H. Loy spent his boyhood days on the farm and secured a fair education in the dis- trict school. In 1876 he began teaching, in Jasjier County, 111., spending his winters in the school room and his sununers on the farm. On June 26, 1879, he married Miss Minnie B. Avery, who was born in Watson Township, October 4, 1862, a daughter of Ezekiel .\verj-, who was one of the very prominent men of Effingham County. He came to the county in 1856 and was con- nected with the Illinois Central Railroad for a time and later ran a sawmill. He died In 1886. .\fter his marriage, Mr. Loy settled on the old home farm and taught school as formerly until 1882, when he went to Burnet County, Tex., where he taught school and worked at the car- penter trade. In 1883 he returned to Effingham County and engaged in teaching and farming until is87, since which time he has given his at- tention exclusively to agricultural pursuits. He owns one of the most valualile farms in this part of the eoimty. containing .300 acres, which he has well stocked, keeping Holstein cows for dairy purposes, for some of them paying as much as $1.30 a head. He has proved their value as milk and butter producers, getting as high as sixty-five pounds of milk a dav, and according to the milk test this would grade twenty-one ixiunds of but- ter a week. Tlie products of his herd of twenty full blood Holsteins are sold to the Condensary at Effingham. Mr. Ixiy has six acres of alfalfa and has cut three acres four times a year. His farm produces the feed for his stock. Mr. and Mrs. Loy have had nine children, as follows: Frank A., born .\ugust 1. ISSO. is in partnership with his father and has charge of tue farming operations : Clark, who is a hardware merchant at Effingham, marriefl .\nna Behrnes and they have one daughter — Dorothy ; Hilda E.. who is the wife of Clarence F. Bock, a farmer and R. F. D. mail carrier, of Shumway. 111., has one child — Florence; Bliss E., who is a school teacher : Alice E.. a graduate of the Belvidere Hi»h School, of the Class of 1909: and Nellie L.. Benson Wood. Bessie M. and Hazel E. As the children reach school age. Mr. Loy gives them advantages which prepare them for any position they may be called upon to fill in after life. The family is identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Loy stands high in the esteem of his fel- low citizens and they have frequently testified to this by electing him to offices of responsibility. In politics he is a Republican. In 1884 he was elected from a Democratic township to the Board 808 EFFINGHAM COUNTY of Supervisors and held that office for two years, iu that tittle looking carefully after the best in- terests of Watson Township. In IS'JO he was appointed Census Enumerator under Col. J. S. Lord, of Spriugfield, III., and worked through Effingham, Fa.vette, Shelby and Jasper Counties and fluished the contract satisfactorily. In 1901 he was elected on the Republican ticket a mem- ber of the Forty-fourth General Assembly from the Fort.v-second District, comprising Effingham, Clay, Marion and Clinton Cbunties. and served two years with fidelity to the interests of those he represented. In 1907 he was appointed by Governor Deneen to the office of State Pure Food Inspector, operating in any part of Illinois, and he has been actively concernd in the enforcement of the Pure Food Law. In addition to the inter- ests mentioned. Mr. Ix)y is President and a stock- holder of the Effingham County Republican Print- ing Company. He is a man of social instincts and is a member of the Masons, the Elks and the Woodmen. LOY, John H. — In looking for a reason for per- sonal success, the seeker invariably finds that the men who rise above their fellows are those who have kept everlastingly at whatever they started out to accomplish, through sheer perseverance surmount the obstacles in their way and finally reach their goal. These are the kind of men who have brought Fffinghiim County to its pres- ent state of prosperity, and among them may be mentioned John H. Loy. of S'ection 21. Watson Township, who is now living retired after a long life spent in agi'icultural pui-suits. Mr. Loy comes of an old family, that has long been well known in Effingham County, and was born April 7. 18.39. within one mile of the spot on which he is living in Watson Township, son of Joseph C. and Rachel (Sharp) Loy. the latter a daugh- ter of Thomas Sharp, originally from Alabama. Joseph C. Loy was a son of John Loy. a native of Alabanaa and of German descent, and his wife was of Scotch extraction. Joseph C. Loy was boiTi in Alabama, in ISO.S. and in 1827 was mar- ried to Rachel Sharp, immediately thereafter driving to Illinois with a wagon and settling in Shelby County, where he lived until 1820. He then came to Effingham County and settled near old Ewington. but later moved to Watson To\^ti- ship and took up his home on Big Salt Creek, where the timber was heaviest, choosing this spot to begin his struggle in the new country. Later they were forced to seek a higher location and built a log cabin, which was eventually used as a fort to protect the family from the Indians. about .500 of whom had located in tliat vicinity, but they finally moved back to the ]irairie on ac- count of the outbreak of the Black Hawk War. Mr. Loy eventually entered Government land on Section 21. Watson Township, and built a hewed log cabin that was considered the finest home in the famous Lov Settlement. Joseph C. I^oy was one of the earliest settlers in Effingham County, and during a long and useful life became known throughout this section of the State as a leader among men. Kindly and charitable, he was a a true Christian, and was always the first to go to the succor of any one in distress. His charity was genuine, and its extent will probably never be fully known. He died in 1892, at the age of eighty-four years, his wife having passed away in 1883, when seventy -seven years old. They were members of the Christian Church and were instrumental in establishing Loy Chajjel, as well as the Loy School Disti'ict. "Uncle Joe." as he was affectionately known in his locality, was in his younger days a Democrat, but later acted with the Republican party. He and his wife had children as follows : Sarah Caroline (deceased), by a former marriage, was the wife of Andrew Parks, of Watson. 111. ; James B., deceased; Eliza J., widow of William Bryant, resides in Mason Township ; Thomas, a retired resident of Effing- ham, for forty years was a Justice of the Peace in Wat.son Township: John H. ; Harmon, de- cea.sed; Elizabeth, wife of Andrew Wilson, of -Utamont, 111. John H. Loy was reared and educated in his native town.ship, his first teacher being James Leavitt. Early in life he began to follow the vo- cation of farming, and purchased forty acres of land adjoining the farm he now owns. On July 11, 1861, he was married (first) to Diantha Kish, a native of Canada, who came to Illinois with her parents. Her father, George Kish, was a soldier in the Civil War and a member of the Twenty-sixth Illinois Volunteers. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Loy settled on the farm, which he continued operating until July, 1SG2, when he enlisted in Company I. Seventy-first Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, whicli regi- ment was mustered into service at Chicago and from there sent to guard what was then known as Big Muddy Bridge, near Cairo. Three months later the regiment returned to Chicago and was mustered out of the service. In October of the same year Mr. Loy returned to his home and turned his attention to farming and stockraising. in which he has continued to the present time with much success. During his long residence in this part of the county Mr. Loy has seen many changes and was one of the men who helped to build the Illinois Central Railroad. He has been a member of the Methodist Epi.scopal Church from bo.vhood. and for a long i>eriod was Superintendent of the Sunday school. In iwli- tics he acts with the Republican party in State and National issues, while in local matters he easts his vote for the candidate he considers best fitted for the office. He has led an honest, upright life, and the moral influence of his con- duct has set an example that might well be fol- lowed by coming generations. The children born to Mr. Ix)y and his first wife were as follows : Samuel X.. who died when his father was in the army; Wallace, last heard from in Wyoming : one child who died in infancy ; CWe.stia. wife of Harrison Martin, of Effingham ; John, a resident of WHieeler. 111. : and Diantha, deceased, who was the wife of Alonzo McCallen. a farmer of Watson Township. The mother of MR. AND .^IRS. BKXJAMIX F. TrCKKR EFFINGHAM COUNTY 809 these childi-en died iu June, 1S72, iu the faith of her Master, having been converted just before her demise. In November, 1872, Mr. Loy was married (second) to Mrs. Augeline (Hightower) Livingston, and to this imion have been born children as follows : Ezra B., a farmer in Wat- son Township, married Cora (Tedrick) Hutch- ins ; Andrew C, now a resident of Seattle, Wash. ; and Fidellos B., born February 25, 1872, now in charge of the home farm, married Inez May Peters, and they bave four children — Mabel, Oliver John. Olive D. and Andrew. LUDWIG, John T. Q., one of the good, hard- working, honest farmers and stock-raisers who have accomplished much through their own ef- forts, lives on Section 22. Douglas Township, Ef- fingham County. He was born near Jacksonville, Morgan County, 111., July 17, 18(31. a son of John and Barbara (Wheeler) Ludwig, both natives of Germany. They were married in Morgan Coun- ty, about 1860, and in 1861 John Ludwig was one of those to enlist as a volunteer in the ser- vice of the Union. He was then living in Mor- gan County, and while absent in the defense of his adopted country, his young wife was taken sick and died, leaving her little son, John T. Q., when he was but six months old. He was cared for by his grandfather, John Frantz Ludwig. un- til his father received an honorable discharge, and returned home later in the same year. In 18t>i John Ludwig moved to ShelbyvlUe. 111., and in lS6i married (second) Mrs. Elizabeth (Semer) Tegenkamp, ^idow of Barney Tegen- kamp, of Effingham County. They located in Shelby County after their marriage, later re- moved to Cumberland County, and iu 1885 set- tled permanently iu Effingham Count}-. Here Mr. Ludwig became owner of 100 acres of land, and here his death occurred in 1897. He is buried in Sigel Cemetery. John T. Q. Ludwig was reared to farm life and educated in the common schools. For two years he operated his father's farm, living alone. On September 3. 1880. he married Frances Stelte, of New Berlin. Sangamon County, 111., daughter of Ferdinand A. and Elizabeth Stelte. early set- tlers of Sangamon County. The mother died in 1905, but the father survives and lives on his Sangamon County farm. In the spring of 1889 Mr. Ludwig bought eighty acres of land in Sec- tion 22, Douglas Township, and they began house- keeping in a small house on this farm. They be- came parents of the following children : Eliza- beth, born May 30, 1890 ; Anna, who died when one day old ; George, bom June G, 1897 : Barbara, born Januar.v 25, 1899; Minnie, bom March 12, 1902; Ferdinand, born September 17. 1905: John, bom May 8, 1907, and Gertrude, lx>rn May 12, 1909. Mr. and Mrs. Ludwig have improved their land and made a beautiful home, planting fruit and ornamental trees and in other ways adding to its beauty and attractiveness. For several years Mr. Ludwig has been School Director. His chil- dren have attended the Green Creek Catholic School. In politics he is a stanch Republican, and he and his wife belong to the Green Creek L'atholic Church. WhUe Mr. Ludwig is inter- ested in public affairs, his farming duties keep him fully occupied, and he has little time for out- side affairs. However, for the last twelve years he has served as Judge of Election, and is Judge of Election at this writing. MAHON, Robert Preston.— The agiiculturists of Ertinghani County are men of intelligent foresight, who understand the jxissibilities of their work and are developing their farms in a manner to reflect credit upon themselves and their county as well. One of the notable examples of this class of men is Robert Preston Mahon, of Sec- tions 11 to 13, West Township. Mr. Mahon was born on his present farm, July 5, 1856, being the only son of Isham and Nancy (Laney-Kagey- McCoy) Mahon. The ilahon family were estab- lished in this country by William Mahon. who came to the colonies with Lafa.vette, participating in the Revolutionary War. After the close of that conflict he located in Virginia. The Mahon family trace their ancestry back to William Ma- hon, the grandfather of Robert P. Mahon, a sev- enth son, who was known as "Doc'' Mahon, al- though not a professional man. Isham Mahon was born in Spottsylvania Coun- t.v, Va.. January 6, 1819. but came to Illinois in young manhood, settling in Fayette County. Here he married Elizabeth Loveless, a Southern lady, and following his marriage he came to Effingham Clounty, taking up a large tract of land iu West Township, to which he added until at the time of his death he owued 400 acres. By his flrst wife he had four children : .lohn C. deceased ; Eliza- lieth, deceased : James B., deceased, and Martha A., now Mrs. John McCloy. of West Township. After the death of his flrst wife Mr. Mahon mar- ried (second) Mrs. Nancj- MeCo.v. widow of John McCo.v, and the onl.v child of this union was Rob- ert Preston, jlrs. Mahon had been married twice before, her first husband being Christian Kagey. to whom she bore two children : Rebecca, the widow of N. T. Wharton, of Edgewood, and Lu- cretia. the widow of Joseph Pinckle.v. Mr. Ma- hon died at his home in West Township, in 1893. and his remains are interred in the family lot on the farm. His widow, who was bom in 1816. died at the house of her daughter, in Union Township, in 1895. Robert Preston Mahon attended the public scnools until he was eighteen years of age. some of his teachers l->eing Samuel Elder. N. D. Clutter and Frank lyovett. He alternated his school days by working on the farm, remaining with his father until the latter's death. In 1SS1 ne mar- ried Elizabeth Kelle.v. daughter of Harvey Kel- ley. of West Township, and to this union have been born the following children : Estella, Mrs. Hurley Morris, of Jackson Township; Dora. Mrs. Mitchell Reed, of Mason Township; Clara. Mrs. Cl.vde Kavanaugh. living with her father; Etta and Ben.iamin. at home. T'pon the death of his father Mr. ilahon took 810 EFFINGHAM COUNTY ciarge of the houiestead aud has oijerated it ever since, now owuiug 1-10 acres in Seetious 11, 12 and 13. Tbe house is on Section 13 aud Is a c-omtortable one. Mr. Mabou has made his farm a valuable one aud is regarded as one of tbe sub- stantial aud reliable men of tbe township. He is a staucb Democrat and cast his flret vote for General Hancock. He has filled the offices of Town Clerk, Assessor aud Supervisor, aud has given the people valuable service in all of them. Fraternallv he is a Mason aud is interested in the work of the order. Wliile successful in his farm work, he has held progressive views of lite and kept well abreast of tbe times, so that he is recognized as an authority upon current events. He holds the office of Supervisor at the present writing. MANA. Engelhart (deceased).— In the death of Eugelhart Mana, of Beecber City, Effingham County lost one of her patriotic and public- spirited citizens. A veteran of the Civil \\ ai, Mr Maua was also a zealous worker for the good of his country and State In times of peace aud was a representative of the highest type of citi- zens. Mr. Mana was born in Urmieu. Switzer- land. October 12, 1835, a son of Jonah and Anna Mana and when two days old was baptized lu the German Lutheran Church of his native place, being confirmed in the church at tbe age of six- teen years and all his life a devout member of the Lutheran faith. His father and mother de- parted from this earth when he was but an in- fant aud the orphan boy took up his residence with an uucle, where he lived most of tbe time until he came to America. In common with other voung men who reach manhood in Euroiie, he served his allotted time as a soldier, being three years in the German Army and receiving an honorable discharge. tt •► /i In 1859 Mr. Mana emigrated to the United States spending forty-two days upon the water. The vessel encountered several storms and was repeatetUv driven from its course. At one time it was driven near the coast of Xewtfouudland aud enwuntered icebergs, but finally reached Xew York Harbor little tbe worse for its expe- rience The first persons tbe passengers met were -confidence men.'- who tried to get posses- sion of their valuables, and did succeed in obtaiu- iu" all that one of the party possessed. However, the othe.s of the party made up a purse tor the unfortunate one, and brought him wnth them to their destination, Watertown. \\ is. Mr. Mana was emploved as a farm band for a time, but later took a iwsition driving a team for a brewer in the city of Watertown. Three years later he answered his adopted countrv's call for troops at tbe time of the Civil War on .\ugust 15, 181-.2. enlisting in Company E Twentieth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, un- dCT Captain Alfred F. Bahn, and during Ws Pe- riod of service participating in a number of bat- tles including Prairie Grove, Ark.: Mcksburg, Miss.; Atchafala.va, La.; Spanish Fort. Ala.: Van Buren, Ark. ; Yazoo City, Miss. ; and Fort Jlorgau, .\la. At one time his company was or- dered to a point near the Gulf of Mexico aud were to make tbe trip in a flat-boat. When they were well on their way a storm overtook them, and as their boat was not very sea-worthy, they were in dire distress. They were ordered first to throw off the heavy guns to l.ghten the boat, then their own guns aud ammunition and finally the live stock — mules, horses aud donkeys. The IX)or animals swam after the boat for miles, but finally perished. All supeiiluous weight had to be thrown overboard, aud among the belongings of Mr. Mana was a Bible which had been given biui by his mother, and he said this sacrifice seemed to him like parting with his last and only friend. After a terrible struggle the men reached shore aud thanked God for their deliverance. Mr. Maua was au exemplary soldier and acquitted himself bravely in his defence of his adopted country. On the 1-lth of July, 1865, his regiment received their discharge at Galveston, Tex. After the clo.se of tbe war Mr. Mana returned to Watertown. Wis., aud resumed his previous occupation of teamster, soon after taking up the trade of a carpenter, which he followed in vari- ous parts of Wisconsin. He erected several buildings for sale and several in partnership with others. At one time he took a trip down the Mississippi River from MinueaiX)lis to St. Louis on a raft, and one day when he bad been sleep- ing, he awoke to see a large negro standing over him with a rock raised over his head. Mr. Mana was a man of considerable strength and presence of mind and jumping up, fioored his assailant with a blow. He and his companions ran the raft to shore at a point near Mu.scatine. Iowa, and forcibly put the negro ashore. In 1872 Mr. Mana moved to Vandalia. 111., and there formed tbe acquaintance of Fred Schneiter, who operated a saw-mill seven miles west of Beecber City, Fa.vette County, with whom Mr. Mana ac- cepted a position. July 2, 1873, Mr. Mana was united in mar- riage' with Miss Liiretta Spurgiu. daughter of George W. and Susanna (Riley) Spurgin, of Fayette Cbunty, who was born November 6, 18.50, in Knox County. Ohio, and was six years of age •wlien her parents brought her to Illinois. She received her early education in the district sdiool and was reared on a farm. After marriage Mr. Maua and his wife lived one year with her parents, then moved to Watertown, Wis., where he became engineer and fireman in the flour mill of a Mr. King, working two years in that capacity. He then accepted a similar posi- tion for Miller & Way, of Watertown, after which he began working in a planing mill conducted by a Mr. Myers. Mrs. Mana's father having died .^prill, 1S77, thev moved to Mrs. Mana's former home in Favette County, and there continued to reside on this farm until 1898. when they moved to Beecher City. Mrs. Spurgin died at Urbana, 111.. April 2, 1902, but her body was brought to Beecher Citv for burial, the funeral taking place .\pril 5th aiid conducted by the Black Eagle Wo.- man's Relief Corps. Mr. Spurgin and his wife EFFINGHAM COUNTY 811 were Missionary Baptists. Mrs. Maua laas ttiree brothers and one sister living, namely : George R., born in 1853, married Nancy Taylor, daugh- ter of William and Rebecca Taylor, of Fayette County, and they have eight children living — ■ Stella, Hester, Ivy, Nellie, Myrtle, Ira, Orin and Lillian ; Sarah, deceased, wife of Theophilus Schneiter of Fayette County, also deceased, and survived by seven children — George. Sam (died at the age of twenty-two). Edward, Rose, Fred, William and Charles; Maggie, wife of Charles Diehl, lives in Havana, 111. ; William G.. born In 1867, married Anna McCloud, of Urbana, where they now reside ; Isaac M., borri in 1800. unmar- rietl, a carpenter, lives in Havana with his sis- ter, Mrs. Diehl. December 6, 1898. Mr. Mana started a draying business at Beeeher City, beginning with a single wagon and one horse ("Prince," which had an interesting history), and built up a good business in this line, which he continued for several years, but on account of failing health he was com- pelled to retire and sold his business to Rudolph Bandalow. His illness lasted four years, during the last two of which he was confined to his bed. He was very patient during his illness, though at times a great sufferer. On Decoration Day in 1908 he made the trip to the cemetery, drawn by his faithful old horse. "Prince." driven by Ru- dolph Bandalow, and this was the last time the horse had the honor of drawing his old master, as it was his last ride in life. Mr. Mana departed this life November 20. 1908, and a short time be- fore his death expressed a desire to hear once more the song beginning: "Wrap the flag around me, l)oys. That I may die more sweet. With Freedom's starry emblem, boys. To be my winding sheet." The flag that covered his remains was made by Mrs. Rudolph Bandalow. and the funeral ser- mon was preached by Rev. William Boone, who tooli as a text. "How are the mighty fallen." Mr. Mana was all bis life a devout Lutheran and died firm in the faith. He is survived by his widow and three children, the latter all born in Fayette County. Mrs. Mana has the sincere sym- l)athy of a large circle of friends and acquaint- ances. Mr. Mana was a man who had the abll- it.v and desire to form warm personal friendships and his loss has been Iveenly felt by many. He had established himself in the respect and esteem of his community and was regarded as a desir- able citizen. The children born to Mr. Mana and his wife were : Anna, born September 1, 1879, wife of Charles MeCollum. son of Harvey and Elizabeth McCollum, of Effingham County, who is employed in telephone service at Beecber City, and they have three children — Lola, Bernice and Mabel ; Maggie M., born February 9. 1882. married Lon Armonstrout. of Stonington. 111., at St. Louis. Mo., in July. 1909: George, born July 22. 1885. learned the carpenter trade, is a jeweler at Beeeher City and resides with his mother, who is a resident of that city. Mrs. Mana is at pres- ent a member of the Christian Church in Beeeher City and a member of the Modern American Fra- ternal Order and of the Rebekahs. MARKS, Elias A., general merchant and lead- iUK citizcii of Diefi-ich, 111., has an interesting pfrs(.iial history, leading back to the time when accident took from him a protecting father and left him almost a burden on his widowed mother, on through his brave attempts at self-supix>rt and the final success which has crowned his efforts. He was born in Greene County, Ind., November 8. IS."!;:!, a son of Jesse and Polly A. (Dobbins) Marks. There were two sons in the family, Elias A. and his brother. Reuben H., who is now a merchant at Charleston, 111. About 1854 Jesse Marks went on horseback to Jasper County, III., where he bought land and then started for his home in Indiana, but when crossing a stream in which there had been a sudden rise, he lost his balance and was drowned. Perhaps it was in IS.^'iO that the widow, with her two little boys, made her way to the Jasper County land and managed to live on it until 1861, when he went back to Indiana and made his home with his uncle. Jacob Dobbins, until December, 1871. His mother died in 188.3. having moved to Cedar County. la. Elias A. continued to live with his nncle until 1871, attending the district schools. Mr. Marks was then a youth of eighteen years and when he left his uncle's house to go out into world, he went with no capital except courage and good habits. He returned to Jasper County and for eight years after that worked on farms liy the month. In 1878 he rented a piece of land, bought a team and went to farming for himself and continued until the close of 1883. From there he went to Wheeler, 111., and entered the employ of an implement firm and remained there until 1887, in which year he came first to Dieter- ich. Here, in association with his father-in-law, D. L. Johnson, he went into a general store busi- ness, under the firm name of Johnson & Marks, which was continued until November, 1899, when Mr. Johnson died and was succeeded by his sou, Andrew B. Johnson, and tlie old name continued until lf»01, when Mr. Marks and his wife bought the other interest and the firm name became E. A. Marks & Co. T\venty-three years have passed since Mr. Marks cast his lot with the good peo- ple of Dieterich. He started into business with a small "apital. one that he had accumulated by hard work and provident saving. He has stead- il.v prospered, his honest efforts and fair busi- ness propositions having gained him the full con- fidence and .support of his fellow citizens. In 1899 he erected a brick store building with di- mensions of 28 by 102 feet, with basement. He carries a large and carefully selected stock, in- cluding dress goods and fittings, clothing, hats, caps, lioots and shoes, together with a full line of staple groceries. He gives full measure and run- ning over, and in dealing with his fellow citizens applies the Golden Rule. He is one of the town's oldest merchants and a leading one. 812 EFFINGHAM COUNTY In May, 1880, Mr. Marks was married to Miss Sax-all C. Jolausou, aud they liave the following children: Ella Maude, born January 11, 1881, is the wife of Dr. William H. Trimble, of Dieter- ieh ; Be.ssie Pearl, bom November 2, 1884, is the wife of George Adams, a traveling salesman for a firm iu Terre Haute, Ind. ; .John E., bom July 14, 1888, is employed iu his father's store; Jessie May, died iu infancy ; Alfred Don, born ilay 21, 1894, is a clerk in his fathers store; and Paul Johnson, born September 3, 1899. Mr. Marks has given his children good educational advan- tages aud they have proved receptive and appre- ciative. For fourteen years he has been an elder In the Christian Church, of which both he and his w'ife have been long-time members. Mr. Marks is liberal in his benefactions, whether to his fam- ily, his church or in aid of public enterprises. In politics he is a Republican and fraternally is an Odd Fellow. MARSH, Floyd Leon, one of the younger busi- ness men of Effingham, 111., is well established in the jewelry business at No. 202 West Jefferson Street. He was born at Farina, Fayette, County, 111., September 23, 1S8G, a son of James and Car- rie (Dralie) Marsh, and grandson of James Marsh, the latter of whom was a Lieutenant in the Kevolutiouary War and fought in the Bat- tle of Lexington. The father of Mr. Marsh was also a brave soldier, serving three years in the Civil War as a member of the Eighty-sixth Illi- nois Volunteer Infantry, and received a serious wound at the Battle of Peach Tree Creek. His wife was able to trace a long ancestral line, even back to Sir Francis Drake, of Spanish Armada fame aud one of the greatest seamen that ever lived. To James Marsh, Jr., and wife were bom seven children, namely : Lewis E., who is identi- fied with railroad work and is an office employe of the Illinois Central Railroad at St. Louis; Lillian, deceased, was the wife of A. L. Wade, now Postmaster at Farina, 111. ; Randolph Drake, a prominent politician of Illinois, a survivor of the Spanish-American War and formerly editor of the "Neoga Record," at Neoga, 111., is a State official at Lincoln ; Roy V., engaged in the mer- cantine business at Farina ; Pearl, wife of Stew- art Thompson, a merchant at Sullivan, Ind. ; Ellis A., foreman in an iron foundry at East St. Louis; aud Floyd Leon, the youngest of the family. At the close of his military service James Marsh returned to Illinois and engaged in farm- ing, also for a time in milling, aud then went to California, where he was more than usually suc- cessful in mining enterprises. When he started for home, as a business undertaking he decided to take a herd of western cattle with him to Kansas City, where he finally succeeded in de- livering them, although on the way he had a great deal of troulile with the Indians. After he reached Illinois he embarked in mercantile busi- ness and continued it until his health failed, •when he began farming and stockraising, and continued in that line until he was apjiointed to the Rural Free Delivery Route out of Farina. He has very acceptably filled a number of town- ship offices and is a citizen in vvhom his neigh- bors have full confidence. He has always been an active Republican. He is prominent in Ma- sonry and also in the Grand Army of the Re- public. Both he and wife are members of the Seventh Day Baptist Church at Farina and ac- tive workers in its interest. Leon Drake Marsh was reared in his native place and was educated in her public schools, graduating in the class of 1902. He spent three years at Farina learning the jewelry trade, and in 190.5 accepted a i)osition with the firm of Hess «& Culberson, one of the largest jewelry firms of St. Louis, Mo., where he remained until 19013. Meanwhile his health failed and he returned home, where he remained about a ,vear. then came to Effingham, where he underwent an ojier- ation for white swelling. During his recovery from this successful surgical treatment he took for watch inspector, and passing fourth out of a class of thirty applicants, was appointed to a iwsition. Watches have to be inspected once a week and he does this for the employes running between Effingham aud Indianajwlis. In 1907 he ac<-epteist 7, 18.89, a telegrapher with tlic Illinois Central Railroad; Ethel, born March 20, IS'.Mi; Ilonicr, born July 20, 1892; Glen, born December 20. 1898; and Earl, born June 4, 1901. MARTIN, William Henderson, a general mer- chant at Watson, Elbnghani County. III., and an extensive livestock dealer, is a worth.v i-epresen- tative of one of the old pioneer families whose progress can be traced step by step as one of the civilizing influences that changed the wild prairie and heavily timbered tracts into the fertile fields, bounteous orchards, rich pastures and happy homesteads that now make this section one of the richest and most desirable in the State of Illinois. William Henderson Martin was born in Mason Township, Effingham Ctounty. 111.. Au- gust 27, 1850, a son of Isaac H. and Mary J. (Bradley) Martin. Both the Martin and Bradley families came to Illinois from Tennessee. The paternal grand- father, John Martin, brought his famil.v to Illi- nois in 1829, settling on land that is now covered by the capital city. On account of an outbreak of what was then known as "milk sickness" which attacked his children, he decided to move, traded his land for an old prairie scliooner and a yoke of oxen, and in that primitive way reached what is now Mason Township, Effing- ham County. In leaving behind the dreaded "milk sickness" the travelers had not escajied all dangers, for they found the new section so overrun by wild hogs that the family had to remain for some time in the wagon for protec- tion. Game was abundant, particularl.v deer, droves of forty not being an unusual sight, and as .John Martin and his sons were good liunters, the larder was well suitplied. John Martin died in Mason Township, but he left descendants who perpetuated his name, his courage and his vir- tues. Isaac H. Martin was born in Tennessee, in 1828, and died aljout 1902. aged seventy-four years. In 1847 he married Mar.v J. Bradley, and to them were born four sons and four daughters, namely : John Heur.v, who for twelve years served as Couutj- Clerk of Effingham County and died in April, 1907 ; Elvira, deceased, who was married Wade Brown, of Effingham, and left five sons, all living ; Mar.v A., who was accidentally ' EFFINGHAM COUNTY 815 burned to death when sixteen years of age ; Amanda E., wife of David Martin a farmer in Watson Township ; Charles F., who follows farm- ing on the old homestead ; Allen Clinton, in the Western Union offlc-es at Chieago, who won the gold medal in the World's contest of exi)ert teleg- raphers in 1900 ; Alice, who died in infancy ; and William Henderson. John Martin was one of the first County Commissioners and sen-ed when the board was made up of three members and there were but three voting places in the county, his home being one of these. For twenty-one years he was Road Commissioner of Mason Township and was one of the thoroughgoing act- ive and reliable men of his day. He was fond of social Intercourse and in his younger days at- tended the rural sjwrts that promoted acquaint- anceship and good fellowship. In his religious views he was a "Hardshell" Baptist. He sur- vived his wife many years, her death occurring In 1878. Their burial was in the Martin Ceme- tery near the old home in Mason To^A^lship. William H. Martin attended the district school winters and helped on the honje farm in the summers, remaining at home until he was mar- ried, in March, 1871. to Miss Mary C. Loy. Her parents, Edward and Mary J. Loy, were among the first settlers in Watson Township. Mr. and Mrs. Martin continued to live in the c-ountry until 1889. when he built a comfortable home on what is now Main Street, in Watson, and entered into trading. He bought 160 acres of land ad- joining the village and from his timber he sold 5.000 cords of wood besides a large amoinit of soft wood that he and his son hauled to the saw- mill. When the whole 1(50 acres had been cleared, he converted it into a blue grass fai-m, which is not excelled in all the famous Blue Grass region of Kentucky. He raises fine stock and his son is a successful breeder of Duroc Jer- sey hogs. Mr. Martin has built up half of the village of Watson, erecting business blocks and residences in all parts of the tomi. He has added to his first purchases of land until, in 1909, he owns 900 acres. In 1902 he purchased a farm of 212 acres, which he since sold for $11,000. About 50O acres of the land he yet owns was heavily timbered, but this has been cleared in the last four years and Mr. Martin has put downi 20,000 tile. He has been one of Effingham County's most successful, far-seeing citizens and has been devoted to her best inter- ests. In 1909 he built a store building and em- barked in a mercantile business, mainly as head- quarters for his many business deals, for he still contiiuies his large stock business in which he has been more or less interested for most of his mature life. Formerly he Iwught and shipped stock, but more recently has bought and fed cat- tle, dealing also in other stock and doing a large business in shipping -wheat, oats, corn and hay, as well as tile. He is familiarly known to his neighbors and friends as "Budd" Martin. His interests are so large that he is accused of work- ing both day and night. To Mr. and Mrs. Martin have, been born four children, two of whom died in infancy, the two survivors being: Ro.ss Ellsworth, bom Decem- ber 21, 1873, married Delia White, born in Jack- son Township, Effingham County, and they have two children — Myrtle and Forest; and Laura Belle Martin, married Jesse A. Humes, and they have one child, Russell. Mr. Humes is also engaged in the stock business, and Ross Ellsworth Martin is an extensive stock dealer and breeder. To each of his children Mr. Mar- tin gave a farm of 110 acres, near Watson. He started out in life with a capital of ,^2.50, but, in his own language, "assistance means more at the start than in the wind-up." In iwlitics he is a Democrat, but has never been ■willing to accept public office. He holds to the old Baptist faith of his parents, but his wife belongs to the Metho- dist Church, of which she has been a lifelong at- tendant. Jlr. Martin is a man of charitable im- pulses and has been generous to his family, friends and community. MATTHEWS, James Newton, M. D. (deceased), for many years an active member of his profes- sion at Mason, Effingham County, III., was bom near Greencastle. Ind.. May 27. 1852, a son of Dr. William and Deborah (Sharp) Matthews. Dr. Matthews was a lineal descendant of Samuel Matthews, one of the early Colonial Governors of Virginia, and a cousin of the noted historian. John Clark Ridpath. In 1858 Dr. James N. Matthews was brought to Mason, III., by his parents, and had the dis- tinction of being the first student to enter the University of Illinois, at Urbana, III., the date of his entrj- being March 2, 1808, and was grad- uated from that institution in March, 1872. In 1878 he was graduated from the Missouri Jledi- cal College and received the degree of JI. L. from the University of Illinois in 1894. He be- gan active practice at Watson, 111., in 187(5, and rapidly rose in his profession, having been Presi- dent ot the United States Board of Pension Ex- aminers, at Effingham, III., for tvventy years, and a member of the State and County Jledical So- cieties. He was well known to the readers of the leading magazines as a writer of verse and prose, and in 1888 published a volume of poems entitled "Tempe Vale." In 1896 and 1897 he de- livered lectures of a literary nature throughout Indiana, Illinois and Iowa. Dr. Matthews was one of the founders of the Western Writers' As- sociation, and was connected with the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. In politics he was a Repub- lican. Dr. Matthews was married (fir.st) June 2, 1878. at Mason, III., to Luella Brown. His sec- ond marriage occurred at Xenla, III., December 80, 189C, when he was united with Madaline Wright. Three children were born to Dr. Mat- thews : William Vivian and James Riley by his first wife, and Courtland Wade, by his second marriage. Dr. JIatthews' death occurred March 7, 1910, and he is deeply mourned by a large circle of friends. 816 EFFINGHAM COUNTY MATTHEWS, William, M. D., formerly a highly esteemed citizen i>f Mason, Eflingham Cbuuty, 111., and a physician of ability and popularity, as well as a writer of no small merit, was bom in Montgomery County, Va., July 27, 1810, and in 1827 emigrated with bis parents to Putnam County, Ind., where he remained until his twen- tieth year. He then entered upon the study of medicine -with Dr. William Talbot, of Green- castle, Ind., where he finished his course and prepared for practice of his profession. ^\Tiile practicing in Stilesville, Ind., he met Miss Ruth Ann Jessup, whom he afterward married. He later matriculated in Rush Medical College, Chi- cago, where he graduated with honor. He then went to Putnam Count}-, Ind., where he re- mained until his second marriage in 1848 to Deborah S. Hopwood, of Belleville, by whom he had three children, of whom one was the late Dr. J. N. Matthews, of Mason, 111. In 1858 Dr. Matthews removed with his fam- ily to Mason, Effingham County, 111., where the remainder of his life was spent. He was ver.v successful in his profession and did a large amount of work with no prospect of financial re- muneration. As a literary man he became well known and his contributions to the pre.ss cov- ered a multitude of sub.1ects, upon which he wrote with great force and accuracy, investing all with interest. His last literary labor was the jireparation of a work on Domestic Medicine, consisting of some 700 pages of manuscript, which he had prepared during the leisure mo- ments of one year, but died before sending it to a printer. H^ died in the village of Mason, January 1.3, 1874. Dr. Matthews was a strong Republican and a zealous worker in the interests of his party. In religious views he was most liberal-minded, and a firm believer in the doctrine of Universalism. MAUTZ, Louis P., a successful farmer of Sec- tion 29, Watson Township, Is an example of the class of agriculturists of Effingham County. 111., who started out in life in other vocations but fina!l,v settled down to farming and have since become leaders in this line of endeavor. Mr. Mautz was born on Blue Rock Creek, Muskin- gum Count.v, Ohio, Januar.v 1, 18.58, son of John and Margaret (Udenhoffer) Mautz, natives of Gemiany, the father of Baden and the mother of Auelshine, Alsace. John Mautz was born November 11, 1821, and came with his parents to America in 1829. His wife, who was born February 15. 1824, came to America with her parents in 1840, settling near Zanesville. Ohio, where the Mautz famil.v had alread.v located, and here the young people met and were eventually married. They settled on Blue Rock Creek, Muskingum County, where Mr. Mautz followed farming and operated a saw and grist mill, and here both spent the remainder of their lives, he passing away March 3, 190G. He was one of the prominent men of his locality, a .stanch Democrat in politics, and filled various township offices. He and his wife were mem- bers of the Methodist Church. They had the fol- lowing children : John F., born August 24, 1848, a farmer, contractor and builder near the old home ; George W., born August 3, 1850, an en- gineer in the Masonic Temjile, at Columbus, Ohio ; Jacob, born October 26, 1852, superintend- ent of a brick yard at Somerset, Ohio ; Charles C, born April 1, 1854; William H., born Feb- ruary 22, 1856, a resident of Columbus, Ohio ; Louis P. ; Elizabeth, born February 19, 1860, of Duncan Falls, Ohio, widow of Dr. J. O. Ward; Benjamin, born October 20, 1862, a resident of Columbus ; Albert, born February 24, 1864, died December 21. 1876; Joseph, born July 19. 1866, died December 6. 1888; and Alva, bom March 14, 1870. married a daughter of W. T. Jaycox. Louis P. Mautz was reared on the home farm, on which be remained until 1880, In which year he accepted a position with the bridge carjjen- ter's gang on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, with which road he continued until 1883, then went to Chicago to accept a position with the Illinois Central Railroad, and In 1885 was made foreman of the bridge gang. He continued in this ix)sition until 1893, when failing healtJi caused him to resign. He then moved to Wat- son Township, Effingham County, where he pur- chased 180 acres of land in Section 29, a well cultivated property, on which be raises good crops. For several years past he has also en- gaged in raising Aberdeen Angus cattle and Poland China hogs, and in this venture he has also been .successful, ranking among the leading cattle breeders of his .section of the township. He is considered one of the substantial, public- spirited men of his locality, and his business in- tegrit.v has never been questionern and reared and to which the latter, from their distant homes, look back many times with affection. Their children were : Susan, who is the wife of Charles Adams, a farmer in Minnesota, and they have one child, Ethel ; Lemuel, a farmer near Hagarstown, III., married Mary Zempter and they have two children ; Lilly, who married •John Burke, a farmer near Oilman, 111., and they have five children ; William, who is a mer- chant at Ramsey, 111., has two children ; John, who married Iva Edwards, has one son, I>eslie, and is a farmer in Mason Towmship; and Delia, Marvin and Edward, living at home. Mr. and Mrs. McElroy are leading members of the United Brethren Church. In politics he is a straight Republican and belongs to the G. A. R. McGUIRE, John Wesley.— The pioneers of Ef- fingham County lived in a i>eriod of stirring events of local histoiy, and were fearless strivers towards the securing of better conditions. The dangers they encountered made them all the more zealous and anxious to develop their part of the country and to bring into it the advantages of civilized life. John Wesley McGuire belongs to a pioneer fnmil.v, and although born in the town- ship in which he resides, endured many of the privations incident to early days. He was born in West Township, April 28, 1848, his four older sisters al.so being natives of that township. He is a son of John and Letha Ann (Seals) McGuire the latter of whom came from Tennessee to Illi- nois and made it her home until her death on what is now known as the Nelson farm, iu West Township, at the age of sixty years. John McGuire is believed to have located in West Township in the late 'thirties, although there is no record of his settlement there. He farmed some, owning eighty acres in the town- ship, forty acres of which are now included in the J. P. Gilmore homestead, and the other forty the property of William Gilmore. In addition to farming, John McGuire worked on the Illinois Central road when it was being built, and met his death in its employ. He was working on the Dismal Creek bridge cut, and was buried under a mass of stone and dirt, dying fi-om his injuries about 1854. He and his wife were consistent members of the Baptist Church, and they had the foUownig children : Martha, Mrs. A. G. Gilmore, who died in Mason Township in 1902 ; Matilda, Mrs. William Reese, died in Effingham County ; Samantha, married George McElroy, and after his death, as her second husband, George Gil- more ; Angeline, Mrs. Gordon ; John Wesley ; Eliza. Mrs. George Gilmore, of Missouri. Losing his father at a tender age, Mr. McGuire was taken b.v his sister. Mrs. A. G. Gilmore, who was then residing in Fayette County, just across the county line. Here he went to school, attend- ing one held in the little log house of the i>eriod. When but seventeen, he began working in a flour and sawmill, but two years later returned to his brother-in-law's farm and worked for Mr. Gil- more until he was twenty-one .years old. On March 18, 1871, he was married by Rev. Gentry to Mary M. Hinkle, of Indiana, daughter of Isaac Ilinkle, After marriage, Mr. McGuire l)ought his pi-eseut farm of ninety acres on Sec- tion 34, We.st Townshi]). one and one-half miles west of Gilmore, which was formerly the Mc-Coy farm on Fulfer Creek. He replaced the build- ings on this farm by others of a more substantial nature, and now has one of the best properties in the county. Mr. McGuire is a modern, up-to- date farmer, and is making his work pa.v. In ix>litical faith he is a dyed-in-the-wool Democrat and served for many years as Pathmaster. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. McGuire were : Cora, born August 27, 1872, married Henry Hawley, of JIason Township: Thomas W., born June 20, 1875, at home: Alson R.. born September 2, 1877, died September 12, 1878 : Dora E., born June 12, 1879, married George Dietolt of Fayette County ; Charles E., born December 28, 1880, a railroad man ; Vester H., and twin sister, born Ma.v 15, 1882, former married Bessie Kep- ner of Fayette County ; Laura M., Ixirn Felniiary 22, 1884, married Charles Hawley of Mason Township ; Bertha, born July 4. 1886, married John Roedel of Fayette County : Nellie E. and Vellie X., twins, born May .50." 1889: Emma L., born October 4, 1891. Vellie N. died January 26, 1892, and Emma L.. Febniary 26, 1892. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 819 McKINNON, John T.— The McKinnon family has always exliiliited its patriotic spirit wheuever occasion tleniaiuled. aud iu both war aud peace its members have been true, loyal citizeus. They are associated with the early history of Effiug- ham Couuty aud have nobly bonie their part iu its ui)buildin{; and development. One of the rep- resentatives of this well-known aud honored family is John T. McKinnon, a farmer of Sum- mit Township, on the Schuttie farm of niuety- six acres. He was born iu Watson Township, December 29, 1SJ4, a son of William and E. Sarah (Gillespie) McKinnon, both the families being prominent pioneers of Ethngham Couuty. William MeKlnuon was born iu North Caro- lina iu ISll and his wife in Alabama iu 1807. Wni. McKinnon's father died in North Carolina aud he came with his mother to Illinois about 1S35. They settled in what is now knowu as Watsou TOTvnship, Effingham Count.v, where he entered land and improved a farm of eighty acres. This he later sold and was preparing to go to Texas, evei-jthiug being packed iu the wagons awaiting the start, when he was taken ill and died, March 10, 1856. He and his wife had five children : Mary H., widow of Thomas Sharp, who was a farmer of Watson Township ; Elizabeth, wife of Jlariou Campbell, of Effing- ham ; Susan, deceased ; John T. ; aud Joseph, a farmer and dairyman of Watsou Township. Like many other farmer boys, John T. Mc- Kinnon spent bis .vouthful days attending the district school and working upon his mother's farm. He remained at home until the outbreak of the war, when he enli.sted, July 4, 1802. in Company I, Sevent.v-flrst Illinois Volunteer In- fantr.v, for three mouths' service. The raiment was sent to Jackson County. III., and assigned to guard duty. September 28. 1862, Mr. McKin- non was discharged and returned home. In April. 1863, he enlisted for 100 days' service, iu Company D, One Hundred Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, aud was sent to Pilot Knob, Mo., and again a.ssigned to garrison duty until his di-scharge, September 18. 1863. February 4. 1864, he enlisted in Cbmpau.v H, One Hundred Fift.v-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for one year, and being sent south, was at Murfreesboro, Tenn.. when the news arrived of the assassina- tion of President Lincoln. The regiment was kept in Tennessee imtil October, 1865, when he was mustered out, being discharged at Spring- field. 111. At the close of his service in the army Mr. McKinnon returned home aud resumed farm work. During his service he had lost his mother, who died in 1863. March 11. 1866. he maiTied Electa Levitt, born in Summit Township, daugh- ter of Fabian Levitt, one of the pioneers of Ef- fingham County, who died in 1864. After his marriage Mr. McKinnon purchased fort.y acres of laud in Watson Township and commenced im- proving it. It was covered mostly with brush, but he kept at work until he had evolved a good home, where his children were born. Here the family lived until 1876. when Mr. McKinnon sold out aud moved to Jasper County, III., renting eighty acres, where he lived until 1800, when he bought 100 acres of good timber land. He sold this in 1SS)5 aud rented land iu Jefferson County three years, but returned to Jasper Couuty iu 1808 and in 18'.)9 to Effingham Count}-, He rented a fanu of 120 acres in Watson Township until 1902, and then bought forty acres in the same township. In 1906 he sold this farm and rented land iu Douglas Township, remaining on it until 1909, when he rented ninety-six acres in Sununit Township, where he now resides. Children were born to Mr. McKinnon and his wife as follows: Captain William McKinnon of Newton, who was a member of Company B, Fourth United States Infantry, and was Color Sergeant of his company under General Fitz Hugh Lee during the Spanish-American War, is now Ciiptaiu of Company B, Fourth Regiment Illinois National Guard; George F., foreman of the Morton docks of Chicago, where he has lived the past ten years, having served three years In the regular army ; Ross, of Effingham ; Sadie, wife of Steve Webb, a farmer of Watson Town- ship : Daniel, who was for five years a member of Company G. Fourth Regiment Illinois Na- tional Guard, now in partnership with his father ; Bertha, wife of G. G. Cohea, night .yard clerk for the Illinois Central Railroad at Effing- ham ; Libbie aud Ethel, at home. The McKinnon famil.v has always been loyal from the time William McKinnon sen-ed in the Black Hawk War down to his grandsons, three of whom have proven their braver.v iu recent years. John T. JIcKinnou has always been a strong Democrat and has served as Township Commissioner and Trustee, as Deputy Sheriff under Sheriff Dobbs, and as Assessor of Wat- son Township. At all times he has done his full dut.v and has endeavored to serve his country faithfully and well. The Methodist Church has always l>een his religious home aud he is de- ■voted to it. Hard-working, loyal, devoted to his family and counti-j*. Mr McKinnon is a fine ex- ample of true American citizenship. MEANS, Thomas D.— The real history of the Civil War is written most deeply on tlie hearts of those who participated iu that mighty con- flict. The sacrifices of the volunteers did not cease when peace was declared, for none of them came out of the war as they euterefl it. If a few were fortunate enough to escaiie bullets, shell and imprisonment, there still lingered seeds of disease, shattered nen-es aud other ailments, which will cling to many as long as life lasts. For this and many other reasons, the survivors of the Civil War are regarded with such venera- tion and given the honored respect of the nation they bellied to save. One of the veterans of Ef- fingham County who is deserving of special men- tion, is Thomas D. Means, now living on Section 18. Summit To^Tiship. who was bom in Hamil- ton. Ohio. February 11. 1,847. a son of Josiah G. and Rosauna (Shaffer) Means, natives of Penn- sylvania and North Carolina, respectively. They 820 EFFINGHAM COUNTY met in Darke County, Ohio, wiiere they married, and then went to Hamilton County, Ohio. For some years Josiah Means worked for the Henrj- Lewis Packing Company, before the period of great trusts and combinations. In 18(50 he brought his family to Effingham County, locating in Banner Township on a 200-acre farm. When they came the hmd was all raw, but it is now one of the best farms in the county. Mr. Means added to his holdings until, at the time of his demise, he owned 330 acres. In his early days he had been a teacher, and always took a deep interest in educational matters, giv- ing his children an oriportunity to secure a good education. He and his wife had eight children, five of whom were daughters, and four of them taught school for man.v years in Ohio. One was also a teaiher for twenty years in Effingham. The childen were as follows : William Jackson, was a merchant in Ohio, where his widow now lives : Thomas D. : John W., Is on the home place in Banner Township ; Sall.v, wife of J. C WTiit- lege. grain inspector at St. Paul, Minn. ; Eliza- beth, deceased ; Margaret, wife of Judge L. P. Gilmore of Effingham ; Emma, wife of J. C. Greenwaldt, a merchant of Montgomery County, 111. The father of this family died in January, 1801, at the age of eighty-six years, having been bom in 1805. His widow, born in 1816, died in Ma.v, 1001. aged eight.v-flve. Both were devout members of the Presliyterian Church. Josiah Means was first a Whig, then a Democrat, but not being able to endor.se the Democratic plat- form, he voted for Fremont, and ever afterwards was a stanch Republican. At one time he was Road Commissioner, and for .vears served as School Trustee. He was always active in pub- lic affairs, and did his best to maintain a high standard in the schools. Thomas D. Means was only thirteen years old when the family came to Effingham, where for a time he continued his studies, but. was so stirred by patriotism that it was difficult to keep the boy at school. In 1863 he enlisted as a recruit in Company H, Seventh Illinois Cavalry, for three years, and was mustered in at Centralia, III.. February 10th, and joined his regiment at Memphis, being then just sixteen years old. He saw .some hard fighting, being at Corinth. Frank- lin, Campbellville. Cashville. Columbia, and many other engagements and skirmishes. He had no fear of being wounded, but the thought of being captured was always a menace, and he had a number of narrow escapes. On one occasion four of his company confronted forty of the en- emy, fighting almost single-handed until relief came. During the second day's flight at Nash- ville, he was captured, but escaped almost im- mediately. His regiment was ordered from Huntsville. Ala., to Nashville. Tenn.. where they were mustered out, and discharged in Novem- ber, 186.5. Returning home after his brave career as a soldier, Mr. Means engaged In farming and re- sumed his interrupted studies, going to school in his district and spending a year at the college at Fulton, 111. Then returning home he resided with his parents until March, 1873, when he married Miss Viola Randall, who was born and educated In Effingham County. Tliey settled on the farm which has since been their home, con- sisting of 160 acres, to which he added until at one time he owned 478 acres. Of this he sold eightj-six acres, now has 26G acres, all of which is in a high state of cultivation. Mr. and Mrs. Means have had a family as fol- lows : Julia, wife of Jacob H. Wallace, a resident of Boulder, Colo. ; John D. married Anna Gloyd, born in Summit Township, daughter of Mrs. Pen-}- Gloyd, and they have one daughter, Mar- garet Julia : one child died in infancy. John D. Means has charge of the homestead, his father having partially retired from active labor. Mr. Means has spent his married life upon his farm with the exception of five years when he lived in Effingham in order to give his children the advantages offered by Austin College. After they graduated, he returned to the farm. He has always been active in local politics, being a sti'ong Republican. When_he ran for Sheriff, he reduced the Democratic majority from 1,300 to 400. He is often sent as delegate to County Con- ventions, and for many years has been a member of the Republican County Central Committee. He laid out the first Rural Free Delivery route, and platted the entire routes for Effingham County. Whenever he has taken anything up, he has carried it to a successful conclusion. He Is active in the Methodist Church of which he has been a member many .years, and also in the G. A. R. Post of Effingham. This sturdy, suc- cessful, patriotic soldier-citizen is one of the leading men of the county, and deserves evei-y good thing that has come to him. METZLER, Henry.— The German-Americans of this country are regarded as among the most re- liable and esteemed citizens of the land, and where they live there is sure to be found a num- ber of substantial homes. They usually take great interest In the development of the re- sources of a conmiunit.v and make for good gov- ernment. Among the men of this class who re- side at Shumway, 111., is Henry Metzler, who has now retired from active business life. Mr. Metzler was born in Harbarthaneon, Hesse- Darmstadt. Germany, October 1. 1838, a son of Philip and Catherine (Starpt) Metzler, both na- tives of the same place. The father was a shoe- maker by trade and followed this occupation after emigrating to America in 1851. In Decem- ber of which year the family .sailed. They landed in New York and, as they had a relative in St. Clair County, 111., they set out for that place, going down the Ohio River to Cairo and thence to St. Louis. Tliey met with disaster on the wa.v. their Iwat being frozen in the river, but they eventually reached St. Louis and from there walked to the farm of Valentine Metzler. who had purchased an eighty-acre farm, forty acres being in timber. He was not mariMed and had been living with a cousin, but after the ar- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 821 rival of his relatives he and they erected a cinide building where they all took up their resi- dence. Another eighty-awe tract was soon added to this farm, and Philip Metzler was vei-y apt in learning the customs of the new land. He was robbed of a part of his holdings and had a hard fight to get clear of legal complications. He was wealieued and worried by his struggles and in 1859 died of lung fever, being laid to rest In St. Clair County. The Metzler family continued to live in St. Clair County until 1869, when Mrs. Philip Met- zler and Valentine Metzler sold their interests there and removed to Effingham Ctounty. Henry Metzler purchased 370 acres of laud in Banner Township and thirty-five acres of it are included in the corporate limits of Shuuiway. He had one brother and four sisters, namely : Adam, a resident of St. Clair County ;. Catherine, widow of Ix)uis Engel ; Margaret, widow of William Lowe, of Banner Towuship ; JIary, deceased wife of John Bergeler ; Christine, wife of Frank Hesse, of Altamont. The mother of these chil- dren died in 1883, and is buried near Shumway. After locating in Shumway Mr. Metzler built a store on the corner of Main and Fourth Streets, the second business house to be erec-ted in the town, and he conducted a general store in partnership with a Mr. Appel. They carried a full line of general merchandise and continued in business three years, when their stock was sold out at auction. At the time this sale was going on some of the leading citizens of the county asked Mr. Metzler to stop it and go into bu.siness again by himself, as they had confi- dence in his business ability, and he purchased the remainder of the stock himself, relying upon their supjxjrt. During his entire business career he has ben actuatefl by the highest principles of honor and he stands high in the confidence and esteem of his fellow.s. He has retired from busi- ness life and his former business is now carried on by his sons. In 1859 Mr. Metzler married Mary Gruenewald. who was born October 3, 1838. in the same city as her husband. Eleven children have been born to them, namely : Mary, married Fred Quast, a farmer of Shelby County ; August, who is a mil- ler at Strasburg; Annie, wife of Charles Schaf- fer, a coal and hay dealer at Shumway ; William, a merchant at Champaign : Ferdinand and Her- man, members of the firm of Metzler Brothers, at Shumway : Ida. wife of .John E. Webber, of Strasburg: Edward, of Marshfleld ; Louisa, wife of Dr. W. E. Tennant. of Fond du Lac, Wis. ; and two who died in infancy. Mr. Metzler has been connected with the Dem- ocratic party for many years and was elected Supervisor of Banner Township for one term, representing his township on the County Board with universal satisfaction. He is a devout Lu- theran and has held several offices in the church. Prominent in educational matters, he has served as School Director and has always favored good schools. During the sixty years he has been a resident of Efl3ngham County he has been closely identified with its progress and is justly recog- nized as one of its most influential men. METZLER, Herman D., of the firm of Metzler Brothers, leading merchants of Shumway, 111., and one of the enterpri.siug business men of that city, has been associated with the business with which he is now c-onnected since he was eighteen years of age, and fully understands every de- tail of it. He is the present manager of the con- cern and in his capable hands the amount of business has greatly increased in the past few years. Mr. Metzler is a native of the county born April 20, 1872, the son of Henry and Mary (Gruenewald) Metzler, the former of whom engaged in business in Shumway in 1878 The parents are natives of Marissa, 111., and were married in 1859. The education, of Herman D. Metzler was ac- quired in the public schools and he has gained most of his education by his efforts and in the school of experience. He has always had his own way to make and has been successful to a large degree through his ambition and energy He began his mercantile career by working in his brother August's store as cierk and also driving a wagon in 1890. Herman D. Metzler was then eighteen years old, and in 1892 August sold his store to his father and brother William the firm then taking the name of H Metzler & Son In 1893 the father sold out his interests to Wi.liam and Herman, and retired from active business life. The firm then became Metzler Brothers, and in 1895 a third interest was sold to Ferdinand Metzler. In the fall of 1906 Wil- .lam Metzler and his nephew, W. H Shafer embarked in the wholesale grocery business in Champaign, 111., since which time the manage- ment of the business of Metzler Brothers has been in the hands of Herman D. The members of the firm at the present time are Herman Wil- liam and Ferdinand Metzler, and they carry a good stock of general merchandise. In 1893 they had a capital stock of ab(yit $3,000 and since that time have been able to purchase the building in which they carry on their retail business, and the property, together with their stock, now aggre- gates upwards of $20,Ir. Nuxoll has been identi- fied with the best interests of his locality, and has alwavs been interested in church and school work He is a Democrat, but while active in Dart%- interests, has refused to accept public office although a member of the Democratic Countv Centi-al Committee. All the family are members of the Green Creek Catholic Church. O'DONNELL, Michael.— Effingham County has some of the most learned members of both Bar and Bench to be found in the State of Illinois who are intimately engaged in some of tlie most important jurisprudence in county and State. One of the men who has attracted considerable attention to his career both as lawyer and judge is Michael O'Donnell. of Effingham, who was bora in West Township, Effingham County, May '>& 1868 a son of Michael O'Donnell. of Limer- Tck Ireland, and Maria (Brogau) O'Donnell, of Ro^mmon, Ireland. The parents were farm- ^''judge O'Donnell was educated in the public schools of his locality, and became a telegrapher. TTntil 18SS he resided on a farm near Edgewooa, Effingham County, but June 1 of that year moved to Effingham, to enter the employ of the Illinois Central Railroad, as manager of the tele- graph office. While faithfully discharging his duties Mr. O'Donnell studied law and was ad- mitted to the Bar in 1896. His preceptor was Judge William B. Wright, of Effingham, for many venrs a prominent jurist of the county. " On Februarv 1. 180.5. Judge O'Donnell resigned his position to accept that of Deputy County Clerk which he held until December 1, lOOC. In November, 1906, he was elected Judge of Effing- ham County, on the Democratic ticket, which im- Ijortaut office he still holds. He is a member of the Order of Railroad Telegi-aphers and Knights of Columbus, sen-ing in the latter order four terms as Grand Knight of Effingham Council No. 665, and being at present District Deputy. In religious faith he is a Catholic, being a mem- ber of Sacred Heart Church, Parish Effingham, 111. In politics Judge O'Donnell is a Democrat, and has been an efficient woiker for his party. On November 11, 1886, at Edgewood, 111., Judge O'Donnell married Evaline Baker, who was born in Clay County, 111., Febi-uai-y 8, 1871. Five children have been born to Judge and Mrs. O'Donnell, namely: John, aged twenty-one; May, aged eighteen ; Michael, aged sixteen ; Jo- seph, aged twelve, and Evaline, aged four. Judge O'Donnell is one of the most able jurists on the Bench and his work is such as to com- mand the admiration of the entire legal profes- sion. In the prime of life, with many yeare of u.seful activity stretching out before him, it is safe to say that Judge O'Donnell has not finished his work for the betterment of humanity, en- forcement of law and maintenance of order, for there is no doubt that the greater part of it is .still to be done, notwithstanding what he has already accomplished. Men oi his calibre do not stand still but steadily advance, and the people, appreciating his ability, his conscientious per- formance of duty and his wonderful legal acu- men, will call uixni him to 'represent them in higher offices than he has yet filled. The coun- try has need of the services of loyal men. In these days of corruption it is refreshing to meet a man who is above personal considerations ; one who is honestly and faithfully doing what he knows to be his duty, without first asking how it will affect his own interests. OLIVER, 'William, Sr.— In naming the highly respected citizens of Effingham County, many old soldiers of the Civil War are to be found, and it is also noted that those who fought in their country's defense made good citizens in times of peace, as they had made good soldiers in time of war. One of the veterans of that great struggle, who is now living retired after a number, of years spent in agricultural pursuits, is William Oliver, of Altamont, who was born near Millerstowu, Lebanon County, Pa., March 27, 1831, a son of Nathan Nelson Oliver. Nathan Oliver was born in England, and when two years old his parents emigrated to America and settled in Lancaster C\)unty, Pa. Soon thereafter the mother died, and when seven years of age Nathan Oliver was put out among [strangers, and never saw his father afterwards. He was given a limited education, after which he fii-st worked as a distiller. His father was a soldier in the War of 1812. for his services dur- ing which he was given 160 acres of land in Mis- souri. Later he took up a farm in Center County, Pa., and there his death occurred, his widow' surviving for some years and dying at EFFINGHAM COUNTY 833 tbe home of a daughter, in Altamont. They were members of the Evaugellcal Church, and the parents of the following children : Jacob and John, who died in Effingham County ; Sally, mar- ried John Stover who was killed in the Battle of Spottsylvania, his wife dying in Altamont; Henry, who died in Effingham County ; William ; Jeremiah, who died at Stillwater, OUla. ; Mary Ann, who married William Schoenfleld of Alta- mont ; Rosa, who married Michael Bower, of Altamont ; and Irwin, who died in Moccasin Township. William Oliver started in his educational course by attending the subscription schools of Lebanon County, Pa., but later removed to Cen- ter County, that State, where he completed his education. He then worked on the land of neigh- boring farmers until October 13, 18.53, when he was maiTied in Center Ctounty to Sarah Rissel, born in that county April 7, 1833, the daughter of James and Elizabeth (Raven) Rissell. After his marriage, Mr. Oliver worked as a mason and bricklayer for twenty-two years in Pennsylvania and Illinois. During the Civil War Mr. Oliver enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Forty-ninth Regi- ment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, to serve three years as a private from Center County, under Capt. Scott, and Cols. Ray Stone, Walton Dwight and John Irwin. This was one of the famous "Bucktail" regiments, and belonged to Doubleday's Division, First Corps, with which it participated in seventeen prominent battles and was present at tw'o others. Its total loss of killed and wounded was 613, sixty of its mem- bers dying in Confederate prisons. At Gettys- burg the One Hundred and Forty-ninth took a prominent and meritorious part in the battle of the first day, in which Ctol. Stone and Lieut.-Col. Dwight were seriously wounded, and at the bat- tle of the Wilderness, the regiment had eleven killed, 109 wounded and eight>--five missing. In February, 1865, they were ordered to Elmira, remaining at the prison camp until tbe close of the war. Mr. Oliver perfonned bis full share Jis a soldier, always brave, faithful and cheerful in the performance of bis duties. His war record will stand comparison with tho.se of any other old soldier. .\t the close of tbe war he returned to his home in Pennsylvania, where he was en- gaged in farming until 1868. when, coming to Illinois, he purchased a farm on Section 10. Mound Township, and erected on it a two-story log-house, with two rooms on each story, said by many to he the finest log-house in the county. He continued farming until 1905, when renting his farm he retired to the city of Altamont. where he has since been a substantial and pub- lic-spirited citizen. He is a member of Robert Anderson G. A. R. Post, No. 632, Altamont, of which he has been twice Commander and is now serving as Chaplain. He is a faithful member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in po- litical matters Is a Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Oliver have been married for more than fifty-six years, and are one of the best known and most beloved couples in their locality, enjoying the high esteem and regard of all who know them. They have been the par- ents of the following children : Addle, born July 0, 1854, died March 18, 1855 ; Agnes, born Octo- ber 16. 1S55, died December 20, 1855 ; Adam H., born December 29 1861, was educated in the pub- lie schools and graduating in medicine at St. Louis, Mo., began his practice at Glen Carbon, Madison County, III., from whence he went to Edwardsville, and there married Effle I'ates, by whom he has two children — Ila and Olga ; Elizabeth, bom May 15, 1866, died when seven- teen years old, and was the flrat one to be buried in the Union Cemetery at Altamont ; William K., of Clevelaind, Ohio, married May Both, March 5, 1009 ; and Sadie, who married Charles Steannau, of Stone Bluff, Ind. OSTENDORF, Rev. Francis J., priest-in-charge of St. Maiy's Catholic Church of Green Creek, is one of the intelligent exponents of his faith in Effingham C-aunty. Father Ostendorf was born in Effingham March 7, 1876, a son of Joseph and Rosa (Zank) Ostendorf. At the time of his birth his parents were residents of the State of Indiana, not removing to Illinois until 1880, when they settled in Newton, 111. The primary education of Father Ostendorf was secured in the parocliial school of Newton, which he attended from 1881 to 1889. In the latter year he entered St. Joseph's College of Teutopolis and pursued his studies there until 1894, when he left to further continue them at Kenrtck Seminary, St. Louis, where he re- mained until 1899. On June 9, of the last named year, he was ordained a priest in Keuriek Semi- nary, and was appointed by his Bishop, the Right Rev. James R.van, Bishop of Alton, as.sist- ant rector of St. Anthony's Catholic Church of Effingham. He thus returned to the city of his birth in 1S99, and continued there until his ap- pointment as rector of St. Mary's Church of Green Creek, on July 1, 1903. Since that date be has coutinjied to administer the affairs or this parish, and has succeeded in accomplishing much in both a material and spiritual way. Father Ostendorf is not only a learned and zealous priest, but is an excellent business man and understands how to direct tbe affairs of his church as to insure financial prosperity. His kindly, sympathetic nature has won many friends for him among his people who honor and revere him. Among scholars Father Osten- dorf ranks high, for be is an earnest student and carefully read man who keeps himself well posted upon current affairs. OTT, Wilhelm. — ^Farming is a business that has always paid well in Effingham County and peo- ple have been attracted to this locality from other parts of the country because of tbe fertile soil and excellent climatic conditions. One of the older farmers, and respected residents of Mound Town.ship is Wilhelm Ott, who has been here since 1S72, having come to this locality from 834 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Cook County, III. He was born in Prussia, Ger- many, March 25, 18;S4, a sou of Peter and Hen- rietta Ott, natives of Germauy, where the mother passed away, the father dying in Cook County, Until he was fourteen years old, Wilhelm Ott went to school, and then was hired out to work on a farm. He served three yeare and three months in the German army, and then in 1863, with his wife and two children, sailed from Bremen, and landed in Quebec. Canada, after a voyage of five weeks in a sailing vessel. From Quebec the family came direct to Chicago, where Jlr. Ott went to work as a section hand on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, being emploved in its construction for three years. Following this, he lived for four years in Cook Countv, renting land. The day of the great fire he was in Chicago, having hauled in some prod- uce, and has a vivid recollection of that excit- ing event. In Febniarv. 1872. he decided to make a change, and came to Effingham County, buymg seventv-two acres of land in Bishop Township. The pi-opertv had a log house on it and it was the family liome until two years later, when he hullt a more commodious one. Later he added to his holdings, until when he sold the farm in February. 1906, he owned 1"5 acres. In Feb- ruary 1907, he bought his present farm, which first "consisted of seventy-five acres, but is now 100 in extent. Mr. Ott began his life struggle without a cent. He borrowetl .$100 from his wife's uncle to make the trip to America and this he paid back faithfully from his earnings in railroad work. Mr. Ott and his wife belong to the Lutheran Church, and in politics he is a strong Democrat. In 1859 he was married in Germany to Miss Henriette Holts, daughter of Henry "and Christina (Futhbrechtel) Holts. Their children are as follows : Herman, of Mis- souri ; Bertha, later Mrs. Fred Boners, but now deceased; Albert, died at the age of nine years; Lena, now Mrs. Fred Kopp. of Sigel, ill. : and William, at home. Mr Ott feels satisfied with the success which has rewarded his labors. Coming here in early life i^Tiorant of the language and in debt, he managed to rear his family and accumulate a fair competency, he later won for himself a rea- sonable success and a well-deserved reputation for honesty and Integrity. OVERBECK, Barney.— The appeal of the soil is verv strong to some men. who return to farm- ing as a means of livelihood after years spent m other pursuits, l>elieving it the best occupation a man can follow. Barney Overbeck. after years of successful operations, has settled down on his rich farm adioining the city limits of Effinghnm, 111 and is giving his attention to the breeding of stock of registered grades. Mr. Overbeck was bom in St, Francis Township. Effingham Countv November 27. 1850. son of George and Elizabeth (Berghause) Overbeck, both born in Hanover Germanr. in 1806 and 1814, respec- tively. They were married in Germany, in 1838, and in September, 1845, they embarked on a sail- ing vessel at Bremen Haven for the United States, and spent fourteen weeks on the ocean. They landed in New Orleans, In January, 1846, and thence went via boat to Cincinnati, Ohio. They remained there a short time and then came overland to St. Francis Township, Effingham County. The father died in June, 1873, but his widow survived until 1908, being at the time of her death the oldest person in the county. Barney Overbeck attended the schools of Teu- topolis. 111., and learned the shoemaker trade, at which he worked until he was nineteen, when he went West and traveled and worked in Kan- sas, Arkansas, Texas and Missouri. He returned home the year of his father's death, and visited his friends and relatives, but again went West and was in business at Baxter Springs. Kan., and Joplin, Mo. In 1875 he came back to Effingham County, which place has since been his home. In 1876 he was elected Constable, and began reading law with B. F. Kagay, Sr. Since then he has filled many offices of trust and responsi- bility, including those of Chief of the Effingham Fire Department. Deputy Sheriff, Tax Ctollector, Assessor, and in 1886 was elected Sheriff of Ef- fingham County, which office he filled with credit to himself, and to the saitsfaction of the people. During all this time he continued his law studies, and at the end of his term of Sheriff continued in the office of Judge Rufns C. Har- rah. and was admitted to the Bar in 1891, and began practicing in Effingham. He now resides on his farm and is a thoroughly up-to-date auc- tioneer. There Is scarcely an International Auc- tioneers' Convention held in which he is not called upon to occupy a place on the program. Mr. Overbeck has always been an enthsuiastic Democrat, and has prominently supported all public measures that he believed would benefit the people he served. He is a member of Branch No. 58, Catholic Knights of Illinois, and a mem- ber of the State and International Auctioneers' Associations. In religious faith he is a Roman Catholic. On September 23, 1879, Mr. Overbeck married, at Effingham. 111., Maggie M. Bushue. born in Somerset. Ojliio. April 11, 1862. dsiug(hter of Michael and Barbara Bushue. natives of Ohio, who moved to Effingham County in 1865. Mr. Overbeck is one of the most geni.al of men. ready with story or joke upon every occasion, and his services^ both as an attorney and auc- tioneer, are always in demand. He has friends all over the county, whom he entertains royally at his delightful home, and is a power politically, being recosnized not only in the county, hut in State politics as well. OVERBECK, Dick.— Farming has drawn out the best efforts of some of the leading men of Effingham County and developed their abilities. Through their endeavors in an agricultural line thev have become well-to-do and prominent in their communities. Such a man Is Dick Over- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 835 beck of St. Francis Township, boru in Hauover, Vieruumy, DecemLier 10, iS-tv, a sou ot Barney Ueruart UverUecli, a sketch ot whom appears eibewuere iu this work. When Ave years old, in 1S45, he was brought by his parents to Etfinghaui county, 111., locating on the larm now owned by Jir. uverOeck, and tuis has always been his home since his parents came to Illinois. Ou JSovember i), ISUy, Dick Overbeck married Anuie Putter, born iu Cincinnati, April 11.', 1S19, a daughter ot lleury and Adeline (,Wilp) i'utter, both natives of Germany, where they were mar- ried. They came to the United States about IMU, locating iu Cincinnati, which was their home until ISoli, when removal was made to Kf- tiugham County. Here the father bought a farm and lived upon it until his demise iu 1S55. His wite survived, later marrying Henry Xandick, who also died. She passed away in lyOl, and all are buried in the cemetery at Teutopolis. Jlr. and Mrs. Putter had three children who grew to maturity, and of these Mrs. Overbeck was the eldest. When Mr. and Mrs. Overbeck married they settled on the home farm, aud this has been their residence ever since. They became the parents of ten children, all of whom grew to maturity, although ouly five still survive : Lizzie, Annie and Barney, alive ; Harmon, Clemmy, Johnny, hienrj- and Minnie, deceased; aud Ferdie aud Carrie, still living. Mr. Overbeck is a Democrat, but has never taken a very active part in local matters. He has served as Road Commissioner, Pathmaster and School Director, several terms iu each ix)si- tion. His education was a limited one aud this makes him very anxious to secure good ones for the children of his district. He and his fam- ily are members of the San Franciscan Catholic Church at Teutopolis, aud they are very much interested in its good work. All his life Mr. Overbeck has worked hard, never shirking any duty, and giving to each oc- cupation his careful atteution. For this reason he now is a wealthy man, lives Iu a comfortable home, and can gratify his taste for comfort and enjoyment. In addition to his fanning activities, earlier in life Mr. Overbeck operated a thresh- ing machine for ten years. He holds the full confidence and esteem of his neighbors, and what he is able to do among them in the way of influencing public opiuion in the right direc- tion, he feels to be his duty. PARKER, Col. Harry S., attorney-at-law at Elfinghani. 111., was born at Parkersburg, Rich- land County, in the same State, January 3, 1871, the place having been named in honor of his grandfather, a man of sterling character and public spirit. His parents were Thomas and Emma E. (Moore) Parker, the former a native of Illinois and the latter of Kentucky. The maternal grandparents started for Effingham County with their ten children, but on the way the father sickened and died and thus early the mother of Colonel Parker was brought face to face with the sorrows and hardships which were fretjueutly her lot in later life. In spite of all she still survives, and is not only the object of her son's adoration, but is admired aud beloved by all who know her. She is a lady possessing the hospitality of her Southern ancestry, together with the other lovable traits and characteristics which so often adorn the gentler sex whose birth has been under Southern skies. She was the mother of two sons, one of whom died in in- fancy, but the other has survived to be an hon- ored citizen, both in public and private life Harry s. Parker is a .self-made man. His mother brought him to Effingham in ls7'> and took up her residence with her brother the late Samuel Moore, with whom she resided until his death The child grew to boyhood and started to school, where he continued until he was twelve years old and then gladly accepted a posi- Railroad \ards, aud was so faithful and efficient m his service that by the time he was tifteen years old he was made Yard Clerk. His salary of hfteeu dollars a month, all paid in silver dollars looked large to the boy and was earned by hard work. At that time J. P. Haselton was Station Agent and Yard Master and he fre- quently gave the ambitious lad a helping hand At the age of fifteen years Mr. Parker wfnt into the round house and machine shop where he worked until twenty-one, during a part of the Prp*"./'".!,"*^!;,'' '"^''* ^'■''°°'' ^^'J '° ^^'^ ^••■'y mas- Germa common branches and studied In 1802 Jlr. Parker left the railroad and went to Chicago, his object being to study law \8 he was obliged to provide for his own support he became a collector, worked on a salary during the day and attended the Kent Law School at night, c-ontinuing thus for one vear After re- turning home he entered the law office of Wood Brothers, also took a course in Austin Colle-'e and continued his studies and self-supporting work until 1890. when he was admitted to the Bar. He remained for one year with Wood Brothers, but in 1807 opened an office of his own and had enjoyed some professional success when the Spanish-American War was precipi- tated. At this time he was Adjutant of the Fourth Illinois National Guard. He went to Springfield and enlisted in the Fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In May, 1S98. this regi- ment was ordered to Tampa. Fla., but their des- tination changed to Jacksonville, Fla. On June 9. 1898, Adjutant Parker was sent back to Illi- nois to open a recruiting office, with headquar- ters at Effingham, and was very successful in his efforts, being able to organize four compa- nies. He was then sent back to Jacksonville and was then detailed as Acting Assistant Adjutant- General of the Second Brigade, Secventh Army Corps, and on August 8, 1898. was detailed as .\cting Assistant -idjutant-General of the Second Brigade. Third Division. Seventh Army Corps, under Gen. Barkley, and continued until Novem- ber 2.^. 1898. when he returned to his regiment 836 EFFINGHAM COUNTY and was then sent to Springfield and Mattoon on recruiting service, after whiich he rejiorted to his regiment at Savannah, Ga. January 3, 1S99, he sailed from Savannah for Havana, Cuba, with his regiment, on board the United States Trans- port "Mobile." The command was located alx)ut five miles out of the cit.v. In the following April he left Cuba on tue steamer "Whitnej-," tor Eg- mont Key. B'la., was quarantined there until the middle of the month, finally readied camp near Augusta, Ga.. and on May ::. ISl'J, the Fourth Regiment was mustered out and Col. Parker re- turned home. He there resumed the practice of his profession in which he has been more than usually successful. He has been identified with a number of important cases of litigation which have brought out his legal talents and his profound knowledge of law and jurisprudence. On September 19, IStO, he was united in mar- riage with Miss Mary Stuart Rice, who was bom at Altamout, HI., a daughter of Dr. S. S. Rice, who was for many years a prominent physician there. Col. and Mrs. Parker have two children : Maurece, bom October 23, 1898. and Howard S., born December 21. 1903. In politics he has al- ways been an active supporter of the Republican party and during campaigns is one of the most forcible speakers for the cause. With his wife he is a member of the Presbyterian Church. He is identified with several leading fraternal and beneficiary organizations. We give below copv of a letter received from Col Parker in 1901, from the Headquarters of the Mounted Battalion, Porto Rico Regiment, United States Volunteer Infantry : •'Henry Barracks, P. R., February 18, 1901. "The Adjutant General, U. S. A., Washington. D. C. "Sir • I have the honor to recommend for ap- pointment to a commission in the Porto Rico Regiment Harry S. Parker, of Ettingham. Illi- nois Mr. Parker was Adjutant of the Fourth Illinois Volunteers under my command. He also served as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General of a Brigade of the Seventh Army Corps. He was recommended by General G. W. Davis for First Lieutenantcv in the first list of appointments to the Mounted Battalion of the Porto Rico Regi- men, but declined on account of business reasons He is one of the best Volunteer oflicers whom I know. "Very respectfully, "Eben Swift, "Major, Porto Rico Reg't, U. S. V. I.. "Commanding Mounted Battalion. PARKER, James A., one of the best known financiers of EftingUam County, is thoroughly con- versant with the banking business, and during his incumbency as Cashier of the Merchants' and Farmers' Bank, at Dieterich. which was converted into the First National Bank, Novem- ber 17, 1909. he has made an enviable reputation as a tjusiness man of sound judgment and un- questioned Integrity. He was born January 3. 1875, at Lane, Dewltt County, 111., the son of David and Ellen (Lane) Parker, and grandson of Tillman Lane, after whom the town of Lane was named. David Parker is one of the leading farmers and stock-raisers of his part of the county and is now living on the home farm, on which James A. was born. His wife died about 1883, having been the mother of five children : a daughter, who became the wife of R. T. Gray, but is now deceased ; Nathan ; Noble and Ira, who are on the home farm ; and James A. James A. Parker was reared on the home farm and rec«ived a common school education. At the age of seventeen years he went to St Louis, Mo., where he learned telegraphy in the Southwestern Telegraphic School, after which he accepted a iwsitioii with the Illinois Central Railroad, working at different points in that company's system, and while living in Vermilion County, 111., was twice elected Tax Collec"tor of Potomac, in that c-ounty. In 1903 he accepted the iX)sition of Cashier of the Merchants' and Farmers' Bank, at Dieterich. In 1901. when this bank was first established, H. C. Baldwin was Cashier, but in 1!X)2 it was reorganized un- der the presevt name, by a company of busine.ss men, and the officers elected were: A. T. Col- lison. President ; A. C. Grays, Vice President ; James A. Parker, Ciishier. This bank has a cap- ital of $10,000 and a backing of $200,000, and does business with some of the largest institu- tions in the State. In addition to being a careful and conservative banker. Mr. Parker has proved himself a citizen who always has the interest of his community at heart, and as a man of high moral character and recognized worth. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and is .seiTing as Superintendent of the Sunday School. In political matters he is a stanch Re- publican and has always taken an active interest in the success of his party. With his interest- ing faniil.v he resides in a beautiful residence in Dieterich. He is prominent in fraternal mat- ters, being socially connected with the Modern Woodmen of America. On October 11. 1899. Mr. Parker was married to Miss Ollle Crays. daughter of G. M. Grays, and sister of A. C. Grays. Vice President of the bank with which Mr. Parker Is connected. Three children have been born to this union : Emil. born August 18, 1900; Eugene, bom July 21, 1903; and James A., born January 20, 1906. PARKS, Harmon B. — One of the most progress- sive business houses of Altamont. 111., is that of "The Real Estate Leaders." Messrs. Parks & Thomas, organized in 1905. by Harmon B. Parks, wliicli has since grown steadil.y in popularity and the amount of its business. Mr. Parks was born in Loy Prarie. Watson Township, Efling- hain Count.v. 111.. August 25. 1873. a son of David M. and Martha A. (Davidson) Parks. The Parks family came originally from the North of Ireland settling first in Virsinia and later In Ohio. The Davidsons were Pennsylva- nlans and removed thence to Kentuckv and later to Illinois. David M. Parks was born in Ohio EFFINGHAM COUNTY 837 and coming to Illinois in tlie early 'forties, set- tled in Effingham County, where he lived until his death in 1SS4, when fifty years old. His ■ft-idovv still survives, being now seventj--nine years old. Mr. Parks was a soldier during the Civil War and spent most of his life in agricul- tural pursuits. His children were : James W., David L., Lawrence E., Rosetta N., Elizabeth A., Samuel S., Nellie and Harmon B. Harmon B. Parks was two years of age when his family located on a farm in Mason Town- ship, and there he resided until seventeen years old, his early education being secured in the pub- lic schools. He then went to Colorado where, with a c-ousin, J. L. McGee, he engaged in the portrait business, following it for eighteen months, when he decided to enter the High School at Rockville, Mo., and later entered the Normal School at Warrensburg. On completing his studies he again entered the portrait field at Hannibal, Mo., where he built up a large busi- ness, but in ISiM sold out and began a similar business at Pittsfleld, 111. At the end of a year he sold this business and located in Springfield, purchasing the business of the Illinois Potrait Company, which he managed eighteen months when he sold out in 1896, to return to Effingham County. He later accepted a position as trav- eling salesman for the Dayton Grocery Company, in which capacity he worked two years. He then engaged in mercantile business at Effing- ham and Robertson, but selling out iu 1902 en- gaged in the line of real estate at Duncansville and Strasburg. III., whence he moved to Altamont, and in 1905 founded the firm of Parks & Thomas. We quote from one of Altamont's papers, which in an article concerning this progressive firm says, in part : "It was during the summer of 190.5 that Harmon B. Parks decided to enter the real estate business at this place. He secured office rooms over Pickett's hardware store and entered upon his work with enthusiasm and hope. It was not long, however, until he saw the need of a good, active helper, and thus it was that James Thomas began his career as a real estate man, the new firm being Parks & Thomas. These gentlemen handle all Icinds of real estate, mer- chandise, etc. Each member jwssesses an abun- dance of tact and energy, and each is a splendid .iudge of real estate values. For over two years Parks & Thomas have been quartered in their own building on Railroad Street. From the be- ginning thev have styled themselves 'Tlie Real Estate Leaders,' a title which they have right- fullv earned." In addition to his residence and other property in Altamont. Mr. Parks is the owner of the old homestead farm of 100 acres in Mason Township, wliich he purchased in 180,S. He is a Mason fra- ternally and also belongs to the Odd Fellows, the M.'iccahees. the Tribe of Ben Hur and the American Yeomen. He is a stanch Democrat in politics and his religious beliefs are in accord with the First Presbyterian Church. January 20. TWO. Mr. Parks was married, at Strasburg, 111., to Sarah E. Renshaw, daughter of James and Jane (Frizzell) Renshaw. Three sons have been born to this union : Merle E., Floyd M. and Ralph N., aged eight, five and three years, respectively. PFENNINGER, Werner Michael.— Some of the best farmers of Effingham County have come back to the soil after other business ventures, being persuaded that in agriculture is the most money obtained by those who know how to till the land. Werner Michael Pfenninger, of Sec- tion 29, West Township, belongs to this class of progressive farmers, and finds that his former e.Yperiences are of assistance to him in his pres- ent work. He was bom July 19, lSi9. in Perry- ville. Perry County, Mo., being the fifth child and youngest son of Casper and Julia (Negle) Pfenninger, a sketch of whom apijears elsewhere in this work. When Werner Michael Pfenninger was but seven years old. he had the misfortune to lose his father. Two years later his widowed mother took him and her one other surviving child to Highland, Madison County, 111., where the lad continued his studies in the public school until he was fifteen. By this time he was ambitious to earn his own living and began working as a clerk in the general store of Charles Kenney & Co. of Highland. Two years later he began learning the harness trade, and worked at it for three years as an apprentice. Following this he went to St. Louis and obtained employment with the wholesale harness factory of J. O. Ford C& Co. as a journeyman, remaining with them for eighteen months. Leaving this concern. Mr. Pfenninger returned to his boyhood home at Perryville, Mo., and worked for a year at his trade. Returning to St. Louis, he was looking for work when he met Fred Massberg, of Steels- ville. 111., who wanted to employ some one. An agreement was entered into, and Mr. Pfenninger returned home with Mr. Massberg. working for him two and a half years. Business becoming slack, Mr. Pfenninger found employment with a farmer near Chillicothe, Mo., but soon after re- turned to Highland. 111., still later removing to Edgewood. where he oi^erated a harness shop of his own for a year, then sold it and bought his present farm of 120 acres on the northeast cor- ner of Section 29. West Township. In addition, he owns eighty acres of land across the road to the north, which is farmed by his son Edward. On November 7, 1877. Mr. Pfenninger married Sarah Matilda Boyd, born January 27. 1845. in Edwardsville, Madison County, 111., a daughter of James and Sarah (Copeland) Boyd. She grew to womanhood there receiving a common school education, and for six years prior to her marriage, taught in Madison and Effingham Counties, one of her schools being the old West Point when it stood on Section 29. This build- ing still stands, but is at present used as a resi- dence. Mr. and Mrs. Pfenninger have had one son, Edward Werner, horn September 27. 1S81. This voung man was well educated in the public 838 EPFINGHAIM COUNTY schools, aud brought up to farm life. He mar- ried. Nellie Ragel of Wheatland Township, Fay- ette County, daughter of Johu and Eunice (Miles) Ragel. Although he recognizes the value of churches, Mr. Pfenuinger has not connected himself with any religious denomination. In political faith, he is a stanch Republican, and has served as School Director with faithful efficiency. For a number of years he has made his farming pay, and takes a pride in his home aud surroundings. Genial, pleasant, whole-souled, Mr. Pfenuinger has a host of warm, personal friends w'ho are ac- corded a hearty welcome by himself and wife. PINKLEY, Mrs. Mary L., better known as Mother I'inkley, whose maiden name was Mary h. Kagay, and one of the lovable, devoted women of Mason, 111., who for many years has stood very high in the affections of a wide circle of friends, was born March 24, 1843, and was educated in the primitive log school houses of her locality. She had no modern advantages, secur- ing a meager education through earnest endeavor, but she learned something much more important — Christian virtues and womanly compassion, which have gained for her such universal love and respect. She grew to womanhood in Effing- ham County, being a daughter of Christian and Nancy (Laney) Kagay, w-ho settled on a farm, which is yet the home of Mrs. Pinkley, and upon which she was born. In 1S40 Christian Kagay came with his wife from Fairfield Count>'. Ohio, -where they had been married December 10, 1S31. Their trip was the regulation pioneer journey, the house- hold effects being carried on a "prairie schoon- er." They made their way to Effingham County, and locating on Section 7, Union Township, there built a little log cabin, in which they began their pioneer life in Illinois. The cabin was put up on an elevated spot near the Little Wabash River, from which a beautiful view c-ould be obtained of the surrounding country. At first there were few acres of the land that could be tilled, owing to swamp and timber, but Mr. Kagay began clear- ing it off to make a new home in the wilderness. The land was purchased from the Government, and the deed, signed by President John Tyler, is one of the cherished jKissessious of Mrs. Pink- ley. The only transfer ever made of the land was that which conveyed it from her father to her. Christian Kagay was one of the county's most honored pioneers, and when he died in Oc- tober, lS4o, a wide circle of friends mourned his loss. His family consisted of two daughters, Mrs. Pinkley. and Mrs. Rebecca AAliorton. widow of Nicholas T. Whorton. during his lifetime the most influential man in the southeastern part of the county, and who filled many township offices with credit. Mary L. Kagay was first united in marriage with .\ndrew J. Kavanaugh. September 11. 1859, and the young couple made their home on this farm until his death, December 5, ISG.o. at the age of twenty -eight years. He was a native of New York City, where he was born in 1S37, and was one of the sturdy, industrious farmers of Effingham County. He had begun to improve the old farm and built the first frame house in the neighborhood. He split the lath from white oak timber, aud the shingles from black walnut. The weather-boarding was sawed at the old water- mill, on the Little Wabash River, run by Martin K. Robinson. There were three children by this marriage, namely : Emma, who married Henry A. Turner and is in charge of the old farm ; John S., who, Januarj- 31, 1884, married, Didemma Turner, daughter of Wil.son Turner, a prominent farmer of Mason Township, and is now residing in Effingham. 111. ; and Charles W., who is a contractor and builder at St. Elmo, 111. The second marriage of Mrs. Pinkley was to Joseph Siddens. and by this union two sons were born : Fidelas B., a farmer of Union Town- ship: and Rol)ert P.. a merchant of Mason. 111. Of the five children l>oni of her first and second marriages there are twenty grandchildren, sev- enteen of whom are now living. She was mar- ried October 9. 1879, to Joseph Pinkley, who die erated for about twenty-eight years. At the pres- ent time he is engaged as a dealer in lumber and other building material. He is also the owner of town lots and buildings. Mr. Quatman and wife have been the parents of seven children, of whom four — Elizabeth, John, Kate and Edward — are living with their parents. John is associated with his father in the lumber yard and saw-mill, while Edward is interested in a retail clothing business in Teuto- IK>lis. The children deceased were Frank, Mary and Joseph. In politics Mr. Quatman is a Democrat, and in past years took an active part in local affairs, holding the various offices of the town. He has been Supervisor for four years, was a member of the Town Board, Mayor of the town. Asses- sor of Teutopolis, School Director and School Trustee. He and his family are members of St. Francis Catholic Church of Teutopolis, in which they are active workers. RAMSEY, Samuel P.— Effingham County has many fine farms and they are owned, to a large ■extent, by members of old families of that sec- tion, in a number of cases the land having been acquired by heritage. A wide stretch of 4SIason Township, from the wil- derness and has improved and stocked it until it has lew equals for its size, in all this section of Effingham County. He was born In Monroe Cbuuty, Ind., October 7, ISGO, and is a son of William and Sarah (Bittle) Ready. The parents of Mr. Ready were natives of Hamilton County, Ohio, where they were reared and married, and where the father taught school iu his earlier manhood. When he settled on Big Salt Creek, iu Monroe County, Ind., on the farm on which his son, John L., was born, he purchased land, but in 1804 brought his family to Effingham County, 111. He later rented land In Masou Township turniug his attention to farming, while teaching during the winter sea- sons for some year.?, but continued his agricul- tural pursuits up to the time of his death in the fall of 1876. He was a man well versed in all public affairs and was a stanch supporter of the principles of the Republican party. Both he and his wife were consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He had read the Bible through a number of times and justly re- garded it as the fount of wisdom. His excel- lent wife survived him a number of years, her death occurring on January 1, 1906. They had four children : Annie, wife of James Ahl, a farmer in Indiana ; John L. ; Charles M., a sketch of whom will be found in this work ; and Homer, a resident of Mason, 111. When four years old the parents of John L. Ready brought him to Effingham County and he was reared on the Masou Township farm, begin- ning farm duties as soon as old enough to fol- low the plow-. After his mother contracted a second marriage, with Alexander Craver, he left home and worked on different farms by the month, being careful to sa verbis earnings and in this way accumulated some capital. After he married he rented a farm in Masou Township until 1887, when he bought sixty acres iu Sec- tion 25 and of this has made the fine farm men- tioned. There was nothing then on the land in the way of improvements with the exception of a small log cabiu. The land was wild and mainly covered with timber, but Mr. Ready was in no way discouraged but went right to work and, iu a reasonable time, had it all cleared. One Improvement after another followed, and in 1900 the old log cabin was given up and the comfortable cottage took its piac-e which later gave way to the spacious frame residence of the pre.sent. He has taken much pride in his surrouudings and his buildings of all kinds are attractive as well as substantial. His idea is that none but first class stock is worth the rais- ing, and on his farm is found Hambletonian and Morgan horses, Poland China hogs. Shrop.shire sheep and his large dairy is operated with Dur- ham, Jersey and Holstein cows. In 1880, Mr. Ready married Miss Emma Wil- son, born in Union Township, a daughter of C. D. Wilson, now a resident of Mason. 111. He served in the Civil War and was a member of Gen. Wilder's Brigade. To Mr. and Mrs. Ready four children have been boni, as follows: Dollie, 844 EFFINGHAM COUNTY boru July 28, 1887; Arthur, boru April 21, 1889; Grace, born October 3, 1897; aud Lyuii, born September 2, 1900. Mr. and Mr.s. Ready are active members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, aud he is a member of the order of Modern Woodmen of America, while Mrs. Ready belongs to the Royal Neighbors. In ixjlitics he is a Republican. RETZ, Albert, who is numbered among the suc- cessful agriculturists and representative citi- zens of Ettlngham County, is the owner of 280 acres of excellent farming land in Section 13, Jackson Township. He was born in Banner Township, Etlingham County, 111., March 2, 18t!9, a sou of William and Amelia (Page) Retz, natives of Germany, who came to this country with their parents, both families settling in St. Clair County, 111., at a very early day. where Mr. and Mrs. Retz were man-led. About 1864 they located iu Banner Township, Effingham County, and here the father made a home for his family and cultivated an excellent farm of 130 acres. His death occurred May 17, 1900, and his widow survived him until March 17, 1907, both dying in the faith of the Lutheran Church. In politics, William Retz was a Democrat, and held the of- fice of Highway Commissioner for several term.s. The children of William and Amelia Retz were: Alvenia, wife of Jacob Pilger, a retired farmer of Clover Leaf, now residing at Ramsey, 111.; Henry, a farmer near Shelbyville; Albert; Min- nie, wife of Charles Mann, a grain and stock dealer of Beecher City ; Mary, deceased, was the wife of Edward Ratloff, a resident of Clara. 111. ; Ida, wife of George Wagner, a farmer of Shelby County ; and Herman, who resides with his brother Albert. • Albert Retz attended the schools of his native locality and was reared on the home farm, on which he remained until reaching the age where he could command wages, when he commenced work on the farm.s near the home place, and also spent one year as a member of a railroad section gang between Altamont and Shumway. turning his earnings over to his father. On April 7, 1896, he was united in marriage with Lena Wagner, a native of Effingham County and the daughter of Adam Wagner, a pioneer of this county. After their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Retz rented land from Mr. Wagner in Watson Township until 1903. when they moved to a tract of 140 acres in Jackson Township, which had l>een purchased by Mr. Retz the year previous. On this tract, which is located in Section 13, was a small frame house, which Jlr. Retz so<3n replaced with a two-story, seven-roomed residence, one of the handsome ones of the township, in which Mr. and Mrs. Ret7, have made their home to the present. In addition to increasing the extent of his farm to 280 acres, Mr. Retz has made many fine improvements, including the setting out of shade and orchard trees and the laying out of lawns and hedges, and his farm is one of the most attractive in this part of the county. lie has been a successful agriculturist and has been interested in the breeding of Duroc-Jersey hogs, I'oland-China hogs and Short Horn cattle, having a herd of twenty-six of the latter at the present time. In ix)litics, Mr. Retz is a Democrat, and has always been identified with the success of his party in this section. With his wife he attends the Lutheran Ctiurch iu Watson. Two children have been boru to Jlr. aud Mrs. Retz, — Selman aud Lizzie. REYNOLDS, John C— The visitor to Effingham County, 111., viewing for the first time its fer- tile lands, well-regulated fanns and general air of prosperity, finds it hard to believe that but a comparatively few years ago this s'ction of the country was a wild waste, principally swamp and timber land ; yet such is the case, and the Ijresent excellent condition of the country has only been attained through the untiring labor and persistent endeavor of men of energy and Ijei-severance, whose lives have been spent in for- warding the development of this section. One of these men, John C. Reynolds, a retired farmer of Watson, 111., was born in Jaclwon Township, Effingham County, November 14, 1848, son of Doslah T. and Martha M. (Brown) Reynolds, both of whom were born in 1818, in Franklin County, Tenn., of Irish ancestry. I>osiah T. Reynolds was married in Tennessee, where he remained until 1840, in the meantime taking part in the Black Hawk War. and in the year mentioned loaded his household goods into a prairie schooner and with his two children, — • Martin Van Buren and Samuel A., — and his wife, came to Illinois, making a short stop at a ixjint in Shelby County, aud in the fall came to Effing- ham County. Settling on Section 14, Jackson Township, he entered 160 acres of land in what is now known as the "Effingham Orchard," lo- cated his little family iu the log cabin home, and here started to cultivate his land when the Mex- ican War broke out, and he enlisted in Company C, Second Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being discharged September 27. 1847, at Tam- pico, Mexico, on account of disability received in the service. He was sent from Tampieo to St. Ix)uis, and from there walked to his home. His wife had received no news of his home-coming, and his son Samuel often relates how his mother, working in the yard, recognized her hus- band and was so overcome with joy that she ran and jumped the fence to throw herself into his arms. She it was who alone had borne all the struggles for the protection of the family during his absence. The other six children of this noble pioneer couple were born on the Jack- son Township farm, and were : D. W., now liv- ing near Mitchell. Ind., was a soldier of Com- pany A. Twenty-Sixth Regiment, Illinois Vol- unteer Infantry, aud was captured with his regi- ment at Corinth ; James R., a resident of Wat- son, was a member of an Illinois Regiment; Elizabeth J., married R. C. Le Crone, and both are now deceased ; John C. ; L. F., a farmer of EFFINGHAM COUNTY 845 Clay County. III. ; and Charles E., died Decem- ber 12, 1904, and was buried in the Watsou Cem- etery. Some time after the birth of the young- est child, Dosiah Reynolds sold the old family home and removed to Union Township, but sub- sequently purchased 107 acres in Watson Town- ship, Section 31, and there made bis home until his death, September 26, 1877. Throughout his lite he was a stanch Democrat, and socially was connected with the Masons and the Odd Fellows. Both he and his wife were reared in the faith of the Baptist Church, and to the teachings of that denomination they clung throughout their long and useful lives. They were typical pioneers, of the brave, noble character that overcame all ob- stacles and blazed the trail for the following generations. Kindly and ho.spitable, they never refused assistance to one who was worthy and in need, and their memories will remain green in the hearts of all who knew them. Jlrs. Ke.v- nolds survived her husband until January 15, 1001, when she passed away, at the age of eighty-four years. John C. Reynolds received his education in the primitive log school houses, and at the age of ten .vears began to as.sume his share of the duties of the home farm, on which he resided un- til his marriage, April G, 1871, when he was united with Sarah E. Trexer. who was born in Jackson County, Ohio, daughter of Jonathan and Rosella (Foster) Trexler, natives of Penn- sylvania, who came to Efflugham County at an early day and settled in Jackson Township. Af- ter his marriage. Mr. Reynolds purchased forty acres of land, going into debt for every dollar of the purchase money. On this land, which was situated on Section 14, Jackson Township, was a little slab board house, with a cla.v and wood chimne.y. He later sold this land and in 1876 removed to Jasper County, where he lived for one year, then buying 120 acres in Section 6, Union Township, and subsequently settled on 107 acres in Watson and Union Townships, on which farm his father died. To this farm he added eighty-seven acres, and still owns the entire propertj-. Later he took charge of his father-in-law's farm and bought out the heirs to his estate after the latter's death, and here he and his family resided for sixteen years. In 1904 Mr. Reynolds bought a piece of property on West Main street, Watson, on which he erected a beautiful cottage, where he has since made his home. He and his wife now own 420 acres of land in Jackson and Watson Townships, and considering that they started their married life without a single pos.session in the world, it will be seen that their example is one to be em- ulated. Mr. Reynolds has always voted with the Democratic part.v, and on that ticket has been elected to various township offices, being now a member of the Board of Trustees of Watson. He belongs to the Missionary Baptist Church and his wife to the Christian denomination. Socially Mr. Reynolds is c-onnected with Watson Lodge of Masons, Xo. 602. To Mr. and Mrs. Reynolds there have been born these children : Cora B., born March 4, 1872, the wife of Robert Martin, lives on the home farm in Watson Township and has had four children, — Vera, Beulah, Noble and one other ; and Winnie E., born March 26, 1877, wife of V. C. White, resides on the home farm in Jackson Township, and has one son, — Russell Reynolds White, REYNOLDS, Samuel A., now living retired after a long and useful lile spent in agricultural pur- suits in Effingham County, 111., is a native of Franklin County, Tenn., born December 10, 1837, a son of Dosiah T. Reynolds. At the age of three years Jlr. Reynolds was brought by his parents to Illinois, and after a short stay in Shelby County the family came to Jackson Town- ship. Effingham County, where the youth re- ceived his education. He uemaiued on the home farm until his marriage, May 10, 1859, to Hannah M. Thomi)Son, who was t)om December 25, 1837, in Fairfield County, Ohio, a daughter of Robert and Jane (All) Thompson, of Dutch and Irish ancestry, the former of whom was born in Ohio, and the latter in Pennsylvania. They came to Illinois in 1850, buying a fann in Jackson Township, where they spent the re- mainder of their lives. After Mr. Reynolds" marriage he settled on the old home farm until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he enlisted in Company A, Twent.v-Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for three years or during the war, and the regiment immediately entered the field, taking part in the battle of Island Number Ten. This regiment took part in fifty- seven engagements during the war, and Mr. Rey- nolds participated in all except that at Jackson, Miss. The regiment marched with Sherman to the sea. and Mr. Reynolds re-enlisted with them at Scottsboro. Ala., for three years more. Al- ways a good and faithful soldier, Mr. Reynolds made an enviable war record and after his dis- charge, at Louisville, Ky.. returned home, where he took up the duties of citizenship, and has since become one of the honored residents of his district. He followed farming with much suc- cess until the fall of 1S81, when he purchased property in the Village of Watson, where the family has since become well known. Mr. Rey- nolds Is a Democrat in polities, and has been called upon to fill ix)sitions of honor and trust, including those of Mayor and member of the Board of Village Trustees of Watson. He and his wife are members of the Baptist Church, and have alwa.vs been active in church and charitable work. They were to have celebrated their Golden Wedding Anniversary in 1909, but as .some of the family could not lie present, the occasion was postponed. Mr. Reynolds is con- nected with Watson Post. Xo. 418. Grand Army of the Republic, in which he is a popular com- rade. To Mr. and Mrs. Reynolds there have been born cbese children: James A., born February 846 EFFINGHAM COUNTY 9, ISCO, married, February 17, 1885, Victoria Tuclier, and is farming in Oklahoma ; Samuel S., boru March 2, 1862; William F., born Septem- ber 2G, 1866, a resident of Watson Township; Martha J., born July 28, 1868, is the wife of Charles J. I.oy, a farmer of Oklahoma ; Eudorah, A., Ixirn March 26, 1870, is the wife of Robert Hardsock. of Mason, 111. ; and Etoile O., born September 18, 1874, wife of Benjamin Oliver, of Baton Rouge, La. It is interesting to note that there has not been a death in Mrs. Reynolds' family for over half a cenury. RICHMOND, Miss Nettie, one of the most suc- cessful business women of Effingham County. 111., now editor and proprietor of the "Mason News," at Mason, was for many yeai-s a well- known educator in Fayette and Effingham Counties. Miss Richmond Is a native of Cham- paign County, 111., born in 1858^ a daughter of Thomas C. and Mary (Wadams) Richmond, na- tives of Connecticut and New York respectively. Thomas C. Richmond and his wife were parents of six children, the subject of this sketch being the only one of the family still living. Miss Richmond received her education in the public schools of Fayette and Effingham Coun- ties, and at the age of sixteen years began teach- ing in St. Elmo, 111. She was successful in this profession and continued in it eighteen .rears, giving it up in 180.3 to assume the duties of Postmistress at Mason, II!., which position she held one year, after which she taught two years. She has built up her present business from a small beginning, establishing the "Mason News'' in 1Sfl6, with four subscribers. The paper has a regular subscription list of five hundred names at the present time and the plant, where it is edited and printed, is also used for job printing. In addition to these interests. Miss Richmond conducts a stationei-j- and book store at Mason, and enjoys the same success in this enterprise as in the others. She is a bright, capable busi- ness woman, and looks after all the details of her work herself. In religious views Miss Richmond is a Metho- dist and served sixteen years as Superintendent of the Sunday School at Mason. She is much interested in public affairs and espouses every good and charitable cause that comes within her notice. She is unmarried. RIEMANN, John C. — To some men is given the power to judge properly and correctly of human nature. Such men can pick out the honest from the dishonest, the capable from those who will never amount to anything, and when such are placed in positions of public trust, such a faculty comes into good play and serves the people ad- mirably. John C. Riemann, who for years was County Treasurer of Effingham County, and con- trolled the interests of that resjwnsible office, has done more for his constltutents in his selec- tion of bis assistants than any other man here. Mr. Riemann, a farmer, dairyman and stock- raiser of Section 1, Teutopolis Township, was born in Bishop Township, February 26, 1859, a son of Diedrich and Mary (Thoele) Riemann, who were among the pioneers of Effingham County, settling there in 1846. Diedrich Riemann was a native of Germany, but his wife was boru in Cincinnati, and her people came to Effingham County in 1841. They were married in 1857 and went to the Bishop Township farm. Christian Riemann, the father of Diedrich. took up land in Bishop Township, becoming an extensive landowner. He brought his eleven motherless children to America, having lost his wife just before sail- ing, and in 1846, with but twenty-five cents in his ix)cket, began life in the new home. Being an honest, industrious man, he secured credit, entered his land, bought a cow and oxen, the latter of which he traded for forty acres of land. At one time he worked for twenty-five cents a day breaking the raw prairie, and never hesitated to do anything that would assist In caring for his family. Only five of his eleven children grew to maturitj-, and all of them are now dead. Christian Riemann was a remark- able example of a sturdy, hard-working German, who attained prosperity and prominence in the land he had adopted as his own. When Diedrich Riemann and his young wife began housekeeping it was in a tiny log cabin. They worked hard, and in time Mr. Riemann l>ecame the owner of 200 acres of good land. His wife inherited 157 acres, so that they owned, at the time of their death, 357 acres. Their last days were spent in Teutopolis, where she died in 1896, and he in 1809. They had eleven chil- dren, of whom three (two boys and one girl) died in infancy, while Susan died at the age of twent.y-two years. Those living are : John C. ; Regina, who married Henry Hatke, of Idaho ; Theresa, married Ed. Sonnen, of Idaho ; Henry, a farmer of Teutoiwlis Township ; Caroline, married Henry Dust, of Idaho ; Diedrich, a farmer of Idaho, and Bernard, a farmer in the same State. John C. Riemann was brought up on the home- .stead, remaining there until 1861, when he lo- cated near the Green Creek Catholic Church, where he lived until 1864, when he moved to Teu- topolis and there attended the common schools, and later the St. Joseph College, of Teutoiwlis, receiving a good, practical education. On ilay 2, 1882, Mr. Riemann married Catherine Hatke, born in Teutoix)lis, March 7. 1862. They took charge of the farm and the father and mother moved to Teutopolis. Jlr. Riemann was the purchaser of the shares of the other heirs, and now owns 157 acres in Teutopolis Township and 260 in Douglas Township, making a total of 417 acres in Effingham County, as well as some town IJToperty. Mr. Riemann has always been prominent in the ranks of the Democratic party, and has filled all the township offices. For two .years he was on the Board of Supervisors, and In 1902 EFFINGHAJVI COUNTY 847 was elected County Treasurer, while filllug this office serving under a bond of $132,000, which he had no difficulty in securing. He has always been active in the Roman Catholic Cliurch, of which he is a devout member. Mr. Riemann has always been in favor of good schools, good roads, and good government, and has done far more than his part towards securing and main- taining them. Mr. and Mrs. Riemann have had children as follows : Katie and Johnnie, at home ; Anna, married Joseph Schneiderjan, a farmer of St. Francis Township ; Mary and Henry, at home ; Josephine, died at the age of one year ; JosejJhine (II) and D:edrich, at home; Bernard, died in in- fancy ; Rosa, Bemardina and Eugenius, at home. Among those whom Mr. Riemann selected to assist him in the Countj' Treasurer's office were the following: John Thies, now Cashier of the State Bank of Effingham ; Joseph G. Habing, now Circuit Clerk of Effingham County ; Philip Miller, now Cashier of the Bank of Ilo, Idaho ; C. L. Nolle, was Assistant Cashier of the First National Bank of Effingham, but is now holding a responsible iX)sition in Decatur. This list shows the class of men chosen by Mr. Riemann to assist him in fulfilling the duties of the re- sponsible position to which he was elected by the voters of Effingham County. He gave the affairs of the county the same careful consider- ation he has always given his own affairs, and his valuable services were appreciated by the people he represented. Mr. Riemann is a mem- ber of the Catholic Knights of America and other life and accident insurance companies. RILEY, Eli Bruce, who has been a well knowt business man of Altamont, 111., for more than twenty-one years, was born March 27. 1846, on a farm near Millwood, Knox County, Ohio, the seventh child of William and Susan (Cum- mings) Rile.v. Nicholas Riley, the grandfather of Eli B., removed from Maryland to Knox Count.v, Ohio, at a very early date, the journey being made overland, he traveling on foot while his wife rode horseback and carried William in her arms. On locating in Ohio Nicholas Riley pur- chased several hundre(J acres of land on Owl Creek, and here he and his wife spent the re- mainder of their lives. Their three sons were : George, who died in Knox County : Nicholas, who also passed away there ; and William. William Riley received but a limited education in the primitive .schools of pioneer Ohio, and grew up a farmer boy. being engaged in agri- cultural pursuits all his life. In 1853. he took his large family of children, with an ox-team and three horse-teams, to Illinois, being twenty- one days on the journey. He purchased 120 acres of land in Louden Township. Fayette Count.v. Here he settled down to clear and cul- tivate his property, forty acres of which was timber land, and spent the remainder of his life there, his death occurring in 1889. and that of his wife in 1876. They had the following chil- dren : Maria, who married Cochran Sproat ; Har- riet, who married John Clayton ; George Wash- ington, of Shelby County, who married Martha Jane Sapp; William, who married a Miss Clay- ton; Nicholas Jackson, of Fayette County, who married Polly Ann Spicer; James Marion, of Fa.vette County, who married Phoebe Angel ; Eli Bruce ; and Lewis Tellis, of Fayette County, who married Phoebe Hogg. Eli Bruce Riley was seven years old when the family came to Illinois. He attended the log schoolhouse in the wild prairie near his home and spent the time not given to his studies in working with his father and brothers in clear- ing the home farm, on which he remained until just before his twenty-first birthda.v. He was married, January 17, 1867. to Miss Ann Rhodes, daughter of Joseph and Margaret (Ott) Rhodes, and from that time until 1874 he lived on rented farms. He then purchased a farm in Liberty Township, Effingham County, on which he lived for four .vears, when he sold out and located in Louden Township, Fayette County, where he had a tract of 120 acres, to which he later added eighty acres. He remained on this lattei- prop- ert.v until November. 1888, when he came to AJ- tamont and engaged In the saloon business with John Rhodes, at the corner of Railroad and Third streets, where he has successfull.v continued to the present time. He is a stanch Democrat in iwlitical matters, and is considered an influen- tial man in the work of his iiarty in this locality. Mr. Riley's first wife died in August, 1881, having been the mother of three children : John, of Altamont. who married (first) Alice Barr and (second) Amanda Logue ; Mary Elizabeth, who married RudoliA Flugey, of Chicago ; and Jesse Clarence, of Fayette County, who married Lola Logue. Mr. Riley was married (second) Octo- ber 24. 1883. to Mrs. John Roe (nee Jennie Hor- ton), and there were five children born to this union : Carrie Myrtle, Ivy L., Ada Lee. Curtis Glen and Velnia Ruth. ROBINSON, Martin K., who erected the mill in Effiu'^'ham County that still bears his name, was born in Kentucky in 1805, and at the age of twenty-nine years located in Effingham County, settling on the Wabash, four miles northeast of Mason. He opened up a farm and carried it on until 1858. During this time he went south and worked at boat-building on Pensacola Bay sev- eral winters, returning to spend his summers upon his farm. He was a man of great ambition and was never idle. In 1857-58 he erected his mill, which was once known throughout a large territory for the excellence of its flour. He was married three times and was the father of seven children. His third wife was the widow of Wil- kinson Leith. Politically Mr. Robinson was a strong Republican. He died March 22, 1868, and his death was mourned by a large circle of friends. The personal appearance of Mr. Robinson was striking and he was well remembered by anvone 848 EFFINGHAM COUNTY who made his acquaintance. He was tall and of comniaudiug stature, and although in youth he had lost one eye, the other was dark and pierc- ing. He was a man of unusually quicli percep- tion and good judgment. He was actively in- terested in all topics of general interest and able to speak fluently and convincingly on them. RUFF, Albert A., who is proprietor of the Oak Ridge Stock Farm, which is situated on Section 18. Union Township, Effingham County, is one of that class of citizens who contribute faithfully to the advancement of the section in which they make heir homes. This class is the one to fur- ther public improvements, to establish perma- nent enterprises and, in an agricultural region, they are pretty sure to own the best grade of stock and make the most profit out of farming. Such is undeniably the case with Albert A. RufC. He was born on a farm in Shelby County, near Strasburg, 111., April 8. 186G, and is a son of John and Caroline (Kull) Ruff. Both parents were born about 1838 in Fair- field County. Ohio, and were married in 1861, their parents being natives of Germany. Both families were fanning people in Fairfield County. From there, in 1805, John Ruff moved to Shelby County, 111., and became a well known and respected man there. In 1906 he retired and settled in Strasburg, where he and his wife still reside. He has four brothers living in Shelby County, and one sister iu Chicago; one brother, Solomon, lives at Lima, Ohio. Mrs. Ruff has one sister, Emma, who married Chris- tian Brunne, and they live at Springfield, Ohio. To John Ruff and wife the following children were born : Clara, who is the wife of Lewis Kircher. a farmer near Strasburg. 111. : Hannah, who is the wife of Fred Hartman, a farmer in Shelby County : Albert A. : Martin, who is a farmer near Strasburg: Matilda, who is now de- ceased, was the wife of Robert Zimmer. a teacher and farmer near Neoga, 111. ; Emma, who is the wife of AUiert Vogel. a farmer near Stras- burg : John G.. now deceased, married Maggie Kincade. who later married John F. Turner, a farmer in Mason Township; Daniel, who is the Rural Free Delivery carrier out of Strasburg; Alice, who is the wife of Nelson Spurgeon, a farmer near Strasburg; and Lewis, who lives on the old homestead. John Ruff was a man of local prominence where he lived in Shelby County. He reared his large family carefully, and when his sons were twenty-one years of age he gave each a colt off the farm, and to each daughter he gave a cow. They all became well- to-do and respected residents of their several neighborhoods. They were reared in the Luth- eran faith, their parents lieing prominent in the Lutheran Church in Shelby County. Albert A. Ruff attended the district schools and helped in the duties on the farm, remaining ■with his good parents until of age. In 1887 he started out for himself, working by the month, and spending four months of the first two years in Minnesota. He already owned the horse his father had given him, and with his first earn- ings he bought another and rented a farm in 1889, which he and his brother-in-law, Fred Hartman, operated together. On September 3, 1800, he was married to Miss Virginia M. Zim- mer, who was born in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, January 21, 1864, a daughter of Philip and Margaret A. (McBride) Zimmer, the former a native of Germany and the latter of Ohio. In 1867 they moved to Shelby Cbunty, 111. In Ohio, Mr. Ziumier was a shoemaker, but when he set- tled in Illinois he liought a farm which he oper- ated until his death, in 1902. His widow sur- vived until 1906. They had ten children : Amanda, wife of Reuben Swengel. a merchant of Neoga. 111. ; Emma, wife of John Coen, a farmer near Neoga; Mrs. Ruff; Jul.vla, wife of Huston Clawson, a nurseryman and County Sur- ve.vor, of Cumberland County ; Robert H., a teacher near Neoga ; Nellie M., wife of Thomas Clawson. a farmer near Windsor, 111. ; Ernest, a farmer and teacher near Neoga; Antoinette, wife of Sylvester Clawson. a teacher and County Surveyor of Shelby County ; and Byron O.. a farmer near Neoga, 111. The father was an educated man and gave all his children edu- cational opportimities and a number of them be- came teachers, Mrs. Ruff being a teacher for six- teen .vears. in Shelby. Cumberland and Effing- ham Counties. She is a lady of much talent and many accomplishments. Mr. and Mrs. Ruff are the parents of three daughters : Eva Faye. born September 27, 1896, and at the age of thirteen years has passed the final examination of the eighth gi-ade in the com- mon schools and is eligible to admission into the High School ; Ruth Alberta, born December 23, 1898, who is in her seventh .vear in the com- mon school ; and Gladvs Violet, born January 23, 1905. After marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Ruff located for a few months in Watson, but in the spring of 1891 they settled on their farm of eighty acres to which they have added until they now own 177 acres of most excellent land. This profierty has been carefullv improved and intelligently cultivated. Mr. Ruff has always been inter- ested in fine stock and has done much to raise the standard in his neighborhood. During the past two .vears he has given special attention to Perchernn horses and Hereford cattle, and he has a fine herd of the latter though not all registered. He also has five head of Pereheron horses and an imported stallion. "Frimas." F. N. 61646. A. N. .50957. weight 1850. He also has a beautiful lilack mare, also imported, with others equally valuable. In 1909 he bought "Vesta" No. 45275, bred by Frank G. Besgrove of Fairbury. 111., and with this mare and his others in 1909. he won the first premiums at three county fairs — in Effingham. Richland and Jasper Counties. He won fourteen first pre- miums and three second. It is probable that the public will have further opportunity to see the o\vi:n wricht EFFINGHAM COUNTY 849 magnificent prodiicts of this stock farm at fu- ture exhibitions. In politics, Mr. Ruff is a Democrat and is School Treasurer in Union Township. He be- longs to the M. A. F. O. Mrs. Ruft" is active in the work of the Methodist Church. Socially they are widely kuown and their hospitable Lome Is frequently opened to their many friends. RUFFNER, Edward W. — The young farmers of Effingham County are taking advantage of the opportunities offered by recent discoveries and improved machinery and are reaping excellent results from their land. Among those thus rep- resentative of the class of modern agriculturists is Edward W. Ruffner of Section 2G, Union Township. He was bom on his present farm, May 11. 1872, a son of Harrison N. Ruffner, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. After a boyhood spent in attending the dis- trict schools and assisting on the farm, in 1894, when twenty-two or twenty-three years old, he went to Denver, Col., and for a .vear was en- gaged in dairy work. From there he went to Pre.scott, Ariz., where for a time he had cliarge of the livery stable owned by his brother George. For a year he was employed in a copper mine, the Crown King, and for another year he worked in a mine owned by Senator W. A. Clark. In lOTO, he returned home and took charge of the homestead, buying 100 acres of it upon his father's retirement in 1902. He now owns 173 acres in Union Township, and has brought his land into excellent condition. In 1909 he branched out into the dairy business and now has eighteen head of Jersey cattle, and at the head of the herd a registered bull of the finest breed. He is one of the leading .voung farmers of his locality and one who thoroughly under- stands his work. On December 3, 1902, he married Macy Ander- son, born in Mason Township, July 17. 1878, daughter of J. H. Anderson, a prominent man and successful stock buyer and shipper. Mr. and Mrs. Ruffner have three children : Ray, born December 26. 1903 : Clare, born February 2, 1908, and Neva, bom March 10, 1910. He is a Democrat, being active in the party, and is a member of the Democratic Central Committee of the county. Fraternally he is a member of Masonic Lodge No. 217, and Camp 1202 of the M. W. A. of Mason. Both he and his wife be- long to the Eastern Star. They are Methodists and are active in church and Sunday school work. Mr. Ruffner is active in the Masonic lodge, having been sent as a delegate to the Grand Lodge meeting held in Chicago, October 12, 1909. In all of his farming operations he has been eminently successful. For a number of years he has been raising Duroc-Jersey hogs, and aver- ages eighty per year. He ships his own stock and does some buying. He also buys and ships hay. RUFFNER, Harrison N,— One of the venerable citizens of Mason. 111., now living retired after a long life si)ent in agricultural pursuits, is Harrison N. Ruffner, who was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, January 10, 1834, a son of Andrew and Elizabeth (Leith) Ruffner. The great-grandfather of Mr. Ruffner on the maternal side was an Englishman by birth, and when a lad was left an orphan, being bound out to a farmer who later came to America and set- tled in Virginia. Being ill-treated, at the age of eighteen .vears the youth ran away and went to Ohio, where he was captured by the Wyandot Indians and held a prisoner until adopted by the chief of the tribe. With this tribe was a white girl who had been with them from the time she was two years old. The white girl being the same age as John Leith, they concluded to get married, but the old chief objected and wanted him to marry his own daughter. He then left them and joined another band of Indians on the Mississippi, near where St. Louis is today. He traveled on horseback as far as the Pacific Ocean (or "Osean," as he spelled it when writ- ing of his travels). The chief of the Wyandot Indians with whom he had previously lived sent him word that, if he would return he would be allowed to marry the white girl they had with them, to which the chief had beeu formerly bitterly opposed, and the youth went back and did .so. They settled in a log cabin and cleared a small farm, and here there were bom two children, one of whom became the grandfather of Harrison N. Ruffner. Later the Indians be- came angered at Mr. Leith and appointed a night when he should be killed, but a friendly In- dian informed him and he managed to escape with his wife and children and returned to the scene of his youth, in Virginia, where his wife was recognized by her mother by a birthmark. H. N. Ruffner, the subject of this sketch, can re- member seeing his great-grandfather, who lived to be ninety years of age. Andrew Ruffner was a native of Virginia, and in 18.32 married Elizabeth Leith, who was born in North Carolina. In 1841 he came to Illinois and entered land in Marion County, then re- tuming to Fairfield County. Ohio, where he died January 16, 1842. In the fall of the same year the widow, with her five children, came to Illi- nois and settled on the land the father had en- tered the year before. The children were : Sam- uel L., now a resident of Louisiana, has fol- lowed teaching throughout his life : Harrison N. ; Andrew, who died in Arizona in 1897; Margaret, wife of Charles Wilson, a resident of Mason ; and Dorothy, who became the wife of Lafayette Warner, and moved to Oregon, where both died. About 1847 Mrs. Ruffner married a second time, her husband being Joseph Morgan, and they had two children : Mary, widow of Aaron Henry, a resident of Redlands, Cal., and Sarah, who mar- ried Reason Wright, but is now deceased. Reared to the vocation of an agriculturist and educated in the district schools of his locality. 850 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Harrison N. Rufifner grew to manhood and in 1S4S, came to Efflngiiam County to work on dif- ferent farms. Of liis earnings from tliis time until he reached the age of twenty-five years he saved $800, with which he purchased fifty-seven acres of laud on Section 30, paying $200 on the land and devoting the remaining $600 to build- ing a two-room frame dwelling and the buying of a span of horses. July 19, 1859, he was mar- ried to Catherine White, who was born in Bond County, 111., September 2, 1836, daughter of Wil- liam and Agnes (Johnson) White, the former of Tennessee and the latter of North Carolina. Mr. and Sirs. \Miite were married February 28, 1822, in Bond County, 111., where he died Sep- tember 28, 1845. In 1857 the widow came to Effingham County, 111. But three of their eleven children survive : Mrs. Ruffuer ; Ellen, the widow of Dr. William Duncan, residing in Clay County, and Frank, of Florida. The mother died in Mason, 111., February 23, 1893, when eighty-six years of age. After their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Ruffner located on the farm in Section 30, Union Town- ship, and there they resided for forty-three years, making a splendid home and adding to their property until they owned 340 acres. In 1902 Mr. Ruffner bought a beautiful cottage in the Village of Mason, where they live retired from active labors, in the comfort and repose that follow long years of useful endeavor. On July 19, 1909. they celebrated their golden wed- ding anniversary, on which date two to three hundred friends called at their home and man.y handsome and appropriate gifts were presented to this much-beloved couple. Their voyage through life has been a happy one, and they en- joy the respect and esteem of all who know them. Mrs. Ruffner is a member of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church and her husband of the Christian denomination. Fraternally he is con- nected with Lodge No. 217 and Chapter 87, of the Masonic Order, in which he is now acting In the capacity of High Priest. Politically a Democrat, he served for many years as a mem- ber of the Board of Supervisors in Union Town- ship. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Ruffner are as follows: Alma, born July 9, 1860, married Samuel Riggs, of Denver, Colo.; George, born November 16. 1862, of Prescott, Ariz.; Ellen, bom September 7, 1865. died September 19, 1872 ; Andrew, born March 12. 1870, on the farm in Union Township, married Rosa Turner ; Ed. W., bom May 11, 1872, married Macy Anderson; Walter, born March 25, 1876. was killed in a mine explosion in Arizona, May 20, 1900 ; Flor- ence, born February 7, 1879. deceased, was the wife of Gary Paugh ; and Lester, born May 28, 1885. residing in Prescott^ Ariz. SCHMIDT, Joseph L. — Effingham County not only possesses some of the best farms in the State, but also some of the most progressive farmers who are taking advantage of every op- portunitj- offered by improved machinery and sci- entific methods. Joseph L. Schmidt, farmer, stockman and dairyman of Section 29, Douglas Township, is a good example of what a man can accomplish through energy and economy. He was born in St. Clair County, 111., November 5, 18.56, a son of Henry H. and Catherine ( Bertke) Schmidt, both natives of Germany. They came to St. Louis, Mo., when young and there were married, about 1848. Later they removed to St. Clair County, 111., and rented land. In 1861, they moved to Effingham County, where Mr. Schmidt bought eighty acres of land in Douglas Township, which he developed into a permanent home for the family. Six children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Henry H. Schmidt ; Catherine, widow of Herman Doedt- man, lives on the homestead ; Elizabeth, de- ceased ; Johanna, deceased ; Henry H. moved to Idaho, married, had a large family, and died in 1905 ; Bernardine first married John Doedtman, and later George H. Meyer, a farmer of Doug- las Township. The father of this family died in 1863. and his remains are interred in the Green Creek cemetery. After his demise, his widow married Clemens Albers. but died in 1907 at the age of seveutj--seven, outliving her second hus- band b.v only one year. Joseph L. Schmidt was only five years old when the family came to Effingham County, and he attended the Catholic school at Green Creek. At the age of sixteen, he went to Teutopolis, and for two and a half years served an apprentice- ship in the cabinet making trade, but on ac- count of his health transferred to the carpenter trade. After working for a number of years as a journeyman, he flnall.v embarked in business as a carpenter and builder, going first to Effing- ham, and then to Adrian, Minn., where he built up a large trade. Eighteen months later he re- turned to Effingham, and carried out some large country contracts. On November 20. 1883. he married Anna H. Jansen. daughter of Anthony Bernard Janseu, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work, and they had five children : Elizabeth M., at home; Cecilia K., married Bernard Wesselman, a farmer of Douglas Township; Kathie V. mar- ried Henry Hoene. a farmer of Douglas Town- ship ; Anton H., and Laurence J. are at home. Mrs. Schmidt died October 20. 1895. In April, 1901, Mr. Schmidt married Melania (Jansen) Kaufman, widow of Clem Kaufman. Mr. Schmidt continued in business as a carpenter until 1900, when he began farming on 240 acres, and now owns 586 acres, all in one body. He has a fine residence, and a large barn. .32x92 feet, and has made many excellent improvements, owning one of the be.st farms in Effingham County. His dairy barn has all the latest appliances, and is floored with cement. He feeds and milks twenty- three cows, and has a good grade of stock. He is one of the most successful men of his locality, not only as regards material matters, but has won for himself the confidence of all who know him. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 851 Politically, lie is a Democrat. He and his family belong to the Green Creek Catholic Church. SCHRAM, Louis J., who is a practical farmer and stockraiser, operating 200 acres of land sit- uated ou Section 11. Mason Township, Effingham County, bears an old and honorable German name and with it the sturdy honesty and com- mendable thrift which are associated with the German people. He is one generation removed from Germany, however, having been born in Mason Township, Effingham County, 111., March 12, 1S77, but both father and mother came from Gennany, the former born at Byron, October 9, 1S26, and the latter at Wurtemberg. February 24, 1847. Their names were Jacob and Frederika ( Federschmidt ) Schram. In early manhood Jacob Schram left his na- tive country and came to America, settling first in Ohio. The Federschmidt family came to the same place and there the parents of Louis J. Schram became acquainted and were married August 4, 1865. To them six children were born : Eliza, born in Ohio in 1866, and married Frank Redding in 18S5. who died on the farm ou which he was born and where his widow and children still live; Rosetta, who was born in Effingham County, In 1868, married J. B. Stead : Josephiue. born in 1871 and married Robert Rheinhart, a merchant of Effingham ; Martha R., who was born in 1874 ; Louis J. ; Allie M., who was born In 1883, and Herman C, born in ISSS. The two last named still reside on the old homestead, on which all were born except Mrs. Redding. The father of the alx)ve family died October 9, 1902, and the mother November 7, 1906. On settling in Effingham County in 1866, Jacob Schram bought an unimproved forty-acre farm and immediately started to make a comfortable home for his family, later adding sixty more acres. He reared his children in comparative comfort and lived to see them all settled near the old homestead. He was respected by all and highly esteemed by many. Louis J. Schram attended the West Union district school and remained ou the home farm until he was about t^\-enty-three years of age. On November 8. 1899. he was iniited in marriage with Miss Glendora Turner, a daughter of Wilson Turner. They remained on the Schram farm until March, 1900, when they moved to the Wilson Turner farm and lived there until after the death of Father Schram, when he again took charge of the homestead for his mother. In 1903 he rented 200 acres of land on Section 11, Mason Township, and has been unusually suc- cessful in his farming operations and raising of cattle and other stock. He has some fine Clydes- dale and Percheron horses, noble looking animals, and his hogs are of the Poland-China breed, while his cattle ore of the Red Durham variety. He owns an interest in a thorough-bred Percheron stallion, which was imported by Gibson and Crampton, of Greenup, 111. Mr. Schram is a Democrat in politics, and be- longs to the order of Modern Woodmen of Amer- ica, while Mrs. Schram is an interested member of the Royal Neighbors. She is also a member of the Christian Church, and in addition it may be said of this estimable lady, that she is a house- wife of such excellence that she not only makes a happy atmosphere for her husband, but makes her home inviting to others by her hospitalitj'. SCHWERMAN, Joseph P.— The business of con- ducting a dairy is one of the most profitable a farmer can have, provided he knows how to caiTy it ou proi^erly. Joseph P. Schwerman, of Section 9, Douglas Township, Effingham County, is a man who has won success in all his enterprises, and now is an extensive farmer, stock raiser and dairyman. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. March 25, 1851, a .son of Joseph P. and Elizabeth (Eppke) Schwerman, both natives of Germany, who came to America before their marriage, and were married in Cincinnati. Joseph F. Schwer- man was a contractor for canal building and rail- road work, and had some very large contracts in both lines of work while he lived in Ohio and aLso a contract for three miles of the Illinois Central Railroad at Effingham. After coming to Effingham Couuty he bought laud in Teutofwlis Township, which he farmed for three years, when he bought a farm of 200 acres on Section 30, west of Effingham, and this he developed into one of the best farms in that part of the county. No man stood higher in public esteem than he, and for twenty-five years he served as Highway Commissioner, and under his administration many improvements were made. He also served for many years as School Director, and being well educated himself, he be- lieved in giving the children good schools and capable teachers. He was a public-spirited man, full of energy, and had the ability to secure good service both in public and private life. In poli- tics he was a Democrat and in religious faith a Catholic, but respected the views of others. Beginning his pioneer life in Effingham County in a log cabin, Mr. Schwerman worked hard to develop his home. In time he built a beautiful brick residence, and spent his last years in com- fort and plenty, which he had earned himself. Coming to this counhy a Iwy of eighteen, he soon found work and sent for his mother, caring for her tenderly until her death. As his own family grew up. he gave his children a good education, and started them in life. His death occurred in March. 1905. bis wife having died in 1899, both passing away after well-si^ent, happy lives. The children born to these parents were : Joseph P. Scuwerman : Anton, a farmer of Summit Town- ship : John, on the old farm ; Mary, wife of Clem Hoffman, a farmer of Douglas Township ; Tracy, wife of Herman Vogt. of Watson Township; and Clem, in the old home. Joseph P. Schwerman was only four years old when his father and mother came to Effingham County, and he was educated in the district school and in Effingham, later attending the 852 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Normal School at Normal. III., and for three years was a teacher in St. Anthony's Catholic School at EfHngham. In lS7(i he rented land and oper- ated 12.3 acres. During those days he cut his crops with a cradle, and was successful. In June. 1878. he married Mary Ungrund, also born in Cincinnati, and brought to Effingham County by her parents, who located on a farm in Summit Township, west of Effingham, but both are now deceased. After their marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Schwerman settled on ICiO acres set aside for him by his father and mother. Mr. and Mrs. Schwerman put up a house, and then commenced housekeeping in it. To this he has added until he now owns 350 acres of splendid farm land, and has always maintained a leading place among the farmers of his neighborhood. Mr. and Mrs. Schwerman have had four children : Lawrence, who died April 5, 1888 ; Lizzie, died at the age of five years April 19, 1888 ; Tracy and Mary, both at home. Mr. Schwerman is a Democrat, and for ten years was the successful candidate of his party for the position of Supervisor. While on the board Mr. Schwerman did all in his power to secure a just and honest administration, and looked carefully after the interests of the people. He served on all the committees during his long term of service, and was a strong, conscientious member of the board. Probably no man of Effing- ham stands any higher in the counsels of the party than he, and his endorsement of a man or measure is all that is needed. He and his family belong to St. Anthony's Catholic Church of Effing- ham, and Mr. Schwerman is prominent in it. He has been permitted to witness man,v remarkable changes in the count.v since his arrival here fift.v-four years ago. and many of them have come about through his personal influence and public- spirited activity. SCOTT, Emmett, — The agriculturists of twenty or more years ago, as a general rule, gave their entire attention to the growing of crops and the cultivation of their fields, but the later generation of farmers have combined their farming opera- tions with those of daii-j-ing and cattle-raising, and have found that this method, if properly managed, brings success. Enmaett Sc-ott, a pros^ perous young farmer and dairyman of Section 20, Watson Township, ^as born on the farm he now owns. October 27, 1876, a son of the late Dr. Wil- liam F. Scott, a sketch of whose life and achieve- ments is to be found in another part of this pub- lication. Emmett Scott was reared on the home farm and given a good education in the district schools of his native localitj-. and has .spent his entire life on the old family homestead, with the excep- tion of three years spent in Oklahoma. He took charge of the farm while still a youth, his father being in poor health, and under his management it has bec-ome one of the best cultivated farms in the Watson district. For many years he car- ried on general farming, but in 1905 took up dairying as a side line, and now has fourteen head of fine Holstein and Durham cattle. The farm, originally comprising 120 acres, now con- sists of 180 acres of land, and Mr. Scott has made numerous improvements in the way of buildings, fencing, etc. Mr. Scott's reputation among his fellow townsmen is an enviable one. and their confidence in his ability and integrity has been evidenced by his election to the office of Highway Commissioner on the Democratic ticket. Fra- ternally, he is connected with the Odd Fellow and Yeomen Lodges of Watson. On November 12. 1905, Mr. Scott was united in marriage with Nora Pontius, who was born in Jackson Township, Effingham County, 111., Jan- uary 22, 1882, and to this union there have been born two children : Lee Douglas, born November 14, 1906, and Walter Franklin, born May 10. 1908. Mrs. Scott is a member of the Baptist Church and is prominent in church and social circles. SCOTT, James R., M. D., the Nestor of the med- ical profe.ssion in Effingham County, and for years a prominent and useful citizen of Edgewood, is one of the representative and interesting men of his section of Illinois. He is a mine of knowledge concerning people and events for years back, and has held such intimate relations with all that has contributed to advance both city and county, that a brief personal record of him cannot fail to interest readers of this work. He was born in Kentucky, near Brunerstown, September 13, 1840. a son of Warner L. and Malinda (Decker) Scott. Warner L. Scott, who for many years followed merchant tailoring, at one time worked in the same shop as did Andrew Johnson, who later be- came President of the United States. Mr. Scott married Malinda Decker, a native of Bruners- town, K.V.. at which place three of their five chil- dren were born. The two survivors are James R., of Edgewood, and Taletha J., who married E. P. Thorp and now resides at Centralia, 111. In 1841 the Scott family moved to Petersburg. Ind., where the father embarked in a mercantile business, re- maining until 1860. when he removed to Centralia. From there, in 1806. he movd to Jackson, Tenn., and it was in that section that he made his first experiments and proved the value of the Goodell Strawberry. He also was the founder of the fruit and vegetable shipping Industry in that sec- tion, and supplied many southern cities. He died In the South in 1869. and was laid to rest near Duquoin. 111. His widow made her home with her daughter at Centralia, where she died in 1895. In his boyhood. Dr. Scott accompanied his par- ents to Petersburg. Ind., where he was educated, his teacher in the High School being A. T. Hen- dricks, a brother of Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks, who was Vice-President of the United States dur- ing the administration of President Grover Cleve- land. From the High School, Mr. Scott went into the office of Dr. J. K. Adams and then worked for a time at the printer's trade, in the meanwhile keeping up his medical studies under ?i(^^.yy^Y^ EFFINGHAM COUNTY 853 the direction of Dr. Adams. In 1860 he entered the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, from which he was graduated in the class of 1SC2. His ambition was to secure a medical appoint- ment in the army as an aid to his practice, and. after being examined by the Medical Board at Louisville, Kj., he was made first assistant sur- geon and sent to the Third Kentucky Infantry, U. S. A. The commander of his regiment was Colonel (afterwards Governor) Thomas E. Bramlette. Dr. Sc-ott remained with that regi- ment until October, 1804, leaving it at Joues- boro, Ga., when he was sent to Louisville and honorably discharged. He then returned to Ceu- tralia, where his sister was living, but in the following winter returned to Louisville. He then accepted an appointment as contract physician in the Jeffersonville (Ind.) Hospital, under Dr. Goldsmith, taking charge of Wards 19 and 20, where he remained until March, 18(55. Then he was sent to Nashville, Tenn., and put in charge of a hospital there, and was iu that city when the assassination of President Lincoln occurred. Dr. Scott then returned to Centralia and, on May 12, 1865, located in Mason Township. Effing- ham County, where he entered into partnership with Dr. G. W. Cornwell. In 1867 the latter was elfited to the State Legislature and Dr. Scott carried on the work of the firm until 1870, when it was dissolved. Dr. Scott then coming to Edge- wood, opened up an office there. For forty-four years he has been one of the live men of Efling- ham County and, in the early days, when he an- swered the call of duty over many miles of un- broken prairie, in his mind's eye he saw the country as it is to-day. He realized better, per- haps, than would many with less chance for ob- servation or with less desire for the general wel- fare at heart, that energy, patience and industry were the levers ■which would turn the wild re- gions into cultivated lands and busy cities in a comparatively short time. These changes have come about, and he has been an active partici- pant In promoting many of them. His political bias has been Democratic and. had his profes- sional duties permitted, he might have been elected to almost any county office, so high has he always been held in public esteem. During the first administration of President Cleveland, he served as Postmaster at Edgewood and has been twice elected County Coroner. Dr. Scott was married (first) in 1866 to Mi > Mary Jacobs, who died in 1867. as did their i - fant child. In 1868 he was married (second) | 3 Amelia Perren. who died in 1869. In 1871. 3 married Mi.ss Maggie Gillmore, who survives at :, with him, enjoys the comforts of a beautif 1 home, one of the finest in Edgewood. Dr. Scott owns considerable realty in this cit}'. together with his drug store, and for the last five years has devoted much of his time to his drug busi- ness, feeling that the hard practice of his younger years was better attended to by the later day physicians. There are those, however, who still feel that they must rely upon his strength and knowledge and experience, and this is hardly to be wondered at when the record shows that he has been present at the birth of 2,000 children in Effingham County, and in turn has waited on their children and their grandchildren. For forty- three years he has been identified with the Ma- sonic fraternity. Both he and wife are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. SCOTT, Dr. William F. (deceased).— On June 8, r.i(i7. when occurred the death of the venerable Dr. William F. Scott, soldier, farmer, optician, educator and township official, Effingham County, 111., lost one of its representative men, and oiie who, during a long and useful life, had always been prominent in important movements and innovations. Dr. Sc«tt was born in Jack- •son Township, Effingham County, April 20, 1841, a .son of Dr. John O. Scott, a native of Virginia. The latter was born iu 1805, emigrated to Ten- nessee in 1823 and to Effingham County, 111., in 18.30, settling in Jackson Township, where he became acquainted with Miss Martha Parkhurst, a native of Tennessee, who became his wife and l)ore him five children : Owen, of Decatur, 111. ; Thomas and Elisha of Missouri ; Dr. AVilliam F., and Samautha Ann, who became the wife of Mat- thew Gillespie, and died leaving about nine children. Dr. John O. Scott was a man of wonderful endurance, and followed his chosen profession until within a few years of his death, which occurred in 1892, at the home of his son, Dr. W. F. Scott. William F. Sc-ott was educated in the district school.s. also attending a normal school for a time, and en his return to his home local- ity became a teacher, continuing this in connec- tion with farming until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he enlisted in Company E, Seventy- first Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry, with which he went to Columbus, Ky. The hardships of a strenuous campaign soon broke down his health and he became disabled for duty in the ranks, finally being sent to the Marine Hospital at Chicago. On his return to his regiment, he was made Quartermaster Sergeant, and as such his duties were the caring for the horses bought for use in the army. On receiving his honorable discharge from the service of his country, he re- turned home and again took up teaching as a pro- fession. In Jasper County, 111., Mr. Scott was united in marriage with Melissa Blackford, born in Jefferson County, Ind., November .30, ia52, a daughter of Martin and Mary (Crawford) Black- ford, natives of Jefferson County. For ten years after his marriage Dr. Scott continued teaching, but finally settled down to farming, only still later to become an optician, and as such he gained an enviable and widespread reputation in Effingham County. Dr. Scott continued to carry on this occupation until the time of his death, and his success in cases of a complicated nature won him the respect, confidence and esteem of the people throughout this section. He had been a brave and faithful soldier, a noted and popular 854 EFFINGHAM COUNTY educator and a successful farmer, and in his last effort he reached the goal with as much suc- cess. Politically a Democrat, he was one of the leaders of his party in Effingham County, and served in the capacities of Trustee. Justice of the Peace, School Trustee and Highway Commis- sioner. He belonged to the Masonic Lodge at Watson. While not a member of any particular religious denomination, he was generous in the promotion of all worthy movements, and was kindly and charitable to all who sought for aid. To Dr. and Mrs. Scott were born a family of eight children, namely : Lola, born September 7, 1S72, now the wife of Henry Lane of Shuuiway ; Ninta G.. born August 2, 1S74. wife of George Austin of Effingham ; Emmet R.. born October 27, 1876, a farmer of Watson Township; Ethie E.,' bom February 19, 1870, wife of Arthur Miles- worth of Effingham; Worley F., born July 11. ISSl. a business man of Johnson Creek. Mich.; AVorten. born March 11, 1S84, was last heard from when in Montana ; John Owen, born No- vember 27, 18S(J. a teacher In the schools of Ef- fingham County; and Tressa M., born October 25, 189.S, living at home with her widowed mother on the old homestead. SHEA, John. — No man can attain the honor of occupying the highest office within the gift of a municipality unless he is iwssessed of more than average ability and knows how to make his work count for something. When he leaves the office after a successful occupancy, he has every reason to be proud of what he has accomplished. John Shea. Mayor of Effingham, 111., whose eound, business-like administration is meeting with universal approbation, is a native of Day- ton, Ohio, born April 12, 1854, a son of Timothy and Ellen (Marriety) Shea, natives, respectively, of County Kerry and County Kildare, Ireland, who were married in America. After marriage they located in Crawfordsvllle, Ind., and ten years later moved to Vigo, Ind., where the father "lived until his death, in 1888. the mother having died in 1859. By occupation he was a farmer and a worthy, good man. Ma.vor Shea is the eldest in the family of three children born to his parents, all of whom are living. Mr. Shea was educated in the district schools of Vigo County. Ind., but the greater part of his learning was obtained in the school of experience. Working on the farm until he was twenty. Mr. Shea came in the spring of 1874 to Effingham, and became employed in the Vandalia Railroad shops, where he worked three years. In 1877 he went to Bell County. Tex., and engaged in mill- ing, but two years later came back to Effingham and embarked in butchering business, in which he has since continued with marked success. As one of the live Democrats of Effingham County. Mr. Shea has been very active, and has been a member of the City Council since 1885. with the exception of two terms. In 1907 he was hon- ored by election to the office of Mayor, and has been one of the best officers the city has ever known. An excellent business man himself, Mr. Shea has endeavored to conduct the city's affairs upon business lines, and his success has been re- markable. Like all his family, Mr. Shea is a Catholic in religious belief, and is one of the church's most liberal supporters. On December 22, 1879, Mr. Shea was mar- ried, at Effingham, 111., to Carrie Reinhardt, born in Jacksonville, 111., March 29, 1858, daughter of Fied Reinhardt (born In Germany) and his wife, Anna (Bergiman) Reinhardt (born in St. Louis). Mrs. Shea died March 30, 1889, leaving three children : T. J., who married Catherine Sheets, and they reside in East Chicago, where he is en- gaged in railroad clerical work, has one child ; Leonard, died when four years and six months old ; and J. C. who is employed as an operator on the Vandalia Railroad. On November .3, 1902, Mr. Shea married Josephine Sauer, and they have two litle ones: Madeline and Eugene T., both at- tending school. Mr. Shea is an excellent example of the self- made man. Successful in business affairs, prom- inent politically, popular among a wide circle of friends, beloved by his family, Mr. Shea is a man to be envied, and when it is remembered that it was a poor boy with but a limited education who attained his present position, some idea may be gained of what he has accomplished and a proper amount of credit be given him. SHUBERT, William H.— One of the most notable examples of self-made men to be found in Effing- ham County is William II. Shubert, of Altamout, 111., who, beginning as a stable-boy, has (at the age of thirtj--flve years) risen to the position of President of the First National Bank. Mr. Shu- bert was born February 5, 1875. at Holton. Rip- ley County. Ind., the fifth child and third son of the ten children born to Daniel M. and Abigail (Cox) Shubert. the fonner a native of Ken- tucky and the latter of Indiana. The father now resides at Neoga, 111., where the mother died. He comes of German stock, while the Cox family (formerly siwlled Ctoke) were early settlers of A'irginia, where they were extensive slave-own- ers, but freed their slaves prior to the Civil War. William H. Shubert was a child of three years when his parents removed to Neoga, Cumberland County, 111., and there he attended the public schools, later entering the Central Normal Col- lege, and finally taking a course at the Gem City Busine.ss College, from which he was graduated with the degree of Master of Accounts. He had not been able, however, to secure his education without some trouble, as his finances were low, and when seventeen years of age he had taught school for a time and worked in a livery stable for seven sunmiers at ,$15 a month. When but twenty -one years of age he was elected Tax Col- lector of Cumberland Ctounty, which enabled him to finish his education at the business college. His first banking experience was in the Cum- berland County National Bank, at Neoga. from which he went to Greenup, 111., as Cashier of the Feltner Bank, in 1899, continuing in that capacity for two years, and assisting in consoli- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 855 dating that institution with the People's Banlj, also of Greenup. 111., a private institution, the name being changed to the First National Bank, of which he was Cashier and Director, holding a Directorship until 1909. He is connected with the Coles County State Bank, at JIattoon, 111. In 1007 Mr. Shubert came to Altamout, and in that year organized the First National Bank, with himself as President ; H. Scbwerdtfeger, Vice-President ; J. L. Brummerstedt, Assistant Cashier, and the following Board of Directors : Messrs. W. H. Shubert, H. Sehwerdtfeger, R. H. Osborne, G. M. Baker (M. D.), Edward Lauge and J. E. Rhodes. In two and oue-half years this enterprise has grown from a small begin- ning to a business approximating $200,000 in de- posits, and is located in its own handsome, sub- stantial structure. While a resident of Greenup Mr. Shubert was successful in drawing Andrew Carnegie's atten- tion to the town, and the latter donated a public librai-y, Mr. Shubert acting in the capacity of Director and President of the Library Board for three years. He was the organizer of the Green- up Broom Company, of which he is still a Direc- tor, and of the Greenup Machine Company, of which he is Vice President. He is the owner of considerable farming land in Ettingham County, a cotton plantation in Arkansas and laud In the Dakotas and Oklahoma. Politically a Republi- can, he served as Census Enumerator in Neoga, Cumberland County. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Fraternally Mr. Shubert is connected with the Masons, the Knights of Pythias, the Order of the Eastern Star, the Tribe of Ben Hur, the Modern Wood- men, the Sons of Veterans and the Odd Fellows. He is Vice President of the Altamont Public Library. On September 28, 1904, Mr. Shubert was mar- ried, at Mulberry Grove, III., to Bessie Osborne, daughter of Rev. Ralph H. and Sarah (Catlin) Osborne, residents of Mulberry Grove. SHUMAKER, David.— Effingham County has had the privilege of honoring many of the veter- ans of the Civil War, some of whom still survive, although the ma.iorlt.v have alread.v answered the last roll call. Among the latter of this class of whose record the people of Effingham County had reason to be proud, was David Shumaker, of West Township, a fonner successful farmer and honored citizen, but who passed away May 17, 1910. Mr. Shumaker was born on a farm eight miles east of Lancaster, Fairfield Ctounty, Ohio, September 3, 1844, a son of John and Mary (or Polly (Friesner) Shumaker. The grandfather of the latter was an officer in Washington's army and spent a winter at Valley Forge. His son, Frederick C, the maternal grandfather of Mr. Shumaker. was a Virginian by birth, and was the youngest of his father's children. Frederick C. Friesner moved to Fairfield County. Ohio, where his death occurred. John Shumaker, the father of David Shumaker, was born in Penn- sylvania, and moved to Ohio with his parents when eighteen years of age. He began farming in Fairfield Count.v, and before he was married, hauled lumber with a five-horse team and built one of the first mills in that county. His wife lived but a short time after the birth of David, Fbo was her second child, her death occurring In 1845. The second wife of John Shumaker was Mrs. Rebecca (Brery) Turner. John Shumaker died iu Fairfield County, when fifty-four years of age. He had two children by his first marriage, and eight by his second, as follows: Malinda' Mrs. Daniel Everett, of Ohio; David; Mary' Mrs. John Seifert of Fairfield County; Eli, a Methodist minister of Crawford County, Ohio; Martha. Mrs. Aaron Lutz of Fairfield 'County ; John W., of Allen County. Ohio; Sophia Hester Mrs. O'Hare of Fairfield County: William h' on the home farm in Ohio; Annie, Mrs. Frank Seifert of Somerville. Kan., and Clara. David Shumaker attended public school until he was sixteen years old. at the same time working on the farm. In 1S62 he enlisted as a private at Lancaster, Ohio, in Company A. Seventeenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, under Captain B. F Butterfield and Colonel John McConnell, the lat- ter being succeeded by Colonel Durbin Ward. They first went into camp at Cincinnati, but later were sent to join the Army of the Cumberland. The first battle in which the regiment partici- pated was that at Crab Orchard, Kv.. but in all Mr. Shumaker took part in tbirtv-five engage- ments, and after a brave and loval service w'as discharged at Louisville, Ky., at the close of the war. Returning home the young hero resumed his farming operations, and on October 4, 1866 was married to Sarah Ann Seitz, who was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, the daughter of Daniel and Catherine Seitz. She died in 1S74 a con- .sistent member of the Methodist Church. Their children were: Edward S. of Indianapolis; Cora Belle, Mrs. Charles Caldwell of West Township; George W., of Ma.son Township; Katv Ann Mrs' Bert Caldwell of Nebra.ska ; Willie," of Jackson Township. The second wife of Mr. Shumaker was Maria Smith of St. Elmo, 111., daughter of the late Leonard Smith, and they became the parents of three children: Charles A at home- Jennie F., Mr. F. S. Lovett, of Mattoon. 111., and Raymond Alva, of Mason Township, a mail car- rier. Some time after his first marriage. Mr. Shu- maker moved to Darke County. Ohio, where he was engaged in farming operations until his re- moval to West Township. Effingham County, III in 1873. Here he bought lOO acres of land which continued to be his home until his death. In addition he owned forty acres in Mason Town- ship. This land was partly improved when he bought it, but he still further improved it, becom- ing in his later .vears the owner of an excellent farm. Mr. Shumaker was a member of Ran- some Post, No. 99, G. A. R., which was organized twenty-six years ago, and of which at the time of his death he was serving his eleventh year as Commander. He was also a member of the Gil- 856 EFFINGHAIVI COUNTY more Methodist Churcb, and had been one of its Trustees from the time It was built. As may naturally be inferred from bis war record, he was a life-long Reiiublicau. During his last years he served as Justice of the Peace, his death, as already explained, occurring May 17, 1910. He was widely known and universally resi>ected for his many excellent traits of character. SMITH, John Henry Clay.— After many yeara siient in cultivating the soil in any one vicinity, the average Illinois farmer is loath to turn over his life work into other hands, but on coming to a realization that the time has come for him to retire from active pursuits and settle down to the enjoyment that bis years of toil have earned for bim.'he invariably moves to the nearest town or village and there becomes one of its best citizens. John Henry Clay Smith, a highly es- teemed resident of Altamont, 111., now living retired was born on a farm near Laurel, Frank- lin County, Ind., April 20. IS-'ll. a son of Sum- ner G. and Sally (Buckley) Smith, and a grand- son of James and Elizabeth (Tanner) Smith. Sumner G. Smith, who was a soldier of the War of 1812, under Colonel Strattou, came to Franklin County, Ind., after bis marriage, and took up government land, on which he resided until be was more than eighty years of age, when his son John H. C. Smith, brought both his par- ents to' his home In Illinois, and here they spent the remainder of their days. They were mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Mr. Smith was a Whig and later a Republican in politics. The children born to this worthy couple were: Hannah, who died young; James B who died in Iowa ; Sarah, who married Ben Pa'rtlow and died In Effingham County: John Henry Clav : Nathan B., of Avena. 111., who mar- ried Miss Toolev ; David, a store-keeper, who was killed by the Indians in New Mexico; and Eliza- beth who married Samuel Smootz, of Joplin. Mo ' Only three of these are now living, namely : John Henry Clay, Nathan B. and Elizabeth (Mrs. Smootz). . ,.,,.. John Henry Clay Smith received his education in the old-fashioned log schoolhouse of his day, with its open fireplace, puncheon seats, slab desks and greased paper window, and when not at school he was busy with the duties of the farm such as fell to the share of any pioneer boy of his time. A poor boy, he came to Illinois m 185.3, and -settled in the Devore Settlement in Summit Township, Effingham County, but later pur- chased eighty acres in Moccasin Township. On July 16 18.54, he was married to Mary Ann De- vore. daughter of Judge James Devore, and re- sided on the Devore place until 1856, when he removed to Moccasin Township. Here he re- sided until 1893. with the exception of three years spent in Iowa, near Indianola, and his ifarming operations were so successful that the original eighty acres had grown to 216 at the time he was ready to retire. He was for many years a breeder of blooded horses and cattle, and lie has bred some of the finest animals that ever came from this State, Including ''Adonis," the famous coach horse, and "Armstrong," a noted I'ercherou .stallion, the latter of which he still owns. In addition to being well known as a farmer and stock-raiser, Mr. Smith has been prominent in public affairs, and during his resi- dence in Moccasin Township he served as (Don- stable, during which time there were but three arrests, he being an advocate of peaceful meth- ods in .settling an argument. For fifty years he has been Class Leader in the Methodist Epis- copal Church, haying joined that denomination at the age of eighteen years, and he has also served as Steward, Trustee and President of the Board. He is a Republican in political mat- ters. To Mr. and Mrs. Smith have been born four children : William H., a farmer of Dexter, III., •who married Annie Taylor ; Rachel, who died at twenty years of age ; Nathan Albert, of Ne- braska, who married Nancy Blackwell ; and Da- vid, a farmer of Dexter, who married Katy Tay- lor. January 17. 1900, Mrs. Smith died, and was buried at Dexter January 29, 1901. Mr. Smith married as his second wife Mrs. Elizabeth (Car- penter) Turner, widow of W. W. Turner, ojt Fayette County, 111. Mrs. Turner's first hus- band was a veteran of the Civil War. She had one daughter, who died August 2, 1904, and has four grandchildren, all living, and one grandson, a soldier in the Regular Army, now stationed at Monterey, Cal. SMITH, Serela R. (Kirby). — One of the venerable ladies of Jackson Township, who has seen many changes take place in Effingham County since her arrival here many years ago, is Mrs. Serela R. (Kirby) Smith, who is now living on her ex- cellent farm in Jackson Township. She was bom in Smith County, Tenn., January 6, 1837, the daughter of Shepherd and Elizabeth (Good) Kirby. Both Shepherd Kirby and bis wife were born in Tennessee, the former in 1805 and the latter in 1807. and they were married and spent their lives in that State. She died in 1847 and was buried in Defeated Creek neighborhood, having borne her husband nine children, eight of whom grew to maturity, one dying when fifteen years of age, w-bile four are now living. After the death of his first wife Mr. Kirby married again, his second wife being Almire Clark, by whom he had two children. Shepherd Kirby died in 1885. his widow surviving him several years. Serela R. Kirby was educated In the subscrip- tion schools of Macon C\mnty Tenn.. and was there married, October 2, 1853. to Joseph A. Smith, who was born in Limestone County, Ala., November 11. 1831, a son of Ezekiel and Mary (Shank) Smith, the former a native of Virginia and the latter of Georgia, both of whom died in Tennessee. They were the parents of nine children, he being" the youngest in order of birth. Mr. Smith resided at home until eigh- teen years of age, when he came to Tennessee, and "after marriage, settled on a farm there EFFINGHAM COUNTY 857 until 1866. He was drafted for service in the Confederate army, but enlisted in tlie Union cause, October 28, 1863, as a member of Com- pany E, First Regiment. Tennessee Volunteer Mounted Infantry, serving one and one-half years successively as Second and First Leuten- ant. and being discharged January 22. 1865, at Gallatin. Tenn., by reason of expiration of ser- vice. The company was commanded by Capt. James S. Bonham. After the completion of his service, he returned to his family and, in 18*36, came to Illinois, settling in Effingham County, soon thereafter purchasing the farm on which his widow now resides. He made numerous im- provements on the place, and at the time of his death owned 190 acres. Mr. Smith died on this farm September 10, 1905, and was buried at the Jackson Church, in Jackson Township, of which he and his wife were members. He was a stanch Republican in politics, and served as As- sessor of Jackson Township, as well as Postmas- ter at Osker Post Office. He belonged to Alta- mont Post, Grand Army of the Republic. Mr. Smith carried on a general line of farming, and in his efforts was very successful. He was known as a successful farmer and good citizen, and in his death the county lost one of its rep- resentative men. Mrs. Smith, who is respected and esteemed througbout Jackson Township, is now living a quiet, retired life on the farm where she has spent so many years. Thirteen children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Smith, and the eleven survivors are now all married. The order of birth was as follows : Frances M.. born August 19, 1854: Harriet E., born April 20. 1856; Cicero C bom May 7. 1S58; Cj-dney S.. born September 17. 1860; Eli S.. de- ceased, born October 19. 1862 ; Jincy C, born December 16, 1864; .Joseph E.. deceased, bom November 4. 1867 ; Owen S.. born February 1.3, 1870; .John M.. hom July 13. 1872; Lou R.."born December 24. 1874; Edward G., born February 17, 1877; Royal L.. born November 3. 1879: and Rosie D., born June 2. 1883. SNOOK, John R., who has held the position of Postmaster of Altamont, III., for the past ten years, is one of the best known citizens of his part of the State, and is honored as a veteran of the Civil War. He was born April 23. 1847. at Greensburg. Decatur County. Ind.. a son of Wil- liam H. and Sarah B. (Robbins) Snook, both well known families of Decatur County. The son of a successful merchant tailor, young Snook attended the district schools of his day. and at the age of fifteen years became self-sup- porting, working as a helper in a blacksmith shop. When but sixteen years of age he en- listed as a private. May 16. 1864. in Company A. One Hundred Thirty-fourth Regiment. Indiana Volunteer Infantry. Capt. .Joseph Drake and Col- onel .James Gavin, commanding, which was as- signed to the Army of the Cumberland under General Thomas. After some hard and vigorous fighting, during which he proved his bravery as a soldier, Mr. Snook was honorably discharged at Indianapolis, at the expiration of his term of service. His father fought in the Seventh and Seventy-second Indiana Volunteers, and his brother. William L.. was a musician in the Sev- enth Regiment. After his return from the army, Mr. Snook learned the galvanized iron and cor- nice business, which he followed for many years, and then moved to Chicago, where until 1886 he was engaged in a produce commission business. In the .vear mentioaed he came to Altamont, and with his brother founded a commission business, which was successfully carried on until 1900, when Mr. Snook received his .appointment as Postmaster, from President McKinley, and has continued to act in that capacity to the present time. Mr. Snook is a stanch Republican, and has been an active worker for the interests of his party. He has served as Mayor and Alderman, as a member of the School Board, and was elected by his congressional district doorkeeper of the con- vention nominating McKinley in 1896. He Is Vice President of the .\ltamont Canning Com- pany. He has been iirominent in Grand Army of the Republic matters, first joining at Emmets- burg and, in 1888. removing his membersbip to Robert Anderson Post, No. 6:32, Altamont. in which he has served as Commander, and for the past twelve years has been Adjutant. He is a member and trustee of Altamont Presbyterian Church. Jlr. Snook was first married in 1878 to Miss Elizabeth Robbins. of Greensburg, Ind., who died eighteen months later, one child having been born which died in infancy. Later Mr. Snook married as his second wife Minnie P. Stevens. They have no children. STALLINGS, Henry, one of the oldest residents of Effingham County, 111., was born in Posey County. Ind.. June 8. 1821, a son of Benjamin and .\nna Stallings, who emigrated from In- diana to Effingham County. 111., in the year 1825. The Stallings family settled on a tract of gov- ernment land in Town 8 North, Range 7 East of the Third Principal Meridian, and their nearest neigbbors at first were at least twelve miles dis- tant. Here Mr. Stallings, surrounded by a few skulking Indians, a goodly number of wolves and other wild animals, could truly exclaim. "I am monarch of all I survey. My right there is none to dispute." He built a primitive house and es- tablished a home for his family. He was a na- tive of North Carolina, moved from his native State to Posey County, and a few years later niade the trip to Illinois, taking with him his wife and three children — Jackson, Henry and Susan. He brought his household goods and his children on one pack-horse, and he and his wife walked most of the way. After they left Vin- cennes they were without any guide except the old Indian trails and those made by the Govern- ment surveyors. In their new home in Effing- ham County the family endured all the hard- ships and privations incident to i)ioneer life, their nearest trading point of that day being y 858 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Vincennes or Vandalia. Mr. Stalliugs had prac- tically to support his family with his rifle, as their main food was venison and other wild game. It is recounted by his son Henry, who was of an age to remember their trials, that for one wuole year the family subsisted on venison and wild honey. Thus surrounded by difficulties and hardships! this sturdy pioneer reared his family of eight children, four of whom survive, viz. : Henry. Susan. Telitha and Amanda, the young- est born in 1830. For some years after Benjamin Stalliugs first settled in Illinois it was impossible to raise any kind of grain for bread, as the deer, wild tur- keys, squirrels and prairie chickens would eat it up or destroy It before it could ripen. He never owned any land In Illinois, raising his family on government land, and when the neighborhood became more settled, he sold his claim and moved to a point where there were few settlers. He died in Effingham County, in 1851, his wife sur- viving him but a short time. Henry Stalliugs grew to manhood under all the privations, adversities and hardships above mentioned, and had no chance to attend school in his boyhood, as there was no teacher or school in the neighborhood of his father's home. As a young man, he learned the carpenter's trade and worked at it and at blacksmithing. becoming a useful man in the neighborhood. He also devel- oped a talent for music and became a good per- former on the violin, being much in demand at the eountiT dances. In 1846 Mr. Stalliugs married Mi.ss Louisa Masquelette, and to this union six children were born, two of whom are now living, namely : John and Francis Joseph. Mrs. Stalliugs died in I860 and is buried in the Catholic Cemetery at Teu- topolis. Mr. Stalliugs married (second), in 1871, Mrs. Cresentia Hipp, and to this luiion was born one son. who died in early manhood, leaving a widow. Jlr. Stalliugs was always fond of hunting and all outdoor pioneer sports, and In early days kept his table well supplied with the choicest wild meats. He has always been a kind, obliging neighbor, a respected citizen and a peaceable. Christian gentleman. He is a member of the Roman Catholic Church, and politically Is a Democrat. He now lives retired in his quiet, comfortable home, on a little farm about three miles from the City of F.fflngham. having a life- interest In the estate. He is active for his age. does considerable light work looking after his home interests, and everj- few days drives in his huggv to the city. He is cared for by the widow of his deceased son. STETTBACHER, Hermann. — After spending long years in the hard and unceasing work of the .igriculturist and accumulating competen- cies sufficient so that they may relinquish active labor, many of the citizens of Effingham County have turned over their property to the care of others, and are spending their declining years in nearby towns and cities, retired from activities and enjoying the fruits of their early labors. One of the highly esteemed retired citizens of Alta- mont. 111., is Hermann Stettbacher, who was for many years a farmer of Ma.son Township. He was born March 31, ]}?H4, in Zurich, Switzerland, where his father followed the vocation of teacher for forty-five years. In his native coun- try the young man formed the acquaintance of the American Consul, Mr. Fay. He had at- tended the schools of his native city until six- teen years of age. one of his schoolmates being Charles Riemenschueider, son of the first mis- sionary .sent to Switzerland by the Methodist Episcopal Church. A ueighbor, Henry Bosshart, a man of letters, had spent two years In the United States, and returned with glowing ac- counts of the c-ountry. Young Stettbacher be- came enthused with the Western spirit, and In 1860 came to the United States with Mr. Boss- hart, landing at New Orleans, the first week In the year 1861, after a voyage of si.xty-three days. The war fever was at that time at its height, and feeling ran high as was evidenced when one of the sailors on board the vessel threw hot cof- fee into the face of a negress cook who was serving him. They were compelled to remain In Xew Orleans for a time, as at first they could get no lx)at, and finally stole aboard a boat laden with cotton, but were discovered by the captain, who threatened to put them off at Natchez. An arrangement was made, however, that they were each to pay him four dollars, and that Mr. Stett- bacher was to help unload cotton at the different ports. At Natchez the little party had to re- plenish their rations. Mr. Stettbacher left the vessel at Memphis, having one dollar left of the five with which he had left New Orleans. He decided to buy twenty-five cents' worth of bread and in payment for the same handed the old German baker from whom he was making the purchase his dollar bill, which was refused. The only other money possessed by Mr. Stett- bacher was a silver dime, which the good-hearted old German said would do. They finally reached Cairo, where they secured fi^e passage on a boat to St. Louis, and at this city Mr. Stettbacher met a friend who was working In a drug store and gave bini assistance on his way to Trenton. 111. From there he walked nine miles through rain, slush and snow to Highland. Madison County, where he met his uncle, Solomon Stettbacher. a gardener, in whose employ he remained two years. He then spent three and one-half years as laborer on a fann of 720 acres, at Marine. On September 20. 1866. Mr. Stettbacher was married to Rosalie Faers, who was born in Schoftland. Argan. Switzerland. .July 21. 1846, and came to the United States in 18.54. landing in New Orleans with her parents and coming thence to Highland, 111. Her father. Samuel Faers. was a school teacher for twenty-two .vears in Switzerland, and her mother was Ro.sa!ie (Haldeman) Faers. After marriage Mr. and Mrs. Stettbacher resided on a rented farm two years, and he then came to Effingham County EFFINGHAM COUNTY 859 and purchased 118 acres near Edgewood, very little of which was then imjiroved. Forty acres were iu timberland, and the only buildings thereon were an old log house and a stable. The rest of Mr. Stettbaeher's active life was spent on this place, and iu liXI9 he retired and moved to Altamont, where he now makes his home. Both he and his wife joined the Evangelical As- sociation in West Township, and he was Sunday School Superintendent for sixteen years, and Trustee for a long ijeriod. In politics a Repub- lican, he served some years as School Director. The children born to Mr. and Mi-s. Stett- bacher have been as follows : Edward, a mail carrier of Altamont, married Ella Lieb ; Anna, who died young, married Edward Madge ; Charles, is an Evangelical minister in Minne- sota ; Samuel, of Mound Township, married Emma Deugoleski ; Dena, married Harve.v Young, of Effingham County ; Conrad, of Mocca- sin Township, man'ied Lillle Harrison ; Rosa, a teacher in Mahomet, 111. : Dora, married Frank Gillespie, of Mason, 111. ; Emelia, of Gibson City, 111. ; and Marie, at home. STETTBACHER, Samuel S.— Effingham County's history has been develoiied by the men who first settled in it, and more pages are constantly be- ing added by those whose lives are now being enacted. The agricultural sections of this county are extensive and productive, so that many of its residents are engaged in farming, with iirofit to themselves and benefit to their communities. Samuel S. Stettbacher, of Mound Township, is an excellent example of the pro- gressive, up-to-date Illinois farmer of to-day. He was born in the county. April 12. 1872, being a son of Herman M. and Rosalie (Faers) Stett- bacher, both natives of Switzerland, who were brought to the United States in youth. As a boy Sanmel S. Stettbacher attended the West Union School and had the advantage of studying under such teachers as Amanda Spragg, Charles Thrasher, Jennie Sites, John Thompson, Lillie Landenberg, Fanny Landenberg jind George Hightower. He; left school when nine- teen, and for five years devoted all his tune to working on the home farm, where he had been reared. On October 4, 1899, Mr. Stettbacher was united in marriage with Emma Denn. born in Madison County. 111.. February 18. 1877. daugh- ter of Edward and Christine (Ketter) Denn, both now living in Highland, 111. He was born in Prussia and sjie in St. Charles, Mo., where they were married. After marriage Mr. Stettbacher located on his present farm, which he rented three or four .years, but flnall.v bought eighty acres of it, on which he built a new eight-room house, in 1907, and the same year put up his present commo- dious barn. He is an extensive sheep raiser and has some of the finest stock in the State. Mrs. Stettbacher was educated at Marine, 111., and taught school there five years prior to her mar- riage. She and Mr. Stettbacher are consistent members of the First Methodist Church, of Alta- mont. They have both taken an active part in the Prohibition movement. They have three children : Hazel C, Emmett Wayne and Gladys Rosalie, the two oldest attending school. Mr. and -Mrs. Stettbacher are hardworking, in- dustrious, thrifty people, who have honestly earned the prosperity which they have attained. Duiing their residence in Mound Township they have won many friends and their home Is the scene of many pleasant gatherings, where they extend to their guests the liberal hospitality . which they are famed. SULLINS, Thomas B., Superintendent of the City Schools of Effigbam. is a man of scholarly tastes, highly educated and one of the best edu- cators of this part of the State. Under his ef- ficient management the schools of Effingham have attained a standard of excellence hitherto unknown in the educational history of the county, and the pupils under his jurisdiction, as well as the teachers and patrons, all appreciate the value of his work and fostering care. Mr. Sullins was born in Doniphan, Mo.. July 16, 1870. a sou of William Polk and Caroline (Huff- man) Sullins, the former born November 8, 1844 in Ripley County, Mo., and the latter in the same place, February 22, 1849. William Polk Sullins enlisted in a Missouri regiment of infantry in the Southern army and served for about a year, when the war ended. He was a prominent man, having been Sheriff of Ripley Cbunty for several years, and by occu- pation he was a farmer. The parents were mar- ried in Ripley County. July 21, 1866, and in 1878 moved to Illinois, bu.ving a farm in Madison County, where the father died March 14, 1906. The mother survives, living at Trenton, 111. Prof. Sullins attended the public schools of Madison Count.v. and later went to the Western Normal Ctollege at Bushnell, 111., and still later was graduated from the Austin College of Ef- fingham. It was always his ambition to become a teacher, and he worked steadily towards that goal, and on leaving school began teaching. For seven years he was a teacher in the public schools of Madison County, when he accepted the position of Principal of the West Side School of Effingham. His work there attracted .such attention, that, in 1907, he was made Superin- tendent of the City Schools, which position he has since filled with marked ability and distinc- tion. For fifteen years Prof. Sullins subscribed to the Presbyterian faith, but later joined the Christian Church and is very active in church work. For a number of years he has been a teacher in the Sunday school, and has an inti- mate knowledge of the Bible and church doc- trines. Fraternally he is a member of Effing- ham Camp. il. W.'a. At St. Louis. Mo., August 22. 1902. occurred the marriage of Prof. Sullins and Daisy Louise Gullick. She was born May 21. 1880. at Sebas- topol. 111., a daughter of William and Frances (Berthoux) Gullick. both born near Highland, 860 EFFINGHAM COUNTY 111. Prof, and Mrs. Sullins are the parents of two children : William Perry and Hattie Fern. Prof. Sullins has al\va.vs been too much en- gros.sed in his profession to find tinie for many social duties, but is possessed of a pleasing man- ner, is courteous to all. and has many friends wherever he has been employed. He is not con- tent with the progress he has made, but is con- stantly studying and reading, and keeps abreast of all new methods in his work. Such a teacher as he cannot fail to rai.se the standard of excel- lence, not only among the pupils, but among teachers as well, and future generations will profit by the work he is now aceomiilishing. SURRELLS, Jesse R. (deceased). — In these days when so many public officials are dishonest, the memory of those whose public characters were untainted, who held office as a .sacred trust, and took the responsibilities laid upon their shoul- ders as debts they owed their community, is very dear. The late Jesse R. Surrells, father of Mrs. George D. Gloyd, of Summit Township, Efflng- ham County, 111., is remembered as such a man. He was born in Virginia, January 10, 180.3, and died January 21, 1879, aged seventy-six .vears. Mr. Surrells came of excellent French stock and his father was one of the noble French who assisted LaFayette in supporting the American cause. When Mr. Surrells was eleven years old the family migrated tn Kcntiiokv. anil from there they moved to Indiana, whlcl) continued Surrells' home until 1S:U. when he came to Clay Countj', 111., in search of wider fields and a new home, and this continued to be his abiding place the rest of his life, with the exception of a short time, spent in Effingham County. Mr. Surrells was a raftsman going back and forth between his home and New Orleans, and upon one of these trips was stricken with cholera, but fortunately recovered. Having met with serious losses, he started out in 1850 for California, hoping to discover a fortune, and was successful, for he returned in 185.3 with plenty to settle his debts, and began his life .struggle anew. Wliile in Effingham he clerked for C. P. Falley and then for J. Mette, but after six .years in that city he returned to Clay County. The people there realized that in bim they had a thoroughly honest man, and one who could not be swerved from what he deemed to he right and .lust, so he was often called upon to fill public office. He .served as County Treas- urer for six terms, his death occurring while he was still in office; for twelve .vears was Sheriff of Clay County, and for many years v\as Justice of the Peace. During the Mexican War he raised a company, but as the quota was full, he was not allowed to serve. If he had then not passed the age limit this brave, loyal man would have enlisted during the Civil War. and he greatly regretted his inability to fight for the Union he loved so dearly, even while he was contributing generously of time and money to the cause. Death seized Mr. Surrells in the midst of a happy, useful life, although he had attained an age when most men are beginning to think of their own comfort. His time on earth was full of kindness and usefulness. His unfailing loyalty, his love of country, his ideal goodness and unflinching honesty, his capacity for work, have seldom been equalled. He always acted from the purest and best of motives, and his death was a public calamity. Mr. Surrells was three times married, had five children by his first wife, five by his second, and one by his third, who survived him. SWEAZY, David. — Although now retired from the more active duties of life, David Sweazy has borne an important part in the development and upbuilding of Effingham County. 111., and his forbears were prominent in national mat- ters. His fine farm in Liberty Township is one of the best In his locality, and its e.Kcellent con- dition testifies to his energy and thrift. Mr. Sweazy was bom iu Ohio, November 12, 1833, a son of Rev. Anthony and Susanna (Clark) Sweazy, of Green Township, Hocking County, Ohio. Anthony Sweazy was a native of New Jersey, born in 1800, a .son of Henry and Mary (Cramer) Sweazy, and received a limited education in his native State, though he became veiy proficient in writing and arithmetic. When thirteen years old he removed to Ohio, that State being then but little settled and white neighbors being far apart. He worked on his father's farm and helped clear it. At the age of twenty years he was united in marriage with Susanna Clark, a daughter of William and Susanna Clark. The Clark family, from which Susanna Clark was descended, came from England to America in Revolutiouar.v times, and William Clark was captured by Washington's force at Long Island while .serving as a drafted recruit in the British Army. Upon discovering the nature of the col- onists and their cause, he saw the justice of their side of the question and fought on their side until the end of the struggle. At the close of the war William Clark accepted the iwsition of overseer of Gen. Washington's estate. Two of his own sons were drafted into the army during the War of 1812 and Mrs. Clark followed her sons on horseback, and being a splendid horse- woman, overtook them the second day. She did all she could do to make them comfortable and was one of the many noble women of whom her countrymen were so proud. After their marriage, Anthony Sweazy and his wife continued to live in Ohio, where he and his brother-in-law took a conti-act for building part of the Ohio Canal. For a time they were successful, but they struck such hard cla.v after- ward that their former profits were eaten up by their loss. Later Mr. Sweazy returned to Hock- ing County, where he acquired IGO acres of land, which he cultivated and improved. He and his wife had children as follows: Henry, who mar- ried Ruth .\nn Miller, was a carpenter by trade EFFINGHAM COUNTY 861 and enlisted for service iu- the Civil War but was taken sicli and sent home, being afterward a cripple for years, served for years as Justice of tbe Peace, and died in 1SS2, at the age of flfty-nine years, and was tbe first person buried in Beeeher Oity Cemetery ; Catberiue Jane, mar- ried Andrew O'Hare, and Is deceased, leaving tbree cbildreu ; William, married Eleanor Kep- ler, served iu tbe Tbirty-fiftb Infantry and died February 19, 1908, after having been couflned to his room twenty-six years, was a farmer and merchant of iJeecber City; Melinda, married Ja- cob Kepler, a farmer of Effingham County, and she and her husband are both dead, she having jiassed away at the age of seventy -five years ; Hannah, married John Kepler, a farmer of Ef- fingham County, and both she and her husband are deceased ; Henderson I)., married Mary Wil- son, was a farmer of Effin;;ham County, later became a veteriuaiy surgeon and died at the age of seventy-three years ; Anthony, was an expert in the line of plastering and brick-laying, at one time had charge of the erection of 300 houses in Wichita, Kan., died in 1898 ; John, died iu In- fancy ; Susanna, married Charles Hubbard, a farmer of Effingham County, and she and her husband are both deceased ; and Lewis, was a soldier in the Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, but was taken sick and returned home, living only ten days after his arrival. William and David Sweazy were the first of their family to locate in Effingham County and, at first, took charge of a farm their father had purchased. Here the father died in September, 186-1, his wife haviug passed away in April, 1860. When twenty-three years of age David Sweazy received forty acres of his present farm and all but one of the trees on his place were planted by him. He now owns .590 acres of rich, fertile land and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad passes through a portion of his property. His house is erected on a natural elevation and well sur- roimded by shade and ornamental trees. It is one of the most comfortable residences in the neighborhood. March .5, 1856, Mr. Sweazy married Mary E. Miller, daughter of John and Susan (Want- land') Miller, of Fayette County. 111., who came to the State in 1852. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Sweazy settled on his forty-acre farm. Their children were: Cliarles M., married Delia Kier. of Fayette County, 111., and they have two ■ children and live in Ouray County. Colo.; Amanda J., wife of George E. Reynolds, of Or- leans, Neb., and they have five children; Al- verda V., wife of James P. Stevenson, and they have six children and live in Fayette County, 111.; Eliza I., wife of B. N. Miller, and they have four children and live in Nebraska ; Jesse W. and Emma F. live at home; Flora and Viola M. died in infancy; Mary Ann died in young womanhood; Lilly May died in infancy; Lewis E. married Bessie M. Field of Missouri, and they have two children and are living jn Colorado. Mrs. Sweazy died September 21, 1896. deeply mourned by her family. Mr. Sweazy married (second) March 1, 1899, Mrs. Louisa Hanks, widow of Jesse Hanks. Mr. Sweazy has been a consistent member of the United Brethren Church since he was eight- een years old. He has served several times as a member of the Grand Jury and has faithfully discharged all the duties pertaining to the posi- tion. He has been elected .several times to the office of Township Assessor. He is possessed of a genial disposition and the many friends he has made are welcomed to his home with a gen- erous hospitality. SY, Daniel. — Some of the leading farmers of Effingham County are carrying on operations on property that has been brought to a state of cul- tivation from wild swamp, prairie and timber- land by members of their own family, and take a ju.stifiable pride in that fact. Among these may be mentioned Daniel Sy, a succe.ssful agri- culturist of Mound Township and member of a prominent iiioneer family. Mr. Sy was born near the village of New Bergholtz, Niagara County, N. Y., December 21, 1849, a son of Dan- iel Sy. Daniel Sy, the grandfather of Daniel of this sketch, was born in 1777, in Prussia, Germany, near the City of Stettin. He was a soldier in the Pru.ssian Army that fought against Napoleon, and came to the United States with his son Daniel in 184.3, settling in Niagara Cbunty, N. Y., where his death occurred, his wife having passed away in Germany. His children were: John, who came to the United States and lives in New York ; Daniel and Philip. Of this family Daniel, father of Daniel of Mound Township, was born September 5, 1812, in Prussia, where he went to school until fourteen years of age and then served three years in the Army. In 1840 he came to the United States with his wife and two children, and settled in Niagara County, N. Y., on a tract of land in the timber belt, where the/ family resided in a log cabin. In 186G his son John came to Effingham County, and located on the farm now owned by Daniel Sy, erecting a small building, in which the rest of the family located on coming to this county later iu the year. The first winter was a hard one, the home being insufficiently heated and .so flimsily built that the snow would sift in through cracks in the roof and walls. One room served as kitchen, bed-room and living room, and the present comfortable home was not built until the following year. Daniel Sy, the head of this family, spent the remainder of his life on this farm, a tract of 100 acres, and here his death occurred, in 1904, his wife having passed away a few years before, and both are interred in the German Lutheran Cemetery, he having been a member of that church and for many years a Trustee. The children of Daniel and Charlotta (Goers) Sy were as follows: Fredericka, who married Christian Goers, and now lives in Altamont ; John, who now resides in New York ; Philip, de- ceased ; August, deceased ; Daniel ; Maria, who 862 EFFINGHAM COUNTY married Eruest Rehwakl, of Altaiuout; and Au- gusta, who inaiTied Philip Wurl, of Mound Township. Daniel Sy, whose name heads this sketch, at- tended a German school in New York until thir- teen years of age, and then spent three years in an English school. He accompanied his parents to Effingham County, for two winters attended school there, and was reared to the life of a farmer. On Febmary 8, 1877, he was married to Emily Grobiugieser, daughter of August Gro- biugieser. After the death of his father, Mr. Sy took charge of the home farm, and he haS' continued to operate it to the present time with such success that he is now ranked among the leading agriculturists of his township. He has made a study of soil conditions, rotation of crops and other subjects necessary to scientific farming, and the result is that he raises large crops. Mr. Sy is independent in his political views. He is a member of the Gennan Lutheran Church, in the faith of which his wife died in 1901. They were the parents of these children : Ida Louise, who married Adolph Meierhaus, of Alta- mont; Emma Augusta, at home; Julia Emily, •who married Albert Aderman. living with Mr. Sy ; and Maria Magdalena. of Springfield, 111. TAPHORN, Henry, M. D.— The medical practi- tioner of 1!»10 is a man widely different from the practitioner of ISIO or ISOO. The science of medicine has advanced more in the last half- century than it had in all the ages up to the be- ginning of the nineteenth century. While it has progressed the requirements of a physician have grown abreast, and the doctor of to-day ap- proaches his work only after years of earnest effort and careful training. Dr. Henry Taphoru of Effingham, is one of the most representative men of his class in Effingham County. He was born in Carlyle, Clinton County, 111., August 1, 1871, a son of John Gerhard and Elizabeth Tap- horn, the former Iwrn in Germany, in April, 18.30, and the latter in the same country about 18.36. John Gerhard Taphorn and his wife came to Illinois about 1855, and settled on a farm in the .southwestern part of Clinton County, where he became one of the leading Democrats of his section and was elected to a number of town- ship offices. Five sons and two daughters were born to Mr. Taphorn and wife, namely: Peter W., of Tracy, Cal.; Gerhard, a physician of Al- ton, 111.; Catherine, of Alton, 111.; Anna, a Sis- ter of Charity in Chicago; Henry, a physician of Effingham. 111. ; John G., Jr., a farmer of Becke- meyer. 111. ; Bernard N.. a merchant of Becke- meyer. and Henry, the subject of this sketch. After receiving a common school education. Dr. Taphorn left Clinton County, at the age of twenty-three years, and took a coui-se of three terms at Shurtleff College. I'pper Alton. 111. Deciding to study medicine, he left college there, to enter Washington fTniversity, at St. Louis, from which he graduated with degree of M. D.. in 18U8. In IttOO he moved to East St. Louis, 111., where he received an appointment as Firsi Assistant Physician in St. Mai-y's Hospital, where he remained four years. Following this he entered into general practice, in which work he has been remarkably successful. H e is ranked among the most efficient and skillful physicians of Effingham County and has earned the confidence and respect of his patients. Aside from farming with his father. Dr. Taphorn has not engaged in any business outside his prac- tice. He has always been fond of books, and also takes an interest in out-of-door sports. He is a thoughtful, studious man, whose absorption in his profession is remarkable. Dr. Taphorn is a member of the Knights of Columbus, which he joined in .lune, 1901, and the Catholic Knights of America, which he joined March 15, 1908, being Medical Examiner for both. He is a member of the International Congre.ss of Tuberculosis, Effingham Countj Medical Society and the Illinois State Medi- cal Association. In religious faith he is a member of the Roman Catholic Church, while in politics he has always been a Democrat. June 4, 1902, Dr. Taphorn married Genevieve M. Morrissey, who was born at Alton, 111., Au- gust G 1874 and they had one child, Genevieve, torn July 15, 1904. On April 20, 1907, Dr. Tap- hom's first wife died, and on July 15, 1908, lie married (second) Miss Elizabeth Eversman, of Effingham, 111. TAPSON, Mrs. Julia, of Altamont, 111., conducts one of the largest business establishments of the city, and has done her share in building up the community and forwarding movements of pub- lic benefit. Mrs. Tapson is a native of Madison County, 111., and daughter of John Jasper and Julia (Xaegalie) Pfeninger, natives of Switzer- land, who came to the United States about fifty years ago, on a sailing vessel which took three months to make the trip. Landing at New Or- leans, they went up the Mississippi River and fir.st settled in Missouri, but on hearing that there was a Swiss settlement at Highland, Mad- ison Count.v, 111., they removed to that place in order that their children might be educated in the Swiss language. They had left three chil- dren In Switzerland, who joined them later. Mr. Pfeninger was the son of a wealthy doctor and the hardships in the new country were too much for his health, which soon broke down, and he died, leaving his young widow with five chil- dren : Julius, Sophia, Walter, Werner and Julia, all living. Mrs. Tapson grew to womanhood in her na- tive county, where she attended the public schools, as well as Elmlra College and the school at Greenville, Bond Count}*. She then taught school for a time, giving this up in order to learn the millinery business. She was married in Madison County, 111., to John Tapson, who was twrn in Plymouth, England, in 1840, and came to .\merlca at the age of nineteen years. He fol- lowed his trade of milling in Michigan and MadI- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 863 son County, 111., and after retiring from that busi- ness gave his attention to farm worli. In the spring of 1S76 Mr. and Mrs. Tapson came to Al- tamont and purchased the Tapson residence, which they rented for a time, and soon Mrs. Tapson had converted one of the rooms into a millinery store, where she began, on a small scale, a business which since then has grovv'n to be an enterpri.se of gigantic proportions and has drawn trade to Altamont from the adjoining towns and from a large country district as well. A few years after entering business Mrs. Tapson erected her present store room, which has since been enlarged, and it is now one of the largest business houses in Altamont. Mrs. Tapson al- ways carries a complete stock of everjthing in the millinery line, and in addition her room is well filled with dry goods, notions and jeweliy, making it one of the leading business centers of Altamont. Mrs. Tapson owns a quarter block right in the heart of Altamont. In 1904 she erected the postotfice building, a substantial two- story brick structure, 28x60 feet, and she has now started building a two-story structure 25x70 feet, adjoining the postofiiee on the east. She is the largest stockholder in the canning factory, o\^-ns a great deal of stock in the Fair Association and also has a farm of 120 acres ad- joining the town. Mrs. Tapson inherited about five thousand dollars from her parents and from this made her start. Mr. Tapson' death occurred December 5, 1906. He and Mrs. Tapson had no children, but reared several children, three of whom are now married, and one, an adopted daughter, Mildred, is living with Mrs. Tap.son and assisting her at the store. Mrs. Tapson belonged to the Re- formed Church for years but the last two years has attended the Presbyterian Church. TAYLOR, George F., a prominent member of the legal profession, in Effingham, 111., where he is connected with large business interests, was born in Watson Township, Effingham Coimty, Novem- ber 10, 1862, a son of John and Elizabeth H. (McKlnnon) Taylor, the former born in Ricli- land County, Ohio, January 10, 1834. and the latter in Effingham County, 111., August 16. 1840. In early boyhood John Taylor moved to South Bend, Ind., and in 1850 to Jasper County, 111., living near Island Grove until 1852, when he moved to Bishop Township, Effingham County. He lived in Effingham County at the time of his marriage to Elizabeth H. McKinnon. a daughter of William E. McKinnon, one of the pioneers of Effingham Countj-. Four children were lx)rn of this union, the only survivor of whom is the sub- ject of this sketch. John Taylor was killed in a runaway accident. August 31. 1866, and his widow continued to reside in Effingham County till her death on February 14, 1910. He was the first Assessor of Bishop Township, and the book he kept while holding that office was preserved by Peter T. Johnson, for many years Town Clerk of Bishop Township, and in 1887 was given to George F. Taylor, who values it among his most prized ixissessious. George F. Taylor's preliminary education was obtained in the public schools of Watson Town- ship and in the \'illage of Watson, and later he attended the University of Illinois, which he left before taking a degree. He remained on the farm where he was born until eighteen years old, when he began teaching school, his first term being in Watson Township. After leaving the University he taught one term in West Town- ship, two in Bishop Township and his last term In Mason Township, all in Effingham County. From early childhood he had determined to take up the study of law and, in March, 1S8G, entered the office of Judge S. F. Gilman, of Effingham, as a student, being admitted to the bar at the June Term of the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1888, since which time he has practiced his profession in Effingham. He is a Democrat in politics and has always stood for the best interests of his community, having been a leader in social, benevolent, educational and religious enterprises. He was City Attorney of Effingham three terms and has been attorney for the Effingham Build- ing & Loan Association since its inception ; has also been President of the Effingham County Tel- ephone Company since its organization in 1906. Fraternally he is connected with Effingham Lodge No. 149 A. F. & A. M. He joined the Methodist Episcopal Church at Loy Chapel when a boy, changed his membership to Effingham on locating in that citj-, and has been one of the pillars of the church since. He is a member of the Board of Trustees and served as Secretai-y of the Building Committee when the present beautiful edifice was erected. November 30, 1893 (Thanksgiving Day), Mr. Taylor was united in marriage, by Reverend B. R. Pearce, of the Methodi-st Church, to Miss Flora Phillips, who was born in Linn County, Kan., September 5, 1868, and came to Effingham County, 111., in 1877. Her father, John Phillips, was a native of Illinois and her mother, So- phronia (Robertson) Phillips, was a daughter of Duke Robertson, one of the pioneers of Effing- ham County. Mrs. Taylor was educated in the public schools of Effingham (Ttounty and gradu- ated from Altamont High School in 1885, being from that year until her marriage engaged in teaching, the last four years in the city of Ef- fingham. Two children have blessed the union of Mr. and Mrs. Taylor. Harold John and Helen June, tivins, born June .30, 189!>. THOMAS, James Rober, junior member of the well-known and reliable real estate firm of Parks & Thomas of Effingham, 111., is one of the progressive business men of his city, and belongs to a family that has been connected with the his- tory of the county for a number of years. Mr. Thomas was born October 8. 1877, in Fayette County, 111., a son of John D. and Mary ( Flem- ing) Thomas. John D. Thomas was a physician and farmer, practicing while engaged in agricul- tural pursuits. His birthplace was Cincinnati. 864 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Ohio, but he moved to Indiana and there mar- ried his wife who was a native of Evansville, tliat State. In 1877, the family came to Illinois, locating on a farm in Fayette County, near St. James, and here Dr. Thomas resided for fifteen years. Removal was then made to Effingham County, the family settling on a farm terf miles south of Altamont. Here Dr. Thomas died in 1S9S, being survived by his widow, now a resi- dent of Altamont. For five years, he served as a member of Company C, Eighth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry, and proved himself a gallant and loyal soldier. Mrs. Thomas has been the object of her son James' tender solicitude for many years, he recognizing her claim u[X)n his affec- tion, and her goodness to him all his life. After attending the country schools, James R. Thomas went to the Altamont public school, spending his boyhood on the farms owned by his parents in Fayette and Eflingham Counties. When his father died, Mr. Thomas operated an apple business for a year, then conducting a res- taurant in Altamont, until he entered a bakery in Montrose where he remained for two years. Following this, he went to Chicago and worked in a bakery there for one year. He then was employed on the Union Railroad, from which he retired in 1904, returning to Altamont. He later located in Etfiugham. becoming a member of the now well established realty firm of Parks & Thomas, which is the largest firm of its kind in Etfingham. and has charge of all the important realty transactions in that city. The partners are sound, reliable men who can always be de- pended upon to carry out their promises and to live up to their agreements. Mr. Thomas was married in 1904, at Alta- mont, to Elsie M. Rhodes, bora and reared at Altamont, whose parents came to this locality from Pennsylvania at a very early date. Mr. Rhodes was the first manufacturer of Altamont, his product being tables. This same business is now carried on by his son, although the output of the factory is now egg-cases. The fraternal affiliations of Mr. Thomas are with Altamont Lodge No. 5.33, A. F. & A. M. ; Altamont Lodge No. 420, K. P. ; the Maccabees, Ben Hur and the Yeoman Mutual A. C. Asso- ciation. Both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Church. Although he leans to- wards the teachings of the Republican party. Mr. Thomas likes to do his own thinking, and is very liberal in his political view.s. The Thomas family endured many hardships upon first com- ing to Illinois, for they were poor, but they worked and saved and now are numbered among the prosperous citizens of their several localities. No one member, however, has accomplished more than Mr. James R. Thomas, and much credit is due to his energy and foresightedness. TIBBETTS, Oliver Siegel.— Eflingham County owes to its agriculturists a debt of gratitude for its present prcsperous condition, as the farming interests of the county are by all means Its most important asset, and it has been the ener- getic and intelligent work of the farmers that has kept the county's agricultural standard so high. Oliver Siegel Tibbits, who is operating a finely cultivated tract of land In Section 29, West Townshij), is one of the representative men of the county. He was born at Old Manchester, Dearborn Count}-, Ind., February 22, 1S02, a son of George and grandson of Benjamin Tibbetts. Benjaniiu Tibbetts came from the State of Maine and settled in Indiana in pioneer days, but later went to Olathe, Kan., where he diedat the home of his son Oliver. George Tibbetts re- ceived a limited education in the schools of In- diana, but was a zealous student, and became a very well educated man. He learned the cooper's trade iu Indiana and. in 1868, emigrated to Illi- nois, engaging in farming in Madison County, buying eighty acres of land located one-half mile from Marine. One year later he came to Effingham County and purchased a section, less eighty acres, on Section 29, in West Township. On first coming to his farm, he found things in such a wild state that he located his family at Edgewood for a time, and while cari>euters were finishing his hou.se, he secured permission to live in the old West Point sehoolhouse. He started in to farm the wild prairie land, which had never before been cultivated, and worked hard and faithfully, but duing the first few years little was accomplished. Energy and faithfulness had their reward, however, and he eventually succeeded. Seven years later, realizing the importance of giving his children the advantages of an educa- tion, he moved to Edgewood. and while there en- gaged with Hank Newberry in the butchering business for two years, at the end of which time he returned to the farm and continue--five head of fine bred Holstein cattle, which he endeavored to keep up to the standard of highest breeding, believing in this way he would have animals that would produce fully tn-ice as much as mixed breeds. He is one of the most successful dairy- men in the county and his judgment in this line is considered excellent. He has recently sold his entire herd, however, with a view to replac- ing them with better ones. Mr. Upton was married. March 20. 1898. to Mary A. Walker, who was born in W.itson Town- ship, December 22. 1877. daughter of Adam L. and Elsa (Hillis) Walker, and to this union there have been born two children : C. Allen. born December 17, 1898, and Marj- E., June 1, 1907. Mr. and Mrs. Upton are active members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics he Is a Democrat, and since 1905 he has been serv- ing as Justice of the I'eace. He is combining his farming operations with his dairy business, and is making a very successful dairy farmer. VOELEER, Gustave R. — Some men attain to more than ordinary prominence through the recognition by their associates of their abilltj- to discharge certain duties, and this is undoubtedly the case of Gustave R. Voelker, a prosperous farmer of Sections 17 and 20, West Township, and one of the leaders of his locality. He was bom on his father's homestead in West Town- ship, June 13, 1869, being the third son of Will- iam and Louisa (Scholwin) Voelker. Between the age of seven and thirteen years, he was sent to the Lutheran parochial school of his neigh- borhood, and following that when his father could spare him spent two terms at the public school. In those days the farmers depended upon their children's help in clearing and devel- oping the land, and Gustave from the time he was 13 years old did a man's work. He drove teams, felled timber and i)erformed all other kinds of farm work, learning thoroughly how to operate property of this kind. When he married Ida Jagow on April 5, 1894, he left the home farm and settled on the one which he now owns, up to that date having worked for his father. Mrs. 'Voelker Is a daugh- ter of Samuel Jagow who, at the age of seventy- eight, is now living in Mound Township, which was the girlhood home of Mrs. Voelker. Seven children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Voelker, two of whom, Louis ( I ) and Hugo, are deceased, while others are: David, a sturdy lad of four- teen; Albert. Carl. Hilda and a second Louis. Mr. Voelker owns 100 acres of land on Sec- tion 17. which is his home place, and eighty acres on Section 20, which he purchased on January 22. 1902. and April 15. 1903. and forty acres in Section 17. His house was built twenty years ago. but Mr. Voelker has entirely remodeled it, made additions, and it is now one of the most c-omfortable homes in the township. All of the outbuildings have been replaced by thoroughly modern ones, and Mr. Voelker takes a pride in the appearance of his premises. A stanch Democrat, his seiwices and ability have been recognized by his associates and he has been called upon to fill a number of offices, being elected School Director in 1899; Town- ship Clerk in 1901 ; re-elected School Director in 1902 and Township Clerk in 1903. He was made a member of the Democratic County Central Com- mittee in 1902. again in 1904, and again in 1906, serving as chairman of the same in the last named vear. In 1907 he was re-elected School Director, and in 1907 and 1908 served as Judge of Election. In all of these offices Mr. Voelker has served his constituents faithfully and honor- ably, and all his neighlwrs, independent of party lines, have great confidence in him. In addition to his farming interests. Mr. Voel- 872 EFFINGHAM COUNTY ker is connected with several enterprises of im- portance, being one of the organizers of the Gil- more Telephone Company anil is now its Secre- tary, having been elected to that office in 1901. He was a director of the Gilmore Creamery Company for three years (1905 to 1908) ; was elected a director in the Altamont Agricultural Fair Association in November, 1907, and through his personal efforts made the meetings of the following years a great success. Mr. Voellier possesses a marked degree of ability, and his success in life may be attributed to this and to the fact that he has never shirked hard work, but has been willing and glad to do his full duty. WADE, George. — A brave defender of his flag, always ready for dutj' whenever his ser\'ices have been needed in either war or peace, George Wade, a retired merchant and one of the most desirable citizens of Mason, 111., sets an exam- ple of noble-minded living and true patriotism that the rising generation will do well to follow. Mr. Wade was born In Patriot, Ind., February 7, 1841. a son of Alfred and Esther (Campbell) Wade, and grandson of George Wade, one of the soldiers of the War of 1812, under General Hull. George Wade was a native of Virginia, but moved to Middletown, Ohio, and there Alfred Wade was born. When Alfred Wade was still a boy the family moved to Switzerland County, Ind.. and located in Patriot, where the son finally married and where still earlier he became owner of a farm. He sometimes went to New Orleans on a flat-boat "and walked back. He engaged in farming and died in Patriot about 1885. His widow survived until 1908, when at the age of ninety-three years she died at Kokonio, Ind.. where she was residing with her daughter. The following children were bom to Alfred Wade and wife : Mary, widow of Jabez Van Doran, resides at Indianapolis, Ind., with her son Harvey: George; Elijah, of Rising Sun. Ind. ; Melvina, died at the age of fifty years at the old home in Patriot : Charles, on the parental farm in Switzerland County, and has four children ; JIargaret, married Greenberry Leaver, a farmer near Kokomo, Ind., and has two children ; Oma, wife of Asa Mott. The pa- ternal grandmother's maiden name was Gamble, and this family was also from Virginia, while the Campbells came from Scotland. Harvey L. Van Doran has the old Scotch family Bible, that is one hundred-fifty years old. George Wade spent his boyhood on the farm, and attended the common schools. He entered the Normal School of Lebanon College, but when the war broke out, like many other students of that time, he was fired with patriotism. Finally, in August, 1862, he enlisted for three-years' ser- vice in Company C, Ninety-third Indiana Volun- teer Infantry, and the regiment was ordered to Memphis. Tenn., and placed under command of General Grant. He participated in the Vicks- burg campaign, but in the Guntown raid, when General Sturgis was beaten by Forrest, Mr. Wade was captured and confined in Anderson- ville Prison. He was one of those who dug the tunnel through which .so many escaped, but was not among those thus fortunate. It would be impossible to give in full all of the agonies this brave man suffered while incarcerated in this awful place. Through privations his weight was reduced until he weighed only seventy pounds. He and a comrade. Dave Pelery, tried to escape at night, when the firing of a gun was the signal for the prisoners to go into the inside den. They were caught and were forced to endure added miseries. From Andersonville he was taken to Camp Laughton, but as General Sherman was advancing, he was sent to Savannah, and there was paroled and sent to Fortress Monroe. From there he was sent to Annapolis and given a much- needed furlough. His family was shocked by his terrible appearance when he reached home. When he had entered the sen-ice he had weighed one hundred forty-five pounds, and when he re- turned his weight was not more than seventy. On June 10^ 1865, he returned to his regiment at Gainsville, Ala., just a year from the time he was captured, and was sent to Memphis, Tenn., and mustered out, being honorably discharged at Indianapolis. The brave young soldier, broken in health and spirits after three years of terrible suffering, re- turned to Patriot. There he began buying and selling stock and remained there until 1871, when he came to Mason. 111., and bought a hard- ware stock, and for some years conducted this business. He then sold out and bought a grist- mill, and for some time opei'ated it. His next venture was in the mercantile business. Selling all his other interests, he established a general store in LaCIede, 111., which he conducted from 1894 to 1900 with marked succes.s. In the latter year he sold the business and came back to Mason. 111., where he has since lived retired, with the exception of three years. Mr. Wade was married, at Mason, 111., October 25, 1876, to Aline P. Mills, who was born in Charleston, 111.. December 6, 18.54. A history of the Mills family is given elsewhere in this work. One son was born to them, Alfred St. Clair, a clerk in the post-office in Indianapolis, Ind., who was born at Mason, June 9, 1878. From time to time Mr. Wade has inve.sted in land, and now owns 709 acres in Effingham and adjoining counties. He has been one of the pro- gressive men of Effingham County, and one of the most honored veterans in his part of the State. He has been very successful in his business un- dertakings. In 1906 he built a beautiful home, where he lives retired from his former strenuous life. Adjoining this home he has forty-five acres, which he takes pleasure in overseeing, and on it he raises small fruits and has a young orchard of pears, peaches and apples. He cans tomatoes from his tomato patch, which he ships to the Chicago market, receiving fancy prices for his product, which is all canned by hand. Socially he belongs to the Masonic Lodge of Mason, and is also a member of the Association of the Pris- EFFINGHAM COUNTY 873 oners of the War at Decatur, 111. He and his wife are members of the Christian Church. They are noble people, loved and esteemed by all who have the pleasure of their acquaintance. In ix)li- tics Mr. Wade is a strong Republican. Happy in his declining years, he can never forget what he .suffered during the war, nor can those who know and admire him. If ever a man suffered for his country, it was George Wade. WALKER, James Arthur. — The occupation of fanning is a profitable one to those who know how to properly couduc^ their business, and who combine the various branches of the industry to the best advantage. James Arthur Walker, one of Effingham County's successful farmers, makes a sijecialty of the dairy business and has found that it pays well. Mr. Walker, who is operating on Section 20, Watson Township, was born on a farm northeast of Watson, October 20, 1873, and is a son of Adam L. and Eliza A. (Hillis) Walker. Adam L. Walker was born September 14, 1829, in Muskingum Coimty, Ohio, and when nineteen years of age came to Effingham County, 111., with an uncle, with whom he worked until the out- break of the Civil War. Ou the first call for three-year men Mr. Walker enlisted in Company B, Thirty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, was soon promoted to the rank of Ser- geant, and later to that of Captain, serving throughout his term with the gi-eatest bravery and the utmost fidelity to duty. After serving three years and eight months he went to Texas, where he assisted in calming the turbulous out- break in that State, and then returned to Watson, where he was variously occupied until his mar- riage, November 30, 1871, to Miss Eliza A. Hillis, who was l>orn in Lancaster, O., April 6, 1848, and came with her parents to Illinois in 1852. Six children were born to this union : William, who died in infancy ; James Arthur ; Samuel T., editor and owner of the "Atwood Herald," at At- wood. 111.; Mary, wife of Ed. N. Upton; Libby K., on the old home farm in Watson Township ; and William Vinton, who has charge of the old home farm. Captain Walker spent the last days of his life engaged in agricultural pursuits, and became one of the township's mo.st highly re- spected men. Kind and benevolent to a fault, he was ever eager to assist the needy, and no worthy person who applied to him for aid was ever refused. He was always ready to be at the bedside of some sufferer and the extent of his private philanthropies probably will never be known. A stanch Republican in politics, his popularity was so great that he was elected to various township offices in a township strongly Democratic. He was a Mason and a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. His religious connection was with the Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he was very active. James Arthur Walker was born on his Grand- father Hillis' farm in Watson Township and was educated in the school at Watson. As his father's health began to fail from his long and arduous service during the war, the duties of the farm fell to the shoulders of the two eldest sous, and as Samuel took up the profes,sion of teaching, James A. .soon found himself in charge of the property. He continued to carry on the farm after his father's death, and embarked in the dairy business, remaining on the land until his marriage, February 26, 1008, to Minnie Beh- rens, who was born in Chicago. 111., and came to Effingham County with her parents. Mrs. Walk- er s two brothers, Robert and Frank, are residents of Chicago, 111., and her sister Annie is the wife of Clark Loy, a hardware merchant of Effingham. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Walker moved to the Campbell farm, on Section 20, where he is now operating IGO acres and giving a great deal of attention to the dairy business, now hav- ing twelve cows, all grade-blooded Holsteins. He also owns 70 acres in Section 27, which he rents out, and forty acres on Section 20, and is con- sidered one of the substantial men of bis com- munity. Mr. Walker has always taken an active Interest in political matters and, like his father, has been very popular. In addition to being a member of the Republican County Central Committee he has held various township offices, including those of Assessor and Tax Collector. Fraternally he is connected with Lodge No. 321, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Yeomen. Mr. Walker and his wife are leadinp- members of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church at Watson. WALKER, James Hamilton, M. D.— The records of Effingham, III., show that the physicians of that locality are fully abreast of modern scien- tific progress and discovery, and that the men be- longing to this most important of all learned pro- fessions rank with the foremost in the land. They are skilled and carefully trained, not only by general practice, but by years of study and preparation, and in their hands the bodily wel- fare of those under their charge is furnished means of protection. Dr. James Hamilton Walker, of Effingham, one of the representative men of his profession, was born in Jackson Ctounty, Ohio, August 2, 1866, a son of Alexander and Martha (Smith) Walker, the former bom in County Wexford, Ireland, and the latter in Washington County, Pa. Alexander Walker came of an old English fam- ily, his grandfather having emigrated from Eng- land to Ireland. The Smith family here men- tioned traces its ancestry back to some of the same stock as President Buchanan of the United States and Robert Bruce of Scotland. Alexander Walker was eighteen years of age when he came to America, coming alone and landing in New York. He went at once to Philadelphia, where he had relatives, thence to Washington County, Pa., where he met his future wife. After his mar- riage he removed to Jackson. Ohio, and when the Civil War broke out. like so many of his countr.v- nien. Mr. Walker quickly responded to the call of his adopted country, serving it four years. His militarj- career ended, he moved with his 874 EFFINGHAM COUNTY family to Crawford Couutj-, HI., where both he and his wife died. He was a Keimblieaii in poli- tics and iu religious faith was a member of the United Presbyterian Church, acting for years as a Trustee of that body. Dr. Wallier attended the Lamotte School in Crawford County, also the Robinson High School, and then first entered St. Joseph's College at Teutopolis. taliing courses in Latin. German and mathematics, after which he attended Austin Col- lege, taking the preparatoiy branches of medical chemistry, anatomy and physiologj', at the same time studying medicine with his brother. Dr. J. B. Walker. His preparatory course for the profes- sion covered a period of three years, and con- sisted, in addition to the branches already men- tioned, clinical diagnosis under the tutelage of his brother. He also studied pathology and bac- teriology, and finally entering the Barnes Medical College "at St. Louis, graduated from that institu- tion March 17, 1S9C, and was appointed clinician in the college, where he remained six mouths, then beginning practiie at St. Louis. Later he moved to Mechanicslmrg, 111., where he practiced three years, when in 1S'J9 he returned to Effing- ham, there forming a partnership with his broth- er. Dr. J. G. Walker, local surgeon of the Illinois Central and the Vandalia Railroad Companies, and this partnership has continued to the present time. Dr. Walker has sen-ed iu the Illinois National Guaid thirteen years and is now Assistant Sur- geon of the Fourth Regiment. In the spring of 1907 he was elected Alderman of the City of Ef- fingham for the Third Ward, serving one term, has also served as Health Commissioner and is now Chairman of the local branch of the State Board of Charities. Naturally lie is much in- terested in medical societies, belonging to the Effingham County Medical Society, Illinois State Medical Association, American Medical Associa- tion, the National Guard Surgeon Association and the .llsculapian Society ; is also prominent as a member of the Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows and Modern American Fraternal Order. While accustomed on most public questions to supiwrt the principles of the Republican party, and reared iu the faith of the United Presbyte- rian Church, on both ix>litical and religious issues he tends strongly to radical liberalism, believing that general prosperity, as the great issue for the whole people, can only be secured and con- served by improving the condition of the labor- ing classes. He maintains that prosperity should begin at the bottom round of the ladder, and that, to the accomplishment of this end. every able-bodied citizen should work and be rewarded for his toil to a degree that, with proper economy and temperate habits, will enable him to live in comfort and pay all his obligations; that if the laboring man is prospei-ous to this extent, he will be able to provide for the future and thus one of the most dreaded evils of human life will be avoided. He looks upon poverty and intemper- ance as the most fruitful sources of crime. Be- lief in a Supreme Being he recognizes as an ele- ment of human nature common to all races of men, and has a respect for all religious faiths which tends to elevate the mental, moral and physical standard of humanity. June 22, VM'.'>, Dr. Walker was married, at Chicago, to Miss Aldula Sadorus, of Sadorus, Champaign County, 111., daughter of Henry and Sarah (Fields) Sadorus, the former born in Rush County, Ind., and the latter iu Fountain County, Ind.. but both now deceased. Dr. and Mrs. Walker have no children. The work accomplished by Dr. Walker, both in his profession and as a public official, can scarcely be overestimated. While Health Com- missioner he secured the enactment of some very desirable health regulations. As an officer of the Illinois National Guard he is deservedly popular, and socially he and his wife enjoy the respect and esteem of a large circle of friends. He is one of the most reliable physicians of the county and his success is well merited. WALKER, Joseph Buchanan, M. D.— The physi- cian is a man who necessarily comes very close to the lieart of a family, holding, as he does at times, the issues of life and death largely in his hands, and to him those in trouble from this cause instinctively turn. The members of this profession are broadened and ripened in expe- rience through their contact with humanity in their natural characters and dispositions. Dr. Joseph G. Walker, one of the valuable citizens of Effingham, 111., is an excellent example of this class of physicians, and for years has carried on general practice, w-inning the affection, as well as the confidence, of his patients, by his skill and ready sympath,v. Dr. Walker was born in Por- terville. Butler County, Pa., September 17, 1856, the son of Alexander and Martha (Smith) Walker, the former born October IS, 1820, in County Tyrone, Ireland, and the latter in Wash- ing County, Pa„ in 1818. Alexander Walker, who was a dry-goods mer- chant, served in both the Mexican and Civil Wars. During the latter he enlisted in October, 1861. in tbe Fifty-third Ohio Volunteers, but was afterward transferred to another regiment. His death occm-red June 20, 1880, his widow surviving him until Ndvcniber 17, 1903. Both are buried in the United Presbyterian Cemeter.v in Crawford County, III., to which county they removed in 1868 and there sjient the rest of their lives. Dr. Walker was educated in the public schools of his locality and later attended a private school at Robinson, 111., also the Roliinson High School, from which he graduated in 1876. He then taught school for a time, and was, at one time. Superintendent of Schools at Palestine. 111. He followed his school teaching during the winter months and during the summer studied medicine with Dr. Isaac L. Firebaugh, of Robinson, 111. Later he entered Miami Medical College, of Cin- cinnati. Ohio, now the Medical Department of the I'niversity of Cincinnati, from which he grad- uated in 1882. He also took a post-graduate EFFINGHAM COUNTY SVO course in Xew York City. He taught school to earn luoiiey in which to pursue his medical stud- ies. He has been for years a general praetl- ( tioner in Effingham. He is local surgeon for the Illinois Central, the ludiauaiwlis Southern and Vandalia, and the Pennsylvania Railroads. Dr. Walker has always been verj- active in po- litical matters, served two years as President of the School Board and has also served as Mayor of Effingham. In modern days there is a great demand for advanced methods in dealing with civic affairs and the people look largely to the services of followers of the learned professions to carry on public business, tinding in this way a marked improvement may Ije made. Dr. Walker is President of the Commercial Club, a member of the Blue Lodge No. IGS, A. F. & A. M., of Effingham Chapter R. A. M., and the B. P. O. E. He subscribed to the faith of the Presbyte- rian Church and belongs to the Brotherhood. October 30, 1883, Dr. Walker was married, in Palestine, 111., to Alice C. Maxwell, born at Hut- sonville. 111., in 1802, daughter of James A. and Mary (Harper) Maxwell, natives of Tennessee and Illinois, respectively. Dr. and Mrs. Walker became parents of one daughter, Alice Florence, who died at the age of seven years. Dr. Walker is a man of broad outlook on life, is thoroughly versed, not only in his profession, but also upon matters of general interest, and has done much for Effingham as a public official. Under his administration of the affairs of the city many improvements were made and econo- mies inaugurated, and the effect of his business- like methods are to be noticed everywhere. As a physician Dr. Walker has no peer in the county, and he is often called into consultation in sur- rounding counties in serious eases. WALLACE, James K. — Every veteran of the Civil War commands our respect and honor, in memory of what he accomplished and what he risked during these dark days. If he happens to have been a member of one of the regiments or divisions that made famous certain struggles in the history of the war, then he is better remem- bered, and as a result, more highly .honored. James K. Wallace, a retired farmer of Altamont, HI., is a veteran of the Civil War. through which he fought as a member of the famous Wilder Brigade, and in the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illi- nois Volunteer Mounted Infantry. John Wallace, the grandfather of James K. Wallace, was twrn in 1796, in Pennsylvania, whence he emigrated to Ohio and later to Put- nam County, Ind., settling near Greencastle, but died in 1843 near Martinsville. Morgan County, Ind. He married Jane Nelson and they reared a large family, among whom was Nelson Wallace, born near Chillieothe, Ohio, in 1821. and who ac- companied his parents to Putnam County, Ind. He was a harness-maker by trade, but failing health caused him to go to farming and he con- tinued this occupation until his death in 1807. at the age of seveut.v-six years. He married Zillah Mills, who was born at Lawrenceburg, Ind., and she still survives at the age of eighty-six years They had a family of eight children, of whom James K. is the eldest living. James K. Wallace was born on a farm near Greencastle. Ind., January 10, 1845, and in 1858 accompanied his parents to Effingham Cbunty, III. He secured his education in the subscrip- tion and public schools of Indiana and Illinois, and remained at home until 1862, when on August 12th of that year he enlisted at Effing- ham, for three years as a member of Company K, Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, under Captain O. L. Kelly, Col. John J. Fuukhouser c-ommanding. The regiment joined Bueir.s Army of the Ohio, at Louisville. Kv., and with that division saw some of the hardest fights during the war. .Mr. Wallace participated m the Battle of Hoover's Gap, June 24, 186.3, and from there the Confederates retreated to Chatta- nooga, from which time until the Battle of Chickamauga. the regiment took part in some heavy skirmishing. After the Battle of Chicka- mauga. Mr. Wallace took part in the battle at Fanniiigton, Tenn., October 7, 1863, and then did picket duty along the Tennessee River be- low Bridgeport, Ala., until taking part in the Battle of Missionary Ridge, being then in ad- vance of Sherman's Army and in raising the Siege of Knoxville. He next fought at Buzzard's Roost, and all through the Atlanta campaign at Selma, Ala., April 2, 1865, and elsewhere, in all taking part in twenty-eight battles and heavy skirmishes, and was wounded five times, one bullet entering his right thigh and one the right groin (both of which bullets he still carries), one passing through his right arm, a part of which was removed : one entering the right side of his neck, near the jugular vein, which has never been removed; and one below his nose, which knocked out several of his teeth — the lat- ter being received at the last battle the regiment was engaged in. He was sent to the hospital at Selma and eight days later was removed to a hospital at Montgomy-y. Ala., which he left June 4. 1865. He weiit to Mobile, then to New Or- leans, and finally to Na.shville. where he re- joined his regiment, June 10. 1865. was mus- tered out June 28. and paid off and discharged at Springfield. HI.. July 6. 1865. reaching home the following day. It was some time before he was able to work, but he finally purchased forty acres of land, three miles east of Altamont, .and has added thereto from time to time, until he is now the owner of 320 acres of fine farming land, which he rents, having retired from active labor in 1906. He is a member of Robert Anderson Post No. 6.32, Department of Illinois, Grand Army of the Republic, of which he was at one time Commander. He has been a lifelong Re- publican : is not a regular member of any church, but contributes towards the Methodist Episcopal denomination, of which his wife and children are members. January 13, 1876, Mr. Wallace was married to Margaret Baker, sister of Dr. G. M. Baker, of 876 EFFINGHAM COUNTY Altaaiout, ami seven children have been born to this union : Jacob II., of Boulder, Colo., married Julia Means; Zillah Maud, of Plymouth, Mass.; Mattie B., at home ; Bertha, died in 1S85 ; Anna Laura, Mrs. E. A. Young, of Mattoon, 111. ; Mai-y Logan, at home, and Ida May. WEBB, Frederick W. — Farming, with all its branches, ha.s been considered a good line of busi- ness since the beginning of the world, but within the fiast quarter of a century it has been devel- oiied in a remarkable degree. In these days farmers are farming along scientific lines and are reaping result.s in a very gratifying degree. Frederick W. Webb, of Section 30, Douglas Town- ship, Effingham County, 111., Is one of the pros- perous fanners of the county. He was born in the City of Effingham, May 3, 1859, a son of Henry and Ann (Mason) Webb, he a native of Blakenell, Willenall, England, and his wife of Wednesday, near Wolverhampton, England. They were reared and married in their native country. The father was a mechanic, and manufactured bridle bits, and was also a locksmith. Frederick W. Webb now owns a bridle bit made by bis father, which he cherishes highly, and which was forged for use on the English horses. The parents of F. W. Webb liad two sons — himself, and Judge John H. Webb, of Vandalia, who was born in England and was brought to America in 1857, and twin daughters, Eva Ann and Elizabeth Maria, both deceased. Upon c-oming to Illinois Henry Webb entered land on the site of the canning factory of Effing- ham, and commenced his new life in a log cabin. Later he went to Jasper County, 111., where he bought forty acres of land, but returned to Effing- ham and for some time worked in a packing house. Eventually he bought forty acres in Sec- tion 19, Douglas Township, and lived in the slab house on the place until he had paid for his land, which he turned Into a nursery and became a large nurseryman, adding to bis farm until he owned 110 acres. When he died the f.ann was in excellent condition, and he had one of the fin- est orchards in Effingham County. His death occurred June 17, 1887, but his widow still sur- vives. She later married Christian Bock, a farmer of Banner Township. In politics Mr. Webb preferred to cast his vote for the man he believed would best fill the office. He was a de- .vout member of the Methodist Church, was for many years a local preacher, and was a close student of the Bible. He not only preached to the people of his own church, but also to the Presbyterians when they had no clergyman of their own. Mr. Webb was an eloquent m,an and a powerful preacher, and his good work cannot be overestimated. He was a self-educated man and his abilities were natural. Frederick W. Webb was educated in Effing- ham and worked on the farm from the time he could reach the plow handles. On March 21, 1888, he married Mary E. Sutton, who was bom en a farm In Watson Township, on February 20, ISGtj, daughter of George and Mary D. (Koso) Sutton, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. The day they were married the young couple came to their farm on Section 30, Douglas Township, which has since been their home. The following childi'en have been born to them : Frederick William, born May 2, 1889 ; George H., born Februai-j' 19, 1891, died October 21, 1890; Samuel Edward, burn March 10, 1894; Mary E., born April 13, 1898; Harry Lee, bom November 28, 1899; Anna A., born Febinary 15, 190.3, died April 14, 1903; Nellie P., born July 11, 1907, and her twin, vi-ho died at birth. The chil- dren are being well educated. . They have a re- markable school record, as only one was ever tardy. Tlie old orchard Mr. Webb's father set out has withered and died, but he has replaced it with 650 apple trees.. He has always taken an active part in public affairs, but while voting with the Republican party he declines political honors. In 1903 Mr. Webb became interested in the dairy business and began raising Durham Jersey cattle, but now jirefers the Holstein Jer.sey. He feeds six head of cattle, and from them clears about .$25 per month, in addition to providing milk and butter for the family from the dairy. He has always been liberal in his views and, while a typical Englishman, is proud of his coun- try. The.v have one of the most pleasant homes in this part of the State. The parents are jolly and do everything they can to keep their children contented and at home, and are succeeding be- yond their greatest expectations. WEBB, William Franklin, who is engaged in ex- tensive agricultural operations, including farm- ing and dairying, resides on Section 12, Summit Township, Effingham County, 111., where he has been located since his birth, which took place June 12, 1846. His parents were Uriah C. and Mary (Fairleigh) Webb, the mother born in Missouri and the father in Maury County, Tenn., March 18, 1822. Coming to Effingham County about 18;i8. the latter started to work for farmers by the month. In 1842 he married and then rented land in Banner Township and, in 1843, made a trade by which he acquired forty acres, situated in Section 12, on which he built liis log cabin. To this first forty he added other tracts and, when he died, he left 200 acres of good land to his family, all situated in Summit Township. The first little log cabin had been replaced with a comfortable frame dwelling and the land all showed much improvement. In his political views he was a Democrat and at times was elected to township offices, his fellow-citizens having learned to place confidence in his judg- ment and ability. He was first elected to the office of Supervisor when the township was or- ganized and served as such for many terms, ever showing the public interest which brought about l)etter conditions when his advice was acted upon. He was a member of no particular church but was a generous giver to all and a liberal con- tributor to benevolent enterprises of all kinds. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 877 His home was one of hospitality and many vis- itors often gathered about his board. Uriah Churchill Webb was married in 1842 to Mary Fairleigh, who was born in Jlissouri and was brought by her parents to Effingham County in 1827, when six years old. John Fairleigh set- tled in Section 12, Summit Township, and then returned to Dallas County, Missouri, where he died and his widow soon also passed away. To Uriah C. Webb and wife were born ten children, namely: Elizabeth, John M., William Franklin, Malinda J., James P., Uriah. George William, Sarah E., Uriah B. and Alphonso. Elizabeth died in 1907. She was married (first) to N. Doyle and at his death he left four children. She was married (second) to W. L. Hensley, a farmer in Summit Township, and they had two children. John M. Webb lives in Oregon. Ma- linda J. was married (fnrst) to John Ping and they had four children, and (second) to John Locard. and she now lives in Payette Ctounty. James P. Webb, born in 1850, died in 1885. Uriah Webb died in Infancy. George William Webb, born June 19, 1855, died at the age of six- teen years. Sarah E. Webb, born in 18.5.3, mar- ried and lives at Terre Haute. Ind. Uriah B. Webb, bom June 12, 1857, died in 1874. Al- phonso, born August 2, 1862. resides at Spring- field, Til. The father of the above family died February 14. 1875. and his widow, in 1898. William Franklin Webb gained his elementary education in a school held in Ebenezer Church, on Section 2, Summit Township. Later, when a log school house was built on Section 10, better accommodations were afforded and he attended that whenever he could be spared from work at home, sometimes only two days in the week. Boys on pioneer farms had no very easy times, but neither did their parents and Mr, Webb can remember his mother spinning by the light of the eluniney fire in order to make enough cloth with which to fashion clothes for the family. When she obtained a lard-oil lamp she thought nothing could excel that in convenience, but she lived into the days when electric light came into use. Other convenierces to which Mr. Webb has become accustomed she did not live to enjoy, notably the telephone and the daily mail de- livery. In June, 1874. Mr. Webb was married to Miss Araminta Gamble, a native of Summit Township, and a daughter of John Gamble, one of the pio- neers. To this marriage the following children have been born : Isabella, who married Clement McKinstry. of Mattoon, 111. ; Frank, born March 9, 1878, who is a farmer in Summit Township, married Lola Hankins ; Edith Cecil; Samuel; Jesse O., born August .SI. 1885 ; Bertie Walter, who was born October 20. 1887, died November 25, 1902, from a gunshot wound, accidentally received. All the children were born on the pres- ent farm except Isabella, who was born In Shelby County. Mr. Webb has 160 acres in his farm and has it all well improved. He raises excellent stock and is largely interested in dairying. In politics he Is a Democrat and not only takes an interest in the success of his party, but he gives attention to ad- vancing the general condition of affairs in his township, desiring it to retain its reputation for a law-abiding, prosperous and desirable part of Effingham County. When elected to public office he has done his duty faithfully and during the six years that he served as Highway Commis- sioner, he opened up new roads and succeeded in building good bridges. Mr. Webb has not ac- cepted any religious creed, but he is a liberal contributor to all the church bodies and there are few people who have more carefully studied the Bible or who can more intelligently discuss its teachings. WENDT, Martin. — The German clement is an important one in any communit.v, for natives of the Fatherland possess those excellent traits of character which go so far in the making of good and prosperous citizens. Many Germans have come to this country and it has benefited from their presence and efforts, and they have trans- mitted to their offspring the habits of industry and thrift which have aided them so materially in the attainment of success. Martin Wendt. a successful grain dealer of Dieterich, Effingham County, is a son of such parents. He was born in Niagara County, N. X., September 2, 1801, a son of Fred and Mary Louisa Wendt. Both were na- tives of Germany, the father being born near Ber- lin, .\pril 25, 1828, and the mother in the same vicinity, February 29, 1829. In 184.3. the father came to America with his mother, one sister and three brothers, and lo- cated in Niagara Ctounty, N. Y. The mother's family came ic) the same locality about the same time, and there the grandparents died. The par- ents of Martin Wendt were married in a little village called Martinville. N. Y., in 1850. In 1865. the family removed to the vicinity of what is now Altamont and settled near Moutville, Mound Township, Effingham County, where the father bought eighty acres of prairie land. At this time Altamont had not even been platted. This farm w-as the family home until 1875, but in that year removal was made to St. Francis Township, where 20.3 acres of land were pur- cha.sed, three miles north of Dieterich. This property was well developed and made into a fine farm b,v her father, who, after seeing his family well located about him. died January 17, 1892, his widow sun'iving until October 17, 1893. They had fourteen children, four of whom died in infancy. The others were : Ferd William, died at the age of thirty-seven, being then a grain merchant of Altamont ; August, a merchant of New Y'ork ; William, who was for a number of years a grain merchant of Dieterich, but died January 16, 1890; Christopher, a retired mer- chant of Martinsville. N. Y. ; Paul, a farmer of Bishop Township; Martin; Amelia, married William Krause, a farmer of Bishop Township; Rachel, is the deceased wife of Fred Moellen- kamp, a farmer of St. Francis Township ; John 878 EFFINGHAM COUNTY p., who died February 16, 1907, was a lumber dealer and for four years Postmaster of Diete- rich ; Henry died in 1897. The father of these children was one of the leading men of this part of the county, and took quite an active part in the political and religious life of his community. In politics he was a stanch Republican, and was well posted on the issues of his day. Like many Germans he was well educated in his own lan- guage, and was looked up to as a man of intelli- gence by his as.sociates. He and his wife were consistent members of the Lutheran Church and gave it liberal support. Mr. Wendt also gave his support to educational matters, and helped to build the schoolhouse of his district. The education of Martin Wendt was secured in the district school of Mound Township and the public school of Altamont. He remained on the farm until he was about eighteen, and then com- menced to learn the carpenter trade, at which he worked for a number of j'ears, assisting in the building of some of the best business blocks and residences of Dieterich and the surrounding coun- try. Following this he bought and operated a modern threshing machine, thus continuing until 1887, when he sold his outfit, and embarked in a grain business. He dealt in liunber and grain un- til 1891, and then built a modern elevator with a capacity of 15.000 bushels of grain, in partner- ship with his brother. C. D. Wendt. In February. 1909. he .sold his lumber interests, but continued in the grain business. In 1909 he erected a brick building on the corner of Main and Center Streets, in which he has his office, the First National Bank occupying the rest of the structure. From a small beginning his business lias developed to its present very large proportions, and he is rated as one of the substantial and reliable business men of his locality. On November 20, 189.'?, Mr. Wendt was united in marriage with Augusta Mundt. horn in Mound Township, September 18, 1800, a daughter of Christian Mundt, one of the pioneers here, and a representative man of West Effingham County. His death occurred in February. 1870. but his widow survives. Mr. and Mrs. Wendt have had the following children : Philip, born October 20, 1894: Martin, born October 12, 1890, died Janu- ary IS, 1897; Mary, born March 19, 1898; Au- gusta, born May 4. 1900; Martha, born April 2, 1902. and Annie, horn March 8, 1900. Mr. Wendt is a Democrat in politics, and he and his wife are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Wendt was one of the prime movers in the establishment of the Prairie State Cream- er.v, being associated in this work with James Krews and others. Mr. Wendt was also one of the organizers of the first bank of Dieterich. of which he was President for three years, and H. C. Baldwin, Cashier. At the expiration of that time he sold the bank then known as the Mer- chants and Farmers Bank of Dieterich. This bank, after several changes, was reorganized in 1909 as the Fir.st National Bank of Dieterich. For many years Mr. Wendt has been to the front in all matters relating to the upbuilding of Dieterich. His business interests are large, and as he pays high prices for grain, the farmers haul their product to him, and marketing it in Dieter- ich, do their trading there, thus adding mate- rially to the prosperity of the town. His name is connected with many public enterprises, and he is active in the promotion of education, and in securing the best teachers pos.sible for the schools. It is such jnen as Mr. Wendt who build up any community and are valued accordingly by their associates and friends. WESTENDORF, John Henry, Jr.— The growth and development of Effingham County, 111., during the past thirty or forty years, have been remark- able, and the visitor to this fertile country, as it is to-day, could hardly believe that but compara- tively a short time ago .such excellent farming land was a wide expanse of prairie, timber and svi-amp. Such was the case, however, and one who has seen the changes take place here and has done his share in bringing about these changes is John Henry Weslendorf. Jr., the owner of 206 acres of excellent farming land on Sections 2 and 11, Bi.shop Township. He was born on Section 9 of this Township, January 4, 1860, a son of John Henry Westendorf, Sr. The early bo.vhood of Mr. Westendorf was simi- lar to that of most boys of his time, and early in life he began to do his share of the work on the home farm, reclaiming the land from the wild things which grew upon it. He began to plow at the age of twelve years, and imtil he was twenty- seven years old he remained on the home place. On April 20, 1887, he was married to Anna Ka- trina Hartke, who was born August 30, 1806, in Bishop Township, whose parents were natives of Germany and earl.v .settlers of Bishop Township. Mr. Westendorf had made preparations for his marriage by erecting a splendid residence on his new farm of 106 acres, and here he took his young bride to begin their married life, and here they have since resided. Other buildings have been erected for the housing of grain and the care of tlie high-grade stock which Mr. Westendorf raises, and the farm has been added to until it now com- prises 200 acres of some of the best farming land in the township. Mr. Westendorf is considered one of the enterprising and up-to-date agricul- turists of his section, and an excellent .iudge of stock and farming conditions. He is a Democrat in political matters, but has never .sought public preferment, although he may be found supporting all movements that have for their object the bet- terment of the communit.v. He and his wife take an active interest in the work of the Dieterich Catholic Church. Nine children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Westendorf. as follows : Joseph Henry. November 9, 1889; Lena. February 6. 1891 ; Bernhard Henry Alo.vsius. March 14, 189.? ; Katrina Veronica, Feb- ruary IS, 189.0 ; Anna Wilhelmina, June 26. 1890; Karolina Rosa. -November 12, 1897 ; Ida Cecelia. September 2, 1899; Bernhard Henry, March 20, EFFINGHAM COUNTY 879 1901 ; and Auua Johanna Agues, December 3, 1903. WESTENDORF, John Henry, Sr.— Effingham County owes a heavy debt to Germany because so many of her sous have located in the county and tJiere developed farms. The German is essen- tially a homemaker, being industrious and thrifty, never contented until he owns his residence. Germans flocked to Effingham County in the early days and, securing land, laid broad foundations for the present agricultural supremacy. Proba- bly no citizen of the county has done more to- wards building up his community than the vener- able John Henry Westendorf, Sr., a prominent resident and early settler in Bishop Township, who was lK)ru in North Asten, Oldenburg. Ger- many, May 13, 1818, a son of Frank Westendorf. In 1844 the family came to the United States and, landing at New Orleans, came up the Mississippi River to St. Louis, whence they made their way to Effingham County. The father entered forty acres of land in Section 9 and a like tract in Section S, Bishop Town.ship, at a time when he was forced to build a rude cabin of logs, the near- est mill being at Newton, Jasper County. He first cultivated his land with primitive ox-teams and thus began the development of the fine fertile farm of to-day, as did other pioneers. Frank Westendorf died about 1857, at which time the family owned 240 acres of land. He left two sons, John H. and George — both of whom became prominent citizens — and one daughter, Eliza- beth. John Henry Westendorf received his education in his native country and. on coming to the United States, at once went to work on his fath- er's farm, helping his father and brother reclaim the land from the wild prairie. In 1854 he was married on the home farm, to Katie Thoeley, also a native of Germany, and to this union one child was born, who died in infancy. Jlrs. West- endorf died in November, 1855, and in 1856 Mr. Westendorf married (second) Mary Ann Althoff, by whom he had thirteen children, four of whom died in infanc.v. Those still living are : John Henry, a farmer on Section 11, Bishop Township ; Mary A., born November 2, 1858, now the widow of Barney Hartke, residing on a farm in Bishop Township; William, Iwi-n June 26, 1861: Anna Coty, born October 22, 1862, widow of Theodore Goethas, lives in St. Louis, and has been the mother of ten children, of whom nine are now liv- ing : John B., born September 29, 1864, manages the old home farm of 200 acres ; Annie Mina. born February 10, 1870, wife of Tona Esker, of Teuto- ix)lis, has three children ; and Mary, born Sep- tember 13, 1878, wife of Joseph Vaunsing, a farmer of St. Francis Township. The mother of these children died May 15, 1905, For sixty-four years Mr. Westendorf has re- sided on his farm, having settled there when there were but three German families in the neighbor- hood, although at the present time the Germans are largely predominant in Bishop Township. As his children left their parental roof all were given good farms or the equivalent thereof in money, the father having increased the original eighty acres to 840 acres during his long and ac- tive life. He has been very active iu the ranks of the Democratic party, ^nd has represented his township on the Board of Supervisors, being on the Board with Henry W. Dust, during the time of the railroad bond indebtedness. At this time Mr. Westendorf proved himself to be a man of honor and Integrity and was steadfast in his re- fusal to take any other course than that whicli he believed would advance the interests of the public. Always taking a part in public enter- prises, he has ever been found an active partici- pant in any movement calculated to be of bene- fit to his community, and by his active and useful life has set a shining e.xample for the youth of the present generation. Throughout his life he has been a faithful member of the Catholic Church. WESTENDORF, William J.— Agricultural meth- ods in Etfingham County have changed to a re- markable degree in the last decades, and the suc- cessful farmer of to-day is the one who studies land conditions, pa.vs attention to crop rotation and brings into the operation of his property the latest power farming machinery. William J. Westendorf, who is successfully engaged in the cultivation of the soil in Section 7, Bishop Town- ship, was born on Section 9, this Township, June 26, lS(il, a son of John and Mary Ann (Althoff) Westendorf. Mr. Westendorf received his education in the old Bishop Creek school, and at the age of eleven years began to do his share of the work on the home farm, on which he lived until his twenty- eighth year, when he took a trip to look over the country and stopped in Wakefield, Clay County, Kan. There he engaged in farming and well drilling until February 22, 1888, when he returned to his home. He then located on a farm of 203 acres in Bishop Township, which liad been given his wife by her uucle, Henry Goetke. On this property was located a small building, which had formerly been used as a dwelling, but is now used as a granary. A hand- some two-story residence has been erected on the premises. Mr. Westendorf has been one of the successful agriculturists of his section, and has given a great deal of attention to dairy farming. He has added 130 acres to his orig- inal tract, this land being situated in Watson Township. He is a believer in the value of bl(X)ded stock, and is the owner of ten full bred Holstein, Durham and Hereford cows, a num- ber of full bred Poland-China hogs, and pure blood Percheron horses. On May 15. 1888, Mr. Westendorf was mar- ried to Elizabeth Goetke, who was bora at Cin- cinnati, Ohio, October 15, 1870, a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. William Goetke, both of whom died in Cincinnati, the former in 1903 and the latter In 1909. Of their children but two are now living — Mrs. Westendorf and a brother William, of Cincinnati. At the time of her marriage, Mrs. EFFINGHAM COUNTY Westendoi'f was living with her grandfather, Dietrich Goetke, with whom she had come to Effingham County when a child of two years. To Mr. and Westendorf there have been born the following children : William H., May 17, 1SS9 ; Therese, October 2, 1890 ; Mary, October 10, 1892, died aged one year ; Frank, November 15, 1894; Ferdinand, born November 17, 1896, died in 1897; George, born March 7, 1898; Ida, March 10, 1900; Anton, November 15, 1902; and Agnes, May 13, 1905. Mr. and Mrs. Westendorf are hearty supporters of the cause of educa- tion, and all of their children as soou as old enough have been given the best advantages in this line. Mr. Westendorf has served as School Director, a position which he still holds, has oc- cupied other township offices, and always taken an active interest in the success of the Demo- cratic party. The family are members of the Bishop Catholic Church and among its liberal supiiorters. WHARTON, Benjamin F.— The financial inter- ests of every community are of so im[K)rtant a nature that they cannot be too carefully con- served. The Peoples Bank of Edgewood, while a new organization, is headed by men of ex- perience and high standing, and as Benjamin F. Wharton is its Cashier as well as one of its organizer.s, the people of Effingham County re- gard it as a trustworthy institution. Mr. Wharton was born in Welton. Effingham County. 111., April G. 1878, a son of Nicholas T. and Rebecca Jane (Kagay) Wharton, and his career furnishes an example of what can be accomplished by a poor boy provided he pos- sesses the proper spirit. He met with a severe acident in the injury of his knee in 1905. which necessitated the amputation of his right leg. He began his struggle in life as a poor boy, making his way by teaching school for two years, from 1806 to 1898. when he took a position as sta- tion agent and telegrapli operator, and in 190.S was employed by W. P. Anderson and Lee Gra- ham as Cashier of the Bank of Edgewood. In 1907, he bought out the interests of Mr. Graham, and in the following year, with Mr. Anderson and others, organized the Bank of West Union. Later, but during the same year (1908'). he pur- chased an interest in the Bank of lola, but still later sold out his interests in both of these in- stitutions, and with Abraham & Co., of Watson, III., organized The People's Bank of Edgewood, of which he has been Cashier up to the present time. Jlr. Wharton was married in Edgewood. 111., July 20, 1904, to Katliryn GIndson, and tliey have had three children, namely : Eva Rebecca, J. G. and B. F., Jr. In politics Mr. Wharton is a Democrat, has been School Treasurer for two years, and also has served as Village Treasurer and Village Trustee. Fraternally he is a char- ter member of the Odd Fellows Lodge of Edge- wood. Few men have achieved more in so brief a time than Mr. Wharton. He was one in a fam- ily of eleven children, and had but few advan- tages, but taught others until he secured enough to take himself through the Dixon Business Col- lege in 1897 and later through the Austin Col- lege at Effingham. He has never faltered in his upward course or allowed himself to become dis- couraged, even when he met with the misfor- tune that might well have daunted a braver spirit, but has pushed steadily onward, and now is connected with one of the most substantial institutions of its kind in the county, and is rec- ognized as one of the most progressive men of his part of the State. WILDI, Rudolph. — No better example of what a man can ;ic<,t>miilish through energj', enterprise, honest effort and square dealing can be found than the career of Rudolph Wildi, of the well- known firm of the Wildi-Leddy Lumber Com- pany, of Effingham, III., one of the best known establishments of its kind in this part of the State. Mr. Wildi was born in Niederlenz, Can- ton Aargan. Switzerland, April 27, 1854, son of John and Eliza (Briner) Wildi. John Wildi came to the United States in 1808 and located at St. Louis, Mo., where he worked for a time at the trade of carpenter, and in 1872 his family followed him to this country. They were reunited at Highland, 111., where the father was then located. John Wildi followed his trade at Highland for some time and then engaged in the manufacture of cigar boxes, which was the nucleus of the business which later proved so successful. Mrs. Wildi, who was born in 1827, died in 1895, and the father, born the same year, survived her until 1907. Both were members of the Reformed Evangelical Church, and Mr. Wildi was active and influen- tial in public and fraternal matters. He was an honest, reliable, public-spirited citizen, and was honored and respected by all with whom he came into contact. He gave his children liberal educational advantages, and with the help of his worthy wife, trained them so as to be fitted for their various stations in life, and all have been able to show themselves worthy of their parents' training. There were children in the family as follows : John, a resident of Highland, is one of the most influential citizens of the place, being engaged in banking and other ex- tensive enterprises ; Rudolph ; Jacob, connected with the Helvetia Condensed Milk Company ; Joseph, died in Ctdar Creek. Nebr. ; Eliza, twin of Joseph, is the wife of Fred Neubauer, a member of the firm of the Highland Store Com- pany ; .\lfred. a member of the firm of Highland Embroidery Works ; Mary, wife of Gottlieb Gerber. of Mt. Olive, 111. ; Eniil, a member of the John Wildi Condensing Company, at Marys- ville, Ohio; Fred, an electrician and photogra- pher, of Michigan ; and Bertha, wife of George Klipfel. in the confectionery business at East St. Louis. During the two years that he spent with his father in Missouri and Kansas Rudolph Wildi followed from time to time, whatever honorable EFFINGHAM COUNTY 881 occupation presented itself, and for a short time was a cowboy on a large ranch. On locating in Highland, in 1872 he started to learn the tin- ner's trade, spending an apprenticeship of two and one-half years, and in 1S75 went to St. Louis, where he remained until 1878, in the latter year establishing himself in business at Worden, 111., and being quite successful. He closed this busines.s in 1887 and in 18S8 came to Efflngham, 111., where for four years he served as manager of the C. B. Flinn Lumber Co., and in 1892 he established the Wildi-Leddy Lumber Company, which has since become one of the leading enterprises of the county. They deal in lumber, lime, lath, cement, sewer pipe, paints and oils, carrying a complete stock, and their main office is located at No. 200 North Bunker Street, although tHey have a separate building for carrying their stock. Mr. Wildi's motto is the Golden Rule, and this has been applied to his business with great success, the firm bearing the reputation for the strictest integrity. On iMay 22, 1880, at Worden, 111., Mr. Wildi was married (first) to Augusta Vogelsang, who was born in Madison County, 111., and to this union there were born two children — one who died in Infancy, and Adelheid, born October 2, 1884, wife of G. E. Ziegler. a farmer iu Summit Township, has two children — Olga, bora Feb- ruary .S. IDOl, and a son born September .5. 1909. Mr. Wildi's first wife died in 1887. and he was married (second) in October, 1888. to Emma Hartman. who was born in South Bend, Ind., and to this union there were born children as follows: Carl R.. born October 8. 1889, engaged at the Marysville (Ohio) Condensory with his uncle: Ernest R., born .January 5. 1891. gradu- ated from Effingham High School with the class of 1900: Eleanor Helena, born May 29, 1892; Bertha Eliza, born November 28. 1894: Tx)uisa May, born March 25. 189.T : Ruth, born .July 17, 1890: and George, born December 2, 1902. Mr Wildi is a firm believer in education, and all of his children have received or are receiving lib- eral advantages in this line. Mr. and Mrs. Wildi are active members of the Lutheran Church. In politics Mr. Wildi is a Rep\iblican. and is one of the progressive, wide-awake business citi- zens of Effingham, ever ready to do his share to- wards the development of bis community. WILLETT, Volney Howard.— The first line of business that was carried on in the history of the world was that of farming, and from then to the present day men have foinid it profitable to till the soil and raise stock U|X)n it. Efflng- ham County is no exception to this, and some of the most prosperous men within its confines are engaged in agricultural work. Volney How- ard Willett of Section 25. Union Township, is one of these. He was born in West Township. Effingham County, .Tune 11, 1872, a son of Vol- ney and Louisa (Wilburn) Willett. Mr. Willett was reared on a farm, but in 1895 began working for himself, and since then, with no outside help, has acquired a good farm of sixty acres, with excellent improvements, well stocked. He spent eighteen months working at Danville, 111., in the car shops there, at his car- Ijenter trade, and he still engages at it in con- junction with his farming activities. In 190.3, he moved to Danville, but in 1904, returned to the farm. Two brothers of Mr. Wllletfs are Charles E., a canienter for the Chicago & East- ern Illinois Railroad ; and Frank, a dairyman living in Danville ; P, W. and O. L., two other brothers, are lawyers in Seattle, Wash. These brothers, with Mr. Willett, received a common school education, supplemented with a high school course, but aside from these advantages all their training came froai their own efforts. Mr. Willett is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, at Eberle, 111., which lodge he helped to organize, and also belongs to the Brotherhood of American Yeomen. He is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and a strong supporter of the temperance cause, being County President of the Y. M. T. U., in which he has been a zealous worker. In Union Township, on December 25, 1895, Mr. Willett married' Lena Weigel. and they have children as follows: George Ralph, bom Decem- ber 10, 1897; Lola Beatrice, born February 13, 1900 ; Lelia Blanch, born April 6, 1902 ; Dorman Ellis, born November 25, 1905, and Alma Vir- ginia, born October 10, 1908. Mr. Weigel served four years and six mouths iu the Seventeenth Regiment Indiana Volunteer.?, and died at Dan- ville, June 7, 1909. Volney Willett, the father of Volney 11., was born March 8, 1837, in Columbia Ctiuntj-, Ohio, anTT removed with his parents to Wayne County, 111., in 1841. After coming to Illinois, he re- ceived but a scant education iu the public schools, acquiring his mental training as a close observer of all that passed his way, and with the borrowing a few books, becoming conversant with law and political economy.. At the age of nine- teen years he was apprenticed to learn the blacksmith trade, but in 1859 he crossed the plains to California, where, for five years, he was engaged in mining and farming with a sat- isfactory degree of success. During a part of the war period he served as First Lieutenant in a company of California State Militia. In 1865 he returned East by way of the Pacific Ocean, the Isthmus of Panama and the Atlantic, arriv- ing at New York Cit.v. and after reaching his old Illinois home, engaged in mercantile business for some years, later embarking in farming and the lireeding of fine stock, which he continued dur- ing the remainder of his life. In 1894, he re- visited California, his journey in a palace car this time, presenting a striking contrast to that of 1859 with a wagon and ox team. While cross- ing the plains in 1859 he met with some thrilling experiences, always managing, however, to win the friendship of the Indians whom he encoun- tered. One of these was the noted chief, "Old Red Cloud," who wished to make him a chief 882 EFFINGHAM COUNTY of his band. Voluey Willett's historic career was ended by his death, March 24, 1898. Fra- ternally he was a Master Mason and was re- garded in his community as one of the most honored and successful citizens of Etiingham County. A popular political speaker, he was never the tool of any mere political party, al- ways maintaining an independent ijosition and proving himself a firm supixirter of good meas- ures and true progress. Mr. Volney H. Willett is a leader in the Democratic party, always taking an active part in all of its work, and has served two terms as Town Clerk and one term as School Treasurer. He is one of the progressive farmers of his lo- cality, and one who is steadily forging ahead. His business record is excellent, he has every reason to be proud o£ what he has accomplished, while his neighbors respect and honor him as an honest, reliable citizen. WILLS, Mrs. Julia (Probst-Thompson), widow of the late Dr. .John Wills, resides on Section 31, Liberty Township, Effingham County, 111., and is a daughter of Mathias and Margaretta (Burk- hart) Probst. Mr. Probst was bom October 18, 183-1, and died August 31, 1878, aged forty-three years, ten months. His wife was bom Novem- ber 22, 18.34, and died November 22. 1878, on her forty-fourth birthday. Mr. and Mrs. Probst came to America while they were young, being natives of Germany. They located first in New York City. They were married in that city May 3, 1856, and later came to Chicago, where he worked at his trade of wagon-maker. While living in Chicago they became parents of the following children : Anna, who died in infancy ; Jacob, a farmer of La Place, 111., twenty miles east of Decatur ; Mrs. Wills ; Minnie, wife of Isaac Bailie, a farmer of Shelby County, 111., who moved to Mt. Vernon, where she died In August. 1898. In 1862 the Probst family moved In a wagon to what is now Shumway, 111., locating in Ban- ner Township. Effingham County. They came with a large party and were detained in Effing- ham by a severe rainstorm, which wet them all and many of the children suffered from the ef- fects of this exposure, among them little Anna and .Tulia Probst. Anna did not recover, but died in the home of Mr. Leavitt, and was burled in a section intended for use as a burying ground. Mr. Leavitt died before the Probst family as- certained where the little grave had been made, although wide search was made for it. Mr. Probst found employment in erecting the primi- tive houses of the early settlers, and at the same time located on eighty acres on Section 32, where he carried on farming. He also drew the plans for and did most of the work on the Ger- man Methodist Church of Shumway, which Is still standing. He was also a local preacher and aided much in the religious work of the commu- nity. His doors were always open to the stran- ger and his house was usually full of company. Although Mr. Probst had formerly been a Catho- lic and his wife a Lutheran, both embraced the faith of the Methodist Church and worked hard to advance its interests. The children born to them in Shumway wei-e : Otillia, who was the wife of William McCtosh, a farmer living north- east of Beecher City ; Edward, married AUie Kornelius, but Is deceased, his wife surviving him but one year; Frank, a farmer of Bement, 111. ; Emma, who married Charles Cecil and lives In Stewardson, 111. ; Otto, in the employ of the Standard Oil Company at Decatur ; Margaret, who was the widow of Henry Jansen, a wine Im- porter of Chicago ; Peter Louis, a farmer of La Place, 111. Mrs. Wills was born in Chicago, February 6, 1860, and was only two years old at the time of the family migration to Effingham County. She was educated in the subscription schools of Shumway and well remembers many interest- ing incidents of pioneer life. The grass sur- rounding the house was so high that the children playing in it would become lost and have to be guided back home by their mother's voice. Once she stepped on a flock of prairie chickens hiding in the grass. When she was twelve years old she began working away from home, although prior to that time she had been kept busy help- ing her mother. For the first of her services her only remimeration was a calico dress, but later she began to be paid fifty cents a week. When her parents died she returned home and took up the responsibility of caring for the household. March 1. 1880, Julia Probst married John C. F. Thompson, and when she left for her new home she took with her her baby brother. They lived a year In Effingham, then moved to Shelby County, where Mr. Thompson took charge of the large estate of a Mr. Mitchell. Two years later they moved to Beecher City and purchased a house and five acres of laud. Mr. Thompson died May 26. 1885, when but twenty-eight years of age. He had formerly been a Methodist but at the time of his death had united with the ITnited Brethren. Four children were born to him and his wife, as follows : Clarence Edgar, who married Jane Dial and lives at Beecher City: Matilda Jane, born Februarj- 27, 1882, married C. E. McElroy, station agent at Saune- niin. 111.; Thomas Franklin, born March 1, 1884, died August 21 of the same year ; John Charles Thomas, born August 9, 1SS.5. three months after the death of his father, married Laura Grange, and they live at Alpine, 111., where his wife is station agent, while he is proprietor of a res- taurant, ice-cream parlor and is a telegraph oper- ator at Orland, 111. After the death of her husband Mrs. Thomp- son was obliged to work very hard for the sup- port of her children and to send them to school. She educated her daughter for a teacher. After caring for them six years, Mrs. Thompson mar- ried. May 28, 1801, Dr. John Wills, becoming stei>mother to five children. Dr. Wills had married, August 10, 1854, Josephine E. Metham, EFFINGHAM COUNTY 883 daughter of P. and Eliza (Bowman) Metham and they had had nine children, five of whom were living, namely : Clarella Elizabeth Valeria Eliza, bom October 1, 1855, ^'ife of Joseph Dunsford, of Altamont, 111., where he is a real estate dealer ; Robert Pren Kirkland, born February 24, 1862, married JIary Jennings, and they live on a farm in Fayette County ; Walter Parker Clifford, born March 23, 1872, married Nora Borer, and they live in St. Charles, Mo., where he is a stenographer ; Cecilia, born July 3, 1875, married William Harris, a farmer of Mulhall, Okla. ; and Ida Stella, born March 5. 1878, died August 31, 1898. Dr. Wills' four children, who were deceased at the time of his marriage to Mrs. Thompson were : Flora Bell Virginia, Will- iam B. Sherman, Beverly H. Edi-son and John Delman Metham. Dr. and Mrs. Wills began housekeeping in his two-story log house on Section 31, Liberty Town- ship, where he owned 180 acres of land. He practiced his profession and the care of the farm fell mostly to his wife's capable management. She was fully competent to keep up with a man in farm work. At one time they owned .517 acres of land In Effingham and near-by counties, as well as several lots in Beecher City, and these possessions were largely the result of the per- sistent and purposeful work end euergj- of Mrs. Wills. She has alwa.v.s believed in high grade cattle and hogs, and has raised Hol.stein, Gal- loway and Short-horn cattle and Poland-China hogs for many years. She still resides on the home farm and oversees the work of carrying it on. She owns a large and comfortable home, which is well situated on a natural building site, surrounded by shade and ornamental trees. The numerous outbuildings are commodious and substantial. Dr. and Mr.s. Wills had children as follows : Josephine Eveline, born June 22, 1S92 ; Lela Edna, born January 16. 180.5; Bertha Lillian. born April 30. 1896 : Julia Ennua. born February 15. 1898. and Mabel Mildred, born August 4. 1900. Mrs. Wills has reared fourteen children, nine of them her own, and never made any dif- ference among them. She is now their guardian and executrix of the large estate. Dr. Wills was kind and charitable to the poor and ministered to their needs regardless of their financial con- dition. He was a member of the Masonic Order, and both he and his wife early united with the Jlethodist Church. He died May 3, 1908. and is sincerely mourned, not only b.v his widow and children, but by a wide circle of warm and de- voted friends. Mrs. Wills is a member of Fraternal Aid Lodge No. 414. of Beecher City, being a charter member and now Vice-President ; is President and Trustee of Barker Union No. 19. of Beecher City, and a member of the Modern Americans. Lodge No. 23, of the same place. She has al- ways been an energetic, hard-working woman. From early childhood she has worked with her hands and has never spared herself, having every reason to be proud of what she has accom- plished. She is the mother of a fine family, has been an excellent and devoted wife, and has en- deared l.erself to a large circle of friends. WILSON, James Dallas. — There are some men who seem to be without selfish motives, who .spend their lives in working for others. They tenderly care for their parents and are ever ready to contribute of means and time towards the betterment of their communities. Such a man is James Dallas Wilson of Section 7, Union Township, Etflugham County, farmer and con- tractor and builder. He was born in Fairfield, Ohio, in 1845, a son of William M. and Mary (Snapp) Wilson. The family moved to Effing- ham County in 1847, and eventually located at Teutopolis, where his father erected a hotel. He began work as a builder and contractor in 1861. and has continued in this line ever since, and he is also a farmer. Mr. Wilson had three brothers: Charlie of Mason, 111.; John, of Wat- son, 111., and Joseph, who is deceased. Two sisters are living, while Mrs. Sarah Turner and Jane Leith are deceased. Mr. Wil.son has always taken an active part in politics and was Road Commissioner of Union Township for twelve years, and School Director for atwut twenty-six years. Since 1901. he has been Justice of the Peace, and is now in his third term. Fraternally he is a member of the A. F. & .\. M., having joined in 1874. and he also be- longs to the Order of Red Men, No. 12. Mr. Wilson was reared in the Universalist faith, and still adheres to that belief. On April 10, 1SS3, Mr. Wilson married Carrie Voorhees. nnd the following children have been born to them : Hattie May. who man-ied John F. Winters, a cast-iron worker, and they live at Granite City, 111. ; Edward C, a railway mail clerk, at home; Daisy H., Ralph O., Ra.vmond E. and Geneva Pearl, all at home. Mr. Wilson has given his children good educations, and is very proud of these bright, intelligent .voung people, as he ought to be. As a carpenter and builder, Mr. Wilson ranks second to none in his locality, and he takes great pride in making his work perfect of its kind. Some of the most substantial buildings in Effing- ham County have been constructed by him. and he can point to them with pride. In all. he has built more houses and bams than any other contractor in the county, the number in one summer covering as high as thirty good houses. He does not erect any building during the win- ter season. At present (1910) he is erecting a brick block of five rooms, 100x100 feet. During the Civil War he enlisted as a Union soldier, but was discharged and returned home on account of age. He is an honest, hard-working man, an excel- lent neighbor, and one of the leaders of the Dem- ocratic party in his township. WILSON, John W. — Those travelers whose duties call them to Watson. 111., will generally 884 EFFINGHAM COUNTY find tbeinselves directed to the Watson House for their stay, and in John W. Wilson, the genial host, they will find one of the old citizens of Ef- fingham County, who can tell of pioneer days here, and of the many changes that have taken place. Mr. Wilson was born on a farm in Union Township. Effingham County, May 28, 1849, a son of William M. and Mai->' (Snapp) Wilson, natives of Frederick County, Va. William M. Wilson was born March 2'>, 1808, on a Virginia plantation, the sou of a slave owner, and his wife, who was bom January 21, 1813, was the daughter of an owner of slaves. Before his marriage William Wilson was wnat was known as a teamster, driving a six-horse team to Baltimore, Wheeling and Richmond, and often making a trip to Savannah. Ga., be- fore the railroads were introduced. After his man-iage, in 18.3.3, he settled for a time on the home farm, but later removed to Fairfield County, Ohio, near Lancaster, and in 1844 sold out and came to Effingham County, 111., buying a farm in Union Township, on which he spent the remainder of his life, his death occurring Au- gust 2,^, 1888, and that of his wife March istn of the same year. Their children were : Joseph, born in Frederick County, Va.. grew to manhood and married in Watson, where he died June 10, 1859; Sarah, tx)m January 1, 18.37, in Fairfield County, Ohio, is the widow of N. C. Turner, and resides on a farm in Jackson Township : Mar- shall, in charge of the home farm ; Mary J., born In October. 1841, in Fairfield County, Ohio, was the wife of David R. Leith, of Terre Haute, Ind. and died in 18.50. in Union Township; Charles D.. born in March, 18.39. in Fairfield County, Ohio, is a retired farmer of Mason, 111. ; James D., born April 4, 184.5, in Fairfield County, Ohio, is a farmer, contractor and builder of Un- ion Township ; and John W. The father of these children was during his life one of the well-to- do farmei-s. a man of sterling integrity, and one who was widely known and resjjected by all who came In contact with him. For a number of years he was a Justice of the Peace In his neigh- borhood, and decided all legal matters with the utmost impartiality. He was a lifelong Demo- crat, but never sought jwlitical honors, preferring to spend his time in the bosom of his family. He joined the Odd Fellows at Ewington, then the county seat of Effingham County. In relig- ious faith he was a Baptist and his wife a Pres- byterian, and both were ever ready to give of their time or means towards any movement of a religious or educational nature. John W. Wilson, the only member of his fam- ily born in Illinois, spent his early life on the home farm. and. like the other farmer boys of his day. attended the schools during the winter months and assisted his father and brothers in the duties of the home place in the summer months. On December 22. 1870, he was married to Mahala E. Nevil, who was boru in Effingham County. 111.. January 15. 1854, daughter of Elisha and Eliza (Forth) Nevll, the former of whom had died when Mrs. Wilson was a child. Her mother still resides at Watson. After his marriage Mr. Wilson took charge of the old home farm in Union Township, carrying it on and caring for his parents until their deaths, in 1888, when he rented a farm near the old homestead until 1892. then decided to retire from agricul- tural pursuits. At this time he purchased the hotel properay in Watson and has since made it one of the most popular establishments of its kind in this part of the State. The service and cuisine are excellent, and the host and hostess do everything In their power to make their guests feel at home. A good talker, Mr. Wilson can relate many reminiscences of early days in Effingham Cbunty, when the family would gather around in the little hewed-log cabin, or when with his trusty muzzle-loading gini he would go out and bring down the wild game. He speaks very entertainingly of those old days when there seemed to be plenty for all and hap- piness and good will were the main things in life, contrasting sharply with these days of hus- tle, bustle and graft, when it seems as though no man cared for any other than himself. So- cially, Mr. Wilson is connected with Masonic Lodge No. 602, at Watson. Mrs. Wilson and her daughters are active members of the Christian Church. While Mr. Wilson is not a member of any particular church, although his belief Is that of the Universalists, he is always I'eady to give freely of his means to any church or char- itable work. He is a Jeffersonian Democrat, and although never caring for public office, served as Town Clerk for some time while re- siding in Union Township. Three children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Wilson, namely : JloUy E., bom November 2, 1873, married J. W. Claar, station agent at Wat- son, and has had two children, — Bernice. Ixjrn April 17, 1897, died April 15, 1900, and Fae Wil- son, bom June 13, 1900; Jessie B.. born October 21. 1877, married George Bailey, foreman of the Illinois Central Railway shops at Centralia, and has six children, — Urban S.. Ruby. Beulah, John W.. Kenneth and Robert ; and Nellie, born March 22, 1888. WILSON, Rev. Joseph A. M., one of the most esteemed clergymen of Effingham, 111., pastor of Sacred Heart Church, was born in Boston. Mass., September 17. 1864, a son of John and Mary (McCarthy-MacDonald) Wilson. John Wilson was born in England, and died June, 1864, a re- tired officer of the English Army. His wife was born in Quebec, Canada. They were parents of six children, three boys and three girls. The two other brothers became successful physicians. Mary AVilson died in 1885. leaving her six chil- dren to mourn her loss. She was a full course graduate of the celebrated Ursuline Academy of Quebec. Canada. Reverend Wilson received his early education In the public and parochial schools of Massachu- setts, afterward attended an English school, took a medical course, and finally went to Rome, EFFINGHAM COUNTY 885 wliere he received his training for the priest- hood. He spent five years studying at the Amer- ican College, and was ordained a priest m Rome May 25, lt)02, by Cardinal Respegi, In St. John Lateran Basilica. He was ordamed for the diocese of Alton, having pursued his ecclesi- astical studies under the auspices of the Bishop of Alton. The first charge given Reverend Wilson was as curate'in St. Joseph's Parish, at Springfield, III., where he spent three years, then became first pastor of Pawnee, Sangamon County, 111-, and South Fork, Christian County, where he spent nearly four years, when he succeeded to his present pastorate of the Sacred Heart Church, Efiingham. . . Father Wilson is sincerely loved In his parish, eniovs the fullest confidence of the members of his church, and is 'accorded the highest respect by all who know him. He has a deep sense of tiie high duties of his position and the responsi- bility he has assumed in caring for the needs of those who have been entrusted to his charge. His eloquence in the pulpit and his sincere interest In the welfare of his people have enabled him to accomplish much good, and he has administered the financial affairs of the church to the advan- tage of that organization. WOOD, David L.— Effingham County shows some of the best regulated and most valuable farms in that part of Illinois. They have been made thus desirable through the industry and thrift of the owners, who realize the advantage of using mod- em machinery and methods in doing their work. David L. Wood was born in Rush County, Ind., November 16. I&IS, a son of David Q. and Julia \ (Haves) Wood, the latter a native of New Jersev, but of Scotch and Welsh ancestry. David Q Wood was a native of Adams County, Ohio, a srohibItIon. Mr. and Mrs. Parks had eight children : Effle. who died at the age of two and a half years ; Walter L., died, aged six. and two In infancy; Henri- ette, married Jacob J. Bareus, of Broken Bow, Neb. ; Viola A., wife of George Dye, a farmer of Lucas Township : Mrs. Wood ; Mary E., wife of W. D. Lake, a farmer of Lucas Township. After their marriage Mr. Wood and his wife located on his farm, and here the following chil- dren were born to them : Harley B., born October 27, 1888. is a student in the State University, tak- ing an agricultural course ; Raymond A., born September 1. 1892, at home; Benson, born Jan- uary 25, 1895; Ruth, born July 20. 1904. Mr. EFFINGHAM COUNTY Wood belongs to Delia Lodge No. 525, A. F. & A. M., and is a strong Heiiulilicau, but bus never been an aspirant for public office. WOODARD, Reuben, a resident of Montrose, 111., now practically retired from farm work, was born in Jasper" County, 111., on tbe line between Jasper and Kicbland Counties. July 7, 18C1, a son of James and Mary (Claston) Woodard, natives of Maryland and Kentucky, respectively, but both brought by their parents to Illinois in childhood. James Woodard was one of the pro- gressive farmers aud stoc4v-raisers of his locality, and after his marriage set to work to build up a eompetenc-j- for his family. Both parents are still living on their farm in Jasper County. Their seven (.-hikiren are also all living, there never having been a death in the family. Mr. and Mrs. Woodard have tbe sati.sfactiou of know- ing that all their children are well-to-do and honorable members of the several communities In which they reside. Reuben Woodard was born on the farm and his boyhood days were spent there, attending school la winter and working in summer. He re- mained at home until he attained to his majority, when he rented land and began farming for him- self. On February 24, 1886, he married Miss Hattie Crews, born May 28. 1857, on a farm in Is,land Grove. Jasper County, 111. She Is a daughter of James L. Crews, a sketch of whom will be found elsewhere in this work. After their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Woodard settled on a farm within sight of the old home of Mrs. Woodard, and from the windows of her new home Mrs. Woodard could see the lights of her old one. When her dear mother was called to her last reward, she took charge of the domestic affairs, striving to fill the place left vacant by that sad death. So devoted was she, that she well filled the place, and those who were left, owing to her faithful service, ceased to miss the mother's loving care. Jlr, and Mrs. Woodard were very successful in their farming endeavors. Mr. Woodard made a specialty of raising high- grade cattle, horses and hogs. In the fall of 1899, he bought land adjoining his first farm. He then bought four acres adjacent to Montrose, on which he built a beautiful home, which has since been their abiding place. They rent the farm. He also owns 275 acres in Jasper County. Mr. and Mrs. Woodard well remember the early days of the county, when the wild prairie grass was as high as a man's head on horseback. They have seen the uncultivated land converted into' productive, farms ; have watched the log school house give way to the present modern one ; and yet they turn back in recollection to those happy early days, when the loved ones, now miss- ing, were still living. They have been very char- itable, and helped many to gain a start in life. None who have applied to them have been turned away empty-handed, although but few know half of their good deeds. Mrs. Woodard joined the Methodi.st Church in 1879. and since then has been verj- active in church and Sunday school work. Mr. Woodard was also reared in that faith, aud while not a member of any church, always gives liberally of his means towards the support of that denomination. He is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America, while Mrs. Woodard belongs to the Rebekah Lodge of To- ledo. 111. Jlr. Woodard was very active in tem- perance work during the spring of 1908, and can IX)int to what he accomplished during that won- derful crusade. For eight years he was Alder- man of Montrose, being elected on the Democratic ticket and he has always been anxious for the success of his party. Both Mr. and ilrs. Woodard are public-spirited and deeply interested in all that promises to prove of benefit to the community in which they are so imiwrtaut a factor. It would be difficult to find two people of their age and standing who have done more for humanity than Air. Woodard and his kind-hearted wife, and both not only inspire respect, but what is better, deep affection in the hearts of those who know and fully appreciate their many lovable traits of char- acter. WOODY, John Edwards. — There are many in- stances in the histoiy of our country where men whose educational advantages have been ex- tremely limited, rise above their associates through sheer native ability and strong will. 'A man who has attained much more than local prominence in agricultural and stock-raising mat- ters, is John Edwards Woody, of Union Town- ship, now one of the venerable residents of Ef- fingham County, and one of its most honored. He was born in Lawrence County, Ind„ near Bidford, August 27. 1829, a son of William and Sarah (or Sally) (Edwards) Woody, natives of Ashe County. N. C. The parents mentioned above were married in their native county, from which they removed about 1825, to Lawrence County, lud.. locating on a farm, which was their home until 1870. In that year removal was made by them to Wayne County. 111., where the mother died, about 1875. The father then came to Effingham County and made his home with his son, John E. Woody, for about five years. At that time he started back to Indiana, biit was lost on the trip, and being unable to write, passed from the knowledge of his .son. He and his wife had eight children, all of whom grew to maturity : Marj- J., John E.. Sarah M., Amanda, married a Mr, Henson and moved to Arkansas, where both died, leaving children ; Morris, died in Wa.vne Countj-, 111,, leaving children; Cllsb.v Alexander, also died in Wayne County, 111., leaving a family ; David and Sterling, twins. David married and died in Davis County. Ind.. leaving a family and his twin brother was a member of an Indiana Regiment under General Wilder, was captured and later paroled, after which he returned home, luit died from exposure endured during his service. .John Edwards Woody was educated in the sub- scription schools of his neighborhood, but owing to the poor quality of tliese .schools, secured but EFFINGHAM COUNTY 887 a limited education. When only sixteen years old he went to worlv by the month, for five dollars a month with board, and from then on was al- ways ready to perform any labor that was hon- est, no matter how hard it might be. For some years he worked on farms iu the summer and in a saw-mill during the winter, and thus made both ends meet, November 29, 1S4S, when only nine- teen years old, he married Charlotte Cox, in Martin County. Ind. She was a daughter of Isaac Cox and was born in Martin County, May 15, 1S31, After marriage the young couple rented land and farmed it. Eventually they bought land in Lawrence County, Ind., but Mr. Woody sold it, intending to go to Texas, but changing his mind, again rented land in Law- rence County and continued there until 1862, when he bought eighty acres of land in Section 24, Union Township, Effingham County. There was a log cabin on this land and It was the family home until a better one was erected. During the terribly cold winter of 1862 they lived in its one room. Snow filled the little loft, and they en- dured many hardships, but became so attached to this primitive home that, when Mr. Woody built his frame house, it was around the old one, which is now used as the sitting room, and there iB not one more comfortable in the county. Mr. Woody has added to his original farm until he now owns 520 acres of the choicest land in Ef- fingham County. Mr. and Mrs. Woody became parents of the following children : Minerva Jane, born May 9, 1851, married, February 20, 1870, John Murry, a farmer of Lucas Township, and has one child ; Tabitha, born February 24, 1854, died January 17, 1882 ; John E., a farmer in Lucas Township, Is married and has one son living and has lost two ; Granville G., born March 18. 1856, is a farmer in Lucas Township ; Tillman C, twm August 15, 1857, is a farmer in Lucas Township ; Horton H., born October 1.3. 1859. is a farmer of Lucas Township ; Sylvanus G., born February 2, 1862. died December 12, 1862; Davie G., born April 28, 1865. died December 15, 1889 ; Schuyler C, lives in Union Township, born Januar.v 8, 1868; Samuel N.. born December 7. 1871. a farmer of Lucas Township ; Edith E., born April 26, 1873, died in July, 1891. The family made the trip from Indiana to Illinois in large wagons. The wife and mother died March 29, 1875. and was mourned as a kind-hearted, Christian wo- man. On December 25, 1875, Mr. Woody married Martha E. (Cooper) Jacobs, born near Carroll- ton, Greene County, 111., September 2. 1852, daughter of Harrison Cooper, a native of Ken- tucky and during his bo.vhood a companion and fellow-worker with Abraham Lincoln, with w-hom on many occasions he split rails. Mr. Cooper came to Illinois in pioneer days and died there, honored and respected by all. as also did his wife. By the second marriage there were the following children : Stella G.. lx>rn 'September 29. 1876. died November 9, 1890; Malvina Ann. born April 2, 1878, died April 9, 1879 ; James L., born June 2 1882. died October 1, 1895; Myrtle Ethel, born February 26, 1885, died September 20, 1890; Ira May, boni August 27, 1887, married Theron Evans, a merchant of Eberle, and has two children ; Beulah M. and Malvina. For forty-seven jears Mr. Woody has been identified with the growth and development of this part of Etfingham County, and has been a witness of many of the remarkable changes that have taken place there. He has made a specialty of stock-raising and for thirty years has had a herd of 150 Hereford cattle, many Norman horses and Poland-China hogs. His farm is well stocked, his machinery of the latest pattern, and he does his farming upon improved methods, realizing that iu them lies the most profit. His home farm contains 480 acres, and he has the satisfaction of having his children about him on farms provided for them. All of them are a credit to him and their bringing up, and he Is justly proud of them. There are few men today who could accom- plish what he has done. Starting out In life, a youth of nineteen, with a young wife and no money, he has steadily advanced until he is now one of the richest men in Effingham County, and has brought up a family that is a credit to him, and his word is regarded as as good as another man's bond. While always interested in current Issues and well informed upon political matters, he has refused to accept public office, although nominations have been tendered him many times. Surrounded by his children, ministered to by them and his wife, this hale, happy farmer is enjoying his declining years, having every reason to be contented with what Ijis life has produced. It is such men as he whose lives jjoint a moral and make the present generation take notice and renew their endeavors to live uprightly, so that when they are passing down the slo[)e of existence, tliey may as peacefully look back over past years, with as little regret as can John Ed- wards Woody. WOODY, Tilhnan C— Some of the more pro- gressive farmers of Effingham County are realiz- ing the profits of fine stock growing and are de- voting themselves to this branch of agricultural enterprise. One of the farmers of Lucas Town- ship, who has been jjre-eminently successful along this line is Tillman C. Woody, whose fine fai-m is located on Section 31, that township. He was born in Lawrence County, Ind., August 10, 1857, a son of John Edwards Woody, a sketch of whom is found elsewhere in this work. In 1862. the family came to Union Township. Effingham County, and located on a farm, and here Till- man C. Woody was reared and attended the schools of his neighborhood. His boyhood days were spent in helping his father in farming and herding cattle in that region, continuing in this employment until he attained his majority. On September 10, 1879, Mr. Woody married Permelia Trees, and they located on Section 26, Union Township, in a log cabin erected by one of the first settlers of this part of the county. EFFINGHAM COUNTY Here a little sou was bom January 10, 1880, and on the twenty-second of the month the young mother passed away. This son is now a con- ductor on the railroad from Ogden, Utah, to Salt Lake City. Mr. Woodv about this time began feeding stock, and during 1881 shipped 200 head. He then did considerable butchering for some thirteen months, and all the time did his own cooking and tried to get along by himself on the farm. March 18, 1884, he married Lillie E. Mills, born March 18, 1865, in Union Township, a daughter of William and Missouri (McCanial) Mills, natives of Ken- tucky and Illinois. They were married in Madi- son County, 111., about 1864, and afterwards lo- cated in Union Township, where five of their nine children were born, and of them but five survive. These children were : Emma, wife of Asa Lane of Dieterich; Mrs. Woody; Julia, wife of Ster- ling riensley, a farmer of Mason Township; Anna, wife of John Nester, of Cumberland, 111. ; Clara, wife of Xoah Smith of the neighborhood of Edgewood, 111. These are all still living, while Mary, James and Sarah died in infancy, and Tama, who became the wife of James Murray, died about 1895. The mother of these children died about 1875. but the father survives, living on his home farm, aged seventy-five years, al- though for several years past he has been in- capacitated for active labor, snfTering from the result of an accident. He was one of the pio- neers of Effingham County, and is one of its hon- ored residents. For many years he has been a member of the Christian Church, but liis wife belonged to the Baptist Church. He has served as School Director and has well borne his part In the upbuilding of his community. Mrs. Woody has but little recollection of her mother as she died when Mrs. AVoody was but a child. After marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Woody came to the farm which has since been their home, and located in a small frame building on Section 3, Lucas Township. Here their chil- dren have been bom, namely: Birdie M.. born January 8, 1885, and for five years has been one of the popular teachers of this part of the county ; Effie E.. born March 20, 1886, married Merl Rieheson, a farmer of Lucas Township, and they have one child— Florence; Vada M., born September 27, 1887, married Everett Dye, a farmer of Lucas Township, and they have two children — Vivian and Kenneth; Velva A., boru September 20. 1889. died January 30, 1891 ; John T., born September 5, 1892. at home; Ruth M.. born November 6. 1894 ; Marie R., born December 20, 1896: .\rlin M., born March 14. 1899: Hazel C, born October 21, 1901, and Ross J., bom October 14, 1905. Mr. Woody owns a fine farm of 240 acres, and to him belongs the credit of being the first to in- troduce Hereford cattle in Effingham County, as he was also one of the first to br(>ed Tercheron horses. He has also been a breeder of Poland- China hogs for years. Some idea of the value of his product is shown in the fact that thirty-six head of hogs netted him $647.42. Mr. Woody has one of the best stock barns in the county, 47x102 feet in dimensions. Having spent so many years in breeding stock, he is a recognized authority in that line of business, and his stock is all eligi- ble for registration. He takes a deep pride in his quality of stock, and is constantly improv- ing his equipment tor properly caring for it. A strong Republican, Mr. Woody has contented himself with upholding the candidates and prin- ciples of his party, utterly refusing any public preferment for himself. A splendid business man, an excellent farmer and stockman and a genial friend, Mr. Woody is a typical representa- tive of the best cla.ss of agriculturists in this part of the State. WRIGHT, George W. — In every large community every line of endeavor is likely to be represented, and all require different grades of ability to pros- ecute them properly. No line of work requires more tact, or consideration for the feelings of others, than does that connected with the under- taking business. George W. Wright of Dieterich is a leading representative in this line of busi- ness. He was born in Summit Township, Effing- ham County, 111., June 19, 1858, a sou of George and Thankful (Spauldiug) Wright. On both sides Mr. Wright can trace a long and honorable ancestry and the maternal one is par- ticularly interesting. His mother, Thankful Spauldiug, was born in the Western Reserve, Ohio, in May, 1826, came with her parents to Illi- nois in 1839, married George Wright November 14, 1844, and died in 1892 at the home of her sou George, in Dieterich. She was a daughter of Phineas Spauldiug, who was born in Connecticut, November 7, 1790, aud in 1822 emigrated to Ohio and in 1839 to Effingham County, 111. He mar- ried Thankful Moses, in 1845 moved to Iowa, and died in 1847. Daniel Spauldiug, father of Phin- eas, was bom in >.'orl'oIk, Conu., July 25, 1750, aud was a noted Revolutionary patriot. He en- listed in Capt. Andrew Bucher's company, under command of Ctol. John Douglas, and while in the service, traveled 280 miles, canying the ai-my pay rolls. Daniel Spauldiug was a son of Jacob Spauldiug, who was born in Connecticut, De- cember 17, 1732, and his father. Edward Spauld- iug, was boru at Chelmsford, JIass.. in September, 1693, a son of Edward, born September 16, 1663, a son of John, Iiorn ](i33, at Braintree, Maine, aud came to Cliehiisfunl with his father in 1694. The first Edward Spauldiug came from England to America in 16.30 and from him descended a long line. John Wright, the paternal grandfather of George W. Wright, eutered the first piece of land in Effingham County, but was accidentally killed while working as a brickmason on the State House at Vandalia, before he had paid for it. His widow, however, held the land aud succeeded in paying the Government for it and she received the deed. .John Wright came to Wayne County, 111., from Philadelphia, prior to the birth of bis son, George Wright, on August 31, 1820. In 1834 EFFINGHAM COUNTY the Wrights came to Effingham County and set- tled at what was then the county-seat. There, in 1844, George Wright married Thankful Spauld- ing and started to cultivate the wild land, mak- ing his tirst purchase of eighty acres by giving his note for $100. In those days an amount like that was a large one when it had to be earned out of a wild farm, but it was paid in the due course of time. George Wright was a man of fine parts, was elected County Surveyor and to other offices. He surveyed the land for the Illi- nois Central Railroad and became the agent in the transaction by which the State gave the rail- road every alternate section. In this connection his dealings were often very large, and at one time he bought 35,000 acres of land of the Han- cock Land Company, and it was said he bought and sold more land than any other man in this part of the State. He was widely known and universally respected. It was largely through his efforts that the Cburt House was removed to Effingham. He built the first three dwellings in the place, and when it was made the county-seat, he moved to Effingham, where he lived until his death, after which the family moved to St. Fran- cis Township. He believing the building of rail- roads to be a great civilizing agent, and in asso- ciation with J. J. Funkhouser, was instrumental in getting the survey made from Effingham to Palestine for the Indianapolis Southern Rail- road, which was built after his death. Having been County Surveyor he was thoroughly posted on all the topographical features of the country and was familiar with every section corner, every landmark and every building, and if there was to be a railroad or other route located, he could tell the cheapest and best path to build over. As a citizen he was ever active and was liberal with his time and means. In polities he was a Democrat. His wife was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but he had been brought up in the old Quaker belief and held strictly to that faith. He was liberal and chari- table and gave to all worthy enterprises. On July 15, 1871, Mr. Wright was suddenly taken sick and died after about twenty-three hours of intense suffering. His funeral was one of the largest ever held at Effingham, being con- ducted by the Masonic fraternity. To him and wife had been born the following children : Thomas X., Emma A., Millina, Hannah E., George W.. Mary A. and Mina. Of this family. Thomas N., born January 30, 1847, died July 12, 1880. On December 29, 1872, he married Rlioda Wiley, who is now the wife of James Tanner and lives in Cumberland County, HI. Emma A. married ( first ■) William MePherson, once Postmaster of Effingham, who left one son. Samuel, now living in Colorado. She was married (second) to Wil- liam Baty and they had one daughter who re- sides at Leadville, Colo. William Bat.v was twice elected Sheriff of the county in which they lived, and both he and his wife are deceased. Millina and Mina both died in childhood. Hannah E., born August 26, 1856, died September 1, 1909. In 1885 she married Charles P. Woodard, of Jas- per County, 111., and they had four children — George W., Charles, Ralph and Annie. Mary A., bom October 7, 1860, was married (first) to J. D. Bradshaw, but is now the widow of Ferdinand Reugwitz and lives at Pueblo, (roio. She has one son, Oren W. Bradshaw, who lives with her at Pueblo, Colo. George W. Wright entered school after the family moved to Effingham in 1866, and accom- panied his mother, after the death of his father, to her farm of 400 acres, situated in St. Francis Township. There he again attended school and engaged in farming. He married Miss Clara Beard, who was born in that township, September 10, 1867, and died November 7, 1891. She was survived by two sons : Arland B., born February 8, 1880, who is the editor of the "Gazette," at Dieterich ; and James A., who was born Septem- ber 11, 1890, and died August 3, 1907. Mr. Wright was married (sec-ond] to Miss Nancy J. Woodward and they had two children : Burral R., who died October 9, 1900, and George B., who was born March 17, 1903. In 1887, Mr. Wright left the farm, and em- barked in a general mercantile business at Dieter- ish, selling out his stock of goods in 1899 in order to engage in the furniture and undertaking line. He carries a large stock both of furniture and of undertaking supplies, and has every equip- ment necessary for dignified and efficient funeral directing. He has been successful in his business enterprises because he possesses the qualities which bring success — good .ludgment, business faculty, a high sense of honor and a just appre- ciation of the rights of others. For over a half century. Sir. Wright has been a citizen of Effingham County and has taken a deep interest in all phases of development, par- ticularly in the progress made by the public schools. When twenty-one years of age he was elected School Trustee of his township and has held the office for thirty years. In politics he has always been a Democrat and. under the sec- ond administration of the late President Cleve- land, was Postmaster at Dieterich. He has been Village Treasurer and in 1903 was elected a mem- ber of the Board of Supervisors from Bishop Township, but retired from the Board in 1909, having served as its chairman and as member of the Board of Review. He has also served as President of the Business Men's Association of the village of Dieterich. In his religious conneC' tion he is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Fraternally he is affiliated with the Modern Americans and the Odd Fellows. WRIGHT, (Elder) Morgan.— The Church of Christ has gained several of its most distin- guished clergymen and earnest workers from the Wright family of Effingham County, and among them was the late Elder Morgan Wright. His birth occurred in Kentucky, November 20, 1800. In 1822 he was married to Miss Jane Allen o/ Greencastle, Ind., and lived in Indiana for some years, becoming well known as an extensive y EFFINGHAM COUNTY farmer and stock-breeder as well as a leader of the Whig party. In 1852, he migrated with his family to Illinois, and purchasing 1,400 acres of land, became one of the leading men of Effing- ham County. Mr. Wright was cue of the five sons bom to William Wright of Revolutionary fame, and was the founder of said family in Illnols. Lilte his distinguished father, Mr. Wright was a patriot and lover of liberty and country, and so trained his sons that six of them served in the Civil War, and but two returned in ordinary health. Of them, Dr. Wright of Mason is the best known. When the town of Mason was laid out, it was built on the north side of one of the farms of Mr. Wright, and his name is associated with many sections elsewhere in the county. Not only was Mr. Wright noted as a good busi- ness man, but he was equally prominent as an orator and preacher. His doctrine was a full and free salvation, and he lived up to his belief. He was a very powerful preacher in early life, and brought many into the church through his exhortations, and few men were more successful in his day as evangelists. After a long life of useful endeavor, Mr. Wright passed peacefully away on the nation's birthday, July 4, 1872, in his seventy-second year. Mr. Wright was thor- oughly convinced of the truth of the teachings of the Bible, and earnestly and efficiently set forth the faith of that book. He had the cour- age of his ctmvictions and declared them in vigor- our language that never failed to impress. WRIGHT, Owen, M. D., whose valuable services as a surgeon have made him one of the best- known men of his profession in Effingham County, is a man of integrity and Christian character. For a number of years he has been in practice at Mason, but his patients are scattered over a wide area. Dr. Wright was born February 16, 1836, near Greeneastle, Ind; is a son of Morgan and Jane (Allen) Wright. From 1839 to 1854 he at- tended the public school of his locality, and after the family migrated to Illinois, he completed his collegiate studies in science and the cla.ssics. Following this he entered Rush Medical College at Chicago, and was graduated from that institu- tion in 1858. Still later he took two post-grad- uate courses, one at St. Louis and one at Cin- cinnati. Dr. Wright believes in a thorough train- ing for the professional man. According to his belief all physicians and lawyers should have a thorough knowledge of Latin, and the clergymen should be learned in the Greek language. Some of these ideas are embodied in his orations, a volume of which were published by a St. Louis firm in 1882. Many of his brief works and es- says appear in pamphlets. The manuscript of a work of his on philosophy, designed for use as a text book, was stolen. Dr. Wright has served as President of Southeastern Illinois College of Arts and Sciences, and holds the degrees of A. M., D. D. and LL. D., In addition to his pro- fessional title. During the Civil War, he was commissioned as First Assistant Surgeon of the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was with General Sherman on his most celebrated March to the Sea. While on duty at the military hospital at Savannah, Ga., he met an old negro, who had belonged to George Washington, and claimed to be 122 years old. The man was fairly intelligent, and told many interesting historic incidents to the soldiers. In 1843, Dr. Wright joined the Methodist Church, and ever since has lived up to the teach- ings of the Master. While he is proud of his record as a surgeon. Dr. Wright is perhaps bet- ter pleased with the work he has accomplished in turning men from paths of wrong doing to a Christian life. He has been exceedingly active in all church work, and contributes liberally to- wards the supiwrt of his denomination, as well as to many charitable movements. He is a man of strong character, able in his profession, a de- voted Ctiristian, and beloved by many friends, Dr. Wright is a striking representative of the best ela.ss of Effingham County's distinguished residents. On September 13, 1860, Dr. Wright was mar- ried to Margaret Wallls at Salem, 111., Rev. T. F. Houts officiating. Mrs. Wright is a daughter of the late Rev. William Wallls, Sr., and was born April T, 1834. In 18.39, she was brought to Illi- nois by her parents. Prior to her marriage, she was a very successful teacher in the public schools of Illinois. Dr. and Mrs. Wright have had the following children: Ann Jane, Marga- ret D., Owen W., now deceased, and Owen, Jr. The Wallls family is a distinguished one. many of its members ijeing numbered among the orators, educators and authors of the country. .Joseph Wallls, A. M., D. D., was President of the Belfast Methodist College for twenty years. Rev. William Wallls, Sr., father of Mrs. Wright, was a minister for thirty-five years ; her brother, Wil- liam Wallis, was a Methodist minister in Illi- nois, and at the time of his death held the de- grees of A. B., A. M. and D. D. During young manhood he gave three years to his country, com- manding a company, and was spared to return to his family and his work. Mrs. Wright is a charming. Christian lady, and all through her married life, has been her husband's constant sup- porter, and to her influence and cheerful disposi- tion Dr. Wright attributes much of his success. WRIGHT, (Rev.) Owen, Jr., A. B., A. M., D. D.— The work of a clergyman is hard from a material standpoint, but to the conscientious minister, all his efforts receive ample compensation in the realization of their necessity. Effingham County has contributed some of its best and most bril- liant young men to the ministry, and none have given more faithful service than the Rev. Owen Wright, Jr., of the Xorthwestern Indiana Con- ference, of the Methodist Church. Mr. Wright was bom January 19, 1872, and is a son of Dr. Owen and Margaret (Wallis) Wright. Mr. Wright entered De Pauw University, where he J EFFINGHAM COUNTY 891 spent five years, and then returning home, he taught school for one year. In 1894 Mr. Wright joined the Conference of the Methodist Church and for two years preached on a circuit. Later he took a six-months' course in Northwestern University, and while there was appointed pastor of Vaudalia Station, a vacancy having occurred in consequence of the promotion of the incumbent to be the elder of a district. When McKendree College was opened in the fol- lowing September, Mr. Wright was admitted as a junior student, and two years later, was grad- uated therefrom with the degree of A. B. In 1900, he took a post-graduate course in the Ohio Wesleyan University, and was graduated from it with the degree of A. M. The same year he was transferred to the Northwestern Indiana Confer- ence, and has since remained within its juris- diction. At the close of his second year's service at Terre Haute, Ind., the "Daily Tribune'' spoke of him as one who has succeeded wherever he has been stationed. Mr. Wright is a very unas- suming young man, and although the degree of D. D. has been conferred upon him, he will not accept the honor. He is an eloquent speaker, a finely educated minister, and one devoted to his work. Although still in the very prime of young manhood, he has accomplished much, and a useful life stretches out before him. His family are very proud of him. and his conscientious labors in the cause they all hold so dear. He received and accepted the u(hlcmli(in degree of D. D. dur- ing the year 1010. WRIGHT, (Hon.) William.— History has given us the names of many heroes who sacrificed much to the good of their c-ountr.v. They did not stop to think of personal loss or safety, but offered themselves to the cause of liberty and, through their efforts, the foundations of the present great- ness of this land were laid, .\mong those worthy of more than passing mention is this old hero, William Wright, the grandfather of the distin- guished Wright family of Mason, which has borne its part in the development of Effingham Coiiuty. William Wright was born about A. D. 1750, and served for seven years in the Revolutionary War. He was engaged in line of battle July 4, 1776, and took part many times in other con- flicts. After the war was over, he returned home to spend sixty years in peaceful pursuits. His wife was a fitting helpmate to him, and a good, conscientious mother to their large family, which was reared to useful living. There were five sons in this family, all of whom grew to manhood estate, and died leaving families behind them. The death of William Wright occurred in 1842 when he was in his ninety-second year. Unfortunately more extensive data are not ob- tainable relative to his life. It is known, how- ever, that he was a devout Christian, and one who governed his life according to the Golden Rule. He was honored and respected by business associates, and beloved in his family. All the re- mainder of his life, following his service as a soldier, he took a deep interest in public affairs. and trained his sons to be as patriotic as himself. It was such men as he who made the struggling nation respected by foreign powers when it was still in its infancy, and compelled recognition of its growing strength from those who would have rejoiced in its complete failure. Dr. Wright of Mason, the eminent surgeon of Effingham County, is a grandson of this patriotic gentleman and grand old hero. WRIGHT, William Benton. — The profession of law is one that demands undivided attention, more than ordinary ability, and careful training. The lawyer of to-day, if he is engaged in active practice in all of the courts, is kept busy in keep- ing abreast of the various decisions that may es- tablish a precedent, and so change legal jurispru- dence. William Benton Wright, one of the ablest and best known attorneys of Effingham, 111., was born in Ewington, the old county-seat of Effing- ham County, June 7, 1860, a son of William Cleaver and Jemima (Rinehart) Wright, the former bom in Faireld, 111., June 14, 1832, and the latter in Ohio, in 1837. William C. Wright was a real estate agent and both he and his wife spent their lives in Effingham County from 1839. The latter died in 1872, and in 1874 Mr. Wright married as his second wife Mrs. Margaret Blair, who bore him two children, a son and a daughter, both of whom reside with their mother in Spo- kane, Wash., where the son is engaged in the practice of law. The father, William Cleaver Wright, died in Effingham County In 1892. .\fter completing his studies in the public schools of his native place, William B. Wright entered the University af Valparaiso, Ind., work- ing during the summer months and attending the University during the winter. He graduated in 1882 and was admitted to the Bar the same year. He immediately began the practice of his profes- sion in Effingham, and has continued there ever since, building up a very gratifying clientage. From 1882-86 Mr. Wright served as Justice of the Peace, and from 1894-98 he was County Judge. During thirteen years he was member and Presi- dent of the Board of Education, and rendered very valuable service in thesQ capacities. He was once a candidate for Supreme Judge, but failed in securing the nomination. In October, 1897, Mr. Wright was appointed a member of the State Board of Law Examiners, which office he still holds. He assisted in establishing the Su- preme Lodge of the Modern .\merican Fraternal Order, of which he is now President He is a Mason, being a member of the Chapter and the Eastern Star, and from 1903 to 190.5 he was Grand Master of the Masonic Order of Illinois. He is also a member of the Elks. In religious matters he is a member of the Baptist Church. Since casting his first vote, Mr. Wright has been a Democrat, and has seen no occasion to change his political views. On October 30, 1889. Mr. Wright married, in Effingham. Dora West, born at Mattoon, 111., Jan- uary 13 1866. youngest of the thirteen children of Henry and Neoma ( Dix ) West. Mr. West and 892 EFFINGHAM COUNTY his wife were natives of Indiana, and he died at Greencastle in that State. Mrs. West moved to Effingham County in the fall of 1879, and still lives in Effingham, having reached the age of eighty-seven years. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Wright are as follows : William Ben- ton, .Jr., born August 2.3, 1890 ; David Lester, born June 7, 1892 ; Robert Ehvin, born February 1.3, 1895 ; and Branson, born December 4, 1898, all sons. Perhaps the highest type of character is dis- played by the judicial mind. He who can care- fully weigh evidence and dispense justice evenly, especially among his friends and neighbors, must possess that clear insight into the groundwork of human right, which sooner or later appeals strongly to the people, and to maintain the judi- cial poise and retain old friendships is the best evidence of worth and integrity. YOUNG, John W. — Some of the most enterpris- ing of the farmers of Effingham County- are devot- ing their efforts to the breeding of Hereford cattle, and to bringing their herd up to the high- est standard of excellence. John W. Young of Section 30, Summit Township, is one of these up- to-date farmers. He was born in Freenianton, Jaclison TownshiiJ, March 20, 1847, a son of Wil- liam and Maria (De Vere) Young. It is sup- posed that William Young was born in Fairfield County. Ohio, where his wife was born, and where they were married in 183.5. They settled in what was then called Freenianton, on the old National Road, when they came to Effingham County soon after their marriage. Mr. Young engaged in mercantile business with William Johnson, and as his health was poor, he did the hauling from St. Louis, a distance of 100 miles. The trips used to consume about eight days. During the winter he had to cross on the frozen river, and he experienced many dan- gerous escapes. During the summer, the ferry- boat was brought into re<]uisition. As soon as he could, William Young entered land in Jackson Township to the extent of 300 acres, and after selling his store in 1849. he turned his attention to his farm, where he lived until his death. He and his wife are buried in the old Freemanton Cemeterv-. He strongly advocated the principles of the Republican party, and his sons all have followed his example with regard to politics. During the War of 1812 he served as First Lieu- tenant in an Ohio Regiment, and wore the old cocked hat, and it and his sword are still in the possession of the family. While i)leasant spoken, he was firm and adhered to what he believed to be right. During the Civil War he never failed to stand by his principles, and was a great ad- mirer of .\braham Lincoln. His wife was a dear, motherly woman, and their many friends loved to visit this hospitable couple. Their home was a stopping place for tho.se coming from the East to find new homes, and for those going east to return to their old homes. Mr. Young was a man of unflinching and stainless honesty, and when he made a promise he never broke it, no matter what the cost. His wife was a consistent member of the Methodist Church, which he loy- ally supported, although he was not a member of any religious body. All churches and educa- tional institutions found in him a firm friend, and he gave liberally towards their support, and to those who were in distress or need. Ten chil- dren were born to this couple, but of them only four remain : John W. ; Hamilton, a farmer of Summit Township ; Daniel, on the original home farm in Jackson Township; Ellen, wife of the Rev. Douglas Shouse of the Methodist Church, now resides near Springfield, 111. ; Robert, died in young manhood and is buried in Altamont Union Cemetery ; William died at the age of twelve ; Albert, twin brother of Ellen, is de- ceased, and three others died in infancy, and all but Robert are buried in the old Freemanton cemetery. John W. Young attended school in Jackson Township, and was early taught to work on the farm, remaining with his father until he was twenty years old. At that time he decided to marr.v, but had to borrow the money to pay for his license. On March 28, 1866, he married Louisa J. Baughman, who was bom in Summit Township, November 10, 1847, a daughter of Philip Baughman, a pioneer of Effingham County. In the spring of 1806 the young couple rented a farm in Summit Township, and began housekeep- ing. The following year they rented land from his father, and lived on it until 1868, when he bought eighty acres of a partly improved farm. On this he built a small oak board building, 16x 30 feet, and they moved into it and began to im- prove their property. This prairie farm covered with wild grasses, has been developed into one of the best in Summit Township. Mr. Young set out an orchard, and as the trees have died, he has had others to replace them. A number of orna- mental trees have been planted in the yard by himself and wife, and wonderful changes have been effected during the forty years they have lived here. Mr. and ilrs. Young have five children : Ellen M., who is married and lives in Coles County, Ind. ; Clinton, married Molly Jones, born In Jackson Township, is a farmer and carpenter, and has built many of the best farm dwellings and barns, also manufactures concrete blocks and has a full equipment for making any kind and size of blocks required; Millie, wife of Henry Giesking, a dairyman and farmer of Moccasin Township ; Lilly, wife of Frank Thompson, a farmer of Summit Township; Stella, wife of Herman Garner, a resident of Windsor, Shelby County, III. Mr. Young has always kept the best grade of horses and is a fine judge of stock. For many years he has been breeding big horses, and has some of the best in the county. In 1894, he turned his attention to Hereford cattle, which he breeds successfull.v. his product being consid- ered the best in the county. At Altamont he won the first premium on this class of cattle, and has been awarded other first premiums on his stock. EFFINGHAM COUNTY 893 In politics Mr. Young is a Republican and has always taken an active part in party work. For nine years he served as Highway Commissioner, and during that time he helped to build ten of the eleven township bridges. He has always ad- vocated the making of improvements, and would not allow any poor work to be done while he was in charge of affairs. He is willing to pay for good work and is capable of seeing that he gets it. For sixty years Mr. Young has been identi- fied with the best interests of Effingham County, and is one of the most progressive men of his locality. YOUNG, Samuel Newton. — Among the promi- nent retired citizens of Altamont, 111., who have risen to prominence in various lines, may be mentioned Samuel Newton Young, ex-Justice of the Peace and Civil War veteran, who for a long period was engaged in farming and stock-raising in Effingham County. Mr. Young was bom March 19, 1829, on a farm near Mt. Sterling, Montgomery County, Ky., one of the ten children of Thomas R. and Sarah (McCann) Young, na- tives of Kentucky, who died in Indiana. Samuel Newton Young attended the subscrip- tion schools of the vicinity of his home in Ken- tucky, and when sixteen years old accompanied his parents to Putnam County, Ind., where he also attended school a short time. In 1S55 he came to Illinois and located on a 200-acre farm, five miles south of Altamont, later exchanging this for a smaller farm of sixty-six acres and a cash consideration, this property adjoining Alta- mont. Later he sold a part of this property for County Fair purposes, and in 1878 retired from farming and moved to Altamont. For some years he had quite a reputation as a stock-raiser and as a breeder of fine horses, cattle, hogs and sheep. For eight months Mr. Young was en- gaged in the stock and grain business in Alta- mopt. with Samuel Cooper, and then engaged in undertaking for twelve years, serving as a Jus- tice of the Peace for eighteen years. In 1862 he enlisted in Company I, Seventy-first Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, under Colonel Gil- bert, and during his three months' service was kept on guard duty. After his return home he organized a company of Home Guards, which was equipped by Governor Yates, and of which he was Captain. Mr. Young is a stanch Repub- lican, and has always taken an active interest in local political matters. February 1, 1849, Mr. Young married (first) Mary Jane LaFollette, and they became parents of two children, namely : Lucretla, married Charles Kershaw, of Indiana ; and Francis, a farmer of Missouri. Mrs. Young died in Indiana, in 1852, and Mr. Young married (second), Jan- uary 1, 1854, Harriet Yates, who was the mother of six children and died June 14, 1868. Of their children, one died in infancy, and those living are : Stephen A., of Alaska ; Mary Jane, widow of Fred Ensign, of Altamont, whose son Newton won the Rhodes Scholarship in the State of Illi- nois, in 1906 ; Emma, Mrs. Myers, of Indiana ; and Hattie, Mrs. Gosgrove, of St. Louis. Mr. Young married (third), April 8, 1869, Miss Sarah E. Paugh, of Effingham County, and no children were bom of this marriage. ZILLMANN, Ferdinand Gustave.— The farming interests of Effingham County, 111., are in the hands of skilled agriculturists, the majority of whom have made the cultivation of the soil their life work. Born on farms and taught from child- hood the work of a farmer, they are ably fitted to carry on their operations and to get the best possible results from their land. Ferdinand Gus- tave Zillmann, an excellent agriculturist of Sec- tion 16, Mound Township, who has a farm of fifty-five acres, was born near Bethlehem, Mound Township, September 2.3, 186.3, a son of Karl and Augusta (Schultz) Zillmann. Karl Zillmann was born in Germany, in 1825, and remained in his native country until 1863, being engaged in driving a team. After his mar- riage he emigrated to the United States and set- tled first near Buffalo, N. Y., but subsequently re- moved to Effingham County, 111., from whence he was drafted into the Union service during the Civil War, becoming a member of Company A, Forty-second Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, with which he sen-ed until the close of the war. He then returned to the farm which he had purchased and cultivated it for about one year, then moving to the property now owned by his son, which he continued to operate until his retirement. He is a member of the Lutheran Church, in the faith of which his wife died De- cember, 1908. Of the nine children born to this worthy couple, Ferdinand G., is the only sur- vivor. Ferdinand Gustave Zillmann attended a Ger- man school in his youth, and his present knowl- edge of the English language is self-taught. With the exception of two years spent in Spring- field, he has always resided on the home farm, of which he has had charge since his father's re- tirement, raising large crops and feeding cattle. He is considered one of the skilled farmers of his district, and is known as a good neighbor and public-spirited citizen, is a stanch Republican in political matters and he and his wife are mem- bers of the German Lutheran Church. Mr. Zillman was married (first) to Alvina Dorhiem, who bore him three children, but died in 1900. Only one of these children is now liv- ing, Anton, who is at home. He married Mary Bartslofif. The present Mrs. Zillman was Mrs. Gertrude Wanless, of Springfield, who was born in Germany in 18.56 and came to the United States when three years of age with her parents, landing in New York, whence the family came to Springfield, 111. Her father, Henry Barthel, died during his first year in the United States, and her mother, who Iwre the maiden name of Katrina Kelmer, was married (second) to Frank Kauney, and she died in Springfield in 1905. There have been no children born to Mr. and Mrs. Zillmann. She, however, had four children by her first husband, three of whom are still living, namel.v : Arthur, Edward and Clara, one daughter, Gertrude, being deceased. - LbMyJi;