aass_ Kili. Book. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT ^4 WASHINGTON 3 A GUIDE TO THE CiTY PROVIDED FOR THE DELEGATES TOTHt SEVENTH SESSION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RAlLVAir CONGRjESS May 3-14. 1C)0J / / ^%6 /Ji^ WASHINGTON INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY CONGRESS SEVENTH SESSION May 3-14, 1905 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. LIBRARY of OONQflESS Two Copies rfeceiveu APR 26 1906 OOflyn^lU c.niy dfrtJ^t 90S' CUtSS ^ AAc. Nik COPY B. tltjgWjrlli^'i* Copyright, 1905, by Charles B. Reynolds. CPiti '*'*■' 'C •Or, WASHINGTON This Book has been provided for the convenience of Delegates to the Seventh Session of the International Railway Congress, Washington, D. C, May 3-14, 1905, by the Local Entertainment Committee. i HOUSE EXTENSION. THE < » ;' %^^ 1 OL. SF.NATF RVTFMQTnv LANDING OF COLUMBUS OX SAX SALVADOR. Powell's Painting in the Capitol. DE SUTOS DISCOVERY OF THE .M lS^l^Sl^l'l. \'anderlyn"s Painting in the Capitol. THE CAriTOI, IN I84O. CONTENTS. Time Table, . - - - Ready Reference, The Capitol, - - - - The Library, . . - - The White House, The Corcoran Art Gallery, - The Washington Monument, The Treasury, . - - . State, War and Navy, The Navy Yard, - - - - Smithsonian and National Museum, The PENSioi^ Building, - - . Halls of the Ancients, The Soldiers' Home, Arlington, . . . - Mount Vernon, - Alexandria, - . - - Page 7 8 21 55 91 99 106 109 119 18 124 129 130 133 135 142 163 Washington, ihc Nation s Capital. BAPTISM OF POCAHONTAS. Chapman's Painting in the Capitul. EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIMS. VN'eir's I'ainting in the Capitol. INDEX, Adams, J. 47 Adams, J. Q. 34 Adams, S. 34 Agricultural Dept. 10 Allen, Ethan 2>^ Allen, Wm. 2^ Alexandria 163 American University 11 Anacostia 13 Arlington Cemetery 135 Arlington Mem. Bridge 13 Army Medical Museum 10 Arsenal 19 Avenues 9 Baker 32 Bartholdi Fountain 11 Bastille 144 Bates 44 Battle of Lake Erie 50 Bedford 44 Benning 13 Benton 2)^ Be-she-ke 44 Bivouac of the Dead 138 Bladensburg 13 Blaine House 20 Blair 36 Boone 28, 44 Botanical Gardens 11 Brightwood 13 British Legation 9, 121 Brother Jonathan 40 Bureau Engraving no Bureaus 8 Burgoyne 26 Cab Fares 9 Cabin John Bridge 13, 167 Cabot 28 Cameron 52 Capitol 21 Bronze Doors 32, 148 Clocks 34, 44, 47 Corner Stones 53 Crypt 53 Dome 24, 34 Liberty Statue 24 Guides 21 History 21 House 42 Clock 44 Committee Rooms 46 Hall Representatives 42 Lobby 44 Mace 42 Paintings 44 Retiring Room 44 Stairways 44 Rotunda 26 Canopy 28, 31 Frieze 28 Paintings 26 Portico 24, 32 Capttol — Continued Statues 32 Whispering Gallery 32 Senate 46 Chamber 46 Committee Rooms 52 District Room 48 Marble Room 44 Paintings 50 Portico 24 President's Room 47 Reception Room 48 Stairways 50, 52 Vestibule 48 Vice-Pres. Room 48 Statuary Hall 34 Supreme Court 46 Capitol, Old II Carnegie Library 12 Carroll 36, 44 Cars 9 Cass 2>^ Catholic University 11 Cemeteries 7, 133 Chapultepec 50 Chase 44, 46 Chevy-Chase 13 Churches (see Map) Christ Church 163 Circles (see Map) Clarke 44 Clay 47, 52 Clay House 20 Clinton 2i^ Clock, Historical 34 Collamer 2,6 Columbia Institution 11 Columbia University 11 Columbus 26, 28, 32, 50 Constitution, Frigate 120 Continental Hall 2 Cornstalk Columns 48 Cornwallis 26 Corcoran Gallery 99 Corcoran House 20 Cosmos Club 16, 20 Crawford 50 Crook 140 Cunningham 142 Custis, E. P. 148, 149 Custis, G. W. P. 140 Customs 116 D. A. R. 13 Dead-Letter Museum 10 Decatur 20 Declaration 26, 120 Decoration Day 138 De Grasse 17 De Soto 26 D'Estaing 17 District of Columbia 11 Dix so Du Pont 16 Duportail 17 Electoral Commission 50 Ellsworth 46 Emancipation 44 Embassies 9 Evarts 120 Falls, Potomac 13 Farragut 16 Fish Commission 11 Fish Portrait 120 Ford's Theater 12 Fort Myer 13 Foster 48 Franklin, Benjamin Portraits 48, 53 Staff 120 Statues 16, 50 Frederick 16 Frelinghuysen 120 Fulton, 36, 53 Garibaldi 50 Garfield 16, 36, 50 Georgetown 13 Glen Echo 13 Golden Gate 44 Gov. Printing Office il Grand Army 10, 32 Grant 16, 32 Greek Slave 105 Greene 16, 2)^ Gross 16 Hahnemann 16 Halls, Ancients 130 Hamilton 32, 48 Hancock, J. 50 Hancock, W. S. 16 Hanson 36 Harrison (Mrs.) 91 Hayes (Mrs.) 91 Hayes (Pres.) 91 Henry, Joseph 116 Henry, Patrick 47 History 16 Hotels 8 Howard University 11 Hull Relics 120 Inauguration 32 Ingalls 2,6 Indian Bureau 8 Interior Department 10 Ironclads 50 Jackson 16 Jay 46 Jefferson, Desk 120 Draft of Declaration 120 Portraits 48, 120 Statues 32, 44 INDEX. Justice Department 123 Kearney 36 Kenna 36 Key House 13 King 36 Knox 48 Kosciuszko 50 Lafayette 16, 44 Lafayette Square 20, 97 Las Casas 53 La Salle 28 Lawton 140 Lee 36, 141 Legations 9 Library of Congress 55 Life Saving Service 116 Lighthouse Board 116 Lincoln, Bust 50 Gettysburg Address 135 Museum 12 Portrait 44, 50 Proclamation 44 Statues 32, 50 Livingston 36 Logan 17 Luther 17 McPherson 17 Madison, Dolly 20, 96 A^adison House 20 Mall (see Map) Marine Barracks 19 Market 12 Marquette 36 Marshall 17, 46 Medals 121 Meigs 141 Monitor-Merrimac 50 Monuments 16 Moran Paintings 50 Morris 31 Mt. Pleasant 13 Mt. Vernon 142 Muhlenberg ^o National Museum 124 Naval Monument 17 Naval Observatory 19 Navigation Bureau 116 Navy Annex 10 Navy Department 119 Navy Yard 18 Oak Hill II Osgood 47 Parks (see Map) Patent Office 10 Payne 12 Pf'nce Monument 17 Peace Statue 24 Peale 50 Penn 28 Pension Office 129 Perry 50 Pierpont 40 Pike 17 Pilgrims 26, 28 Pocahontas 26 Polk (Mrs.) 91 Porter Grave 139 Post-Office 8, 123 Potomac 166 Pulaski 50 Railroads 8 Raleigh 28 Randolph 47 Rawlins 17 Rochambeau 17 Rock Hill 12 Rodgers House 20 Saratoga 26 Scott 17, 133 Seal of the United States 120 Seward House 20 Seward 44 Sheridan 139 Sherman, R. 40 Sherman, W. T. 6 Shields 40 Signal Office 10 Smith, John 28 Smithsonian 124 Soldiers' Home 133 Societies 10 Stanton 44 Stark 40 State Department iig Statues 16 Steamboats 8 St. John's Church 97 Stockton 40 Streets g Street Cars 9 Sumner 50, 52 Supreme Court 46 Surveys (see Map) Takoma 13 Taney 46 Telegraph 8 Tennallytown 13 Theaters 9 Thomas 17 Time-table 7 Tobacco Capitals 48 Treasury 109 Bureau of Engraving no Cash Room 109 Counting Experts 113 Currency 116 Division of Issue 113 Macerator 115 Redemption Division 115 Seal 113 Vaults 116 Watchmen 116 Trumbull, John 28 Trumbull, Jon. 40 Tyler 50 Universities 11 Venus of Melos 100 Waite 46 War Department 119 War Statue 24 Washburne 120 Washington, George: Commission 28, 120 Home 142 Life Guard 119, 145 Portraits : Brumidi's 48 Medallion 146 C. W. Peale's 50 R. Peale's 50, 148 Savage's 147 Sharpless' 148 Stuart's 44, 47, 95, 146 Trumbull's 28 Relics 126 Resignation 28 Statues : D'Angers' Bust 53 Greenough's 17, 34 Houdon's 40 Mills' 17 Swords 120, 144 Tent 126 Tomb 154 Washington Barracks 19 Washington, Martha 95, 152 Washington Monument 106 Webster, House 20 Portraits 47, 120 ' Statues 17, 40 Welles 44 Westward Ho ! 44 White House 91 Blue Room 92 Cabinet Room 96 Corridor 91 Dining Room 96 East Room 92 Easter Eggs 97 Green Room 95 History 91 President's Room 96 Red Room 95 Willard 42 Williams 42 Wilson 133 Winthrop, J. 42 Winthrop, R. C. 106 Yorktown 26 Y. M. C. A. II Zoological Park 127 Washington, the Nation's Capital. MEMORIAL CONTINENTAL HALL. Erected by the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Edward Pearce Casey, Architect. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. MONUMENT TO GEN. W. T. SHERMAN, PENNSYLVANIA AVE. AND THE TREASURY. g to 4 All day. g to 8 to g to 4 5 3 9 to 4:30 9 to 4 9 to 4 10 and 2 9 to 6 9 to 10 STANDARD GUIDE T1ME=TABLE Schedule of the hours in which public buildings are open to visitors. Unless otherwise noted, all are open daily except Sundays and public holidays, * Those markei-1 with a star are open holidays. A. ]M. r. M. Location. Agricultural Department, Mall, r2th and 14th sts. S. W. Silk Mills in operation from 10 to 12, and i to 3. Arlington Cemetery, Arlington, \'a. Open also Sundays and holidays. (See W. A. & F. C. Py., and W. A. & Mt. V. Ry. schedules in adv. pages. Time and walking may be saved by employing the wagonettes at the cemetery. ) Army Medical Museum, 7th and 13 streets S. W. Botanical Garden, Pennsylvania ave. and ist st. Bureau of Engraving, 14th and B streets ri. W. But visitors are not conducted between 11:45 •'"'^ 12:30. Capitol, Capitol Hill. Open after 4:30 if Congress is in session and until one-half hour after adjournment; also during a night session. The flag flies over each house while it is in session, and if at night the dome is lighted. 9:30 to 4 Corcoran Gallery, N. Y. ave. and 17th street. Open Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays, 9:30 to 4, from Oct. I to May i, and gto 4 from May i to July i. Sundays, Nov. I to July I, 1:30 to 4:30. Mondays, 12 to 4. Public holidays, 10 to 2. Admission 25 cents Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Other days free. Closed every ytar July i to Oct. i. Dead-Letter Museum, Penn. ave and nth street. Fish Commission, 6th and B streets S. W. Government Printing Office, North Capitol and H streets. Visitors are conducted at these hours. Halls of the Ancients, N. Y. ave. bet. 13 and 14 sts. Library of Congress,* Capitol Hill. Reading room hours, 9 to to. On Saturday in summer building open 9 to 4; reading room, 9 to i. Library and reading room open Sun- days and holidays, 2 to 10. This schedule is subject to change in summer months. All day. Lincoln Museum, No, 516 loth street. All day. Marine Barracks, Sth and G streets S. E. II to 4 Mount Vernon.* See page 142. Steamboat leaves 7th and M sts. summer, 10 A. M., 2-30 P. M. Nov. i to May 30, 10 A. M., 1:45 P. M. Mt. Vernon trains leave 13% street hourly from 10 A. M. to 2 P. M., Nov. i to April 31.1. Frc.m May i to Oct. 31, 10 A. M. to 3 P. M. Return hourly. Sec adv. pages. National Museum,* Smithsonian grounds. Naval Museum of Hygiene, 23d and E streets. Navy Department, Penn. ave. and 17th street. Navy Yard, Foot Sth street S. E. Patent Office, 7th and F streets. Pension Bureau, F and 4th streets. Post-Office Department, Penn. ave. and nth street. Smithsonian Institution,* Smithsonian grounds. Soldiers' Home,* Near 7th street extended. State Department, Penn. ave. and 17th street. Treasury, Penn. ave. and 15th street. Treasurj' tours between 10:30 and 12, and between i and 2. War Department, Penn. ave. and 17th street. War and Historical Museum, 17th street and New York ave. Washington Monument, Washington Park, near 14th st. First elevator at 9, last elevator at 4. to to 2 White House, East Room, Penn. ave. and i6th street. Persons having business with the President will be received from 12 to i o'clock every day, except Tuesdays and Fridays. No public receptions are now given. The East Room is open to visitors daily from 10 to 2. All day Zoological Park,* Rock Creek. Opsn Sunday. 9 to 4:30 9 to 2 9 to 2 9 to sunset 9 to 2 9 to 4 9 to 2 9 to 4:30 9 to sunset 9 to 2 ■) to 2 9 to 2 K\\ d ay. 8: 30 to 4:30 READY REFERENCE GUIDE. For Ready Reference Map of Washington see page 14. It gives all chief points of interest. See also large folded map. RAILWAY STATIONS. Baliimone & Ohio StatK«n— New Jersey ave-uf : — - C ?:-?e^ X '^ — e ; : ^;.-- - -_ -./e CiritoL ?r-ri7:vinjaaT«naecai>ie cars near ihr : i; Siaucz. S^:::'r..-e &" OUf RmilrmmJ. - ' Fiilii fi r«liwii Tftiaw tilTi it Pennfr}- -rsjiia avame cars connfrt midi Ralrfcr : Ailmmtic Cmmst Lime. Ckrtmftmie 6° OkU KmitmMj. Jlidkmi0mJ. fred^rici^-mr^ &" Peiema^- ~. ^ : ■ - -. ^ J Ulh. Wasfci^BtOfi, . Alexandria & ~lt. Vernon 5taiic- Wasfcmgtoo. Arlingrton & Falls Charch Staticr— - -- TEl^QRAPH OFnCE5.— Western Union— N. Sil ::---- ;.--. - -r ?" T Postal— I-J-TT F ?:ree: T- -i'-.^; <:=:=:-. i. Telegraph Offke m the Capitol— S-.^raary STEAMBOAT: r N . Pennsylvania aTenoe at 11th street. Mooey order dhrisioD rv dirisaaa open from 8:3) A. M. to 6 P. 3kL General d^very POST-OFFICE.-Tiie C-.v ^ BIJREAUS.— .-r »;.'-:.■:« --.'-'•■»-"-"•■'-■-'— No. 2 Lafayettesqnare. £ J a <- m * i»M—G and 8th streets. Efkm t ifg y — "55? F s: reel. .>.:";- 1: .-: -j;"»v — SS? F street. 2-«iW»-—Xew York aTcnne and 13«h street. WcmtJktr — C4-.'; =-i y. -.rre-.?- — li WASHINGTON HOTELS, WITH RATES: -American Pl.-o.'. Albany, litii and H Aicerican, Percfylvania Av. and Tih Ardmore. 516 l&h. flS-J to C5«;« (^) Arlington. Vermoct Av, and H. $5 Bancron, ISth and H. $150 and $i50 Barton's, lath near Treasury Belvidere, PennsylTania Ave. and 3d Bnckingfaam, 15th. bet. I and K. $1.30 Cairo, Q, bet. 16ih and ITih, $3.50 np ' Cochran, 14th and K. $4 np ' ColoniaL 15th and H. S15ii) to %i ■ Columbia, Peiuisylvania Av. and Hth. 51 ■■ Congresfiocal. X. J. Av. & B. S-W., $150 ■■ Dewey. 14Jh & L, $3.50 and up Driscoll, 1st & B, X.W.. $15"J np (^$1.50 up) Dnnbarton. Pa. .\v., bet. feh and Tth ' Ebb-Itt. F. and 14th. « Elsmere, H<:? H. C to $S Zngel. Xew Jersey .\v. and C ' Everett. H and ISih ■ Fairfax. 14th and F. $1 up Fredonia. 1321 H. $2 cp Fritz Rerier. Pa. .\v. and 4th '■ Gordon, lf>th and I ' Grafton, Conn. .\v. and DeSales. $3 up +Elropeax Plan. Hi— iiton. 14rh and K. $150 np M: i.-d. Pa. Av. & «th, $2 and $150 J:hr.ion. 13th and E, $15ij La Fetra's, G and 11th. fL5; 14th L!\-ingston. ICiS 13th Mades, Pa. -\v. and 3d MetTop-oIitan. 613 Pa. .\v.. $150 (^) Xaticna!. Pa. Av. and 5th, $150 np C'^) Oxford. 14th and X. Y. Av. ^50 {^) Portland. 14th and Vermont Av. Raleigh. Pa. Av. and 12th, $15© Regent. Pa. .A v. and 15th, $3 (^) Richin'iad. 17th and H, $4 ' Riggs. 15th and G, $3 to $5 . St. James, Pa. Av. and 6th. $1 up St. I.onis. 14th and H. SI Shoreham. 15th and H. $5 up (^ np) Stratford. Sheridan Ave. and 14th ■ Vamnm. X. T. .\v. and 6th. S.E.. $2 Vendome. yL Av. and 3d. $150 (^) ■ Xew Willard's. Pa. .\v. and 14th Windsor, Xew York -\v. and 15th 8 Ready Reference. 9 From the Capitol as a central point radiate North Capitol street, East street Capitol street, South Capitol street, and a line drawn west through the Plan center of the Mall. The city is thus divided into four sections — Northeast, Southeast, Northwest and Southwest. The streets and avenues are desig- nated N.E., S.E., N.W., and S.W., as they lie in the respective divisions. As most of the points of interest to visitors are included in the western divisions, all streets referred to in these ('ages are Northwest or South- west, unless otherwise designated. The NUMBERED STREETS run north and south, beginning with ist street at the foot of Capitol Hill. The lettered streets run east and west, begin- ning with B street at the Mall. The AVENUES run northeast to southwest, and northwest to southeast. They are named after States. House numbers run (odd numbers on the right) in progression of lOO numbers to a block. Thus 510 Pennsylvania avenue is on the left-hand side, between 5th and 6th streets; and 510 14th street is between E (the fifth letter) and F streets. Pennsylvania avenue is the central avenue for the purposes of the visitor; it connects the railroad depots, Capitol, Treasury, White House and State Department. Other public buildings are but a square or two. Car fare 5c., six tickets for 25c. An extensive system of transfers is in Street operation. The Pennsylvania avenue lines, the F street and the G street *'*" lines are those most used by the visitor to reach the several points of interest. The several routes are indicated by red lines on the large folded map. Cab fares are fixed by law as follows : One horse vehicles, each pas- Cab senger, fifteen squares or less, 25 cents ; each additional five squares or Pa""** parts of squares, 10 cents. Two horse vehicles, one or two passengers, fifteen squares or less, 50 cents ; each additional five squares or parts of squares, 10 cents ; each additional passenger, fifteen squares or less, 25 cents ; each additional five squares or parts of squares, 10 cents. Theaters. — The Theaters are: Academy of Music — 9th street, corner Th«;aters D. Chase's New Grand Opera House — Pennsylvania avenue, near 15th street. Butler's New Bijou — 9th street, corner Louisiana avenue. Colum- bia — I2th and F streets. Kernan's Lyceum — 1014 Pennsylvania avenue. Lafayette Square Opera House — East side Lafayette Square. New National — 1325 E street. Embassies and Legations. — Argentine Republic — 1425 New York ave- Legations nue. Austria-Hungary — 1304 i8th street. Belgium— 1 109 i6th street. Bolivia — The Gordon. Brazil — 2014 Columbia road. Chile — 1747 Q street. China — 1764 Q street. Costa Rica — 1529 i8th street. Cuba — 1006 i6th street. Denmark — 1521 20th street. France — 1640 Rhode Island avenue. Germany — 1435 Massachusetts avenue. Great Britain — 1300 Connecticut avenue. Guatemala — 1753 P street. Haiti — 1922 I street. Italy — 1400 New Hampshire avenue. Japan — 1310 N street. Korea — 1500 13th street. Mexico — 1413 I street. Netherlands — 1612 20th street. Nica- ragua — 1704 Q street. Peru — 1750 Massachusetts avenue. Portugal — 1909 10 Washington, the Xation's Capital. X street. Russia — 1500 Rhode Island avenue. Salvador — 1524 P street. Siam — The Arlington. Spain — 1785 Massachusetts avenue. Sweden and Norway — 2109 S street. Switzerland — 2013 Hillj-er place. Turkey — 2101 S street. Uruguay — The Albany. Venezuela — 1300 17th street. ;hurches CHURCHES Will be found listed on the large folded map in the back. Societies SOCIETIES. — Grand Army of the Republic — 1412 Pennsjlvania avenue. Masonic Temple — 9th and F streets. Odd Fellows' Hall — 7th street, be- tween D and E. Scientific Societies have their headquarters at 1518 H street, the home of the Cosmos Club. "^^^ The Dead-Letter Office Museum is in the building of the Post-Office Letter Qffif^ Department, Pennsylvania avenue and nth street. Open from 9 to 4. No pass is required. The Museum is on the ground floor. (The exhibits are sometimes removed from Washington for long periods, during which the Museum is closed.) Patent JuE Department of the Interior is at F to G and 6th to 9th streets. *^ The building is of freestone, granite and marble, and is adorned on the F street front with a fine portico of Doric columns copied in pattern and dimensions after those of the Parthenon. The three other fronts also have porticoes, classic in design. Of the several fields into which the work of the department is divided, that relating to patents is most widely known, and the great building is popularly called the Patent Office. The Museum of Models fills the four halls on the second story, and contains an immense array of models. The number of patented articles approaches 400,000. In addition to those shown here, some 80,000 are displayed in the Union Building near by, on G street. The range of patented articles includes an almost complete list of the necessities and conveniences and luxuries of modern life. Here one may study thf inventions in all the stages of their development, from the first crude furms to the perfect methods and ap- pliances of to-day, and in every branch of mechanical, industrial, social and domestic life. The Patent Office is a vast exhibit, multitudinous and multifarious, of the products of American inventive genius and skill. Many of the models, regarded as relics, are now deposited in the National Museum. Navy Xhe Navy Annex is in the Mills building, at 17th street and Pennsyl- ""^^ vania avenue, one of the modern office buildings of steel cage construction which by their height dwarf the adjacent public buildings. The eagle on the flagstaff is an effigy in copper and aluminum of "Old Abe," a bald- headed eagle which was the mascot of the Eighth Wisconsin Volunteers in the Civil War. The bird on the flagstaff measures 8-ft. from tip to tip of wings ; it is 142-ft. above the street, and always faces the wind. Signal Office. — The Signal Office is on M street at 24th. Army Juz Army Medical Museum is in the Mall, at the corner of 7th and B fledicai streets; it is reached by Pennsylvania avenue cars, with transfer to 7th street line (one fare), and is open from g to 4. The Department of Agriculture Buildings are in the Mall, a short distance west of the Smithsonian. They are open to visitors from 9 to 4; naseam Ready Reference. ii and in the museum will be found an interesting display of various agricul- Agricultural tural products, illustrating their growth and industrial and commercial Department treatment. The National Botanical Garden, at the foot of Capitol Hill, is open Botanical to the public from 8 to 5. Its conservatories contain large collections of harden rare plants from all parts of the world. The traveler's tree from Madagas- car, the Hottentot poison ordeal tree from the Cape of Good Hope, the Jesuit's Bark (cinchona) from South America, and specimens from the Sandwich Islands, Japan, Queensland, Norfolk Island, Sumatra and scores of other distant lands afford abundant interest. North of the conservatory IS the Bartholdi Fountain, which was exhibited at the Philadelphia Cen- tennial. It is the work of the French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi, famed for his statue of Liberty in New York harbor. The Government Printing Office is at North Capitol and H streets. Panting Here all the Government publications are printed, including the bills of Congress, the daily Congressional Record of the proceedings of Congress, Department Reports and others. It is reputed to be the largest printing office in the world. Visitors are escorted through the several departments at 10 A. M. and 2 P. M., and at other times when a large number warrants it. The tour takes from one to two hours. Fish Commission. — The building of the United States Fish Commission P'^ii is in the Mall at 6th and B streets, S.W. Commission The District of Columbia comprises an area of 69,245 square miles and District had by the census of 1900 a population of 278,718. The government con- *** sists of two civilian Commissioners, appointed by the President and con- firmed by the Senate, and one Army engineer officer, detailed by the Secre- tary of War, the three constituting a Board of Commissioners for three years. The office is in the District Building, La. avenue between 4V2 and 6. A new municipal hall is building at 14th and E streets, near Pennsyl- vania avenue. Residents have no vote. Old Capitol. — After the burning of the Capitol in 1814, citizens of old Washington built on North A street a temporary Capitol, which was occu- Capitol pied by Congress until 1819, after which it was known as the Old Capitol. The building has been converted into dwelling houses. Universities and Colleges. — American University— Loughbury Road. Colleges The Catholic University of America — at the corner 'of Lincoln avenue and 4th street extended, near the Soldiers' Home; Eckington cars. Columbia University— 15th street and H. Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and National Deaf Mute College— in Kendall Green, M street and Florida avenue. Howard University— 7th street and Boundary. Washing- ton SeminaTy— 523 New Hampshire avenue. ■•The Young Men's Christian Association is on G street between 17th Y.M. C. A. and i8th streets. Cemeteries.— The Congressional Cemetery, on the Eastern Branch Cemeteries north of the Navy Yard, contains graves of members of Congress, officers of the Army and other public men. In Oak Hill, on Georgetown zs Washington, the Xa^ms CapitxiL B^oiBB TT-pighix., E Ihe grave cd JtAm SowaTd Payne. aiTthnr oi ''"Home. Sweet Ham£.'" PayijE died whik Tjnned Siaie? Cmsiil ai Tunis, and was buned rrn E liill overiDc^mg titt Tuins of r.a-r thap ?- In igfes "Wm. "W. CciTCoran iad tht Tomans broucin home ic America. Edwic M. Stanton. S;."im r m P. Chase and nther notabk men srt buried here. Rack Crssk Cemetery, nctrliieast m Ibe Soldiei?" HomE, is noted ior tbe two bronzf- sratnfs, "IMenurn.-." irr Partridge, and "Pears: ca God,^ by St. Ganrtfns. ( Set afeo ArlmsioE ?mr1 Soldiers' Home risaptsiz. ) mu sj fj k t Ts£ CAEpaEH; PuBLir IjfflL&EY is in tiie Temtm Snuare. at the imersec- tioT! of Massacntsetis and 'S-ew Tork avemiPf and fch street. The buiidmg Vv-as gj^^er b}- Aniirew- Carnegie. "maioK 1 \~[ ABTTTT — The Center Market. Pennsylvania avenue and yA street, may be cDumed as amoiiE the "Washrngton haunts oi gr^ai meiL Cniei Justice MaiahalL Itanie] Weteter and President Wiliiarc Henrr HarrisoD were arcustomed xv dv their marketing hsrt in peson. ¥vt€'* P(«i)'s T ttfattj; in which o ccu iT e d the assassination oi President '^'"^ ' lincokL Ajjri] 04. iSfe. is on loth street, herwesn T. and P. TTie builu. -^ H now tsed ior publir business and contains nothing oi interest. Acn^ litt street, tiie house in wiiicE Liticoki died conrarnr a collectioE cd Lincoln Te"hrs **■■-•* Qluboi'd XiNcauc JSrc^nnei. — ^The bouse in whid 'L7-n?''ir d»fc 7*^o. r*^*^*^ Kif) imh street, betw^m !E and F) con- tain; xhe Oldroyd 1 .rnrnln memnria] col- lection, begun by O. H. Oldroyd in iB^c and niTw comprising thousand ffl obiedf connected with or relating id :die mar- tyred President. Among tbem are the 3dI1 owing: Family Bible in which Xin- coln w j ole bis Tirrmf- in bpybood; loc irom tbe old T .rnmln borne: stand madt irom 3o^ d5 bouse in wbich Lrncob Uped. 1&32-36: rail split by Uncoiii ant John Hanks in 1B3D ('with affidavit b; Haniij ■ discitarge giveri to one ai hi: -rnfTi by Captain A. Lincoln. Blaii Hawi "War, 3B32: p i fi i n -p tn Springfield House -Ra£ carried in Xincoln and Hafnlm rrrTr- peogn: office cbair in wiirb Lmr.oln sa" wben be dratted bis fest Cabinet; lat^ -weL address id neigidjors: articles off tnr- nirure irom tbe Sprmgfield borne: aniD- grrah V tl r r -f : liie-mask and cast on band by L. TS". Tott:; hat worn on nigbi o April 14. iBf^: chair pccttpied in xhealsr biD Dt ibe play fOur Amencan Cousin ^ 2^ bmeia] smuans: 63 marches anc Ready Reference. 13 dirges; 262 portraits, including the earliest known; 209 medals; 1,000 volumes of biographies of Lincoln and works relating to slavery and the war. Georgetown. — Georgetown, or West Washington, three miles west from Oeorg;etowD the Capitol, is reached by the Pennsylvania avenue or F street cars; it is on the route to Arlington. The city antedates the founding of Washing- ton. The heights command noble views. The city is the seat of George- town College, the oldest and largest Jesuit college in this country. The first building was erected in 1789. Key House. — The house once occupied by Francis Scott Key, author of Key the "Star Spangled Banner," is on M street, in Georgetown, near the ^^""^ Aqueduct Bridge. Anacostia is on the Eastern Branch of the Potomac opposite. Ben- Suburbs NiNG is on the Eastern Branch opposite Washington. Bladensburg is 5-miles northeast. Brightvvood is 3-miles north. Chevy Chase — Con- necticut avenue extended and District line; reached by Rock Creek car line. Falls of the Potomac— The Little Falls are 4-miles above the city; the Great Falls 14-miles. Fort Myer is in Virginia, 3-miles; reached by Wash., Arlington & Falls Church Ry. Glen Echo— Conduit Road, 6-miles northwest. Mount Pleasant— Head of 14th street, ^-mile above Florida avenue. Takoma — 5-miles north Tennallytown — 3-miles north of Georgetown. Fort Myer is near Arlington on the heights of Virginia, opposite W^ash- Fort Hyer ington. The route is by the W., A. & F. C. Railway from the Aqueduct Bridge. It is the most important United States Army post near Wash- ington. At the United States Signal Station, below the railroad at Fort Myer, is the new building erected for the signal balloon corps. Cabin-John Bridge, 7-miles from Georgetown, forms part of the aque- Cabin-Joiin duct system. The bridge is 420-ft. in length, and the arch, with a span of 220-ft., is reputed to be the largest stone arch in existence. Arlington Memorial Bridge.— A project which is now before Congress is the construction of a Memorial Bridge to connect Washington with Arlington Cemetery. The Continental Memorial Hall, erected by the National Society of D. a. R. the Daughters of the American Revolution, is on Seventeenth street. It Coniinental has on the north the Corcoran Gallery of Art; and on the south the new architectural group of the Columbian L'niversity. The ^lemorial Hall is intended to meet the business and commemorative requirements of the D. A. R., and it has a large auditorium. The design is by Edward Pearce Casey, who is well known in connection with his work in the Library of Congress building. The estimated cost of the Hall approximated $350,000. The cornerstone was laid with eleborate ceremonies in 1904, on "Lexington Day," the celebration of the Battle of Lexington, April 18. An illustration of the Hall is given in an earlier page. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution was organized Oct. 11. 1890, with Mrs. Benjamin Harrison as President-General. There are now 650 chapters, with a membership of 40.000. Hall 14 \—yl^A I LAoil IL HILLYEHVIX SHERMAN, "^CORCORAN-, MONROE , 1^ -STri JE nun ST. . ■^ I"? l«L -SALES \ I pa kiordonW^ 5 K ST. Buckinglinm [^ S ^^t^F^K^iliiri^ □ □□ e^i t WillaidV s ^n r- 1 Fc |-H 1 -GRANT-] ^ xo -..1 0,u.K»-.^V-^^<*-^ =^ ll±l "Vs, ir ST. See Also the Large Folded STANDARD GUIDE MAP OF WASHINGTON "^ n ■ Co^ireiitJon Hal'r~\ _JlJ I :f?s..-n |Bistri,t g ^^-iS^ ^^; 7 :tio 3T^-. "\ C I I Jlai-ineilospHal \ \ I iX /Seivic'e iHouse ST?. agaa r"'r I 1 1 1 1 I GDDD QDDD □aaa I 1 "l — -1 p'aktonI □ I —J |s(iUAItE I ZDnnnn EAST CAPITOl 7. ,'of RepresijiitatiTes — _ i ' -CARRoA l ^ ^l_l U [Office BiiUdiug P^. , , ' ' ' ' ^ SEWARD 1 r® ^n I 1 PLACE 1 1 6 Washington, the A' at ion's Capital. A Potomac Memorial Bridge has been projected to connect Wash- ington and Arlington, as shown on the folding map. In Congress its ad- vocates have asked for an appropriation of $5,000,000. Historical. — After protracted discussion of the claims of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and other cities to be named as the Capital, Congress in 1790 empowered President Washington to select a location for a Federal City on the Potomac River. The story goes that the site chosen by him, and which became the seat of the city named in his honor, was one to which he had been attracted in his younger days when he was a surveyor. The task of laying out the new town was intrusted to Major L'Enfant, one of the French officers who had served in the American army. He drew the plans on a scale which was intended to be commensurate with the importance of the city as the Capital of the United States. The details were modified in some measure by the successors of L'Enfant, but to him we owe in its general plan the beautiful Washington of to-day. The area which is devoted to streets, avenues and parks exceeds in proportion that of any other city in the world. During the Civil War Washington was converted into a vast encamp- ment of troops passing to and from the field ; and into a hospital for thousands of sick and wounded. The city was defended by a circuit of sixty-eight forts. STATUES AND MONUMENTS. DuPONT — Dupont Circle. — Rear-Admiral Samuel Francis Dupont. By Launt Thompson. Farragut— Farragut Square. — Admiral David Glascoe Farragut. By Vinnie Ream Hoxie. Bronze cast from guns of the flagship Hartford. Franklin — Pennsylvania avenue, 10th and D streets. — Benjamin Franklin — Printer, Patriot, Philosopher, Philanthropist. By Plassman. Presented by Stillson Hutchins. Frederick the Great. — A statue presented by Emperor William will be placed in the grounds of the War College. Garfield. — Maryland avenue entrance to Capitol grounds. See page 41. Grant. — A statue of Gen. U. S. Grant, by H. M. Shrady, for which Congress has appropriated $250,000, will be placed in the Mall south of the White House. Greene — Stanton Square. — Gen. Nathaniel Greene. By H. K. Brown. The uniform is that of the Continental Army. Gross — Smithsonian grounds, near Medical Museum— Dr. Samuel D. Gross, dis- tinguished American physician and surgeon. Hahnemann— Scott Circle.— Christian .Samuel Friedrich Hahnemann, German phy- sician, founder of homeopathy. Hancock — Pennsylvania avenue and 7th street. — Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock. By Henry J. Ellicott. Henry— Smithsonian grounds.— Joseph Henry, first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. By W. W. Story. Jackson— Lafayette Square.— Gen. Andrew Jackson, here presented as the hero of the Battle of New Orleans. The bronze was cast from cannon taken in Jackson's campaigns, and the cannon were contemporary. A replica is in Jackson Square, New Orleans. By Clark Mills. Lafayette— Lafayette Square and Pennsylvania avenue.— By the French sculptors Falquiere and Mercier. Provided by Congress to commemorate the distinguished services of Lafayette and other French ofificers in the cause of the Colonies, Ready Reference. 17 Lafayette is represented in the uniform of the Continental Army. America extends to him a sword. The other figures of the group are Rochambeau, Duportail, D'Estaing and De Grasse. The Marquis de Lafayette offered his services to the Americans in 1777, was com- missioned Major-General, and served throughout the war. He took part in the bat- tles of Erandywine, Monmouth and Yorktown; in 1S24 he revisited America, and was given a continuous ovation by the twenty-four States. Count Rochambeau was in command of the French army of 6,000 men sent to aid the Americans in 1780, and contributed to the victory of Yorktown. Duportail was a French officer who served under Lafayette in America. Count d'Estaing commanded the French fleet sent to the assistance of America in 1778; and Count de Grasse, of the French fleet, took part in the victory of Yorktown. The portraits of Lafayette, Rochambeau and De Grasse are in Trumbull's Yorktown. Lincoln — Fourth and D streets. — Abraham Lincoln. By Scott Flannery. Lincoln — Lincoln Park. — Emancipation Monument, representing Lincoln as the emancipator. By Thomas Ball. Lincoln. — A Lincoln memorial will be placed on the bank of the Potomac west of the Washington Monument. Logan — Iowa Circle. — Gen. John A. Logan. By Franklin Simmons. Luther — Thomas Circle. — Martin Luther. T ^lica of statue at Worms, Germany. McPherson — McPherson Square. — Gen. James B. McPherson. By James T. Robisso. Erected by the Society of the Army of the Tennessee. Marshall — Capitol west terrace. — John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835. By W. W. Story. The figures in the panels, of Italian marble, are: Minerva Dictating the Constitution to Young America, and Victory Lead- ing Young America to Swear Fidelity at the Altar of the Union. See page 55. Naval Monument, or Monument of Peace, Pennsylvania avenue at the foot of Capitol Hill. — By Franklin Simmons; erected from funds contributed by members of the Navy. "In memory of the Officers, Seamen and Marines of the L^nited States Navy who fell in defense of the Union and Liberty of their Country, 1861- 1865." The figures are of America weeping; History with record tablet: "They died that their country might live;" Victory with laurel wreath, and Peace with olive branch. See page 54. Pike — Indiana avenue and 3d street. — Albert Pike. Rawlins — Pennsylvania avenue, Louisiana avenue and 9th street. — Gen John A. Rawlins. By J. Bailey. Rochambeau — Lafayette Square. — Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeure, Comte de Rochambeau. By F. Hamar. Presented by France in 1902. See Lafayette. Scott— Scott Square. — Gen. Winfield Scott. By H. K. Brown. Scott— Soldiers' Home grounds.— By Launt Thompson. Sherman— Equestrian statue south of Treasury. Gen. William T. Sherman. By Carl Rohl-Smith. Thomas— Thomas Circle.— Gen. George H. Thomas. By J. O. A. Ward. Erected by the Society of the Army of the Cumberland. Washington— Washington Circle.— George Washington. By Clark Mills. Washing- ton is represented as he appeared at the Battle of Princeton, Jan. 3, 1777, when he checked the retreat of Mercer's wavering militia and turned defeat into victory. The portrait is from the Houdon bust made from life. The horse was modeled from one captured from a wild herd on the prairie near Fort Leaven- worth, Kan. Washington— Esplanade east of Capitol.— By Horatio Greenough. The inscriptions are chosen from Henry Lee's oration on the death of Washington, pronounced before both Houses of Congress, Dec. 16, 1799: "First in War— First in Peace- First in the Hearts of His Countrymen." The sculptor's signature runs: "Simulacrum islud ad magnum Libcrtatis nee sine i^sa duratum Horatius Greenough /^anVfcaf"— "Horatio Greenough made this statue for a great examplar of Freedom; not without Freedom can it endure." See page 55. V\'ebster — Scott Circle. — Daniel Webster. irit XA^I lAr r ^^ Use liafcsiaii. ^taKA 4c xsif ^vsebbuc- x: 'Snc^ ^niflc je S& -ta. ^ ?*" :ssew -sue si 'de as- - I T ^ -5^ r -rr nt tie armnjsc - x W jne i>m!anrnt a: gnrnnr at tie ^ssct^t Sn: :nii2re ^ - ^ — ^ -smgy. annfir jSIis m 3ie pe;:- :rrrmiiKS siaonen: nc :aE paTanr fsninis as :Se hit Xbtt:. ant 3»i?w sms isrs mM:- be: inr lie sgmnmfgi: re 3e aeir I'T , 3^ ^rEgarts^ toss: is a*- '•-•j-w'Fti'am^ --"^^ wi TTTtc Twr icvifiy zamun^ XSHSaEEl: - _ . _ _ -_~ -:-~- ^ r.^ ?j; SS?- -dEE i: 3ac HT~, z . - _— mac ir -^■mf uifc ag-Sirr. Tie ~. -imr- Tint jBOiiS- aent •■^iiiHi.'Hi^iit.ga- r-j. ^-^u^^ rwr^niir^ ZA^3=r 3£=tc. .k Sac 2i. i*^ nE £q;aC flSf SE ^ ■" -^ PI. li " ^ X3tt A )iiifc^ > » Linjig' -■H4^-.jA^"^. ^*.eM«yg^^w— ii way^ir wr ^ im li "Willi ^ ^ m ' ' 3EEns OC L 1*^ "ri' \. *^r •^iiiii^iniJ. uBB t k'lii.T'rr lC3f I »» "« E5I1 IS Mail "ST ^:^V I ■^■■i-it^^ jEjit 3r grr^gai^if^^ lit T. -sas vtr'«< > CTil ■ gmr Ta^igy ■& -sscx ^Kav rtrif^rr^ inr Tie srsa: aeic rurr^ . : ^ :^^ ^ IWa^ ^g^'^y' "E: ^S±* '**l'li''-B' _.: ^ *-^ST^ J&: Thf -fTif ET lie a^'^nfit?:. it umt cc "fef u-rnmniEncEir ? nfnrs. ant it tiir imr psri armrr n: n fhf^ sr^ rnitsr r^ius anc mgtnt?; — CTm? :aacn?et rsr ~ » ^ ^.u iron: -^kntr:? sue. TrmDi. ami "^HTfT it ^ie -icas rt ~iie JL^vam- TTie "MiygTrn: s sharHf py- j. icilirsT irst "rcinzi "wss £rrr*«x x. a n. £ ^n» mnt EKE Qc lie tts^ itsst "Hk- iu«J»'t- cc ^laaKUsxit ai Si Seeis.; i: 'v^ krwiiBii. iirmK^ br Z-vamsanQjars: '&^ --£ TThe Mih seinn rwiiwu'E i mrrr'. 'i rut in 3^iir-- -.. - -rTr> r- n i t w--fir -tC TTF ETH. 521OT -Tf^trttfT i*V TTlf SE— J'r "31? nElE DC !Dsiii- j; wi avsme ieej ie ssss. ntrt of lie "nnvr ::z; - -irhmT-trrr^ ar 'dts UMiuiiri c m -nai -linr-.ji it miir:Hiinr. H=rj _: . _; -^ia: 'arri-c i - n ni ii ^ and iilliii£ :fBr STrr" iiirr', "i— iiarimg rxBs dc lie [Karr TTosas are 77?^ Navy Yard. K) formidaFjIe pifiCfi-^ of artillety, rangin)? from the 4-tn. r^liber to that of 13-m. c^XWitr, which is 3<>-ft- n-in. in lenj^th, weij^hs 65 tr^nt, ami carries a projectile of i.ioo-Ibs., with a range of thirteen miles. The calibers are 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 1.3 inches ; and their ranges correspond — 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and X.3 miles. The (fufw are tcrged at Bethlehem, Pa., and are brougrht h«re in a rflugfa st3Xe to "H* be finishcrl. Each jfun cntwwt."* of a central stvsel tube, a«H itst jacket anrf hoopt aI"» of steel. The jacket and hoopt are -thrunk upon the tube, u e., are fitted on to it 5inip when expanded by heat, and are then shrunk by ermlinfi, jtwt as» the Kire i.«» <»hninU ««* upon the wasfon-wheel. All the successive processes may be witnestsed— the htvcin^ ot *^ the jacket cylinder, trimminjr dnwn the tube to fit the jacket, and fuzing the heated Woek ja^icet upon the tube; borinjf the hoops, trimminif the jacket to fit the hoops, and fittinsf the heated hoops upon the jacket. A,s the jacket cooU it shrink* upon the tube as compactly as if the jacket ami tube were one solid piece, and the hoops in turn be- come as a part of the jacket. The (fun, thus built up of separate layer* of steel, i» a product which in practice proves to possess greater strenjith than a gun forged of one mass of metal. The work involves an extreme nicety of calculation on the part of tlie engineers who plan the measurements. From this stajre of manufacture, the gun — weighinif sixty odd tons — is carried hy the powerful traveling crane to the barrel-boring lathes, where the barrel and chamber are bored out; and then to the rifling lathe, which cuts the grooves of the rifting, incb by inch, foot by foot, through the length of the barreL The operations here are on. a gigantic scale, the machinery ia ponderou.s, the product titanic. The imraetwe lathes do their vork almost noiselessly, with ea,se, smoothness, precision and deliberation, which bespeak a reserve of strength and power irresistible. Other shops which possess interest are those of the gun-camage de- partment, and the breech mechanism and projectile departments. The Marine Babhacks are on Sth street, near the N'avy Yard; reached Marine by Pennsylvania avenue cars. Concerts by the Marine Band in suraraer at Barracio 1 1 A. M. ; guard-mount daily at 9 A. M. The Arsexal Cor Wa.^hington Barraclci) is at the foot of 4% street, Anenai S.W., on the Potomac; reached by the 7th street cars. Only the groirads are open to the public, and there is no special interest for the visitor. The Washistcton Bakhacks, at the foot of 454 street and the Potomac, ^aahmifton will, upon completion of plans now under way, become the most important military post in the country. The Engineers' School of Application, now at Willet's Point, N. Y., will be transferred here. Thi.s school is for the final military instruction of the honor graduates of West Point. Here, too, will be the new War College and the School of National Defense, the classes in which will be composed of honor graduates of the intantry, cavalry and artillery schools at Fort Leavenworth and Fort Monroe. The comer stone of the War CoUege was laid in February, 1903. The United States Naval Observ.\tohy. in charge of the Bureau of Ww"i Navigation, is on the heights north of the Georgetown and Rockville road. It has a 26-in. equatorial telescope, is admirably equipped for astronomical work, and holds a high place among the institutions of its class. From the Observatory Washington time is telegraphed daily to all parts of the United States. Open to visitors from g to 3. 20 Washington, the Nation s Capital. SOME HISTORIC HOMES ON LAFAYETTE SQUARE. Many of the houses surrounding the square possess interesting asso- ciations as the homes of public men. The plot of ground now occupied by the Lafayette Square Opera House, on Madison place, was in the '30s owned by Henry Clay; he traded it for an imported and long-pedigreed jackass to Commodore Rodgers, who built the home, which stood until torn down in 1895 to make way for the opera house. After Commodore Rodgers, Secretary of the Treasury Roger B. Taney lived here; and then followed Secretary of the Navy James K. Paulding ; Secretary of State William H. Seward, who in one of the upper rooms was struck by the would-be assassin in that fateful night of April 14, 1865 ; and James G. Blaine, who in the same room died in 1893. Further north, on the corner of Madison place and H street, the home of the scientific Cosmos Club was formerly known as Dolly Madison's house. Here Mrs. Madison lived from 1837 to her death ; then Admiral Wilkes occupied the house until the Civil War, and it then became the headquarters of Gen. McClellan. Diagonally across the street is the red brick house (now an annex of the Arlington Hotel) which was for more than twenty years the home of Charles Sumner. Further west, on the corner of Connecticut avenue and H street, is Corcoran House, the home of the late W. W. Corcoran, and before him of Daniel Webster while Secretary of State. It is recorded that the Ashburton Treaty was dis- cussed and practically concluded in this house. The house on the southwest corner of H street and Jackson place was built in 1819 by Commodore Decatur (the author of the toast, "My country: may she be always in the right; but right or wrong — my country"), and it was occupied by Henry Clay, Martin Van Buren and Edward Livingston, during their respective terms as Secretary of State, and by Ministers of Russia, England and France. City of Magnificent Distances.— This phrase as descriptive of Wash- ington was original wilth Abbe Carrea, Minister from Portugal in 1816 THE BEAUTIFICATION OF WASHINGTON. The Beautificatiok of Washington is a subject which has engaged the attention of Congress. Plans have been submitted by a Park Com- mission appointed by the Senate, and consisting of Messrs. Burnham, McKim, St. Gaudens and Olmstead. The report recommends the estab- lishment of a parkway comprising the Mall, extending from the Capitol to the Monument, one and one-half miles, and with a width of 800 feet. From this territory would be removed the buildings now upon it, to the end that there might be an uninterrupted vista, whether of the park in a natural state, or given a formal arrangement as the Commission recom- mends. THE UNION RAILWAY STATION. The LTnion Railway Station, which will supersede the present railway station, is under construction at a point northeast of the Capitol, as shown on our'map, pages 14-15. It is building by the Pennsylvania and Baltimore & Ohio railroads, the United States and the District of Columbia. THE CAPITOL. The Capitol is situated on Capitol Hill, 1 1-3 miles from the White House and Treasury, i^-mile from the Baltimore & Potomac Station, and one square from the Baltimore & Ohio Station. It is reached by the F street and the Pennsylvania avenue cars, both of which ascend the hill. One may leave the Pennsylvania avenue cars at the Peace Monu- ment, near the west entrance, and thus gain the grandest approach; or may continue (on the Navy Yard car) to the top of the hill. The building is open daily, except Sundays and holidays, from 9 to 4:30, or until one-half hour after adjournment. During a term of Congress the forenoon is the best time for inspecting the legislative halls and the various committee rooms. Congress goes into session at 12 o'clock noon; visitors are allowed upon the floor of Senate and House until 11:45, thereafter in the galleries only. The several galleries are designated over the doors: Gentlemen's, Ladies', Reserved, Diplomatic Corps, Press. Those marked Ladies' and Gentlemen's are open to the public. *** The Capitol Guides.— There is a staff of regularly authorized Capitol guides, who conduct visitors through the building, and point out and explain all objects of interest; and it will be found advantageous to employ their services. THE CAPITOL is distinguished for its commanding situation and majestic proportions, for the dignity, grace and beauty of design, and the adornments and decorations which beautify it without and within. All these unite to give it rank as an architectural object among the noblest in the world. From an elevated site on Capitol Hill, 97-ft. above the level of the river, it overlooks the amphitheatre of the Potomac and is a conspicuous feature of the landscape from miles on every side. It is set amid grounds whose extent and arrangement add much to the architectural effect. The building faces the east, for in that quarter the projectors assumed that the city would grow ; but the development of Washington has been toward the west, and it is from this direction that the Capitol is usually approached. From the main western entrance of the grounds, near the Peace Monument, the approach leads up the gently rising lawns to flights of steps, which give ascent to the upper terrace or open court, which ex- tends the entire length of the west front and around the north and south ends. Here a beautiful view is afforded of the city and encircling hills. From the court the west door of the building gives access to flights of stairs which lead to the Rotunda. On the east front are three grand porticoes with Corinthian columns, and there is a portico of similar columns on the end and west front of each extension, and a loggia on the west front of the main building. Broad flights of marble steps lead up to the porticoes from the esplanade on the east. The central building is constructed of Virginia sandstone, painted white; the ex- tensions are of Massachusetts marble. The 24 columns of the grand central portico are monoliths of Virginia sandstone, 30ft. high; the 100 columns of the extension porticos are monoliths of Maryland marble. The entire length of the Capitol is 751ft. 4in. ; width, 350ft.; area, over 31/2 acres. The corner stone of the main building was laid by President Washington on Sept. 18, 1793. The wings of the central building were completed in 1811, and were partially 21 NORTH FRONT 'O oj r; "5 o t/5 -^ < a 5 z 5 0. LU E H U. o z - 2 i^fi "S >. -to <" rO o - C - 3 >. <« 3 o — tH c -^ T ^ 3 *-i G >,G ■£ '^f E c o O.S G-;: -•£ ^ OS 03 ^ "^ G O G 2-ft. above the esplanade. The height of the Dome above the base line of the east front is 287-ft. 5-in. ; from the roof balustrade. 217-ft. llin. ; diameter at the base, 135-ft. 5-in. It is of iron, and weigs 8,909,200-lbs. It is so constructed that with the variations of temperature the iron plates expand and contract, "like the folding and unfolding of a lily." The peristyle has 36 columns and 36 windows, with a balustrade above. The lantern is 15-ft. in diameter and 50-ft. in height; it has electric lights, which illuminate the Dome during a night session. The Dome was designed by Walter, and was completed in 1S65. The Dome is ascended for the view by a winding stairway. The bronze statue of Armed Liberty, designed by Crawford, is 19-ft. 6-in. high, and weighs 14,9S5-lbs. It was set in place on Dec. 2, 18G3. A full-sized model of the figure is in the National Museum, where the majestic expression of the countenance may he noted, and the details studied of the crest of the eagle's beak and plumes, sheathed sword, shield, and supporting globe with its legend, E Plurihiis Unum. Tlie east portico of the House is plain; on those of the Rotunda and Portico the Senate has been expended the chief exterior adornment of the Capitol. On the tympanum of the Rotunda portico is an allegorical group (by Persico, after design of John Quincy Adams) of the Genius of America. In the centre stands America, with the eagle at her feet. Her shield, with its legend, U. S. A., rests upon an altar inscribed with the significant date, July 4, 1776. She is listening to the inspiration of Hope, and indi- cating her reliance upon Justice, whose scroll of the Constitution bears the date of the adoption of that instrument, September. 17, 1787. The Of the two colossal groups in marble on the portico, one is Persico's Harble Discovery of America; it represents Columbus and an Indian girl; the Groups armor was copied from a suit worn by Columbus, now preserved in Genoa. 'Ilie other group is Greenough's Settlement of America — a pioneer in des- perate conHict with a savage. On either side of the doorway are marble figures (by Persico) of War — Mars in Roman mail, with shield and spear; and Peace — Ceres, with olive branch and fruits. Over the door is a com- position of Peace and Fame placing a wreath of laurel upon the brow of Washington. At the Rotunda entrance is the Rogers Bron;^e Door. Senate ihe fortimes of the American Indians fvu-nish a theme which we shall Portico find constantly rt'curring throughout the decdralions of tlie Capitol. The marbles and bron/es of the Rotunda portico are suggestive of the first contact of the white race and the red; the marble group in the tympanum of the Senate portico is significant of what the coming of the new race was to mean for the old. The subject (by Crawford) is American Devel- opment and the Decadence of tlie Indian Race. In the centre stands America, in the effulgence of the rising sun. bestowing honor instead of gifts upon General Washington; on the right are Commerce, Education, Mechanics and Agriculture; on the left the Pioneer, the Hunter, a dejected 26 Washington, the XatioJi's Capital. Chieftain, and an Indian mother with her babe mourning beside a grave. In the wail above the Senate entrance are marble figures of Justice and History (by Crawford), and the door is the Crawford Bronze Door. •tunda The Rotunda in the centre of the main building is the room to which one usually comes first, and it is a convenient point from which to visit the various parts of the Capitol. The north door leads to the Supreme Court Room, the Senate, and the stairway lo the Dome ; the south door to the Statuary Hall and the House; the east door (Rogers Bronze) opens on the portico, and the west door leads to the west entrance. Tour A convenient programme for seeing the Capitol is to study first the of the Rotunda (from the floor), then to visit in succession the Hall of Statuary, the House and its committee rooms, the Supreme Court, the Senate and its rooms, the west portico for the view ; then to ascend to the upper part of the Rotunda and beyond to the Dome and its view. Study the Capitol plan on a foregoing page. Note the magnificent marble corridors and stairways of the extensions; the pilasters, columns and capitals, sculpture and frescoing; the tessellated floors, and the vistas through the windows, giving glimpses of the city and the Washington Monument, the new Library, and the Capitol itself. itunda The Rotunda is an immense circular hall 97 2-3-ft. in diameter, and ntings rising ckar from floor to inner shell of Dome and canopy, i8o-ft. above. Light is admitted through the 36 windows of the peristyle. The walls are adorned with paintings, sculptures and frescoes, and the vaulted canopy top above the eye of the Dome glows with color. The eight oil paintings in the panels of the hall have for their subjects memorable scenes in the history of the continent and of the United States. The key to each picture hangs beneath it. They are : — Landing of Columbus on San Salvador, Oct. 12, 1492. (By Vanderlyn.) Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto, 1541. (By W. H. Powell.) Baptism of Pocahontas, Jamestown, Va., 1613. (By John G. Chapman.) Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Delft-Haven, July 21, 1620. (Weir.) ration The Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia, July 4. 1776. (By John Trum.bull, of Connecticut.) The scene is the hall of the Continental Con- gress. John Hancock, President of the Congress, is seated at the table, and in front of him stand the Committee of Five— Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert L. Livingston. ratoga The Surrender of Burgoyne, Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777. (By Trumbull.) "The painting represents Gen. Burgoyne. attended by Gen. Phillips and followed by other officers, arriving near the marquee of Gen. Gates. Gen. Gates has advanced a few steps from the entrance to meet the prisoner, who is in the act of offering his sword, which Gen. Gates declines to receive; and invites them to enter and partake of refreshments. A number of the officers of the American army are assembled near their General." — Elliot. ktown Surrender of Cornwallis, Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781. (Trumbull.) "The painting represents the moment when the ofiicers of the British army, conducted by Gen. Lincoln, are passing the two groups of American and French guards, and entering between the two lines of victor^"— Elliot, 28 IJ\is}i!itgtoii, the Xafion's Capita/. Washington's '^^'^^ Resignation of General Wasliington, Annapolis, Dec. 23, 1783- Resignation ( I'rumbnll.) "After taking an affectionate leave of his old comrades at New York, General Washington, accompanied by only two of them, pro- ceeded to Annapolis, where Congress was then sitting, and there resigned his commission into the hands of twenty-three powerless men, divested himself of all authority, and retired to private life." — Elliot. Washington's surrendered commission is preserved in the State Department, and the uniform of Commander-in-Chief worn on this occasion is shown among the Washington relics in the National Museum. Trumbull The TrumljuU paintings have peculiar interest and value because the figures in Series them are authentic portraits. Col. John Trumbull, an aide-de-camp of Washington, "having a natural taste for drawing, took the resolution of cultiva*^ing that talent, with the hope of thus binding his name to the great events of the Revolution by be- coming the graphic historiographer of them and of his comrades." With this view he devoted himself to the study of the art of painting, first in this country and then in Europe. To John Adams, then xVlinister to England, and Thomas JefTerson, Minister to France, he communicated his ambitious design of painting a series commemorative of the principal events of the Kevolution, preserving faithful portraits of its con- spicuous actors, and accurate details of scenes, dress and arms. He painted Adams in London, and Jefiferson in Paris, and at the house of Jefferson the French officers who were to be included in the Yorktown picture. He was given sittings by Washington and others in New York, at that time the seat of government, and then traveled through the country, from New Hampshire to South Carolina, collecting portraits and other materials. In 1816, after more than thirty years of preparation, he was commissioned by Congress to paint the four great pictures now in the Rotunda — works which at once are held pricesless tor their portraits of the fathers oi the Republic, and are a realization of the artist's high ambition. Sculptures Til the arabesques above the paintings :irc sculptured portraits of Co- lumbus, Raleigh, Cabot and La Salle (by Capellano and Causici) ; and above the doors are sculptures of the Landing of the Pilgrims, Pocahontas Rescuing Capt. John Smith, William Penn's Conference with the Indians, and Daniel Boone in Conflict with the Indians. (These are by Causici, Capellano and Gevelct.) At a height of 65-ft. above the floor, and encir- Rotunda cling the wall, here 300-ft. in circinnfcrence, runs a fresco (l)y Brumidi and Frieze Castigini) in imitation of high relief, illustrating periods of the history of the continent. America is depicted with Indian and eagle, standing with History, who records on her tablet the progress of events. The subjects are: Landing of Columbus. Cortez and Montezuma in the Temple of the Sun, Pizarro in Peru, Burial of De Soto, Rescue of Capt. John Smith, Landing at Plymouth Rock, Penn's Treaty with the Indians, Settlement of New England, Oglethorpe and the Muscogees, Battle of Lexington, Declaration of Independence, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, Death of Tecumseh, the American Army Entering the City of Mexico, California Gold Mining. The series is to be completed. Canopy The canopy overhanging the eye of the Dome, at a height of iSo-ft. above the Rotunda floor, is 65-ft. in diameter, and gives a field of 4,640 square feet for Brumidi's colos.sal allegorical fresco. This may be studied to better advantage from the gallery which is immediately below it. reached by the Dome stairway. See page ,^S- The gallery, v.'hich encircles the ball just beneath the canopy above, is 30 IVashiiigtoii, the Nation's Capital. THE ROTUNDA CANOPY — APOTHEOSIS OF WASHINGTON. COMMERCE. FREEDOM. The Capitol. 31 :^*^ r"^ AGRICri.TURE. MECHANICS. ARTS — SCIENCE. THE ROTUNDA CANOPY. The allegory is of the Apotheosis of Washington. In the center is ^^'ashington, seated in majesty, like Jove on Olympus, with supernal beings attending him. On his right sits Freedom; on his left \'ictory; and about him float the Thirteen States as aerial figures, their banner inscribed: E Pluribus Uitiim. Beneath, and encircling the base of the canopy, runs an allegory of the Revolution. The group in line directly below Washington represents the Fall of Tyranny — Freedom with her eagle putting to rout the forces of War, Tyranny, Priestcraft, Discord, Anger and Revenge. Follow- ing to the right are depicted in succession; Agriculture (America, Ceres, Flora and Pomona) ; Mechanics (Vulcan) ; Commerce (Mercury, with portrait of Alexander Hamilton, and of Robert Morris, signer of the Declaration, financier of the Revolu- tion, in the last days of his life imprisoned for debt, and here given enduring fame); Marine (Neptune, and Aphrodite with the Atlantic cable) ; Arts and Sciences (Minerva, with portraits of Franklin, Fulton and Morse). statues Rogers 32 JJ'asJiiiigtoii, the Nation's Capital. a whispering gallery, wherein two persons standing on opposite sides 65-ft. apart, may distinctly hear one another speaking in whispers. The statues are of Lincoln, Jefferson, Baker, Grant and Hamilton. Edward Dickinson Baker, of Oregon, 1811-1816; Fought in ]Me.xican War; Senator from Oregon; commanded a brigade at Ball's Bluff, Oct. lil, 1861, and was mortally wounded. (By Horatio Stone.) Ulysses Simpson Grant, 1822-1885. Lieutenant-General in the Civil War and commander of the Union armies; President 1809-77. (By Franklin Simmons.) Alexander Hamilton, of New York, 1757-1804. Officer in Revolution; exerted important influence through the federalist in securing adoption of the Constitution; I'resident Washington's Secretary of the Treasury; author of our financial system. A panel in the Senate Bronze Door commemorates Hamilton's gallantry at York- town, when he led an advanced corps to the storming of a British redoubt. (By Stone.) Thomas Jefferson, of N'irginia, 1743-1826. Author of the Declaration of Independ- ence and one of its signers; as Member of Congress, originated our system of coinage; as Minister to France negotiated important commercial treaties; Secretary of State, Washington's first term; \'ice- President with John Adams; President 1801-9; founder of the first Republican Party, from which the Democratic Party of to-day claims descent. (By P. D. David d' Angers; presented by Lieut. N. P. Levy, U. S. Navy.) Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, 1809-65. President 1861-65. (By \'innie Ream.) At the east door of the Rotunda is the Rogers Bronze Door, designed Door and modeled by the Ainerican artist, Randolph Rogers, at Rome in 1858, and cast by Von Miller at Munich. The panels are filled with high reliefs illustrating scenes in the career of Columbus. The subjects are: Columbus before the Council of Salamanca; His Departure from the Convent of La Rabida; the Audience before Ferdinand and Isabella; the Sailing from I'alos on the First Voyage; the Landing at San Salvador; the First Encounter with the Indians; the Triumphal Entry into Barcelona; Columbus in Chains; His Death. On the transom arch is a portrait of the Discoverer; and on the panel borders, in papal robe and royal crown and suit of mail, are the personages who played their parts in the memorable world drama of the fifteenth century — the sovereigns Alex- ander A'l. of Rome, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, Charles \'III. of France, John II. of Portugal, End Henry VII. of England; the friends and patrons of Columbus — Cardinal Mendoza, Lady Beatriz de Bobadilla, and Juan Parez de Marchena, prior of La Rabida; the companions of the Discoverer and conquerors. of the New World — Pinzon, captain of the "Pinta"; Bartholomew Columbus, Ojeda, ^'espucci, Cortez, Balboa, and Pizarro. The frames of the panels show portraits of Irving, Prescott and other historians of Columbus. The decorative scheme of the border is of anchors, rudders, casques and armor, symbolical of exploration and conquest; while four race types stand for the continents, Asia, Africa, Europe and America. The Rotunda portico is the scene of the inaugurations. The retiring President and the incoming President ride together from White House to Capitol. The oath of office having been taken by the Vice-President in the Senate Chamber, all repair to the Rotunda portico, and its grand-stand erected for the occasion. It is a brilliant and impressive assemblage — the Chief-Justice and the Associates in their robes of office, the members of the Diplomatic Corps in resplendent uniforms; the members of the House and Senate, officers of the Army and Navy, and other dignitaries nf the land ; while on the esplanade in front are gathered tens of thousands of spectators. The President having read his inaugural address, the Chief- Justice administers the oath of office: — "I do solemnly swear that I will \...3 j r^ 'r THE ROGERS BRONZP DOOR OF THEI ROTUNDA. 34 JVnshini^foii, the Nation's Capital. Inauguration faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." The programme concludes with a review by the new President of the vast procession — of troops, marines, militia, political clubs and others — which marches from the Capitol down Pennsylvania avenue and past the reviewing stand in front of the White House. Greenough's Qn the great esplanade of the east front is Greenough's colossal marble ashington gj-^^^^g Q.f Washington. The figure is seated in a Roman chair, the left hand clasping a sword, the other raised in invocation of heaven. Acces- sories are Columbus with globe and an Indian; Phoebus-Apollo Driving the Chariot of the Sun — America rising among the Nations ; and Hercules Strangling the Serpent — America's victory over tyranny. (See "Statues.") View '^^^^ ^°P °^ ^^^ Dome is reached by a winding stairway which opens from from the coiridor on the left as one passes out through the north door of Dome the Rotunda. The stairway affords an overlook of the Rotunda itself from the whispering gallery beneath the canopy, and a magnificent view from the balustrade beneath the lantern. The view from this point is such as amply to repay for the toilsome ascent ; but the one from the first balustrade, lower down, gives practically the same outlook. Statuary The NATIONAL STATUARY Hall, semi-circular in shape and designed ""•' by Latrobe, after a Greek theatre, is one of the most beautiful rooms of the Capitol. On the north side it has a colonnade of Potomac marble with white capitals, and a screen of similar columns on the south side supports a noble arch. The domed ceiling, decorated after that of the Roman Pan- theon, springs 57-ft. to a cupola, by which the room is lighted. Above the door leading from the Rotunda is Franzoni's historical clock. The design is of History, with recording tablet, borne in the winged car of Time, its wheel supported on a globe circled by the Zodiac. In, the arch above the south door is Causici's figure of Liberty Proclaiming Peace, and beneath is an eagle (by Valperti) poised as about to fly. Ranged around the hall are statues and portrait busts, contributed by various States. This room was the Hall of Representatives, and was the forum of the debates by Webster and Clay, Adams, Calhoun and ethers whose names are indelibly associated with the history of Congress. A plate set in the marble floor southwest of the centre marks the spot where John Quincy Adams Adams fell, stricken with paralysis, during a session of the House. In the room of the Clerk of the House, opening off from the Hall, is a memorial bust, whose inscription runs : "John Quincy Adams, who, after fifty years of public service, the last sixteen in yonder Hall, was sum- moned thence to die in this room, 23 February, 1848." In 1864, at the suggestion of Senator Morrill, of Vermont (then a mem- ber of the House), the room was set apart as a National Statuary Hall, to which each State might send "the effigies of two of her chosen sons in marble or bronze, to be placed permanently here." The works are : Adams Samued Adams, of IMassachusetts, 7722-1803. Did perhaps more than any other one man to bring about the Revolution. On March 6, 1770, Tlic Capitol. 35 FRANZONI S CLOCK. MARBLE ROOM. OLD HALL OF REPRESENTATIVES — NOW STATUARY HALL. 36 irasliliii^toii, the Xation's Capital. statuary ^''^ day after the Boston massacre, he was spokesman of a committee sent Hall to demand the withdrawal of the British troops, and the pedestal bears the ultimatum he then addressed to Governor Hutchinson: "Night is ap- proaching. An immediate answer is expected. Both regiments or none." The troops were withdrawn. (By Annie Whitney.) Allen Ethan Alien, of Vermont, 1739-1789. The hero of Ticonderoga. On the night of 'Sln.y 10, 1775, he led his Green Mountain Boys to the surprise of the fortress, and demanded its surrender "in the name of Jehovah and the Continental Congress." (By L. C. Mead.) Allen William Allen, of Ohio, 1806-1879. Member of Congress; Senator; Governor. (By Niehaus.) Benton Thomas Hart Benton, of Missouri, 1782-1858. Senator. Blair F. P. Blair, Missouri, 1821-1875. Member Congress; General Civil W^ar. Carroll Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Maryland, 1737-1832. Signer of the Declaration ; Senator. Cass Lewis Cass, of Michigan, 1782-1866. General in W^ar of 1812; Gov- ernor of Michigan Territory; Secretary of War under Van Buren ; Minis- ter to France ; Senator ; Secretary of State under Buchanan. (By French.) Clinton George Clinton, of New York, 1739-1812. Member of Continental Con- gress ; General in Revolution ; first Governor of New York State ; Vice- President, two terms, with Jefiferson and Madison. (By H. K. Brown.) Collamer Jacob Collamer, of Vermont, 1792-1865. Member of Congress ; Post- master-General under Taylor; Senator. (By P. Powers.) Fulton Robert Fulton, of Pennsylvania, 1765-1815. First inventor to make practical application of steam power to navigation; built first successful steamboat, the "Clermont," 1807. (By Howard Roberts.) Gartiald James Abram Garfield, of Ohio, 1831-1881. Major-General, Army of the Cumberland ; Member of Congress ; elected to Senate ; President. The bronze piece at base of pedestal — sword, wreath and palm — is symbolical of War, Victory and Peace. (By Niehaus.) Greene Nathaniel Greene, of Rhode Island, 1742-1786. General in Revolution- ary War; commander of the Southern Army. (By Brown.) Hanson John Hanson, of Maryland. President Continental Congress. (Brooks.) Ingalls John J. Ingalls, of Kansas. Senator. (By Niehaus.)* Kenna John E. Kenna, of West Virginia. Senator. Kearney Philip Kearney, of New Jersey, 1815-1862. Officer in Mexican War; Major-General Volunteers Civil War; killed at Chantilly. (H. K. Brown.) King William King, of Maine. First Governor. (By Franklin Simmons.) Lee Robert E. Lee, of Virginia, 1807-1870. (E. V. Valentine.) See p. 141.* Livingston Robert R. Livingston, of New York, 1746-1813. Member of Continental Congress ; one of the committee to draft the Declaration ; first Chancellor of the State; Minister to France; completed the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase, and is here represented with the document. By the Louisiana Purchase the United States acquired for $15,000,000 all the French pos- sessions from tlie Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian line, and from the Mississippi to the Rockies. (By E. D. Palmer.) riarquette Peve Marquette. The statue, sent by Wisconsin, represents the mis- sionary explorer in the dress of a priest, and holding a chart of the Lac TT iiiii nil THE CAPITOL FROM BRARY OF CONGRESS. 40 JVasliiiLgfoii, tJte Kalian's Capital. statuary tics Illinois. The inscription reads: "Wisconsin's Tribute. James Mar- Hall quette, S. J., who, witli Louis Joliet, discovered the Mississippi River at ]'rairie du Chien, Wis., June 17, 1673." (By G. Trentanove.) John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, of Pennsylvania, 1746-1807. Major- General in Revolution; Member Congress; Senator. (Blanche Nevin.) Francis H. Pierpont, of West Virginia. First Governor. (By Frank- lin Simmons.) Sherman Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, 1721-1793. Member committee to draft Declaration ; one of the signers ; Member Continental Congress, United States Congress and Senate. (By C. B. Ives.) Shields James Shields, of Illinois, 1810-1879. Mexican War; Senator from Illi- nois, 1849; from Minnesota, 1857; General in Civil War. (By L. W. Volk.) Stark John Stark, of New Hampshire, 1728-1822. New Hampshire's revo- lutionary hero; led a regiment at Bunker Hill; took part in many of the most important engagements of the war. It was at Bennington, where he commanded the New Hampshire militia, that he made the historic speech : "See there, men ; there are the red-coats. Before night they are ours, or Molly Stark will be a widow." For his gallantry on that occasion he was made a Brigadier-General. Flis portrait is in Trumbull's Surrender of Burgoyne, which hangs in the Rotunda. (By Conrad.) Stockton Richard Stockton, of New Jersey, 1730-1781. Member of Continental Congress ; signer of the Declaration ; imprisoned by the British, and sub- jected to hardships which eventually caused his death. (By H. K. Brown.) Trumbull Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, 1710-1785. Governor of Colony of Connecticut, and first Governor of the State ; influential leader in the Revolution, and fertile in resources ; a close friend of Washington, who "relied on him as one of his main pillars of support," and because of his skill in providing the sinews of war gave him the name of "Brother Jonathan," used ever since as the nickname of the United States. John Trumbull, artist of the Rotunda paintings, was his son. (By C. V. Ives.) ashington George Washington, of Virginia, 1732-1799. This is a plaster cast. The original, of white marble, is in the Capitol at Richmond. It was ordered by the Virginia Assembly, and the eminent French sculptor Houdon was intrusted with the commission through Jefferson, then Min- ister to France. In 1785 Houdon accompanied Franklin to America, and visited Mount Vernon to prepare the model. It is life size; the dress is the military costume of the Revolution. Lafayette pronounced this the best representation of Washington ever made. (By Jean Antoine Houdon.) The inscription was written by James Madison, afterward President: — "Tlie General Assembly of the Commonwealth of \'irginia have caused this statue to be erected as a monument of affection and gratitude to ("iEORGe Washington, who. uniting to the endowments of a hero the virtues of the patriot, and exerting both in establishing the liberties of his country, has rendered his name dear to his fellow- citizens, and given the world an immortal example of true glory. Done in the year of Christ one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, and in the year of the Com- monwealth the twelfth." Webster Daniel Webster, of New Hampshire, T782-TR52. Statesman, orator, the Great Expounder of the Constitution. This Hall of Representatives has nnig with his eloquence. (By Conrad.) 42 irasJiiiii^foh, the Nation's Capital. Willard Frances Elizabeth Willard, of Illinois, President of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union ; one of the organizers of the Prohibi- tion Party; President of the Woman's Council of the United States.* Williams Roger Williams, of Rliode Island, 1599-1683. Founder of the Colony ; apostle of religious liberty. (By Franklin Simmons. WinthroD John Winthrop, of IVIassachu- setts, 1588-1649. First Governor of the Colony, 1629, under the new charter. (By R. S. Green- ough. ) The Hall has some extraordi- nary acoustic properties, by which whispers become shouts, and per- sons may converse with one an- other while their faces are buried in opposite corners. These peculi- arities were a source of much vexation of spirit to the orators who de- bated here; but, as demonstrated by the guides, afford entertainment for the visitor of to-day. The variegated marble of the columns contains some astonishing nat- in Stone '""''' pictures, perfect forms of birds and animals, and human faces, among which even grave Senators are wont to find likenesses of their associates. Acoustics L_^ ^ FRANCES E. WILLARD, The first woman to be given place in Statuary Hall. Faces The Hall of Representatives is a legislative chamber unsurpassed in the world. The dimensions are : length 139-ft. ; width, 93-ft. ; height, 30-ft. It is lighted by a ceiling of glass panels, set in a framework of iron. In the ceiling are painted the arms of the States. The Speaker's desk, of white marble, occupies an elevated position in ^1^^ (he centre of the south side, and the desks of the Representatives are ar- House ranged in concentric semi-circles, with radiating aisles. A silver plate on each mahognay desk (in House and Senate) has engraved on it the occu- pant's name. In front of the Speaker's desk are the desks and tables of the clerks and official reporters; on his right is the Sergeant-at-Arms ; on his left, the Assistant Doorkeeper. The Speaker's Mace is set on its pedestal of Vermont marble at the right of the desk. The Mace is a bundle of ebony rods, bound together with ligaments of silver, and having on top a silver globe surmounted by a silver eagle. It resembles the fasces borne by the lictors before the Roman magistrates, and is the symbol of the Speaker's authority. The ]\face is always placed on its pedestal when the House is in session, and is laid on the floor when the House is in Committee of the Whole. The Sergeant-at-Arms bears riace ♦Statue not in place at this writing. HALL OF REPRESENTATIVES. WASHINGTON DECLINING OVERTURES FROM CORNWALLIS AT YORKTOWN. 44 JJ'asIiiiigtoii, tJtc XatioiTs Capital. the symbol before him when executing the Speaker's commands to enforce order, or to conduct a member to the bar of the House. On either side of the Speaker's desk are full-length portraits of Wash- Painr"*^ ington (by Stuart, copied by Vanderlin) and Lafayette (by Ary Scheffer), presented to Congress by Lafayette on his last visit to this country. A fresco by Brumidi pictures the incident at Yorktown when Washington declined overtures from Cornwallis for a two days' cessation of hostilities. Clock Over the main entrance is the famous clock whose hands are turned back on the last day of the session, that the hour of adjournment may not be marked by it before the business of the House is finished. The clock is of bronze, with figures of Pioneer and Indian, and American eagle. Opening ofif from the Hall back of the Speaker's desk are the House Lobby Lobby and the Members' Retiring Rooms. There are landscapes by Albert Rierstadt picturing The Discovery of the Hudson by Hendrik Hudson in 1609, and the Expedition under Vizcaiiio Landing at Monterey in 1601. The walls are hung with portraits of former Speakers. Under the gal- leries are the cloak rooms. The galleries are reached from the east and west corridors by magnificent stairways of Tennessee marble. East Facing the East Stairway is Hiram Powers' marble statue of Thomas Stairway Jefferson. Above the first landing hangs Frank B. Carpenter's picture of . ^. the First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation before the Cabinet, lancipation J^ . . . oclamation Sept. 22, 1862. The portraits, begmning at the left, are : Edwm M, Stan- ton, Secretary of War; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury; Abra- ham Lincoln, President; Gideon Welles, Secretary-of the Navy; William H. Seward (seated). Secretary of State; Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the Interior; Montgomery Blair, Postmaster-General; Edward Bates, Attor- ney-General. The picture was presented to the United States by Mrs. IMary Elizabelh Thompson in 1S7S. . Alex. H. Stephens, ex-Vice-President of the Confederacy, then a Member of the House, was one of the orators of its reception. In the corridor above are portraits of Gunning Bedford (of the Continental Congress), Charles Carroll (a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence) and Henry Clay (by Neagle). West ^^ ^^^^ ^°°^ °^ ^"^^ West Stairway is a bronze bust (by Vincenti) of Stairway the Chippewa Chief, Be-She-Ke. On the wall of the landing (best seen from the upper corridor) is Emanuel Leutze's spirited painting, West- ward Ho! It has for its legend Bishop Berkeley's line: A\'estward the star of empire takes its way, Westward •''"'^ finds its inspiration in a phase of Western settlement. The scene is Hoi laid in the Rocky Mountains, annd whose defiles and passes an immigrant train is pushing forward to a fair country Ijeyond. The picture is full of life and action. Below is Bierstad't Golden Gate, harl)or of San Fran- cisco; and in the borders arc portraits of Daniel Boone, the pioneer of the Southwest, and Capt. Wni. Clark, of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Columbia, 1803-6. In the upper corridor hangs a portrait of Chief Justice Marshall (by Brooke). Some of the committee rooms opening off from the Flouse corridors merit attention for their adornment. The Ways and Means Room and the SUPREME COURT ROOM. leutze's westward ho ! 46 Washington, the Nation's Capital. Appropriations Rooms are handsomely frescoed. The Military Affairs Room contains a series of paintings of the forts of the United States. In the basement the scheme of decoration in the Territories Room is of West- ern Indian and wild life, and the Indian Affairs Room has a collection of paintings by Col. Eastman of scenes among the Sioux. In the Agricul- tural Room, elaborately decorated by Brumidi, are pictured Cincinnatns called from his plow to the Dictatorship of Rome, and Putnam summoned to his part in the Revolution. Ancient and modern harvest scenes — Flora (Spring), Ceres (Summer), Bacchus (Autumn), and Boreas (Winter) — portraits of Washington and Jefferson, who were both farmers, and other details make this one of the most richly adorned rooms of the building. Supreme The Supreme Court Room, designed by Latrobe after Greek models, is a semi-circular hall, with a low-domed ceiling having square caissons of stucco work. The room is decorated with a screen of Ionic columns of Potomac marble, the white capitals modeled after those of the Temple of ]\Iinerva. The columns form a loggia and support a gallery. In front of them is the Bench of the Supreme Court. The chair of the Chief Justice is in the centre, with those of the eight Associates on either side. Outside of the space reserved for Counsel are seats for spectators. Ranged about the walls is a series of busts of former Chief-Justices : John Jay of New York, 1789-1795; John Rutlcdge of South Carolina, 1795-1795; Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut, 1796-1800; John Marshall of Virginia, 1801-1835; Roger B. Taney of Maryland, 1836-1864; Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, 1864-1873; Morrison R. Waite of Ohio, 1874-1888. The Supreme Court Room was until 1859 the Senate Chamber. DIAGRAM OF THE SUPREME COURT. Court j— I 8 6 42 13 5 7 9 r~~"i M ' — ' — ' — • — ^ — • ^ — -" 1^ . . Q 14 Senate 1. Chief Justice I'^uller. -. ^Ir. Justice llarlau. 3. Mr. Justice Brewer. 4. ^Ir. Justice Brown. 5. Mr. Justice White. ti. Mr. Justice I'cckham. 7. Mr. Justice ilcKenna. 8. Mr. Justice Hohnes. 9. ]Mr. Justice Day. 10. The Clerk's Desk. 11. The Marshal's Desk. 12. The Reporter's Desk. 13. The Attorney-General's Desk. 14. Counsel's Desk. The Senate Chamber is a spacifius hall, 113-ft. in length. 82-ft. wide, Chamber and lighted by a ceiling 36-ft. above the floor. The seats of the Senators are arranged in concentric rows, with the aisles radiating from the dais of the President's desk on the north side. On the right of the President's chair is that of the Sergeant-at-Arms, on the left that of the Assistant Doorkeeper, and in front are the desks of the clerks and official reporters. The room is surrounded by galleries, whence one may watch the proceed- ings. The walls are richly decorated in gold arabesques on delicate tints, The Capitol. 47 SENATE CHAMBER. with buff panels; and the glass of the ceiling is filled with symbolism of War, Peace, Union, Progress, the Arts, Sciences and Industries. In wall niches around the galleries are marble busts of the Vice-Presidents (Presidents of the Senate), and the series is continued in the various halls. In the main corridor are portraits by Stuart of Washington and John Adams ; Patrick Henry by Matthews, Thomas Jefferson by Darby, Daniel Webster and Henry Clay by Darby, and John C. Calhoun. The mahogany hall clock has been in the Capitol since 1803. Its seventeen stars were for the seventeen States then constituting the Union, the last star being for Ohio, admitted in 1802. The rooms connected with the Chamber are notable for richness of material of construction and adornment. They are the President's Room, Vice-President's Room, Senators' Reception Room, Public Reception Room, and Room of the Committee on the District of Columbia. The Room of the President of the United States is set apart for the use of the President on his visits to the Capitol, and is one to which he comes in the closing hours of the session to sign the last bills before adjourn- ment. It is decorated (by Brumidi) with portraits of President Washing- ton and his first cabinet — Jefferson, Hamilton, Knox, Randolph and Os- good ; with allegories of Liberty, Religion, Legislation and Executive Au- thority ; and portraits of Columbus with emblems of Discovery, Americus Senate President's Room 48 n'ashii!s::7nii. the X at ion's Capital. riarble Room Vice= President's Room Reception Room District Room Corn and Tobacco Crawiord Door Vespiicius ( Exploralionj, \\'illiam Brewster (Religion), and Benjamin Franklin (History). Note the way in which the figure of Religion turns toward one from whatever part of the room it is seen. The Senators' Reception Room, known as the ^larhle Room, because constructed wholly of that material, has stately Corinthian columns of Italian marble, paneled w'alls of Tennessee marble, and ceiling of marble from Vermont. The walls are set with mirrors. The Room of the Vice-President of the United States (who is the President of the Senate) contains Rembrandt Peale's portrait of Wash- ington; a marble bust of Vice-President Henry S. Wilson, whose tragic death occurred in this room, Nov. 22, 1875, and a portrait of Lafayette S. Foster, acting Vice-President in Andrew Johnson's term. The Public Reception Room is a richly furnished apartment, decorated in oils and frescoes by Brumidi. On the south wall is a painting of Presi- dent Washington in consultation with Thomas Jeflferson, his Secretary of State, and Alexander Hamilton, his Secretary of the Treasury. The vaulted ceiling is all aglow with the brilliant colors of the allegories of War, Peace, LibertJ^ Plenty, Power, Temperance, Prudence and Justice. The Room of the Committee on the District of Columbia, originally designed for the Senate Library, has in the vaulted ceiling Brumidi fres- coes of History, Geography, Science and the Telegraph. The columns of the Senate vestibule have Latrobe's tobacco-leaf capi- tals. Latrobe's (sometimes called Jefiferson's) cornstalk columns, with capitals of corn in the husk, are at the foot of the East Stairway (near the Supreme Court Room) leading to the basement. They have in- geniously been termed the ".\merican order" of architecture. From the Senate vestibule the east door opens upon the portico. This is the Crawford Bronze Door designed by the American sculptor Thomas Crawford, and cast at Chicopee. Mass. See illustration, page 51. In the niches of the corridor are busts of Vice-Presidents Tyler, John- son and Wheeler. hat.sall's monitor and merrimac. 50 Jl'^asJiiiigtoii, the A' at ion's Capital. East From the east and west corridors stairways lead to the Senate Galleries. Corridor The East Stairway, of Tennessee marble, is lighted by a richly stained sky- Paintings light over the landing. At the foot of the stairs is Hiram Powers' statue of Benjamin Franklin (note the inimitable shrewdness of the expression), and on the wall of the landing hangs W. H. Powell's spirited painting of the Battle of Lake Erie, Sept. 13, 1813. It pictures the gallant exploit of Commodore Perry, transferring his colors from the disabled flagship Law- rence to the Niagara, in the face of a terrific cannonading. It was after the victory won here that Perry dispatched the famous message, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." In the corridor and halls are paintings : Heaton's Columbus Leaving La Rabida, Thomas Moran's Canyons of the Yellowstone and the Colo- rado, Halsall's First Fight of the Iron-Clads (Monitor and Merrimac, Hampton Roads, Va., March 9, 1862), and Mrs. C. A. Fassett's Florida Case before the Electoral Commission (in the Senate Chamber, Feb. 5, 1877). The last contains a number of portraits of the public men of the Hayes-Tilden period ; a key to the picture hangs near the window. The Electoral Commission was a special commission created by Congress in January, 1877, to decide the disputed electoral returns of the Presidential election of 1876. It was composed of five Senators, five Representatives and five Justices of the Supreme Court. The cases submitted to it were those of Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina and Oregon. From each of these States double or multiple sets of returns had been received; and the election depended upon which should be accepted and counted. By a party vote of 8 to 7 the Commission decided every case for Hayes. There is here also a series of four old paintings by John B. White: Gen. Marion inviting a British officer to a dinner of potatoes; Mrs. Motte preparing to fire her house; Sergeants Jasper and Newton; Battle of Fort Moultrie, June 28, 1776. There are portraits in mosaic of Abraham Lincoln and James A. Garfield, and in oil of Charles Sumner (by Ingalls) and Gen. John A. Dix (by Morrell). The Stars and Stripes of the Dix portrait are put here in commemoration of the historic dispatch sent by him as Secretary of the Treasury to Wm. Hemphill Jones, in New Orleans, Jan. 29, 1861 : "If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot." A painting of Niagara in Winter by Regis Gignoux was presented by Mrs. Carroll in memory of Charles Carroll. There are busts of Lincoln, Sumner, Crawford, lyler. Garibaldi, Pulaski and Kosciuszko. (Note. — The locations of objects are subject to change.) West At the base of the white marble West Stairway is Story's marble statue Stairway of John Hancock, whose name is first in the list of signatures of the Declaration. The pedestal is inscribed : "He wrote his name where all nations should behold it and all time should not eflface it." On the land- ing is James Walker's Storming of Chapultepec, one of the defences of the City of Mexico, by the American Army under Gen. Scott, Sept. 13, 1847. In the upper corridor is Charles Wilson Peale's Washington. Peale was an officer in the patriot army, and while in camp employed his leisure hours in painting. He began the picture of Washington at N'alley Forge, obtained the final sitting from the commander-in-chief a day or two after the battle of Monmouth, THE CRAWFORD DOOR — SENATE PORTICO. ^ The panels commoinorate the Deatli of Warren at Bunker Hill, 1775; Washinyton's Rebuke of jen. Charles Lee at Monmouth, 1778; Hamilton's Gallantry at Yorktown, 17S1; Washington's ieception at Trenton, when on the way to his Inauguration as First President, 1789; Washing- 3ns First Inauguration, 1789; Laying the Corner Stone of the Capitol, Sept. 18, 1793. The lanels below contain allegories of War (struggle between a Hessian and a settler) and Peace. 52 ]i'nsliiiit!,t()n, the Nation's Caf'ital. OFFICE BUILDING OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Under construction southeast of the Capitol. Peale's Washington Bronze Stairways Senate Committee Rooms and finished the picture at Princeton. Nassau Hall at Trinceton is shown in the background, with a body of British prisoners. The -sword worn by Washington is the one now preserved in the library of the State Department. The portrait in N'ice- President's Room by Rembrandt Peale (son of Charles Wilson Peale) was painted from sittings given by Washington in 1795. Lossing records that it "was pronounced by the relatives and intimate friends of Washington the best likeness of Washington that was ever painted." Elaborate bronze stairways (designed by Crawford) lead to tbe Senate liisement, wliose corridor walls and ceilings are filled with frescoes, and some of whose committee rooms are deserving" of attention. When Con- gress is in session the bronze stairways are reserved for the use of the Senators only ; visitors should take the stairs leading from the east and west corridors. Among the basement decorations are arabesques, allegorical figures, ])irds and game, tracery of vine and foliage, the Indian, and portraits of distinguished actors and notable scenes in Americm history. America is pictured now as panoplied for war, and again as reading from the Con- stitution. The Room of the Conmiittee on Indian Affairs (intended for the Committee on Agriculture") has above the door a painting of Columbus and an Indian mai;len, and on its walls and ceilings are some ex(jui->ite vine and fruit pieces. In the room of Military Affairs five frescoes (by Brumidi) depict the Boston Massacre, the Battle of Lexington, the Death of Wooster, Washington at Valley Forge, and the Storming of Stony Point. Above the doors of the Foreign Relations Room is a fresco copy of West's painting of the Signing of Preliminary Articles of Peace between the United States and Great Britain, at Paris, Nov. 13, 17H2; and within are portraits of Clay. Allen, Cameron and Sunnier, in their times chairmen of the conmiittee. The negotiations between the Ignited .States and l'"rance which led to the Louisiana Purchase (April 30, 1803), gi\e the theme for The Capiiol. 53 the exterior decoration of the Territories Room. Other portraits are of Fuhon, over the door of the Patents Room; FrankHn, over that of the Post-Offices and Post-Roads Room; Fitch (steamboat inventor), over the Senate Post-Ofiice, and Las Casas (Apostle to the American Indians), facing the foot of the west stairway. Underneath the Rotunda is a chamljer formed by a colonnade of Doric columns with groined ceiling. A star in the floor designates the centre of the Capitol. A crypt below was designed to be the tomb of Washington, but it was never used for this purpose. The corner-stone of the original Capitol is to the right of the Rotunda portico; it may be reached by descending the flight of steps on the right after leaving the Rotunda by the north door. It is marked with a beau- tiful bronze memorial tablet, set in place in 1895. An office building for the use of members of the House of Representa- tives is under construction, to occupy the block on B street, between New Jersey Avenue and First St^reet, southeast of the Capitol. In 1904 certain descendants of the French officers who fought in the American Revolution presented to this country a bronze bust of Washing- ton, by David d'Angers, to replace one which was destroyed by fire in the ;.; Capitol in 185 1. Senate Committee Rooms Crypt Corner Stone House Office Building: D'Angers Bust THE PRESIDENTS KUOM. THE ROTUNDA — READING ROOM. Melpomene, Muse of Tragedy. THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS And its Mural Decorations. *** The eighty-six key pictures of paintings and architecture are miniatures from the volume of reproductions entitled " Book of the Paintings of the Library of Congress," published by Foster & Reynolds, who publish also The Library Paintings reproduced in the original colors. *** For public cafe and lunch room take elevator to top floor. THE Library grounds adjoin those of the Capitol. The building faces west upon First street, and the outer walls have a frontage upon four streets (First, East Capitol, Second and B streets). The grounds and the seventy residences upon them cost $585,000. The foundations were laid in 1888, and the building was begun in 1889, and was completed 1897. The net cost, exclusive of site, was $6,032,124.54. The original architectural plans were prepared by the firm of Smithmeyer & Pelz. These were modified by those of Edward Pearce Casey. The building is of the Italian Renaissance order of architecture; it has three stories, with a dome; and is in area 47oX340-ft., covering nearly 3J/2 acres of ground, with four large inner courts, 150 by 75 to loo-ft., and nearly 2,000 windows render it the best lighted library in the world. The plan and arrangement are shown in our diagram. The building con- sists of a great central rotunda, which is the reading-room; from which radi- ate book-stacks, and which is inclosed in a parallelogram of galleries and pavilions. The building material employed is for the exterior walls white granite from New Hampshire, and for the inner courts INIaryland granite and white enameled bricks. There are three stories. On the ground floor are the copyright office, reading room for the blind, and superintendent's office. The first floor con- tains the reading room (where the books are consulted), the librarian's room, periodical reading room. Senate and Representatives' reading room, and map room. The pavilions and galleries of the second floor are devoted to 56 TJic Library of Co)igrcss. exhibits of engravings and other collections, including rare books, first edi- tions, portraits of the Presidents and other personages. Exterior Decorations. — The Dome is finished in black copper, with panels gilded with a thick coating of gold leaf. The cresting of the Dome above the lantern, i9S-ft. from the ground, terminates in a gilded finial, representing the torch of Science, ever burning. The thirty-three window^s of the corner pavilion and of the west fagade have carved heads representing the several races of men. The types are : Russian Slav, Blonde European, Brunette European, Modern Greek, Persian, Circassian, Hindoo, Hungarian, Jew, Arab, Turk, Modern Egyptian, Abyssin- ian, Malay, Polynesian, Australian, Negrito, Zulu, Papuan, Soudan Negro, Akka, Fuegian, Botocudo, Pueblo Indian, Esquimau, Plains Indian, Samo- yede, Corean, Japanese, Aino, Burmese, Thibetan, Chinese. The Bronze Fountain, by Hinton Perry, represents the Court of Ncptuiic, with conch-blowing tritons, sea nymphs, sea horses, serpents, frogs and turtles. The Entrance Pavilion has sixteen rounded pillars with Corinthian capitals. Four colossal Atlantes support the pediment, on which are sculptured Ameri- can eagles, with supporting figures of children. In the windows are nine colossal portrait-busts in granite: Emerson and Irving, by Hartley; Goethe, Franklin and Macaiilay, by Ruckstuhl ; Hazvtiwrne, by Hartley; Scott, by Adams ; Demosthenes and Dante, by Adams. The sculptures over the en- trances by Bela L. Pratt typify Literature, Science and Art The Bronze Doors. Bronze Door — Printing. — By Frederick Macmonnies. — Minerva presiding over the "Diffusion of the Products of the Typographical Art." Two winged figures of youthful genii are, as her envoys, conveying to mankind the bless- ings of learning and literature. By Minerva's side is her owl ; other sugges- tions are the hour-glass, the old-fashioned printing press, the stork (as the bird of home), and a Pegasus. The legend: "Homage to Gutenberg." (Gu- tenberg was the inventor of printing, Germany, 1400-1468. ) In the panels idealizations are of Intellect and Humanities. Bronze Fountain — Court of Neptune. 58 The Library of Congress. ^-.J*^*^'^*- .1 i 1 Jjruiizc Dour- Bronze Door — Writing. — By Olin L. Warner. — A mother is instructing her children from the written record of the scroll. On one side is an Egyptian scribe with his stylus, and a Jewish patriarch; on the other, a Greek with a lyre and a Christian with the cross. In the panels are Truth with mirror and serpent and Research with torch. Bronze Door — Tradition. — By Olin L. Warner. — Tradition is typified as a woman reciting her story to a boy. Listening to the tale are four representative types of mankind — a Norse war- rior, with winged cap and battle-axe ; a shep- herd with his crook; a primitive man with his stone axe, and an American Indian with his arrows. The Indian figure is a portrait of Chief Joseph of the Nez Perces. In the left panel is Imagination with the lyre, emblematic of recitation and song; in the right stands widowed Memory clasping the sword and helmet of her dead. The genii below support the wings of Imagination and the memorial urn. Entrance Pavilion — Vestibule. The Minerva of Defensive War and the Minerva of Wisdom and the Liberal Arts, sculptural figures, by Herbert Adams, are repeated in eight pairs. The white marble of the vestibule is from Italy. The gold of the ceiling is like that of the dome, 22-carats fine. Entrance Pavilion — Grand Stair Hall. The Central Stair Hall is a magnificent apartment, unsurpassed by any other entrance hall in the world. It is lined throughout with fine Italian marble, highly polished. On the sides rise lofty rounded columns, with ela- borate carved capitals of Corinthian design; while the arches are adorned with marble rosettes, palm leaves and foliated designs of exquisite finish and delicacy. The great height of this entrance hall, rising 72-ft. to the skylight, PLAN OF THE FIRST FLOOR AND DECORATIONS. 6o The Library of Congress. with its vaulted ceiling, and the grand double staircase, with its white marble balustrades leading up on either side, exhibit an architectural effect which may fitly be termed imposing. The newel posts of the stairway are enriched by beautiful festoons of leaves and i^owers, and are surmounted by two bronze lamp-bearers for electric lights. The staircases are ornamented with twenty- six miniature marble figures by Martiny, carved in relief, representing in em- blematic sculpture the various arts and sciences. This beautiful and spacious entrance hall has been described as "a vision in polished stone," and, taken in connection with the grand corridors and the richly decorated Reading Room, the Library may be pronounced the finest marble interior in America. Commemorative Arch. — The spandrel figures by Warner are of Students, one a boy, the other an old man, for books are alike for the instruction of youth and solace of age. The panel, with fasces and eagle on either side, records : Erected under the acts of Congress of April 15, 1886; October 2, 1888, and March 2, 1889, by Brig.-Gen. Thos. Lincoln Casey, Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. Bernard R. Green, Supt. and hngi- neer. John L. Smithmeyer, Architect. Paul J. Pelz, Architect. Edward Pearce Casey, Architect. Martiny Staircases. — In the south stairway railing the sculptures are : Me- chanic with cog-wheel. Hunter with rabbit, Vintager with grapes and wine glass. Farmer with sickle and sheaf of wheat, Fisherman with rod and fish, Soldier with helmet. Chemist with blowpipe, and Cook with steaming pot. The buttress figures are of America and Africa, supporting a globe showing these continents. On the balustrade above are Comedy, Tragedy and Poetry. The figures of the north stairway are: Gardener with rake and spade. En- tomologist with net and specimen case. Student with mortar-board cap and book, Printer in paper cap with press and type. Musician with lyre and music book, Physician with mortar, retort and serpent. Electrician with telephone and electric light. Astronomer with telescope, globe and compasses. On the buttress are Europe (with lyre, book and column) and Asia (with dragon vase). The balustrade figures are Painting, Architecture and Sculpture. In the cove of the ceiling are Martiny's flying halt-figures supporting the device of lamp and book. Tablets bear the names of Moses, Herodotus, Dante, Homer, INIilton, Bacon, Aristotle, Goethe, Shakespeare, Moliere; Cervantes, Hugo, Scott, Cooper, Longfellow, Tennyson, Gibbon, Bancroft. The Points of the Compass radiate from a conventional sun inlaid in brass in the floor, surrounded by the Signs of the Zodiac. The Building faces west. Europe and Asia. America and Africa. Grand Stair Hall. THE NORTH STAIRWAY IN THE CENTRAL STAIR HALL. 62 TJie LiFrary of Congress. The Muse of Lyric Poetry. Entrance Pavilion— South Hall. Poetry. — By H. O. Walker. In Lyric Poetry, the central figure is an ideali- zation of the Muse, laurel-crowned and striking the lyre. She is attended by Passion with arm upraised responding to the strains, Beauty, and Mirth, Pathos with eyes raised to heaven. Truth, and Devotion with bowed head. Poets' Boys. — Six paintings present ideals of youthful subjects of the poets: Urie Boy of Winander. Emerson— Uriel. This was the lapse of Uriel, Which in Paradise befell, Once among the Pleiads walking. Said overheard the young gods talking. One, with low tones that decide, And doubt and reverend use defied. With a look that solved the sphere. And stirred the devils everywhere. Gave his sentiment divine Against the being of a line: Wordsworth— The Boy There vv-as a Boy; )'e knew him well, ye cliffs And islands of Winander! — many a time. At evening, when the earliest stars began To move along the edges of the hills, Rising or setting, would he stand alone. Beneath the trees, or by the glimmering lake; And there, with fingers interwoven, both hands Pressed closely palm to palm and to his mouth Uplifted, he, as through an instrument. Blew mimic hootings to the silent owls. That they might answer him. — And they would shout Across the watery vale, and shout again. "Line in natvire is not found. Unit and Universe are round; In vain produced, all rays return, Evil will bless and ice will burn." As Uriel spoke with piercing eye, A shudder ran around the sky; The stern old war-gods shook their heads, The seraphs frowned from myrtle-beds. of Winander. Responsive to his call, with quivering peals. And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud Redoubled and redoubled; concourse wild Of jocund din! And, when there came a pause Of silence such as baflfled his best skill: Then, sometimes, in that silence, while he hung Listening, a gentle shock of mild surprise Plas carried far into his heart the voice Of mountain torrents; or the visible scene Would enter unawares into his mind With all its solemn imagery, its rocks. Its woods, and that uncertain heaven re- ceived Into the bosom of the steady lake. Hall of the Poets. 63 This boy was taken from his mates, and died In childhood, ere lie was full twelve years old. Pre-eminent in beauty is the vale Where he was born and bred: the church- yard hangs Upon a slope above the village school; And, through that churchyard when my way has led On summer evenings. I believe, that there A long half-hour together I have stood Mute — looking at the grave in which he lies! Comus. Adonis. Milton— Comus. Comus, the enchanter, in the wood at night, listens to the song of The Lady, and at its conclusion exclaims: Can any mortal mixture of earth's mould Breathe such divine, enchanting ravishment? Shakespeare— Adonis. Adonis, the young hunter loved by \'enus, unmindful of the entreaties of the goddess, left her side to hunt the wild boar, by which he was slain. \'enus discovers him. She looks upon his lips, and they are pale; She takes him by the hand, and that is cold; She whispers in his ears a heavy tale. As if they heard the woeful words she told; She lifts the cofl'er-lids that close his eyes. Where, lo, two lamps, burnt out, in darkness lies. "Wonder of Time," quoth she, "this is my spite That, thou being dead, the day should yet be light!" Endvmion. Ganvmede. Keats— Endymion. The story runs that from her silver chariot of the moon, Diana beheld the shepherd boy Endymion asleep upon Mount Latmos; and enamored of his beauty, descended to press a kiss upon his lips. Night after night in her course across the heavens, the god- dess paused to caress the youth; and Endymion, each time but partially awakened, was conscious of her presence only as the sweet vision of a dream. Tennyson— Ganymede. W'hen Jupiter came down to earth, to seek a successor to Hebe as Cupbearer to the Gods, he took the form of an eagle, and flying over Mount Ida, saw the Trojan Prince Ganymede, whom he carried off to Olympus. Tennyson in his "Palace of Art" de- scribes, as among the pictures decorating its walls, one of Ganymede borne aloft by the eagle — Or else flushed Ganymede, his rosy thigh Half-buried in the Eagle's down. Sole as a flying star shot thro' the sky Above the pillar'd town. 64 Tlic Library of Congress. Joy and Memory are idealized in the painting above the areh in the west wall. Joy is attended by a boy with a lamb; Memory sits by a sculp- tured marble. The composition sym- liolizes the dual office of poetry as giving expression to the joyousness Joy and Memory. ^^ jj^^ ^^^^ ^^^ commemorating the men and the deeds of the past. The inscription is from Wordsworth : The Poets, who on earth have made us heirs Of truth and pure delight by heavenly lays. In the mosaic ceiling are names of poets : Theocritus, Pindar, Anacreon, Sappho, Catullus, Horace, Petrarch, Ronsard, Longfellow, Lowell, Whittier, Bryant, Whitman, Poe, Browning, Shelley, Byron, Musset, Hugo, Heine. South Curtain Corridor. Greek Heroes. — By Walter McEwen. The paintings have for their themes incidents in the Greek myths of Paris, Jason, Bellerophon, Orpheus, Per- seus, Prometheus, Theseus, Achilles and Hercules. Paris. — When Juno, Minerva and Venus contended as to which was the fairest, they left the decision to Paris, a shepherd boy on Mount Ida. To influence him, Juno promised him power, Minerva martial glory, and Venus the most beautiful woman in the world. He decided in favor of Venus, and she gave him Helen, wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta. Paris accordingly repaired to the court of JNIenelaus, and Helen eloped with him to Troy. The Greeks, making the cause of Menelaus their own, besieged Troy to recover Helen, and the Trojan War followed. Theseus sailed with a company of Athenian youths and maidens who were sent as a tribute to King Minos of Crete to be given over to the Minotaur, a monster half-bull and half human, which fed on human flesh. Ariadne, t I Ik- Lourt of Menelaus and Helen. The Greek Heroes. 65 Prometheus Theseus. the daughter of Minos, fell in love with Theseus, and gave him the clue of the labyrinth, by which he was enabled to reach and slay the Minotaur, Ariadne set sail with the hero for Athens; but on the way, at the isle of Naxos, Minerva, in a dream, directed Theseus to desert her, and in obedience to the command he sailed away and left Ariadne sleeping. Prometheus having stolen fire from heaven, Jupiter created the first woman, Pandora, for the punishment of mankind, and sent her to Prometheus. He refused her, and vainly cautioned his brother Epimetheus not to accept her. Achilles. Hercules. Pandora holds the fateful box, from which were to be let fly into the world all human ills, only Hope remaining to bless mankind. Hercules having killed a man was condemned to serve Omphale, the Queen of Lydia, as a slave. Appareled in feminine dress, the hero was put to spin- ning and other woman's tasks. Achilles was disguised by his mother as a school girl and sent to a distant court in order that he might not be enlisted in the Trojan War. The wily Ulysses set out to find him, and assuming the character of a peddler displayed his wares. The girls chose feminine trinkets, "but Achilles was attracted to a man's shield and casque, and thus revealed himself. Bellerophon. Perseus. 66 The Library of Congress. Jason. Urplieus. Bellerophon, commissioned to slaj' the Chimsera, a monster with lion's head, goat's body and dragon's tail, receives from Minerva the golden bridle of the winged horse Pegasus, by vi^hose aid he is to accomplish the task. Perseus was sent by King Polydectes to slay the Gorgon, Medusa, a crea- ture of aspect so terrible that whoever looked upon her face was turned to stone. By the aid of Minerva Perseus beheaded the Gorgon, and returned to the court of Polydectes, as that monarch was celebrating with a banquet a forced marriage with Danae, the mother of Perseus. The hero came just in time to rescue his mother by confronting the King and his company with the Gorgon's head and so turning them into stone. Jason was the leader of the expedition of the Argonauts, who went in quest of the Golden Fleece. This was the fleece of a ram, which was preserved by the King of Colchis, and guarded by a dragon. By the aid of the sorceress Medea, Jason was successful and brought the Fleece back to Athens. Orpheus, having failed to bring back his wife Eurydice from the realms of Pluto, retired to Mount Athos. Here his solitude was invaded by the Thracian women celebrating their Bacchic rites ; and when he repelled their advances, in their fury they stoned him to death. Representatives' Reading Room. Mosaic Mantels. — By Frederick Dielman. The mantels of Italian marble are the richest and most beautiful adornments of the building. The mosaic panels (exceeding 7 feet by 3 feet in size) have for subjects Law and History. Law, a woman of radiant countenance and wearing the regis, is enthroned upon a dais. At her feet are doves of peace, the bound volume of the sta- tutes, and the scales of justice. She holds a palm branch toward Truth with her lilies. Peace with twig of olive, and Industry with artisan's cap and ham- mer ; and interposes a sword against skulking Fraud, Discord with malign serpents, and Violence with sword and torch. History. — In the center stands the Muse of History with recording pen and gold-clasped volume. In the panels are names of great historians : Herod- otus, Thucydides, Polybius, Livy, Tacitus, Baeda, Comines, Hume, Gibbon, Niebuhr, Guizot, Ranke, Bancroft, Motley. On the left side sits Mythology with recording stylus and globe symbolic of the myths of the worlds. Beside her are a winged Sphinx and Pandora's box. On the right is the venerable figure of Tradition, and by her with a lyre sits a youthful poet, who will sing the story that she tells. In the distance back of Myfliology, rise the Pyramids Representatives' Reading Room. 6; of Egypt, back of History the Parthenon of Greece, and beyond Tradition the Colosseum of Rome. The oak tympanums over the doors are by C. H. Niehaus with mo- tives of Minerva's owl and the American eagle. Pictorial Spectrum ot Light. — Carl Gutherz has painted in ceiling panels idealizations of the seven primary colors: Indigo, the Light of Science. Blue, the Light of Truth. Green, the Light of Research. Yellow, the Light of Creation. Orange, the Light of Progress. Red, the Light of Poetry. Violet, the Light of State. Senate Reading Room. The Senate Reading Room ceiling is decorated with a gold ground on which are floating female figures. Above the mantel is carved the shield of the Union surmounted by the American Eagle. (By Adams.) Li'.•feu;^::v)^!.L■ Mosaic Mantel— History. 08 The Library of Congress. Entrance Pavilion— Reading Room Lobby. Government of the Republic and the resuhs of good and bad administration are symboHzed by EHhu Vedder in five paintings as follows: Government, majestic of mien and laurel-crowned, holds the scepter, and a tablet, on which is Lincoln's characterization : "A government of the people, by the people, for the people." Genii bear the sword of authority and the bridle of restraint. The oak typifies strength. Good Adininistration, the genius of America, is seated beneath an arch, of which each stone fills its office of support for all the others, as every State Government. Good Administration. must contribute to the upholding of the Union. She holds, evenly balanced, the scales of justice, and supports a shield whose divisions represent the idea of political parties. In her lap is the open book of the laws. To one ballot urn comes a youth to cast his vote ; his books indicate that intelligence must qualify for the franchise. Into the other urn, public opinion winnows the wheat from the chafif. The fig tree and the wheat fields indicate domestic tran- quilitj'. Good administration insures peace and prosperity. Peace and Prosperity are symbolized by a goddess who extends laurel wreaths in token of encouragement and reward to Agriculture and Art. In the background is the olive tree. Corrupt Legislation has gathered to herself cornucopias of gold, the sources of which are shown by the corruptionist placing his bribe in her sliding scale. That the Briber has purchased legislation is indicated by the book of the law which he holds on his own lap, and by the overthrown ballot urn at his feet. Peace Corrupt Legislation. Anarchy. The Book Scries. 69 The Cairn. Oral Tradition. The strong box, the coin and the busy factories tell of his prosperity. Honest Industry, with empty distaff, sues for recognition in vain. The factory chim- neys in the distance are smokeless. The flying leaves of the vine presage decay. Anarchy, holding aloft as a brand the flaming scroll of the Constitution and clutching the cup of madness, is here the presiding genius amid universal wreck and ruin. Serpents are twisted in her hair. One foot rests upon the Hieroglyphics. The Pictograph. downfallen arch of the State ; with the other she is spurning religion, learn- ing, art and law. Ignorance and Violence are assisting in the overthrow. The broken mill and cog wheels typify the ruin of industries. The tree is withered and dead. The bomb with fuse alight foretells the end. Entrance Pavilion— East Hall. The Evolution of the Book. — By John W. Alexander. A series of six panels : I. The Cairn erected by prehistoric man on the seashore, a mere heap of boulders to commemorate some notable event. 2. Oral Traditions. — The Ori- ental story-teller, relating his tale to a group of absorbed listeners. 3. Hiero- glyphics chiseled upon the face of a monumental tomb by the Egyptian stone- cutter. 4. The Pictograph, or picture writing, by which the primitive Ameri- can Indian records on the painted buffalo robe his rude story of the war trail The Manuscript. The Printing Press. "« ~ -•. to; <^ ^ *!> -^ .S u. ^ o ."ti ■« c n ^ 'J o E f .^ ^ J" lAI •O *j a> ■a 11 ■a ?5 c o 1) > x: c (L) K rt p- rs _N cL S •"5 c (J 0) o o C > c E < 6C E < v- 1) s o « "rt 3 n . H OJ ■a 53 .ii = S _>. •-J 2 -o '5 ii « ■_ - . 1) *-• -*-• _c c 'So 'c5 _o s ■;= 1J « E o a. 5 ^ h- _S o C Ci. " r3 r- t3 c > 3 X >. c X T3 c s c t/) .0 C *c W -♦-• a; c ^ bp X ^ C O" 'E -"^ ^^-^ 'B — En ^•^ >^2 e o .^ H .^ £ E -3; X '-' "^ o 72 TJic Library of Congress. Xurth Hall uf Entrance J'avili.in. and the chase. S- The Manuscript engrossed and ilhiminated by the monastic scribes of the Middle Ages. 6. The Printing Pr^'.y.y.— Gutenberg, the inventor of printing, is reading a proof which has just come from the press. The Ceiling Decorations are em- blems of arts and sciences, with names of Americans who have achieved distinction in them: Archi- tecture— Latrobe, Walter, architects of the Capitol. ^lusic— Mason, Gottschalk. Painting— Stuart, Allston. Sculpture — Powers, Crawford. Poetry — Emerson, Holmes. Natural Science — Say, Dana. Mathematics — Pierce, Bowditch. Astronomy- Bond, Rittenhouse. Engineering-Francis, Stevens. Natural Philosophy- Silliman, Cook. ^ledicine— Cross, Wood, McDowell, Rush, Warren. Law- Hamilton, Kent, Pinckney, Shaw. Taney, Marshall, Story, Gibson, Webster, Curtis. Theology— Mather, Edwards, Channing, Beecher, Brooks. Librarian's Room, In the ceiling of the Librarian's room is E. J. Holslag's idealization of Literature, as a woman of benign aspect ; she holds a scroll, and is at- tended by a youthful genius bearing a lamp. The theme is repeated in other female figures in the corners be- low, with the symbols of book, torch and lute. The ceiling decoration shows the Greek lamp, Minerva's owl, books, palms, girls with garlands and heralds of fame. The wall and ceiling quotations are given elsewhere. Entrance Pavilion— North Hall. The Family.— Charles Sprague Pearce's paintings have for their theme The Family, and Religion, Labor, Study, Recreation and Rest, as elements of civil- rioating Scroll Bearers The Family. The Family, 73 Labor. Study. nation. In The Family the central figure is the child in arms, which the nother holds out to crow a welcome to the father just returned from the lunt. There are two older sisters in the group, while the grandfather and the grandmother look on with fond affection. In Religion, two worshippers kneel before a stone altar, from which ascends the smoke of their sacrifice. Labor is represented by two young farmers clearing the land. In the other panels are girlish figures; in Study, with books and compasses; in Recreation, Recreation. delighting in the music of pipe and tambourine ; in Rest, reclining by an invit- ing pool. Above the window two floating figures support a scroll with the wise saying of Confucius : "Give instruction unto those who cannot procure it for themselves." In the ceiling are names of educators : Froebel, Pestalozzi, Rousseau, Comenius, Ascham, Howe, Gallaudet, Mann, Arnold, Spencer. 74 The Library of Congress. North Curtain Corridor. The Muses. — Edward Simmons. Melpomene, Muse of Tragedy, has the tragic mask. The genii hold laurel crown and brazier of fire, suggestions which are repeated in the other paintings. Clio, JNIuse of History, whose records are of heroic deeds, has for symbols a wreathed helmet and torch. Thalia, Muse of Gaiety, Pastoral Life and Comedy; faun with Pan's pipes; Polyhymnia— Inspired Song, Sacred Music. TerpMchore— Chural Dance. Erato— Love Poetry. Euttipi L\ ric PMclry, Mistress of Song. comic mask. Euterpe, Muse of Lyric Poetry, the Mistress of Song, has a flute. Terpsichore, Muse of the Choral Dance, is striking the cymbals. Erato, Muse of Love Poetry, has a garland of white roses ; a crouching lioness typi- fies her universal sway. Polyhymnia, Inspired Song and Sacred IMusic — an open book. Urania, Astronomy — mathematical instruments. Calliope, Epic Poetry and Eloquence — scroll and peacock feather. THE MOSAIC MINERVA. By Elihu Vedder. 76 The Library of Congress. Prudence. Courage. Patriotism. THE VIRTUES. THE SECOND FLOOR. Fortitude. Entrance Pavilion— North Corridor. The Virtues. — Geo. W. Maynard's paintings of floating female figures, in the Pompeiian style, on a vermillion ground, symbolize the Virtues. Fortitude is armor-clad, with casque, cuirass and greaves, buckler and mace. Justice sup- ports a globe, and holds a drawn sword. Industry's emblems are the spindle, distaff and flax. Concordia, with olive branch, pours from a cornucopia grains of wheat symbolic of the prosperity of peace. (See South Corridor.) Wisdom, Understanding, Knowledge, Philosophy. — By Robert Reid. JVis- doiii holds a tablet. Understanding has a scroll. Knowledge holds a book. Wisdom. Understanding. Knowledge. Philosophy. Philosophy's attitude is of reflection and meditation; in the background is a Greek temple, the ancient home of philosophy. The Senses. — By Robert Reid. In the ceiling the Senses are idealized as beautiful young women. Taste is sipping from a shell; the accessories are bunches of grapes. Sight contemplates herself in a hand glass; she is at- tended by a peacock, pleasing to look upon. Smell inhales the fragrance of a full-blown rose, plucked from a bank of flowers by her side. Hearing presses North Corridor. 77 ■ HH ^p K • ^*^ K/i ^^1 Temperance. Justice. Concordia. THE VIRTUES. Industry. to her ear a shell which murmurs of the sea. Touch looks with delight upon a butterfly which has alighted on her arm ; by her lies a dog. Ancient Games are shown in small ceiling panels, suggestive of the relaxation and recreation which must lighten labor and study — Throwing the Discus, Wrestling, Running, the Finish, the Wreath of Victory, the Triumph. Printers' Marks, the distinctive emblematic devices, answering to trade- marks, used by printers and publishers on the title-pages of their books, are employed as motives in all the entrance pavilion corridors of this floor. There are fifty-six in all, the earliest being that of Fust and Schoffer, 1457. The marks in this corridor are of American and British publishers ; the supporting figures are griffins and swans. 'J'he trophy medallions are filled with symbols Taste. irtiiL;. Smell. THE SENSES. Touch. Sight. of sciences and industries — Geometry, Meteorology, Forestry, Navigation, Mechanics, Transportation. Sibyls. — The sculptures in the vauh, above the west window, by R. H. Perry, represent the Sibyls, or ancient prophetesses, who interpreted omens, delivered oracles, and foretold the future. The Sibyls here portrayed are the Greek and the Eastern or Persian. In a corresponding position in the south corridor are the Roman and Scandinavian. In the border of the arch above this win- dow is in obverse and reverse the Great Seal of the United States. Over the east window is the Western Hemisphere, 78 TJic Library of Congress. Entrance Pavilion — East Corridor. Literature. — In the ceiling George R. Barse, Jr., has painted a series of female figures personifying the departments of Literature. Lyrica (Lyric Poetry) with lyre, Tragedy with tragic mask, Comedy with laughing mask and tam- bourine, History with palm branch, scroll, and scroll-box, Romance with pen, scroll and wreath. Fancy musing as in a day dream. Tradition with a Nike or Winged Victory, Erotica (Love Poetry) with tablet and pen. The Fates. — In ceiling panels W. A. Mackay has t:iken for his theme the Thread of Life as spun by the Three Fates fabled by the ancients to preside over the life of man and control his destiny — Clotho, who spins the thread, Lachesis, who twists it, and Atropos, who cuts it. Clotho is here with her distaflf. The child is just ushered into life. There is a twig of a tree. The legend runs : "For a web begun, God sends thread." In the second panel is Lachesis, with her loom. The child has become a mature man, the tree is in full bearing, and from its boughs the man has plucked a measure of fruit. The legend reads : "The web of life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill to- gether." Lastly is seen Atropos, with her shears; and before her the decrepit old man on crutches is sinking to the ground, his face turned to the setting sun. The tree is withered and bare. The inscription is from Milton's "Lycidas." And slits the thin-spun life. Comes the blind Fury with th' abhorred shears The inscriptions below the three panels give this adaptation of Cardinal Wolsey's similitude of the life of man to that of the tree : This is the state of man. To day he puts forth The tender leaves of hopes; to-morrow blossoms, And bears his blushing honors thick upon him. The third day conies a frost and nips his root, and then he falls. The Printers' Ahirks are Italian and Spanish. The Commemorative Tablets, at the end of the corridor, bear the names of American printers, type founders and press builders : Green, Daye, Franklin, Thonias, Bradford, Clymer, Adams, Gordon, Hoe, Bruce. L'Allegro, II Penseroso. — Paintings on the Wall, by W. B. Van Ingen, are idealizations of Milton's L'Allegro and II Penseroso. L'Allegro, or Mirth, a fair-haired, blue-eyed woman, reclines amid the flowers and sunshine of a summer's day, attended by playful children. Milton's invocation is given : Come thou goddess fair and free, Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles, In Heaven ycleped Euphrosyne, Nods and becks, and wreathed smiles, And by men, heart-easing Mirth. Such as hang on Hebe's cheek, Haste thee, nymph, and bring with thee And love to live in dimple sleek. Jest and youthful jollity, // Penseroso, or Melancholy, is pictured as a dark-eyed, dark-haired woman, in pensive reverie, in an autumnal wood ; and the poem is quoted : Hail, thou goddess, sage and holy, And looks commercing with the skies, Hail divinest Melancholy, Thy rapt soul sitting in thine eyes: Come, but keep thy wonted state. There, held in holy passion still, With even step and musing gait, Forget thyself to marble. The marble arches and domes are elaborately carved, and have a wealth of symbolic decorations. Trophy medallions in the six domes represent : The Stairway to Rcadins: Room. 79 II Penseroso. L'Allegro. Drama (masks), Music Hyre), Sculpture (carved figure), Literature (lamp and book), Architecture (a column capital), Painting (palette and brush). Architecture is represented by the names in gold. Roman and the Colosseum, Agra (India) and the Taj Mahal, Athens and the Parthenon, Gizeh and the Pyramids. For Sculpture are named the Farnese Bull, Laocoon, Niobe, Par- thenon Pedimeijt ; Venus, Apollo, Zeus, Hercules. Stairway to Reading Room Rotunda. Minerva. — By Elihu Vedder. From the east corridor a stairway ascends to the balcony of the reading room ; on the wall of the landing is Elihu Vedder's mosaic of Mineri'a, the Goddess of Wisdom. She displays a scroll upon which is inscribed a list of the Sciences, Arts and Letters. She carries her spear; upon her breast is the ?egis, with its Gorgon's head, plates of steel, and bor- der of twisted serpents; and at her feet lie hel- met and shield. On her right is the owl ; on her left a statuette of Nike, the Winged Victory of the Greeks, standing upon a globe, and extend- ing the wreath of victory and the palm branch of peace. The background shows a fair stretch- ing landscape, and the sun of prosperity sheds its effulgence over all. The enrollment on the scroll reads : Agricultural, Education, Me- chanics, Commerce, Government, History, Astronomy, Geography, Statistics, Economics, Sculpture, Architecture, ]\Iusic, Poetry, Biogra- phy, Geology, Botany, Medicine, Philosophy, Law, Politics, Arbitration, Treaties, Army, Navy, Finance, Art of War. Stairway to Rotunda. Entrance Pavilion — South Corridor. The Virtues. — By Geo. W. Maynard. Patriotism supports on her arm the American eagle, which she is feeding from a golden bowl. Courage, wearing a casque, is equipped with sword and buckler. Temperance pours water from a pitcher. Prudence has for symbols the mirror and the serpent. 8o The Library of Congress. The Seasons. By F. \\'. Benson. The Seasons. — By F. W. Benson. The Seasons are personified by female figures, with varying landscape and development of vegetation. Spring with a bud, Summer with a lapful of full blown blossoms, Autumn with flying draperies, and the falling leaf; Winter in a landscape cold and bleak. The Graces. — F. W. Benson in ceiling panels celebrates The Graces, the ancient goddesses of whatever is lovely in nature, human life and art. Aglaia, patroness of pastoral life and husbandry, Avith shepherdess crook, sits on a bank of flowers, and blossoms are in her hair. Thalia, patroness of the arts, is seated upon a marble bench, by her side is a lyre for Music, in the back- ground a Greek temple for Architecture. Euphrosync, patroness of human loveliness of person and mind, contemplates in a mirror her own fair face. The Printers' Marks are French ; their supporting figures are wood nymphs, fauns, tritons and mermaids, with Pan's pipes, conch shells and dolphins. The Trophy Medallions of the ceiling contain symbols of trades and indus- tries : Printer, Potter, Glass Maker, Carpenter, Blacksmith, Mason. Two panels illustrate the modern Baseball and Football. Sibyls. — Above the west window are sculptures by Perry, of the Roman Sibyl, pictured as an aged crone, who from beneath her veil delivers the oracle to a warrior clad in mail ; and the Northern Sibyl clad in fur robes, a Norse warrior attends her utterance. Above the windows are the Caduceus and the Mace, ensigns of authoritj', and a medallion map of the Eastern Hemisphere. Entrance Pavilion — West Corridor. The Sciences. — Walter Shirlaw's ceiling paintings comprise a series of female figures ideal of the Sciences. Zoology clad in skins of wild beasts caresses a lion. Physics holds the torch of investigation. Mathematics has a scroll on which geometrical lines are drawn, and her foot rests upon a block of geo- Aglaia. Euphrosync. THE GRACES. Thalia. Southwest Gallery. 8i The Sciences. metrical solids. Geology, with a globe, mineral, fossil shell ; the earth and the moon are shown. Archeology, with Minerva's helmet, a marble scroll and Zuni vase, is seeking to decipher the record contained in an ancient book. Botany, standing upon the pad of a water lily, analyzes its blossom. Astron- omy, with feet planted upon the earth, holds a telescopic lens and the sphere of Saturn with its rings. The moon is shown in its crescent phase. Chemis- try's symbols are glass retort, hour glass and serpent. Southwest Gallery. The Sciences — The Arts. — By Kenyon Cox. In the Sciences Astronomy in the center measures a celestial sphere; the other figures are Botany, in dress of green and gold; Zoology, toying with a peacock; Mathematics, with a numeral frame on which the heads count the year 1896. In the Arts Poetry, laurel-crowned, sings to the lyre; the other figures are Sculpture and Paint- ing, Architecture and Music. Above the doors and windows are inscribed names eminent in science and art, running in this order from the north entrance : Homer, Michael Angelo, Raphael, Rubens, Milton, Leibnitz, Dalton, Kepler, Herschel, Galileo, Aris- totle, Ptolemy, Hipparchus, Lamarck, Helmholtz, Phidias, Vitruvius, Bra- niante, Mozart, Wagner. The ceiling medallions by W. B. Van Ingen are female figures typifying Painting (at work at the easel), Architecture (drawing a plan of a building), and Sculpture (chiseling a bust of Washington). The Printers' Marks are of German craftsmen. Tablets record names distinguished in the sciences : Cuvier for Zoology, Rumford for Physics, LaGrange for Mathematics, Lyell for Geology, Schliemann for Archaeology, Linnaeus for Botany, Copernicus for Astronomy, Lavoisier for Chemistry. The Arts. 82 TJic Library of Congress. Southwest Pavilion. The Discovery and Settlement of America are the themes of Geo. W. May- nard's decorations. The four wall paintings are allegories of Adventure, Dis- covery, Conquest and Civilization. Adventure, clad in armor of gold and purple robes, holds a draw^n sword and the Caduceus, or Mercury's magic wand. On her right is the genius of the England of Drake's time ; on her left that of the Spain of the sixteenth century. Discoi'cvy wears the sailor's buff jerkin of the sixteenth century. She supports with one hand a rudder, and with the other, upon her lap, a globe charted with the map ascribed to Leonardo da Vinci (about 1500), the first one known to show America. The genius on her right has a chart and a paddle; the one on her left a sword and a back-staff, which, like the astro- labe shown in the supporting shields, was a primitive quadrant. Conquest firmly grasps her sword, while her genii display emblems of victory; one has the palm, typical of Spanish achievement in the South ; the other the oak, suggesting England's acquisitions in the North. Civilization s emblems are the torch and the open book ; those of one genius, a scythe and a sheaf of wheat ; of the other, a distaff and spindle. In the ceiling Mr. Maynard has pictured Courage, Valor, Fortitude and Achievement, idealized in woman's form. Courage, clad in scale-armor and a lion's pelt, is equipped with shield and studded war club. Valor, wearing mail, holds a drawn sword. Fortitude, with flowing robes, carries the ornamental column which is the emblem of sustaining strength. Achievement, in Roman armor, points to the eagle of ancient Rome as the symbol of victory. The Seasons. — In sculpture reliefs, by Bela L. Pratt, the Seasons are symbolized as female figures: Spring, as a young woman sowing grain; •'t\ The Seasons. Sculptures by P.ela L. Pratt. Sununer, seated amid flowers; Autumn, a mother nursing her babe, while a boy stands near her with bunches of grapes; Winter, an aged woman gathering fagots; an owl is perched on the withered tree. The series is re- peated in the other pavilions. Southeast Pavilion — Second Floor. The Four Elements are symbolized in the wall and ceiling paintings by R. L. Dodge and E. E. Garnsey. In each panel a central figure as the personifi- cation of the Element supports emblematic garlands, the other ends of which are held by genii in the corners. Reclining figures are accompanied with symbols; and other symbols are seen on the standards and in the borders. NortJnvcst Gallery and Northzvcst Pavilion. 83 The Sun, as the chariot of Phoebus-Apollo, is the central decoration of the ceiling; and surrounding it, in order corresponding with the wall panels, are further symbolizations of the Elements. Northwest Gallery. War and Peace. — By Gari Melchers. War represents the return from battle. The dogs of war strain at the leash; then, foot soldiers with spear and buckler; the King on his white horse, riding over the prostrate bodies of the slain; the color-bearer and herald proclaiming victory, and the wounded car- W at-. ried on litters or attended by nurses in the rear. In Peace, the scene is a procession of worshippers who have come to make their votive offering at the shrine of the deity. The effigy of the goddess is borne in state ; an ox is led as the chief offering. In the company come a mother to pray in behalf of her child, the sick to ask health, a poet to offer his laurel wreath, and a sailor lad with a ship's model in token of gratitude for succor at sea. The Names on the walls are : Wellington, Washington, Charles Martel, Cyrus, Alexander, Hannibal, Cassar, Charlemagne, Napoleon, Jackson, Sheri- dan, Grant, Sherman, William the Conqueror, Frederick the Great, Eugene, Marlborough, Nelson, Scott, Farragut. Northwest Pavilion. Art, Literature, Music and Science. — By W. L. Dodge. In Art a student is drawing from a model, while a sculptor is seen chiseling a sphinx, and a woman decorating a vase. Literature has for its leading personage the Genius of Wisdom holding an open book, with Tragedy and Comedy, a poet about to be crowned by Fame, and a mother instructing her children. In Music, Apollo is accompanied by other musicians. In Science Electricity, with phono- 84 The Library of Congress. graph and telephone, kneels to receive from winged Fame the laurel wreath of renown; Franklin's kite is seen on the ground. Steam Navigation is repre- sented by an inventor holding a model of a propeller; Agriculture by a farmer binding grain; Medical Science by anatomists examining a skull; Chemistry by a retort, and the application of Steam Power by a tea-kettle with the steam escaping from the spout. In the ceiling is an allegory of Ambition by the same artist. Various aspirants having attained the utmost verge of human endeavor, with eager gaze and arms outstretched, reach toward Glory, floating far above them, bearing a wreath, and attended by her winged horse Pegasus and trumpeting Fame. Northeast Pavilion. The Seals of the United States and the Executive Departments are the motives of the decorations by W. B. Van Ingen and E. E. Garnsey Wreathed panels contain patriotic sentiments; female figures idealize the Departments whose seals they support emblazoned on shields. Treasury and State. — For one is shown the familiar Treasury building; for the other the Capitol Dome and the Washington Monument. 'Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliance with any portion of the foreign world. — Washington. Let our object be our country, our whole country, and nothing but our country.— Thank God! I also am an American— Webster. War and Nai'y. — The genii supporting the seals are equipped with Army and Navy swords; for the Army are the Roman standard (modified to show the initials U. S. A.) and the Bunker Hill Monument; for the Navy the masts of the battleship Indiana and Decatur's rostral column at Annapolis. The aggregate happiness of society is, our ought to be, the end of all government. — To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.— Washing- ton. Agriculture and Interior. — For Agriculture the background is of a farming country, in that of the Interior is represented the Indian's tree sepulture. The agricultural interest of the country is connected with every other, and superior in importance to them all.— Jackson. Let us have peace. — Grant. Justice and the Post Office. — The symbols are the Scales of Justice, and a bronze statue of Mercury the messenger of the gods. Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or polit- ical; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations — entangling alliances with none. — Jefferson. The Great Seal of the United States in the ceiling is surrounded by a decora- tion comprising the forty-eight stars of the flag; the cardinal winds. North, East, South and West, represented by blowing faces, and symbolical of the geographical divisions of the Union ; fruits and grains as typical products of each section of the country: and the cornucopia of Agriculture, dolphin of Commerce, lyre of Art, and torch of Education. Encircling the whole is the conclusion of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address (see the Arlington chapter) : That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. The Reading Room. 85 The Reading Room. The Reading Room. — Ascending the stairway from the East Corridor we en- ter the Visitors' Gallery, where an excellent view is afforded of the Rotunda or central Reading Room. The vast apartment is imposing in size and effective in architectural design and color scheme of marble walls and pillars and tiers of arches and balustrades, and the uplifted dome with its elaborate stucco ornamentation. The room is loo-ft. in diameter and 125-ft. in height ; the pillars are 40-ft. high, the windows 32-ft. wide. The richness of the color effect lies in the marbles, of which the dark are from Tennessee, the red from Numidia, and the shades of yellow from Siena. The stucco ornaments of the dome are in old ivory, and comprise a great variety of designs — among them Martiny's female figures supporting cartouches; Weinert's winged half-figures; winged boys with wreaths and garlands, torches, lamps, swans, eagles, dol- phins and arabesques. The Symbolical Statues. — Upon the eight piers are female figures of colossal stature. Above each is a quotation chosen by President Eliot, of Harvard : Religion, by Baur, holding a flower. What doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? — Micah vi: 8. Commerce, by Flanagan, holding miniature locomotive and ship : We taste the spices of Arabia, yet never feel the scorching sun which brings them forth. — Considerations on East India Trade. History, by French, with book and reflecting mirror : One God, one law, one element, And one far-off divine event. To which the whole creation rnoi;^; — T :::::':::.'.. Art, by St. Gaudens and Dozzi, laurel-crowned, with a model of the Par- thenon for architecture, a brush and palette for painting, and a mallet for sculpture : As one lamp lights another, nor grows less. So nobleness enkindleth nobleness. — Lowell. Philosophy, by Pratt, with book: The inquiry, knowledge, and belief of truth is the sovereign good of human nature. — Bacon. Poetry, by Ward, with scroll : Hither, as to their fountain, other stars Repairing, in their golden urns draw light.— Afj7/on. Law, by Bartlett, with the stone table of the laws and a scroll : Of law there can be no less acknowledged than that her voice is the harmony of the world. — Hooker. Science, by Donoghue, with a globe and triangle and mirror : The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament shov,-sth his handiwork, Psalms xix: I. Bronze Statues. — Looking down from the railing of the gallery under the dome, stand sixteen bronze statues of characters distinguished in the several fields of learning and achievement represented by the symbolical statues : Religion — Moses (by Niehaus) and St. Paul (by Donoghue). Moses is represented as the great law-giver, with the Tables of the Law delivered on Sinai. St. Paul has sword and scroll. 86 The Library of Congress. Commerce — Columons (by Bartlett) and Fulton (by Potter). Fulton holds a model of his first steamboat, the "Clermont." History — Herodotus, the "Father of History" (by French), and Gibbon, historian of the "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" (by Niehaus). Art — Michael Angelo (by Bartlett) and Beethoven (by Bauer). Philosophy — Plato and Bacon (both by Boyle). Poetry — Homer (by St. Gaudens) and Shakespeare (by Macmonnies). Law — Solon (by Ruckstuhl) and Kent (by Bissell). Solon, the Athenian law-giver, holds out the scroll of "The Laws" {Oi Nomoi), and supports a reversed sword twined with olive. James Kent is represented as holding the manuscript of his celebrated "Commentaries on American Law." Science — Netvton (by Dallin) and Henry (by Adams). Prof. Joseph Henry holds an electro-magnet, suggesting his work in electro-magnetism. The Progress of Civilization, by E. H. Blashfield, in the Collar of the Dome, which is 150 feet in circumference, is a symbolism of the twelve na- tions and epochs which have contributed to the world's advance. Each is represented as a seated figure, winged, and bearing emblems suggestive of its peculiar attribute : Egypt (JVritteii Records) holds a tablet of hieroglyphics, and the Egyptian taucross emblem of immortality. On the throne is the cartouche of Mena, the first king of Egypt. At the feet of the figure is a case of papyrus scrolls. JuDEA {Religion) wears the vestments of the Jewish High Priest. The emblems are scroll and censer. The stone tablet bears the Hebrew text, Levi- ticus xix: 18: "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." Greece {Philosophy) is a classic figure wearing a diadem ; the symbols are scroll and bronze lamp. Rome {Administration) is pictured as a Roman centurion in armor; the em- blems are the sword, the fasces and baton of auth' rity, and the marble column. Islam {Physics) costumed as an Arabian, has as emblems glass retort and book of mathematics. Middle Ages {Modern Languages) is accompanied by the emblematic ac- cessories of casque and sword typifying the Age of Chivalry, Gothic cathedral for architectural development, and papal tiara and keys of St. Peter for the part of the Church. The face is a characterization from Mary Anderson's. Italy {Fine Arts) has brush and palette for painting, satuette of Michael Angelo's David for sculpture, violin for music, capital for architecture. Germany {Art of Printing) is represented as an early printer, in fifteenth century garb, reading a proofsheet from the primitive hand press. The face is a characterization from that of Gen. Thomas Lincoln Casey. Spain {Discovery) appears as a navigator, in sailor's leather jerkin, hand on tiller and sword in lap; by his side a globe, at his feet model of a caravel. England {Literature), laurel-crowned and in Elizabethan costume, holds Shakespeare's plays, showing facsimile of the title page of "A Midsummer Night's Dream," 1600. The face is a characterization of Ellen Terry's. France {Emancipation) is the animated figure of a woman wearing liberty cap and tri-color jacket, and equipped with sword, drum and trumpet. She The Library of Congress. 87 is seated upon a cannon, and holds out the "Declaration des Droits de rHomme" of 1798. The features are of the artist's wife. America {Science). — The scientific genius of our own country is typified by an electrical engineer, with book and dynamo. The face is a characteriza- tion from that of Abraham Lincoln. The Human Understanding. — In the Crown of the Lantern, Mr. Blashfield has painted The Human Understanding, in the allegorical figure of a woman floating among clouds, and attended by two children genii. With uplifted gaze she is looking from finite human achievement, as indicated in tne fresco of Civilization below, to the infinite, which is beyond. One of the genii holds a closed book, the other beckons those below. The Windows. — The stained-glass decoration of the great arched windows, by H. T. Schladermundt, is a composition of the arms of the Union and of (he States, alternating with torches and wreathed fasces. With each State is given the date of its ratification of the Constitution, admission into the Union, or Territorial organization ; the series begins with Delaware. The Clock over the entrance, by John Flanagan, is of marble and bronze; the details are Signs of the Zodiac, flight of Time, Seasons, Day and Night. The Library was founded in 1800, Congress appropriating for it $5,000. It has twice suffered by fire — in 1814, when the Capitol was burned, and in 1851. Special collections acquired have been Thomas Jefferson's Library, the Force Historical Collection in 1865, Smithsonian Library in 1867, Toner Collection of Washingtoniana in 1882. A prolific source of accessions has been the copyright system, which requires the deposit here of two copies of every copy- righted work. The library contains more than 1,000,000 books. Any one may use the Library, but books may be drawn out only by mem- bers of Congress, the President, Supreme Court, and Government officials. The Book Stacks devised by Mr. Bernard R. Green consist of a series oi cast-iron frameworks supporting tiers of shelves, and rising in nine stories to the roof. Each of the two large stacks has a capacity of 800,000 volumes ; the smaller stack 100,000 books. The book shelving now in the building amounts to 231,680 running feet, or about forty-four miles, which will accom- modate 2,085,120 volumes of books, reckoning nine to the foot. The capacity of the additional shelving, which may be placed, is about 2,500,000 volumes, and the ultimate capacity of the building for books is therefore upward of 4, 50D,033 volumes, or somewhat less than one hundred miles of shelving. An ingenious mechanism delivers books from the stacks to the Reading Room. From the Reading Room an endless cable runs down to the basement and up through the stack to the top, and back again. To it are attached book carriers. When a book is called for at the desk, the slip is sent by pneumatic tube to the clerk in the book stack; he puts the book into a receptacle, from which it is taken automatically by the book carrier and carried to the Reading Room, the whole process consuming but a few minutes. In like manner the books are returned. For the convenience of Congress, books are sent directlv from the Reading Room to the Capitol through a tunnel. ll^ashlns^tou, flic Nation's Cnf'ital. Clje a.ibrarj> (l^uotations The Poets, who on earth have made us heirs Of truth and pure delight by heavenly lays. — Wordsworth. Art is long and Time is fleeting. — Longfellow. The history of the world is the biography of great men. — Carlyle. Order is Heaven's first law. — Pope. Memory is the treasurer and guardian of all things. — Cicero. Beauty is the creator of the universe. — Emerson. This is the state of man : To-day he puts forth The tender leaves of hopes ; to-morrow blossoms, And bears his blushing honors thick upon him. The third day comes a frost and nips his root, and then he falls. —King Henry VHI. (Adapted^. Beholding the bright countenance of Truth in the quiet and still air of delightful studies. — Milton. The true University of these days is a Collection of Books. — Carlyle. Nature is the art of God. — Sir Thomas Browne. There is no work of genius which has not been the delight of mankind. — Lowell. It is the mind that makes the man, and our vigor is in our immortal soul. — Ovid. They are never alone that are accompanied with noble thoughts. — Sir Philip Sidney. Man is one world, and hath another to attend him. — Herbert. Tongues in trees, books in the running brooks. Sermons in stones, and good in everything. — As You Like It. Books will speak plain when counsellors blanch. — Bacon. Glory is acquired by virtue but preserved by letters. — Petrarch. The foundation of every state is the education of its youth. — Dionysius. The light shineth in darkness, and the darkness comprehendeth it not. — St. John i : 5. In the Librarian'' s Room. Lilera scripta manet — The written letter remains (Literature endures). In tenebris lux — Light in darkness. Liber ddectauo amma —K book is the delight ot the mind. Efficiunt clarum studio — They make clear by study. Duke ante omnia Aluite — The sweetness of the Muse before all else. The Greek Heroes. One equal temper of heroic hearts. Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. — Tennyson, Ulysses. A glorious company, the flower of men To serve as model for the mighty world, And be the fair beginning of a time. — Tennyson, Guine-vere. To the souls of fire, I, Pallas Athena, give more fire ; and to those who are manful, a might more than man's. — Kingsley. Ancient of days ! august Athena ! Where are thy men of might .? thy grand in soul ? Gone— glimnieiiiig through the dream of things that were. Byron, Childe Harold. The Library Qiiotnfioiis. 89 Cije Htbrarj) (J^uotattonsi The chief glory of every people arises from its authors. — Dr. Johnson. Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers. — Tennyson. ^Visdom is the principal thing; therefore get wisdom ; and with all thy getting get understanding. — Proverbs iv : 7. Ignorance is the curse of God, Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to Heaven. — 2 Henry VI. How charming is divine Philosophy. — Milton. Books must follow sciences and not sciences books.- — Bacon. In books lies the soul of the whole past time. — Carlyle, Words are also actions and actions are a kind of words. — Emerson. Dwells within the soul of every Artist No real Poet ever wove in numbers More than all his effort can express. All his dream. No great Thinker ever lived and taught you Love and Art united All the wonder that his soul received. Are twin mysteries, different, yet the same. No true Painter ever set on canvas ^?,'' '"k'' 'M'"' ^V\" '' V''T/"'^"'°' All the glorious vision he conceived. A" '" boundless riches to unfold. . . Art and Love speak ; but their words must be No Musician, Lj^e sighings of illimitable forests. But be sure he heard, and strove to render, , Feeble echoes of celestial strains. — Adelaide Proctor, Unexpresied. There is but one temple in the universe, and that is the body of man. — Novalis. The first creature of God was the light of sense ; the last was the light of reason. — Bacon, The true Shekinah is man. — Chrysostom. Only the actions of the just Smell sweet and blossom in the dust. — James Shirley. Science is organized knowledge. — Herbert Spencer. Beauty is truth, truth beauty. — Keats. Too low they build who build beneath the stars. — Young. Man raises but time weighs. — Greek Proverb. Beneath the rule of men entirely great The pen is mightier than the sword. — Bolwer Lytton. The noblest motive is the public good. — Virgil. A little learning is a dangerous thing ; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring. — Pope. Learning is but an adjunct to ourself. — Love's Labour's Lost. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. — Bacon. Dreams, books, are each a world ; and books, we know, Are a substantial world, both pure and good. — Wordsworth. TFith the Muses. Descend, ye Nine, descend and sing j Wake into voice each silent string. Oh, Heaven-born sisters, source of art. Who charm the sense or mend the heart. Say, will you bless the bleak Atlantic shore, And in the West bid Athens rise once moie ! — Pope (Adapted). THE WHITE HOUSE. The White House is on Pennsylvania avenue at 16th street, and is reached by Pennsylvania avenue cars. For hours to visit see the Time Table THE prevailing characteristic of the White House is a stately sim- plicity. Whether from Pennsylvania avenue one sees the c(il- umns of the portico but partially revealed through the foliage of noble trees, or from the lawns in the rear catches a glimpse of the southern balcony with colonnade and winding stairways embowered in vines, the air is one of dignity and repose. In situation, in character and in surroundings, one reflects, the White House is becoming as the home of the President. The White House is constructed of Virginia freestone; it is 170-ft. in History length, 86-ft. in depth, and consists of a rustic basement, two stories and an attic, the whole surmounted by an ornamental balustrade. The north front has a portico of lofty Ionic columns, forming a porte-cochere, and the south a colonnaded balcony. It was the first public building erected at the new seat of government. The architect was James Hoban, who drew his plans closely after those of the seat of the Dukes of Leinster, near Dublin. Washington himself selected the site, laid the corner stone (Oct. 13, 1792), and lived to see the building completed; it is told that in company with his wife he walked through the rooms but a few days before his death, in 1799. John Adams was the first occupant, in 1800. In 1814, in John Quincy Adams' term, the house was fired by the marauding British troops, and only the walls were left standing. With the restoration, the stone was painted white to obliterate the marks of the fire, and outside of official usage it is as the White House that the Executive Mansion is universally known. Alterations and additions to the building were made in 1902-3. The conservatory, so long a familiar feature of the west side, has given place to an esplanade leading to the new Executive Office ; and the public entrance is now through a colonnade on the east. This leads to the basement corri- dor, on the walls of which are hung portraits of the mistresses of the White House, including those of Angelica Singleton Van Buren, who was mistress of the White House during President Van Buren's term; Mrs. Tyler. Mrs. Polk (presented by the ladies of Tennessee in President Arthur's administration) ; Mrs. Hayes (by Huntington), presented by the Woman's National Temperance Union, in recognition of the cold water regime of the White House during President Hayes' term, and Mrs. Har- rison (by Huntington), presented by the Daughters of the American Revo- lution, and Mrs. Roosevelt by Chartran. Broad stairways lead up to the main corridor, from which access is had to the East Room, and the Blue, Green and Red Rooms, which take name from the predominating color of the decorations and furnishings. The East Room, or State parlor, used for receptions, is a magnificent apartment 40-ft. wide, 82-ft. in length, and with a ceiling 22-ft. high, from 91 92 li'aslnii^tuii, the Nation's Capital. THE EXECUTIVE OFFICES. East which depend three massive crystal chandeliers. The four carved mantels Room are surmounted by mirrors. The decorations of walls and ceiling are in white and gold, with moldings and tablet ornamentation in relief, and window draperies of old gold. The two royal blue Sevres vases were presented to President McKinley by the President of the French Republic in commemoration of the laying of the French-American cable. The crystal chandeliers formerly here, with others from the White House, are now hung in the Capitol. The Blue Room, oval in shape, is the President's reception room. The walls are covered with rich blue corded silk, and the window hangings are blue with golden stars in the upper folds. On the mantel is the clock of gold presented by Napoleon I. to Lafayette and by him to Washington; Blue Room THE EAST APPROACH TO THE WHITE HOUSE. The White House. 93 A CORNER OF THE CORRIDOR. THE EAST ROOM. 94 Washington, the Nation's Cal^ital. Roosevelt Cliina. Cleveland LJonbon IJisli (flag design). Historic Tea Cups. Specimens of the historic White House china are e.xhibited in the corridf Photos copyright, 1903, by VValdon Fawcett. The Willie House. 95 THE STATE DINING ROOM. on either side stand the bronze vases presented to Washington at the same time; and there are here also the two triple gold plate candelabra which were given to President Jackson by General Patterson, of Philadelphia. The Green Room has on the wall green velvet with white enamel wains- coting. In front of the white marble mantel is a screen of old Gobelin tapestry in a frame of gold, surmounted by a spread eagle. The screen was presented to Mrs. Grant by the Emperor of Austria. The gilt clock and the two gilt vases were purchased by Mrs. Grant in Paris and were by her given to the White House. The two Japanese vases were purchased by President Arthur. The lacquer cabinet was presented by Japan in 1858, when American ships first entered Japanese ports. The por- traits are of Presidents John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Jackson, Tyler, W. H. Harrison, Van Buren, Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln, Hayes. The Red Room walls and window draperies are of red velvet. The two vases were presented to President Pierce by the French Government. A cabinet of mahogany and gold contains seven exquisitely dressed Japan- ese dolls presented to Mrs. Roosevelt by the Japanese Minister. There are here portraits of Washington, Martha Washington (by Andrews), Presi- dents Jefferson, Polk and Benjamin Harrison." The portrait of Washington is the one which is sometimes called the "Lansdowne Stuart." The original, of which this is a copy, was painted for the Marquis of Lansdowne. In 1814, when the British were coming to pillage and burn the White House, Green Room Red Room 96 li'iisltingtuii, ihc Nations Capital. THE RED ROOM. Mrs. Dolly Madison had the portrait taken from its frame and carried it away into safety across the Potomac. The East Room contains a richly decorated piano which was made at a cost of $15,000 and presented by a New York firm of piano makers. State The State Dining Room is paneled in dark English oak, and decorated Dining ^yjth heads of American big game. The white marble mantel is sur- mounted by an old Flemish tapestry depicting a country scene and having in a panel a verse from Virgil in praise of hunting. The massive mahogany table will seat one hundred guests. President's The President's Room and the Cabinet Room arc in the Executive Room Office, west of the White House. The White House 97 THE PRESIDENT IN HIS OFFICE. I'hoto copyright, \903, by Waldon Fawcett. The surroundings of the White House are worthy of note. In front is historic Surroundin Lafayette Square. On one side is the Treasury; on the other, the State, War and Navy Building. The house is set amid the President's Grounds, with trees and flower beds and fountains and sloping lawns. The grounds merge into the Mall, and stretch away to the Monument and the Potomac. To the slopes south of the house W^ashington children repair for their Easter egg rolling on Easter Monday, where scores of brilliantly colored eggs are sent rolling and tumbling down the banks. The custom is of European origin, and comes from an earlier one known to the children of the Pharaohs. Concerts, open to the public, are given in the east grounds by the Marine Band on Saturday afternoons, from June to September inclusive. Lafayette Square is beautiful with trees and flowers, and rich in his- Lafayette torical associations. At the southeast entrance is the bronze and marble Square memorial erected by Congress to commemorate the distinguished services of Lafayette and other French officers in the cause of the Colonies. On the northeast is the Rochambeau monument. In the center of the square is Clark Mills's equestrian statue of Gen. Jackson, as the hero of the Battle of New Orleans. St. John's Church, on the north of the square, was built in 1816, and next to Christ Church (1795), near the Navy Yard, is the oldest in the city. One of its pews is set apart for the President of the United States, and it is sometimes called the Church of State. Many of the houses sur- rounding the square possess interesting associations as the homes of public St. John's Church 98 U^dsliiiii^loii, the Nation's Ca fallal. THE BLUE ROOM. THE GREEN R(WlM THE CORCORAN GALLERY. In some years the Gallery is closed during July, August and September. TLIE Corcoran Gallery of Art is on Seventeenth street, extending from New York avenue to E street, just southwest of the White Llouse and State Department. On Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays admission is free. On other days a fee of 25 cents is charged. For hours see time table. The Gillery was founded and endowed by the late William W. Cor- ciuan in 1869, as a gift to the public, "for the perpetual establishment and encouragement of the Fine Arts"; and its collections have grown in ex- lent and value until now the Corcoran is one of the chief places of interest in Washington. It occupies a noble building, of Georgia white marble, above whose entrance is the inscription, chosen by Mr. Corcoran : "Dedicated to Art." Below the elaborately carved cornice runs a frieze bearing the names of painters and sculptors — Phidias, Giotto, Diirer, Michelangelo, Raphael, Velasquez Rembrandt, Rubens, Reynolds, Allston, Ingres. The lions on either side of the doorway are copies of the famous lions by Canova, which guard the T o m b of C 1 e m e n t XIII.. in St. Peter's, at Rome. From the vestibule one obtains a n impos- ing vista of the central Sculpture The Buildin< VELA S NAPOLEON 99 I nfn lOO IVashington, the Nation's Capital. Ancient Sculpture Hall and the grand stair- case lieyond. This central liall. or atrium, is 170x50- ft.. with forty fluted col- umns supporting the ceil- ing, through which two wells admit the light from the roof skylight high ahove. The hall is devot- ed to casts from antique and Renaissance sculpture. Other rooms on this floor contain original marbles, casts, bronzes, and other collections. The grand staircase leads to the sec- ond-story atrium, an apartment of magnificent proportions. Thirty fluted columns of white marble s'lpport the immense sky- liglit of the roof; the walls are himg with paintings ; and the light-wells give an overlook of the Hall of Sculpture below. On the first floor is a semi-circular room for lectures ; and the Corcoran School of Art is p;enerously provided with studios and class rooms on the two floors. Informa- tion concerning the School may be obtained of the Curator. It would manifestly be impossilile to note here even briefly the objects which claim attention. Visitors should provide themselves with the Cata- logue (to be had at the door, price 25 cents), in which will be found most valuable and helpful notes. Chief among the casts from ancient sculpture is a series of the marbles of VENUS OF MELDS. "£ 0) H ^ o H •-« o ►J < O o ^ a . < (5S I02 Jf'ashiir^toii, the Nation's Captlal. Ancient the Frieze and Pediments of the Parthenon; and first among the single Sculpture statues is the Venus of Melos. The original was discovered in 18^0 by a peasant of the island of Milo (the ancient Melos) while digging near some sepulchral grottoes. "It now stands in the Louvre, the pride of Paris, and the admiration of the world. lis sculptor is unknown, but by the grandeur oi its style it is justly assigned to the era between Phidias and Praxiteles [432-392 B. C], and is considered the greatest statue of woman's form the world now holds." Among other subjects are the Discobolos or Quoit-thrower, Venus de Medici, Minerva, Laocoon, Dying Galatian (commonly called the Dying Gladiator), ApoTk) Belvidere, Torso of Hercules, Boy Extracting a TlTorn from his Foot, Hermes with Infant Dionysos, Galatian and his Wife, Nike from Samothrake, Boxer Resting, Thalassa and Gnia, Ariidne Deserted, Jason. On the walls of the cor- ridors is a fine collection of portrait busts. Renaissance Among the Renaissance subjects is a cast from the west bronze door of Sculpture j|^^ Baptistery at Florence by Ghiberti, the ten panels containing designs from the Old Testament. Michelangelo said of the Ghiberti Doors that they were worthy of standing as the gates to Paradise. Donatello is repre- sented by his David with the Head of Goliath; Michelangelo by the bust of the colossal statue of David, the mask of the Moses, reduced copies (if Day, Night. Dawn and Twilight from the Tomb of the Medici fann'ly, tlic Slaves for the Julius monument, and other examples; Luca della Kolibia by the Singing Boys. Among the marbles, Guarnerio's Forced Prayer never fails to attract THE roRrnRAN gai 1 ery. Key-Pictures of Corcoran Gallery Paintings, 103 CHHEVER THE WATtRJNG PLACE. LE ROUX THE VESTAL TUCCIA. 1^. .i::mmi.^^m 1^-?^ '!«'"■(■'■' '*-iP ; ^, iK^^^^^HIk > -■:^ ' ■ ^^ Mk M'MmktJi^ •■ : fF ' A-T^'i i'^'% TRUESDELL GOING TO PASTURE. CORO" —WOOD GATHERE THE FORESTER'S HOME. 104 Key-Pictures of Corcoran Gallery Paintin;^s. IIS FRIENDS, CMIERICI THE MASK, OR FUf^ ANO FRIGHT The Corcoran Art Gallery. 105 THE GREEK SLAVE. attention. The most celebrated Marbles of the marbles are Vincenzo Velas' Last Days of Napoleon I., and the Greek Slave, by- Hiram Powers, of Vermont. .'Xn interesting and suggest- ive note of the development of art in this country is found in the record that when the Greek Slave was first exhibited, in Cincinnati, "a delegation of clergymen was sent to judge whether it were fit to be seen by Christian people. Its purity of sentiment and harmonious form established its right to exist." The Barye Room contains a Barye series of more than one hun- dred Barye bronzes, the Cor- coran Gallery possessing the largest collection in the world. There are exhibits of Cloi- sonne, porcelains and glass, and reproductions of antiques. Of the well-known canvases Paintings may be named Rousseau's Farm in the Wood, Detaille's Passing Regiment, Richards' Coast of New Jersey, Church's Niagara Falls. The St.\ndard Guide standard gives miniature key pictures of G"'de eighteen of the Corcoran can- ^f^ vases, and it does this both to suggest what the visitor to the gallery should see, and after- ward to prompt the recollection of the pictures one has seen. Albert Bierstadt's Mount Cor- coran is a peak of the southern Sierra Nevadas, named in com- pliment to Mr. Corcoran. A portrait of Mr. Corcoran (born 1798, died 1888), by Elliott, is one of an extensive series of portraits of Americans, and representing the works of early American artists. Pictures Situation THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. "Lay the corner stone of a monument which shall adequately bespeak the gratitude of the whole American people to the illustrious Father of his Country, liuild it to the skies; you cannot outreach the loftiness of his principles! Found it upon the massive and eternal rock; you cannot make it more enduring than his fame! Construct it of the peerless Parian marble, you cannot make it purer than his life! Exhaust upon it the rules and principles of ancient and modern art; you cannot make it more pro- portionate than his character!" — Winthrop's Oration at the laying of the Corner Stone. '{"he Monument is situated in Washington Park, a part of the INfall near 14th street, 1 l-o miles from the Capitol. It is reached by Pennsylvania a\enue cars, with transfer (2 cents extra fare) at 14th street. A stairway of 900 steps leads to the top. An elevator carrying visitors without charge ascends half-hourly. For hours, see Time Tal)le. T HE WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT is an impos- ing shaft of white marble rising from an elevation on the Mall near the Potomac. It is seen towering against the sky long be- fore one reaches Washington ; and in the city its tremendons height confronts one at every turn and has place in a thousand vistas. From the avenues and parks, from the Capitol, the White House, the hills of the Soldiers' Home, the heights of Arlington, and from far down the Potomac on the way to Mt. \^ernon, go where you will, an ever promi- nent feature of the landscape is the Monument. Seen at different times of the day it has a new character for each new hour; its appearance changes with the varying lights, and with alternations of clear sky and cloud. In stormy weather it suggests a mountain peak standing immovable with the mists driving by. Dimensions The Monument is an obelisk. Its height from floor of entrance to tip '■^ 555-ft. 55^-i"- 'Ihe shaft is 500-ft. 3's-in. in height, 55-ft. square at base. ,U-ft. at top. The pyramidon (or pyramid-shaped section above) is 55-ft. in height, and terminates in a pyramid of pure aluminum. The walls are 15-ft. in thickness at the entrance, and taper to i8-in. at the top of the shaft. The facing is of pure white marble from Maryland, the interior backing is of gneiss and New England granite. The foundation, of rock and cement, is 36-ft. deep, 126-ft. square. The Monument is the highest work of masonry in the world, and is exceeded in height only by the Eiffel Tower, of iron, Q84-ft. The highest other structures of the world are: Philadelphia .Municipal Building, s.V- ft. ; Cologne Cathedral, 524- ft. ; Pyramid of Cheops, 520-ft. ; St. Peter's, 5iS-ft. The interior is lighted by electricity, which affords opportinn'fy of nemorial seeing the memorial stones which are set in the inner face of the Monu- Stones nient. Glimpses of some of these may be had from the elevator, but the inscriptions may be read only from the platforms. The series begins at the 30-ft. landing and extends to a height of 2