(k^ Jill/ SOS Commonwealth of ffenm^lvmm REPORT OF COMMISSION APPOINTED TO INVESTIGATE THE WASTE OF COAL MINING, WITH THE VIEW TO THE UTILIZING OF THE WASTE. ORIGINAL COMMISSION. J. A. Price, Scranton, Pa. Died August 2, 1892. Peter W. Sheafer, Pottsville, Pa. Died March 26, 1891. EcKLEY B. CoxE, Drifton, Pa. PRESENT COMMISSION. EcKLEY B. CoxE, Drifton, Pa. Heber S. Thompson, Pottsville, Pa. William Griffith, Scranton, Pa. MAY, IS 93. PHILADELPHIA : Allen, Lane & Scott's Printing House, 229-233 South Fifth Street. 1893. PENNSYLVANIA COAL WASTE COMMISSION SKELETO N y^ 1 To illustrate an '^Estimate of the ori^ina FIRST PROPOSITION FIG ABCD SECOr ^ C I 4 ^V E S T VIRGINIA M R Jb yjuisS'xr. SrCo.ZifJi- sylvania Anthracite Coa! field EFGH.THIRD=F1G.EFIJKH. O T? K A 1) "^itk the Qoniptirrieqts of ^rifton, -fa. / ^ommanweatth of ^mmvltmnm. f-v, . REPORT OF COMMISSION APPOINTED TO INVESTIGATE THE WASTE OF COAL MINING, WITH THE VIEW TO THE UTILIZING OF THE WASTE. ORIGINAL COMMISSION. J. A. Price, Scranton, Pa. Died August 2, 1892. Peter W. Sheafer, Pottsville, Pa. Died March 26, 1891. EcKLEY B. CoxE, Drifton, Pa. PRESENT COMMISSION. EcKLEY B. -CoxE, Drifton, Pa. Heber S. Thompson, Pottsville, Pa. William Griffith, Scranton, Pa. MAY, 189S. PHILADELPHIA: Allen, Lane c^ Scott's Printing Hou.se, 229-233 South Fifth Street. 1893. AUG 7 1007 0. or 0. 00]SITEH"TS. PAGE Letter of Transmittal 1 Eeport of Commission 3 Outline of Report 5 What is Coal Waste ? 7 Causes of Waste : Geological 7 Waste by Mining of the Available Coal left in the Ground 12 Unavoidable Waste by Mining 12 Avoidable Waste by Mining 13 Waste due to Preparation 14 Results of Experiments in Burning Small Anthracites 21 Commercial Causes of Waste 24 Sizes of Small Anthracites 25 Uses of Small Anthracites and Culm 27 For Domestic Purposes 27 For Generating Steam and for Manufacturing Purposes .... 28 For Locomotives 29 In Gas Producers . 30 For the Manufacturing of Coke 31 Mixed with Bituminous Coal . 35 Mixed with Waste from Oil Stills 36 For the Manufacturing of Artificial Fuel 37 As Pulverized Fuel 40 For Making Paint 41 Remarks on Burning Small Anthracite 42 Grate Bars 43 Importance of Analysis of the Small Anthracites and of their Purity, 44 Utilization of Culm Banks 45 Test of Slate Bank at Drifton, Pa 48 Notes on Test 51 Burning of Part of Slate Banks as Fuel 52 Final Remarks 54 APPENDIX A-1. Estimate of Original Geological Anthracite Coal-Field 55 Skeleton Map of Pennsylvania showing Coal formation 56 Estimate of existing Coal-Field before Mining began 59 General Remarks 59 Northern Coal-Field 62 Eastern Middle Coal-Field 76 Western Middle Coal-Field 84 Southern Coal-Field 96 Recapitulation 121 Estimates of Coal won 122 Northern Coal-Field 123 Keystone Colliery 123 Nottingham Colliery 123 Lance Colliery 124 Vicinity of Wilkes-Barre 125 (iii) IV PAGE Sugar Notch No. 9 Colliery 125 Hollenback No. 2 Colliery 125 By Pennsylvania Coal Company 126 Parrish Colliery 126 Susquehanna No. 3 Colliery 128 Eaub Washery 129 Eeynolds AVashery 129 Western Middle Coal-Field . 130 Hammond Colliery 130 Girard Colliery / 133 Kehley'sEun' Colliery 137 Locust Eun Colliery 138 Stanton Colliery 139 Gilberton Colliery 139 Cambridge Colliery 139 Stanton Wash ery 140 Southern Coal-Field"^ 141 Panther Creek Basin 141 Eagle Hill Colliery 141 Pottsville Shaft Colliery 142 Mine Hill Gap Colliery 142 Phoenix Park No. 3 Colliery 143 West Brookside Colliery 144 Estimate of Quantity of Coal Exhausted to date 147 Estimate of Available Coal not yet Mined 149 Estimate of Contents of Culm Banks 151 Table showing Shipments by Eegions 153 Diagram showing Shipments by Eegions 154 Outline Map of the Anthracite Coal-Fields. General Columnar Sections of the Anthracite Coal Measures. Appendix A-2. — Estimate of Production of Coal in the several Dis- tricts of the Northern Anthracite Coal Basin of Pennsylvania. B. — Experience with Small Coal on Locomotives. C-1. — Patents for Devices for Utilizing or Burning Culm. C-2. — List of Patents relating to Artificial Fuels. D-1. — Eeferences to Official Eeports. D-2. — " Transactions of Engineering Societies. D-3.— '* Private Eeports. D-4. — " Technical Journals. D-5.— " Text-books, Treatises, &c. D-6. — " Circulars from Patentees and Manu- facturers. E-1. — Inclined Grates: Eeciprocating. E-2.— " " Eockiug. E-3.— '' " Stationary. E-4.— Horizontal Grates : Eeciprocating. E-5.— " " Eocking. E-6.— " " Stationary. E-7. — Mechanical Feeding Arrangements : Fuel and Air. E-8.— Traveling Chain Grates. E-9. — Circular Grates : Horizontal, Outward, and Inward, in- cluding Underfeeding. E-10. — Eotary Grates and Grate Bars. E-11. — Domestic or Stove Grates. Philadelphia, Pa., May 20th, 1893. Hon. Robert E. Pattison, Executive CJhamber, Harrisburg, Pa. Dear Sir : — The Commission appointed under AN ACT To create a commission to investigate the waste of coal mining, with a view to the utilizing of said waste, and making an appropriation for the expense thereof. Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That the Governor be and he is hereby authorized to appoint three competent persons to investigate the waste occasioned by the mining and preparing of coal in this Commonwealth, with especial reference to the reduction and utilization of said waste or culm. Said commission shall serve without compensation, but the actual expense of the investigation shall be paid by the Commonwealth, and to provide for the same the sum of $2500, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the treasury not other- wise appropriated. Approved the seventh day of May, A. D. 1889, have the honor to submit their report. The Commission sends herewith for the use of the Exec- utive and Legislature, one thousand copies of the report which they have had printed, as they found that several of the persons furnishing information would do so only upon the condition that they could see the proof before the re- port was made public, and much of the other matter had to be revised by a number of people. The amount expended by the Commission, including the lithographing of the maps and the printing of the one thousand copies of the report, is about $1900.00, or less than the amount of the appropriation. Should the Legislature desire a larger edition it can easily be made, as the type will be kept standing and the stones will be preserved until after the Legislature adjourns. Yours respectfully, ECKLEY B. COXE, HEBER S. THOMPSON, WILLIAM GRIFFITH, Commissioners, BEPORT OF COAL WASTE COMMISSION, THE Act creating the Commission was approved on May 7th, 1889, but the Commissioners were not appointed until February 19th, 1890. As originally constituted, the Commission consisted of J. A. Price, of Scranton, chair- man ; Peter W. Sheafer, of Pottsville, and Eckley B. Coxe, of Drifton. On account of the business engagements of the different members, the distances they lived from each other, and the ill health of Mr. Sheafer, the Commission was not able to organize until May 21st, 1890, when they met in Mauch Chunk. After carefully considering the subject, they decided upon a line of investigation which, with a few unimportant ex- ceptions, is practically that set forth in the following report. As the members of the Commission were all engaged in active business, and lived at some distance from each other, the work was divided into three parts, each member taking up those branches with which he was most familiar, with the understanding that they were to meet from time to time for consultation. This method of procedure worked well, and matters were progressing very satisfactorily when the Commission had the great misfortune to lose Mr. P. W. Sheafer, who died on March 26th, 1891. He had taken great interest in his part of the work, and, notwithstanding his ill health, had already laid out his plans and gotten together a great deal of very interesting and valuable matter relating to the (3) statistics of the coal trade, to the amount of coal in the culm and dirt banks, and to the size of the latter, at cer- tain collieries, compared with the amount of coal already mined and shipped. Unfortunately, his sudden death left the data in such a condition that only a small amount of it could be utilized, although what he had done was placed by his family at the disposal of the Commission. Mr. Sheafer had been connected with the anthracite coal busi- ness for almost half a century, and was a leading authority on all matters connected in any way with the statistics of anthracite. He had for years been specially interested in the question of the utilization of the dirt banks, and in all improvements in mining tending to diminish the loss of coal. On October 20th, 1891, Mr. Heber S. Thompson, of Potts- ville, was appointed to take the place of Mr. Sheafer, and the Commission reorganized and divided up the w^ork anew. On August 2d, 1892, the Commission again lost one of its members by the death of Mr. J. A. Price, who was one of the first in the Commonwealth to realize fully the importance of utilizing the great accumulations of anthracite culm exist- ing in the coal-fields. For many years he had been a per- sistent advocate of its value, and did much to bring it into use in many of the industries of the State, particularly in the neighborhood of the city of Scranton. He had studied the subject with a great deal of care, had made many ex- periments, and was familiar with all its branches. [D-3, No. 3 ; D-4, No. 26 ; D-4, No. 30.] By his untimely death the Commission again lost the result of a great deal of valuable work, as many of the papers he left were not in shape to be utilized by others. He Avas so familiar with the subject that he had not, when his unlooked-for death occurred, written out the results of the greater part of the work that he was engaged in. On September 22d, 1892, Mr. William Griffith, of Scran- ton, was appointed to fill the vacanc}^, and as he had as- sisted Mr. Price in some of his experiments, and knew him well, he was able to afford valuable aid to the Commission in compiling its report. After the Commission had organized and carefully ex- amined the question submitted to it, the following conclu- sions were arrived at : — First. — That the most important work to be done was to determine the causes of waste in its broadest sense, and, after stating them, to give briefly such suggestions as it could as to the lines in which effort should be made to diminish or avoid it. Second. — That while it is important that attention should as far as possible be called to all the methods, apparatuses, furnaces, &c. (patent or otherwise), by which the smaller, and until recently valueless, sizes of anthracite can be and are gradually being utilized; yet a minute description of any apparatus, or a comparison of rival systems, would be out of place and beyond the powers of the Commission with the limited time and money at its disposal. Third. — That while the body of the report should be as untechnical as possible, it should give the general results briefly but comprehensivel}^ Fourth. — That a series of appendixes should be prepared in which information of a more or less technical character, but of value to those wishing to make a closer and more de- tailed study of any part of the subject, would be given. They are as follows : — APPENDIX A. Estimate of the territory probably covered originally by the Pennsylvania anthracite coal-field. Estimate of the amount of coal in the existing field be- fore mining began. Estimate of coal actually won at certain collieries. Amount of coal w^orked up to January 1st, 1893. Table of shipments up to January 1st, 1893. The above were prepared by Mr. A. DW. Smith, of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Diagram showing shipments by regions, by Howell T. Fisher. 6 Tabular estimate showing the approximate quantity of coal, with past and probable future production, in the several districts of the Northern anthracite coal basin of Pennsylvania, by Mr. AVilliam Griffith, a member of the Commission. APPENDIX B. Table showing the experience on locomotives with small anthracite of all railroads using the same, and giving such details as to the locomotives, the coal and its use, as could be obtained. APPENDIX C. A list as complete as possible of all patents that have any application to the subject, with the exception of pat- ents on ordinary stoves, which are very numerous, and in- volve so many details that it is almost impossible to decide accurately which of them have reference to the subject. APPENDIX D. A list of such literature on the subjects discussed, mostly American, as the Commission thought would be of value to those wishing to investigate more fully any question treated here. This literature is arranged as follows : — References to Official Reports. " " Transactions of Engineering Societies. K a Private Reports. " " Technical Journals. ^' " Text-Books or Treatises. *' " Circulars from Patentees and Manufacturers. APPENDIX E. A list of grates, stokers, and furnaces, classified as fol- lows : — Inclined grates : Reciprocating, rocking, and stationary. Horizontal grates : Reciprocating, rocking, and stationary. Mechanical feeding arrangements : Fuel and air. Traveling grates. Circular grates : Horizontal, inclined, and underfeeding. Rotary grates and grate-bars. Domestic or stove grates. (A selection of those that seemed of interest.) These articles are numbered consecutively in each table, and when a reference is made to any of them in the text, the number only will be used. Thus instead of referring to an article; by giving the whole title, author's name, name of periodical, volume, &c., we simply give, for example, D-2, No. 3. WHAT IS COAL AVASTE? The Commission has taken these words in their most com^prehensive sense and has discussed the subject with the view of determining, as nearly as possible, what portion of the coal originally deposited has been, or will be, lost to the community, and the causes to which this loss is due, with such suggestions as they were able to make with the view of diminishing the waste in the future. CAUSES OF WASTE. Geological. — A very small percentage of the coal orig- inally deposited now remains in the coal-fields, by far the larger portion having been carried away by the erosion fol- lowing the uplifting of the strata by which the present an- thracite coal basins were formed, as is more fully set forth in the report of Mr. Smith. Of the coal that remains, quite an appreciable percentage is rendered practically useless by the distortion to which it has been subjected when up- turned ; for where the dips are steep or overturned a large amount of coal has been twisted, crushed, and sometimes intimately mixed with the slates that occur either above, below, or in the vein, thus destroying or diminishing its value. The coal in those portions of the veins (or beds) which lie close to the surface is often more or less 8 depreciated in quality by the action of the atmosphere, and the close proximity of rivers, creeks, and buried valleys may practically destroy the value of much coal of good quality. At the request of the Commission, Mr. A. DAY. Smith, of the Geological Survey, has prepared a very careful paper, giving, as far as could be obtained, information upon the following points : — First. — Probable percentage of the coal originally depos- ited in Eastern Pennsylvania, which was left in the ground when the mining of anthracite first began. Second. — Estimate of the amount of coal actually con- tained in each of the four basins when the mining began. A number of very valuable reports, showing percentage of coal obtained in working certain areas of certain veins and the amount of coal probably contained in some of the dirt banks [D-2, No. 14; D-3, No. 4; D-3, No. 5.]. Consider- ation and estimation of the percentage of coal actually con- tained in the ground which has been and can be shipped to market or used at the collieries. Third. — Statistics of the anthracite coal trade up to Janu- ary 1st, 1893, with a diagram showing the total anthracite shipments and the proportional output of the Schuylkill, Lehigh, and AYyoming regions. It is not necessary to refer to the details more at length, as they will be found to be thoroughly explained in the re- port itself. The Commission, in submitting the report of Mr. Smith, w^ould call attention to the following facts : — It does not pretend to be absolutely correct. The data for making a correct report do not exist, and will not prob- ably exist for many years. The report is a very careful compilation of the facts now known, and is based on an immense amount of work done partly by the Geological Survey and partly by mining companies, individual opera- tors, and mining engineers. The estimate of the amount of coal originally in the ground is approximately correct, assuming that the veins will maintain the characteristics which they have near the surface or where they have been worked or opened. A large portion of the data has been obtained from sec- tions of veins taken from actual mining operations or from explorations, nearly 6000 in number, of which 2500 were in detail, and as the natural tendency is to work the better veins or portions of veins in preference to those less valu- able, it is possible and probable that the sections on the whole may represent a somewhat better state of affairs than actually exists on the average. It is impossible to de- termine how much better the ground actually worked is than the average of what is left, and this fact ma}'' have a ver}^ important bearing in reducing the actual amount of good coal still unworked. When we come to consider the amount of coal that can be obtained, the calculations become much more uncertain, for the following reasons: The percentage of coal to be ob- tained from any vein increases, first, with the smallness of the vein down to a certain point ; that is to say, a vein 6 or 8 feet thick will yield a much larger percentage of coal than a vein 20 feet thick, and a vein of 20 feet a much larger than a vein of 40 feet, other things being equal. The nearer the vein is to being horizontal the greater w411 be the yield of coal ; that is to say, a vein on a pitch of 5 degrees will yield more than a vein on» a pitch of 30 de- grees, and a vein on a pitch of 30 degrees more than a vein on a pitch of 50 degrees ; first, because the amount of pil- lars required to sustain the horizontal roof, including gang- way pillars, chain pillars, &c., is less in a horizontal vein ; secondly, the pillars can be maintained of a more regular size, and cars can be run in and taken out of the breast so that the gangways can be further from each other, involv- ing less chain pillar [D-1, No. 9], and the pillars in the gangway need not be so large ; thirdly, pillars need only be maintained at long distance to retain the water ; and, fourthly, when the cars are loaded in flat breasts the coal can be taken out cleaner and not so much left in the gob, and the mining and blasting can be carried out more systematicall3^ 10 The amount of coal increases with the solidit}^ of the roof. Where the roof is not good the pillars must be made larger, and a large quantity of coal is left in consequence of the roof falling and burying coal under it or cutting off available coal behind it. The percentage of coal gotten from the vein depends also upon its purity. If the coal is in a single bed, say 6 feet thick, it will yield more than a vein of 8 or 9 feet thick containing the same amount of coal, but having slate through it. If the slate is distributed in the vein in large beds, which part from the coal, it will yield more coal than if the slate is distributed in many la3''ers or attached to the coal or burned in, as the miners say. Should the 2 or 3 feet of refuse be distributed uniformly throughout the vein in the form of small, thin layers attached strongly to the coal the whole vein may be unworkable, as the cost of pre- paring it in the breaker may render it valueless commer- cially. This is an important factor in determining the quantity and value of the smaller sizes obtainable from a vein. The amount of coal we may get from a given vein de- pends also upon its relation to the veins above or below it. If the vein stands alone with no other vein near it, it may, if the conditions are favorable, be worked very clean, while if there should be a number of other veins below it which have been worked, and the intervening strata is not of a very strong character, the vein, particularly if it is a small one, may be made unw^orkable by the caving in of the lower veins, or if worked at all may yield but a small per- centage of the coal contained in it. When working deep basins where the pitches are steep and where there are a number of veins, a large amount of coal may be lost in this way. It is possible also that in some of the basins the infiltration of water, due to over- lying workings where considerable breaking up of the strata has occurred, may be so great that it would take all the coal that you could get from the vein to pump out the water. The ^existence of large creeks and rivers such as 11 the Susquehanna, which covers a large portion of the Wilkes-Barre region, may also diminish the quantity of coal that can be taken from the veins. The great buried valley referred to by Mr. Smith presents some very serious problems. It is also possible that in some of the deep basins there may be at the bottom more or less twisting of the strata, &c. In fact, the miner may at any time find a vein in fault and unworkable when he enters new ground. In regard to the specific gravity of the coal, we are of the opinion that, while individual specimens selected for the purpose of determining the specific gravity may have given the figures used in Mr. Smith's report and taken from the reports of Mr. McCreath, of the Geological Survey, yet a number of experiments made lately by Mr. E. B. Coxe in his laborator}^ leads him to the conclusion that the aver- age specific gravity of the pure coal in all the regions is probably less than those used in the tables. This is im- portant, as a variation of 1 per cent, in the specific gravity would reduce the total number of tons of coal in the ground 195,000,000. Mr. Coxe's determinations were made by obtaining sam- ples from a large number of tons of prepared coal as it came from the breaker, selecting them by the method usually adopted for sampling ores, that is, by quartering down. For the above reasons the Commission is of the opinion, in which Mr. Smith concurs, that the amount of coal that will be obtained finally may fall short, and in some locali- ties far short, of the estimates given in this report. The Commission also reprint, with the consent of the author, from the May, 1892, number of the Colliery Engineer, of Scranton, Pa., at the end of Mr. Smith's report, a tabular estimate showing the approximate quantity, past and future production of coal in the several districts of the Northern anthracite coal basin of Pennsylvania. This was prepared on April 20th, 1892, by Mr. William Grifiith, now one of the Commission, but before he was appointed. This estimate 12 was prepared from other data and upon a plan different from that adopted b}^ Mr. Smith, neither gentleman being influenced by the other's fioures in reachino- his result. Mr. Smith's figures are 5,697,380,784 tons. Mr. Griffith's figures are 5,057,808,560 tons. 639,572,224 tons. A difference of about 12 per cent. At the foot of Mr. Griffith's table will be found a clear statement of the method adopted by him in preparing it. In reaching these results Mr. Griffith, in estimating, used 1.0 as the specific gravity, while Mr. Smith used 1.55. Mr. Griffith estimated the percentage of waste to be 23^^, while Mr. Smith estimated it at ISy-Q-. These two difl'erences ac- count for a part of the variation in the estimates. Waste by the Mining of the Available Coal left in the Ground. — This may be considered under two heads : — First. — That which is absolutely necessary and cannot be avoided. Second. — That which may be diminished or done away with by better methods of mining. Unavoidable Waste by Mining. — It is evident that, except in very special cases, it is not possible to remove all the coal. A certain amount must be left in order to maintain the slopes, shafts, gangways, air- ways, &c., and in some cases to support the surface, as, for instance, under railroads, streets, houses, streams of water, &c. A thorough study of each area to be worked will enable the mining engineer to reduce this, but it will never be possible to take out all the coal, except by stripping. In thin veins, where the long-wall system [D-4, Nos. 33, 34, 35] of working is used, a ver}^ large percentage of the coal can be taken out, and where the method of gobbing up is used, as is ver}^ commonly the case in France {methode par remblais), a very large percentage of the coal can be obtained. The possibility of adopting the latter method, however, depends very largely 13 on the rate of wages paid in the district and the price of coal. The nature of the roof or of the floor of the vein may often be an insuperable obstacle to getting out all the coal. The proximity of the veins to each other is also a difficulty. In strata where there is a good deal of water it may be necessary to sacrifice coal in order to prevent the water from reaching the lower levels, and thereby causing too great an expense for pumping, including, as it may do, a great consumption of coal, so that it may be better mining to leave larger pillars. Where the pitch of the veins is great, it is^ often necessary near the bottom of the basins to leave considerable coal to prevent the whole superincumbent strata from crushing in the mine. In other words, to keep the mine safe and in such a condition that maximum quantity of coal can be worked economi- cally out of the openings, a certain part of the coal must always be sacrificed. Where the mine generates large quantities of fire-damp, it may be necessary for safety to leave large pillars between the air courses, and it may not be possible to rob as closely as it would be were the mines free from gas. It is one of the best evidences of engineering skill when the coal that must be sacrificed is determined and deliber- ately set apart for that purpose at the time the colliery is opened out, or very soon thereafter. Avoidable Waste by Mining. — When any given territory is to be worked a much larger percentage of coal can be gotten out if the conditions in which the coal occurs are carefully studied, and a general system of working decided upon and thoroughly carried out from the beginning. One of the most important points is to leave large pillars more than sufficient to sustain the workings and to take no more coal than is commercially necessary until the boundary" of the colliery is reached, and then to rob back carefully in sections, so that whatever caving-in occurs is back of the main body of the coal still to be worked. The gangways and other openings should be driven through the faults 14 wherever it is necessar}^ to properly open up the work- ings, and the coal should be mined regularly instead of taking only the better coal first, and leaving the inferior for future operations. One of the great causes of loss of coal is the tendency to leave too small pillars which are not sufficient to sustain the pressure or crushing, thus closing off much coal that could otherwise be gotten out. In order to avoid leaving in the ground much coal that is fit for market, the breakers should be prepared to take anything the mine may send to them, and the miners should not be required to leave coal inside because it contains more slate than the breaker is able to handle without cutting down its capacity. In many cases where veins contain bands of slate they are either not worked or onl}^ those portions of the veins which are pure are taken out ; that is to say, in many cases a vein containing 10 feet of coal, interstratified with slate, will not yield more than a vein of clean coal 4 or 5 feet thick. Waste Due to Preparation. — As is well known, anthracite coal is not sold in the same way as bituminous. The latter is generally sold " run of mine ;" that is to say, the large, small, and dust are usually shipped together just as the coal comes from the mine, and, at the most, only 2 or 3 sizes are made. This cannot be done with anthracite, as in order to have a good economical combustion the pieces used in a fire should be as far as possible of about the same size. The sizes are known in the market, beginning with largest, as lump, steamboat, broken, egg, stove, chestnut, pea, buckwheat, No. 2 buckwheat or rice, and No. 3 buck- wheat. Screenings made at shipping points are sold as " pea and dust," and there has already developed a large trade in what is known as culm, which is made at the m.ines, and includes some of the finer coals mixed with the dust. As a general thing, much more lump, steamboat, broken, and egg are produced naturally than can be sold, and less stove and chestnut. This involves the breaking up by mechanical means of the surplus of the larger sizes. Pea, 15 buckwheat, and the finer sizes must be sold as they are made, and it is impossible to diminish the quantity below a certain amount, dependent upon the quantity of coal broken and the method used for breaking it. These smaller sizes must therefore be sold at what they will bring, stocked, or thrown upon the dirt banks. It is possible to make a certain quantity of any size of coal that is desired, but consumers who wish, for their own convenience, to use special sizes of which the produc- tion is limited, must pay not only the actual cost of mak- ing them, but also the loss of coal caused by the breakage. This breaking down of the coal is one of the great causes of waste. When pieces of coal coming from the mine are of such peculiar shapes that they cannot be burned with economy or convenience they must be broken into smaller sizes. In many mines large quantities of flat or abnormally long pieces occur which consumers will not take. A still larger por- tion of the coal must be broken, because it has attached to it pieces of slate or bone which renders it unfit for market. By breaking it down the objectionable parts can be re- moved in the preparation and a large amount of good mar- ketable coal obtained. Breaking up, of course, causes much loss, as the percent- age of the smaller sizes, which are of much less value, and the percentage of dust, which is of no value at present, are greatly increased. Great attention should be given to the breaking of the coal. It seems to be pretty well demon- strated that less waste is caused when the coal is broken down by degrees, that is, when lump is broken to steamboat, steam- boat to broken, broken to egg, &c., than when, an effort is made to break down lump or steamboat directly into stove and chestnut. Careful study should in all cases be made of the way in which the particular coal breaks, and we should try to adapt the machinery to the nature of the coal. The ordinar}^ method of breaking is by what is known as rolls. Great improvements have of late years been made in their construction. They were formerly merely cast-iron cylin- ders, with more or less rude cast-iron teeth upon them, but 16 now they are constructed with much greater care. They are made of cast-iron cylinders carefully turned, with cast- steel teeth inserted in them very accurately, and great at- tention is paid to the form, construction, tempering, sharp- ening, and insertion of the teeth. They are so arranged that whenever a tooth becomes dull or breaks it can be taken out. Some use fluted cast-iron C3dinders [D-2, No. 27]; that is to say, cylinders in which the teeth are continuous from one end to the other, the coal being broken very much as a man breaks a piece of chalk or a slate pencil with his two hands. At Bernice, where the coal is very brittle, it is broken by means of chisels inserted in a head, which has an up and down motion very much like the hammer part of the steam- hammer, the coal passing under it. [D-1, Xo. 3.] A mod- ification of the Blake rock breaker has been used, and also a breaker constructed very much like a coffee-mill; that is, there is a funnel-shaped cavity with teeth on it in which a cone covered with teetli moves. The shaft of this cone at the lower end is in a step, or ball and socket joint, while the upper end describes a circle, so that the axis of the shaft of the cone describes a conical surface. At CA^ery colliery careful experiments should be made to determine whether the coal breaks with little or much waste. For example, the waste in breaking a ton of broken coal from one colliery may be two or three times as much as in breaking a ton from another colliery. Where this waste is much above the average, greater efforts should be made to sell the large sizes even at a lower price; or where several collieries belong to one company the orders for large coal should be given to the colliery making most waste in breaking. Another great cause of waste is the screening. If the screens are overcroAvded the pieces of coal abraid each other in passing through the screen. This may be diminished by making the screens shorter, taking the larger sizes out at the end, and dropping the smaller soon after the coal enters the screen. By putting two sizes of jackets upon the screen 17 so as to make two sizes in each screen, and placing several screens under one another, each taking coal from the pre- ceding one, waste of this kind may be diminished. In a number of collieries gyrating screens [D-2, No. 27] are used, in which the coal does not remain for any length of time upon the screen, and it is almost impossible for one lump to ride upon another. In the construction of breakers the waste can be very ap- preciably diminished by arranging the chutes in such a way that the coal does not rush down them, and that there are no drops in the chutes or into the pockets. This also applies to the running of the coal into the screens. The coal should be allowed to enter the screens as gently as possible. A certain amount of waste is made in loading cars which is very difficult to avoid, as the cars are at present of so many different sizes. If you have arranged to load a high car economically, there is waste in loading a low one, and if you arrange to load a low car economically you cannot load the high cars at all. What has been said about the loading of the cars applies with great force to the unloading of the coal at the ship- ping points and loading it into vessels there. There is un- doubtedly a great waste in this way. Attention is being called to this point, and better methods of loading and un- loading are beiug adopted, although there is a wide field for invention and improvement here. The demand for certain sizes of coal varies with the sea- son, and there are times when more coal is produced than can be marketed, at other times more coal is burned than is mined ; this is especially the case in the West, to which it is shipped largely by water, and where the coal is needed principall}^ in the winter. In consequence of this con- dition of affairs large amounts of coal must be stocked in the dull season and picked up afterwards. Enormous storage plants have been erected all over the country, and much waste is occasioned by the handling of the coal in them, particularly with the older and more primitive 18 plants. The loss on large sizes shipped by the lakes to Chicago, Milwaukee, Duluth, &c., and reshipped in cars there, amounts to from 5 to 11 per cent. ; that is, there is that much pea, buckwheat, and dust made in handling the coal after it leaves the mines. Stocking coal should therefore be avoided as much as possible, and every me- chanical device to reduce the breakage should be em- ployed. A large portion of the coal coming from the mine is either what we may call slate-coal or bony coal. By slate- coal is meant coal which has pieces of slate of greater or less size attached to it, which can be separated by breaking the coal into smaller pieces and subjecting it to preparation. Bony coal is coal in which the impurities are so intermingled with the coal that it is impossible to break the coal in such small pieces as to separate the impurities. Sometimes bony coal is merely coal with such a high percentage of ash as to interfere seriously with its burning. Until a comparatively recent date slate-coal and bony coal were practically wasted. They were either left in the mines by not working the veins containing any large quantity of them, or by not loading anything that was of this charac- ter. Of course this involved leaving behind much good coal, as it was very difficult for the miner with his poor light to separate them from the good coal. If brought out they w^ere generally thrown on the dirt bank, except such portions as were sent to the consumer against his will. To such a great extent was this carried on that many of the old coal banks are being worked with profit yielding as high as 75 per cent, of good coal. Already some of the collieries are putting a portion of their old dirt banks through the breakers with the fresh mined coal, where they have better facilities for cleaning it. The above remarks apply, but with not so great force, to what is known as slippy [or crushed] coal. In many collieries the coal thus lost was a ver}^ large percentage of what was actually won. We are not now 19 discussing coal that was thrown away because it was too small. We are only referring to coal wasted because it was not marketable in the shape it came from the mines, and the breaker was not in condition to prepare it econom- ically. It was considered that the coal that might be ob- tained would cost more than it would bring if an effort was made to save it. The great difficulty was the want of proper facilities for preparation. The breakers as then constructed could not clean the coal properly. Much of the machinery now used in preparing anthracite, although to a certain extent known abroad, was not in use here. Reference has already been made to the improvements in rolls. The range of coal which it was possible to prepare has been much increased, and the cost of preparation diminished, by the adoption of apparatuses for separating the coal from slate by mechanical means. Among the most important of these are what are known as jigs [D-2, No. 27], of which there are several types used for the larger coals, and the Feldspar jigs, which are used for the smaller coals; the automatic slate pickers [D-2, No. 27], which enable the operator to remove a larger quantity of slate from the coal at a comparatively small cost when it is done on a large scale. The great advantage of these types of apparatus is, that the cost of preparation does not depend to so large an extent upon the amount of slate in the coal as it does where it is picked out by hand. In other words, coal containing more slate can be brought to a marketable condition with less expense. When we come to the smaller sizes, bony coal is not so detrimental as it is in the large sizes. The bony coal, when ignited in large pieces, becomes coated with ashes and does not burn on the inside, leaving large masses of partially consumed material which goes out and eventually deadens the fire. There have also been great improvements in the construc- tion of the screens which are now made of much larger capacity, allowing a much better classification of coal. A great improvement in the screening of small sizes is 20 the substitution of punched steel, copper, or bronze plates for wire screens and cast-iron screens. The openings are generally made circular and maintain their original di- mensions better. The coal produced is of a more uniform size, and the jackets do not wear out as soon. This saving of the impure coal is a matter of great im- portance. It tends to diminish the cost of production, be- cause by utilizing the impure coal you increase the product of a mine without increasing either the cost of the plant, the driving of gangways, pumping, opening breasts, and the major part of the general expenses, and in addition the labor of the miner necessary to produce a ton of coal is de- creased, as he does not have to spend his time separating the pure coal from the slate coal, and much good coal which in the old method was left with the refuse will be brought 1o the breaker. Of course it involves a much larger investment in building the breaker, which must be supplied with a large quantity of more or less costly ma- chinery, every additional machine increasing materially the cost of the breaker. Where the quantity of impure coal is large the labor account on the breaker, notwithstanding the saving due to machinery, is greater. It is probable, however, that in many cases the saving inside will at least make up for the additional cost outside. AVhen this method of saving coal is adopted the yield per acre is very much greater. By far the most important saving of waste, however, that has been accomplished is due to the better utilization of the smaller sizes. They were first used at the mines for making steam, and little if an}^ care was paid to their preparation, but as the market for them began to increase more attention was given to it. It is very important that they should be prop- erly sized ; that is to say, that each kind of small coal should be as nearly as possible of uniform size. Pea coal should contain but little buckwheat, buckwheat should contain but little No. 2 buckwheat or rice, &c. This cannot be done absolutely, but the more perfect the 21 sizing the more satisfactory will be the burning of the coal. These small coals vary very much in purity. If they are made exclusively by breaking up larger lumps of pure coal they will be a very desirable fuel ; but if they are made from the dirty or crushed coal coming from the mine, particularly where the breasts are steep and much small slate is mixed with it, they may contain a very large quan- tity of impurities. The coal must then be carefully jigged, otherwise the amount of clinker, ash, and refuse will be so great as to materially interfere with its use and value. It is very important that the chemical composition of the coals should be studied ; that is, they should be analyzed from time to time so as to determine the amount of ash and slate contained in them. Bony coal when broken up does not do as much damage to the smaller coals as it does to the larger, although the purer the coal the better the results obtained will be. A number of experiments were made in the testing laboratory of Coxe Bros. & Co., by Mr. John R. Wagner, in burning small coals, from which the following conclusions were arrived at : — A series of careful experiments were made with a forced draught, obtained in one case by a fan and in the other by a steam jet, which showed : — First. — That the ashes produced by a steam jet were never as low in carbon as those produced by the fan ; that is, an appreciably larger per cent, of the carbon was utilized by the fan-blast. This appears to be due to the fact that when the carbon in the ash over the grate is reduced to a certain point the steam dampens it somewhat, and it ceases to burn sooner than it does when dr}^ air only is blown through it. Second.— That with the fan-blast the rate of combus- tion per square foot per hour is greater than with the steam jet. Third. — It Was found that wdiere abed of coal was ignited and burned out, the percentage of carbon in the ash is much 22 less than where coal is successively added to the burning mass. In practice it is not generally possible to allow the bed to burn out sufficiently before adding the cold, unig- nited coal ; the result is a damping down of the fire, which causes the ash to cease burning sooner than it would do if there were no reduction of temperature and checking of the draught due to the adding of the coal. Fourth. — There seems to be no doubt that the introduc- tion of steam into the ash-pit decreases very materially the tendency of the coal to clinker on the grate in com- parison with the fan-blast or natural draught. It also changes the color, volume, and character of the flame and increases the distance that the flame extends be^^ond the bridge-wall. In many cases it is not practical, or at least it is very difficult, to burn the smaller sizes of coal without the steam jet on account of the clinkering. This effect of steam on clinkering is probably due to the fact that the steam, to a certain extent, moistens the ash close to the grate and prevents the ash from reaching there as high a temperature as it would with dry air. It is also probable that the decomposition of the steam into carbonic oxide and hydrogen, which takes place to a certain extent, and which, of course, is accompanied by a reduction of tem- perature, tends to prevent clinkering. The decomposition of the steam, accompanied by the formation of carbonic oxide and hydrogen, will probably account for the differ- ence in the flame referred to. [D-2, No. 5.] Fifth. — A careful study of the burning of culm, that is, the burning of small coals with more or less dust in them, in these and other experiments, seemed to show that in almost all cases it is accompanied by a very high percentage of carbon in the ash, which analysis showed, in some cases, reached 58 per cent. Unless special pre- cautions are taken to prevent it, a large portion of the fine coal runs down through the grate. When the culm gets red hot it acts almost like dry sand and works its way into the ash-pit, thus increasing largely the percentage of carbon. Where coal has to be transported any distance, 23 the value of the culm at the mines being very small, it is probable, from the investigations made, that it would be cheaper to remove the dust and transport only the larger coal. Sixth. — It has been found that the percentage of iron pyrites, which occurs to a greater or less extent in all coals, increases very rapidly with the smallness of the coal. This is due to the fact that the iron pyrites occur generally in thin layers or incrustations on the coal. These thin layers are broken off and pulverized in the preparation and handling of the coal, and are therefore found to a much greater extent in the very small coal. It is, of course, well known that the presence of iron pyrites in fuel is very undesirable, as it generates sulphurous acid and has a tendency to destroy the grates or other iron work around the boilers, besides in many cases increasing the tendency to clinker. Seventh. — That while the fan-blast produces the best ash and gives a more perfect rate of combustion, yet in many cases it is more advantageous to use the steam-blower on account of the clinkering, which may cause very serious trouble. In certain localities, particularly in cities, tlie noise of the steam-blower is sometimes a disadvantage. Eighth. — While it is not positively demonstrated, it is thought that the question of mixing small coals from dif- ferent veins or different localities is a matter of impor- tance. It would appear that sometimes two coals, each of which, when burned separately, give reasonably satis- factory results, when mixed together clinker and give trouble, probably because the ash of the combined coals forms a much more fusible silicate than either of the ashes separately. Ninth. — It would seem tliat the combustion of the small anthracite is more perfect when the coal remains undis- turbed, or as nearly as possible in the condition in which it was put in the fire, instead of being turned over, so that the partially consumed and the unconsumed coal are mixed together. 24 COMMERCIAL CAUSES OF WASTE. Up to this point the report has been confined to the consideration of the questions which concerned principally those engaged in the mining of the coal. We no\A' come to the consideration of another series of problems, which are important to the general public, and in which their co- operation is more or less necessary in order to obtain more satisfactory results. The first point is the eff'ect that the rates of transportation have upon the utilization of the smaller sizes of anthracite. Until a comparatively recent period the rates paid for all sizes of anthracite were the same, and as the smaller sizes came largely in competition with cheap fuels of all kinds, particularly bituminous coal, the higher rates of transpor- tation charged had a tendency to restrict the market, in consequence of which all the buckwheats, and even some of the pea coal, were in many cases thrown upon the dirt banks. The lower the relative value of an}^ coal the less expense of transportation it can bear. For example: If two fuels, one worth 25 cents per ton and the other §2 per ton at the mines, were used at the mines, a saving of $15 per day would be made if 20 tons of the cheaper fuel would do the work of 10 tons of the more expensive : but if they should be carried to a point where the rate of transportation was S2 per ton, the 10 tons of the dearer fuel would then cost §40, while the 20 tons of the cheaper fuel would cost $45, thus causing a loss of So per day, assuming the cost of firing, &c., to be the same in both cases ; therefore, in order to allow the cheaper fuel to compete, a less rate of transportation would have to be charged on it than on the more expensive fuel. This point has been thoroughly recognized by the trans- portation companies, and of late years pea coal has been carried at a less rate than the larger sizes, and buckwheat at a less rate than pea, in consequence of which a very great increase in the use of the smaller sizes has been 25 brought about. Of course, this development is not entirely due to tlie rate of tolls, but also to a better acquaintance of the public with the value of these fuels, and the invention of special furnaces, &c., to utilize them. In order to make a market for any product it must be worth w^hat it costs the consumer, and in addition must be known by or be made known to him. It is now proposed to call attention, briefly, to the different methods by which the smaller sizes of anthracite are now utilized, as well as to those others which have been tried wdth more or less success, or which are in process of trial. The sizes of coal generally classed under the head of small anthracites are pea. No. 1 buckwheat. No. 2 buckwheat, sometimes called rice. No. 3 buckwheat, and culm. The list below will give a clear idea of the degree of fineness of each, and represents all the different meshes used in the trade as far as the Commission could obtain data in regard to them. Pea coal is made : — Through | inch square and over % inch square ; Through | square and over ^ square ; Or through || round punched and over f'g round punched ; Or through f square wire and over ^ square wire ; Through f square wire and over I square wire ; Or through f square punched and over | square punched ; Or through f square cast and over ^ square cast ; Or through f to | square wire and over | to f punched phite ; Or through f round punched and over ^ round punched ; Or through f square wire and over f square wire ; Or through f and over -^^ ; Through f and over | round and square ; Through ^^ and over j\ round punched. Buckwheat No. 1 is made : — Through f square and over f square ; Through | square and over | square ; Through j^^ round punched and over /^ round punched ; Or through ^ square wire and over | square wire ; Or through ^ square and round wire and punched and over y'\. round punched plate ; round punched and over |- round punched ; 26 Or through | square wire and over ^ square wiie ; Or through I square cast and over ^ square east ; Or through I square punched and over I square punched ; Or through I square wire and over j\ round punched. Or through ^ square punched and square wire and over { by 1^ punched, and i round punched and ^ square wire ; Or through ^ square wire and over f square wire. Or through ^ square wire and square punched and over \ square wire and square punched ; Or through h round punched and over ^ round punched ; Or through f square wire and over ^ square wire ; Through | round punched and over j\ round punched ; Or through | and f punched plate and over | and j% punched plate ; Or through j\ square and over f round ; Through j\ round punched and over y\ round punched. Buckwheat No. 2 is made : — Through | square and over -/g round ; Through | round punched and over y\ round punched ; Through f round and over ^ round ; Through f round punched and over y\ round punched (manganese bronze) ; Through j\ round punched and over | round punched ; Through I square wire and over | by 1^ punched ; Through ^ square wire and over I by IJ punched ; Through I square wire and over | square wire ; Through \ square wire and punched and over ^ square wire and round punched ; Through I square and round punched and wire and | round punched, and over I round punched ; Through ^ square ware and over /j square wire ; Through i square cast and over } square cast ; Through ^ square cast and over | round punched ; Through ^ square cast and over 3% round punched ; Through ^ square punched and over j\ round punched ; Through ^ square and over | square ; Tlirough ^ round and over y\ by Ih; punched. Buckwheat No. 3 is made : — Through j\ round launched and over J round punched; Through y\ round punched and over j\ and j\ round punched (both manganese bronze) ; Through ^ square cast and over y% round ; Through g square and over j\ square ; Through ^ and over j\. 27 Culm or waste is made :- Through f square wire ; Through -^-^ round punched ; Through \ by 1\, \ square wire and \ round punched ; Through \ oblong ; Through \ square wire ; Through \ square; Through \ round punched ; Through j\ by I4- punched; Through y^ round punched plate (manganese bronze) ; Tlirough I square wire ; Through I by 1\ punched ; Through ^ round punched ; Through g^V square wire ; Through 3% round punched ; Through Jg round punched (manganese bronze) ; Through jV round. The small anthracites are used : — 1. For Domestic Purposes. — Pea coal is used successfully for heaters or furnaces, sometimes alone, and sometimes with large coal to reduce the intensity of the fire. Many people put pea coal on their furnaces at night, which keeps up a moderate fire, burning slowly and economically at a time when only a gentle heat is wanted. Pea coal is also used in ranges and stoves for cooking with excellent results and economy, when those using it understand how to handle it. Those accustomed to its use are perfectly sat- isfied with it. It is also an excellent fuel for low-down grates, where an intense heat is not desired. It is one of the best fuels for base burners when they are properly con- structed. It is probable that before many years most of the pea coal will be used for domestic purposes, and that it will take rank with stove and chestnut as a domestic size. Buckwheat coal is used in large and growing quantities in towns for generating steam, which is. supplied to private bouses for heating and other purposes. The boilers are generally located near the railroad, and the steam is carried in pipes laid in the street just as gas pipes are. This is also done in large private houses and institutions. 28 The smaller buckwheats might also be used for this pur- pose. Any institution or private person heating a building with steam or hot water can use these sizes. 2. Use for Generating Steam and for Manifadurlng Purposes. In this section we will only consider those cases wdiere the coal is used as it is shipped from the breaker ; the question of mixing it wdth other combustibles wdll be considered further on. For many years pea coal has been used on a large scale for making steam on land and water. It is a fayorite fuel for steamboats where cleanliness is desired. It is easy to handle, and can be burned on almost any kind of grate, or at least on grates that are much more simple than those re- quired for the still smaller sizes. It can also be burned with natural draught, as the pieces are large enough to allow the air to pass freely through the interstices between them w^hen the bed of coal is thick enough to make a good fire. Where the item of expense is not of the first impor- tance, it is one of the best fuels in the world for manufactur- ing purposes and for steam yessels, and it is also used to a moderate extent for forging. It is sold through Pennsyl- yania, New Jerse}^, Xew York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island, but is not much used in the South and West. It is used also for burning lime. It is seldom if eyer used mixed with bituminous coal. It is probable- that, as the demand for pea coal increases for domestic purposes, it will gradually be replaced as a manufacturing fuel b}^ buckwheat coal. Buckwheat coal is largely used for making steam. It is gradually taking the place of pea coal for that p)urpose. It is used for burning lime, and has a promising future for use in gas producers. No. 2 buckwheat is just beginning to be used, principally for steam, either alone or mixed with bituminous coal and sometimes with sawdust and shayings. It has a large future in plants properly constructed for generating steam, especially for electric light and electric railway plants, as it is cheap, clean, and makes no smoke. 29 No. 3 buckwheat is used for steam, and it and dust are used by brick-makers to mix with the clay. Its use for generating steam offers a promising field to investiga- tors. 3. For Locomotives. — One of the most important uses of small anthracite is as a locomotive fuel. [D-2, No. 1 and No. 13.] The following-named railroads use it to a con- siderable extent, with entirely satisfactory results in most cases, and effect a great saving in cost of fuel thereby, viz. : Philadelphia and Eeading, Central Railroad of New Jersey, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, Erie and Wyoming Valley (Pennsylvania Coal Company), New York, Ontario and W^estern, and Delaware, Susquehanna and Schuylkill. The general tendency seems to be towards an increase in the number of locomotives burning small anthracite. Buckwheat is the size generally used on freight trains and pea on passenger trains. The accompanying table (Appendix B) shows the results of the experience of the principal roads using the small sizes of anthracite as locomotive fuel. The data con- tained therein have been given by those in authority on the different roads, and their names will be found in the table. It was the aim of the Commission, in compil- ing this table, to give such locomotive dimensions as have a direct bearing on the burning of the fuel, as well as some comparative data as to the use and value of different kinds of locomotive fuels ; and, also, information relating to the properties and preparation of the smaller sizes of anthracite coal used. There seems to be no question as to the value of small anthracite on all but very fast trains. The sharp exhaust of the steam, when a locomotive is running at a very high speed, has a tendency to ^' turn up " the fire of small-sized anthracite, and also to draw a considerable amount of the smaller pieces out through the stack, which, in addition to being unpleasant to the passengers on the trains, is a loss of fuel. 30 It is probable, as Mr. Paxson states (in the table), that by using compound locomotives, the exhaust nozzles of which are larger, the exhaust consequently less sharp and the amount of steam required to run less than on simple lo- comotives, small anthracite may be used as fuel on even the fastest trains. In this connection attention is called to the statement in the Philadelphia and Reading (Main Line and Williamsport Divisions) column of the table that all locomotives built in future shall have fire-boxes suited for burning small anthracite, and also to the test of com- pound engine No. 229, on passenger service, in the Central Railroad of New Jersey column. To burn small anthracite on locomotives a much larger grate surface is required than on those burning large an- thracite or bituminous, as well as a special form of grate bar. Somewhat more skill is required in their use, as light and judicious firing is necessary with the small anthracite. A strong argument in favor of small anthracite as loco- motive fuel is, that a number of railroads now using such fuel are replacing the old fire-boxes for burning larger sized fuels by others suited for burning small sizes of anthracite in engines taken into their shops for general overhauling and repairs. The Commission would therefore call attention to the value of small anthracite as locomotive fuel, particularly in cities and for suburban passenger trafiic, where a not too expensive but smokeless fuel is desirable. For such use it will undoubtedly prove valuable, even at a considerable distance from market. 4. Use in Gas Producers. — After a period of trial which at first was not successful, pea coal. No. 1 buckwheat, and to a certain extent No. 2 buckwheat, are now being used suc- cessfully in gas producers for a great number of purposes, as is seen by the accompanying table. The two producers which are used at present are known as the Taylor and the Swindell. The improvement in the preparation of the buckwheat coals due to more perfect sizing and jigging, by 31 means of which latter the percentage of ash is reduced, opens a field for these fuels, which is constantly growing and promises to be very extensive. The following table shows the vast range of uses to which the gas obtained is applicable : — Partial List of Uses of the small sizes of Anthracite with Gas Producers. Sizes of Anthracite. Number of Producera. Kind of Producer used. Buckwheat, \ Nos. 1 & 2 1 2 Taylor. Buckwheat, \ Nos. 1 &2/ 6 (I Buckwheat, 1 9 (( No. 1 . . / Pea coal . . . 1 " Buckwheat, \ Nos. 1 & 2 / 6 u Buckwheat, \ No. 1 . . / 13 " Buckwheat, \ No. 1 . . 1 9 (( Buckwheat, \ No. 1 . . / 2 il Buckwheat, \ No. 1 . . / 1 u Buckwheat, \ No. 1 . . / 11 a Pea & buck-] wheat, No. y 1 .... J Buckwheat, ( No. 1 . . r 2 il 2 u Buckwheat, \ No. 1 . . / 1 il Buckwheat, 1 No. 1 . . r 6 Swindell. Kind of Work. / Firing biscuit and decorating kilns \ in pottery in Trenton, N, J. /Firing bone-black char-kilns in \ sugar refinery, Brooklyn, N. Y. Burning lime in Texas, Md. / Drying steel ladles and converter 1 bottoms, Steelton, Pa. ( Tempering and annealing steel at t South Bethlehem, Pa. / Drying and roasting in soda-ash 1 manufactory at Syracuse, N. Y. ' / Roasting magnetic and sulphur- \ ous ore at Emaus, Pa. r Roasting magnetic and snlphur- t ons ore at Midvale, N. J. / Running Otto gas-engine in \ Philadelphia, Pa. r Firing spelter furnaces and re- I volving furnaces for deoxidiz- I ing zinc ore at South Bethle- [ hem, Pa. Firing copper heating and an- nealing furnace at Ansonia, Conn. / Drying moulds and cores in pipe t foundry at Florence, N. J. Manufacture of Portland cement and sulphuric acid from gypsum at Buffalo, N. Y. f Heating furnaces for heating \ muck bar at Oxford, N. J. 5. The Manifacturing of Coke. — A number of efforts have been made to utilize the anthracite dust by mixing it either with highly bituminous coal (such as gas-coal) or bitumen, and then coking it. The Pennsylvania Second Geological Survey made a number of valuable experiments 32 which are described at length in their reports. [D-1, No. 1 and No. 2.] The late J. A. Price (originally chairman of the Com- mission) made a series of experiments at the gas-works in Carbondale, with the view of determining the possibility of making a coke by mixing anthracite culm with bitu- minous slack. The following table shows the numbers of the experi- ments, weight of the bituminous, weight of anthracite, &c., as well as the analysis of the product obtained. The coke thus obtained gave the following results : — J ^ 1 r^ oT ^ o CQ ^ ;3 rG . ^ ^ tCCJ -U 6^ % bBo is 02 OS §^ hS > g U oq i So QJ CD ^ &c go; c O) 02 02 ri ^ ."S -tj .^ ^3 ^-S ^ ^1 CJ^ 0.5 ^s -^^ M 03 02 02 r- ' —I CD -^ CD .0.. ^^ CO > S^ S^^ 1—1 T— 1 ■ u CO 00 CO (M 10 r; 3 00 CO CO M-^^ OS p p cq ^ I>; ''•^ &( rH '-5 s" CO tH 05 CO 05 i !>. S LO p 05 oi Oi rH ci (m' CO i:^ t^ CO i^ CO a t^ CO 10 t^ (D CO -H 1— 1 -^ !>: ^ ^ C^ c^i T-H (M' ^ m' £ rH rH 1— 1 1—1 rH ^ -4J ■4^ 4^ 5:5 'CJ -TS rd'TS '^ rG'^ ^T5 a> i5 tJDO (D bXDCD si) CD a P^ P^ 3M p:^ 3M 3« ill Oi 1—1 '^ 10 • 10 . . Q^ Fh G fl G 1 l°l (T) oj c3 O O Sh O O U ti 00 cS :^ I I I>1 • (M -+I .-^, -< CO c:i OD -M H '—' . ; ^ OJ rt .S5 p^ CU g i» -:; X" » 49 •3D GOOD 00 CO :oo »o CO • rH 00 "O 1 : [lO q 1 q 1 jl— i (M ^ T-i* r-J •'-''jr-J •,- 1 '- ^ 1 -> 0-: ci ?N r-l Tt" r^ i CO ■ t-^ ' lo ' Tfi i ^ lO r-l 1—1 I— 1 q -tn . '-; l^q . !>; ; q tJh' ^' t>I Ico i-I 'id t^ 'r^ 06 "d 00 ; CO t- CD •^ jTO -* joo 10 ICO • l^ CO 'CO CO CO lO t^ (M l»o CD 10 'iC 't^ r^ q qi>; CO q i>: CO cq .I Tj^ 00 id Tj^ — CO -^ 10 CO •CO •(M C^ X C.C JT-H q t^ .^ CO .c: CO id CO CD t^ CO Tt< id ■^ id id ^ CD 00 CO jt^ t- (N 10 CO ■ 00 10 '(N ^ ! -00 CO Iq CO q t-- iq . q 1-1 . C<} 1 CO 1 ' 1 -i'ocD 'r '"' i—J tH t— j c. 1 ■ 3+ • • • :d 00 Ci ' ' ' 21 " , • :5 1 It^ 2 c; ' q ': ^^ • • rj^ 1^' — i" • -(M . to 0; ■ % 'lC ■ ■ ■ ■ Tt^ i 00 10 ^ . -^ . 00 . . (M . CO CO q 00 ^ (M" • CO • . i2 I— J • , -co • ■ -t^ § : S i ■" ; " rtn ■ ■ 00 00 CO 1 1— t 1 ir- I>- Ct ■ ' '00 ' CO • r-i • •i -co • • ij • •;-; • -i -(N . •o\ , ^ . I ■CO (M t^ CC iQ oq t^ — 1 CO t^ »ovo a 00 0) rt^g^ Cfii>. <^ 1 1 COrHlOlC !>. (M 1:0 CO !>: 1>: iCTjH bc q q at ^«<^^ bj > j ■ i :t> O cc o -*■ rH Or- 00 1>- coco j; iOtJ^ ^ 10 Tt^ ^ ^^1 1 »0 (M 1— 1 1— ^ i 1 . i • 1 • • > • • > ' ■ > " • > 1 ! 1 ^ CS cs3 ci 1 1 , • 1 ! * ■ oT ' -2 a5~ o; 1 . -t-5 . . -M s • ■ "cS oj C\ 1 ! ■ 0^2 • 0'^ • Oi'^ • 0)'^ 1 . i ' ■ ^^ . CH • c^ . c^ 1 fl rt c fl i ■ -rO Ct •^ oS^ •^ =1 •^ CS Is ■^ • §1i coal and bone §1§ -^-^fl ! o . . . c S ^^^^ ^ ^ ^ _ c^ c«^ os_5 CJ 03^ 0) W o3 oS '^ '5 "5 q; (D^r a; _r o;^-^ a:>^ 1 t- O O O ■+^ j-i -t^ fH "t? CS ^ t^ cS Sh -^^ ^ r; o a c ^300 0^ s^ c ^ ^S 5^ r i COi'^HplrHl'i hC/) (1( mMhInwI^CC OhSO QhgqO PhoqO CinaQO '^ 1 '^ » * 1 * (M i t^ , CO 1 r-l (M 5 CO (M CO j CO CO 1— H t-^ >d CO CD CO d T— 1 1— I ! 1 ' 1—1 T— 1 CD i I— 1 j 00 1—1 Oi CO o CO s ^. 1 ^ »o Tt* t^ 1 j CO c4 ^ CO ^ 1 -^ 1 CO ] 50 From the first column under " Fuel Value " (commercial) it is evident that the larger sizes contain so little carbon that it would be advisable to remove everything above stove coal, thus diminishing the bulk 30 per cent., Avith a loss of only 5 per cent, of carbon, and it is doubtful if much of this carbon from these large lumps could be utilized, as only their surface would be oxidized. After removing, in addition, the No. 3 buckwheat and dust (equal to 43 per cent.), there would remain 27.25 per cent, of the total bank, having a coal value of 39 per cent. This with a forced draught might be burnt. The table shows that if the Nos. 2 and 3 buckwheats and the dust, amounting to 47 per cent, of the total bank, and having a fuel value of 75 per cent, of good coal, were burnt, say, with a mechanical stoker, there might be a chance of utilizing them in that way. The dust from the settling-tanks is 39.46 per cent, of the total bank, or (if we allow 4.5 per cent, to come with the slate from the jigs) 35 per cent. This could be dumped separately and would then give us other percentages. Hence the columns headed " Without Dust." From the table we find that the refuse consisted of 48.01 per cent, of coal and 51.99 per cent, of absolute slate ; that the material that would not pass through a round hole 3% of an inch in diameter contained 18.416 per cent, of coal and that which would pass through 29.595 per cent, of coal (making the 48.01), if we assume, as the analysis seemed to show, that the dust was about 75 per cent, pure coal. The 18.416 per cent, included not only the pure coal, but the f coal, ^ coal, and J coal, reducing them to their equivalent value of pure coal, but much of this latter is not at present marketable. The actual marketable coal thrown away was — Egg 0539 per cent, of bank. Stove 0.770 per cent, of bank. Chestnut ... 3.155 per cent, of bank. Total large sizes 4.464 per cent, of bank. Pea 1.178 per cent, of bank. Buckwheat 1.200 per cent, of bank. No. 2 buckwheat 2.314 per cent, of bank. No. 3 buckwheat 2.683 per cent, of bank.* Total small sizes 7.375 per cent, of bank. 51 Total of all sizes 11.839 of bank, which is 2.48 per cent, of breaker output and 2.01 per cent, of everything hoisted. (Compare pages 130 to 145 and page 151 of Ap- pendix A.) The coal (48.01 per cent.) mixed with the re- fuse is 9.88 per cent, of breaker output and 8 per cent, of run of mme hoisted, and the actual slate is 11.12 per cent, of breaker output and 9 of run of mine hoisted. What was actually sent to the bank is 21 per cent, of breaker output and 17 per cent, of run of mine. The dust, which is 39.46 per cent, of the bank, is 8.28 per cent, of breaker output and 6.70 per cent, of run of mines. Notes on Test. Sampling. — The original sample consisted of 13 cars (37.06 tons), which were dumped in a pile from Tuesday, 4 o'clock P. M., till Saturday, 9 o'clock A. M. (September 20tli to 24th, 1892, inclusive), 1 car being taken out of every 15 from the total that was hauled to the slate bank during that time. A smaller sample, which amounted to about 15 tons, was taken (by cutting 3 grooves from bottom to the top and 3 lengthwise.) This was further reduced to 2J tons, which was sized and separated in the laboratory. Steamer. — Steamer was the largest size of coal or slate found, and was all very flat. The f coal from this would make chestnut and all below, if crushed. The J coal was slate and coal closely interstratified. About half of this would do for crushing to chestnut and all below. The j-Q coal not suitable for crushing. Tlie pure slate is solid, heavy slate, very flat. Broken. — Broken not quite as flat as steamer. The f coal suitable for chestnut and all below, if crushed. The .J coal suitable for pea and all below, if crushed. The i coal not suitable for crushing, but still having this fuel value. The f coal not suitable for crushing, but still having this fuel value. The pure slate, good, heavy slate, but not so flat as steamboat slate. Egg. — Pure coal from egg mostly flat and thin. Bone more or less cubical. The f coal suitable for chestnut and all below, if crushed. The 2 t3oal suitable for pea and all below, if crushed. The ] coal not suitable for crushing ; friable and interstratitied. The pure slate flat and long. 52 Stove. — Pure coal is all first class. f coal. Coal approaching wliat is known as iron gray included in this. Much of this could go to market. I coal contains much real iron gray ; would do for buckwheats. \ coal rather flat. Nothing to be gained by crushing. Pure slate (90 per cent, slate), very thin and heavy. Chestnut. — Pure coal first class. I coal. All this would be passed as coal in opinion of Coal Ins{)ector. (Three-quarter coal is that which lias a slight layer of slate on it or approaches iron gray. All of it fairly cubical.) ^ coal contains bone, and real iron gray. By crushing it would make buckwheat, as it is not flat. i coal. Nothing gained by crushing. Mostly very flat. Pure slate (90 per cent, slate), flat. Pea and Buckwheats. — Separated by zinc chloride solution of 1.70 specific gravity, all that floated being considered coal by Coal Inspector. Not much bone in slate that sank. According to rules for inspection in force at the time of sampling the allowable per cent, of slate and bone was : — In broken Ih per cent, of slate and bone. In egg . 1 per cent, of slate and 2 per cent. bone. In stove. . 8J per cent, of slate and bone. In chestnut 4j per cent, of slate and bone. The Commission desires to call the attention of the peo- ple of the Commonwealth to the great importance of the enormous quantity of culm, bon}^ coal, and slate coal now on the surface in the dirt banks, and which is being rapidly increased. At the present time less of the finer coals is thrown away, but it is only a few years since practically everything below pea coal was considered refuse. This coal is a very valuable fuel for several reasons. In the first place, it will not, under ordinary circumstances, take fire, and therefore can be stocked cheaply. It is a smokeless fuel and makes a very clean fire, w^hich is a great advantage in many manufacturing industries. It can be purchased for a very low price at the mines. It is the opinion of the Commission that not only is the culm avail- able, but that a very large percentage of the slate banks, if roughly sized, could be used with economy and profit for making steam ; provided they are burnt where they exist 53 and do not liaA^e to bear much expense of transportation. The capacity of any fuel to bear transportation decreases very rapidly as the percentage of ash increases. In many places in Europe coal which is no purer than the average of many slate banks is used at or near the col- lieries for making steam. With the improvements now being made in furnaces, grates, &c., for burning fine coal, it is probable that all, except, possibly, the actual dust, will eventually be sent to market, and that the local consump- tion for steam will be supplied by the inferior or slaty coal which is not suitable for shipment. The firm of Coxe Bros. & Co. have already begun to in- vestigate the subject with a view of erecting a furnace for the purpose of determining how high the percentage of ash in bony and slate-coal must be in order to prevent its burning in large quantities in a properly constructed furnace. Ob- servations made upon slate banks which have been on fire lead to the conclusion that coal containing much more slate and other impurities than is generally supposed to be suf- ficient to render it incombustible, will burn under proper conditions on a large scale. Little or nothing has been done in this field, but the Commission thinks it wise to call the attention of those interested to the possibility of obtaining valuable commercial results in this direction. It is of great importance to the prosperity of the interior of the State that the attention of those who are engaged in such industries as require either heat or steam at a low price be called to the great advantages offered by the an- thracite coal regions and their immediate vicinity for such enterprises. With the culm, bony coal, slate coal, &c., ob- tainable at low prices, with a good climate, healthy sur- roundings, good water, and unequaled railroad facilities, giving direct communication with the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes, and the seaboard, it is doubtful whether any part of the countr}^ offers greater advantages for profit- able investments of this kind. The inferior coal should not be taken to the point of consumption, but the point of con- -sumption should be brought to it. 54 The great industrial establisliments that liave been built up around Scranton by the use of cheap fuel indicate what is possible in this line. The coal regions, employing as they do- only men and boys, offer great advantages to those industries which can employ female labor, of which there is a surplus there. The Commissioners wish it to be understood that this report is and can be onl}^ a preliminary examination of the question. They realize fully how far from com- plete it is in every branch of the subject that has been considered ; but the time and means at their disposal prevented it from being otherwise. They hope that it will call the attention of the engineering profession, of the manufacturer, of the producer, and the consumer of coal, and of all those interested in the welfare of the State and our great industries, to the lines in which effort should be made to utilize that which, noiv called luaste, is really a storehouse of energy and a source of wealth. It offers a better field to the energetic, active, and enterprising young men of the country than many of the gold and silver min- ing districts of the world. One of the most important and suggestive parts of this report is the estimates of coal in the ground, coal mined,, coal lost, &C:, contained in Mr. Smith's report (Appendix A)- The Commission do not consider it wise to condense what he has written, but respectfully urge all those who may read this publication to study the figures he has given with attention ; they will well repay the labor expended on them. In conclusion, the Commission wishes to thank the coal mining and railroad companies, the private operators, and those engaged in the practical management of the works, for the enormous amount of very valuable information which has been generously furnished to it. Without the active co-operation of these gentlemen it would have been impos- sible to have obtained much of the more valuable material contained in this report. ECKLEY B. COXE, HEBER S. THOMPSON, WILLIAM GRIFFITH, Commissioners. APPENDIX A-1. By a. D W. Smith, Philadelphia. ESTIMATE OF THE ORIGINAL GEOLOGICAL AN- THRACITE COAL-FIELD OF PENNSYLVANIA. Our knowledge of the extent of the original anthracite coal-field and the number and the thickness of its coal- beds is quite too insufficient to make any estimate possible other than a very broad generalization. Professor J. P. Lesley in the third volume of his Final Report Pennsylvania Geological Survey will give in full the argument for the hypothesis that the carboniferous coal- field covered the whole State of Pennsylvania, and many of the neighboring States as well. Accepting this hypothesis, we are still confronted with the question as to w^hat portion of this great coal-field was changed into an anthracite coal and how much remained bituminous. That the anthracitic condition was pro- duced by, or closely connected with, the great uplifting and folding of the strata which took place at the close of the Carboniferous period is not questioned. The disturbed area is well defined, but how much of the coal of the beds which covers this area was changed to anthracite we do not know ; that it all was not changed would seem to be shown by the Broad Top coal-field in Huntingdon County, although in the midst of the dis- turbed region the coal-beds are semi-bituminous. Of the vast anthracite coal-fields originally existing there remains preserved from erosion only some 480 square miles, separated into difi'erent fields and basins by the un- derlying rocks. In many of the basins none but the lowest coal-beds have been preserved. That the anthracite field extended far to the east is shown by the small patches of anthracite in Rhode Island which (55) oG liave beeii preserved from erosion. This would seem to fix the Delaware River (the State line) as the eastern limit •of the Pennsylvania field. The northern limit is approximately fixed by the Ber- nice coal basin in Sullivan County, where the coal is an •anthracite, while in the Barclay basin, some 15 miles north- west, the coal is semi-bituminous. The Alleghen}^ Mountains, the eastern limit of the exist- ing bituminous field, prohibits a further western extension, while the Broad Top field in Huntingdon County would seem to limit the extension of the field in a southwesterly direction. In the large area in the southeastern part of the State, ■comprised in Northampton, Lehigh, Berks, Lancaster, York, Adams, Chester, Montgomery, Bucks, Philadelphia, and Del- aware Counties, erosion has carried away every trace of any coal-beds that may have existed there, and many thousands ■of feet of the underlying strata as well. Accepting, however, the hypothesis that "the carboniferous coal-fields originally covered the wdiole State, and that the anthracite condition was caused by or was attendant upon the uplifting and folding of the coal-beds and surrounding strata," as South- eastern Pennsylvania was the scene of greatest disturbance, it would seem reasonable to suppose that any bituminous coal-beds deposited here, were changed to anthracite, or, ■owing to the great pressure and disturbance, possibly to a graphite. AVe would have then in the south and southeast the boundaries of the State as the extreme limit of the original Pennsylvania anthracite fields. As to the number and the thickness of the coal-beds con- tained in the original geological coal-field, our only definite knowledge is to be gained by a study of the beds still remaining. The accompanying sheet of columnar sections illustrates the number and thickness of the existing beds throughout the field. Probably the highest workable coal-bed is the Brewery LES Oftl^ TIELr> ■ON icfn."r';) ■iLyPHANT HP I BED OUYPHANT -. — ...„ ^.,„,I Cross Secfcian"H'.'^ i^ rfOUTilliRK COAL .FTELX> (Croag Section N9 2' ANTHRACITE COAL iVLEASURES RELATIONSHIP OF THE COAl, BEDS lo^ccomppny an"EsfLTnQte oftI)c Orl;§inol- contiOft oFtlJe fenii»yi%-siii3 Jlnli)i-acH« •Fti!U3"by ATOV.Sn)U6. il OH THZ RN COAL T. If.LD TS^STERN^ MJDDT-J: COAL TIELT) (Cross SecHunB"*) (Cross SecHoixB? to.) (Ci-oss Socttoil NVe (Crons SecttuiiT:) Croso3BctU.n"DV „«iCross SecHoa"R';) (Ci-090 SooUun ' I bed found in the Southern coal-field some 1900 feet above- the Mammoth bed. The number of coal-beds and the thickness of each tliat perhaps once existed above the Brewery bed we do not know. A columnar section in the neighborhood of Pottsville would show some 20 w^orkable coal-beds between (and in- cluding) the Brewery and Buck Mountain beds, with an es- timated total average thickness of 108 feet, some 72 per cent, or 78 feet of which is estimated to be workable coal. At Tamaqua a fewer number of beds show 109 feet or 78' feet of coal. At Shamokin the section from the Tracy bed (the sixth below the Brewery) down shows 70 feet, 77 per cent, or 54 feet of coal. At Shenandoah from the Little Tracy down the section shows 113 feet or 87 feet of coal. In the Eastern Middle field all but one or two of the beds above the Mammoth have been carried away by erosion. In the Northern field probably the highest existing work- able bed is the New bed, only some 600 feet above the Ben- nett or Mammoth. At Wilkes-Barre the section shows some 11 workable beds with a thickness of 85 feet, 81.8 per cent, or 69 feet estimated as workable coal. A consideration of these columnar sections would indicate that the original coal-field had in the neighborhood of the existing fields an average thickness of probably not less than 75 feet of coal in workable beds. If we estimate 1900 tons per foot acre, 1 acre 75 feet thick would contain 152,- 500 tons, say 150,000 tons, and 1 square mile 640 times this, or 96,000,000 tons. In order that we may have some general idea of the rela- tion between the existing and the original anthracite field, the following propositions might be assumed : — First. — That lines drawn, inclosing all the existing field, would include the original field. There is probably no reason to suppose but that the origi- nal field was of much greater extent. These boundaries are, however, used as the smallest possible area for the field. A line drawn from the northeast end of the Northern field to Bernice, to Dauphin, to Mauch Chunk, to point of beginning (Fig. A, B, C, T), see map, page 56), the result- ing polygon would inclose all the existing Pennsylvania anthracite fields, and have an area of about 3300 square miles, and a contents, estimating 96,000,000 tons per square mile, of 306,600,000,000 tons. If we assume this to have been the contents of the original field, the contents of the existing field, 19,500,000,000 tons, is about 6 per cent, of this. Second. — That the original field is included between two parallel lines having the same general direction as the trend of the measures, the northern line just including the Bernice basin and the southern line along the Blue Ridge, extending from the State line at the Delaware, and bounded on the west by a line drawn at right angles about half way between Dauphin and the Broad Top coal-field (Fig. E, F, G, H), the area inclosed would contain roughly some 9000 square miles, and ^vould have had a contents, estimating 96,000,000 tons per square mile, of 846,000,000,000 tons, of which the now existing fields contain about 2 per cent. Third. — That the original anthracite field covered all of Southeastern Pennsylvania, and is inclosed within the area included within the State boundaries on the east and south, with the same north boundary as in the second proposition, and on the west by a north and south line, passing to the east of the Broad Top field (Fig. E, F, I, J, K, H). . Roughly estimated, this area would contain about 17,000 square miles ; estimating 96,000,000 tons per square mile, the contents would be 1,632,000,000,000 tons, of which the now exist- ing field contains a little more than 1 per cent. Results. The preceding estimates would show that the existing Pennsylvania anthracite fields, before mining commenced, 50 contained not more than 6 per cent., probably about 2 per cent., and possibly only 1 per cent, of the coal deposited in workable beds in the original geological coal-field before -erosion. ESTIMATE OF EXISTING ANTHRACITE COAL- FIELD BEFORE COAL MINING BEGAN. The anthracite coal-fields of Pennsylvania are found within some 3300 square miles, about 484 square miles of which contain workable coal-beds. The field is com- prised in a number of separate basins, and has been •divided geographically into Northern, Eastern Middle, Western Middle, and Southern fields. The recently completed mine sheets of the Geological Survey map (on a scale of 800 feet to 1 inch) the whole area covered by workable coal-beds, showing the mine workings in each bed, the outcrop of the principal beds, and the limit of the workable beds, as well as the surface features and ele- vations; in connection with these sheets there are published a series of cross-sections, across each basin or field, showing the actual or probable position of each coal-bed under- ground on the vertical plane cut by the cross-section ; also, 41 series of columnar sections, showing the thickness of the coal-beds and intervening strata at right angles to the dip as cut in the shafts, tunnels, rock slopes, and bore-holes throughout the field. The estimate of contents is based upon these mine, cross- section, and columnar section sheets published by the Geo- logical Survey ; upon the reports of the first Geological Survey, published in 1858 ; upon some 2500 bed sections obtained in part from, the note-books of the Geological Sur- vey, and in part from the officers of the operating com- panies ; and general information from various sources. In the estimate only the coal in workable beds is consid- •ered. In the Northern field, where the measures are com- paratively flat, 2.5 feet of coal is taken as the minimum, ^while in the other fields, where the beds are usually found 'dipping at high angles, 2 feet is used. GO 111 all four of the coal-fields, but more especially in the Western Middle and Southern, there are, in addition to the beds which have been named and identified from place to place, other coal-beds, usually called "leaders," which fre- quently, and some of the persistent ones usually, exceed the requirements of workable thickness and quality ; as some of these leaders are workable, I have to a small extent con- sidered them in making up the average thickness of the adjacent beds. The Method. Some three methods have been used. The principal one employed, and by which the bulk of the estimate has been made, is as follows : — First. — (a.) The coal-fields have been divided into a num- ber of small areas, the cross-section lines usually being the- dividing lines and determining the number and size of these areas. (6.) The area in acres underlaid by the lowest workable bed as defined on the published sheets has been carefully determined, as follows : The mine sheets are blocked in 2000' squares, the number of squares wholly underlaid by the lowest workable bed w^ere counted and the acres com- puted ; then the irregular area which was left, was measured by the planimeter and acreage computed, the sum being the total acreage for area. The correctness of the computation was checked by repeating the measurements, the mean of the results being taken as the correct one ; and later b}^ a comparison of the totals for each field with the measure- ment of the field made on a reduced map, scale 1 mile to 1 inch. (c.) The ratio of the per cent, of coal to that of refuse in the beds in each field is obtained by taking all the bed sec- tions that have been collected from any one field, and first determining the per cent, of coal in each bed section, elim- inating all refuse, including bony coal, then taking the average of all the sections, the result obtained is used as- the factor for that field. 61 {d.) The published cross-sections were next considered, and the probable average thickness of the coal on each sec- tion, were it all contained in one horizontal bed, having the length of the surface underlaid by the lowest workable bed (as shown on section), was determined ; the details of how these average thicknesses were obtained is best de- scribed with the first cross-section considered. See page 62. {e.) The contents of the areas is now obtained by multi- plying the mean of the average thickness of coal on the bounding sections by the number of acres in the area, by the number of tons in one acre of coal one foot thick, de- scribed in detail table A, page 75. Second. — In the Eastern Middle field, which comprises a number of small unconnected basins, it seemed best to cal- culate the area and estimate the contents of each bed sepa- rately ; this was made easy here by the publication on the mine sheets of the outcrops of nearly all the workable beds. This method was also used in the areas between the several ends of fields and the nearest cross-section. Third. — The estimate of the contents of the Panther Creek basin. Southern coal-field mine sheets I., II., and III., is copied from the estimate made under the direction of the late Charles A. Ashburner, by a method devised by him and described in full in Report AA, chapter V. The surface and bed areas for Western Middle sheets I., II., III., and IV., were also computed under Mr. Ashbur- ner's direction. Professor Lesley has kindly allowed me to make use of these computations for this estimate. Specific Gravity. The number of tons in an acre of coal one foot thick is determined by the weight of a cubic foot of coal ; this va- ries in different benches of the same bed, in different parts of a field, and in different fields. To speak with certainty as to the probable average weight of a cubic foot of coal from any one or all of the fields would require a number of determinations in quantity of the coal from the differ- ent beds and from many parts of the field. 62 In this estimate I have usual l^^^taken, as the best author- ity available, the laboratory cleterminings of Mr. A. S. McCreath, the chemist of the Geological Survey. It should be noted that the results thus obtained are higher than those in general use, giving a larger yield per acre, and consequently a greater estimate of contents for the fields. The specific gravity which has been used is noted with the estimate of each field. ESTIMATE OF THE ORIGINAL CONTENTS NORTH- ERN COAL-FIELD, INCLUDING THE BERNICE COAL BASIN. The coal of the Northern field is found in one great basin 55 miles long and from 2 to 6 miles wide, with perhaps a dozen more little patches of coal lying close to but not now connected with the main basin. The dips are usually very gentle, though occasionally reaching 40 or 50 degrees in the southwestern end of the field. The estimate of contents has been made from the cross- sections {First Method), but in the areas between either end of the basin and the nearest section the contents of each bed was estimated separately. The following discussion of the first cross-section used, No. K, will apply to all that follow. See page 63. Column a gives the name of each workable bed found on the section. Column b gives the probable average thickness of the bed ; this average is supposed to apply to the area inclosed within lines drawn half-way between the adjoining section on either side, and is assigned, after a careful consideration of the bed sections and bed thicknesses shown by shaft, tunnel, and bore-hole sections within this territory, in con- nection with the geological structure. Column c gives the probable average thickness of coal in each bed and is obtained in the Northern field by taking 81.8 per cent, of the thickness assigned to the bed. Eight hundred and ninety-one bed sections well distrib- uted throughout this field, eliminating all refuse, including 63 bony coal in the refuse, give as an average 81.8 per cent, coal, 18.2 per cent, refuse. Column d gives the total length of each bed, measured on the section ; where the dips are gentle this length is but little greater than the length of surface underlaid by the bed, but where the dips are steep the difference is very de- cided, and is an important consideration in the estimate. Column dc gives the length of each bed if lengthened out into a bed with the coal but one foot thick, and is ob- tained by multiplying column d by column c. The sum of column dc divided by the surface length un- derlaid by the lowest workable coal-bed, measured on sec- tion, gives the probable thickness of the coal, imagining it to be all in one horizontal bed with a length equal to the surface length of the lowest workable bed. Reference : — • Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. N. C. F., mine sheet 23. N. C. F., cross-section sheets 8 and 9. N. C. F., columnar section sheets 16. Cross-Section No. K. a. Name of Bed. Average Aver, thick- thickness ness of coal, of bed. 81.8 per cent. Length of bed. ! dc. Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Shaft . Clifford Feet. 6.5 4.8 Feet. 5.32 3.92 Feet. 4,700 10,450 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . - . Feet. 25,004 40,964 65,968 10,340 6.38 Remarks. On the south side of the basin there is a bed between the Shaft and CliflPord beds from 2 to 6 feet thick; this is not included in the estimate, as it is counterbalanced (more or less) by the fact that on the north side of the basin there is an area of somewhat uncertain extent where no coal below the Shaft bed is found of workable thickness. 64 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. N. C. F., mine sheets 21 and 22. N. C. F., cross-section sheets 8 and 9. N. C. F., columnar section sheets 15 and 16. Cross-Section No. J. Average Name of Bed. thickness ! of bed. 1 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 81.8 per cent. Length of bed. Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. "Top" coal 7.3 Shaft or " Bottom " coal . 6.2 Third 3.8 Diinmore . 3.5 Feet. 6.0 5.1 3.1 2.9 Feet. 5,640 6,300 3,350 4,600 Feet. 33,840 32,130 10,385 13,340 Total coal reduced to units of one foot Surface underlaid by lowest workable Average thickness of coal per foot of s in thickness .... bed 89,695 8,180 10.96 urface Remarks. The Third coal-bed, which is shown on the section as a split of the " Bottom " coal, and the Dunmore bed have not been found at their northern outcrop, and I have estimated these beds as workable for about one-half of their natural length on line of section. The "Top" and "Bottom" coal-beds are extensively worked in this vicinity. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. N. C. F., mine sheets 19 and 20. N. C. F., cross-section sheets 8 and 9. ]Sr. C. F., columnar section sheet 15. Cross- Section No. I. Average Aver, thick- lono-fv. Name of Bed. thickness ness of coal, ^fy^^^ of bed. 81.8 per cent. ^^ °*'^- Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. Feet. Feet. Grassy Island 9.0 7.36 2,140 New County 3.0 2.45 6,040 Archbald 9.5 1 7.77 11,580 Dunmore beds 2.8 ' 2.28 4,860 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface underlaid by lowest workable bed Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Feet. 15,750 14.798 89',977 11,129 331,654 14,130 9.32 65 Remarks. The Dunmore beds are not worked in vicinity of this section, but have been shafted in one or two places on the north dip. I have estimated that there is a workable bed for about one-third of the sectional length. Grassy Island bed worked at Glenwood shaft. New County bed not worked. Archbald principal bed of district and extensively worked; same bed as the "Top" and "Bottom" coal of Carbondale district. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. N. C. F., mine sheets 17 and 18. N. C. F., cross-section sheets 6, 7, and 8. N. C. F., columnar section sheet 14. Cross-Section No. H. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Small coal . . . Diamond . . . Rock Grassy Island . New County . Clark . . . . Dun more No. 1 Dunmore No. 2 Dunmore No. 3 Feet. 3.0 3.8 5.6 8.8 4.0 7.3 4.0 2.2 2.5 Aver, thick- | ness of coal, 81.8 per cent. Length of bed. Feet. 2.45 3.11 4.58 7.20 3.27 5.97 3.27 1.80 2.05 Feet. 3,050 5,050 10,260 11,600 13,470 14,740 17,130 19,170 20,720 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 7,472 15,705 46,990 83,520 44,047 87,998 56,015 34,506 42,476 418,729 20,300 20.65 Remarks. All the beds shown by this section have been worked at one or more places in the vicinity, excepting the " small coal " and the Rock bed, the thicknesses assigned to these were determined by the shaft and bore-hole records. The Grassy Island bed is the one now most extensively worked. 66 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. X. C. F., mine sheets 15 and 16. X. C. F., cross-section sheets 6, 7, and 8. X. C. F., columnar section sheets 9, 10, 11, and 12. Cross-Section Xo. G. Averaiif Aver, thick- r^^no-th Length of bed. Name of Bed. thickness nessofcoal, 17?°^ ^-'oal 1 foot of bed. ^l.S per cent. ^^ "^"^- thick. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. BrisbinorOlvphantNo.], 8.0 6.54 3,300 21.582 Eichmond or Olyphant | _ - ^^^ ^^^^ ,0,610 iSo. 2 I - ' Coal bed " Church Slope," 3.9 3.20 6.600 21,120 Diamond bed 9.7 7.93 12,420 98.490 Rock bed 6.1 5.00 9,340 46,700 Big bed 11.5 9.40 15,200 142,880 Clark bed 6.5 5.32 18,700 99,484 Danmore Xo. 1 3.5 2.86 21.340 61,032 Dun more Xo. 2 4.0 3.27 22.730 74,327 Diinmore Xo. 3 3.0 2.45 24,630 60,343 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... 646,568 Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed . . . . 24,250 Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 26.66 Eemaeks. All the beds shown by this section have been worked to a greater or less degree in the neighborhood. The Dunmore, Big, and Clark are the principal beds and have been worked most extensively. The Dunmore beds are here at their best, and are mined to a laro^e extent in the neio'hborhood of Dunmore. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. X. C. F., mine sheets 13 and 14. X. C. F., cross-section sheets 6, 7, and 8. X. C. F., columnar section sheets 10, 11, and 12. 67 Cross-Section No. F. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. OlvphantNo.2 . . . . "Church Slope" . . . Diamond Rock Big New County Clark *Dnnmore No. 1 (No. 4) Dunmore No. 2 (No. 5) Feet. 5.3 4.0 9.2 7.0 12.5 8.5 8.5 3.2 4.4 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 81.8 per cent. Feet. 4.34 3.27 7.53 5.73 10.23 6.95 6.95 2.62 3.60 Length of bed. Feet. 3,900 6,350 10,400 11,100 12,050 12,300 14,500 4,410 19,200 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 16,926 20,765 78,312 63,603 123,272 85,485 100,775 11,554 69,120 569,812 19,100 29.83 *It is doubtful if Dunmore No. 1 (No. 4 bed) is workable for more than a portion of its extent (say one-fourth), and I have estimated accordingly. Remarks. All of the beds are worked and several of them exten- sively ; the Dunmore beds are especially well developed on south side of the basin, but have not })een worked on the north. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. N. C. F., mine sheets 11 and 12. N. C. F., cross-section sheets 6, 7, and 8. N. C. F., columnar section sheets 7, 8, 9, and 10. Cross-Section No. E. Name of Bed. Marcy (New County) Clark '. Eed Ash Average thickness of bed. Feet. 7.5 6.0 11.5 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 81.8 per cent. Feet. 6.14 4.90 9.40 Length of bed. Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . Feet. 8,000 12;350 17,200 Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 49,120 60,515 161,680 271,315 17,050 15.91 Remarks. All these beds are worked, but the Clark less than the others. The Red Ash bed is regarded as the equivalent of the Dunmore beds. 68 Reference : — Geological Surve}^ of Pennsylvania. N. C. F., mine sheets 9 and 10. N. C. F., cross-section sheets 6, 7, and 8. N. C. F., columnar section sheets 6, 7, and 8. Cross-Section No. D. Name of Bed Average Aver, thick- tptio^Ii thickness ness of coal, ^^TS^ of bed. 81.8 per cent. oi oea. Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. Feet. Feet. SevenFoot or Checker . . 6.5 5.32 12,530 Pittston 10.6 8.67 16,000 Marcv 7.8 6.38 18,400 Fourth 4.8 3.93 8,000 EedAsh 10.5 8.59 24,240 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . . Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Feet. 66,660 138,720 117,392 31,440 208,222 562,434 23,680 23.75 Remarks. All the beds are worked except the Fourth bed. I have estimated about one-half of its extent to be workable. The Pittston bed, regarded as the equivalent of the Bal- timore bed, is the principal bed of the district, and has been very extensively mined. The buried river valley, with a depth of 50 to 200 feet of wash^ has cut out several of the upper coal-beds. Mining beneath it is very hazardous. References : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. N. C. F., mine sheets 7 and 8. N. C. F., cross- section sheets '2a, 2b, and 2c. N. C. F., columnar section sheets 1, 3, 4, and 5. 69 Cross-Section No. C. Name of Bed. New . . . . Snake Island Abbott . . . Bowkley . . Hillman Lance . . . Cooper . . . Bennett . . . Checker . . Ross . . . . Red Ash . . Feet. 3.7 7.4 5.3 6.4 10.0 5.8 8.9 8.5 5j0 10.0 14.0 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 81.8 per ceut. Feet. 3.03 6.05 4.34 5.24 8.18 4.74 7.28 6.95 4.09 8.18 11.45 Length of bed. Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed • Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . Feet. 810 1,630 2,740 4,200 11,390 11,750 20,120 22,170 16,200 29,480 30,850 Length of bed, i Coal 1 foot I thick. Feet. 2,454 9,862 11,892 22,008 93,170 55,695 146,474 154,082 66,258 241,146 353,233 1,156,274 30,400 38.03 Remarks. The Checker bed is the only one which has not been worked, and I have regarded it as workable for only a part of its probable extent. The Ross and Red Ash beds are in some places found in tw^o splits, and in some instances the splits are worked sep- arately. The Cooper and Bennett beds when found together are called the Baltimore bed. This is the principal bed of the region. The buried river valley, with a depth of 50 to 200 feet of wash, has cut out several of the upper coals. Mining beneath it is very hazardous. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. N. C. F., mine sheets 5 and 6. N. C. F., cross-section sheets 2a, 26, and 2c'. N. C. F., columnar section sheets 1 to 5. 70 Cross-Section No. B. Name of Bed. New or Anble ..... Snake Island Seven Foot, Hutchison . Kidney, Bowkley, Lance Hillinan Lodgement Five Foot, Old Bennett . Lance, Five Foot . . . Cooper ........ Bennett Checker .... Ross Red Ash Average thickness of bed. Feet. 3.7 5.0 5.5 5.3 9.2 4.0 6.5 6.0 8.0 9.5 4.5 9.0 18.0 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 81.8 per cent. Feet. 3.00 4.09 4.50 4.34 7.53 3.27 5.32 4.91 6.54 7.77 3.68 7.36 14.72 Length of bed. Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . Feet. 6,090 6,200 10,000 16,290 17,865 5,000 18,770 9,210 21,200 22,800 10,000 24,300 25,700 jLengthofbed. ' Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 18,270 25,358 45,000 70,699 134,523 16,350 99,856 45,221 138,648 177,156 36,800 178,848 378,304 1,365,033 24,550 55.60 Remarks. The Seven Foot, Snake Island, and New or Auble beds are not worked, but are cut by South Wilkesbarre shaft. The Cooper and Bennett beds are together on the south side of the basin in vicinity of Wilkesbarre, and form the Baltimore bed. The Red Ash bed is frequently in two splits, which are sometimes worked separatel}^ The buried river valley, with a depth of 50 to 200 feet of wash, has cut out several of the upper coals. Mining beneath it is very hazardous. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. K C. F., mine sheets 3 and 4. N. C. F., cross-section sheets 2a, 2b, and 2c. N. C. F., columnar section sheets 1 to 5. 71 Cross-Section No. A. Name of Bed. George Mills HiJlman Slope Lance or Eour Foot . . . Cooper Bennett ........ Twin Ross Buck Mountain (Red Ash), Average thickness of bed. Fert. 4.6 7.0 7.0 4.0 6.5 7.8 5.0 8.0 10.0 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 81.8 per cent. Length of bed. Feet. 3.76 5.73 5.73 3.27 5.32 6.38 4.09 6.55 8.18 Feet. 4,090 4,920 6,610 6,650 9,050 9,910 12,410 14,500 16,000 Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 15,378 28,192 37,875 21,745 48,146 63,226 50,757 94.975 130,880 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . 491,174 14,900 32.97 Remarks. The Mills, Hillman, Bennett, and Buck Mountain are the principal beds. What is here called the Buck Mountain is probably iden- tical with the upper split of the Red Ash. Beference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. N. C. F., mine sheet 2. N. C. F., cross-section sheet 1. N. C. F., columnar section sheet 5. Cross-Section No. 4. Name of Bed. Mills Hillman . . . Cooper Bennett or Forge Twin Rosa Buck Mountain . Average thickness of bed. Feet. 6.6 8.5 6.0 6.5 4.0 12.0 7.5 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 81.8 per cent. Feet. 5.40 6.95 4.90 5.32 3.27 9.82 6.14 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workahle bed Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . Length of bed. Feet. 600 2,550 4,420 5,540 7,140 10,350 10,200 Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feer. 3,240 17,723 21,658 29,473 23,348 101,637 62,628 259,707 8.900 29.18 Remarks. The Buck Mountain, Ross, Forge, and Cooper beds are worked. The Ross is the principal bed. 72 Reference: — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. N. C. F., mine sheet 2. N. C. F., cross-section sheet 1. N. C. F., columnar section sheet 5. Cross-Section No. 3. Name of Bed. Average ! Aver, thick- Tpna+ii thickness nessofcoal ifhS of bed. 81.8 per cent. °^ '^^''• Length of bed Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. } Feet. ! Feet. Forge or Bennett .... 1 5.0 4.09 2,610 Church 1 6.0 4.91 3,170 Ross 6 5 5.32 4,500 Buck Mountain i 9.5 7.77 7,150 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Feet. 10,675 15,565 23,940 55,556 105,736 6.490 16.29 Remarks. The Buck Mountain (Red Ash) is the principal bed in thickness as well as extent, and is quite extensively worked from Dupont drift, and also mined at the Hasselman drift. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. K C. F., mine sheets 23 and 24. Area No. 1. From Northeast End of Coal-Field to Cross-Section No. K. Nauae of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Aver, thick- ness of coal, 81.8 per cent. Surface and bed area in acres. Probable orig- inal contents in tons. Shaft Clifford Feet. 6.71 4.90 Feet. 5.5 4.0 1 . . . . 140.7 1071.4 1,454,838 8,056,928 9,511,766 Probable original contents of area No. Remarks. The basin is quite flat here, and I have regarded the bed area to be the same as the surface area. 73 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. N. C. F., mine sheets 1 and 2. Area No. 14. From Cross-Section No. 3 to Southivest End of Coal-Field. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Aver, thick- ness of coal, 81.8 per cenr, Church Eoss . . Eed Ash Feet. 5.0 6.5 Feet. 4.09 5.32 7.12 Surface area iu acres. 175.00 560.00 937.64 Bed area in acres. 190.00 600.00 1012.65 Probable oridnal contents of area No. 14 Probable orig- inal contents in tons. 1,460,948 6,000,960 13,554,928 21,016,836 Reference : — Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Annual Report 1885, chapter XL, and Map in Atlas to Report. Area No. 15. Bernice Coal Basin, Sullivan County, Pa. The shipments from this basin have, since 1884, been included in the Northern coal-field or Wyoming region tonnage, and for that reason the estimate of the original contents of this area is included with the Northern field. Two coal-beds are found in this basin. The upper bed " B " is mined. " Bed ' A' gives no promise of a workable bed." • The area underlaid by bed B, as shown approximately on the map of the basin contained in Atlas to Annual Report, 1885, is 1950 acres ; the dips are gentle, and bed and sur- face areas may be regarded as the same. The sections of bed B, published in the Annual Report, 1885, would show the coal to vary between 8 and 9 feet in thickness. Taking 8.5 feet as the average for the basin would give 31,161,000 tons as the probable original contents. Probable original contents of area No. 15 . . . 31,101,000 74 Table A which follows shows the estimate of contents for the whole field. The following explanation of the table is now in place : — Explanation of Table A. The field has been divided by the cross-section lines into 14 separate divisions and numbered 1 to 14 from northeast to southwest. (See map.) Column Xo. 1 gives the number assigned to each area. An area is always understood to mean the area of the low^est workable coal-bed between the cross-sections bound- ing it. Column No. 2 gives the letter or number of the cross- sections bounding the areas. Column No. 3 gives the probable average thickness of the coal at each cross-section, imagining the coal to be all contained in one bed having the extent of the lowest work- able bed. The method and data for arriving at these aver- ages are given in detail in the preceding pages. Column No. 4 gives the mean of the probable average thickness of coal at the cross-sections bounding each area, and is taken as the probable average thickness of coal within the included area. Column No. 5 gives the number of acres of the lowest workable coal-bed in each area, measured on the published mine sheets 800^ to V^ of the Pennsylvania Geological Sur- vey. Column No. 6 gives the estimated contents of each area in long tons, and is got by multiplying column No. 4 by column No. 5 by 1880, w^hich is taken as the number of tons per acre per foot in thickness of coal in this field. Several determinations b}^ McCreath, Pennsylvania Geo- logical Report, 1885, page 314, would show the average specific gravity of the Baltimore bed in the vicinity of Wilkes-Barre to be 1.578. This is, perhaps, too high an average for all the beds of the entire field, so, lacking more definite information, I have used 1.55 or 96.6 pounds to the 75 cubic foot, or 1880 tons per acre per foot thickness of coal in the following estimate : — Table A. Estimate of Total Original Contents Northern Coal-Field. 1. •2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Between Probable aver- age thickness of coal at cross- sections. Probable aver- Surface area Probable origi- Area No. cross-sec- j tions. 1 age thickness of lowest workable coal for areas. bed in acres. 1 nal contents in tons. 1 Feet. Feet. ^1. . . 1 K 1,071.4 9,511,766 2 K J 6.38 10.96 i 8.67 5,927.8 96,620,768 3 J I 10.96 9.32 } 10.14 5,822.0 110,985,950 4 I H 9.32 20.65 r 14.98 10,845.5 305,537,256 5 J H G 20.65 26.66 I 23.65 10,180.8 452,658,729 6 G F 26.66 29.83 1 28.25 9,892.1 525,369,431 7 1 ) 1 J 11 F E 29.83 15.91 1 22.87 5.644.8 242,701,562 8 E 15.91 23.75 1 19.83 13,483.5 502,670,273 9 1 J D C 23.75 38.03 f 30.89 13,667.3 793,703,846 10. C B 38.03 55.60 i 46.82 13,429.8 1,182,112,483 11 . B A 55.60 32.97 I 44.28 11,587.7 964,634,309 12 . A 4 32.97 29.18 I 31.08 6,593.9 385,284,214 13 . 1 4 3 29.18 16.29 1 i 22.74 1,717.2 73,412,361 *14 . 8 1,012.6 21,016,836 31,161,000 15 . Bernice b asin. 8.5 1,950.0 Totals 112,826.4 5,697,380,784 * Area Ko. 1 from northeast end of field to cross-section K, and area No. 14 from cross-section 3 to southwest end of field, the contents of each bed has been estimated separately, given in detail pages 72 and 73. Total surface area lowest workable coal-bed, 112,826.-1 acres, or 176.29 square miles. Estimated total original contents Northern coal-field, 5,697,380,784 tons. ESTIMATE OF THE ORIGINAL CONTENTS EASTERN MIDDLE COAL-FIELD. The Eastern Middle field is comprised in some 20 coal basins, usually separated one from the other by anticlinal ridges of Pottsville conglomerate, whose resistance to erosion has preserved these patches of softer coal measures in the synclinal hollows. The total area underlaid by the lowest w^orkable bed in this field is a little less than 33 square miles. In estimating the quantity of coal it was thought best to take the natural divisions made by the principal basins, and to make a separate estimate of the amount of coal in each bed ; this was made easier, as the number of beds are less than in the other fields, and as the outcrops of most of them are given on the mine sheets. But little explanation will be needed of the following tables : — Column No. 1 (see page 77) gives name of bed. Column No. 2 probable average thickness of the beds. These thicknesses have been assigned, after a careful con- sideration of the bed sections and bed thicknesses shown by shaft, tunnel, or bore-hole sections within the basin, in con- nection with the geological structure. Column No. 3 shows the probable average thickness of coal in each bed in this field. It is taken as 77 per cent, of the bed thickness. Column No. 4 shows the surface acreage of each bed usu- ally measured by planimeter on the mine sheets, but a star (^) above the acreage indicates that it has been esti- mated. Column No. 5 gives the probable bed area of each coal-bed. The ratio of surface area to bed area was approximately (76) obtained from the published sections across the basins ; the beds not infrequently pitch 40 or 50 degrees, making the increased area an important factor in the estimate. Column No. 6 gives the probable original contents of each bed, and is obtained by multiplying the bed acres by the average thickness of coal in the bed by the number of tons per foot acre (1960 used in this field). Eight determinations by McCreath, Pennsylvania Geo- logical Survey, Annual Report, 1885, page 314, of coal from the Mammoth and Wharton beds give an average specific gravity of 1.614. As these samples were taken from difi'erent points in the field, it gives perhaps a fair average, so I have used 1.614 or 100.85 pounds to a cubic foot, or 1960 tons per acre to each foot in thickness of coal. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. E. M. C. F., mine sheets 3 and 4. E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 4. E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 4. Area No. 16. Pond Creek and Buck ^fountain Basins. 1. Name of Bed. 2. Average thickness of bed. 3 Average thickness of coal, 77 per cent. 4 1 5. ^arlr 'Bed area acre's, j ^^ -«-««■ 6. Probable origi- nal contents in tons. Wharton Gamma ....... Buck Mountain .... Feet. 6.0 2.5 13.5 Feet. 4.62 1.93 10.39 " ^88 98 -^290 1 325 939 1 1040 887,409 1,229,410 21,189,168 Probable original contents of area No. 16 23,305,987 78 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. E. M. C. F., mine sheets 1 and 5. E. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 1, 2, and 4. E. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 1 and 4. Area Xo. 17. Cross Creek and Woodside Basins. Name of Bed. acres'. | ^^ ^«^^^- Probable origi- nal contents in tons. Mammoth AVharton Gamma Buck Mountain .... Feet. 14 6 4 14 Feet. 10.78 4.62 3.08 10.78 -130 ^ 169 -300 360 -800 960 1600 1760 3,570,767 3,259,872 5.795,328 37,186,688 Probable original contents of area Xo. 17 49,812,655 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. E. M. C. F., mine sheets 1, 2, and 5. E. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 1, 2, and 4. E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 2. Area No. 18. Big Black Creek Basin Name of Bed. Average ttToknIss ' Surface T^^d area Probable origi- 'St.T' ofcoaU Ztl:. ?- acrS malcontents «^ ^^^- per cent. , ^^^^^- m tons. Mammoth Wharton and Gamma Buck Mountain . . . Feet. 27.0 3.5 15.0 Feet. 20.79 2.70 11.55 910 1370 3236 1037 1561 1830 42,256,090 8,260,812 41,427,540 Probable original contents of area Xo. 18 91,944,442 The Wharton bed is only worked near west end of basin. I estimate that, including with it the Gamma bed sometimes of a workable thickness, that a thickness of 3.5 feet might be counted upon for whole area underlaid by the Wharton. The Buck Mountain is perhaps not a workable bed in the western half of the basin, so I have estimated on about one-half of its total area, giving it a liberal thickness of 15 feet. 79 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. E. M. C. F., mine sheets 1 and 2. E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 2. E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 1. Area No. 19. Little Black Creek Basin. Name of Bed. Avpracrp ' Average +M? „£. 1 thickness ^f^^^i- percent. Mammoth . . Buck Mountain Feet. 40 Q Feet. 30.80 2.31 Surface areas, acres. 2.80 9.66 Bed area in acres. 364 1256 Probable original contents of area No. 19 Probable origi- nal contents in tons. 21,973,952 5,686,665 27,660,617 Diamond drill borings show two or three small and ir- regular beds below the Mammoth ; these are -not positively identified. I have estimated that the combined thickness below the Mammoth equivalent to a 3-foot bed with the area given the Buck Mountain bed on the mine sheets. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. E. M. C. F., mine sheet 11. E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 6. E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 6. Area No. 20. {East) Black Creek and Stony Creek Basins. >'ame of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Average thickness of coal, 77 per cent. Surface area, acres. Bed area in acres. Probable orig- inal contents in tons. Mammoth Wharton Buck Mountain .... Buck Mountain (Stony Creek Basin) .... Feet. 12 8 3 ? Feet. 9.24 6.16 2.31 ? 172 279 482 90? 198 320 554 3,585,859 3,863,552 2,508,290 Probable original contents of area No. 20 9,957,701 No coal-beds have been opened in the Stony Creek basin. Some 90 acres are shown on the mine sheets as possibly underlaid by the Buck Mountain bed. No estimate of quantity for this area is made. 80 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. E. M. C. F.,mine sheets 11, 13, and 14a. E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 6. E. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 6 and 7. Area No. 21. {West) Black Creek Basin. Isame of Bed. Average thickness of bed. t^fn^Ss! Surface of coal, 771 ^'^^; percent. ^''^^^• ■Rpfl area Probable orig- !Mammoth Wharton Gamma. Buck Mountain .... Feet. 9.0 7.5 2.5 7.0 Feet. ! 6.93 j 86 5.77 294 1.93 350 5.39 1061 95 412 472 1379 1,290,366 4,659,390 1,785,481 14,568,307 Probable original contents of area No. 21 { 22,303,544 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. E. M. C. F., mine sheets 13, 14, and 14a. E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 6. E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 7. Area No. 22. Roberts^ Run and McCauley Basins. AvpraaP ' Average "^ "^^- per cent. Surface area, acres. Bed area in acres. Probable orig- inal contents in tons. 1 Feet. Mammoth 11.0 Wharton 4.5 Gamma 2.5 Buck Mountain .... 11.5 Feet. 8.47 3.46 1.93 8.85 109 130 *215 323 153 182 312 458 2,539,983 1,234,251 1,180,233 7,944,468 Probable original contents of area No. 22 12,898,935 81 Refer emce : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. E. M. C. F.,mine sheets 1, 2, 5, and 11. E. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 1, 3, 4, and 5. E. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 3 and 6. Area No. 23. Hazleton Basin. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Average thickness of coal, 77 per cent. Surface area, acres. Bed area iu acres. Probable orig- inal contents in tons. Primrose Mammoth fParlor \ Wharton J Gamma Back Mountain .... Feet. 5.0 25.0 7.9 2.5 2.5 Feet. 3.85 19.25 5.39 1.93 1.93 *617 1830 3925 *3700 4948 728 2159 3925 4070 5789 5,493,488 81,459,070 41,465,270 15,395,996 21,898,629 Probable original contents of area No. 23 165,712,453 t Parlor bed, only a small area of workable thickness, and is included with the Wharton b»jd in the estimate. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. E. M. C. F., mine sheets 7, 8, and 10. E. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 4 and 5. E. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 4, 5, and 6. Area No. 24. Beaver Meadow and Dreck Creek Basins. Name of Bed. Averao-p I Average ,t7^^^11 thickness thickness I ^„^„i ^-, of bed. of coal, |7 per cent. Surface area, acres. Bed area in acres. Probable orig- ioal contents in tons. Mammoth . . Wharton . . . Gamma . . . Buck Mountain Buck Mountain Alpha bed . . Feet. 28 8 5 3 Feet. 21.56 6.16 3.85 2.31 3 2.31 1337 2273 ^3379 4270 1200 *200 1738 2841 4122 5124 240 Probable original contents of area No. 24 73,443,708 34,301,097 31,104,612 23,199,422 9 1,086,624 163,135,463 The probable area of Buck Mountain bed, in the Dreck Creek basin (1200 acres), is shown in table, but no beds in 82 this basin have yet been found of a workable thickness and quality. The Alpha bed is worked in the neighborhood of Beaver Brook. The estimate of the area workable is necessarily a rough approximation. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. E. M. C. F., mine sheets lo/ll, 12, and 13. E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 5. E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 5. Area No. 25. Green Mountain Basins Nos. 1 to 5. Name of Bed. Average j thiSS ' Surface j, , : Probable orig- tMckness I ^^''^^f^ area, f,!™ '°«^ contemn of bed oicoai, //. ^^^^c m acres. "^ "^^- percent. acres. in tons. Wharton . . . Gamma . . . Buck Mountain Feet. 4.0 5.0 9.5 Feet. 3.08 3.85 7.32 *88 *236 900 103 284 1184 621,790 2,143,064 16.987,084 Probable original contents of area No. 25 19,751,938 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. E. M. C. F., mine sheets 8a and 9. Area Xo. 2G. Silver Brook Basins. Name of Bed- Average thickness of bed. Average thickness of coal, 77 per cent. acres'. ^^ -^^'^^■ Probable origi- nal contents in tons. Mammoth Skidmore Buck Mountain .... Probable original contei Feet. 20.0+ 5.0 6.5 its of are Feet. 15.40 3.85 5.00 a No. 26 *37 48 ^400 480 930 ! 1116 1,448,832 3,622,080 10,936,800 16,007,712 83 The estimate of all the basins brought forward in table B shows the total area and contents of the field. Table B. Estimate of Total Original Contents Eastern Middle Coal-Field. Area No. Name of Basin. Surface area lowest workable bed in acres. Probable orig- inal contents in tons. 16 • 19 Pond Creek and Buck Mountain . . . Cross Creek and Woodside Big Black Creek Little Black Creek ......... 939 1,600 3,236 966 572 1,061 323 4,948 5,470 900 930 23,305,987 49,812,655 91,944,442 27,660,617 9,957,701 22,303,544 20 21 (East) Black Creek and Stonv Creek . (West) Black Creek ...."..... - 22 23 24 25 26 Roberts' Run and McCauley Hazleton Beaver Meadow and l)reck Creek . . Green Mountain, Nos. 1 to 5 Silver Brook Basins . . . 12,898,935 165,712,453 163,135,463 19,751,938 16,007,712 Totals 20,945 602,491,447 Total surface area lowest workable coal-bed, 20,945 acres, or 32.72 square miles. Estimated total original contents Eastern Middle coal- field, 602,491,447 tons. 84 ESTIMATE OF THE ORIGINAL CONTENTS OF THE WESTERN MIDDLE COAL-FIELD. The Western Middle field is some 37 miles long with a maximum width of about 5 miles, and contains about 94 square miles underlaid by the lowest workable coal-bed. It is one continuous field, with the floor much corrugated by anticlinal and synclinal rolls. The beds are found at all angles from flat to a few^ areas with overturned dips. Speaking generally of the field, the dip may be said to aver- age 30 to 40 degrees, and the bed areas show a very appre- ciable increase over the surface areas. As before stated, in the eastern half of the field areas 27 to 30 (see pages 91-94) I have estimated the contents of each bed separately, as the bed areas had alread}'^ been computed by the Geological Survey and kindly placed at my disposal by Professor Lesley. The western half of the field comprised on mine sheets 5 to 8 and 5a to la has been estimated from the cross-sec- tions. In discussing these cross-sections, commencing with the most eastern on mine sheet 5, section No. 12, the dis- cussion of cross-section K, Northern field (page 62), applies equally in this field, except that column c is obtained by taking 77 per cent, of the bed thickness. Eleven hundred and forty-four bed sections, well dis- tributed throughout the field, eliminating all refuse, in- cluding bony coal in the refuse, give an average for the field 77 per cent, coal, 23 per cent, refuse. The beds of the Lykens Valley group are important in the western part of the field, but grow thinner to the east. Just where the Lykens Valley ceases to be a workable bed is not determined. It is quite possible that future explora- tions may develop workable areas of the coal to the extreme eastern end of the field. I have first taken it into account in this estimate on mine sheet 3, giving it there an average thickness of 2.5 feet. 85 Reference: — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. W. M. C. F., mine sheets 5 and 5a. W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 5, 6, and 7. W. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 2 and 3. Cross-Section No. 12. Name of Bed. Tracy, No. XVI Little Diamond, No. XY. . Diamond, No. XIV. . . . Big Orchard, No. XII. . . Primrose, No. XI Holmes, No. X. Mammoth, Nos. VIII. and IX. Skidmore, No. VII Seven Foot, No. VI. ... Buck Mountain, No. V. . . , Lykens Valley, No. II. . . ' Lykens Valley, No. I. . . , Average thickness of bed. Feet. 5.0 2.5 6.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 18.0 4.0 ? 6.0 6.0 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 77 per cent. Feet. 3.85 1.93 4.62 4.62 5.39 4.62 13.86 3.08 ? 4.62 4.62 Feet. 700 1,450 2,000 3,100 5,650 9,250 17,100 18,200 19,800 22,200 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . . Surface length underlaid by lowest workable coal-bed (Ly- kens Valley) Probable average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . dc. Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 2,695 2,799 9,240 14,322 30,454 42,735 237,006 56,056 '9i,476 102,5^4 589,347 17,600 33.49 il S6 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. W. M. C. F., mine sheets 5 and 5a. W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 5, 6, and 7. W. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 2. Cross-Section No. 13. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Feet. 6 6 6 Orchard, No. XII. . . . Primrose, No. XT. . . . Holmes, No. X Mammoth Top split, No. IX., | 8 Mammoth Bot. split, No.YlII.,' 7 Skid more, No. YII 4 Seven Foot, No. A^I 3 Buck Mountain, No. X. . . . 6 Lykens Valley, No. II. . Lykens Valley, No. I. . Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... Surface underlaid bv lowest workable coal-bed (Lykens Valley) ' Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . Aver, thick- ness of coal, 77 per cent. Feet. 4.62 4.62 4.62 6.16 5.39 3.08 2.31 4.62 4.62 Length of bed. Feet. 1,050 5,800 12,600 15,800 16,235 20,650 3,600 24,425 26,775 Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 4,851 26,796 58,212 97,328 87,507 63,602 8,316 112,844 123,701 583,157 24,000 24.29 87 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. "W. M. C. F., mine sheets 6 and Qa. W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 5, 6, and 7. W. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 1 and 2. Cross-Section No. 14. Name of Bed. Little Orchard, No. XIII. . . Orchard, No. XII Primrose, No. XI Holmes, No. X Mammoth Top split, No. IX., Mammoth Bot. split, No. VIII. Skidmore, No. YII Seven Foot, No. VI Buck Mountain, No. V. . Lykens Valley, No. II. • ■ \ Lykens Valley, No. I. . . . j Average thickness of bed. Feet. 6.0 4.0 6.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 2.5 2.5 6.0 6.0 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 77 per cent. Feet. 4.62 3.08 4.62 3.08 4.62 6.16 1.93 1.93 4.62 4.62 Length of bed. Feet. 1,800 3,200 3,825 8,500 13,215 15,735 14,300 20,100 22,500 26.940 Totol coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface lensth underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens Valley) Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 8,316 9,856 17,672 26,180 61,053 96,928 27,599 38,793 103,950 124,463 514,810 24,000 21.45 88 Reference : — Geological Surve}^ of Pennsylvania. W. M. C. F., mine sheets 6 and 6a. W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 5 and 6. W. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 1 and 2. Cross-Section No. 15. Name of Bed Average Aver, thick- j^ ^^ tliickness I nessofcoal, ] - *- of bed. 77 per cent, i of bed. Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Tracy, No. XVI Little Diamond, No. XY. . . Diamond, No. XIV Little Orchard, No. XIII. . . Orchard, No. XII Primrose, No. XI Holmes, No.X Mammoth Top split. No. IX., Mammoth Bot. split,No.VIII. Skidmore, No. VII Seven Foot, No. VI Buck Mountain, No. V. . . . Lykens Valley, No. II. . Lykens Valley, No. I. . . Feet. 4.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 3.0 2.5 5.0 6.0 Feet. 3.08 3.85 4.62 3.85 3.85 5.39 5.39 5.39 6.16 2.31 1.93 3.85 4.62 Feet. 1,100 2,100 3,050 4,130 5.200 8,936 11,320 17,120 17.320 17,400 17,450 17,785 Feet. 3,388 8.085 14,091 15,901 20,020 48,160 61,015 92,277 106,691 40,194 33,679 68,472 21,550 , 99,561 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens Valley) Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 611,534 16,200 37.75 89 Reference :■ Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 7 and 8. W. M. C. F., mine sheets 7 and 7a. W. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 1. Ckoss-Section No. 16. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Tracy, No. XVI Little Diamond, No. XV. . . Diamond, No. XIV Little Orchard, No. XIII. . . Orchard, No. XII Primrose, No. XI Holmes, No. X Mammoth Top split. No. IX. Mammoth Bot. split,No.VIII. Skidmore, No. VII Seven Foot, No. VI Buck Mountain, No. V. . . . Lykens Valley, No. II, . , \ Ly kens Valley, No, 1. . . , / Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens Valley) Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Feet, 4.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 3.0 2.0 5.5 6.0 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 77 per cent. Feet. 3.08 3.85 4.62 3.85 3.85 4.62 5.39 6.16 6.16 2.31 1.93 3.85 4,62 Length of bed. Feet, 1,225 2,070 3,630 4,720 5,580 9,125 11,100 13,900 14,335 15,000 15,100 15,670 16,315 Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 3,773 7,970 16,771 18,172 21,483 42,158 59,829 85,624 88,304 34,650 29,143 60,330 75,375 543,502 14.500 37.49 i 90 Reference :• Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. W. M. C. F., mine sheets 7 and 7a. W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 7 and 8. W. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 1. Cross-Section No. 17. Name of Bed , Average thickness of bed. Diamond, Xo. XIV. . . Little Orchard, No. XIII Orchard, No. XII. . . , Primrose, No. XI. . . , Holmes, No. X Mammoth Top split, No. IX. Mammoth Bot. split,No.VIII Skidmore, No. VII. . . Seven Foot, No. VI. . Back Mountain, No. V. Lykens Valley, No. II. Lykens Valley, No. I. }i Feet. 3 3 5 5 8 9 12 3 3 6 Feet, 2.31 2.31 3.85 3.85 6.13 6.93 9.24 2.31 2.31 4.62 Feet. 1,325 4,300 5,150 8,000 9,550 10,200 10,300 10,650 11,550 13,140 6.16 ! 14,000 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens Valley) Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 3,061 9,933 19,828 30,800 58,828 70,686 95,172 24.602 26,681 60,707 86,240 486,538 12,200 39.88 91 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. W. M. C. F., mine sheet 8. W. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 8. W. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 1. Cross-Section No. 18. Name of Bed. Primrose, No. XI Holmes, No. X Mammoth Top split, No. IX. Mammoth Bot. split, No. VIII. Skidmore, No. VII Seven Foot, No. VI Buck Mountain, No. V. . . . Lykens Valley, No. II. . . Lykens Valley, No. I Average thickness of bed. Feet. 3.0 2.5 12.0 12.0 3.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 77 per cent. Feet. 2.31 1.93 9.24 9.24 2.31 3.85 4.62 5.39 4.62 Length of bed. Feet. 610 2,230 3,345 3,685 4,570 5,310 6,100 7,040 7,500 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . . Surface length underlaid by lowest workable coal-bed (Ly- kens Valley) . . . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface ....... Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 1,409 4,304 30,908 34,049 10,557 20,444 28,182 37,946 34,650 202,449 6,100 33.19 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. W. M. C. F., mine sheet 1. W. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 1. W. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 7. Area No. 27. Mine Sheet No. 1 and Extreme Eastern End of Basin. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Primrose , - Feet. 10 10 10 4 6 6 6 13 ? Holmes Mammoth Top . . Mammoth Middle . Mammoth Bottom Skidmore , Seven Foot .... Buck Mountain . . Lykens Valley . . • Average thickness of coal, 77 per cent. Feet. 7.70 7.70 7.70 3.08 4.62 4.62 4.62 10.01 ? Probable original contents of area No. 27 Surface area in acres. 2.9 305.9 809.0 879.5 1,309.1 1,724.1 2,195.6 3,121.3 5,591.3 Bed area in acres. 3.68 378.40 981.21 1,085.53 1,582.00 2,082.07 2,627.80 3,638.50 6,393.90 Probable origi- nal contents in tons. 55,539 5,710,813 14,808.421 6,553,127 14,325,326 18,853,560 23,795,255 71,385,915 155,487,956 92 Reference Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. W. M. C. F., mine sheets 2 and 2a. W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 1 and 2. W. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 6 and 7. Area No. 28. Mine Sheet No. 2 and .^a. Name of Bed. Ajerage t^Xe^s nf & of coal, 77 «f^^ thick. Feet. 8,640 23,400 15,336 22,176 66,528 129,600 39,096 52.992 55.872 60,480 39,600 513,720 7,000 73 39 99 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheet 4. S. C. F., cross-section sheet 4. S. C. F., columnar section sheet 4. Cross-Section No. 13. Name of Bed. Little Tracv Tracy . . I Diamond ...... Orchard Primrose Holmes Mam m oth To p s pi i t . . Mammoth Middle split Mnmmoth Bottom split Skidmore Buck Mountain . . . . Lykens Valley . . . . Average thickness of bed. Feet. 2.5 3.5 4.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 18.0 6.0 4.0 8.0 ? Aver, thick- ness of coal, 72 percent. Feet. 1.80 2.52 2.88 4.32 4.32 5.76 12.96 4.32 2.88 5.76 ? Length of bed. Feet. 600 1,350 2,180 3,650 5,450 6,250 7,120 7,280 7,400 8,100 j Length of bed. i Coal 1 foot ! thick. Feet. 1,080 3,402 6,278 15,768 23,544 36,000 92,275 31,450 21,312 46,656 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed . . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface .... 277,765 5,880 47.23 RExMARKS. The beds above the Orchard bed have not been worked in this vicinity, but are cut in the Reevesdale tunnel. On the north side of the section the Mammoth bed is found (and in places worked) in three splits, while to the south along Sharp Mountain but two splits are recognized. 100 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheets 4 and 5. S. C. F., cross-section sheet 4. S. C. F., columnar section sheet 4. Cross-Section No. 14. Name of Bed. Little Diamond . . . . Diamond Orchard . . Primrose Holmes Mammoth Top split . . Mammoth Bottom split Skidmore Buck Mountain . . . . Ly kens Valley . . . . Average thickness of bed. Feet. 3 Aver. Thick- ness of coal, 72 per cent. Length of bed. Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . Length of bed. ; Coal 1 foot j thick. Feet. 3,024 15,552 26,964 38.808 45,158 46,829 48,960 25,200 52,704 303,199 7,500 40.43 101 Reference :— Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F,, mine sheets 5 and 9. S. C. F., cross-section sheets 5, 6, and 7. h). C. F., columnar section sheets 4 and 11. Cross-Section No. 15. Name of Bed. Sandrock Lewis Palmer Charles Pott Clarkson Little Diamond . . . . Diamond Orchard Primrose Holmes Seven Foot Mammoth Top split . . Mammoth Bottom split Skidmore Buck Mountain . . Lykens Valley . . . . Average thickness of bed. Feet. 2.5 4.0 2.5 2.5 4.0 2.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 3.5 11.0 10.0 6.0 8.0 ? Aver, thick- ness of coal, 72 per cent. Feet. 1.80 2.88 1.80 1.80 2.88 1.44 4.32 2.88 3.60 2.88 2.52 7.92 7.20 4.32 5.76 ? Length of bed. Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface , . . Feet. 2,480 4,250 4,750 5,400 7,100 9,650 11,350 12,400 12,600 12,900 ^4,700 15,600 16,600 17,450 18,350 Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 4,464 12,240 8,550 9,720 20,448 13,896 49,032 35,712 45,360 37,152 37,044 123,552 119,520 75,384 105,696 697,770 14,400 48.45 Remarks. The published section No. 15 extends only south to the most northern outcrop of the Palmer bed. I have, how- ever, constructed this section all the way across the field to the red shale outcrop on the south flank of Sharp Mountain, and the bed lengths given above are measured on this ex- tended section. 102 Reference: — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheets 6 and 10. S. C. F., cross-section sheets 5, 6, 7, and 8. S. C. F., columnar section sheets 5 and 11. Cross-Section No. 16. Name of Bed. Average Aver, thick- thickness i nessofcoal, of had. i 72 pei' ceut. Length of bed. Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Sandrock Lewis Palmer Charles Pott . . . . . Clarkson Little Diamond . . . . Diamond Little Orchard •Orchard Primrose Hohiies Mammoth Top split . . Mammoth Middle split Mammoth Bottom split Skidmore Buck Mountain . . . . Lykens AMley . . . . Feet. 3.(1 4.5 3.0 3.5 5.0 2.0 6.0 o 3.5 7.0 4.0 8.0 11.0 11.0 7.0 8.0 ? Feet. 2.16 3.24 2.16 2.52 3.60 1.44 4.32 9 2.52 5.04 2.88 5.76 7.92 7.92 5.04 5.76 ? Feet. 4,000 5,400 7,750 8,300 9,350 10,750 11,050 11,800 13,500 14,850 16,250 17,250 18,100 18,400 18,800 21,800 30,900 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface ... Feet. 8,640 17,496 16,740 20,916 33,660 15,480 47,736 34,020 74,844 46,800 99,360 143,352 145,728 94,752 125,568 925,092 17,000 54.41 103 Beference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheets 7, 10, 11, and l4a. S. C. F., cross- section sheets 5, 6, 7 and, 8. S. C. F., columnar section sheets 5 and 9. Cross-Section No. 17. Name of Bed. Salem Sandrock . . . Lewis ... Yard Little Tracy . . Tracy Little Clinton . Clinton .... Little Diamond Diamond . . . Little Orchard . Orchard . . . Primrose . . . Holmes .... Seven Foot . . Average ' Aver, tliick- thickness ness of coal, of bed. 72 per cent. Mammoth Middle split \ Mammoth Bottom split j Skidmore Buck Mountain Lykens Valley ...... Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness , Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed . . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . . Feet. 3.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 3.0 4.5 2.0 3.0 2.5 7.0 3.0 6.0 8.0 4.5 10.0 18.0 4.5 6.0 ? Feet. 2.16 2.16 3.96 2.16 2.16 3.24 1.44 2.16 1.80 5.04 2.16 4.32 5.76 3.24 7.20 12.96 3.24 4.32 9 Length of bed. Feet. 2,100 5,200 8,300 10,500 11,850 12,900 8,200 9,000 17,550 18,050 18,750 18,800 20,000 21,000 22,150 24,400 27,700 28,600 34,000 Length of bed . Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 4,536 11,232 32,868 22,680 25,596 41,796 11,808 19,440 31,590 90,972 40,500 81,216 115,200 68,040 159,480 316.224 89,748 123,552 1,286,478 21,800 59.01 Remarks. All the above beds have been opened along or in the neighborhood of this section. ()4 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheets 7, 11, and 14. S. C. F., cross-section sheets 9, 10, 11, and 12. S. C. F., columnar section sheets 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11. Cross-Section No. IS. Xarne of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Aver, thick- ness of coal, 72 per cent. Length of bed. Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. Feet. Brewery 2.5 1.80 Salem .' 6.0 4.32 Faust 4.0 2.88 Tunnel 5.0 3.60 Peach Mountain .... 6.0 4.32 Yard 5.0 3.60 Little Tracv 3.0 2.16 Tracy . . .' 4.5 3.24 Little Diamond 2.5 1.80 Diamond 6.0 4.32 Little Orchard 3.0 2.16 Orchard 5.0 3.60 Primrose • . 7.0 5.04 Holmes 4.0 2.88 Seven Foot 10.0 7.20 Mammoth 18.0 12.96 Skidmore 4.0 2.88 Buck Mountain 4.0 2.88 Lykens Valley ? ? Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface underlaid by Buck Mountain bed Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . Feet. Feet. 1,540 2,772 6,700 28,944 9,000 25,920 13,400 48,240 16,900 73,008 18,900 68,040 19,300 41,688 19,800 64,152 18,700 33,660 18,950 81,864 20,350 43,956 20,500 73,800 21,750 109.620 24,000 69,120 25,250 181,800 26,700 346,032 27.700 79,776 29,000 83,520 41.200 1,455,912 22,300 65.29 105 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheets 7, 8, 11, and 14. S. C. F., cross-section sheets 9, 10, 11, and 12. S. C. F., columnar section sheets 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11. Cross- Section No. 19. Name of Bed. Average" Aver, t hick- thickness ■ ness of coal, of bed. 72 per cent. T^,^„fv, Length of bed. ofTed Colli foot Feet. Feet. Feet. Salem 3.0 2.18 7,900 Rabbit Hole 2.5 1.80 9,800 Tunnel 5.0 3.60 15,300 Peach Mountain ..... 7.0 5.04 17,900 Little Tracv 3.0 2.16 20,000 Tracy ..." 4.5 3.24 ; 21,100 Little Diamond 3.0 2.16 21,900 Diamond 7-0 5.04 22,200 Little Orchard 2.5 1.80 i 22,500 Orchard 6.0 4.32 ! 22,800 Primrose 10.0 7.20 23,000 Holmes 6.0 4.32 j 25,300 Mammoth Top split . . . 10.0 7.20 | 27,000 Mammoth Middle split . 4.0 2.88 27,500 Mammoth Bottom split . 12.0 8.64 | 30,100 Skidmore 6.0 4.32 \ 31,900 Buck Mountain 4.0 ' 2.88 J 33,940 Upper Lvkens Vallev . . ? ? i . . . . Lower Lykens Valley . . ? i ? i 41,400 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . Surface length underlaid^by Buck Mountain bed Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Feet. 17,064 17,640 55,080 90,216 43,200 68,364 47,304 111,888 40,500 98,496 165,600 109,296 194,400 79,200 260,064 137,808 97,747 1 1,633,867 I 24,800 65.88 106 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheets 8, 12, and 15. S. G. F., cross-section sheets 9, 10, 11, and 12. S. G. F., columnar section sheets 6, 9, and 10. Ceoss-Section No. 20. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Aver, thick- ness of coal, 72 per cent. I Feet. Feet. Feet. Salem I 3.0 2.16 6,700 Tunnel I 4.0 2.88 12,300 Peach Mountain or Black ! Mine ' 5.0 3.60 14,900 Little Tracy • . | 3.0 2.16 16,400 Tracv ; 4.5 3.24 16,800 Little Diamond | 2.5 ; 1.80 18.100 Diamond { 7.0 ' 5.04 19.900 Little Orchard { 2.5 1.80 21,000 Orchard j 4.0 2.88 21,600 Primrose 10.0 7.20 22.080 Holmes 8.0 5.76 24,200 Mammoth Top split . . . 11.0 7.92 25.730 Mammoth Middle split . 4.0 2.88 27,100 Mammoth Bottom split . 8.0 5.76 30,800 Skid more 6.0 4.32 I 32,300 Buck -Mountain 4.0 2.88 36,000 Lykens Valley beds ... 4.0 2.88 42,300 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . , Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed Average thickness of coal per foot of Buck Mountain surface Surface length underlaid by Lykens Valley bed Average thickness of coal per foot Lykens Valley surface Feet. 14,472 35,424 53,640 35,424 54,432 32,580 100,296 37.800 62,208 158.976 139,392 203,782 78,048 177.408 139,536 103,680 121,824 1,548,922 26,900 57.54 33,250 46.58 107 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F.J mine sheets 8a, 12, 13, and 15. S. C. F., cross-section sheets 13, 14, 15, and 16. S. C. F., columnar section sheets 8, 9, and 10. Cross-Section No. 21. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Aver, thick- ness of coal, 72 per cent. Length of bed. Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Salem Feet. 2.5 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 2.5 5.0 2.5 4.0 10.0 8.0 50 Feet. 1.80 2.88 3.60 2.88 2.88 1.80 3.60 1.80 2.88 7.20 5.76 Feet. 6,300 9,800 16,700 18,100 17,800 17,900 18,500 19,000 19,500 20,100 22,800 21,600 24,700 25,000 25,900 34,600 42,000 Feet. 11,340 Tunnel Peach Mountain .... Little Tracy Tracy Little Diamond Diamond Little Orchard Orchard Primrose Black Heath Rough . . 28,224 60,120 52,128 51,264 32,220 66,600 34,200 56,160 144,720 131,328 77,760' 177,840 180,000 55,944 149,472 241,920 Mammoth Top split . . . Mammoth Bottom split . Skidmore Buck Mountain Lykens Valley beds . . . 10.0 7.20 10.0 ! 7.20 3.0 ! 2.16 6.0 i 4.32 8.0 5.76 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lvkens Valley) \ . . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 1,551,240 32,600 47.58 108 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheets 8a, 13, and 16. S. C. F., cross-section sheets 13, 14, and 15. S. C. F., columnar section sheets 10 and 11. Cross-Section No. 22. Name of Bed. Average I Aver, thick - thickness ness of coal, of bed. 72 per cent. Feet. Salem i 2.5 Tunnel I 4.0 Peach Mountain j 6.0 Little Tracy .... . | 4.0 Tracy j 4.0 Little Diamond ..... | 2.5 Diamond 5.0 Orchard 4.0 Primrose •. . 8.0 Black Heath 8.0 Mammoth Top and Bottom 16.0 Skidmore 3.0 Buck Mountain' 9.0 Lykens Valley No. 1 . . . 2.0 Lykens A^alley No. 2 . . . 2.0 Lvkens Valley No. 3 . . . 2.0 Lykens Valley No. 4 . . . j 2.0 LykensValleyNos. 5and6, ! 3.0 Length of bed. I jLengthofbed. ' Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 1.80 2.88 4.32 2.88 2.88 1.80 3.60 2.88 5.76 5.76 11.52 2.16 6.48 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 2.16 Feet. 4,600 8,000 10,400 13,800 15,300 8,100 17,500 17,700 17,900 18,200 20,000 19,700 23,300 24,900 30,200 30,800 31,800 32,500 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens Valley) ^ ' . . . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Feet. 8,280 23,040 44,928 39,744 44,064 14,580 63,000 50,976 103,104 104,832 230,400 42,552 150,984 35,856 43,488 44,352 45,792 70,200 1,160,172 24.000 48.34 109 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheets Sa, 13, and 16. S. C. F., cross-section sheets 16, 17, and 18. S. C. F., columnar section sheets 10 and 11. Ckoss-Section No. 23. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Feet. Feet. Feet. Salem 2.5 1.80 2,400 Tunnel 3.0 2.16 3,200 Peach Mountain 6.0 4.32 9,000 Little Tracy 4.0 2.88 i 11,800 Tracy 4.0 2.88 i 14,000 Little Diamond 2.5 1.80 16,000 Diamond 5.0 3.60 18,700 Orchard 4.0 2.88 18,100 Primrose 8.0 5.76 18,200 Black Heath I 8.0 5.76 18,400 Four Foot ; 4.0 2.88 18,900 Mammoth Top and Bot- j tom splits 18.0 12.96 19,300 Skidmore 4.0 2.88 ! 19,600 Buck Mountain .... 8.0 5.76 I 20,000 Lvkens Valley No. 1 . . . 2.5 1.80 I 20,400 Lykens Valley No. 2 . . . 3.0 2.16 i 23,900 Lykens Valley No. 3 . . . 2.5 1.80 i 24,600 Lvkens Valley No. 4 . . .1 2.5 1 .80 I 26,700 Lykens Valley No. 5 . . . ! 3.0 2.16 I 28,100 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . . Surface length underlaid by lowe.st workable bed (Lykens Valley) Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Aver, thick- ness of coal, 72 per cent. Length of bed. Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 4,320 6,912 38,880 33,984 40,320 28,800 67,320 52,128 104,832 105,984 54,432 250,128 56,448 115.200 36,720 51,624 44,280 48,060 60,696 1,201,068 18.900 63.55 110 Reference : Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheets 17 and 21. S. C. F., cross section sheets 16, 17, and 18. S. C. F., columnar section sheets 7, 10, and 11. Cross-Section No. 24. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Aver, thick- ness of coal, 72 per cent. Length of bed. Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. i Feet. Feet. Little Diamond 6 | 4.32 1,350 Diamond ........ 4 2.88 2,300 Little Orchard 4 2.88 3,950 Orchard 6 i 4.32 9,500 Primrose 8 i 5.76 11,500 Black Heath 8 5.76 12,800 Four Foot 4 2.88 6,720 Mammoth Top and Bot- tom splits IS 12.96 16,300 Skidmore 4 2.88 ! 17,200 Buck Mountain 4 ; 2.88 18,200 Lykens Valley No. 1 . . . 4 2.88 20,600 Lykens Valley No. 2 . . . 4 2.88 i 23,600 Lykens Valley No. 3 . . . 3 2.16 J 13,900 Lykens A^alley No. 4 . . . 2 i 1.44 ! 25,800 LykensValley Nos. 5 and 6, 3 \ 2.16 27,600 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens Valley) Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Feet. 5,832 6,624 11,376 41,040 66,240 73,728 19,354 211,248 49,536 52,416 59,328 67,968 30,024 37,152 59,616 791,482 19,350 40.90 Ill Reference :- Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheet 17. S. C. F., cross-section sheet 19. S. C. F., columnar section sheets 10 and 11. Cross-Section No. 25. Name of Bed. Coal Coal Coal Orchard Primrose Black Heath Four Foot . Mammoth Top split . . . Mammoth Bottom split - Skidmore Buck Mountain Lykens Valley No. 1 . . . LykensValley Nos. 2 and 3, Lykens Valley No. 4 . . . Lykens ValleyNos. 5 and 6, Average thickness of bed. Feet. 6.0 4.0 3.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 4.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 Aver, thick- ness of coal, 72 per cent Feet. 4.32 2.88 2.16 4.32 5.04 5.76 2.88 7.20 3.60 3.60 2.16 2.16 2.16 1.80 2.16 Feet. 1,200 2,100 3,400 4,400 6,200 7,100 8,100 8,200 8,300 8,600 9,100 9,900 11,000 11,600 12,000 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens Valley) _ Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Feet. 5,184 6,048 7,344 19,008 31,248 40,896 23,328 59,040 29,880 30,960 19,656 21,384 23,760 20,880 25,920 364,536 9,000 40.50 112 Reference Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheet 18. S. C. F., cross-section sheet 19. S. C. F., columnar section sheets 10 and 11, Cross-Section No. 26. \ Name of Bed. Averaze Aver, thick- thickness ! nessof coal, of bed. ] 72 per cent. Feet. Diamond 8.0 Little Orchard 2.5 Orchard 6.0 Primrose 6.0 Holmes 8.0 Four Foot 4.0 Mammoth Top split ... 4.0 Mammoth Bottom split . 6.0 Skidmore 2.0 Buck Mountain 6.0 Lvkens Valley No. 1 . . . 2.0 Lvkens Valley Nos. 2 and 3,| 4.0 Lykens Valley No.4 . . . 3.0 Ly kens Valley Nos. 5 and 6,1 10.0 Feet. 5.76 1.80 4.32 4.32 5.76 2.88 2.88 4.32 ].44 4.32 1.44 2.88 2.16 7.20 Length of bed. Feet. 700 1,500 2,000 2,400 2,600 3,200 3,300 3,400 3,700 5,600 7,800 11,000 11,700 11,800 iLengthofbed. i Coal 1 foot thick. Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... Surface underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens Valley) Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Feet. 4,032 2,700 8.640 10,368 14,976 9,216 9,504 14.688 5,328 24,192 11,232 31,680 25,272 84,960 256,788 8,800 29.18 113 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C, F., mine sheet 19. S, C, F., cross-section sheet 20. S. C. F., columnar section sheet 7. Cross- Section No. 27. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Aver, thicV- ness of coal, 72 per cent. Length of bed. Lengthof bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Orchard Primrose Holmes Mammoth Skidmore Buck Mountain Lv kens Valley N(;s, 2 and 3, AVhites Ftet. 2.5 4.0 6.0 8.0 3.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 10.0 3.0 2.5 Feet. 1.80 2.88 4.32 5.76 2,52 1.80 1.80 2,52 7.20 2.16 1.80 Feet. 2,700 3,600 3,800 4,300 5,200 5,500 9,000 9,500 9,700 9,800 3,000 Feet, 4,860 10,368 16,416 24,768 13,104 9,900 16,200 23,940 Lykens Valley No. 5 . . . Little Zero 69,840 21,168 5,400 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed .... Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 215,964 7,300 29.59 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C, F,, mine sheet 20. S. C, F., cross-section sheet 20. S, C, F,, columnar section sheet 7. Cross-Section No. 28. Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Orchard , , Primrose Holmes Feet, 4.0 1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.5 9.0 3.0 Mammoth Skidmore LykensValley Nos. 2and 3, Whites Lvkens Vi Little . . lleyNo,5 . . . Aver, thick- ness of coal, 72 per cent. Length of bed. Length of bed. Coal 1 foot thick. Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness Surface underlaid by lowest workable bed Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Feet. Feet. Feet. 2.88 ! 500 1,440 2.16 1,000 2,160 2.16 1,500 3,210 2.16 2,500 5,400 2.16 2,900 6,264 1.80 7,100 12,780 2 52 7,300 18,396 6.48 7,-100 47.952 2.16 7,500 16,200 I thickness I 113,832 5,250 ice ... . .... 21.68 114 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheet 22. S. C. F., cross-section sheet 21. S. C. F., columnar section sheet 11. Cross-Section No. 29. Name of Bed. Average * Aver, thick- thickness ness of coal, ] of bed. 72 per cent. ; Length of bed. [Length of bed. I Coal 1 foot I thick. Primrose Holmes Mammoth Skidmore Buck Mountain . . . Lvkens Valley beds . Feet. 4 4 10 3 4 15 Feet. 2.88 2.88 7.20 2.16 2.88 10.80 Feet. 2,800 3,300 4,300 4,800 5,200 8,300 Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lvkens Valley) '. . . Average thickness of coal per foot of surface Feet. 8,064 9,504 30,960 10,368 14,976 89,640 163,512 4,650 35.16 Remarks. The identity of the beds on the two sides of the Schuyl- kill and Dauphin basin is very uncertain, nor is it certain that any of the beds here have been correctly identified with those to the east at section 24, excepting the Lykens Valley beds Nos. 4, 5, and 6, which have been worked west from Lincoln and Kalmia collieries to this section line; therefore the estimate of the number and thickness of the coal-beds along this section line is an approximate one. 115 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheet 1. S. C. F., columnar section sheet 1. S. C. F., cross-section sheet 1 . Area No. 38. On Mine Sheet No. 1. (Copied from Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Eeport of Progress AA, page 138.) Name of Bed. G or Upper Red Ash F or Red Ash . . . Five-Foot E or Top split . Middle Mammoth T> or Bottom split C B . A Lykens Valley . :] Average thickness of bed. Feet. 5.0 13.0 4.5 29.0 4.5 15.0 3.0 Average [ Surface thickness ! area in of coal. acres. Feet. 2.5 9.0 3.0 23.0 3.0 10.0 1.0 59 314 404 495 638 781 781 Bed area in acres. 103 549 706 863 1,113 1,362 1,362 Probable original contents of area No. 1 Px'obable origi- nal contents in tons. 510,982 9,762,385 4,182,931 39,189,964 6,591,266 26,902,857 2,690,262 89,830,647 The Lykens Valley beds are not considered in this table, as nothing is certainly known of their extent or thickness. 116 Beference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheet 2. . S. C. F., cross-section sheet 2. S. C. F., columnar section sheet 2. Area No. 39. On Mine Sheet No. 2. (Copied from Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Eeport of Progress AA, page 139.) Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. 1 ! Average 1 Surface ^.p^ „^„^ thickness area in ■,l\llll of coal. : acres. , ^^ a^^^es. I ; Probable origl- inal contents in tons. Second Twin First Twin Jock Washington G or Upper Ked Ash . For Red Ash Five-Foot Feet. ? o • 7 3 6 9 Feet. ? 3 1 3 5 84 322 703 1,083 1,544 2,288 132 502 1,096 1,689 2,408 3,511 6,495,400 3,335,499 14,267,400 35,243,776 E or Top split . . ] Middle Mammoth . \ D or Bottom split . ) C B 55 5 8 5 27 3 2 2 2,817 3,070 3,322 3,322 4,406 4,801 5,196 5,196 234,933,419 28,443,556 20,522,343 10.262,100 A Probable original con ents of 8 rea No. 5 > 353,503,493 Thicknesses of coal-beds above the Jock bed unknown. iJ7 Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheet 3. S. C. F., cross-section sbeet 3. S. C. F., columnar section sheet 3. Area No. 40. On Mine Sheet No 3.. (Co])ied from Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Report of Progress AA, page 140.) Name of Bed. Average thickness of bed. Average thickness of coal. Surface area in acres. Bed area in acres. Probable orig- inal contents ill tons. Third Upper Red Ash Feet. Feet. 15 39 189 339 792 1,245 1,796 2,347 3,039 23 62 299 537 1,251 1,967 2,839 3,707 4,803 Second Upper Red A&^h, First Upper Red Ash . Second Twin First Twin Jock Washington G or Upper Red Ash . F or Red Ash Five-Foot 7 3 5 12 3 1 3 9 11,658,090 5,604,832 21,969,781 85,373,325 E or Top split ... 1 Middle Mammoth . . |- D or Bottom split. . j C B 43 11 6 27 8 2 4 3,532 3,729 3,926 3,926 5,391 5,901 6,210 6,210 298,246,725 93,221,738 24,529,500 49,059,000 A . Probable original conten ts of are a No. 3 . .... 589,662,991 Thicknesses of coal-beds above the Jock bed unknown. Reference : — Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. S. C. F., mine sheet 20. Area No. 57. From Cross-Section No. 28 to End of Wiconisco Basin. Name of Bed. ! Average thickness of bed. Average thickness of coal 77 per cent. Surface area in acres. Bed area in acres. Probable orig- inal contents in tons. MammiOth .... Skid more Lvkens Vallev (2 and 3), Whites (4) Lvkens Valley (5) . . . Little (6) Feet. 3.0 ? 2.5 3.5 9.0 3.0 Feet. 2.16 ? 1.80 2.52 6.48 2.16 104.9 ? 1,028.5 1 064.3 1,101.9 1,144.5 131.1 o 1,285.6 1,330.3 1,377.4 1 ,430.4 514.814 ' '4,206,997 6,094,583 16,226,053 5,617,009 Probable total original contents of area N ">. 57 - - - 32.660,056 118 Reference : — S. C. F., mine sheets 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27. S. C. F., columnar section sheet 8. S. C. F., cross-section sheet 21. Area No. 59. Schuylkill and Dauphin Basin. (Between section 29 and the west end of the basin.) The Schuylkill and Dauphin basin extends west of sec- tion 29, as a long, narrow, deep trough, some 23 miles, end- ing about one mile east of the Susquehanna River, and just north of the village of Dauphin, having for its southern barrier the crest of Sharp Mountain, and for its northern that of Fourth Mountain. The width of the basin at section 29 is about one mile, tapering to a point at the western end. With the exception of a few trial shaftings no work has been done in this area since 1860. Previous to this some 2 or 3 collieries had been opened and some shipments of coal made. The report of the first Geological Survey, speaking of this basin, says: "The Dauphin coal basin is now (1868) entirely deserted by coal miners. For several years little or no coal has been shipped from it. So unreliable do the seams prove and so great is the outlay required that, recollecting that former experiments have failed, no disposition is manifested at present to develop its resources." Owing to the irregularity of the beds, which is plainly shown by the maps of the collieries which were opened, the comparatively small extent of the developments made, and the meagre and somewhat uncertain knowledge we have of them, any estimate of the amount of coal in the area must necessarily be a very general one. The second Geological Survey made a very thorough ex- amination of this basin, and while connected with that work I 119 became acquainted with the surface exposures and with the few maps and the old data relating to this basin. The surface underlaid by coal is 8,170. acres. Owing to the very steep dips on both sides of the basin the bed acreage is perhaps one and one-half times the sur- face acreage, or 12,255.2 acres. The probable average thickness of coal at section 29 is estimated to be 35.16 feet. From the section westward the basin slowly diminishes in width and in depth, the coal beds gradually spooning out until the lowest bed comes to- day near Dauphin. Were we to use 15 feet as a rough ap- proximation of the average thickness of workable coal for this area its contents would be 334,199,304 tons. Estimated original contents of area No. 59, 334,199,304 tons. Table D which follows shows the estimate of contents for the whole field. The explanation of Table A, Northern field, page 75, applies equally well here, excepting as to specific gravity. The only determinations of specific gravity that we have by McCreath in this field are in the Panther Creek basin, east of Tamaqua, which there give as an average 1.6307, and Mr. Ashburner used this in his estimate. (Areas 38, 39, and 40.) Determinations by others would show that to the west the coals are less dense, and those of the Lykens Valley group decidedly so. I am indebted to Mr. J. R. Hoffman, of the Philadelphia and Heading Coal and Iron Company, for a number of spe- cific gravity determinations of coals from the western part of the field. The average of the Lykens Valley coals is 1.44. I have thought best to use, as in the Western Middle field, 1.614 or 1960 tons per foot acre for areas 41 to 49 inclusive, and 1.50 or 1818 tons per foot acre for the balance of the field (areas 50 to 59 inclusive). Tlie Lykens Valley group first attains prominence in the neighborhood of area 50. 120 Table D. Estimate of Total Original Contents Southern Coal-Field. 1. 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Probable Surface Area Acres Area No. Between Probable aver- average Probable origi- cross-sec- tions. age thickness of thickness of coal at cross- coal for sections. areas. Buck 1 Lowest Mountain workable bed. 1 bed. nal contents in tons. Feet. Feet. ! *38 (M .S. I.) . . . . . ' 781.0 89,830,647 *39 (M .S. II.) . . . . .... 1 3,322.0 353,503,493 *40 (M .S. III.) 1 ' 3,926.0 589,662,991 41 { 12 33 73.39 47.23 } 60.31 1 tl,773.1 2,115.4 209,593,895 42 { 13 14 47.23 40.43 } 43.83 tl,637.5 2,099.1 140,672,385 43 . { 14 15 40.43 48.45 1 44.44 15,317.3 j 7,570.7 463,149,591 44 . 1 15 16 48.45 54.41 \ 51.43 t4,864.7 ' 8,755.1 490,375,381 45 . .{ ]6 ]7 54.41 59.01 \ 56.71 16,285.1 8,597.7 698,598,921 46 . 1 1 h 17 18 59.01 65.29 I 62.15 14,025.7 ! 5,688.7 490,386,619 47 . :{ ]8 19 65.29 65.88 \ 65.59 16,901.9 10,467.6 887,283,417 48 . 'i 19 20 65.88 t57.54 1 61.71 t5,287.1 6,993.3 639,483,204 49 { 20 21 46.58 47.58 \ 1 47.08 10,802.7 996,838,587 50 { 21 22 47.58 48.34 47.96 7,396.9 695,320,435 51 1 92 23 48.34 63.55 ] 55 95 4,420.8 449,670,956 52 1 23 24 63.55 40.90 I 52.23 6,173.0 586,151,906 53 1 24 25 40.90 40.50 1 40.70 . . 2,536.0 187,645,234 54 i 25 26 40.50 29.18 I 34.84 1 2,996.2 189,776,671 55 26 27 29.18 29.59 1 29.39 3,542.8 189,295,418 56 k 27 28 29.59 21.68 1 25.64 3,546.4 165,310,187 57 28 . . . . ! 1,144.5 4,614.3 32,660,056 319,025,965 58 ,{ 24 29 40.90 35.16 r 38.03 59 1 29 8,170.1 334,199,304 Totals i 1 115,946.2 9,198,435,263 * Areas 38, 39, 40, and 57, the contents of each bed has been estimated separately, given in detail on pages 115, 116 and 117. t Areas 41 to 43, the estimate of contents is based on the surface area of the Buck Mountain bed. Total surface area lowest workable coal-bed, 115,946.2 acres, or 181.16 square miles. Estimated total original contents Southern coal-field, 9,198,435,263 tons. 121 Recapitulation. Estimated total original contents and area of Pennsyl- vania anthracite coal-fields. Totals hy Fields. Area lowest workable coal-bed, square miles. Probable original contents in tons. Northern Eastern Middle . . . Western Middle . . Southern 176.29, say 176 32.72, '• 33 94.04, '' 94 181.16, '^ 181 5,697,380,784, say 5,700,000,000 602,491,447, " 600,000,000 4,009,564,831, " 4,000,000,000 9,198,435,263, " 9,200,000,000 Totals 484.21, say 484 19,507,872,325, say 19,500,000,000 Estimated total area lowest workable coal-bed, 484 square miles. Estimated total original contents Pennsylvania anthra- cite coal-fields, 19,500,000,000 tons. The trade has made the following divisions of the an- thracite fields, viz. : — 1. Wyoming region . . . Northern field and Bernice basin. 2. Lehigh region Eastern Middle field and Southern field east of Tamaqua. 3. Schuylkill region . . . Western Middle field and Southern field west of Tamaqua. Totals by Regions. Area lowest workable coal-bed, square miles. Probable original contents in tons. Wyoming Lehigh Schuylkill 176.29, say 176 45.25 " 45 262.67 " 263 5,697,380,784, say 5,700,000,000 1,635,488,578, '' 1,600.000,000 12,175,002,963, '' 12,200,000,000 Totals • 484.21, say 484 19,507,872,325, say 19,500,000,000 Estimated total area lowest workable coal-bed, 484 square miles. Estimated total original contents Pennsylvania anthra- cite coal regions, 19,500,000,000 tons. 122 A COLLECTIOX OF DATA SHOWING THE PER CENT. OF COAL i\CTUALLY WON AT SOME OF THE COLLIERIES THROUGHOUT THE AN- THRACITE REGION. In order to obtain some base for an estimate of the amount of coal which has been exhausted by mining, the Commission authorized the collection of the available data, showing the per cent, of coal which had been won, from worked out areas, at different collieries throughout the region. In this connection I wish to acknowledge my in- debtedness for the data following to : — AV. A. May, General Superintendent Hillside Coal and Iron Company. M. Barnard, of the Hillside Coal and Iron Company. E. H. Lawall, General Superintendent Lehigh and Wilkes- Barre Coal Company. William J. Richards, Chief Engineer Lehigh and Wilkes- Barre Coal Company. J. H. Bowden, Chief Engineer Susquehanna Coal Com- pany. John R. Law, Mining Engineer Pennsylvania Coal Com- pany. H. H. Ashley, Superintendent Parrish Coal Company. C. R. Marcy, Superintendent Raub Coal Company. C. H. Reynolds, Superintendent Chauncy Coal Company. H. S. Thompson, Engineer Girard Estate. Executors of the Estate of P. W. Sheafer. A. W. Sheafer, E. M. R. C. Luther, General Superintendent Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. J. R. Hoffman, Division Engineer Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. G. S. Clemens, Division Engineer Philadelphia and Read- ing Coal and Iron Company. 123 N. C. F. (1.) Keystone Colliery. Hillside Goal and Iron Company, Operators. Mining operations from 1882 to 1890 : — Area worked, 119.6 acres. Archbald bed, average thickness 7.6 feet, average thick- ness of coal (20 sections), 7.116 feet. Surface of little or no value, 100+ feet of cover over bed. Pillars yet to be robbed and gob to be worked over. Production, 769,383 tons, including all sizes except culm. Average yield per foot acre, 904 tons, or 48 per cent. Specific gravity taken at 1.55. Coal actually won from this area, including buckwheat, 48 per cent. Mr. May, the superintendent of this company, says they usually count on winning 1000 tons to the foot acre in this neighborhood. Should the pillars and gob bring the yield to this, and it seems quite probable that they will equal or even exceed it, the area mined would then show a yield of 53.2 per cent. Estimate of coal w^on, including what can probably be got from pillars and gob, 53.2 per cent. N. C. F. (2.) Nottingham Colliery. Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. Area worked, 522.5 acres. Red ash bed, about 22 feet thick, with 13 feet of coal. Surface valuable ; workings 200 to 400 feet below surface. Dip, 15 to 20 degrees. Worked out, pillars robbed. Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 709.1 tons, or 37.7 per cent. Coal won per foot acre, estimating buckwheat at 10 per cent., 780 tons, or 41.5 per cent. Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 41.5 per cent. 124 N. C. F. (3.) Nottingham Colliery. Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. Area worked, 138.1 acres. Ross bed, 7 feet thick, with 6 feet of coal. Workings near the outcrop, and it was not necessary to keep the surface up. Dip, 15 to 25 degrees. Worked out and pillars robbed. Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 919 tons, or 48.9 per cent, Coal won per foot acre, adding 10 per cent, for buck- wheat, 1000 tons, or 53.2 per cent. Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 53.2 per cent. N. C. F. (4.) HiLLMAN Bed, in yicixity of Wilkes-Barre. Area worked, 7.25 acres. Hill man bed, 7 to 8 feet thick, with 6 feet of coal. Surface kept up. Worked out, pillars robbed. Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 800 tons, or 42.5 per cent. Coal won per foot acre, adding 10 per cent, for buck- wdieat, 880 tons, or 46.8 per cent. Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 46.8 per cent. N. C. F. (5.) Laxce Colliery^ Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. Area developed, 88 acres; fault area, 5 acres. Area worked, 88 acres ; estimate based on area worked. Bennett bed, 9 feet thick, 7 feet of coal. Surface valuable. Dip, 15 to 20 degrees. Worked out and pillars robbed. Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 828.6 tons, or 44.1 per cent. 125 Coal won per foot acre, adding 10 per cent, for buck- wheat, 911 tons, or 48.5 per cent. Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat,48.5 per cent. N. C. F. (6.) Sugar Notch, Breaker No. 9. Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. Area worked, 74 acres. Kidney bed, 7 to 8 feet thick, with 6 feet of coal. Dip, 80 to 40 degrees. Worked out and pillars robbed. Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 762 tons, or 40.5 per cent. Coal won per foot acre, adding 10 per cent, for buck- wheat, 838 tons, or 44.6 per cent. Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 44.6 per cent. N. C. F. (7.) HOLLENBACK No. 2. Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. Area worked, 160 acres. Baltimore bed, 16 feet thick, 13 feet coal. Workings under city of Wilkes-Barre ; necessary to keep surface up. Dip, 10 to 15 degrees. Worked out and pillars robbed. Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 525 tons, or 27.9 per cent. Coal won per foot acre, adding 10 per cent, for buck- wheat, 577.5, or 30.7 per cent. Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 30.7 per cent. N. C. F. (8.) HOLLENBACK No. 2. Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. Area worked, 75 acres. Hillman bed, about 12 feet thick, with 9 to 10 feet of coal. Workings under city of Wilkes-Barre ; necessary to keep surface up. 126 Dip, 10 to 15 degrees. Worked out and pillars robbed. Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 625 tons, or 33.2 per cent. Coal won, adding 10 per cent, for buckwheat, 687.5 tons, or 36.6 per cent. Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 36.6 per cent. N. C. F. (9.) Pennsylvania Coal Compa:>^y. Mr. John R. Law, mining engineer for the Pennsylvania Coal Company, estimates that his company is winning 800 tons per acre above pea coal and 1000 tons per acre, all sizes, including pea and buckwheat, or about 53.2 per cent. In deep workings or where the workings are under towns or the river, making it necessary to leave a large portion or all of the pillar coal in, the per cent, won is much less. The beds worked by this company are in a general way from 3 to 14 feet thick. Their breaker loss he estimates at from 17 to 25 per cent. Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 53.2 per cent, and less. N. C. F. (10.) Parrish Colliery. Parrish Coal Company, Operators. Mining operations 1882 to 1892 :— Area of bed, 152 acres, of which 140 acres have been mined out. Ross or Seven Foot bed, average thickness, 7 feet ; aver- age thickness of coal, 5 feet 7 inches. 1 Top:— 1^6^' coaL 0^ iV^ bone. 0^ 9'' coaL I 0^3^^ sulphur. 0' S'' coaL 0^ 8'^ bone. 2' 8'' coal. 7' 0''. Total, y 7'' coar, 1^ y refuse. Typical Section of Bed. 127 Roof fairly good, dips gentle, conditions favorable for thorough working. Bed thoroughly mined and robbed whenever it could be done with safety and economy. Production : — . Tons. Prepared coal 808,702.00 Pea 103,787.08 Buckwheat 34,787.10 Total 947,277.00 This is the amount of coal sold and does not include buckwheat used for steam. Average yield coal sold per foot acre, 1213 tons, or 64.5 per cent. The report of the mine inspector for 1890 shows the production for that year at this colliery to exceed the ship- ment by about 2 per cent. ; adding 2 per cent, to the total coal sold gives for total production 966,213 tons. Average yield per foot acre, 1237 tons, or 65.8 per cent. Breaker Waste. On September 6th, 7th, and 8th, 1892, the colliery pro- duced, in mine cars, 3539 tons 2 cwt. and 53 lbs. of coal, prepared as follows: — Broken 342.13 Egg 357.09 Stove 696.03 Chestnut 701.18 Pea 264.00 Buck (used for steam) 384.00 2,746.03.00 Diit or culm 515.17.21 Slate and rock 277. 2.32 792.19.53 3,539. 2.53 Coal prepared (as shown above) 2,746.03.00 Lost in fine coal and coal-dirt 515.17.21 Breaker waste, 18.8 per cent, of production. 128 Recapitulation. Probable original contents of area worked out (140 acres ; average thickness of coal, 5 feet 7 inches), 1,468,656 tons. Total production . 966/213 tons, or 65.8 per cent. Total coal and coal-dirt sent to culm bank, 181,648 tons, or 12.4 per cent. Total coal and coal-dirt in pillars and gob, 320,795 tons, or 21.8 per cent. 1,468,656 tons, or 100-0 per cent. Specific gravity taken as 1.55, or 1880 tons per foot acre. N. C. F. (11.) Colliery No. 3. ■ Susquehanna Coal Company. Mr. J. H. Bowden, chief engineer, has recently made a thorough examination and report relative to the coal won at this colliery, showing the following general results : — Mining operations from January 1st, 1873, to January 1st, 1892 : Area worked over, 233.8 acres ; above water level, 89.5 acres ; below water, 144.3 acres. Red Ash bed: Thickness, 15 to 19 feet; thickness worked, 13 to 17 feet ; average thickness for area, 16.10 feet ; average thickness worked, 14.57 feet. The bed is quite free from faults, the mining fairly regular, and the pillars have been robbed as per statement below. Coal produced from mining over : — Prepared 1,753,401 Pea 142,267 1,895,668 tons. The pillars were robbed excepting in 137.2 acres (below water level), where the bottom bench was but partly mined out, owing to heavy slate partings and faults in seam, when workings caved and balance of coal was lost. Coal produced from robbing: — Prepared 118,725 Pea 11,217 129,942 tons. Total production of area in pea and prepared sizes . . 2,025,610 tons. Actual coal won in pea and prepared sizes, 595 tons per foot acre, or 31 .6 per cent. 129 Estimating Pea Coal for Whole Period of Mining. Pea coal was not made during the early years of this colliery. Had it been produced at the average yield of the past 10 years (1881-91), viz., 11.7 per cent, of the total, or 13.2 per cent, of coal above pea size, the yield of pea coal from the mining over of these properties would have been 232,448 tons, or the total production, all sizes except buck- wheat, 2,115,791 tons. Estimate of coal won, all sizes except buckwheat, if pea coal had been made for whole period, 621 per foot acre, or 33 per cent. Estimating Buckwheat Coal for Whole Period OF Mining. Buckwheat coal is now made at this colliery. Allowing 10 per cent, for this size, had it been produced for whole period, the total product would have been 2,327,370 tons. Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 683 tons per foot acre, or 36.3 per cent. N. C. F. (12.) Raub Washery. Raub Coal Company. This company are washing and preparing the coal from the old dirt bank of the Waddel Colliery, Mill Hollow, Pa. They find that about 50 per cent, of the bank can be won in marketable coal, with the sizes in about the following proportions : — Chestnut 10 per cent. Pea 20 per cent. Buckwheat No. 1 35 per cent. Buckwheat No. 2 35 per cent. 100 per cent. N. C. F. (13.) Keynolds Washery. Chauncy Coal Company. This company are washing and preparing the coal from the old dirt bank of Keynolds Colliery, Plymouth, Pa. ,130 They find that about 70 per cent, of the bank can be won in marketable coaL An average taken from the books for five months show sizes in the following proportions: — Chestnut lOJ per cent. Pea 22 per cent. Buckwheat No. 1 37^ per cent. Buckwheat No. 2 30 per cent. 100 per cent. This is one of the oldest banks in the field, and the pro- portion of coal very large. W. M. C. F. (14.) Hammond Colliery. Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. Estimate of the per cent, of coal won from the commence- ment of mining, 1863, to December 1st, 1891, made from the mine maps and information furnished by Heber S. Thompson, engineer Girard estate : — Name of Bed. Average dip. Holmes j 42 Mammoth Top . . 40 Mammoth Bottom [ 35 Buck Mountain . .i 15 Degrees. Feet. 13.( 13.0 25.0 11.6 Feet. 10.0 10.8 18.0 8.4 Area Worked. Surface acres. Bed acres. 42.9 57.7 41.5 54.2 107.4 131.1 306.2 317.0 Probable original con- tents in tons. 1,154,000 1,156,628 4,719,600 5,283,122 Probable total original contents of area i 12,313,350 Shipments, 1863 to December 1st, 1891, 4,288,157 tons. The consumption of coal at this colliery to produce steam for the past three years has averaged 12.6 per cent, of the shipments. This has, no doubt, increased somewhat with the increased depth of the workings. Estimating that the average consumption at the colliery since the commence- ment of mining, 1863, has been 9 per cent, of the ship- ments, would make the total production to December 1st, 1891, 4,674,091 tons, or 38 per cent, of the original contents. 131 Estimate of coal actually won, shipments and colliery consumption, 4,674,091 tons, or 38 per cent. The first buckwheat coal was shipped about 1878. The total shipments up to this time had been 1,649,706 tons. Were we to allow 10 per cent, of this, or 164,971 tons, for the buckwheat, had it been made during the whole time, the total production would have been 4,839,062 tons, or 39.3 per cent, of the original contents. Estimate of coal won, if buckwheat had been made from commencement of mining, 39.3 per cent. The areas as given here have been mined over and the pillars robbed. The coal remaining in the pillars yet to be robbed, in the comparatively small portion of the mine now in active operation, has been considered in the above estimate. The thickness of the beds and coal as given are taken as the probable average thickness for the whole area exploited, including any faulty or crushed areas encountered. Specific gravity has been taken as 1.65, or 2000 tons per acre per foot in thickness. Ten specific gravity determinations by McCreath of coal in this neighborhood average 1.658. From the following measurements and estimate made by Mr. Thompson, of the Hammond Colliery culm bank, his report of which follows in detail, I would draw the follow- ing inferences (see pages 133-135) : — Mr. Thompson estimates that the Hammond Colliery has produced since the commencement of mining to August 1st, 1892, 2,057,833 tons of culm. The shipments to August 1st, 1892, have been ..... . 4,403,707 tons. Shipments to December 1st, 1891, were 4,288,157 tons. Shipments between Dec. 1st, 1891, and August 1st, 1892, 115,550 tons. Estimating the culm produced between December 1st, 1891, and August 1st, 1892, as 30 per cent, of the shipments, the production of culm in that time would have been 34,665 tons. 132 Hence the culm produced up to time of our estimate, December 1st, 1891, was 2,023,168 tons. Mr. Thompson analyzes the culm bank as follows: — Dirt 35 per cent. Slate 23 per cent. Marketable coal .42 per cent. 100 per cent. Were we to subdivide the dirt, calling 25 per cent, pow- dered coal and coal too small to market, and 10 per cent, refuse, the table would then show : — Coal and coal-dirt 67 per cent. Refuse 33 per cent. 100 per cent. Taking 67 per cent, of the culm produced as coal and coal-dirt would give us 1,355,523 tons. The following general distribution of the coal lost and won at this colliery can then be made : — Estimated original coal contents of area exploited . . . 12,313,350 tons. Total production of coal, shipment and col- Tons. liery consumption 38 per cent. 4,674,091 Total coal and coal-dirt sent to culm bank . . 11 per cent. 1,355,523 Total coal and coal-dirt left in mine ..... 51 per cent. 6,283,736 100 per cent. 12,313,350 Mr. Thompson estimates that there are 720,242 tons of coal now (August 1st, 1892) in the Hammond culm bank, which can be won by rescreening say 715,000 tons, Decem- ber 1st, 1891. If this were added to the production up to that time, it would make a total of 5,389,091 tons, or 43.8 per cent, of the original contents. Estimate of coal won, including coal to be won by re- screening culm banks, 43.8 per cent., or 5,389,091 tons. 133 COPY OF MR. HEBER S. THOMPSON'S REPORT ON THE HAMMOND COLLIERY CULM BANK. Measurement of banks and tests of weight of material and proportions of coal, slate, and refuse made in August, 1892 : — Total contents of Hammond Colliery culm banks, 1,972,- 090 cubic yards (not including rock banks, 550,922 cubic yards). Coal, culm, and refuse used in filling excavated spaces in the mines, and carried away by the action of the elements, estimated to be 20 per cent., 394,418 cubic yards. Total coal, culm, and refuse of dirt banks, 2,366,508 cubic yards. Weight of .culm banks per cubic yard, 1,941.75 lbs. 1.15 cubic yards contain one ton. Weight of culm banks, 2,057,833 tons. Coal in culm banks, 42 per cent, of contents (864,290 tons), of which 19.94 per cent, is large coal (172,339 tons) and 80.06 per cent, is small coal, or such as will pass through a |-inch and over a Y^g--inch screen mesh (691,951 tons). The total shipment of coal from the Hammond Colliery lease from 1863, the first year of its operation, to August 1st, 1892, is 4,403,707 tons. The coal thrown in its dirt banks has been therefore equivalent to 19.62 per cent, of its ship- ment to market (3.91 per cent, large and 15.71 per cent, small). The coal in the Hammond dirt banks, on the ground now, is 42 per cent, of 1,972,090 cubic yards (720,242 tons), of which the large coal, which will not go through a f-inch screen mesh, is 143,616 tons, and the small coal, which will go through a f-inch and will pass over a y\-inch screen mesh, is 576,626 tons. The total shipment of coal from all the collieries on the Girard estate from their opening to January 1st, 1892, has been 26,953,328 tons. Taking the proportion of coal thrown aside as refuse by the other collieries to be the same as that thrown aside bv 134 Hammond Collien^, then the coal in the dirt banks on the Girard estate, or washed down by the elements and carried away by the streams, is 5,288,243 tons. It is probable that the proportion of the refuse banks washed away is greater at all the other collieries on the Girard estate than at Hammond Colliery. Tests of Hammond Colliery Ckihn Banks by Mr. John B. Granger, Mine Inspector of the Girard Estate, August loth, 1892. First sample of bank, dumped in 1872: — Weight of a cubic foot 71 lbs. Containing, of dirt 30.5 lbs. slate 7.0 lbs. large coal 5.0 lbs. small coal 28.5 lbs. 33.5 lbs. 71 lbs. Second sample of bank, dumped in 1877: — Weight of a cubic foot . 71.5 lbs. Containing, of dirt 25.75 lbs. slate 12.50 lbs. large coal 5.25 lbs. small coal 28.00 lbs. 33.25 lbs. 71.5 lbs. Third sample of bank, from old Connor breaker, which prepared only Buck Mountain bed coal, about 1885 : — Weight of a cubic foot 70 lbs. Containing, of dirt 19.75 lbs. slate 15.75 lbs. large coal 9.5 lbs. small coal 25.0 lbs. 34.50 lbs. 70 lbs. Fourth sample of bank, deposited in 1888 : — Weight of a cubic foot 70.5 lbs. Containing, of dirt 20.75 lbs. slate 17.50 lbs. small coal 22.75 lbs. large coal 9.50 lbs. 32.25 lbs. 70.5 lbs. 135 Fifth sample of bank, deposited in 1891 : — Weight of a cubic foot 80 lbs. Containing, of dirt 24.50 lbs, slate 36.75 lbs. large coal 5.00 lbs. small coal 13.75 lbs. 18.75 lbs. 80 lbs. Sixth sample of bank, from old McMichael breaker, de- posited about 1866 : — Weight of a cubic foot 68.5 lbs. Containing, of dirt .- 29.5 lbs. slate 9.5 lbs. large coal 2.0 lbs. small coal 27.5 lbs. 29.5 lbs. 68.5 lbs. Average weight of culm bank per cubic foot 71.9166 lbs. Average weight of culm bank per cubic yard 1,941.75 lbs. Containing, of dirt 35 per cent. slate 23 per cent. large coal . . 8.38 per cent, small coal . . 33.62 per cent. 42 per cent. — 100 per cent. " Quantity and percentage of large and small sizes of coal shipped from the Girard Estate at different periods for 20 years, from 1871 to 1891 inclusive. H. S. Thompson, Mining Engineer. 1891 1886 1881 1876 1871 Larger than Chestnut. Tons. Cwt. 899,604.15 759,604.06 1,073,869.12 614,404.12 519,284.05 Per ceut. 62.64 h8.94 75.62 76.19 83.62 Chestnut. Tons. Cwt. 227,717.08 131,408.10 159,687.04 117,063.05 76,229.08 Per cent. 15.86 11.92 11.25 14.51 12.27 Pea. Tons. Cwt. 170,992.02 149,381.10 158,711.03 74,992.03 25,503.05 Per cent. 11.91 13.56 11.18 9.30 4.11 Buckwheat. Tons. Cwt. [Per cent. 137,622.14 61,501.08 27,722.17 9.59 5.58 1.95 Note. — Pea coal first appears returned separately April, 1867 (Girard Colliery of J, J. ConntT). Buckwheat coal first appears returned separately August, 1S7S (llaniuiond Colliery of Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company)." 136 W. M. C. F. (15.) GiRARD Colliery. Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company^ Operators. Estimate of the per cent, of coal won from the commence- ment of mining, 1864 to March 1st, 1892, made from the mine maps and information furnished by Heber S. Thomp- son, Engineer Girard Estate. Name of Bed. Average dip. Average thickn's of bed. [ Area Worked. Average thickness c„^p^^„ | Probable original contents in tons. 1 Dee;rees. Mammoth . . { 57 f " } Buck Mountain . 57 S. Feet. 31 14 2"6 '|40.8 ^^•^ 1 50.0 9.0 1 6.7 108.9 \ 91.8/ 12.3 9,031,500 221,400 Probable total original contents of arpR . 9,252,900 Shipments, 1864 to March 1st, 1892, 1,627,491 tons. The consumption of coal to produce steam at this colliery for the past three years has averaged 31 per cent, of the shipments. This, of course, has increased with the in- creased depth of the workings. Estimating that 20 per cent, has been the average colliery consumption since min- ing commenced (1864) would make the total production to March I'st, 1892, 1,952,989 tons, or 21.1 per cent, of the orig- inal contents. Estimate of coal won, shipments and colliery consump- tion, 1,952,989 tons, or 21.1 per cent. The first buckwheat coal was shipped about 1878. The total shipments up to this time had been 732,797 tons. Were w^e to allow 10 per cent, of this, or 73,280 tons, for buckwheat, had it been made during the whole time, the total production would be 2,026,269 tons, or 21.9 per cent, of the original contents. Estimate of coal won if buckwheat had been made from commencement of mining, 21.9 per cent. The areas as given have been mined over and the pil- lars robbed. The coal remaining in the pillars yet to be robbed in the comparatively small portion of the mine 137 now in active operation has been considered in the above estimate. The thickness of the beds and coal as given are taken as the probable average thickness of the whole area ex- ploited, including any faulty or crushed areas that may have been encountered. The mining operations in the Mammoth at this colliery are now in the bottom of the narrow and deep basin. The gangways are in the underlying Skid more bed, tunnels be- ing driven at short intervals to the basin of the Mammoth. The estimate of the total coal in the area worked by this bed includes that in the wedge at the axis of the basin, a large per cent, of which cannot be mined. Specific gravity is taken as 1.65, or 2000 tons per acre per foot in thickness. Ten specific gravity determinations by McCreath of coal in this neighborhood average 1.658. W. M. C. F. (16. Kehley's Run Colliery. Thomas Coal Company, Operators. Estimate of the per cent, of coal won, made from the mine maps and information furnished by Heber S. Thomp- son, Engineer Girard Estate. This estimate embraces the time between the commencement of mining, 1865 to Janu- ary 1st, 1892. Name of Bed. Average dip. Average thickn's of bed. Average thickness of coal. Area Worked Probable original Surface p^ contents in acres. l^ed acres. ^^^^^ Degrees. Mammoth - . 35 Skidmore .... 35 Seven Foot , . . 35 Buck Mountain . 35 Feet. 45.0 7.0 7.0 10.2 Feet. 30.0 3.10 5.8 7.0 65.3 79.7 4,782,000 21.0 25.(3 196.275 53.9 65.8 745,777 58.7 71.7 1,003.800 Probable total original contents of area ,6,727,852 Shipments, 1865 to January 1st, 1892, 2,266,839 tons. The consumption of coal at this colliery to produce steam for the past three years has averaged 6.39 per cent, of the 138 shipments. This has no doubt increased somewhat with the increased depth of the workings. Estimating that the av- erage consumption at the colhery since the commencement of mining, 1865, has been 5 per cent, of the shipments would make the total production to January 1st, 1892, 2,379,656 tons, or 35.4 per cent, of the original contents. Estimate of coal actually won, shipments and colliery consumption, 2,379,656 tons, or 35.4 per cent. The first buckwheat coal was shipped about 1878. The total shipments up to that time had been 895,604 tons. Were we to allow 10 per cent, of this, or 89,560 tons, for buckwheat, had it been made during the whole time, the total production to January 1st, 1892, would be 2,469,216 tons, or 36.7 per cent, of the original contents. Estimate of coal won if buckwheat had been made from commencement of mining, 36.7 per cent. The areas given have been mined over and the pillars robbed. The coal remaining in the pillars yet to be robbed in the comparatively small portion of the mine now in active operation has been considered in the above estimates. The thickness of the beds and coal as given are taken as the probable average thickness for the whole area exploited, including any faulty or crushed areas encountered. Specific gravity is taken as 1.65, or 2000 tons per acre per foot in thickness. Ten specific gravity determinations by McCreath of coal in this neighborhood average 1.658. W. M. C. F. (17.) Locust Kux Colliery. Mr. Franklin Piatt, in Report A-2, Coal Waste (1879), Pennsylvania Geological Survey (page 38), publishes an es- timate by Mr. E. M. Riley, of Ashland, of the coal won at the Locust Run Colliery. The Mammoth bed was worked with a thickness of 13 feet 6 inches to 25 feet 6 inches, the dip ranging from 15 to 60 degrees. The results show : — Percentage of waste 66.5 per cent. Percentage of coal won 33.5 per cent. 139 W. M. C. F. (18.) Stanton Colliery. Information furnished by Mr. A. W. Sheaf er. Mining operations 1 868 to 1880 : — Area worked (measured on dip), 87.07 acres. Mammoth bed, 35 feet thick, 25 feet coal used in estimate. Pillars to be worked over. Dip, 60 to 70 degrees. Estimated original contents of area 3,796,693 tons. Production 678,067 tons. Coal actually won 17 per cent. W. M. C. F. (19.) GiLBERTON Colliery Information furnished by Mr. A. W. Sheafer. Mining operations 1863 to 1880: — Area worked (measured on dip), 107 acres. Mammoth bed, 35 feet thick, 25 feet coal used in estimate. Dip, 45 to 60 degrees. Estimated original contents of area 4,664,264 tons. Production 1,117,525 tons. Coal actually won 24 per cent. W. M. C. F. (20.) Cambridge Colliery. Information furnished by Mr. A. W. Sheafer. Mining operations to 1880 : — Holmes bed, 6 feet clean coal. Pillars well robbed. Dip, 12 to 20 degrees. Estimated orioinal contents of area 202,000 tons. Shipments 106,000 tons. Coal actually won 52 per cent. 140 W. M. C. F. (21.) Tlie following estimates, prepared under the direction of Mr. P. W. Sheafer, have been kindly furnished b}^ the ex- ecutors of his estate. " Estimate of contents of culm bank at Gilberton, Schuyl- kill County, Pa., prepared under the direction of P. W. Sheafer, engineer and geologist: — Laiurence Colliery. Total shipment to January 1st, 1890 -. . . . 1,852,000 tons. Estimated contents of culm banks 978,000 tons. Estimated amount to be won by rescreening banks . . . 450,000 tons. Stanton Colliery. Total shipment to January 1st, 1890 1,163,000 tons. Estimated contents of culm banks 860,000 tons. Estimated amount to be won by rescreening banks . . . 500,000 tons. Draper Colliery. Total shipment to January 1st, 1890 2,194,000 tons. Estimated contents of culm banks 1,000,000 tons. Estimated amount to be won by rescreening banks . . . 500,000 tons. Gilberton Colliery. Total shipment to January 1st, 1890 1,750,000 tons. Estimated contents of culm bank, 1,000,000 tons. Estimated amount to be won by rescreening banks . . . 500,000 tons. 35 cubic feet of bank equals one ton. W. M. C. F. (22.) Rescreening Stanton Culm Bank. 1889. Tons. Stove 5,202.15 20.59 per cent. Nut 4,229.05 16.74 per cent. Pea 3,597.60 14.24 per cent. Buckwheat 12,238.60 48.42 per cent. 25,262.40 1890. Tons. Stove 8,929.06 14.21 per cent. Nut 12,782.04 20.35 per cent. Pea 9,763.06 15.55 per cent. Buckwheat 31,333.04 49.89 per cent. Equals 60 per cent, of bank." 62,808.00 141 S. C. F. (23.) Panther Creek Basin, Mr. Charles A. Ashburner, Report AA, page 176, Penn- s^dvania Geological Survey, estimates that from the com- mencement of mining to January 1st, 1883, the average percentages at all the collieries in this basin as follows : — Coal left in mines, unfinished breasts and for roof supports, 41 per cent. Waste coal sent directly from mines and breakers to banks, 32 per cent. Fuel coal sent to market and consumed locally 27 per cent. 100 per cent. And the average percentages for two years from January 1st, 1881, to January 1st, 1883 :— Coal left in mines, unfinished breasts and for roof supports, 30 per cent. Waste coal sent directly from mines and breakers to banks, 24 per cent. Fuel coal sent to market and consumed locally 46 per cent. 100 per cent. S. C. F. (24.) ~~ Eagle Hill Colliery. Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. Special survey and examination to determine efficiency of mining method. Mining operations from 1881 to 1885 : — Selected area of 17.5 acres, including fault area of 1.14 acres which produced no coal. Mammoth bed, thickness about 20 feet, and Seven Foot bed (Top split of Mammoth), thickness about 7 feet G inches. Dip about 35 degrees. Estimating that 50 per cent of coal in pillars can be got, gives total result as follows : — Prepared coal 41.1 per cent. iSent to dirt bank 2G.6 per cent. Lost in pillar 18.4 per cent. Lost in gob 13.9 per cent. 100.0 per cent. 142 Buckwheat was prepared for the last two years. Had this coal been saved for the whole period, estimating it at 10 per cent, of the product, the statement would be about as fol- lows: — Prepared cojiI 43.5 per cent. Sent to dirt bank 24.2 per cent. Lost in pillar 18.4 per cent. Lost in gob 13.9 per cent. 100.0 per cent. Eatimate of coal won, including buckwheat 43.5 per cent. S. C. F. ■ (25.) PoTTSViLLE Shaft Colliery. Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. Special survey and examination to determine efficiency of mining method. Selected area of about 4.5 acres. Seven Foot bed (Top split of Mammoth), average thick- ness about 7 feet, with 5 feet of coal. Eoof strong, coal good. Dip, 35 to 40 degrees. Estimating the coal yet to be robbed from pillars gives total results as follows : — Prepared coal 52 per cent. Sent to dirt bank 28 per cent. Lost in mine 20 per cent. 100 per cent. Estimate of coal won 52 per cent. S. C. F. (26.) Mine Hill Gap Colliery. Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron CompaMy, Operators. This colliery, from 1873 to 1884 inclusive, yielded to market from the contents of coal in the ground, embraced within the area exploited during the years named, 29.2 per cent., not including the coal consumed under the boilers for steam generation, which was mainly slate picker and a little pea. 143 The beds worked were : — Crosby about 5.0 feet thick ; dip, 55 to 60 degree;^. Lelar about 6.0 feet thick ; dip, 55 to 60 degrees. Daniel about 12.5 feet thick ; dip, 55 to 60 degrees. If we roughly estimate the coal consumed under boilers as 9 per cent, of the shipments, we would then have : — Coal sent to market 29.2 per cent. Coal consumed for steam 2.5 per cent. Lost in mine and sent to dirt bank 68.3 per cent. 100.0 per cent. Estimate of coal won 31.7 per cent. S. C. F. (27.) Phcenix Park No. 3 Colliery. Philadelphia and B.eading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. Special survey and examination to determine efficiency of mining method made in 1885. Mining operations January 1st, 1881 to 1885 : — Area exploited, 63 acres. Fault area, from which no coal was obtained, 22.68 acres. Area of good coal, on which estimate is based, 40.32 acres. Diamond bed, average thickness about 6 feet. Dip, 10 to 20 degrees. Estimating that 65 per cent, of the pillars left can be got, gives total results as follows : — Prepared coal (not including buckwheat) 56.0 per cent. Sent to dirt bank 26.5 per cent. Lost in mine 17.5 per cent. 100.0 per cent. Estimating buckwheat coal at 10 per cent, of the product, had that coal been saved, the statement would be about as follows : — Prepared coal (including buckwheat"! 61.0 per cent. Sent to dirt bank 21.5 per cent. Lost in mine 17.5 per cent. 100.0 per cent. Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat 61.0 per cent. 144 S. C. F. (28.) West Brookside Colliery. PJiiladelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. A special and very thorough survey and examination was made at this colliery, having in view the determination of the results obtained from the system of mining employed. The mining operations cover a period from 1869 to 1889, during which time the colliery was operated by individuals as well as by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. Area exploited, 665.5 acres ; of this 36.6 acres were fauUy and are not included in the estimate. Area considered, 628.9 acres. The bed mined is Lykens Valley No. 5, thickness quite variable but with a probable average of 10 feet, 70 per cent., or 7 feet of which is good coal. Average dip, 10 to 15 degrees. Estimating the quantity of coal which could still be mined and robbed from pillars in this area gives the fol- lowing results : — Tons. Per cent. Shipments • 3,746,120 54.1 Local sales 9,051 .2 CoUien^ consumption 90,124 1.3 Total prepared coal 3,845,295 55.5 Sent to dirt bank 1,873,060 27.0 Lost in pillars ami gob 1.205,219 17.5 Total . . • 6,923,574 100.0 Previous to 1883 all buckwheat coal was sent to the dirt bank. Buckwheat coal now forms about 10 per cent, of the production. Had this coal been saved between 1869 and 1883, the statement would be about as follows : — Prepared coal (if buckwheat included) 59.5 [)er cent. Sent to dirt bank 23.0 per cent. Lmss in pillars and gob 17.5 per cent. Total 100.0 per cent. Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat 59.5 per cent. 145 The conditions at this mine are very favorable ; the roof is excellent. Mr. Franklin Piatt, in A-2, page 120, reports the breaker record for 8 months in 1879 (?), as follows: — "The total product was 322,173 tons, of which 68.8 per cent, went into the cars for shipment to market, and 31.2 per cent, went on to the dirt heap. "The percentages of waste by months ran thus: 32, 31, 31, 32, 31, 32, 33, 30, averaging 31.2 per cent., as above. " This average may be somewhat too low, but it is not much away from the actual facts. " For the bed is nearly flat; it is clean coal ; there is but little wasted in the mines, and the coal is not brittle and does not splinter up into buckwheat and dust. The actual breaker waste at the Lykens Valley collieries for breaking and scrt^ening is probably not over 21 per cent." S. C. F. (29.) West Brookside Colliery. Philadelphia and Reading Coed and Iron Company, Operators. Special survey and examination to determine efficiency of raining method in 1885. Selected area of acres. Fair average condition of bed, roof strong, coal good. Lykens Valley No. 5 bed, general thickness 10 feet, with 7 feet coal. Dip, 10 to 15 degrees. Estimating coal yet to be robbed from pillars gives total results as follows : — Prepared coal (including buckwheat) 62.5 per cent. Sent to dirt bank 32.7 per cent. Lost in pillars 4.S per cent. Total 100.0 per cent. Estimate of coal won (including buckwheat) (52.5 per cent. 146 S. C. F. (30.) West Brookside Colliery. Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. Special surve}^ and examination to determine efficiency of mining method made in 1885. Selected area of acres. Fair average condition of bed, roof strong, coal good. L3^kens Valley No. 5 bed, general thickness 10 feet, with 7 feet of coal. Dip, 10 to 15 degrees. Estimating the coal yet to be robbed from pillars gives total results as follows : — Prepared coal (including buckwheat) 57.1 per cent. Sent to dirt bank 30.8 per cent. Lost in pillars 12.1 per cent. Total 100.0 per cent. Estimate of coal won (including buckwheat) 57.1 per cent. 14' THE PROBABLE AVERAGE PER CENT. OF COAL WON FROM THE COMMENCExMENT OF MINING, ABOUT 1820 TO JANUARY 1st, 1893. The per cent, of coal won has been influenced by the thickness of the bed, the dip or pitch, the character of the roof, the depth of the working, the character of the coal, the necessity for keeping up the surface, as well as the personal management of the collieries. An average of the 27 instances collected would show the coal actually won in those cases to be 41.5 per cent, of the original contents of the areas worked over. In the Southern field 6 of the examples given are of se- lected areas and undoubtedly show too high an average for the field, though the estimate at the Brookside Colliery covering 628.9 acres, showing coal won as 51.5 per cent., probably represents that particular colliery. If we omit these 6 estimates the remaining 21 give an average of 38.5 per cent. At some of the collieries taken, buckwheat coal has been prepared during the whole time covered by the estimate, at others for only a portion of the time, and at some it is not included. An average on the basis that buckwheat had been prepared for the whole time in each instance would show for the 27 collieries some 44 per cent, won, and for the 21, 41 per cent. It is to be doubted whether we can rely upon the aver- ages thus obtained as representing what has been won for the whole region since the commencement of mining ; and again, there are losses whose extents is not wholly covered by these estimates : (1.) The damage to upper coal-beds by the breaking and settling of the strata when the lower beds are worked first, especially if an upper bed is only a few feet above the one worked. (2.) The coal that it is necessary in many cases to leave always unmined along the outcrop to prevent the surface wash from entering the mine, par- ticularly under tlie old river bed of the Susquehanna. (3.) A 148 small amount destroyed by mine fires. (4.) The coal inten- tionally left in large pillars for particular purposes, and the mining of only part of the bed. The coal thus left may or may not be recovered. A careful consideration of the subject and a stud}' of the data obtained and its probable value as relating to the past output, leads to the conclusion that since the commence- ment of mining the coal won does not exceed 35, and pos- sibly not more than 30 per cent, of the coal originally con- tained in the areas mined over, that this will probably be increased to 40 per cent, by the utilization of the coal con- tained in the culm banks, and by a reworking of part of the territory mined over. It is estimated that the production, including coal sold and consumed at the collieries, has exceeded the shipments by about 10 per cent. The table compiled by Mr. P. W. Sheafer for the years 1820 to 1868, and since 1868 by Mr. John H. Jones, show the shipments to January 1st, 1893, to. have been : — Wyoming region Lehigh region . Schuylkill region Total Shipments. Tons. Production, adding 10 per cent., sav. Tons. ' 382,990,423 I 421,000,000 147,652,656 ! 162,500,000 289,719,916 ! 318,500,000 820,362,995 902,000,000 Basing our estimate on that for every ton produced IJ additional tons are lost, the following table would show the probable amount of coal still contained in the ground : — Estimated original Ri^gion. contents. Tons. Amount used up 2^^ times production. Tons. Estimated contents remaining. Tons. Wyoming Lehigh Schuylkill 5.700,000,000 i;600,000,000 12,200,000,000 1,052,500,000 406,250,000 796,250,000 4,647,500,000 1,193,750,000 11,403,750,000 Total 19,500,000,000 2,255,000,000 17,245,000,000 14'J THE FUTURE SUPPLY. The estimate just made shows 17,245,000,000 tons of marketable coal still in the ground; what per cent, of this will be w^on the future alone can determine. It is to be doubted whether the total coal won when the field shall be abandoned will exceed 40 per cent, of the total contents. An estimate on tliat basis would show the available marketable coal still now in the ground to be as follows : — ^ Wyoming region 1,859,000,000 tons. Lehigh region 477,500,000 tons. Schuylkill regi<.n 4,561,500,000 tons. In all 6,898,000,000 tons. The amount of coal won at the modern colliery due to improvements in mining methods, the appliances for hand- ling the coal, and in the utilization of the small sizes, shows a decided advance over the earlier years of mining; a still further advance will undoubtedly be made in these direc- tions, and the mining of the small beds, where a larger per cent, can be won, will all tend to increase the total.. Future estimates for a long time will in all probability show an advance in the total per cent. won. But it should not be forgotten that the difficulties, the dangers, and the cost of mining are and will continue to increase, due to the increasing depth at which the coal must be mined and the increased amount of water which must be pumped. The coal first mined was by drifts or tunnels at water level, and a natural outlet for both coal and water was se- cured ; as the coal above water level became exhausted, slopes were sunk in the beds, or where the beds were nearly horizontal shallow shafts were sunk to them ; these slopes and shafts have gradually increased in depth, until now at a number of the collieries mining is carried on at a depth of 1000 or 1100 feet below the outlet. 150 Depth of Mining. — That this depth must greatly increase before the exhaustion of the fields the following data, based on the published cross-sections, show : — In the Northern field the deepest part of the basin is between Wilkes Barre and Nanticoke, and it is to this neighborhood that we must look for the future supply in this field ; here the Baltimore bed attains a depth in the basin of 1500 or 1600 feet and the Red Ash of 1700 or 1800 feet. In the Eastern Middle field the difficulty is not so great, as but little of the coal is more than 1000 feet below the surface. In the Western Middle field the Mammoth attains a maximum depth of about 2000 feet, with the underlying beds still deeper ; over considerable areas of the field the Mammoth is below 1200 or 1500 feet. In the Southern field, which is estimated to now contain about one-half of all the anthracite remaining in the ground, a careful estimate, based on the cross-sections, shows that one-half the contents of the field is to be found at a depth of more than 1100 feet, and that the lowest workable bed (the Lykens Valley) attains a maximum depth of more than 4000 feet. Pumping. — The increased pumping due to letting in of the surface water and tapping of the underground water- courses, by breaking and settling of the strata over the areas mined, increases with the extent of the working, and as the strata becomes honeycombed with workings will be a more and more serious obstacle, especially when the pumping will not only include the area under operation, but perhaps miles of older workings ; and again, the difii- culty in holding the water on the upper lifts will make it necessary to raise the bulk of it from the lowest point in the mine. Some of the collieries are already using from 15 to 25 per cent, of their production under the boilers. In the Schuylkill and Lehigh regions, where the beds are steeply inclined, the strata is easily accessible to the surface water. 151 In the deep basins where the coal-beds are numerous (some 20 in parts of the Southern field), if the principal beds are mined first and pillars robbed out, the breaking and settling of the strata will undoubtedly seriously damage the beds above and interfere with the economical working of them. THE QUANTITY OF COAL AND COAL-DIRT IN CULM BANKS. Just what proportion of coal taken from the mines is now contained in the culm banks it is impossible, without a survey of all the banks in the region, to determine. At the Parrish Colliery, Northern coal-field, which may be taken as a good example of a modern colliery, and where all the small sizes are saved, the estimate would show that a quantity of coal equal to 19 per cent, of the total production goes to the dirt bank. '' In 1890 and 1891 the Clear Spring Coal Company pro- duced 342,523 tons of coal ; and 66,532 tons of culm (in- cluding all the buckwheat coal) went to the culm pile, i. e., the culm was about 19.7 per cent, of the total produc- tion." At the Hammond, Western Middle field, the estimate, covering a period of 29 years, shows that a quantity of coal equal to 29 per cent, of the production has gone to the dirt banks. The estimate of the dirt banks on the Gilbert estate would show the contents of the bank at the Lawrence Colliery to equal 53 per cent, of the shipments, the Stanton Colliery 74 per cent., the Draper Colliery 46 per cent., and the Gilberton Colliery 57 per cent. These collieries are some of the oldest in the anthracite region. Mr. Ashburner's estimates of the Panther Creek basin show that from the commencement of mining, 1820 to 1883, 20 per cent, more coal had gone to the dirt banks than had been marketed, but for two years, 1881 to 1883, the 152 amount of coal sent to dirt bank equaled 52 per cent, of the production. The Estimates. — At Eagle Hill Colliery (Southern coal- field), 1881 to 1883, shows the coal sent to dirt bank to equal about 60 per cent, of the production. At Phoenix Park No. 3 Colliery (Southern coal-field), 1881 to 1885, 47 per cent, went to dirt bank. At Brookside Colliery, 1869 to 1889, the coal sent to the dirt bank equaled about 49 per cent, of the total product. Taking into consideration that the per cent, of coal now sent to the dirt bank is much less than formerly, and the annual production greatly increased, it perhaps would not be unfair to estimate that since the commencement of mining the coal and coal-dirt sent to the culm banks has been 35 per cent, of the total production, say 315,700,000 tons. Animal Shipments from the Schuylkill, Lehigh, and Wyoming Regions from 1820 to 1892. Schuylkill Region. Lehigh Region. Wyoming Region. Total. Years. ' 1 Tonnage. Per Cent. Tonnage. Per Cent. Tonnage. Per Cent. Tons. 1820 . . 365 365 1,073 2,240 ;;;';; 1 . 1,073 3,720 1822 . . 1,480 39.79 60.21 '...'.'. \ • • • 1823 . . 1,128 16.23 5,823 83.77 j . . . 6,951 1824 . . 1,567 14.10 9,541 85.90 11,108 1825. . 1826 . . 1827 . . 1828 . . 1829. . 6,500 16,767 18.60 28,393 31,280 32 074 81.40 1 34,893 48,047 63,434 77,516 112,083 34.90 65.10 . . . j 31,360 47,284 49.44 50.56 i 61.00 30,232 25,110 39.00 79'973 71.35 22.40 7,000 * 6'.25 1830 . . 89,984 51.50 41,750 23.90 43,000 24.60 174,734 1831 . . 81,854 46.29 40,966 23.17 54,000 30.54 176,820 1832 . . 1 209,271 57.61 70,000 19.27 84,000 23.12 363,271 1833 . . i 252,971 51.87 123,001 25.22 111,777 22.91 { 487,749 1834 . . 226,692 60.19 106,244 28.21 43,700 11.60 376,636 1835 . . 339,508 60.54 131,250 23.41 90,000 16.05 560,758 1836 . 432,045 63.16 148,211 21.66 103,861 15.18 684,117 1837 . . 1 530,152 60.98 223,902 25.75 115,387 13.27 869,441 1838 . . { 446,875 60.49 213,615 28.92 78,207 10.59 738,697 1839 . . 475,077 58.05 221,025 27.01 122,300 14.94 818,402 1840 . . \ 490,596 56.75 225,313 26.0? 148,470 17.18 864,379 1841 . . 624,466 65.07 143,037 14.90 192,270 20.03 959,773 1842. . 583,273 52.62 272,540 24.59 252,599 22.79 1,108,412 1843 . . 710,200 56.21 267,793 21.19 285,605 22.60 1,263,598 1844 . . 887,937 54.45 377,002 23.12 365,911 22.43 1,630,850 1845 . . 1,131,724 56.22 429,453 21.33 451,836 22.45 2,013,013 1846 . . 1,308,500 55.82 517,116 22.07 518,389 22.11 2,344,005 1847 . . 1,665,735 57.79 633,507 21.98 583,067 20.23 2,882,309 1848 . . 1,733,721 56.12 670,321 21.70 685,196 22.18 3,089,238 1849 . . 1,728,500 53.30 781,556 24.10 732,910 22.60 3,242,966 1850 . . 1,840,620 54.80 690,456 20.56 827,823 24.64 3,358,899 1851 . . 2,328,525 52.34 964,224 21.68 1,156,167 25.98 4,448,916 1852. . 2,636,835 52.81 1,072,136 21.47 1,284,500 25.72 4,993,471 1853 . . 2,665,110 51.30 1,054,309 20.29 1,475,732 28.41 5,195,151 1854 . . 3,191,670 53.14 1,207,186 20.13 1,603,478 26.73 6,002,334 1855 . . 3,552,943 53.77 1,284,113 19.43 1,771,511 26.80 6,608,567 1856 . . 3,603,029 52.91 1,351,970 19.52 1,972,581 28.47 6,927,580 1857 . . 3,373,797 50.77 1,318,541 19.84 1,952,603 29.39 6,644,941 1858 . . 3,273,245 47.86 1,380,030 20.18 2,186,094 31.96 6,839,369 1S59 . . 3,448,708 44.16 1,628,311 20.86 2,731,236 34.98 7,808,255 1860. . 3,749,632 44.04 1,821,674 21.40 2,941,817 34.56 8,513,123 1861 . . 3,160,747 39.74 1,738,377 21.85 3,055,140 38.41 7,954,264 1862 . . 3,372,583 42.86 1,351,054 17.17 3,145,770 39.97 7,869,407 1863 . . 3,911,683 40.90 1,894,713 19.80 3,759,610 39.30 9,566,006 1«64. . 4,161,970 40.89 2,054,669 20.19 3,960,836 38.92 10,177,475 1865 . . 4,356,959 45.14 2,040,913 21.14 3,254,519 33.72 9,652,391 1866 . . 5,787,902 45.56 2,179,364 17.15 4,736,616 37.29 12,703,882 1867 . . 5,161,671 39.74 2,502,054 19.27 5,325,000 40.99 12,988,725 1868 . . 5,330,737 38.62 2,502,582 18.13 5,968,146 43.25 13,801,465 1869 . . 5,775,138 41.66 1,949,673 14.06 6,141,369 44.28 13,866,180 1870 . . 4,968,157 30.70 3,239,374 L^0.02 7,974,660 49.28 16,182,191 1871 . . 6,552,772 41.74 2,235,707 14.24 6,911,242 44.02 15,669,721 1872 . . 6,694,890 34.03 3,873,339 19.70 9,101,549 46.27 19,669,778 1873 . . 7,212,601 33.97 3,705,596 17.46 10,309,755 48.57 21,227,952 1874 . . 6,866,877 34.09 3,773,836 18.73 9,504,408 47.18 20,145,121 1875 . . 1 6,281,712 31.87 2,834,605 14.38 10,596,155 53.75 19,712,472 1876 . . ^ 6,221,934 33.63 3,854,919 20.84 8,424,158 45.53 18,501,011 1877 . . 8,195,042 39.35 4,332,760 20.80 8,300,377 39.85 i 20,828,179 1878 . . 1 6,282,226 35.68 3,237,449 18.40 8,085,587 1 45.92 1 17,605,262 1879 . . 8,960,829 34.28 4,595,567 17.58 12,586,293 48.14 26,142,689 1880 . . \ 7,554,742 32.23 4,463,221 19.05 11,419,279 48.72 ; 23,437,242 1881 . - 9,253,958 32.46 5,294,676 18.58 13,951,383 48.96 28,500,017 1882 . . 9,459,288 32.48 5,689,437 19.54 13,971,371 47.98 1 29,120,096 1883 . . 10,074,726 31.69 6,113,809 19.23 15,604,492 49.U8 1 31,793,027 1884 . . 9,478,314 30.85 5,562,226 18.11 •n5,677,753 51.04 i 30,718,293 1S85. . 9,488,426 30.00 5,898,634 18.65 ••n6,236,470 51.35 i 31,623,530 1886 . . 9,381,407 29.19 5,723,129 17.81 *17,031,826 ! 53.00 32,136,362 1887 . . 10,609,028 30.63 4,347,061 12.55 ^'19,684.929 56.82 34,641,018 1888. . 10,654,116 27.93 5,639,236 14.78 •'^21,852,365 57.29 38,145,717 1 889 . . 10,474,364 29.58 6,285,421 17.75 n8,647,925 52 67 35,407,710 1890 . . 10,867,821 30.31 6,329,658 17.65 *18,657,694 52.04 35,855,173 1891 . . 12,741,258 31.50 6,381,838 15.78 -21,325,239 52.72 ! 40,448,335 1892 . . 12,626,784 30.14 6,451,076 15.40 *22,815,480 54.46 ; 41,893,340 Includes Loyalsock field. APPENDIX A-2. Talmlm- Eslimnle, Shommj Ihe Approximate Qmnlily, P"-^' md Future, Froducliim of Coal in tlie Several Districts of the Northern Anthracite Coal Basin o) Peimsylvt By Wm. Griffith, Engineer and GeologUl, Scranton, Pa. lij '|i|:r|i!i i i i APPENDIX B. 0/ Use of Small AiUhracilr Chnh oa Locomotives. Philadelphia nnd Reading Railroad Company. (Eaetcro and Morlliern Divlaioim.) Delaware, Lacknwanna a srD Railroad. (Exclusiv :iSi„c (sloKed) grateb;. '"t,; DissdvanUges of so d Dlsadvaotages of so doing . DisadTantages of so doini How do locoiuoUves burning small aiit liracilc- .omparc 1 Disposition of company in matter ofbuildiiig new lo-] coniotives, i, <■., ■whether for burning large orHraallV a locomotive for barnjng small anturaciiec Size orwal''ma''ou'Yo"oSi'ves f"r 'imnifiit' amall'l anthmcite I heavy or lishl? . le of cubical or flat heavy or light?. 1 yj in. □, A in- O Over A i". 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