Oass Book. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Chap. Copyright Xo. Shelf L^MTED STATES OF AMERICA. |';sii'-d Weekly / Number 12 June 2, 1886 Singlf Numbers FIFTEEN CENTS J Quarterly Subscription Double Numbers THIR-gfrfglHJ^OHV , ('3 Numbers) $1.60 t89P Q^LN'^'^ €l)e ISibemDe literature ^eneis With Introductions, N'otes, Historical Shetc/ies, and Biof/raphical Sketches J-Jach regular single number, paper, 15 ctnts. 1. Longfellow's Evangeline.* if 2. Longfellow's Courtstiip of Miles Standish ; Elizabeth.-'^- 3. Longfellow's Courtship of Miles Standish. Dramatized. 4. Whittier's Saow-Boand, and Other Poems.* Xt **' 5. Whittier's Mabel Martin, and Other Poems.** (.). Holmes's Grandmother's Story of Bunker Hill Battle, etc** 7, 8, 0. Hawthorne's Grandfather's Chair ; True Stories from Nev England History. lG'JU-lW)o. In three parts. t4 10. Hawthorne's Biographical Storiss. With Questions.** 11. Longfellow's Children's Hour, and Other Selections.** 12. Studies in Longfellow, Wlxittier, Holmes, and Lowell. ()utliiie and Topics for Study. l'.\ 14. Longfellow's Song of Hiawatha. lu two parts.; If). Lowell's Under the Old Elm, and Other Poems.** 1(). Bayard Taylor's Lars : a Pastoral of Norway ; and Other Poems. 17, 18. Hawthorne's Wonder -Book. In t.MO parts. i 19, 20. Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography. In two parts. { 21. Benjamin JTranklin's Poor Richard's Almanac, etc. 22, 2;{. Hawthorne's Tanglewood Tales. lu two parts, ± 24. Washington's Rules of Conduct, Letters and Addresses.* 25, 2f). Longfellow's Golden Legend. In two parts. t 27. Thoreau's Succession of Forest Trees, Wild Apples, and Sounds With a Bitigraphieal Sketcli by R. W. Emeksox. 2S. John Burroughs's Birds and Bees.** 29. Hiiwbhorne's Little Daffydowndilly, and Other Stories.** [iO. Lowell's Vision of Sir Launfal, and Other Pieces.* JJ *"* 31. Holmes's My Hunt after the Captain, and Other Papers.** 32. Abraham Lincoln's Getty.sburg Speech, and Other Papers 33. 34, 3."). Longfellow's Tales of a Wayside Inn. In tluee parts. tf 3(>. John Burroughs's Sharp Eyes, and Other Papers.** 37. Charles Dudley Warner's A-Hunting of the Deer, etc.* 38. Longfellow's Building of the Ship, and Other Poenois. 39. Lowell's Books and Libraries, and Other Papers.** 40. Hawthorne's Tales of the White Hills, and Sketches.** 41. Whittier's Tent on the Beach, and Associated Poems. 42. Emerson's Fortune of the Republic, and Other Essays, includh Tlie American Scholar.** 43. IJiysses among the Phaeacians. From W. C. Bkyant's Traiislat:'- of Hi»mer'.s Odyssey. 44. Edgeworth's Waste Not, Want Not ; and The Barring Out. 4.5. Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome.* 40. Old Testament Stories in Scripture Language. 47, 48. Fables and Polk Stories. In two parts- 1 49, 50. Hans Andersen's Stories. In two parts.f 51, 52. Washington Irving : Essays from the Sketch Book. [51.] R Van Winkle, and Other American Essays, [52.] The Voyage, and Other Eugli Essay .H. In two parts. J 53. Scott's Lady of the Lake. Edited by W. J. Rolfe. With copio notes and numerons illustrations. {Double Number, 30 cents. Also, i)i HolJ' Students'' Series, cloth, to Teachers, 5.'i cents.) 54. Bryant's Sella, Thanatopsis, and Other Poems.* 55. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice. Thukber.* ** 56. Webster's First Bunker Hill Oration, and the Oration on Adar and Jefferson. Also, bound in linen • * 25 cent.«. ** 4 and 5 in one vol., 40 cents ; likewise 6 a 31, 11 and 63, 15 and 3'J, 28 and 30, 29 and 10, 39 and 123, 40 and 69, 55 and 67, 113 a 42. + Also in one vol., 40 cents. :}:$ 1, 4, and 30 also in one vol., 50 cents; likewiee 8, and 9 : 33, 34, and 35. %\t ^titjersiDe ilitcrature Series; STUDIES IN LONGFELLOW, WHITTIER, HOLMES AND LOWELL OUTLINES AND TOPICS FOR STUDY J '\a WITH QUESTIONS AND REFERENCES ^im 'JA mti Tm HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY Boston : 4 Park Street ; New York : 11 East Seventeenth Street Chicago: 378-388 Wabash Avenne (Cbc IMamite J^re??, Camtri&oe 4414 Copyright, 1883, By W. C. GANNETT. Copyright, 1898, By HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. All rights reserved. The Riversi'le Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton and Company. PUBLISHERS' NOTE. Some years ago there appeared in the Riverside Literature Series " Studies in Longfellow : Outlines for Schools, Conversation Classes, and Home Studies," by W. C. Gannett. The book has had a steady sale, and tias met with such favor as to suggest a like treatment 3f other New England poets. We now present, there- fore, Mr. Gannett's book, enlarged by the addition of similar but less extended studies of Whittier, Holmes, ind Lowell. Outlines of this kind, especially any so brief as the later ones, are designed to be suggestive rather than exhaustive, and the good teacher will supplement them in ways of his own. They will have served their purpose if they shall lighten somewhat the teacher's labor, and shall help to stimulate in the pupils a genuine love of our great poets ind a thorough study of their works. In the '' Studies in Longfellow " page-references are ^iven to the Household Edition of Longfellow's Poems and of " Christus," ^ also to " Hyperion." In the new 1 The volume entitled Christus contains the Divine Tragedy, the Golden Legend, and the two Neiv England Tragedies, all of which are included in the Cambridge Edition. References to these dramas are made by their initials. iv PUBLISHERS' NOTE. part of the book no page-references are made, as they seem hardly necessary with good indexes. The Cambridge Edition ^ of the poets excels all others for general use and study, the works of the sev- eral poets being given in convenient single volumes, containing notes of much interest, also biographical sketches of the authors and chronological lists of their poems. The Household Edition is the next best single volume edition, and the Riverside Edition presents the complete poetical and prose works of each author in several volumes. ^ Complete Poetical Works of Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, and Lowell. Cambridge Edition. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2.00 each.) BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL WORKS ON LONGFELLOW. Longfellow, Samuel. Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. 2 vols. This work, written after the poet's death, by his brother, is the standard biography. Austin, George Lowell. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: His Life, His Works, His Friendships. Until the appearance of Samuel Longfellow's work, this was the most complete life. Kennedy, William Sloane. Henry W. Longfellow ; Biography, Anecdotes, Letters, Criticism. This is a serviceable book, and is the one which is con- stantly referred to in the " Studies " as " Life." Underwood, Francis Henry. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ; a Biographical Sketch. This is what its name declares, a sketch, and not an extended biography. Stedman, Edmund Clarence. Poets of America. A book of valuable and helpful criticism. Stoddard, Richard Henry. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. In Homes and Haunts of Our Elder Poets. ^ An illustrated work. 1 This book is now out of print, but can, of course, be found in libraries. vi WORKS ON LONGFELLOW. Fields, Annie. Authors and Friends. Mrs. Fields, whose husband was for many years Long- fellow's publisher and close friend, draws upon stores of material which have not been used by his bio- graphers, and gives a charming picture in which the friend is no less prominent than the author. CONTENTS Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The Man, his Plome, and his Friends .... 9 Evangeline .......•• 1< Hiawatha ......... 20 The Puritans. Longfellow as Poet of American History 22 Mediaeval Legends 26 Seaside and Fireside 30 God . 33 Man 35 Bi'otherhood ........ 39 The Poet. His Inspiration and his Ministry . . .41 John Gbeenleaf Whittier. Biographical and Critical Works 47 Poems on Whittier 49 Noteworthy Facts and Events in Whittier's Life . . 49 Poems of Autobiographical Interest . . . .51 New England Scenery ....... 52 New England Life, Legend, and History . . .53 Snow-Bound ........ 55 Personal Poems ........ 56 Poems for Occasions ....... 57 Anti-Slavery Poems 58 Religious Poems 60 Whittier's Prose ........ 61 Oliver Wendell Holmes. Biographical and Critical Works 63 Poems on Holmes 65 viii CONTENTS. Noteworthy Facts and Events in Holmes's Life . . 65 Autobiographical Readings from Holmes ... 66 Humorous Poems 67 Personal Poems ........ 68 Harvard Poems ...... .69 Poems for Occasions . 70 Patriotic Poems . . . . . . . .71 Poems of Religion and Sentiment .... 72 Holmes's Prose . . . . . • . • .73 James Russell Lowell. Biographical and Critical Works ..... 75 Poems on Lowell 76 Noteworthy Facts and Events in Lowell's Life . . 77 Autobiographical Readings from Lowell . . .78 Poems of Nature . . . . . . . . 78 Legends . . 79 Personal Poems 80 Patriotic Poems 81 The Biglow Papers 81 Poems of Sentiment and Religion 83 Lowell's Prose . . . . . . . . 83 STUDIES IN LONGFELLOW. * His gracious presence upon earth Was as a fire upon a hearth ; As pleasant songs, at morning sung, The uwrds that dropped from his sweet tongue Strengthened otir hearts ; or, heard at night, Made all our slumbers sojt and light. Where ishef" ** ffe has moved a little nearer To the Master of all music, To the Master of all singing I ♦♦ THE MAN, HIS HOME, AND HIS FRIENDS. (1.) Cambridge. *' The doors are all wide open; at the gate The blossomed lilacs counterfeit a blaze. And seem, to warm the air ; a dreamy haze Hangs o'er the Brighton meadows like a fate, And on their margin, with sea-tides elate. The flooded Charles, as in the happier days, Writes the last letter of his name." PAGE To THE River Charles . . 38 Village Blacksmith It is not Always May . , 37 From my Arm-Chair ^'"^GE 85 In Churchyard at Cami Ta»EK Friends, IV., V. . . 364 Herons of Elmwood , AlTEKNOON in FEBRUARY . . 87 St. John'S, CAMBRIDGE . PAGE 36 395 10 THE HOME. Conversation. — Can you find the College anywhere in the Poems ? Why, — is there no poetry about that ? (See Hyperion, 60.) To see Longfellow as Professor, look at Life, 42 ; and hear the Cambridge neighbors talk about him, in Life, 156, 243, — and 234. For Village Blacksmith, see Life, 192 ; and the story of the Arm- Chair in Life, 118, 247. Other glimpses of Charles .River in Hyperion, 195-197, 294. Old Cambridge charmingly described in Lowell's " Fireside Travels," and in Holmes's '' Poet at the Breakfast Table, i>. 11. " Elmwood " is Lowell's home, not far from Longfel- low's, on the way to Mount Auburn, that " City of the Dead " (364), towards which the *' shadows pass " (p. 87). (2.) The Home. •* Once,, ah, once within these walls, One whom, memory oft recalls, The Father of his Country dwelt.''^ " Cfrave Alice, and laughing Allegro, And Edith with golden hair.'''' PAGE PAGE . To A Child 82 Haunted Chamber .... 228 Children 224 Old Clock on Stairs, etc. Children's Hour 225 89, 321, 383 Weariness 228 From my Arm-Chair .... 395 Castle-Builder 229 Iron Pen 396 To-morrow 321 My Cathedral 400 Shadow ........ 367 Moonlight 409 Footsteps op Angels ... 4 Golden Mile-Stonb .... 220 Resignation 129 Song 379 Two Angels 215 See also "Among his Books," p. 13. Conversation. — " The history of innumerable house- holds " in so many of these Home poems ! What won- der they made their writer a people's poet ! Have you seen Read's picture of the three girls ? Why are all ffIS FRIENDS. 11 fathers and mothers, poets, — or aren't they; Home and Children as sources of poetry, in old time and new. To watch LongfeUow with children, see Life, 122- 125, 173, 179, 191, 241 ; and then, on 310, read Whit- tier's verses called " The Poet and the Children." Foot- steps of Angels refers to his young wife, who died but four years after their marriage ; and in Two Angels, the "friend " was his neighbor, the poet Lowell, whose wife died on the night when a child was born to Longfellow. A, but not the, clock stands on his staircase-landing ; for the clock, see Life, 71 ; the "ship" clock (383) is in his study; and listen to the other clocks in Poems, 299 316, 408. The Iron Pen was given him at a garden- party of school-girls, who had come to visit his house. The romantic story of the old house has been often told, as in Life, 46-54; in "Scribner's Montlily " for Nov., 1878 ; by G. W. Curtis, in " Homes of American Au- thors ; " and in Drake's "Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex," ch. 13. And now to call on the Poet in his home, read Life, 172-180. Let us seat ourselves in the study and look about : what poems, besides those named, are in any way suggested ? (3.) His Friends. " The noble three. Who half my life were more than friends to me. I most of all remember the divtTie Something, t/iat shone in them.''* PAGE PAGE Gu^M Of THE Sunshine , . 78 Three Friends (Felton, Acas-' Open Window 132 siz, Sumner) ... 354 Fiftieth BmTHDAV (Agassiz) . 224 Herons of Elmwood (LoweU) Noel (Agassiz) 323 Hawthorne 319 216, 372 In Churchyard at T. (Irving) 380 Charles Sumner 358 Three Silences (Whittier) . . 382 12 HIS FRIENDS. PAGE PAGE Wapentake (Tennyson) . . . 385 Meeting 229 Bayard Taylok 394 Memoeies 414 Burial of Poet (R. H. Dana) 401 AuF Wiedersehen (J. T. Fields) 406 Endymion 36 From the French 412 Dedication to Seaside and The Love-Poems in Hiawatha, Fireside 121 Wayside Inn, Michael An- FiRE OF Driftwood .... 129 gelo, etc. Preludes and Interludes to Wayside Inn, 232-316. The story-tellers around the fireside were, — Squire, Lyman Howe ; Student, H. W. Wales ; Sicilian, Luigi Monti ; T?i€0- logian, Prof. Treadwell ; Poet, T. W. Parsons ; dfusician, Ole Bull ; Spanish Jew, a Boston dealer in Oriental goods, Israel Edrehi- Conversation. — Longfellow's lovableness : see Low- ell's " Fable for Critics," p. 142, and his " To H. W. L. ; " Holmes's " To H. W. Longfellow ; " and tributes of other fellow-poets. Crayon portraits of Sumner, Emer- son, Hawthorne, Felton, and himself, all as young men, hang on his study-walls : trace what those five friends, those five young heads, have done to shape American lit- erature and life ! For his early praise of Hawthorne, see Drift- Wood, 115, — a book-notice, which thenceforth bound the two classmates in close intimacy. A poet's two circles, — those whom he knows, and those who know him. He wrote many poems of friendship, many of sympathy, many of love ; but any " love-poems," save those in prose (Hyperion, Bk. III., IV.), or else trans- lated ? For the old "Wayside Inn at Sudlfiry, and Longfel- low's poetic lease of it for the imaginary brotherhood, see Drake's " Historic Fields and Mansions of Middle- sex," ch. 19, and "Harper's Monthly," Sept., 1880; also, T. W. Parsons's opening poem in his " Old House at Sudbury." There was a real fireside circle there of some of these friends, but Ole Bull and the Jew and Longfellow himself were not of it. AMONG HIS BOOKS. 13 (4.) Among His Books. ** The love of learning, the sequestered nooks, And all the sweet serenity of books. ^^ PAGE PAGE DAT IS DON!! .87 Keats 366 Wind over Chimney .... 320 Robkrt BimNS 397 Travels by Fireside ... 359 Dante 17, 91, 322, 435 To Old Danish Sono-Book . 88 Michael Angelo . 368, 392, 415 Oliver Easseun ..... 217 Hermes Trismegistus . . . 402 Chaucer 3G5 Translations Shakespeare .... 365,409 23,93,135,387-394,412 Milton 365 My Books 414 Conversation, — What English poets were living, and whart American authors were known, in 1833, when Longfellow published his first little book of poetry, — the Coplas de Manrique ? Margaret Fuller called his early poems largely " exotic." '' Longfellow's mission, — the binding back of America to the Old World taste and imagination. Our true rise of Poetry may be dated from his method of exciting an interest in it," — from a light beyond the sea. ... "A good borrower." . . . "The world of books was to him the real world. If he had been banished from his library, his imagination would have been blind and deaf and silent." (E. C. Stedman.) Are there any great writers who are not " good borrowers " ? Do you believe that that " ban- ishment" would have so unmade our Poet ? For Longfellow's study-paths, see the Wayside Inn " student," p. 233, and the many sources of those Inn tales ; also Hyperion, 87, 98, 296, und 37, 160, 247 ; also Drift- Wood ; and his " Poets and Poetry of Europe," translated from ten different languages. If no more, at least look over his translation of Dante, with its wealth of Notes and Essays. What two great Old World poems, 14 HIS TRAVELS. besides the Dante, have been translated by American poets ? What four other " collections " of poetry have been made by our elder poets ? For Longfellow's special influence on American literature, and his " binding us back" to Germany (as Irving to England?), see Life, 33, 61, 261 ; Stedman's article in the " Century," Oct., 1883, p. 926 ; also, his two articles in " Scribner's," Aug. and Oct., 1881, on the Rise of Poetry in America. The other sense in which an EngUshman wrote of Long- fellow, as " The bard whose sweet songs, more than aught beside, Have bound two worlds together." (5.) His Travels. ** Infancy I can hear again The Alpine iorrenfs roar. The mule-bells an the hills of Spain, The sea at Elsinore. " J see the convenVs gleaming ivall Rise from its groves of pine, And towers of old cathedrals tall. And castles by th^ Ehine.''^ page page Carillon 76 Castles in Spain 373 Belfry op Bruges .... 77 Travels by the FiREsroE . . 359 Nuremberg 79 Caijenabbia 359 Strasburg . . G. L. 7-10, 83-87 Moxte Caseso 360 Black Forest . . G. L. 109-112 Amalei 361 Switzerland . . G. L. 150-160 Florence . . 321, 368, 437, 45^-9 Genoa G. L. 16C-172 Venice 381 To THE River Rhone . . . 382 Rome 449-456, 460-1 Conversation. — The best picture among these ? Does Art seem to have attracted Longfellow ? Nuremberg, a poem to illustrate, verse by verse, with photographs. Did the Poet find his own land so lovably picturesque ? For ruins he had to take the stone walls of New Eng- land! (See 142, 195, 246.) Does not the American FROM BOYHOOD TO OLD AGE. 15 find more poetry than the European, in the historic and traditional ? If yes, why ? Books or travel, — which educates one the more? For other reminiscences of travel, see Outre-Mer (France, Spain, Italy), written af- ter his first trip to Europe ; and Hyperion (the Rhine, Tyrol, Switzerland) , written after his second ; and the Svredish village-scenes in the Notes to Poems, p. 472. " A good thing when a romance (Hyperion) has a per- manent place among the guide-books." (T. W. Higgin- son.) (6.) From Boyhood to Old Age. " But to act, thai each to-morrow Find vs farther than to-day ^ *' Not the min that used to be. Not the tides thai used to run ! " My Lost Youth ropewalk Kj^ramos (first and last stanzas) Parker Cleaveland (College) 381 Divtna Commedia (I.-V.) . . 322 Prelude to Voices of Night . 1 Morituri Salutamus ... 354 Psalm of Life 2 HAR^'EST Moon 382 Light of Stars 3 Holidays 385 Raixy Day 37 Ultima Thule (Dedication) . 394 Builders 130 Elegiac 398 Ladder of St. Augustine . 212 Personal Poems .... 413-4 Something Left Undone . . 227 - Weariness 228 His Last Words, Prophecies ! 415, 411 Changed 229 . See also "The Home," p. 10^ above ; and "Tire Poet," p. 41 below. Conversation. — Should you call him self-revealing, or self-hiding, in his poems ? "A man of deep reserves." (C. E. Norton.) '<■ The hospitality (in his poems) that invites the whole world home is exquisitely proud and shy." (W. D Howeils.) Yet if you knew nothing of age PAOE 219 Aftermath . . 231 220 Palingenesis .... . . 317 Bridge of Cloud . . . . . 318 368 Wind over Chimney . . . 320 16 FROM BOYHOOD TO OLD AGE. his nature or his literary life, what could you read of each in his works ? And what in his face ? (See Life, 148.) In the poems, what inward struggles or tempta- tions do you trace ? " Not man and poet, but a poetical man." (O. B. Frothinghara.) ''Beautiful and ample as the expression of himself was, it fell far short of the truth. The man was more and better than the poet." For other hints about his early inner life, see Hyperion, Bk. I., ch. 1, 3, 7, 8 ; Bk. II., ch. 10 ; Bk. III. ; Bk. IV., ch. 8, 9 ; and the mottoes prefixed to Hyperion (378) and Kavanagh. Hyperion is in some degree based on fact: "Paul Flemming" is a shadow of the Poet himself ; the first chapter refers to his young wife, who died when they were abroad ; and " Mary Ashbur- ton" is the lady whom he afterwards married. The translation of Dante was the work into which he bore his second great sorrow, her death ; and in the passion- ate series of Dante's sonnets (p. 322), which made his preludes to the three parts of the poem, do we not hear an exquisite undertone as if from his own experience ? (" My burden," " agonies," " she stands before thee," " benedictions.") For a word about this sorrow, " ever abiding, but veiled," and the still " sweeter manhood " born of it, see Life, 56, and LoweU's " To H. W. L.," and perhaps PaHngenesis and Bridge of Cloud, 317-8. Serenity as a sign of strength : is it always that ? Is it mainly the fruit of temperament or of victory ? When does one begin to feel the " change " in sun and tide "^ Do poets (compare Wordsworth, Holmes, Whittier) feel it more and earlier than others ? For old Portland, see Life, 19-24. For his first boy- poem in print, see Life, 254. Other boy-poems are printed in Life, 335-352. These and the " Earlier EVANGELINE. 17 Poems *' as published (Poems, p. 6) are largely about Nature, and sound like Bryant. The Prelude to Voices of the Night (p. 1) seems to mark a real change and deepening of his poetic consciousness, — " The land of Song within thee lies," — which gave us a new poet. For personal origin of Psalm of Life, see Life, 181. For origin of Morituri Salutamus, see Life, 107. Stedman calls the poem " a model of its kind ; " C. C. Everett says, " Perhaps the grandest hymn to Age ever written." Do you like it so well as they ? With Loss and Gain, p. 413, compare Whittier's '' My Triumph." Note the glad prophecy with which both of his last two poems close ! (Pp. 415, 411.) Can you catch the echoes of his prose in his verse ? e. g., with Prelude, p. 1, compare Hyperion, 78 ; vdth Psalm of Life, and Wind over Chimney, compare Hype- rion, 84-86 ; and Hyperion, 158, with Michael Angelo, p. 467. Can you find the lines chosen above as motto for our Poet, — " His gracious presence," etc. ? Would you have chosen those lines for motto, or four verses on p. 87 ; or the passage on pp. 154-5 ; or nine lines on p. 233 ; or sixteen on p. 234 ; or six on pp. 380-1 ; or four in G. L. 76, or nine in G. L. 183-4 ; or still others ? How many of these unconscious self-portraits there are ! II. EVANGELINE. (1.) "In the Acadian Land." and the Exile. First Paat (p. 95). Conversation. — Which is the prettiest of these vil- lage-scenes, — indooi's, and out-of-doors ? Was Acadian 2 Id EVANGELINE. life really so idyllic, and Puritan life comparatively tragic, do you suppose ? If yes, what made the differ- ence ? Facts and a poet, — is all the beauty which he sees, in the facts ? Was there any possible justification for the English atrocity ? For the story, see Bancroft's "United States," 1883 edit, vol. ii., 425-434. For the origin of the poem, see Life, 73. For Acadie, see C. D. Warner's " Baddeck." The poem is published in a pamphlet, with notes, as " Riverside Literature Series," No, 1. (Houghton, Mif- flin & Co., Boston. 15 cts.) The hexameter in English verse, — why so little used ? Where else does Longfellow use it ? Who besides him has used it ? May not that canto of " Frithiof 's Saga," translated in Drift-Wood, p. 74, have suggested the Evangeline hexameters to him ? Does it fit well this theme ? '' The tranquil current of these brimming, slow-moving, soul-satisfying lines." Its " mournfully rolling cadence." See p. 410 ; and what Lowell says about it in " Fable for Critics," 142 ; and Stedman's article in the " Century," Oct.. 1883, p. 931. (2.) Evangeline. Second Pabt (p. 107). ** Wfien she had passed, it seemed like the ceasing of exquisite music.'* " Sat by some nameless grave, and thought that perhaps in its bosom He was already at rest, and she longed to slumber beside him.''' Conversation. — Is the poem chiefly a character, a story, or a series of beautiful pictures, to you ? Should you call it an epic, an idyl, or a tragedy ? Is the maiden herself, as a character, strongly outlined ? Does she re- call any of Shakespeare's heroines ? Can you see her face, — does the poet show it ? Boughton's picture, and Faed's, — which do you like best? Darley's illustrar EVANGELINE. 19 tions. Suppose you name the ten parts of the poem ; and in each part choose your lines for a picture of Evan- geline. Try to analyze the charm of the poem : why its universal popularity? (e. g., six German translations, three French, tliree Swedish, three Portuguese.) " Evan- geline, his master-piece among the longer poems," says Dr. Holmes ; and Howells adds, " if not the best poem of our age : " say you so ? It is said to have been Longfellow's own favorite among his poems. Which lines most cling to your memory, and what passages da you love best ? Compare with it Goethe's " Hermann and Dorothea," and Clough's " Bothie of Toper-na-Fuosich," — the former perhaps inspiring, the latter inspired by, iivangeline. (3.) Nature in the Poem and the Poet. Conversation. — The finest landscapes in the whole poem ? Can you tell which Longfellow had seen, from those which he knew by books ? Had he seen ajiy of them ? Is " word-painting " chiefly the effect of sight, or of imagination? Does he picture Nature vividly? Does he give its dccpression or its impression ? Does he love Nature for itself, or for what it symbolizes to him ? (See Hyperion, 28, 163 ; also Life, 65, 178, 192, 265.) What moves him most in Nature, — sky, sea, mountains, forests, or fields ? And what aspect does he most feel, — its gladness, beauty, peace, or strength ? Are not his genre pictures (see also Miles Standish) much finer than his landscapes, — and why ? Is it the noblest use of landscape in art to treat it as backgTound to human figures ? Is Nature apt to intensify, or to change, your mood ? (See p. 114, and Kavanagh, ch. 1.) For other pictures of the seasons (p. 98) see 5-7, 91, 382 ; Kava- nagh,'67, 102, 133, 167 ; and Hvoerion, 91, 195. 20 HIAWATHA. III. HIAWATHA. " Legends and- tradiiioTis, With the odors of (he fores/, With (he dew and damp of meadows, With the curling smoke of tvigwams, With the rushing of great rivers.''^ (1.) Sources of the Poem. PAGE PAGE Introduction 141 Peace-Pipe (I.) 142 Conversation. — Sketch the Civilizer and Saviour myths in various races, — Osiris, Hercules, the Christ, etc. For Hiawatha as confounded with the Hero-God of Light, — '• the fundamental myth " of many Indian tribes, — see Brinton's " American Hero-Myths," or ch. 6 of his "Myths of the New World." For the Iro- quois Hiawatha as the half-historic founder of the Five Nations' Confederacy, see Schoolcraft's " Hiawatha Le- gends," p. 188 (J. B. Lippincott & Co. r Philadelphia) ; or, better, Hale's " Lawgiver of the Stone Age," in " Proceedings of Amer. Assoc, for Adv. of Science," vol. XXX., 1881. For the little Indian Pipe-Stone Quarry in Minnesota, see " American Naturalist," July, 1883. For a general survey of Indians and their life, see Bancroft's " United States," 1883 edit., vol. ii., 86-136 ; also Parkman's " Jesuits in North America," pp. xix.- Ixxxix. (2.) Hiawatha. Childhood (III.) 146 Father ano Son (IV.) . . 149 His Gifts to Men. page Minnehaha. PAGE THE0ORN-FlBLDS(V.,Xm.)151, 170 Meeting (IV. end) . . . . 151 Sailing (VII.) 156 Wooing (X.) . . 162 Fishing (VIII.) 157 Wedding Feast (XI.) . . . 164 Healing (IX., XV.) . . 159,174 The GHOS're(XIX.) , . . . 183 Picture-Writing(XIV.). . .172 The Famine (XX.) . . . . 185 The White Man's Foot (XXI.) 1R6 Departuhe (XXII.) . . 189 HIA WATHA. 21 Conversation, — What legends in other faiths akin to some of these ? For the Indian sources of these poems, see Schoolcraft's " Hiawatha Legends," first pub- lished in 1839 as " Algic Researches : " why did nobody- read " Algic Researches," and everybody read Hiawa- tha? (See Life, 84-7.) Ideal and real Indians. Long- fellow's Indian " none the less typical because ideal- ized : " can that be true ? Our " Indian Problem." A nineteenth-century joke, — " The only good Indian is a dead Indian ! " See Mrs. H. H. Jackson's " Century of Dishonor." Read Longfellow's Revenge of Rain-in-the- Face, p. 375. The Falls of Minnehaha are on a tiny stream near the Mississippi River, between St. Paul and Minneapolis. (3.) Other LegendB. PAGE PAGE The Four Winds (II. ) . . , 144 PAU-PrK-KEEWis (XVI.) . . .176 Hiawatha's Friends Hunting of Pao-Puk-Keewis (VI., XV., XVIII.) 154,174,182 (XVH.) 178 Son of the Evening Star (XII.) 167 Conversation. — Which three poems do you enjoy most in the whole series ? For Longfellow's other Indian poems, see pp. 10, 85, 116, 288, 375. Compare Bryant's and Whittier's Indian work : which of the three poets is the most successful with the theme ? Is Hiawatha a great poem ? " The poet's masterpiece," say O. B. Frothingham and English Mr. Trollope ; " An example of poetic power misapplied, — a weakening influence on American literature," says H. Norman : and now what say you? What makes its fascination? Longfellow's own fourfold answer in the Introduction. As to theme, parallelisms, and metre, compare the Finnish " Kalevala." (See Life, 87-90.) " This monotonous time-beat," is 22 MILES STANDISH. it not well fitted for teUing these primitive legends ? Indian, Norse, and Greek mythology, — try to charac- terize each in a few words. Yesterday's religion, — to-day's poetry : is that a law ? What, then, of to- day's religion ? As poetry thus increases, does religion fade, or freshen ? IV. THE PURITANS. LONGFELLOW AS POET OF AMERICAN HISTORY. (1.) The Courtship of Miles Standish (p. 191). " Archly the maiden sviiled, and, with eyes overrunning with laughter. Said, in a tremulous voice, ' Why donH you speak /or yourself, John f ' " Conversation. — Puritans and Indians. Early rela- tions with the Indians : are we as just to them as the forefathers were ? Were the Pilgrims '' Puritans " ? The difference ? (See Bacon's " Genesis of the New Eng- land Churches.") Compare with Evangeline : which is the stronger poem ? which the more interesting maiden ? What think you of Priscilla's application of the Captain's adage ? For another colonial maiden, and her square-built courtship, read Elizabeth, p. 299. So Longfellow wrote our three poems of old-time love, — French, Pilgrim, and Quaker. Our Poet himself was one of the results of Priscilla's question, seven genera- tions afterwards ; and the best blood of the other, the Puritan, colony also ran in him. If of a New Eng- land family, you almost certainly have " Mayflower " blood in you : have you ever traced up the stream ? Explain the Plymouth scenes, — the meeting-house, JOHN ENDICOTT. 23 psalm-book, terrible winter, graves on the hill, Indian challenge, the Elder, the Captain, John Alden, his bull, a Pilgrim's home, etc. (See Banvard's " Plymouth and the Pilgrims ; " Drake's " Nooks and Corners of the New England Coast," ch. 17, 18.) Boughton's pictures of Pilgrim life, — " Priscilla," "Return of the May- flower," " On the Way to Meeting." This poem is pub- lished in " Riverside Literature Series " in two forms, — as No. 2, with notes ; as No. 3, cut and arranged for private theatricals : each 15 cts. (2.) John Endicott (N. E. T., p. 5). " Scourged in three towns ! " " The pointed gable and the pent-house door. The meeting-house with leaden-latticed panes. The narrow thoroughfares, the crooked lanes. ^^ Conversation. — Puritans and Quakers. Was the Quaker spirit praiseworthy ? The view then, and the view now. State the case, as well as you can, for each party. The lesson from this conflict of consciences. The tenderness-in-sternness of the Puritan. Do you not feel sympathy with Endicott as well as reverence for the Quakers ? Compare Whittier's poems on the same theme, " Cassandra Southwick," " In the Old South Church," " The King's Missive," etc. See Hallowell's " Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts ; " and for a gen- eral sketch of the Quaker history and doctrines, see Ban- croft's " United States," 1883 edition, vol. i. 528-51. ii4 GILES COREY. (3.) Giles Corey (N. E. T., p. 99). " The common madness of the time, When, in all lands thai lie within the sound Of Sabbath bells, a Witch was burned or drowned.'*'' Conversation. - — Puritans and Witches. The origin of the belief in witches ; its connection with the Bible and with modern Spiritualism. State the case for the Puritans : the witches, victims of the Puritans, — and the Puritans, " victims of their own times." Did the " witches " themselves believe in witchcraft ? Suppose you had lived in the seventeenth century, would you not, on the whole, have chosen to be a Puritan ? and if so, would you not have believed in witches ? and if so, what would you have said in Salem in 1692 ? The lesson of this tragedy. (See Lecky's " Rationalism in Europe," ch. 1. ; Lowell's " Among My Books ; " Upham's " Sa- lem Witchcraft.") Compare Whittier's poems, " Proph- ecy of Samuel Sewall," " Witch's Daughter," etc. Was it worth while to write these two tragedies ? See the Poet's motives hinted in his Prologues. As dramas, are they successful ? The Puritan element in American life, — its good and its harm ; its prose and its poetry ; its earnestness and its quaintness. (See Lowell's essay " New England Two Centuries ago " in " Among my Books.") Compare Longfellow's three pictures of Puritan life — its sun- shine and its gloom — with Hawthorne's pictures of the same life. An article on "The Puritan Element in Longfellow," in '* Living Age," No. 2002. SHORT POEMS OF OUR HISTORY. 26 (4.) Short Poems of our History. ** Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee ! Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears. Our faith triumphant o^er our fears, Are aU with thee, — are all with thee ! '* PAGE PA0B Skeleton in Armor. ... 25 Warning 44 Baron of St. Castine . . . 288 Cumberland 226 Rhyhe of Sir Christopher . 314 Christmas Bells 319 Eliot's Oak 381 Killed at the Foed . . . 321 Lady Wentworth .... 283 Nameless Grave 367 Ballad of French Fleet . 376 Decoration Day 408 Paul Revere's Ridb . . . 235 Revenge of RAiH-m-THE-FA.CE 375 To Driving Cloud .... 85 Boston 383 Slave in Disilal Swamp . . 42 Prbsidbnt Garfield . . . 408 Slave Singing 42 QuAjRooN Girl 43 Building o? Ship (close) . . 126 Conversation. — What makes a nation's history ro- mantic? Is ours rich, or poor, in themes for poets? For Longfellow's own answer, see Drift- Wood, 120. Compare Longfellow, Lowell, and Whittier, as poets of our history. Longfellow's " playful freedom with dates and facts " (G. E. Ellis) : can you point to any in- stances ? His poems of Anti-Slavery, — so strong, but why so few, and all so early ? Was it from a love of Peace, stronger than a hatred of Oppression ? Which ought to have been the stronger ? Does Charles Sum- ner's life-long friendship guarantee the poet right in tliis matter ? Patriotism and Culture : the more cosmopol- itan, the less patriotic, — is that a rule ? " His intense nationality ; " " He seemed to foreigners the American Laureate ; " " He is now said to have been the least na- tional of our poets." Not national, but simply human : — which judgment is right? For his own thought about " nationality aaid universality in literature," see Poems. 26 GOLDEN LEGEND. p. 313 ; and Kavanagh, pp. 117-20 ; and " North American Review," xxxiv. 69-78. For origin of Skeleton in Armor, see Life, 237, 182, 235. See how different the " Voyage to Vinland " be- comes in Lowell's Poems. For Norsemen in America, see Bryant's " United States," vol. i. 35-63 ; or Ander- son's " America not Discovered by Columbus." Has Enceladus, p. 226, any under-meaning, like the Warn- ing ? Had Paul Revere's Ride, written in Jan., 1861, an under-thought? For the Ride, see Frothingham's " Siege of Boston," pp. 51-59 ; and compare other fa- mous Rides, — " Sheridan's Ride," by Buchanan Read, and Browning's " How they Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix ; " and see p. 377. For Nameless Grave, see Life, 222 ; and for the Garfield sonnet, Life, 152. The close of Building of Ship came to Longfel- low while he and Sumner were talking together during the excitement over the Fugitive Slave Law. Compare it with Horace, Bk. L, Ode XIV. ; also Holmes's '' Old L'onsides." V. MEDIiEVAL LEGENDS. (1.) The Golden Legend, *' O beauty of holiness, Of self-forgetfulness, of lowliness .' The deed divine Is written in characters of gold. That never shall grow old." The poem might be cut, arranged, and cast for an evening's dramatic reading, with pauses between the parts to explain historical allusions and to enjoy the GOLDEN LEGEND. 27 similes, — some of them little poems in themselves : such allusions as will be found on pages 18, 27, 32, 38^ 42, 44, 49, 85, 114, 133, 138, 150, 154, 161, 171, 173, 174, 177, 179, 180, 192 ; such similes as those on pages 30, 31, 62, 70, 71, 73, 76, 109, 110, 113, 121, 123, 124, 127, 153, 159, 165, 166, 168, 169, 193. Or another way : Let some one sketch the legend and its sources ; another tell how miracle-plays rose and grew into our modern drama, and describe the Passion Play at Ober-Ammergau ; another speak of the great Schools of the 11-1 4th centuries ; another read a little paper on the Lucifers of literature ; another be ready with views of Strasburg Cathedral and Holbein's " Dance of Death," and of convent scenes : and illustrate all by readings from Longfellow thus using the poem as a series of pictures of mediseval life, e. g., — PAGE PAGE Catliedral .... 7, 74, 83-7 Refectory 129 Confessional ^55 The Penitent 126 Preaching 81 Jolly Friars .... 129-40 Miracle-Play 89 Nunnery 141 Madonna 164, 188 Castle 25, 30 Relics, Images . . 108, 164, 188 Miimesinger and Crusader Pilgrims 160 30, 75-8, 142-6, 194 Dance of Death .... 150-4 Scholastics 173 Convent Life : — Physicians .... 17, 28, 176 Cellar 112 Reformers, — Luther, p. ix. of Scriptorium 118 " Second Interlude. " Cloisters 121 Conversation. — Is Elsie a real girl to you ? Elsie's motive, — did it differ in any way from Evangeline's ? Notice how much alike in substance, and even in form, the two poems are, in spite of all differences. The meaning of the Legend? (pp. 197-204.) Which of the two poems best illustrates lines 16, 17, of Evange- line ? Why ? Which do you enjoy the more on the first 28 GOLDEN LEGEND. reading ? Which one keeps growing on you at the third? The Christ (p. 89), Elsie, and her parents, as types of self-sacrifice : its all-conquering power. What is the secret in all " vicarious atonements " ? and what its connection with the other secret of self-sacrifice, in Matt, xxiii. 12 ? Do you rank the Legend high as a drama ? Compare it with Goethe's " Faust." The shadow of Death that seems to haunt the poem and the Middle Ages (e. g., see p. 150), — whence came it ? The all-pervading mediaeval belief in the Devil, — whence came that, and wliat came of it ? Compare Mil- ton's and Goethe's Satans with Longfellow's. The last, " the least devilish Devil ever conceived : " coidd our Longfellow have drawn a worse one? Is the Devil handsome, or ugly ? Is the Devil dead ? Yesterday's horror, — to-day's joke. Is Lucifer's argument (p. 64) the argument by which hunters justify their sport ? Why not miracle-plays now, if then ? and in New York, if in Ober-Ammergau ? If miracle-carols, why not mir- acle-plays, at Christmas ? For a fine prose-setting to Longfellow's miracle-play read the Christmas chapter in Symonds's " Sketches in Southern Europe," vol. i. What is Longfellow's thought in linking the Divine Tragedy, the Golden Legend, and the New England Tragedies together into Christus, a Mystery ? Do the Introitus and Interludes explain it ? Does not the Finale? The thought in an early form dates back in his Journal to 1841. Who was the Abbot Joachim of the first Interlude (p. 153), and how much truth is there in his idea of " Three Ages " ? (See Nean- der s " Church History," vol. iv. 220-232 ; or Milman's " Latin Christianity," vii. 29.) Roman Catholicism and Puritanism, — which appears to the better advantage in MEDIEVAL LEGENDS. 29 Chrlstus ? Is each fairly represented ? Suggest a fourth poem to represent to-day's religion and complete the Christus. Would Lowell's " Cathedral " answer ? But would not the " Finale " still be that which Longfellow has written? (N. E. T., pp. 184-6.) (2.) Shorter Legends. " Old legends of the monkish page, Traditions of the saint and sage, Tales that have the rime of age, And chronicles of eld. ''^ page page Saga op King Olap : — Torquemada 264 I. Challenge of Thor . . 246 Kambalu 275 II. Olaf's Return . . . .247 Cobbler of Hagenau ... 277 V. Skerry of Shrieks . . 249 Legend Beautiful .... 286 VI. Wraith of Ooin . . . 250 Charlemagne 294 IX. Thangbrand the Priest 253 Emma and Eginhard. . . . 295 XII. Olaf's Christmas . . 255 Mokk op Casal-Maggiore . . 304 XIII., XIV. Long Serpent 256, 257 Scanderbeq 309 XXI. Olaf's Death-Drink . 262 "In Medlbval Rome". . . 357 xxu. Nun of Nidabos . . 2G2 Dutch Picture 373 TegnAr's Drapa 133 Leap of Roushan Beg . . .377 Skeleton in Armor .... 25 Children's Crusade .... 406 Norman Baron 80 Monk Felix G. L. 32 King Witlaf's Drinking-Horn 132 Christ and Sultan's Daugh- Falcon op Ser Fedbrigo , . 237 ter G. L. 38 Kino Robert of Sicily . . . 243 Conversation. — Does Longfellow know the art of story-telling ? Has he written true " ballads " ? What is a " ballad " .'* What makes it so difficult for a modern poet to write one ? The most spirited of these stories ? Compare the " Wayside Inn " series with Boccaccio's " Decamaron," Chaucer's " Canterbury Tales," Morris's " Earthly Paradise." Olaf's Saga: its source the old Icelandic *' Heims- kringia," for which see Laing's " Sea-Kings of Norway." Are the metres adapted to the action in the different 30 BUILDING OF THE SHIP. ballads ? Compare the " Frithiof s Saga " in Drift?- Wood, p. 53 : may not that poem — its theme and its different metres — have suggested to Longfellow his ? Compare this spread of Christianity in northern Europe with the spread of Mahommedanism in northern Africa. (See Neander's " Church History," vol. iii. 293-307 : and Mihnan's " Latin Christianity," vol. ii. 150-171.) " Force rules the world still," — " The law of force is dead : " which is right, Thor or Tegner ? With Tegner's Drapa compare Matthew Arnold's " Balder Dead ; " and read the story in Cox's " Romances of the Middle Ages," p. 374. For King Robert of Sicily, see Life, 92, 183; and compare Browning's " Boy and Angel." VI. SEASIDE AND FIRESIDE (1.) The Building of the Ship (p. 122). " Silent, majestical and slow, The white ships haunt it to and fro ^ " My soul is full of longing For the secret of the sea, And the heart of the great ocean Sends a thrilling pulse through me." Conversation. — The theme fascinates Longfellow, — see pp. 156, 256 : is it a memory of boyhood days in Portland ? Notice the building of the poem itself, — three poems in one. Compare Schiller's " Song of the Bell," and his three in one. " Longfellow not a poet of Nature," unless, perhaps, " justly called by eminence our poet of the Sea:" is Mr. Stedman right in these two judgments ? For other poems of the Sea, see HANGING OF THE CRANE. 31 PAGE PAGE Sea- Weed 86 Elegiac 398 ChrysP.or 126 Tide Rises, Tide Falls ... 400 Secret of the Sea 126 Becalmed 402 Twilight 127 City and Sea 407 Lighthouse .128 Elegiac Verse, I., VI. . . . 409 Fire of Drift-Wood .... 129 Wreck of the Hesperus ... 27 Palingenesis 317 Sir Humphrey Gilbert . . .127 BeUs of Lynn 320 Phantom Ship 212 Milton 305 Discoverer of North Cape . . 222 Sound of the Sea 366 Ballad of Carmilhan .... 280 Summer Day by the Sea . . 306 BaUad of French Fleet . . .376 Tides 367 Golden Legend 166-8 Dedication to Ultima Thule . 394 John Endicott 20 On the other hand, there are few mountain-glimpses : can you find any except on pp. 8, 115, 119, 348, 405, 464 ; G. L., 30, 157 ; Hyperion, 201, 261? For the ori- gin of Wreck of the Hesperus, see Life, 197. For Sir Humphrey Gilbert, see Bancroft's " United States," vol. i. 66-9. If, as is said, Longfellow and Bayard Taylor agreed in liking Chrysaor best of the shorter poems, can you agree with them ? (2.) The Hanging of the Crane (p. 352). " Of love, that says not mine and thine, But ours, for ours is thine and mine." . Conversation. — " Pendre la cremaillere " is the French for " house-w^arming." The dearest picture of these six ? For other poems of Home, see p. 10, above. Is not Longfellow, by eminence, our poet of the Home, also ? What does he lack to be the poet of home-life ? With the serial structure of this poem compare his Rain in Summer, p. 81 ; Sand of the Desert, p. 130 ; Rope- walk, p. 220 ; the close of Matthew Arnold's " Strayed Reveller ; " and Bryant, with whom it was a favorite form. $4000 said to have been paid Longfellow for this poem : see Life, 236, 106. It is a good poem to be presented in tableaux. 82 KJ^RAMOS. (3.) K^ramos (p. 368). " Vases and urns and bas-reliefs. Memorials of Jorgotten griefs." " Tfie tiles that in our nurseries Filled us with wonder and delight, Or haunted us in dreams at night." Conversation. — See Life, 110-12. A keramical hour, or evening, might be planned, each one bringing what pottery he can to illustrate the poem, and three or foi r persons reading short papers on the art ; tell about Pa- lissy and Delia Robbia, the story of your "nursery tiles " (see p. 82), and of " that solitary man," etc. Read Keats's " Ode on a Grecian Urn ; " and with tl e potter's song compare Robert Browning's " Rabbi Ben Ezra" (last ten verses), and the pot-talk of old Omar Khayyam ; Longfellow's own Drinking Song, p. 89 ; and read, as somewhat akin to all this, his iiery Casting of the Statue, p. 459. Talk over the lines, " Art is the child of Nature," to see how far they apply to the sev- eral arts. The " Longfellow Jug," commemorating the Poet and this poem, is sold by Richard Briggs, 287 Wash- ington St., Boston ; price, including expressage to New York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore, $5.00. See its de- scription in " Literary World," Feb. 26, 1881, p. 86. This poem a fine one to illustrate, scene by scene, with photographs. GOD IN NATURE AND HISTORY. 33 VII. GOD. (1.) The Presence in Nature. " Into the blithe and breathing air. Into the solemn wood. Solemn and silent everywhere ! Nature with folded hands seemed there. Kneeling at her evening prayer ! Like one in prayer I stood." Prelude to Voices . . . 1 Hymn to Night .... 2 Flowers 4 Spirit of Poetry . . . 9 L'Envoi 25 " While Evangeline " . 114 Day op Sunshine . . . 227 Wayside Inn, Prelude III. 292 Wanderer's Night-Songs. . 340 Masque of Pandora . . 348-9 St. John's, Cambridge . . . 384 Old St. David's 398 My Cathedral 400 Night 401 " The Night " , . G. L. 43, 168 (2.) The Eternal Goodness in History and Lifa *' Love is the root of creation ; God''s essence ; worlds without number Lie in his bosom like children." *^ Itis Lucifer, The son of mystery ; And since God suffers him to be, He, too, is God^s minister, And labors for some good By us not understood ! " " Time has laid his hand Upon my heart, gently, not smiting U, But as a harper lays his open palm Upon his harp, to deaden its vibrations.^'' page Children of Lord's Supper 32-3 Rainy Day 37 " God is Just " 100 *' The Creator " , , . . . 143 Two Angels 215 Nun of Nidaros 202 Christmas Bells 319 Palingenesis 317 To-MOBjaow 321 Shadow 367 Nature 380 K^RAMOs (Potter's Song) . . 368 "This life op ours" D. T. 22 ; G. L. 109-10, 124 Retribution . 94, 346, 351, 399 ; G. L. 66, 79, 182, 197-200 Abbot Joachim . . D. T. 155-9 St. John ... N. E. T. 183-6 34 THE OVER-SOUL WITHIN THE SOUL. (3.) The Over-Soul within the Soul. " As theflovnng of the ocean fills Each creek and branch thereof, and then retire*, Leaving behind a sweet and wholesome savor ; So doth the virtue and the life of God Flow evermore into the hearts of those Whom he hath made partakers of his nature.^* PAGE PAGE CmLDREN OF Lord's Supper 29-35 Sovnw op Sea 366 Evangeline (compass-flower) 118 Three Silences 382 Hiawatha (" Ye whose ") . 142 " Count Hugo once " . 6. L. 127 Sandalphon 225 "This happened" . G. L. 147-8 Giotto's Tower 321 " As the flowing " N. E. T. 20-1 Divina Commedia, I. . . . 322 " On the First Day " N. E. T. 50 Santa Teresa's Book-Mark . 340 Conversation. — Has Longfellow a deep sense of the mystery of Nature ? or any sense of it as Fate ? Does it seem to put many questions to him ? History and lit- craturt are full of poems for him, — but does Science sing " rhymes of the universe " to him, as to Tennyson and Emerson? (See Kavanagh, ch. 4, for a poet's mathematics ! Yet see Poems, 415, 456, etc., and recall his friendship with Agassiz, 224.) Does Science deepen Poetry and Religion, and is the best of both to come ? or does Science quench them both ? Has Longfellow given us any good hymns ? What makes a real hymn ? The better poem, the worse hymn, — is that true by necessity ? Why true so generally, then ? Can you turn, in his poems, to many passages of trust and worship ? To any of questioning and doubt ? Does he often name the name " God " ? Yet can we call him other than a " religious " poet .'' Wherein, then, does his religiousness show itself ? Compare with Whit- tier : how is it that one has furnished so many songs CHARACTER,— ITS MAKING. 35 and almost no hymns, and the other so many hymns and almost no songs ? Do you know the " real " hymns by the Poet's brother, Samuel Longfellow ? (p. 135.) Can you make out from the poems the Poet's " church " ? (Life, 162-3, 258.) For his church-going, see Poems, 78, 384, 398, 400. For his " minister," see Kavanagh, ch. 18, 19. What of that faith in Lucifer, G. L., 200 ? Is not Longfellow, " by eminence " again, our poet of the Night ? Add to those named above his other poems about its calm, its voices, its stars, and see how noble a group they make, — to match those of the Sea, p. 31, above. VIIL MAN. (1.) Character, — its Making. " Act, — act in the living present ! Heart within, and God overhead ! " " Know how sublime a thing it is To suffer and be strong.''^ " But wanting still the glory of the spire.^^ PAGE PAGE Psalm op Lite 2 Two Rivers 383 Light of Stabs 3 Sifting op Petek 399 Excelsior 40 Windmill 400 BriLDERS 130 Sdndown 407 Ladder op St. Augustine . . 212 Loss and Gain 413 Goblet OP Life 39 Forgiveness . 33, 104; G. L. 128 M.UDEXHOOD 39 Temptation Resisted Building op the Ship ("He 342-4; D. T. 13, 76, 117 knew") 125 Temptation Yielded to Hiawatha (V.) 151 344-60; G. L. 20-4,61-8 Something Left Undone . . 227 Penitence King Robert op Sicily . . . 243 D. T. 42, 136 ; G. L. 60, 127-8 Wind over Chimney . . . ,320 Retribution. — See above, under Giotto's Towkb 321 "Eternal Goodness." 36 HEROES AND SAINTS. Conversation. — What made the young poet's first cluster of poems become such " household words " ? The most stirring verse to you in each of the first five poems ? (For the origin, etc., of the first three, see Life, 181-2, 64.) Is the Psalm of Life merely " a clever marshaling and burnishing of commonplaces " ? Compare with it Hyperion, 24-30, 85, 379-81, and the closing chapter of Kavanagh. Longfellow's own explanation of Excel- sior, in Life, 202 : do the lines retain their popularity ? For Maidenhood, see Life, 224. Is the last verse of Wind over Chimney true for most workers ? Giotto's Tower, — is not the want of reverence often a mere want of poetry ? The element of imagination in rever- ence. Sifting of Peter, — which verse repeats a favorite emphasis of Longfellow ? (2.) Heroes and Saints. " Whene''er a noble deed is wrougM, Whenever is spoken a noble thought. Our hearts, in glad surprise. To higher levels rise.'''' PAGE PAGE CoPLAS DE Manrique . . . 14-16 Belisaeius 362 To W. E. Channing .... 41 Palissy (in Kbramos) . . .369 Good Part 42 Poets 381 Evangeline . . . 104, 108, 118 Michael Angelo .... 415-67 Santa Filomena 222 Luther . . N. E. T. IX. -XVI. Legend Beautiful .... 286 Prophets D.T.1-4 DiviNA CoMMEDiA(L-VI.) . , 322 "The blessed Mary" . G. L. 164 Judas Maccab's {II., III.) 326-32 Elsie in G. L. ' Prometheus . ... . 211, 343 Edith and the Coreys in Charles Sumner 358 N. E. T. Conversation. — The difference between the " hero " and the " saint " ? With the Coplas de Manrique com- pare Wordsworth's " Happy Warrior." The noblest of the Dante sonnets ? " The divine Dante with wliich I THE CHRIST. 37 begin every morning ! " writes Longfellow. " I write a few lines every day before breakfast. It is the first thing I do, — the morning prayer, the keynote of the day." A statue of Dante stands upon a book-case in the study, and a bit of wood from Dante's casket is treas- ured in a little shrine. The fascination of the Sonnet : why is a good sonnet apt to be veri/ good ? (See Nor- man's article in the " Living Age," No. 2015, p. 302.) The Michael Angelo, a noble poem for a history class to study, — using with it Grimm's " Life of Michael An- gelo," Symonds's " Renaissance," etc., and illustrating with photographs. Now, with all these poems of Man in thought, what should you say were Longfellow's chief life emphases? The reason why most people like sermons in song ? Are such sermons usually good poems ? What does the maxim " Art for art's sake " mean, — and amount to? Does a moral purpose help, or hinder, art? Can that be noble art which has no moral effect ? Does Longfel- low too often tag a moral to his song ? Is the effect of his poetry, on the whole, active or passive, — does it stir you, or rest you, — teach duty, or beauty, — give strength, or serenity, — help, or pleasure ? (3.) The Christ. •* Aiid evermore beside him an his way The vTiseen Christ shall move." PAGE PAGE The BniTH . . 378 ; G. L. 89-101 The Crucified . . D. T. 114-lil SCHOOL-JJAYS. D. T. 108 : G. L. 102-8 The Risen "TiCE Good Master" D. T. 9-113 D. T. 141-8 ; G. L. 79-83 ^ ^, (33,35,135; D.T.15G; N.E.T. 185, 104, THEbPmm^^CHHisT . { 399 ; G. L. 48. 5(3,109, 286 iG.L. 38 38 THE IMMORTAL LIFE. Conversation. — Does the Gospel story gain or lose color by the dramatizing? e. g.j compare pp. 82-5 with Luke xviii. 9-30. Notice the almost untouched figure of Jesus against the altered background. Of the bright- ened figures in that background, which is drawn the best, — Mary Magdalene, 42 ; Manahem, 51 ; Bartimeus, 66 ; Mary and Martha, 85 ; Gamaliel, 107 ; Barabbas, 129 ? Do you accept the explanation of the Terapta' tion, 13 ; and of Judas, 136 ? Is any light cast on Nic- odemus, 62 ; Pilate, 127 ; the Cross, 138 ? With pp. 92-9 compare Helen of Tyre, 397. On the whole, are you glad Longfellow wrote the Divine Tragedy ? (See Life, 103, 151.) What should you take to be Longfel- low's own thought of Jesus ? And, once more, what is his thought in the series called '"Christus " ? The rela- tion of the actual, the historic, and the spiritual Christ to each other ? (4.) The Immortal Life. " Only a step into the outer air Out of a tent already luminous With light that shines through its transparent walls I " 1 page page Reaper and Flowers . . . 3 Azrael . 293 Footsteps of Angels . 4 24 Mother's Ghost .... . 312 Song op the Silent Land . Charles Sumner .... . 358 Children of Lord's Supper . 34 Three Friends of Mine . , . 364 God's-Acre 37 Vittoria Colonna . . , . 374 Evangeline ..... 119- , 120 129 Delia . 380 Resignation Nature . 380 Open Window 132 Bayard Taylor .... , . 394 SUSPIRIA 135 Chamber over the Gate . , . 395 Hiawatha (XV., XIX., XX.) Auf Wiedersehen . . . . 405 174, 183 , 185 Victor and Vanquished . , . 414 Warden of the Cinque Ports 213 Michael Angelo . 447, 450, 4C6-7 Haunted Houses .... 214 Golden Legend Two Angels 215 51.71, 121,150-4, 166, 183 Haunted Chamber .... 228 New England Tragedies 107-12 Legend of Rabbi Ben Levi . 242 BROTHERHOOD. 89 Conversation. — Which poem here touches and helps us most ? Does Longfellow in any poem hint the ground of this perfect faith? (See Hyperion, Bk. II., ch. 6 ; also, Bk. IV., ch. 5 and 8.) The secret of fear, and of fearlessness, before Death : see the Prince and Elsie in G. L. (e. ^., p. 180). Compare Longfellow and Whittier as poets of this trust ; and with Victor and Vanquished read Browning's " Prospice." Suspiria and part of Hiawatha, XV., were read at the Poet's fu- neral, — and the snow-flakes began to fall (227). IX. BROTHERHOOD. (1.) With the Lo-wly and Oppressed^ " Tht friend of every friendless beasV PAGE PAGE Poems on Sla\t;ry . . . 41-44 Walter von der Vogelwetd 88 Jewish Cemetery . . . . 216 Statue over Cathedral Door 93 TORQUEMADA . . . . . . 264 Emperor's Bird's-Nest . . 215 RoPEWALK (verse 8) . . . . 220 Birds of Killingworth . . 268 Challenge . . 229 Bell of Atri 273 King Robert of Sicily . . 243 Interlude, after Atri . . 275 Legend Beautifi'l . . . . 286 Wayside Inn, Prelude III. . 292 Revenge of Rain-in-the-Face 375 Sermon of St. Francis (2.) Peace on Earth. " A voice, a chime, A chant sublime Of peace on earth, good will to men!'''' PAGE PAGE Arsenal . 78 Peace-Pipe .... . . 142 OCCT'LTATION OF OrION . . . 84 Nun of Nidaros . . . . 2G2 Tegner's Drapa . . . . 133 Christmas Bells. . . . 319 (3.) The Universal Church. " The simple thought By the Great Master taught. 40 THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH. And that remaineth still : Not he that repeaieih the name. But he that doeth the will I " PAGE PAG3 Hiawatha ("Tc whose") . 142 Abbot Joachim . . D. T. 157-9 Wayside Inn (The "The- Prologue . . , . . N. E. T. 8 ologian") .... 234, 263 St. John . . , . N. E. T. 183-0 Bells of San Blas .... 411 Conversation. — Has he forgotten any class of suf- ferers ? See the collection of his poems and prose-ex- tracts called " Seven Voices of Sympathy ; " and for anecdotes of his kindness, see Life, 152, 157-62, 223, 242. But says Stedman, in the " Century " article (Oct. 1883, pp. 929, 930, 940), "Neither war nor grief ever too much disturbed the artist-soul. Tragedy went no deeper with him than its pathos : it was another ele- ment of the beautiful : " are these words true, or harsh "i (See Hyperion, 306.) How does imagination increase sympathy ; — and how lessen it ? Are selfish persons, as a rule, unimaginative ? Are poets, artists, musicians, as a rule, unselfish and heroic ? Why, — or why not ? Was Longfellow ever the soldier of a cause '^. Is that to the credit, or the discredit, of his nature and his culture ? Are rounded men often such soldiers ? In whose behalf did he come his nearest to being one ? " That birds have souls," can you concede ? (p. 292.) Ought the Bells of San Bias to be included above ? Notice, again, its last lines, — the prophecy with which our Poet closes his work. Compare Whittier and Lowell as his fellow-poets of the "Universal Church." Now, can you sum up our Poet's " creed " ? and put each article of it in his own words ? " Too broadly human to suit the specialized tastes of the sects." (O. W. Holmes.) Can a poet in our day be a dogmatist ? THE POET. 41 THE POET. HIS INSPIRATION AND HIS MINISTRY. For voices pursiie him by day. And haunt him by night. And he lisiens, and needs mtist obey. When the Angel says : ' Wriie.'' " page Prelude to Voices OP Night 1 Flowers . . . 4 Spirit op Poetry . . 9 SpAi»>jit. 58 ANTI-SLAVERY POEMS. A Song of Harvest. For an agricultural exhibition at Amesbury and Salisbury. For an Autumn Festival. An English writer, H. R. Haweis, has expressed sur- prise that exercises for the opening of fairs, public build- ings, etc., have been in this country so often enriched by poems of our greatest poets. What do you think of the custom ? Is it a dignified one ? Does it bear any relation to our systems of government and popular edu- cation ? Have our poets generally responded to the demand for this kind of work ? Who is our greatest writer of " occasional verse " ? Are poems thus " made to order " usually up to their author's general standard of excellence ? What is Whittier's best effort of this kind ? Have any American poets written poems for occasions which rank with our very best literature ? ANTI-SLAVERY POEMS. " I set a higher value on my name as appended to the Anti-Slavery Declara- tion of 1833, than on the title-page of any book.'''' — John G. Whittier. " He early became one of the most determined contestants in one of the sternest combats which the world has witnessed.'''' — Annie Fields. To William Lloyd Garrison. Read at the convention which formed the American Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia. Toussaint L'Ouverture. Expostulation. Hymn : Written for the Meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society, New York, 1834. The Hunters of Men. SktiJ-nzas for the Times. ANTI-SLAVERY POEMS. 59 The Farewell of a Virginia Slave Mother to her Daugh- ters. Massachusetts to Virginia. For Righteousness' Sake. Seed-Time and Harvest. Moloch in State Street. A Word for the Hour. " Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott. " To John C. Fremont. At Port Royal. The Battle Autumn of 1862. Barbara Frietchie. Laus Deo ! Was Whittier's connection with the anti-slavery move- ment a benefit or an injury to him as an author ? Were the questions involved in the Civil War a controlling factor in the literary work of the time ? Did they turn it aside from the true aims of literature, or did they give it a greatness which otherwise it would have lacked ? What was the greatest book inspired by slavery agita- tion? Compare some of the leading writers of those days as to the degree in which public questions appear in their pages. How may our anti-slavery literature be expected to compare in permanence with other forms of literary work ? Is war us'ially an inspirer or a de- stroyer of literature ? Give facts regarding other litera- tures than our own to support your answer. 60 RELIGIOUS POEMS. RELIGIOUS POEMS. " That God is good sufficeth 7?te.". Whittdbk. •' A birthright Quaker — one in spirit too, Yet catholic beyond the bounds of secty William Llotd Garrison. The Call of the Christian. First-Day Thoughts. Overruled. The Shadow and the Light. My Trust. A Christmas Carmen. The Minister's Daughter. Trust. By their Works. The Word. Requirement. The Mystic's Christmas. Worship. The Eternal Goodness. Our Master. At Last. Was Whittier an orthodox Quaker? Remembering that he was both by descent and personal choice a mem- ber of the sect which suffered so much from the Puri- tans in early times, what do you think of his attitude in all matters which recall those strifes and factions ? Is his treatment of the Puritans fair .? Do you feel that he cares greatly for sectarian distinctions ? Was he ever assailed by doubt ? Although he speaks of " the same old baffling questions " and " the maddening maze of things," do you feel that the calm of his spirit is WHITTIEWS PROSE. 61 seriously disturbed by them ? Even in his intense hatred of slavery, did he lose faith in a wise govern- ment of the universe ? (See last stanza of For Right- eousness' Sake. Is this stanza an expression of habit- ual feeling or of a mood ?) Reconstructing his creed from his poems, what would its chief articles be ? WHITTIER'S PROSE. Margaret Smith's Journal in the Province of Massa- chusetts Bay, 1678-9. Journalistic work, much of which was anti-slavery writing. Any detailed study of Whittier's prose is beyond the scope of these " Outlines," but it may not be passed unmentioned, especially as it deserves much more read- ing than it receives. The only extended work in prose is Margaret Smith's Journal, purporting to be written by a young English gentlewoman visiting her relatives in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The style was probably suggested to Whit- tier by Mrs. Rathbone's " Diary of Lady Willoughby." Some critics regard the work as dull and tiresome. It is not indeed in the style of our most recent novelists, but to any one who cares for the history of New Eng- land, for the manners and customs of a bygone cen- tury, for the persecutions of Quakers and witches, for the intercourse of English and Indians, and the labors of Eliot among the red men, it is replete with interest. Mr. Horace E. Scudder has called it " one of the best mediums for approaching a difficult period of New Eng- land history." Whittier's anti-slavery prose cannot be neglected by 62 WHITTIER'S PROSE. any student of the great conflict. It is the work of a man who gave himself heart and soul to the struggle from its beginning to its end. Every one should read at least Justice and Expediency. Thero is also a considerable mass of miscellaneous prose work, tales, sketches, criticism, and letters, less important, but containing much of interest. Still it is as a poet that Whittier is known, and that he deserves to be. Professor Richardson says, "Mr. Whittier's pleasant prose has already passed into the shadow." OUTLINES FOR A STUDY OF OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. " Who else wears so many crowns as he, — the irresistible humorist and wit ; the liberal, bold, profound, and subtle thinker ; the poet, the essayist, the novelLst ; the man of science ; the consummate teacher.; the skillful physi- cian ; the unselfish patriot ; the honest, faithful, tender friend ? " — Profkssob Young. " Poet, essayist, novelist, humorist, scientist, ripe scholar, and wise philoso- pher. . . . His varied qualities would suffice for the mental furnishing of half a dozen literary specialists. " — John G. Whittier. " Dr. Holmes bore much the same relation to Boston that Dr. Johiison did to London." — C. F. Johnson. *' Heis an essential part of Boston, lik" the cner who becomes so identified with a court that it seems as if Justice must change her quarters when he is gone." — "^ nit who made a jest that his State House was the hub of the solar system, and in his heart believed it." — Edmund C. Stbdman. Dr. Holmes has been very generally known as the "Autocrat," and also, referring to the other books of the Breakfast-Table Series, as the " Poet " and the " Pro- fessor." He has also been called the " American Mon- taigne," and " his own Boswell." What significance have the last two appellations ? BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL WORKS. Morse, John T., Jr. Life and Letters of Oliver Wendell Holmes. The authoritative biography, written since Dr. Holmes's death, by a nephew of Mrs. Holmes. 64 BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL WORKS. Kennedy, William Sloane. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Poet, Litterateur, Scientist. This work " does not profess to be a biography in the strictly technical sense . . • ; but it is designed to serve as a treasury of information concerning the ancestry, childhood, college life, professional and literary career, and social surroundings of him of whom it treats, as well as to fuinish a careful criti- cal study of his work." Jerrold, Walter. Oliver Wendell Holmes. An English work. Brief. Fields, Annie. Authors and Friends. Dr. Holmes was not only a friend but almost a next-door neighbor of the Fields family, and Mrs. Fields's work possesses the charm which comes from fullness of knowledge. She gives also several letters not elsewhere published. Richardson, Charles F. American Literature. Vol. ii. chapter vi. Poets of Freedom and Culture. Sanborn, Frank B. Oliver Wendell Holmes. In Homes and Haunts of Our Elder Poets. (Illustrated.) Stedman, Edmund Clarence. Poets of America. EVENTS IN HOLMES'S LIFE. Qo POEMS ON HOLMES. Whittieb, John G. Our Autocrat. Read at the breakfast given in honor of Dr. Holmes by the publishers of the "Atlantic Monthly," December 3, 1879. To Oliver Wendell Holmes. Lowell, James Russell. A Fable for Critics. The passage beginning, — " There 's Holmes, who is matchless among you for wit." NOTEWORTHY FACTS AND EVENTS IN HOLMES'S LIFE. Born 1809 — died 1894. Abraham Lincoln. Edgar Allan Poe. William Ewart Gladstone. Alfred Tennyson. Charles Darwin. Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Parentage : Of good New England stock on both sides. Dr. Holmes's grandfather Holmes served in both the French and Indian and the Revolutionary wars. His mother was connected with several of the best families of New England. The name Wendell comes from Dutch ancestors a few generations back.^ Home training and influence; That of a scholarly minister's family in the college town of Cambridge. . ^ Relationship may be traced to Mrs. Anne Bradstreet, the first poet of New England, The poetic gift seems to have been enrich«d in transmission. Born same year < 66 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL READINGS. School education : Schools in Camhrldge, Phillips Academy at Andover, Harvard College, and study abroad. Association in college with many men since famous. 1831. First publication of his writings, in a college periodical. 1836. Beginning of the practice of medicine in Boston, and publication of his first volume of verse. These beginnings indicate his occupations for many years. 1847-82. Professor at Harvard Medical School. 1857. Beginning of the " Autocrat " Series in the " Atlantic Monthly," to which Dr. Holmes con- tinued to be a contributor almost to the end of his life. 1886. Makes a trip to Europe, spending most of the time in England, '' where the journey was like a Royal Progress." Receives the degree of D. C. L. from Oxford, and LL. D. from Edin- burgh University. What was the significance of all these honors ? AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL READINGS FROM HOLMES. '■'■ A pe,rson speaking outrigJU and not afraid of a large I.' ^ — KotiXCE E. SCDDDER. A Mortal Antipathy. Introduction. The Gambrel-Roofed House and its Outlook. In The Poet at the Breakfast-Table. Cliapter i. (near the beginning). Parson Turell's Legacy. (Opening stanzas.) The School-Boy. Read at the centennial celebration, Phillips Academy, Andover. HUMOROUS POEMS. 67 Our Home — Our Country. Dorothy Q. A Family Record. Old Cambridge. Poems of the Class of '29. Cinders from the Ashes. In Pages from an Old Volume of Life. Our Hundred Days in Europe. If Holmes had written an avowed Autobiography, would he have needed to add much to what he has given us here and there in his works ? Is there any other author with whom you feel so well acquainted, — so much as though you had met him personally ? Does this laying bare of his life proceed from egotism, from genial frankness, from pride of ancestry, or from a combination of these qualities ? Had he been of ignoble birth, and frowned upon by fortune, should we still have had such outpourings of confidence ? HUMOROUS POEMS. " The gayest of rhymes is a matter that '* serious.'''' " / never dare to write As funny as I can.^'' Omvbr Wendeix Holmes. Evening, by a Tailor. The Dorchester Giant. The September Gale. The Height of the Ridiculous. ^ Contentment. The Deacon's Masterpiece. Aunt Tabitha. How the Old Horse won the Bet. 68 PERSONAL POEMS. Is wit or humor Holmes's characteristic quality ? How does he rank among American humorists ? Does he ever use his power for purposes of sarcasm ? PERSONAL POEMS. For Whittier's Seventieth Birthday. To John Greenleaf Whittier, on his Eightieth Birthday. In Memory of John Greenleaf Whittier. At a Birthday Festival. — To J. R. Lowell. To James Russell Lowell. To James Russell Lowell, on his Seventieth Birthday. James Russell Lowell. To H. W. Longfellow. Our Dead Singer. H. W. L. Bryant's Seventieth Birthday. A Birthday Tribute. To J. F. Clarke. To James Freeman Clarke. A Farewell to Agassiz. Francis Parkman. To George Peabody. Two Poems to Harriet Beecher Stowe. Birthday of Daniel Webster. Hymn at the Funeral Services of Charles Sumner. For the Services in Memory of Abraham Lincoln. To Rutherford Birchard Hayes. This list might be greatly extended, and more names might have been introduced without making it longer, but it has seemed desirable to include several poems to Lowell, Whittier, and Longfellow, to show how close was the bond which united our most famous New Eng- land poets. It will be interesting to trace more fully the friendships between the literary men of the genera- HARVARD POEMS. 69 tion just passed away. The Saturday Club, of which Hohnes was one of the most brilliant members, should not fail of attention, for at its monthly dinners met for years most of tlie famous authors and scholars of the vicinity of Boston. Is there any club of similar charac- ter in Boston in these days ? What was the special bond between Holmes and James Freeman Clarke ? The poem in memory of James Russell Lowell begins, — *' Thou shouldst have sung the swan-song for the choir." What is the significance of this line ? Is it not pathetic to see one man write so many farewells ? Do Dr. Holmes's later poems show that the burden of years rested heavily upon him ? What was the force of his remark regarding The Last Leaf, that he had " lived long enough to be an illustration of his own poem " ? Did he mean simply that he was a very old man ? HARVARD POEMS. " Our most typical university poet.'' — ''Alma Mater has occupied a sur- prising portion of his range '' —Edmund C. Stedman. Poems of the Class of '29. It is unnecessary to give the individual titles of this wonderful list of forty-four poems which Holmes wrote for the reunions of his own class. As is well known, the class of '29 is a famous one, other members than its poet having risen to high honors. In " The Boys," who are referred to as the " Judge," the " Reverend," the " boy with the grave mathe- matical look," the "boy with a three-decker brain," and the " nice youngster of excellent pith " ? Other Harvard Poems. A Song for the Centennial Celebration of Harvard College. 1836. 70 POEMS FOR OCCASIONS. Meeting of the Alumni of Harvard College. The Parting Song. Hymn for the Laying of the Corner-Stone of Har- vard Memorial Hall. Hynm for the Dedication of Memorial Hall. The Fountain of Youth. Vestigia Quinque Retrorsum. Two Sonnets : Harvard. Harvard. Poem for the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniver- sary of the Founding of Harvard College. Was there ever a man more identified with his college than Holmes ? POEMS FOR OCCASIONS (OTHER THAN HARVARD POEMS). " jf^e Dean among our writers oj poems for occasions.''^ — Eduvsd C. Stbuman. " His desk is crammed full, for he always keeps writing ''em And reading to friends as his way of delighting 'cto." Oliver Wendbll Holmes. "He was king of the dinner-table during a large part of (he century.''^ — AjmvE Fields. " The muse of most poets refuses to be commanded, but Holmes''s Pegasus was ahvays bridled and ready for flight." — F. L. Pattee. For the Meeting of the Burns Cluh. For the Burns Centennial Celebration. At a Meeting of Friends. International Ode. Hymn for the Fair at Chicago. A Hymn of Peace. Welcome to the Nations. The Iron Gate. PATRIOTIC POEMS. 71 Welcome to the Chicago Commercial Club. At the Saturday Club. King's Chapel. For the Dedication of the New City Library, Boston. Professor Richardson has said, " The writer of poems of occasion, like the after-dinner orator, must pay a high price for immediate applause." What is the signifi- cance of this remark ? Do you feel that Holmes lowered his rank as a poet by writing so much "occasional verse"? (According to a recent writer his works of this kind are, by actual count, forty-seven per cent, of all his poems.) PATRIOTIC POEMS. *"• None of our poets wrote more stirring war lyrics.'^ — Chazlzs F. Rich- ▲BOSOX. A Ballad of the Boston Tea-Party. Old Ironsides. Lexington. Boston Common. Thus saith the Lord, I offer thee Three Things. To Canaan. One Country. God save the Flag ! Freedom, Our Queen. Under the Washington Elm, Cambridge. Army Hymn. Union and Liberty. A Voice of the Loyal North. Voyage of the Good Ship Union. For the Commemoration Services, Cambridge, July 21, 1865. 72 POEMS OF RELIGION. What is the history of " Old Ironsides " ? Was Holmes's poem influential in saving the sliip ? What period and what phase of our history most interest Holmes? What was his attitude in the time of the Civil War ? Compare his work and Whittier's of that period. Ai'e love of country and regard for human brotherhood manifested in equal degree in the two men ? If not, how would you distinguish them ? Which of the two cares for the Union, and which more for the slave? Is Holmes by nature a reformer, or one who clings to the existing condition of things ? POEMS OF RELIGION AND SENTIMENT. " God reigneth. All is well.'''' Olivbb Wendell Holmes. Hymn for the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Reor- ganization of the Boston Young Men's Christian Union. Parting Hymn. Hymn after the Emancipation Proclamation. Hymn for the Two Hundredth Anniversary of King's Chapel. Voiceless, The. The Last Leaf.* The Chambered Nautilus. A Sun-Day Hymn. Hymn of Trust. What are the articles of Holmes's creed ? Is his as broad and gentle a spirit as Whittier's ? Will his Sun- ^ The Last Leaf defies classification, but to ^oup it with humor- ous poems, as is sometimes done, seems an indignity, while the delicate pathos of this picture of old age entitles it fairly enough to be named among poems of sentiment HOLMES'S PROSE. 73 Day Hymn and Hymn of Trust take their places among the famous hymns of the ages ? HOLMES'S PROSE. Medicai, Works. The Breakfast-Table Series. The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table. The Professor at the Breakfast-Table. The Poet at the Breakfast-Table. Novels. Elsie Venner. The Guardian Angel. A Mortal Antipathy. Biographies. Ralph Waldo Emerson. John Lothrop Motley. Our Hundred Days in Europe. Over the Teacups. No study of Holmes, however brief, can omit his prose works, for in them, even more than in his poetry, we come to know the man. Never did an author pro- ject himself into his works more perfectly than Holmes in the Breakfast-Table Series. Reading these books we almost forget that we did not have the honor of his inti- mate personal acquaintance. We feel that we have been admitted into the penetralia of his mind and heart. He says himself , " In these books I have unburdened myself of what I was born to say." Accepting this we 74 HOLMES'S PROSE. are not surprised to find his other prose somewhat less delightful. His medical works were, however, distinct contributions to the advance of medical science in their day, and his two biographies are very satisfactory. His novels do not rank with the great works of their kind, although some one has said that The Guardian Angel " falls just short of being a great novel." Mr. Stedman calls them " curious examples of what a clever observer can do by way of fiction in the afternoon of life." But we feel that however clever the work may be, the novel was not Holmes's natural channel of expression. Our Hundred Days in Europe and Over the Tea- cups were written when the shadows of age were fjast falling, and lack the vigor of the earlier works. OUTLINES FOR A STUDY OF JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. "^ character which eomUned th^ unflinching earnestness of the Puritan roUh the mellowness of a ^lan of the great world.^^-no^ciL E. Scudder. Lowell has been called The Songster of Elmwood. Our new Theocritus. Hosea Biglow. What is the significance of each appellation ? BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL WORKS. Underwood, Francis H. James Russell Lowell. A Biographical Sketch. A fairly good, but not recent work. Curtis, George William. James Russell Lowell. A memorial address delivered before the Brooklyn Institute, February 22, 1892. The founder of this Institute provided for an annual address upon the character of George Washington, " or of some other benefactor of America." It had been hoped that Mr. Lowell would give the address in 1892, and after his death it was decided that the meeting should be a memorial of him. Mr. Curtis's address is delightful and valuable. 76 POEMS ON LOWELL. Norton, Charles Eliot, editor. Letters of James Russell Lowell. 2 vols. These letters give, of course, much autobiographical matter. Sanborn, Frank B. James Russell Lowell. In Homes and Haunts of Our Elder Poets. (Illustrated.) Richardson, Charles F. American Literature. Vol. ii. chapter vi. Poets of Freedom and Culture. Stedman, Edmund Clarence. Poets of America. The authoritative and final biography of Lowell is yet to be written. The Letters, edited by Professor Norton, give perhaps the best picture of the man obtainable at present. POEMS ON LOWELL. Whittier, John Greenleaf. A Welcome to Lowell. Holmes, Oliver Wendell. Farewell to J. R. Lowell. At a Birth-Day Festival : to J. R. Lowell. To James Russell Lowell. James Russell Lowell. EVENTS IN LOWELL'S LIFE. 77 NOTEWORTHY FACTS AND EVENTS IN LOWELL'S LIFE. Born 1819 — died 1891. William Wetmore Story. Edwin Percy Whipple. ^>Walt Whitman. Josiah Gilbert Holland. Julia Ward Howe. >John Ruskin. ► Charles Kingsley. >George Eliot. Born same year Parentage : Of the best. His father a member of the famous Lowell family, who have given their name to the city of Lowell and the Lowell Institute. His mother, of Scotch descent, a woman of imaginative and poetic temperament. Home training and influence : As in the case of Holmes, that of a scholarly minister's family, in the college town of Cambridge. School education : Cambridge schools and Harvard College. Studies law, but with little expectation of practicing it, his bent being strongly toward literature. 1841. Publishes his first volume of poems, A Year's Life. From this time on he devotes himself to literary work of various kinds. 1844. Marries Maria White. 1855. Is chosen to succeed Longfellow in the chair of modern languages at Harvard. 1857-61. Editor of the "Atlantic Monthly." 78 POEMS OF NATURE. 1863-72. Joint-editor, with Charles Eliot Norton, of the " North American Review." 1877-80. American minister to Spain. 1880-85. American minister to England. Elmwood, the place of his birth, was his home through all his life, and there he died at the age of seventy- two. AUTOBiaGRAPHICAL READINGS FROM LOWELL. Cambridge Thirty Years Ago. In Fireside Travels. Also in vol. i. of the Riverside Edition of Lowell's Works. To Charles Eliot Norton. The dedication of Under the Willows. The First Snowfall. After the Burial. Lowell is not so frankly autobiographic as some of his brother poets, but much may be found in his work, in addition to what is noted above, which gives us hints of his outward as well as of his inward life. POEMS OF NATURE. Summer Storm. ' An Indian-Summer Reverie. The Birch-Tree. To the Dandelion. Under the Willows. Al Fresco. The First Snow-Fall. Pictures from Appledore. The Nest. LEGENDS. 79 The Maple. The Fountain. The Vision of Sir Lauufal. Preludes. Is Lowell a good landscape painter ? What kinds of scenes does he love ? Does he go far afield for striking pictures, or does he describe the near and the every-day ? What is his favorite month ? Can he give equally good pictures of summer and winter ? LEGENDS. "(So, pine-like, Ihe legend grew."' James Russell Lowell The Growth of the Legend. A Chippewa Legend. The Shepherd of King Admetus. An Incident of the Fire at Hamburg. The Singing Leaves. Dara. The Finding of tJie L\ re. Mahmood the Image- Breaker. Invita Minerva. ^The Vision of Sir Launfal. There can be no doubt as to which is the chief of the above legends. The Vision of Sir Launfal hokis much the same relation to Lowell's other work that '' Snow-Bound " does to Whittier's, and " Evangeline " to Longfellow's. It appealsmost strona|jj_to„tU«- i^iii--- versa! heart. What is the story of the Holy Grail ? Has it been a favorite subject in modern literature .^ Compare Lowell's treatment of it with Telmyson's. Som^ one has said that the Vision is " really a land- 80 PERSONAL POEMS. scape poem." Perfect as the landscapes are, do they seem to you to give the chief interest to the work ? "Which is the better picture, the "day in June" or the winter landscape ? Where did Lowell iind his *' little brook " ? (See introductory note to the poem in the Cambridge Edition.) Is Lowell a natural story-teller ? Compare him with Whittier in this respect. PERSONAL POEMS. " Friendships huUlfirm "> gainst flood and ivind." Jauks Russkll Lowbll. To M. W., on her Birthday. Wendell Phillips. To W. L. Garrison. To H. W. L., on his Birthday. Agassiz. To Holmes, on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday. To Whittier, on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday. On Board the '76. Written for Mr. Bryant's Seventieth Birthday. On a Bust of General Grant. ^ Letter from Boston. Who was M. W. ? Can you find other poems to her ? Explain the allusions in the Letter from Boston. Was friendship an important element in Lowell's life ? ^ This poem is the last, so far as is known, written by Mr. Lowell, and was not entirely finished. THE BIGLOW PAPERS. 81 PATRIOTIC POEMS. " First and/orem ost, Low elljstlie Ameri can poet o f patriotism.'''' — Arthuh B. S1MOND8. " It xvas soon dear that the young poet whose early verses sang only his own happiness would yet fulfill Schiller's requirement that the poet shall be a citizen of his age as well as of his country." ~ Gboroe "William Cubtis. Stanzas on Freedom. The Present Crisis. On the Capture of Fugitive Slaves near Wasliington. Freedom. The Washers of the Shroud. Memoriae Positum. Ode recited at the Harvard Commemoration. Ode read at the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Fight at Concord Bridge. Under the Old Elm. An Ode for the Fourth of July, 1876. THE BIGLOW PAPERS. *' Suddenly . . . the absorbing struggle of freedom and slavery for control of the Union was illuminated by a humor radiant and piercing, which broke over it like daylight, and exposed relentlessly the sophistry and shame of tJie slave power. . . . " The Biglow Papers were essentially and purely American. . . . They could have been written nowhere else but in Yankee New England by a New England yan&ee. " —Geoegb William Curtis. " / am glad to see ' Hosea Biglow ' in book form. It w a grand book — the best of its kind for the last half century or more. It has wit enough to make the reputation of a dozen English satirists.'" — J oma G. Whittier. There can be no doubt that the Biglow Papers had, at the time they were written, a value which depended little on literary merit of the kind which insures perma- nency and universal recognition. The keen insight, the .?irdor^f or truth and national honor, the scorn for politi- cal cowardice which these papers showed, struck home 82 THE BIGLOW PAPERS. to the heart of every true citizen. But for some of us in these days, it must be admitted, they are hard reading, especially on account of the grotesque form and the ex- aggerated Yankee dialect. Mr. Lowell himself says of Hosea : " I am sorry that I began by making him such a detestable speller. There is no fun in bad spelling itself, but only where the misspelling suggests something else wliich is droll per .se." Following Lowell's utterance on public questions in his various patriotic writings, what type of citizen and of patriot do you find him to be ? Compare him with Whittier and with Holmes. Is either of them as much of a statesman as he? What was The Present Crisis? (The date of the poem, 1844, will unlock the history referred to.) Study Lowell's course in regard to the Mexican war. Does he see slavery most vividly from the standpoint of the slave who suffers from it, or the statesman who sees his country disgraced by it ? Did Lowell suffer personal losses in the War of the Rebel- lion ? (See Biglow Papers, 2d Series, No. X. Also Memoriae Positum.) What were the circumstances of the delivery of the Commemoration Ode ? Has Ameri- can patriotism found any higlier expression than in this poem ? Note Lowell's estimate of Lincoln in this ode. (See also his prose essay on Lincoln.) How do Lowell's national odes compare with the other occasional poetry of our literature ? George William Curtis has said of Lowell, " Literature was his pursuit, but patriotism was his passion." Is not that a happy expression of the ardor which animates all his patriotic verse ? It will be both interesting and useful to study his career as an American minister abroad. Was America ever more honorably represented ? LO WELDS PROSE. 83 POEMS OF SENTIMENT AND RELIGION. " The moral element is the central one in Lowell.''^ — Abthur B. Simonds. My Love, The Beggar. Love. Sonnets. IV., VL, XL, XXL The Search. Extreme Unction. Longing. A Parable. Said Christ our Lord, I will go and see. New Year's Eve, 1850. After the Burial. An Ember Picture. A Christmas Carol. Is Lowell's faith as simple and unquestioning as Whittier's ? Is it any less sincere ? What are the salient qualities of his moral nature ? LOWELL'S PROSE. Lowell's power was more equally divided between his prose and his verse than that of any other of our authors. The very extent and importance of his prose forbids special study of it in these Outlines. His critical works are^erhaps the best in American literature. His out- door sketches, notably My Garden Acquaintance, and A Good Word for Winter, are unsurpassed in their way, and his political addresses are among the noblest expressions of the American idea. \ George William Curtis says of his address on Democracy, given at 84 LOWELUS PROSE. Birmingham, England, while he was our minister at the Court of St. James : It " was not only an event, but an event without a precedent. . . . No American orator has made so clear and comprehensive a declaration of the essential American principle, or so simple a state- ment of its ethical character." It is to be hoped tliaU every reader of Lowell's poetry will also study his prose ; but such study will not, so much as in the case of Holmes, modify the opinion which would be formed from his poetical works alone. THE RIVERSIDE LIBRARY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. A series of volumes devoted to History, Biography, Mechanics, Tra- vel, Natural History, and Adventure. With Maps, Portraits, etc. Designed especially for boys and girls who are laying the founda- tion of private libraries. Each volume, uniform, i6mo, 75 cents. Teachers' price, per volume, 64 cents, postpaid. Special price to libraries : each volume, 60 cents, postpaid ; the entire set of 15 volumes, $7.50, not prepaid. 1. The War of Independence. By John Fiske. With Maps. Pp. 200. 2. George Washington. An Historical Biography. By Horace E. Scudder. With 8 illustrations. Pp. 248. 3. Birds through an Opera-Glass. By Florence A. Merriam. With 22 Illustrations. Pp. 223. 4. Up and Down the Brooks. By Mary E. Bamford. With 55 Illustrations. Pp. 222. 5. Coal and the Coal Mines. By Homer Greene, author of the Youth's Companion prize serial, " The Blind Brother." With 17 Illustrations. Pp. 246. 6. A New England Girlhood, Outlined from Memory. By Lucy Larcom. Pp. 274. Virtually an autobiography of the famous author. 7. Java : The Pearl of the East. By Mrs. S. J. Higginson. With Index and Map. 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PORTRAITS OF AUTHORS AND PICTURES OF THEIR HOMES 'WR THE USE OF PUPILS IN THE STUDY OF LITERATURE We have received so many calls for portraits of luthors and pictures of their homes suitable for class md note-book use in the study of reading and litera- ure, that we have decided to issue separately the wenty-nine portraits contained in " Masterpieces of '\merican Literature " and " Masterpieces of British Literature," and the homes of eight American authors IS shown in the Appendix to the newly 7^evised edition :)f "Richardson's Primer of American Literature." PORTRAITS. BRYANT. EMERSON. EVERETT. FRANKLIN. ADDISON. BACON. BROWN. BURNS. BYRON. AMERICAN. HAWTHORNE. HOLMES. IRVING. LONGFELLOW. LOWELL. BRITISH. COLERIDGE. COWPER. DICKENS. GOLDSMITH. GRAY. LAMB. O'REILLY. THOREAU. WEBSTER. WHITTIER. MACAULAY. MILTON. rvv.^KIN. TENNYSON. WORDSWORTH. HOMES OF A)ITHORS. LOWELL. STOWE. WHITTIER. BRYANT. HOLMES. EMERSON. LONGFELL ")W. HAWTHORNE. 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WHITTIER : Snow-Bound ; Among the Hills ; Mabel Martin ; Cob- bler Keezar's Vision : Barclay of Ury ; The Two Rabbis ; The Gift of Tritemius ; Thp Brother c;f Mercy ; The Prophecy of Samuel Sewall ; Maur^ Muller. BRYANT : Sella ; The Little .pie of the Snow. HOLMES : Grandmother's Sttry o* Bunke" Hill Battle ; The School- Boy. LOWELL: The Vision of Sir Launfal; L. r the Willows; Under the Old Elm ; Agassiz. FxMERSON : The Adirondaeks ; The Titmouse ; Monadnoc. Appendix : In the Laboratory with Agassiz. All the poems are given in full, and foot-notes explain passa^s oosJ- iaining allusions which might not be imderstood by readers. Brief biographical sketches of the poets are also given. amencan proise. SELECTIONS OF , p." F. FSSAYS, SKETCHES, AND STORIES, FKOM TKH WORKS OF HAWTHORNE, iP\ iNG, LONGFELLOW, WHITTIER, HOLMES, LC /ELI T lOREAU, EMERSON. With Introductions and Noi s. Crown 8vo, 420 pages, $1.00 net. 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