HISTORY OF MAEYLAro Upon the Basis of McSherry, For the Use of Schools. By HENKY ONDERDONK, A. M. Late President of the Maryland Agricultural College. 'U - V d BALTIMOKE: Published by John Murphy & Co. Printers, Tublishees and Bookselleks, 18 2 Baltimore Street. 1868. ^'^ o^« / Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year ISGS, by JOHN" MURPHY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of 3Iaryland. Baltimore: Printed by John Murphy & Co. PREFACE. In preparing this abridgment of McSherry's History of Maryland, while strictly observing its spirit, I have* not confined myself entirely to the text of that excellent work ; Avhenever I have ^bought a fact could be more clearly elucidated, or the narrative made more interest- ing to the young, I have drawn freely from Bozman, from McMahon, from Bancroft, Irving, Davis, and other authentic sources. The Proprietary government, under which Mary- land was established and grew up, is known to her people almost only by its name. Yet it is in that gov- ernment that we find the germs of those principles of popular liberty that resulted in the Revolution ; and it is in the free institutions established under it, that we recognize the school in which our fathers learned both e true objects of government, and their own rights as dividuals. There is perhaps no stimulus to worthy deeds, or at least > the preservation of self-respect, equal to that which ■ furnished in the legacy of a good name. That our outh should know how rich the History Qf Maryland is ^ all that can inspire noble emulation, is not only °sirable in itself, but is the surest pledge that they will e animated to deeds worthy of their sires, and that, by "imitating the virtue, the valor, and the liberality of their forefathers," they will hand down the State to posterity with untarnished lustre. In the hope that this little book may be instrumental in promoting this knowledge among the rising genera- tion of our State, it is submitted to the public. HENRY ONDERDONK. Baltimore, September, 1868. CONTENTS. PAET I. CHAPTEE I.-lNTRODUCTORT. Motives for coming to this Country— Religion thouo-ht to be a part of Government— Intolerance, the Spirit of the Age-Maryland an Exception— Why Colonists left England — Different kinds of Colonial Govern- ments ]0 CHAPTEK II.— Lord Baltimore. The Founder of Maryland— Early Schemes— Newfound- Jand-Sails for Virginia-Chesapeake Bay- Return to England— Death— Cecil Calvert— Opposition of Vir- ginia Colony— Claiborne 18 CHAPTER IIL-The Charter. Powers granted by the Charter— Land and Churches— 'I^Hitherto Uncultivated" Lands— Application of the lerm — Claiborne— Swedes and Dutch —Boundarv Lines by Charter 22 CHAPTER IV.— Early Settlement of Maryland. Preparal ions — Leonard Calvert — Embarcation — The "Ark" and the "Dove," and the "Mayflower"— ^ Arnval—Landing—Exploration— Interview with In- dians—Treaty with them— Advantages enjoyed by other Colonies— The Striking Features of this Colony.. 25 CHAPTER v.— Claiborne's Rebellion. Claiborne, the Evil Genius of the Colony— His Claim- Excites the Indians— Resorts to Violence— Flees to Virginia— Sent to England— First Legislative Assem- bly—Division of Land 34 1* 6 History of Maryland. CHAPTER VI.— The Second General Assembly. Missionaries — Kent Island — New Hundred — New Code of Laws — Trial of Smith — Claiborne's Efforts in Eng- land — Returns to Virginia — Conversion and Baptism of Tavac — Father White — Privileges of the Governor Extended 39 CHAPTER VII. — Claiborne and Ingle's Kebellion. Death of Calvert — Troubles in England — Insubordina- tion of Claiborne — Calvert visits England — Indian Troubles — Ingle — Govecnor Brent — Calvert's Return — Endeavors to obtain Possession of Kent Island — Cal- vert compelled to Flee — Conduct of the Insurgents — Success of Parliamentary Party — Calvert Regains Pos- session — Death of Calvert 45 CHAPTER VIII.— Liberty of Conscience. New Guards to Liberty of Conscience — Oath of Office — Acts of Assembly — Protection of Feelings — Who Formed the Assembly - 51 CHAPTER IX.— Puritan Settlements. The Liberal Policy attracts Settlers — Richard Bennett and his Puritans — Chivalric Conduct of Marylanders — Influence of Puritans — Reduction of Virginia — Clai- borne and Bennett's Descent upon Maryland — The Proprietaryship Abolished — Indian Troubles — Clai- borne and JBennett's Invasion — Puritan Intolerance.. 53 CHAPTER X. — Restoration of the Proprietary. Rebuke to Governor Stone — Recovery of Records — Un- successful Expedition to Providence — Barbarity of ■ Puritans — Appeal to Cromwell — Decision of the Board of Trade — Bennett makes Terms — Fendall — The last of Claiborne 58 CHAPTER XL— Peace and Prosperity. Calm — Charles Calvert — Increase of Population — Plan- ters — Maryland Domestic Life — Slavery — Servants — Quakers — Fox — Land of the Sanctuary — Death of Pro- prietary — FendalPs Attempt at Rebellion — End of the Period of Repose 63 Contents. 7 CHAPTER XII.— State of Society, to 1869. Friendship of the Natives — Kind of Government Trade— Coin— Luxuries— Fruit— The Baltimore Bird —Tobacco — Travelling , qj CHAPTEK XIII.-Eevolutionof 1689. James II Banished — William and Marj^ — Delay of Instructions— Protestant Association— John Coode— First Royal Governor— Acts of Assembly— Lord Bal- timore Appeals to the King— Removal of the Capital- Second Royal Governor— Improvements— Sickness- Effects of the Royal Administrations 70 CHAPTER XIV.— The Restoratiox of the Province. Death of Charles, Lord Baltimore— Province Restored to his Son— Undisturbed Tranquility— Policy towards Indians— Establishment of Baltimore— Fell's Point- Commercial Advantages— Elk Ridge Landing— An- napolis— Maryland Gazette— Frederick— Georgetown —Death of Proprietary— State of the Colony 75 \ CHAPTER XV.— Boundary Disputes. Watkins' Point— Dispute with Penn— Penn's Grant- Penn Attacks the Charter— Baltimore out of Favor at Court— The King is Patron to Penn— His Expulsion- Settlement Postponed— Mason and Dixon's Line- Shrewdness of Penn— Virginia Boundary 80 CHAPTER XVI.— Frederick, last Lord of Baltimore. English and French War— Claims of each— Bold Design of the Governor of Canada— Maryland Stands Aloof— Opposition to Arbitrary Demands— Dinwiddle's Per- plexities—Maryland takes a Part— Fort Cumberland- Acts of Assembly 35 CHAPTER XVII.— Braddock's Defeat. Braddock's Arrival— Council at Alexandria— Braddock at Frederick—Arrival of Franklin— Franklin's Sug- gestion — Braddock's Confidence— Franklin's Propo- History of Maryland. sition — March over the Mouiitains — Baggage — Mutual Disgust — Braddock rejects the Indians and Backwoods- men — Slow Movements — The Contest — The Defeat..89 CHAPTEK XVIII.— French and Indian Wars, Continued. Terror and Desolation — Plantations laid Waste— Panic — Expedition against Fort DuQuesne — Grant's Bravado and Defeat — Gallantry of Mury landers — Abandonment of the Fort by the French 97 CHAPTER XIX— The Days before the Revolution. The Democratic and the Aristocratic Elements — Claims of the two Houses — Peace — Debt — Condition of Mary- land — Influence of French War — The old Controversy Revived — Preparatory Steps to the Stamp Act 102 CHAPTER XX.— Stamp Act. Stamp Act Imposed — Maryland Assembly Prorogued — No Stamps in Maryland — Protest of Assembly — Treat- ment of Hood — Acts of Assembly — Frederick County Court — "Sons of Liberty " — Repeal of Stamp Act..l06 CHAPTER XXI.— The Duty on Tea. Tax on Tea, &C.7— Massachusetts' Circular — Non-Impor- tation — The "Good Intent" — Alarm of British Min- istry — Defection of other Colonies ■. 110 CHAPTER XXII.— The Proclamation and Ves- try Act. Pay of Public Officers— Tithes— Expiration of the Law — Proclamation— Party Spirit— Dulany and Carroll. ..113 CHAPTER XXIIl. — Charles Carroll of Car- ROLLTON. Birth and Education— Return to Maryland — First en- trance into Public Life— "First Citizen" — Dulany — Triumph of Carroll 116 Contents. 9 CHAPTER XXIV.— Revival of Tax on Tea. Tax, tli« Badge of Servitude— The Right to Tax, not the Amount, the matter of Dispute — Aid to Boston — Burn- ing of the Tea at Annapolis — Characteristics of the Act - - 119 CHAPTER XXV.— TnE Last Proprietary. First Continental Congress — Attachment of Maryland to the Family of Baltimore — Extinction of the Family — Hearv Harford — Condition of the Colony 124 PART II, CHAPTER L— The Revolution. Convention — Power of Public Sentiment — Resolution of Maryland to Stand by Massachusetts — New York and Maryland — Washington, Commander-in-Chief — For- oiation of Maryland Line — Riflemen — Want of Sup- plies -..^ - 129 CHAPTER IL— Lord Dunmore. Pians of Lord Dunmore — Attempt to Inflict a Servile War — Discovery of his Plans — Aid to Eastern Shore of Virginia — Batteries erected near Baltimore — "The Otter " — " The Defence " — State Navy — Governor Eden— Civil Authority and Military Power— Eden sent to England — Militia sent to the Coast — Flying Camp „ .,., 135 CHAPTER III. — Declaration of Independence. Vain Hopes of Settlement — Rebels or Freemen— Order issued by the Convention of Maryland — Declaration of Independence — Charles Carroll of Carrollton — State Government — Disposition of Troops 140 CHAPTER IV.— The Maryland Troops at the Battle of Long Island. Condition of the American Army — Landing of the Brit- ish — The Macaronis— ThQ Battle — Terrible Charge of the Marylanders — Loss of Marylanders 143 10 History of Maryland. CHAPTEK v.— Marylakd Troops in the Retreat. Maryland Troops in the Advance Posts — Crossing the Ferry — Attempt to Surround Americans — Disgraceful Retreat of the Connecticut Militia — Maryland Line Covers the Retreat— Battle at Harlem— Battle at White Plains — Attack on Fort Washington — Destruction of the Enemv's Troops by the Maryland and Virginia Rifles :. ....149 CHAPTER YI.— The New Constitution and State Government. Convention — Division of Frederick County — Supplies for the Army — Constitution Agreed to — Division of the Government — Qualifications for Voters — First State Legislature — Inducements to Enlist— The First Gov- ernor — Inauguration 154 CHAPTER VII.— Campaign of 1777. Increase and Division of Maryland Line — Battle of the Brandywine — Deborre — Battle of Germantown — Suc- cess of the Marylanders — John Eager Howard — Mary- landers not Supported — Howe's Attack 158 CHAPTER VIII. More Troops Demanded — Disaffection — British Evacu- ate Philadelphia — Battle of Monmouth — Gen'l Lee — Washington's Reliance on Maryland Officers — Land- ing and Retreat of British Troops 163 CHAPTER IX. Maryland's Quota large and always Full — Early Har- vests — Arrival of French Fleet— Paper Money — Pen- sions to Troops — Depreciation of Currency— Confisca- tion — Tax — The Price of Liberty 167 CHAPTER X.— The Confederation. Delay of Confederation — Difficulty of Adjusting Public Lands — Clause Secured by Virginia — Maryland Ob- jects — Compromise Proposed by New York— Sovereign States — Maryland's Efforts in the Common Cause... 171 Contents. H CHAPTER XI— The Maryland Line South. Maryland Line sent to Reinforce Southern Department^ —Passage through Maryland — Gates' Foil v— Route Marked by DeKalb-Changed by Gates-Battle at Camden— Dreadful Charge of the Marylanders— The whole British Force brought against MaWland Lice— Virginia Militia ;; 2j^ CHAPTER XII.-The Battle of Cowpexs. Recruiting— Consolidation of the Line— Col. Williams- General Morgan Retreats before Tarleton— Makes a btand—Marylanders Sustain the Battle— Victory. „ 180 CHAPTER XIII.—Battle at Guilford Court House. Greene's Retreat— Williams Covers the Retreat -Battle — Cornwalhs' Desperate Resort— George Fox's Re- mark—Americans Gain Possession of Strongholds- Unsuccessful Attack on Ninety-Six /. 135 CHAPTER XIY.-Battle of Euta^f Springs. Disposition x)f the Troops-Maryland Line Charges the Buffs — Desperate Struggle — Marylanders Comnli- mented on the Field-State Threatened with Invasion —La Fayette in Baltimore— Defence of the Bay- Washington's Design— Washington at Annapolig.188 CHAPTER XV.-The Close or the Revolution. New Paper Issues-Tory Conspiracy-Plot Exposed- tlixecution of Leaders— Success or Failure— Commis- sioners from England— Spirited Resolution of Mary- land Legislature— Close of the War I95 CHAPTER XVL-Thk Maryland Line. Their Sufferings-The First to use the Bayonet-Their Battles— Their Losses... 29^ CHAPTER XVII.-Seat of Government. Annapolis Offered-Action of Congress- Washington Determines to Resign— Reception at Annapolis—Re- signation il..^„.201 12 History of Maryland. CHAPTER XVIIL Debt — Public Improvements— Susquehanna Canal — Po- tomac Companj' — Population of Baltimore — Colleges —Constitution of the United States Adopted 204 CHAPTER XIX.— The Federal Constitution. Needs of the Country — Convention Proposed— Disputes — The Constitution a Compromise — Capital — District of Columbia — Property Qualifications for Voting Re- moved — The Ballot substituted for Viva-voce 207 CHAPTER XX. Declaration of War — Two Parties— The Position of New England — Of Maryland — Riot in Baltimore — Hartford Convention— Admiral Cockburn — His Deeds — Defence of Havre-de-Grace 212 CHAPTER XXI. Battle of Bladensbukg 217 CHAPTER XXII. Battle of North Point 221 CHAPTER XXIII. Bombardment of Fort McHenry 225 CHAPTER XXIV.— Reform. Internal Improvements — Cheasapeake and Ohio Canal — Rail Road — Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road — Other Rail Roads — Colonization Society — Pecuniary Crisis — Mex- ican War 227 CHAPTER XXV. Boundary Lines, and Baltimore and Ohio R. R...234 CHAPTER XXVI. Secession of Southern States 239 CHAPTER XXVII. Military Commanders 243 CHAPTER XXVIII. New Constitutions , 248 History of Maryland. Part I. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTO R F. Motives for coming to this Country— Religion thought to be a part of the business of Government— Intolerance, the Spirit of the Age— Maryland an exception— Why Colonists left England— Dif event kinds of Colonial Governments. 1. The general history of the discovery and set- tlement of North America is presumed to be so familiar to the students of this History, as not to require any recapitulation here. 2. Many motives induced the people of the Old World, as Europe was called, after the discovery of America, to come to this country. Some came to seek for gold; some, for adventure and the im- Q,uestions.—2. What were some of the motiyes that led emigrants to come to this country? 2 13 14 ■ History of Maryland. provement of Iheir worldly affairs ; and some, to seek an asylum where they could worship God ac- cording to the dictates of their own consciences, without disobeying the laws of the land, or coming iu conflict with those that were in power. 3. In those times it was thought a part of the business of the government to legislate about reli- gious matters. No one, then, objected to the prin- ciple that the government had this right. They objected to the right being enforced against them- selves. We see this from the history of the P.uri- tans, who, however they resisted, or fled from, laws against the exercise of their own religion, did not hesitate to pass very severe enactments against those who conscientiously differed from themselves. 4. The case is very different now, none but the most misguided partizans claiming that " govern- ment is based upon the religious ideas of those who carry it on, and, that they have the right to con- trol the religion." But at the time of the settle- ment of the colonies, it was thought "that in a well governed and Christian community, matters concerning religion and the honor of God, ought, Qucstio77s.—?i. What was thought to be a part of the business of the government? What is said of the Puritans? 4. What is the case now ? What was thought at the time of the settlement of of the colonies? Non-Conformists. 15 iQ the first place, to be taken into earnest con- sideration and endeavored to be settled." 5. We are not, then, to blame any particular body of Christians for its intolerant spirit, for it was exercised by all denominations alike, — if we exclude the Quakers, or Friends. It was the spirit of the age. 6. The toleration, and freedom of conscience that characterized the Colony of Maryland, have placed it in advance of its age, and made its his- tory the proudest of that of any of the colonies. For here, in the language of Bancroft, "religious liberty obtained a home, its only home in the wide world. Every other country in the world had per- secuting laws ; but through the benign administra- tion of the government of Maryland, no person professing to believe in Jesus Christ was permitted to be molested on account of religion." H. In England the laws bore very hard on all who did not conform to the established religion. These Non-Comformists consisted chiefly of the Puritans and the Roman Catholics. The Puri- tans left the country in great numbers, and settled Questions. — 5. Are we to blame any particular body of Christians for intolerance? Why? 6. What characterized the Colony of Maryland? What does Bancroft say? Who could not be molested? 7. What is said of the laws in England? Who were the Non-Con- formists? What of the Puritans? 16 History of Maryland. chiefly in New England. A colony under a Ro- man Catholic proprietary, and governor, and con- sisting mostly of E-oman Catholic gentlemen, came to Maryland. 8. North America having been discovered by English subjects, belonged by right of discovery to the crown. Hence, when colonies were formed to settle any part of the newly acquired territory, the crown gave them tracts of land, together with rights and privileges, at the same time imposing certain conditions which the colonists were to fulfil. 9. The deed or document by which all this was done was called the Grant or Charter. These charters were given by the King to individuals, to companies, or to the colonists themselves. Hence there arose among the colonies three kinds of gov- ernments, viz : The proprietary government, the charter government, and the royal government. 10. The royal governments were under the im- mediate rule of the crown. The charter govern- ments were those in which the administration of their affairs was in their own hands. The proprie- tary governments were those in which the charter Questions.— T. Who formed the MHryland colony? 8. Who gave the colonies their land, and by what right? 9. What Is meant by the Charter? To whom were they given ? 10. What were the royal governments? What, the charter ? What, the proprietary ? NoN- Conformists. 17 granting territory, conferred upon the person or persons to whom it was made, the right of govern- ing the people who settled within the limits of their charter. 11. The charter of Maryland exhibits to us the form of a proprietary government. The proprie- tary was not a company, but a single person, and at his death his heir succeeded to his rights and privileges. Question.— II. What kind of government had Maryland? 2* 18 History of Maryland. CHAPTER II. Lord Baltimore — The Founder of Maryland — Early Schemes — Newfoundland — Sails for Virginia — Chesa- peake Bay — Return to England — Death — Cecil Calvert — Opposition of Virginia Colony- — Claiborne. 1. The founder of Maryland, Sir George Calvert, afterwards Lord Baltimore, was an English gentleman of finished education. He was one of the principal Secretaries of State, and was subsequently a member of the House of Commons. He always maintained the rights, and protected the interests of the king, who did not fail to prove his grateful recol- lection of Calvert's loyalty. 2. Sir George had early engaged in the schemes of colonization of that period, and very important trusts had been committed to him. His devotion to the duties of his office earned for him the esteem and confidence of the king. But in 1624, he resigned, either because his oath of office was incompatible with his religious belief as a Roman Catholic, or lest it might become his duty, as Secretary, Questions.—!. The founder of Maryland ? Who was Lord Balti- more? What is said of him? 2. Why did he resign his office? Lord Baltimore. 19 to execute the penal laws against tlie mem- bers of that church. 8. As was mentioned in the previous chap- ter, the spirit of intolerance pervaded Eng- land, in fact thd whole world. Although Sir George felt assured of the protection of the king, he determined to seek another land, and to found a new state, where, what hither- to was unknown, conscience should be free, and every man might worship God according to his heart, in peace and perfect security. 4. At first, he fixed his eyes on Newfound- land, in the settlement of which he had before been interested. But finding the climate and soil unsuitable, he determined to seek a more genial country in the south. Accordingly in 1628, he sailed to Virginia, with the intention of settling within the limits of that colony, or, more probably, to explore the uninhabited country on its border, in order to secure a grant of it from the king. 5. Being unwilling to subscribe to the oath of allegiance that was tendered him by the colony, he left their borders and explored the Chesapeake above the settlements. Questions.— 3. What did he determine to do? 4. Where did he first think of settling? Why did he abandon that intention? When did he set sail and for what place? What was his design? 5. Why did he leave Virginia? 20 History of Maryland. 6. He was pleased with the beautiful and well-wooded country, which surrounded the noble inlets and indentations of the great bay, and determined there to found his colony. He felt satisfied that he had selected a terri- tory possessing all the elements of future prosperity, fertile in soil, traversed by majes- tic rivers, and enjoying a climate unsurpassed elsewhere upon the continent. \^ 7. Lord Baltimore returned to England, it is supposed, in 1629. In 1632, without any difficulty, he procured from his Majesty, Charles I, son of his former patron, the promise of a grant. The patent was pre- pared by Lord Baltimore himself, but before it was executed, that truly great and good man died, on April 15th, 1632. 8. His eldest son, Cecil, having inherited his father's title and estate, received from the king the Charter promised to the father. The date of the Charter is the 20th of June, in the eighth year of the reign of Ciiarles I, or 1632. The country granted by this char- ter was named Maryland, in honor of Queen Questions. — 6. Where did he determine to found his colony? 7. .When did he return to England? When, and Ironi whom did he obtain his charter? Who prepared it? When did he die? 8. Who received the charter? What was its date? What was the country called? Cecil Calvert. 21 Henrietta Maria, instead of Crescentia, which was to have been the original name. 9. The Virginia colony opposed the scheme of Lord Baltimore, claiming that the grant transferred to others, territory belonging to them. William Claiborne had, under virtue of powers granted him by the Virginia colony, established a trading post on Kent Island, a part of the Maryland grant. 10. But as the charters of Virginia had been dissolved, the king and his ministers considered that the right was vested in the , crown, of re-granting such parts of the terri- tory of Virginia, formerly included within the lines of these charters, as had not before been given to particular individuals. As will be seen, this was a source of future trouble in the colony of Maryland. Questio7is.—9. Who opposed the scheme of Baltimore? Why.? 10. How did the king and his ministers regard this claim ? 22 History of Maryland. CHAPTER III. The Charter — Powers granted by the Charter — Land and Churches — '^Hitherto uncultivated''^ larids — Appli- cntion of the term — Claiborne — Stvedes and Dutch — Boundary lines by the Charter. 1. By this charter, Cecil, now Lord Balti- more, and his heirs, were created absolute Proprietaries of Maryland. The proprietary had full, free, and absolute power to enact laws, with the advice, assent, and approba- tion of the freemen of the Province. But another clause of the charter seems to grant this power to the proprietary without the necessity of calling the Assembly, "provided these ordinances be consonant to reason, and be not repugnant nor contrary, but (so far as may be conveniently done) agreeable to the laws, statutes or rights of the kingdom of England," and further these ordinances must not interfere with the persons or property of any one. This afterwards led to some dis- agreement between the proprietary and the assembly. 2. The proprietary had full power to grant to his colonists such tracts of land as they Questions. — 1. What were the powers of the proprietary? What is said of another clause in the charter? 2, What is said of grant- ing lands? The Charter. 23 might purchase. He was also granted the "license and faculty of erecting and found- ing churches, chapels and places of worship in convenient and suitable places, and of causing the same to be dedicated according to the laws of our kingdom of England." 3. In the second section of the charter, — in that part which is technically called the reci- tal — it is said that Calvert "being animated with a laudable and pious zeal for extending the Christian religion^ and the territories of our empire, besought leave to transport a numerous colony of the English nation to a certain region afterwards to be described, in a country hitherto uncultivated and partly occu- 'pie.d hy savages.'''' 4. Historians assert that the opponents to this charter claimed that these words hitherto uncultivated rendered the grant void, because, within the limits marked out by the charter, there were already settlements, namely, one on Kent Island, established by William Clai- borne, and one by the Swedes and Dutch. 5. Whether there is any validity in these objections or not, there is some doubt whether Questions.— 2. Of building churches? 3. What is said iu the second section of tlie charter? 4. What do historians assert that opponents to the charter claimed? 5. What is said of this objec- tion? 24 History of Maryland. these settlements existed at the time Lord Baltimore visited the Chesapeake, and doubt- less, he was perfectly honest in describing the country as "hitherto uncultivated." It seems that these words in the recital, or preamble to the charter itself, were very general in their application, and, in this sense, the region marked out by the charter, was uncultivated. The trading station on Kent Island could, with no show of reason, be claimed as ren- dering a country cultivated. 6. The Dutch settlements were afterwards included in the colony of Delaware, and gave no trouble. They were, however, made the plea, upon which William Penn deprived the Maryland colony of a large and fertile terri- tory. But Claiborne, basing his claim upon the words, hitherto uncultivated^ asserted his independence of Calvert's grant. 7. The territories described by the charter, extended from Watkins' Point opposite the mouth of the Potomac river, northward to the fortieth degree of north latitude, and from the Atlantic ocean and Delaware bay on the East, to the Potomac river on the Questiom.—b. What of Kent Island ? G. What, of the Dutch setlements? Of Claiborne? 7. What were the boundaries of the province, by the charter? Leonard Calvert. 25 West. By examining a map it will be seen that this included a part of what are now Pennsylvania and Delaware. CHAPTER ly. Early Settlement of Mahylaki) — Preparations — Leonard Calvert — Embarkation — The ''Ark" ayid ^^Dove" and the *^ Mayflower'' — Arrival — Landing — Explorations — Interview with Indians — Treaty with them— Treatment of them— Advantages enjoyed hy other colonies — The striking features of this colony. 1. As soon as the grant was obtained, Cecil Calvert commenced his preparations for the establishment of a colony. It was originally his intention to accompany it, but deeming that the interest of the enterprise demanded his remaining in England, he confided his colony to his brother, Leonard Calvert, whom he constituted lieutenant general, or gover- nor. 2. The colony was soon prepared for em- barkation, and on the 22nd of November, 1633, it departed from the Isle Wight. The company consisted of about two hundred Questions.— 1. Did Cecil Calvert accompany his colony? Whom did he send ? 2. Date and place of embarkation ? 26 History of Maryland. persons, who embarked in two vessels, The Ark, and The Dove. 8. These names are not so familiar to tbe people of the country, or even of Maryland, as those of the Mayflower^ and Speedwell. — Most of our school histories having emanated from that part of the country settled by the emigrants of these vessels, perhaps an undue prominency is given to the Pilgrims of Ply- mouth Rock over those of St. Mary's. What- ever can be claimed for the Puritan colony, as commanding our admiration, the Maryland colony can claim with greater justice. Their motive for leaving was as pure, and their manner of doing so, no less pious, for in leav- ing their homes, their friends and relatives to plant seeds of religious liberty, they were careful to place their ships under the protec- tion of Almighty God. 4. Though they have had neither poet nor painter to celebrate from sea to sea their heroic motive, their pious devotion of them- selves to the care of Him who rules the ra- ging of the sea, their no less pious thanks- giving on their landing, theirs was none the Questions.— 2. Names of the vessels? 3. What is said of these names ? How does their departure compare with that of the May- flower and Speedwell ? 4. What further is said? Landing of Pilgrims. 27 less a mighty undertaking; standing out in history, as an era in the progress of mankind. 5. After many difficulties and some dangers, these two vessels, though separated by storms on the ocean, arrived safely off' Point Comfort in Virginia, on the 24th of February, 1H34.— Having remained in Virginia a few days, they set sail for the banks of the Potomac, w^here they found mighty forests, a soil rich and fer- tile; the air sweet and balmy; and they re- turned thanks to God for the beautiful land which he had given them — for this was Maryland. 6. Although they beheld groups of armed savages prepared to prevent their landing, and other demonstrations of hostility, they succeeded in establishing confidence in the breasts of the natives; and, having satisfied them of their peaceful intentions, at length purchased from them the territory they re- quired. Maryland was almost the only State whose early settlement was not stained with the blood of the natives. " 7. They landed on the 25th of March on an island, to which they gave the name of St. Questions.— r> When did they arrive at Point Comfort? What further is said? 6. What did they see on the shores? IIow did they obtain the land? 7. When did thev land? 28 History of Maryland. Clement's (now Blackiston's.) The colonists took solemn possession of Maryland, with re- ligious services conducted according to the usages of the Eoman Catholic church, and erected a cross as an emblem of Christianity and civilization, which they were -about to plant on th'ose shores. 8. In order to make further discoveries, Governor Leonard Calvert proceeded further up the Potomac, near to the place now called New Marlboro', where there was an Indian village governed by Archihu, uncle to the king, or Wero-wance, who was still an infant. 9. When the governor asked the Indian chief if he were willing that his people should settle in his country, he replied, "I will not bid you go, neither will I bid you stay, but you may use your own discretion." Using this discretion the governor concluded it was not safe to settle so high up the river. He, therefore, returned down the Potomac to St. Clement's Island, and thence to a small river on the north side of the Potomac, which he called St. George. 10. He explored the St. George about twelve miles upwards, and anchored at the village of Questions.— 7. What did they, on landing? 8. Where did the governor then go? 9. What did the governor ask, and what did the chief reply? What did the governor do? 10. What river did he explore? Indians. 29 the Ya-o-comico Indians. The Governor ex- plained to the chief, or Wero-wance, his object in coming to his country. 11. The Wero-wance, after the custom of the Indians, made but little answer to the proposition of Governor Calvert; but, never- theless, hospitably entertained him and his companions, giving up his own rude bed for the accommodation of the governor. 12. Having carefully examined the sur- rounding country, and finding it possessed of many advantages which rendered it an eligi- ble site, Calvert determined to commence, at this place, his first settlement. The ship and pinnace which he had left at St. Clement's, were ordered to joint him at Ya-o-comico. 13. To prepare the way for a peaceable ad- mission into the country, he presented the Wero-wance and principal men with clothes, axes, hoes and knives, in return for which they granted him about thirty miles of terri- tory, which he called Augusta Carolina, after- wards the county of St. Mary's. 14. The character of these presents to the Wero-wance indicates the desire of the colo- Questions.— 11. How did the chief receive him ? 12. What did he determine upon? 13. What presents did he make? 14. What did these presents indicate? *3 30 History of Maryland. nist, namely, to introduce among the savages the first rudiments, as it were, of civiliza- tion — the implements of agriculture. 15. The Indians further agreed to give up to the settlers, for their immediate accommo- dation, one-half of their village, and corn grounds which they had already commenced to plant, reserving the other part for their own use, until the harvest should be gathered, when the whole of the purchased territory was to be surrendered to the colonists. Upon the 27th day of March, 1634, the governor took possession of the place, and named the town St. Mary's. 16. Most of the principal men, if not all, were Eoman Catholics, and their object in colonizing was to enjoy, without molestation, liberty of conscience, and to secure religious toleration on the American continent. The American historian, Bancroft, in speaking of Calvert, says that "he deserves to be ranked among the most wise and benevolent law- givers of all ages. He was the first in the history of the Christian world to seek for re- ligious security and peace by the practice of justice and not by the exercise of power." Questio7}s.—15. What agreement did the Indians make? When did the governor take possession? What did he call the pla el 16. What does Bancroft say of Calvert ? Indians. 31 17. While they lived in company with the natives at St. Mary's, the greatest harmony prevailed. The natives hunted with the Eng- lish for deer and turkeys, and received from them in return, knives, beads and such other trifles as they desired. The women and chil- dren became domesticated in the English fam- ilies. In the treatment of the savages of Maryland, the colony was always governed by the most exalted principles of Christianity and philanthropy. 18. The territorial and personal rights of the natives were scrupulously respected, and earnest and persistent efforts were made to teach them religious truth and the arts of civilized life. Their lands were not taken from them by force and without their con- sent, but by honorable negotiation and pur- chase. The colonist purchased the rights of the aborigines for a consideration which gave them satisfaction. They offered no reward for Indian scalps, and their history is not stained with ^ a King Philip's war. They offered the Indians words and acts of love and mercy. Questions.— 17. Describe the life of the colonists with the natives ? 18. What is said of the rights of the natives ? What did the colo- nists try to teach them? How were the lands obtained from them ? 32 History of Maryland. 19. Fair and beautiful then was the origin of the State. No wrong or injustice towards the native stained the hands of its founders; no persecuting domination or exclusive franchise was reared upon its shores, but around the rough-hewn cross on the island of St. Cle- ment's, gathered Catholic and Protestant, hand in hand, friends and brothers, equal in rights and secure alike in the free and full enjoy- ment of either creed. It was a day that should make the Maryland heart bound with pride and pleasure. 20. The descendants of other colonies have not only had the happiness of having histo- rians, but of making literature a business and a trade, and have supplied the whole country with histories of their own making. Hence, at least, in school histories of our country one section has appropriated a very large share, and the other sections have been treated of in a very few chapters. To such an extent is this true, that these histories of the United States are very much like a Chinese map of the world, the Celestial Empire occupying all but the small corner that is left for the rest of mankind. Questions.— 10. What is said in Uiis section? 20. What happi- ness have other colonies enjoyed? Treatment of Indians. 33 21. The first altar to religious liberty on this Continent was erected in Maryland; and the "Freedom of Conscience" that char- acterized the pilgrims of St. Mary's was not such as stained the annals of its history with the whipping of naked women, from town to town, at the tail of a cart, or the boring of the tongue with a red hot iron for being a Quaker, as was the case in other parts of the country. 22. For the first time in the history of the colonies, the savages were treated with justice and mercy in Maryland. Their land was bought from them, and their condition was improved. There is no national histori- cal painting to perpetuate the memory of this treaty of amity and good will, but, assuredly, when on this first altar of religious liberty, the fires ascended to heaven amid the bless- ings of the savage, the memory of such a peo- ple "should not pass away from their des- cendants as an idle dream." Questions.— 2\. Where was the first altar to religious liberty raised? What kind of freedom of conscience was in Maryland? 22. What is said in this section ? 34 History of Maryland. CHAPTER y. 1634-1638 — Claiborne's Kebellton — Claiborne, the Evil Genius of the Colony — His Claim — Excites the Indians — Resorts to Violence — Flees to Virginia. — Sent to England — First Legislative Assembly — Division of Land. 1. The friendly relations which subsisted between the natives and the English were first disturbed by the improper insinuations circulated by Claiborne, called by historians the Evil Genius of the colony. 2. Before the charter had been issued, but probably after Lord Baltimore's visit to the Chesapeake, Claiborne had established a tra- ding post on Kent Island. This he had done in virtue of a license to traffic with the na- tives, and thereupon, claimed a right to the property of the soil, not only of this island, but also of another settlement at the mouth of the Susquehanna. 3. He obtained his license to trade from Charles I, and afterwards from the Governor of Virginia. He was, therefore, subordinate Questions.— I. What first di.-^turbed the friendly relations of the natives? 2. Where had Claiborne established trading posts? 3. From whom had he received his license? To whom was he subordinate ? Claiborne^s Pretensions. 35 to tliat colony, and dependent upon it. But when this island was included in the grant to Calvert, he was notified that if he remained he would be deemed subject to that colony. He applied to the council of Virginia for in- struction how to act. 4. This colony being opposed to that of Lord Baltimore, and not being iinv/illng to thwart it, the council replied they saw no reason why he should give up any territory he had held of them. Lord Baltimore had ordered his arrest should he refuse to submit to his authority. He, howevef, was not taken, and being enraged that Baltimore had ob- tained a grant including the places where he had been accustomed to trade, sought every means in his power to defeat the suc- cess of the colony at St. Mary's. 5. As a means to this end he excited the fears and jealousies of the Indians, by per- suading them that the new comers were not English, but Spaniards, the enemies of the English. The simple natives believed him, and suddenly withdrew from St. Mary's. Questions.— 3.^hat did he do when his post was included in the Mainland colonies? 4. What did the council reply? What had Lord Baltimore ordered ? 5. What did he do ? 36 History of Maryland. 6. To meet any hostile attack that they might be stimulated to, the settlers postponed the building of their own houses, erected a block house or fortification, at the same time regulating their conduct towards the savages so as to re-awaken the old feelings of confi- dence and intimacy. The natives became convinced of the falsehood of the insinua- tions against the settlers, and again resorted to the colony. 7. Having failed in these efforts to rouse the jealousies of the savages, Claiborne re- sorted to mor^ violent measures to support his pretensions. These pretensions were based upon the authority of Virginia. But, as has previously been mentioned, the Vir- ginia charter had been annulled; notwith- standing, he determined to uphold his claim, and, if possible, drive the colony from the province. 8. To accomplish this he fitted out an armed vessel, under one lieutenant Warren, with orders to seize and capture any of the government or colony of St. Mary's, The second in command was Thomas Smith. — Questiom.—6. What did the settlers do ? 7. What did Claiborne now resort to? Upon what did he base his pretensions? What did he determine to do? 8. What did he fit out? With what orders? Who was second in command? First Assembly. 87 The colonists promptly met this hostile de- monstration by fitting out two armed boats under command of Thomas Cornwallis. 9. In a battle between the hostile boats, commenced by Claiborne's men firing first upon those of Cornwallis, Claiborne's "Vessel was captured. He was thus deprived of his last resource, and his only safety was in flight. He sought security in Virginia, but was followed by commissioners sent by Cal- vert, to demand his surrender. Governor Harvey, of Virginia, however, sent him with the witnesses to England for trial. This was early in the year 1635. 10. During this year it appears that the first legislative assembly met. The records having been lost or destroyed, little is known of their proceedings. The laws which they passed, whether "wholesome" or otherwise, were dissented to by the Lord Proprietary,' it is supposed, because, under the charter, he claimed the right of initiating or proposing the laws. He immediately, however, set about to frame a code for their acceptance. questwns.-9 Who commanded the boats of the colonists' 9. What was the result? Where did he go? What did Calvert do and vvhat, Governor Harvey ? What year was this ? 10. When did the first legislative assembly meet ? 38 History of Maryland. By referring to the beginning of Chapter III., the reader will see the clauses in the charter, which refer to this matter. 11. In accordance with the instructions of the proprietary, the land was divided among the settlers. Under the circumstances of dan- ger, both from the savages and their own countrymen, the colonists were not disposed to extend their settlements beyond the limits of St. Mary's; within the city, lots of five and ten acres were granted to all who might ap- ply for them. And, in the interior, tracts ranging from one hundred to three thousand acres, in proportion to the number of settlers, whom the persons applying introduced into the colony. A quit rent of twenty shillings for every thousand acres was reserved for the proprietary. 12. These liberal terms were well calculated to induce men of wealth, who were able to bear the expense of transporting servants and dependents, to emigrate to this province, and contribute to the growth and prosperity of the colony. Questions. — 10. What is said of the laws they passed? 11. How was the land divided ? 12. What was the effect of these liberal terms ? Kent Island. 39 CHAPTER VI. 1G38-1642 — The Second General Assembly — Mis- sionaries — Kent Island — New Hundred — New Code of Laws — Trial of Smith — Claiborne's efforts in England — Returns to Virginia. — Missionaries — Conversion and Baptism of Tayac — Father White — Privileges of the Governor extended. 1. Prior to 1638, the inhabitants of Kent Island had, to a certain extent, submitted to the government of Maryland, and courts were established there, in the name of the province, for the trial of civil and criminal cases. The factious followers of Claiborne, still looking: forward to the success of their leader resisted the processes and warrants of the civil courts. A visit from the governor himself with a mili- tary force was necessary to bring it to com- plete subjection to his authority. 2. In the settlement at St. Mary's, the plan- tations had already extended to the west side of St. George's river, and there being large accessions from the northern country, a new hundred — a division similar to our election district — was erected. questions.— '\. What is said of the inhabitants of Kent Is.aud ? What was necessary? 2. Where was a New Hundred erected? 40 History of Maryland. 3. Lord Baltimore now caused the code which he had prepared, to be presented. But the people thinking that the power of making the laws was vested in them, and that the Proprietary had only a veto power, immedi- ately rejected the laws sent by Baltimore, and set about framing such as they thought proper. 4. After a short time, however, the con- troversy was concluded by the Proprietary abandoning his claim, preferring the welfare of the colony to his own individual privileges, and satisfied that the veto power was sufficient to protect his authority in the provinces. 5. Thomas Smith, who had been captured in the expedition sent out by Claiborne, was tried for murder. He was found guilty, and sentenced to death, though it is not ascertained that he was executed. A bill of attainder was passed against Claiborne by which his property was confiscated to the proprietor. 6. Claiborne was still in England endeav- oring to accomplish his object through the known avarice and unscrupulousness of the s. — 3. What dispute between Lord Baltimore and the people ? 4. How was the controversy concluded ? 5. What was done with Smith? 6. Where was Claiborne, and what was he doing? Missionaries. 41 royal court. He boldly laid claim to the Isle of Kent and his dependencies, and charged the proprietary's officers with having attacked and slaughtered his men. In the trial of Smith, however, it was proved that the first fire was from Claiborne's boat. In a petition to the king he offered to pay the crown two hun- dred pounds sterling for a grant of the Isle of Kent, and other valuable possessions. 7. The whole matter havins^ been referred to a proper committee, they reported, after a full investigation, that the lands in question belonged absolutely to Lord Baltimore, and that no trade with the Indians could be car- ried on without his consent. 8. Claiborne, thus baffled, returned to Vir- ginia to carry on his old schemes of annoy- ance. The legislature, however, interfered and compelled him to desist. Then he dis- patched an agent to Maryland praying the restoration of his property which had been confiscated to the government. His prayer was rejected and, for a while, he abandoned his efforts. Questions. — G. What did he charge upon the colonists? What was proved on the trial of Smith ? What did Claiborne offer the king? 7. What was the report ol the committee ?, 8. What did Claiborne do? 4* 42 History of Maryland. 9. During the earlier years of the colony, the settlement was circumscribed within nar- row limits, and the presence of the two mis- sionaries who had accompanied the colony was required in the settlements. For these reasons their efforts at converting Indians, were confined to those who were in friendly relationship with the settlers. But as the colony increased new missionaries arrived from England. 10. These zealous men immediately began to penetrate into the interior, and visit every tribe and village. The Indians at Patuxent received them very kindly, and bestowed upon them a plantation called St. Mattapany on the Patuxent, where a missionary station and a store house were immediately erected. These men travelled in a boat, subsisted by hunting, and at night slept under cover of a slight tent. Confiding themselves to the pro- tection of God they slept as soundly as if sur- Tounded by the luxuries of a palace. 11. In five years they had extended them throughout a large portion of the province ; Questions.— 9. How many missionaries accompanied the colo- nists ? Why did they not go abroad among the Indians ? Did they teach the Indians in the settlement? When did more arrive? 10. What did they do ? How did the Indians receive them ? How did they travel ? 11. What was the result of their labor ? Tayac. 43 they had visited many tribes, and made many converts ; they possessed four permanent sta- tions, the most distant of which was one hun- dred and twenty miles from St. Mary's. They went in every direction preaching Christianity to the savages, and by their gentle influence maintaining the peace and quiet of the settle- ments more firmly and securely than could have been done by all the militia of the pro- vince. 12. The conversion and baptism of Tayac was a remarkable event. Tayac was the chief of the Piscataways, the most extensive and powerful tribe in Maryland. Shortly after the arrival of Father White, the missionary, he was taken sick, and forty medicine men tried all the arts of conjuring within their power, to cure him. The missionary gained permission to treat the sick chief, and by his- treatment shortly restored him to perfect health. After having been properly pre- pared for the reception of the holy rite, Tayac and his household were baptized. 13. Tayac after this abandoned the habits and dress of the savage, adopted those of the English, and learned their language. In Questions.— 12. Describe the baptism of Tayac? 13. What is said of Tayac, after his baptism ? 44 History of Maryland. a conversation with the governor on the advantages of trading with the settlers, he is reported to have said : " I consider these as trifling, when compared with this one benefit, that, by their aid, I have arrived at the true knov/ledge of the one God, the most import- ant of all knowledge." 14. Thus surrounded by christian Indians, the colony suffered but little from the hostili- ties of the natives, nothing that rose to the dignity of an Indian war. What troubles they had were caused by the Susquehannas, the Wycomeses and Nanticokes, who were too far from the settlements to be brought under the good influences of the whites. The promptness and energy, however, of the gov- ernor, prevented any serious disaster to the colony, and in a short time a truce was con- cluded with the Nanticokes. 15. The colony had gone on improving, strengthening their settlements, and extend- ing their legislation. The Proprietary having .•authorized his brother, the governor, to agree jto such laws as seemed proper and necessary, ;an assembly was called on the 2oth of Feb- Qucstions.—l'^. What remarkable language is attributed to him ? 14. What Indians were troublesome ? 15. What was done by the assembly of 1639 ? Rebellion. 45 ruary, 1639. By the act of this assembly the privileges of the governor were considerably extended, — privileges that might have been of dangerous consequence — but Leonard Cal- vert's long and virtuous administration, fully justified the confidence which the people placed in his honor and integrity. CHAPTER YII. 1643-1647. — Claiborne and Ingle's Kebellton — Troubles in England — Insuhordinaiion of Ciaihorne — Calvert Visits England — Indian Troubles — Ingle — Gov. Brent — Calverfs Return — Endeavors to obtain Possession of Kent Island — Calvert compelled to Flee — Conduct of the Insurgents — Success of Parliamentary Party — Calvert Regains Possession— Death of Calvert. 1. The contest which had broken out in England, between the King and Parliament, materially affected the good order of the Maryland colony. The government was a royal grant, and the Proprietary was an adherent of the king. As the cause of the king at home declined, the spirit of insubor- QuesUons.—\. What is said of the contest in England? To which side did the Proprietary belong? What did the advocates of Parliament think ? 46 History of Maryland. dination of Claiborne, and the advocates of the Parliament considered this a favorable moment to throw off the authority of the Proprietary. 2. Uncertain what course to pursue, and anxious to view in person the tendency of affairs in the mother country, Governor Cal- vert determined to visit England and consult his brother, Lord Baltimore. He set sail in the early part of the year 1643. During his absence the spirit of disaffection increased, and at length broke out in Claiborne and Ingle's rebellion. 3. The Indians, either urged by the mal- contents, or perceiving the internal divisions of the settlers, again began to be troublesome. The Susquehannas were particularly so, hav- ing, contrary to the laws of nations been fur- nished with fire-arms by the Swedes and Dutch. 4. Whilst the Indians were threatening the colony on the north, Captain Richard Ingle, an associate of Claiborne, a pirate and a rebel, was hovering about the settlement with an armed ship, holding communication with Questions.— 2. Why did Calvert return to England ? What hap- pened during his absence ? 3. What is said of the Indians ? Wlio furnished them with arms? 4. Who was Ingle, and what was he doing? Claiborne does not Yield. 47 the disaffected, and endeavoring to strengthen their numbers. Governor Brent, who was acting in the absence of Gov. Calvert, issued a proclamation ordering his arrest and the seizure of his ship. Ingle was taken, but soon effected his escape, to join Claiborne and concoct new trouble for the colony. 5. On his return in 1644, Calvert found the province in great disorder, the public officers at variance, the Indians encroaching, the pirate Ingle at large, his enemy, Claiborne, in arms, and, once more in possession of Kent Island. 6. Calvert endeavored to obtain possession of Kent Island, but his efforts failed ; and the rebels, emboldened by success, and certain of assistance from their friends, invaded the Western shore, and, after a short struggle, obtained complete possession of the province. Governor Calvert was compelled to fly to Virginia. 7. The conquerors immediately commenced a system of outrage and oppression upon those who had adhered to his fortunes, and had supported the laws of the colony. Many were Questions.— i. Who acted in the absence of Calvert? What pro- clamation did he issue? 5. Describe the condition of the colony on the return of Calvert? G. What did Calvert endeavor to do 2 What, the rebels ? 7. How insurgents act ? 48 History of Maryland. <• robbed of all their possessions, and banished from the province. Even the missionaries, among whom was Father White, called the apostle of Maryland, were seized and sent in chains to England. The provincial records were mutilated and destroyed, so that it is almost impossible to get accurate accounts of their proceedings, or of the struggle which follomed their success. 8. The parliamentary party being now ■completely in the ascendant, and having the king in their hands, Claiborne and Ingle :acted in the name of parliament. Their suc- cess seemed a death-blow to the supremacy •of Lord Baltimore, in the province. He felt this, and accordingly in 1646, directed his brother, the governor, to collect and take charge of his private property, and save what he could from the wreck of his fortunes, ap- parently abandoning the hope of recovering his rights. 9. Leonard Calvert was not willing to yield. The people of Virginia were loyal to their sovereign, and he believed that the majority of the people of Maryland were attached to Questions.—!. Whom did they seize? 8. In whose naftie did Claiborne act? What did Lord Baltimore direct? 9. Why did not •Ca!l"vert yield? Calvert does not Yield. 49 the mild and parental sway of the Cal verts. In Virginia he found not only a safe refuge, but also the means for a final effort to subdue the rebels ; while in Maryland the outrage, the oppression and misrule of the usurpers, soon prepared the people to sustain him in the attempt. 10. Having completed his arrangements, at the close of the year 1636, he crossed the Po- tomac with a military force, surprised the enemy, entered St. Mary's in triumph, and once more took possession of the govern- ment. 11. Kent Island, the stronghold of the malcontents, did not submit so easily as the rest of the province. It was found necessary to declare martial law; to cut off all commu- nications from without, and send an expedi- tion under the governor himself, into the island before the rebels could be reduced once more under the authority of the pro- prietary. The governor having secured the tranquillity of the island, granted an amnesty to most of the offenders, and returned to St. Mary's. Questions.— 0. What did he find in Virginia? 10. When did he return, and with what success ? 11. Whai did he do on Kent Island ? 50 History of Maryland. 12. Just as order was once more restored to the colony, and renewed prosperity began to dawn upon the settlers, they met with a heavy blow in the death of their governor. — Governor Calvert died, surrounded by his family and friends, on the 9th of June, 1647, having named Thomas Green his successor. 13. During the space of fourteen years he had guided the colony through the storms which had darkened around its infancy — he had devoted his whole life and energies to its permanent establishment — with a disin- terested self-devotion, he had striven in the wilderness for its glory and its prosperity : and it seemed as if, through a special provi- dence of heaven, to reward his labors, a beam of sunshine had broken over the province as he was about to die, at peace with all, trium- phant over his enemies of Maryland, full of honor, and enriched with the prayers and blessings of a rescued people. His character, public and private, was without stain, his abilities were imdoubted, his government, kind, parental, and his memory was long cherished by the colonists with grateful recol- lection. He was indeed a great and good man. Questions.— 12. What misfortune befel the Colony ? 13. What had been the character of Calvert's administration? Liberty of Conscience. 51 CHAPTER YIII. Liberty of Conscience— iVetu^warrfs to Liheriy of Con- science— Oath of Office— Acts of Assemhly-^Protection to Feelings— Who formed the Assembly. 1. Lord Baltimore now perceived, that, while some concessions to the disaffected might be necessary to maintain his provin- ces, new guards were necessary to prevent the growing feeling of intolerance manifested by the insurgents, and which was tending to destroy the sanctuary he had erected at the cost of so much care and treasure. 2. Therefore, in 1648, he appointed Wil- liam Stone governor of the province, and prescribed the famous oath of office, as a further guaranty for the continuance of lib- erty of conscience, and full toleration to all persons who believed in Jesus Christ. 8. The assembly that met on the 2d April, 1649, after enacting severe penalties for the crime of blasphemy, and providing that cer- tain penalties shall be inflicted upon any one who shall call another a sectarian name of re- Qtiestions.—l. What did Lord Baltimore now perceive ? 2. Whom did he appoint governor? What oath did he prescribe to the gov- ernor? 3. Against what penalties did the assembly make enact- ments ? 52 History of Maryland. proach — sucli as "heretic," "idolater," "schis- matic," " round-head," &c. — declared that "no person or persons professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any ways troubled, or molested, or discounten- anced for, or in respect of his or her religion, nor in , the free exercise thereof, nor any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any re- ligion against his or her consent." 4; The passage of this act, when compared with the intolerant laws existing in other colonies, is one of the proud boasts of Mary- land. Whoever was oppressed and suffered for conscience, might here find refuge, pro- tection and repose. 5. It is said that some of these legislators could neither read nor write. " Two of them at least were in the habit of making their signet mark. Bat did they not leave a mark also upon the country, and upon the world ? In depth and earnestness, in real dignity and propriety, in profound views of human nature, and in true legislative wisdom, they were not behind those earlier law givers who bore the appellation of ' The Wise.' " ^ ^ Davis. Questions. — 4. How does tliis act compare with laws in other colonies ? 5. What is said of the learning of some of these legisla- tors ? Protection to Feelings. 53 6. No person was allowed to stigmatize his fellow-man bj any term of reproach on account of his religious belief, or the sect to which he belonged. The law protected not only the property and persons of the citizens, but their feelings also. 7. This act, passed by an assembly made up of men of many different creeds, intro- duced no new principle in the colony, but, in its best provisions, was merely affirming and recording the law which had hitherto govr- erned the province. This liberality, as we shall see in subsequent chapters, was the cause of greatest misfortune to the province. CHAPTER IX. 1049-1661.— Puritan Settlements— TAe Liberal Policy attracts Settlers— Richard Bennett and his Puritans— Chivalric Conduct of M a ry lander s — Infux of Puri- tans— Reduction of Virginia—Clniborne and Bemieit's^ Descent upon Maryland— The Proprietary ship Abol- ished—Indian Troubles— Claiborne and Bennett's In.- vasion. 1. The liberal policy of Maryland could' not fail to attract the attention of the colo- Questions.— Q. What was disallowed? What were protected' 7. Who composed this assembly ? 1. Who were ordered to leave- Virginia? 5* 54 History of Maryland. nies. The Puritans, on the James river, in- Yirginia, were ordered to leave that colony, and soon found an asylum here. Under the leadership of Eichard Bennett, they founded settlements on the Severn. They called the place New Providence. It was probably near the present City of Annapolis. 2. This settlement governed itself entirely independent of any connection with the colo- ny, which received and protected them, not even obtaining grants for the land they occu- pied. 3. At this time an event happened that showed the generous and chivalric character that has ever since marked the sons of Mary- land. Charles I, by a tribunal constituted for the purpose, had been put to death, and the parliament had passed a decree declaring it to be treason for any one to acknowledge his son Charles, as king. He was immedi- ately proclaimed sovereign by the authority of Maryland. This daring act of loyalty aroused the adherents of the parliament, and £nally led to the reduction of the province, 4. The Puritans, attracted by the liberal ipolicy of the province were settling in con- Questions.—}. Where did they go? 2. What is said of this set- tlement? 3. What happened at this time? What was the effect of this daring act? 4. What other Puritans came to the colony? Puritans. 55 siderable numbers. Besides those who came from Virginia, a colony came from England, under the patronage, it is supposed, of Gover- nor Stone ; another, on South river, and also a Protestant settlement, twenty miles from the mouth of the Patuxent, under Kichard Brooke. When the assembly was called, it was found that the partizans of Cromwell, who had usurped the power. in England, were in the majority. 5. Parliament had passed an ordinance for the reduction of Virginia. The armed force that was sent out to effect this, was joined by Claiborne and Bennett, the Puritan, who had been appointed commissioners. The gover- nor of Virginia made his submission and re- ceived favorable terms. Although his duties as commissioner had now been performed, Claiborne could not forego the favorable opportunity he enjoyed of gratifying his ancient hostility to the colony of Maryland. The Puritan, Bennett, who had lately been so kindly received in the province, when exiled from Virginia, eagerly joined in the schemes of Claiborne. Questio7is.—5. What decree had Parliament passed? Who joined the armed force? What did Virginia do? What did Clai- borne then do ? Who united with him ? 56 History of Maryland. 6. Having come to St. Mary's, towards the close of March, 1652, they demanded that the colony should submit to the Common- wealth, which was the name given to the government ; they insisted that the name of the Proprietary should be erased from all writs and processes ; they removed the gov- ernor from his office, and entirely abolished the authorit}^ of Lord Baltimore, in the prov- ince. Stone was subsequently reinstated, but with modified powers. 7. Simultaneously with the ascendancy of the Puritans, the Indians began to be trouble- some. The Nanticokes broke in upon the Eastern Shore settlers, burning, killing and ravaging. Great efforts were made to raise a force and protect their frontiers. The Puritans of Anne Arundel, however, refused to make their levies, and the expedition had to be abandoned. 8. Lord Baltimore did not rest quietly under the wrong that had been done him. He immediately took steps to call the com- missioners to account for their unlawful pro- ceedings, and directed Governor Stone to re- quire all persons to take the oath of fidelity. Questions.— 6. What did they require ? 7. When did the Indians begin to be troublesome ? Wlio refused aid? 8. What did Lord Baltimore do? Claiborne and Bennett. 67 and to re-establish the Proprietary govern- ment, which was accordingly done, 1664. 9. Claiborne and Bennett immediately in- vaded Maryland with a considerable force, and Stone, either from timidity or disaffec- tion, submitted. These men having seized the government, disfranchised the very men who had received them into the province when flying from persecution abroad. An assembly was called, but no Roman Catholic or adherent to the royal cause was allowed to vote for delegates to it, or sit therein as a member. This body representing a minority of the people, immediately passed a law ex- cluding Roman Catholics and members of the Church of England from the protection of the government. This act, disgraceful as it was, can hardly be called a stain upon the fair fame of Maryland. It was the act not of Marylanders, but H)f those whom they had received in their midst, of those, who, pro- tected by the arms of the usurping govern- ment at home, usurped the government of Maryland, of those who like the serpent in the fable, stung to death the benefactor that had warmed them into life. Questions. — 9. Who invaded Marj'land? Who were disfran- chised? Who were excluded from the assembly? Can this be called an act of Marylanders? 58 History of Maryland. CHAPTER X. Restoration OF the Proprietary— Rebuke to Governor* Stone — Recovery of the Records — Unsuccessful Expe- dition to Providence — Barharity of the Puriiaris — Appeal to Cromwell — Decision of the Board of Trade — Bennett Makes Terms — Fendall — The Last of Clai- borne. 1. When Lord Baltimore was apprised of the proceedings, he dispatched William Elton- head to the colony, with a severe rebuke to Governor Stone, for thus yielding up his authority without a blow, and instructions to resume it immediately. In 1655, Stone began to make levies among the people of St. Mary's, who had always remained faithful to the Proprietary. 2. He dispatched Eltonhead with a force of twenty men, to recover the records of the province, which the commissioners had seized, and to capture a magazine of arms which the Puritans had gathered. 3. Being successful in this, he pressed into his service ten or twelve vessels lying in the harbor. Embarking his force upon these, Questions.-^!. Who was sent to the colony and for what pur- pose? 2. Where did the governor send Eltonhead? 3. What second expedition did he undertake? Cruelty of Puritans. 59 Governor Stone set out against the people of Providence. 4. By the aid of an armed merchantman lying in the harbor, the Puritans were suc- cessful. The fight that took place was well sustained, but the undisciplined levies of St. Mary's were no match to the Puritans, many of whom doubtless were used to battle under the victorious banner of Cromwell. 5. This victory of the Puritans was stained by an act, as cruel and bloody as it was un- necessary. The governor and his council and others, to the number of ten, were con- demned to death, although they had sur- rendered themselves upon the pledge of quarter. Four of them were shot in cold blood. The rest escaped at the stern inter- cession of the soldiers themselves. 6. The governor and his council were de- tained prisoners for a long time. They were prohibited from communicating with their friends ; and Stone was not allowed even to write to his wife, at St. Mary's, without sub- mitting his letter to the inspection of his keepers. She was subsequently allowed to nurse him during the recovery of his wounds. Questions. — i. What prevented its success? 5. What barbarity were the Puritans guilty of? 6. What was their treatment of the governor and council? 60 History of Maryland. 7. Both parties now appealed to Cromwell. After some delay the controversy was re- ferred to the "commissioners of trade " in England. They reported entirely in favor of the Lord Proprietary. Capt. Josias Fendall was appointed governor, and directed by Bal- timore to see that the act for freedom of con- science was duly observed in Maryland. He was also ordered to reward with grants of land all who had been active in his behalf, and to take especial care of the widows of those who had fallen. 8. To give aid and countenance to his gov- ernor. Lord Baltimore appointed his brother, Philip Calvert, secretary of the province. The governor and secretary obtained posses- sion of the capital without difficulty, but be- yond the faithful county of St. Mary's, their success did not immediately extend. 9. The Puritans, determined to consider their authority as undisputed, summoned an assembly, which convened on 24th of Sep- tember, 1657. They levied a tax to pay the public expenses, and appointed commissioners Questions.— 1. To whom did both parties appeal? To whom did he refer the matter? Their decision? Who was now appointed governor? What instructions did he receive? 8. Wlio was ap- pointed secretary to the province? They obtained possession of what place? 9. What did the Puritans do? Fendall. 61 to collect the fines imposed upon the ad- herents of the Proprietary. But their domi- nation was at an end. 10. The negotiations of Lord Baltimore with Cromwell, began to be successful. The Puritan Bennett, perceiving the turn affairs were taking, and despairing of retaining the supremacy of his party, hastened to come to terms with the Proprietary. Fendall was acknowledged Governor ; and Maryland was once more restored to the government of the Proprietary, after nearly six years of re- bellion. 11. But no sooner had Fendall overthrown the power of the Puritans, than he set about undermining that of the Lord Proprietary. At the session of 1659, the house of delegates demanded that the governor and council should no longer sit as an upper house. For a time, Fendall made a show of resistance, but at length yielded and took his seat in the lower house. 12. The upper house was then declared dis- solved. Fendall resigned his commission from the Lord Proprietary, into the hands of the assembly, and accepted a new one from that Questions. — 10. What is said in this section ? 11. What did Fen- dall do? 12. What further? 62 History of Maryland. body in their own name and by their own authority. 13. The power of this new rebel was of short duration. The people were tired of in- testine commotions, and, remembering the mild government of Leonard Calvert, joyfully submitted to Philip Calvert, who was ap- pointed governor upon intelligence of Fen- dall's rebellion. Fendall gave himself up, and was respited. He abused this clemency to excite new trouble in after days. 14. Claiborne, "the evil genius of Mary- land," the arch-disturber of its peace, returned into Virginia, where he still continued a man of some distinction. He met his death in battle with the Indians, and was buried in the field. His life and death were those of an heroic adventurer. Questions.— l^. What is said of the people of the colony? What of Fendall ? 14. What became of Claiborne ? Calm. 63 CHAPTER XL 1660-1689. — Peace and Prosperity — Cahn — Charles Calvert — Increase of Population — Planters — Maryland Domestic Life — Slavery — Servants — (Quakers — Fox — Land of the Sanctuary — Death of the Proprietary — FendalVs Attempt at Rebellion — End of the Period of Repose. 1. After these storms, a calm of thirty years succeeded. The colony, again under a brother of its founder, having proclaimed Charles II king, set about to remedy the con- sequences of the late troubles. 2. In 1662, Philip Calvert was superseded by Hon. Charles Calvert, son of the Lord Proprietary. At the time Philip Calvert as- sumed the government of the colony in 1660, the number of inhabitants was twelve thou- sand ; in five years, it had increased to fifteen thousand, and in 1761, to twenty thousand. 3. The number of counties was increased. But as yet there were few towns. St. Mary's contained little more than sixty houses. The people were planters and farmers. There were no influences to draw people together in Questions. — 1. What is said in this section? 2. Who superseded Philip Calvert? 3. What was the number of inhabitants ? What is said of domestic life ? 64 History of Maryland. towns, and the people, free from the excite- ment, turmoil and ambition of commercial communities, laid the foundation of that peculiar domestic life, which has always been the characteristic and charm of Mary- land. 4. The first evidence of slavery in Mary- land, is to be found in the laws relating to masters and slaves, passed during this period of repose. Slavery was probably introduced from Virginia.''^ 5. There was another species of servant in the colony, of whom mention is frequently made. They were white emigrants, who wanting the means to emigrate apprenticed their time, for a certain period, to those who would bear that expense. This was made a matter of trade. The captain of a ship would bring out a party of emigrants, taking in lieu of passage money an indenture, whereby the emigrant agreed to serve for a given time. * As the Puritans of New England were the first to engage in the traffic of sUives, after the trade was re- opened in South Carolina, and the very last to abandon it, it is not impossible that Maryland is indebted for the existence of slavery in her borders to the Puritans she received from Virginia. Questions. — i. First evidence of slavery? 5. What otlier species of servant was there? Calm. 65 6. On the arrival of such emigrants, their unexpired time was sold to the highest bid- der. The price was paid in tobacco, which was the currency of the province. 7. The Quakers or Friends here found peace and refuge. In Massachusetts, the law had proscribed them as a " cursed sect. ^^ They were to be imprisoned " without bail," and "sentenced to banishment upon pain of death." They were to be maimed, whipped, and, " man or woman, to have their tongues bored through with a red hot iron." 8. George Fox, their zealous leader, tarried in Maryland and preached. Indian chiefs and their subjects, the legislature and the council, persons of quality, justices of the peace, and the heir of the proprietary him- self came to listen to his preaching. To the Friends indeed was Maryland The Land of THE Sanctuary. Whatever difficulty they had with the government, arose from their refusal to perform military duty, and their rejection of oaths, but even of these require- ments they were subsequently relieved. Qucstiom.—I. What is said of the Qualcers ? How were they treated in Massachusetts ? 8. What is said of the preaching of Fox? 6* Q6 History of Maryland. 9. Charles Calvert continued to act as gov- ernor until the death of his father, November SOth, 1675, by which event he became him- self the lord proprietary. Having revised and reformed the laws, and believing his pre- sence no longer necessary in the province, he appointed Thomas Notely to act as deputy governor in the name of his infant son, Cecil Calvert, and returned to England. 10. While in Europe, he met and refuted the charges that had been made against his colony. He then, in 1680, returned to his province and assumed the government. 11. In the following year Fenclall, in con- junction with a restless spirit named Coode, attempted to excite a rebellion among the people; they failed, and were arrested, tried and convicted, but escaped with their lives again to disturb the peace of the province. 12. After governing the colony for four years, the proprietary, thinking it necessary for him to return to England, appointed a council to direct the affairs of the colony, and departed from the province, never to return. Questions.— 9. How long did Charles Calvert govern the colony? What did he do upon the death of his father? 10. What did he in England? 11. What is said of Fendall ? 12. How long did Charles Calvert govern in person after he was proprietary? Indians. 67 13. Events in Maryland were bringing to a close the long period of repose and toleration enjoyed under the mild administration of the second lord proprietary. Dissensions, excited by the troubles in the mother country, and nourished by a sympathising spirit of intole- rance in the colony, at length broke out in open revolution. CHAPTER XII. State of Society, to 1689 — Friendship of the Natives — Kind of Government — Trade — Coin — Luxuries — Fruit — The Baltimore Bird — Tobacco — Travelling, 1. Up to this time, the aborignes and the colonists were living side by side upon terms of the greatest friendship. The Chesapeakes had disappeared from Maryland, and the rem- nant of their tribe was seated on the banks of the Elizabeth river, in Virginia, under the dominion of the Powhatans. 2. The Yo-a-comicos lived upon the St. Mary's, and, as has been mentioned, were almost domesticated with the settlers. Questions.— \Z. What is said in this section ? 1. What is said of the Indians? 2. Of Ya-o-comicos ? 68 History of Maryland. 3. The Susquehannocks, at the head of the Chesapeake bay, were at some distance from the early settlers, and less under the influ- ence of the whites than the Yo-a-comicos, and were less friendly to them. They were also hostile to Yo-a-comicos, and were, therefore, sometimes troublesome. 4. The government was essentially a mon- archy. But no powers were ever exercised with more entire reference to the interest and welfare of the governed than this power was by the proprietary. 5. Trade was conducted through the me- dium of barter, or the exchange of one com- modity for another. There was, however, a silver coin issued by the proprietary, of various denominations, having Lord Balti- more's arms on one side, with the motto, Orescite et Multiplicamini on the other. Pro- bably very little of this coin was used, tobacco being the most common currency of the pro- vince, one pound of it, in 1650, being about three-pence English money; in 1732 it was made a legal tender at one penny a pound. 6. The luxuries of the present day were unknown. They sat upon stools and forms, .Questions— Z. Of the Susquehannocks? 4. Of what kind was the government? 5. How was trade conducted? What coin was issued ? 6. What is said of luxuries ? Indians. 69 and they dined without forks; but they paid especial attention to the furniture of their bed chamber. Tea and coffee were scarcely used, but cider and sack were freely drunk. 7. Great attention was paid to fruit. The waters of the bay furnished the greatest of delicacies — oysters and canvas-back duck. The oriole was common, and the settlers were so pleased with its plumage — black and yel- low — corresponding with those upon the arms of the Calverts, that they called it the Balti- more Bird. 8. Tobacco was the greatest product of the province. It is said, "that a hundred sail of ships" traded in this article. Indian corn and the sweet potato were also cultivated at an early period. The words potato^ pone and homony are derived from the Indians. 9. There was no regular post. Travelling was performed on horseback by land, and in canoes or other small boats by water. Let- ters were sent by private hand. Questions.— I-Yvnitt Chesapeake baj^ ? Baltimore Bird? 8. To- bacco, &c.? Travelling? 70 History of Maryland. CHAPTER XIII. Eevolution of 1689 — James II. Banished — William and Mary — Delay of Imtructions — Protesta?it Association — John Coode — First Royal Governor — Acts of Assembly — Lo7'd Baltimore appeals to the King — Removal of the Capital — Second Royal Governor — Improvements— Ef- forts of the Royal Administration. 1. In England, James II, who had suc- ceeded Charles II, had been banished, and was succeded by William and Mary. 2. Upon their accession, the lord proprie- tary immediately gave in his adherence, and sent instructions to have them proclaimed in the province. Unfortunately, these instruc- tions did not arrive in due time, and, even after the new sovereigns had been acknowl- edged by the neighboring colonies, the authori- ties hesitated to act until they should receive instructions from the proprietary. 3. The ill-will of the people had been ex- cited against the deputies, and every measure they adopted was looked upon with suspicion. The public arms were collected, in fear of a general outbreak. At length the unfortunate Questions. — 1. By whom was James II succeeded? 2. What did the proprietary do? Why did not the authorities act? What is said in this section ? William and Mary. 71 delay to proclaim William and Mary brought affairs to a crisis. 4. In April, 1689, " An association in arms for the defence of the Protestant religion^ and for asserting the rights of King William and Queen Mary to the province of Maryland and all the English dominions'''' was formed, at the head of which was John Coode, who had already been once guilty of treason and rebellion. 5. The character of this man may, perhaps, cast a light upon their professions of religion and of loyalty. He was a man of loose morals and desperate habits. Assuming to be in holy orders, he was yet so depraved, that he was presented by the grand jury lor atheism and blasphemy. To escape trial he fled to Virginia, whence he would frequently come back, de- claring as he had overthrown one govern- ment he would pull down another. 6. The king sustained the acts of a revolu- tion, which was, in fact, only a continuation of that which placed him on the throne, and, in 1691, appointed Sir Lionel Copley first royal governor of the province. 7. Early in 1692, Governor Copley sum- moned a General Assembly, which met at St. Questions. — 4. What association was formed ? Who was at the head of it? 5. What was the character of this man? 6. What is said of the king? 7. What was the first act of the Assembly ? 72 History of Maryland. Mary's. Their first act was the recognition of William and Mary ; their next, the over- throw of equal toleration, and the establish- ment of the Church of England as the State Church of Maryland. 8. The legislature proceeded to pass op- pressive acts against all who differed from the creed of the dominant party. These laws, in time, were modified or repealed, though some of the obnoxious restrictions continued until the revolution of 1776, when religious liberty again became the noble heritage of Maryland. 9. They next endeavored to deprive the proprietary of his personal rights in the pro- vince. Lord Baltimore appealed to the king, who issued a royal letter authorizing him to collect his revenues. The convention refused to submit, and threw his agents into prison. The king and council, however, having ex- pressly decided in favor of Lord Baltimore, the assembly at length yielded, as far as port and tonnage duties were concerned. 10. From the proprietary the assembly turned to old St. Mary's. In that part of the Questions.— S. What furtlver acts did the legislature pass? 9. What did they attempt? What did Lord Baltimore do? and what the couventioa? 10. What was the next step of the assem- bly? Oppressive Laws. 73 province his firmest supporters dwelt, and the assembly determined to punish them by removing the seat of government from their capital. Another weighty reason was that the colony had now so extended that St. Mary's was inconveniently situated for those who had business before the legislature and the courts. 11. As the very existence of the town de- pended upon its being the seat of government, it is natural that its inhabitants prayed and protested. Their prayers and protests were in vain. The seat of government was re- moved to Providence, which thenceforth was called Annapolis. 12. In 1691, Sir Lionel Copley was suc- ceeded by Francis Nicholson, who was prin- pally active in securing the success of the established Church, and promoting the cause of education. He was commissioned in 1691, but did not enter upon his duties until 1694, the government being, in the meanwhile, in the hands of Sir Edmond Andros. 13. During the administration of Nicholson, several beneficial improvements were effected. Questions.— 11. Why did the town of St. Mary's protest ? Where was the capital removed to ? 12. By whom was Copley succeeded ? 13. What took place during the administration of Nicholson? 74 History of Maryland. In 1695, a public post was established ; the route extended from the Potomac, through Annapolis, to Philadelphia. The system, in some of its features, was well suited to the condition of the province. 14. Under the royal government, the popu- lation did not increase as rapidly as formerly. The causes which operated to check immigra- tion were these, namely, universal toleration had ceased; lands were no longer given *as a bounty to the immigrants ; and, the fluctua- tions in the tobacco trade. To add to these misfortunes, a destructive disease made its appearance among the stock of the. farmers and planters; and, two years later, a violent and raging mortality made its appearance among the people of Charles county. 15. During the administration of the royal governors, the hand of the crown seemed to weigh like an incubus upon the prosperity of Maryland. For a quarter of a century the limits of the settlements were but little ad- vanced ; the population but feebly increased, and the foreign and domestic resources, at best, remained stationary. Keligious liberty Questions.— li. What is said of the population under the royal government? What were the causes? 15. What is said of the prosperity under the royal governors ? Charles Calvert. 75 had taken flight, and with the overthrow of equal toleration, and the establishment of a church, was destroyed that true civil freedom which cannot exist for the body while the spirit is enchained. CHAPTER XIV. 1714-1751 — The Restoration of the Province — Death of Charles, Lord Baltimore — Province restored to his Son — Undisturbed Tranquility — Policy towards Indians — Establishment of Baltimore — Fell's Poitit — Commercial Advantages — Elk Ridge Landing — Anna- polis — Maryland Gazette — Frederick — Georgetown — Death of Proprietary — State of the Colony. 1. Charles, Lord Baltimore, expired on the 20th of February, 1714, at the age of eighty- four years. His title and his province de- scended to his son, Benedict Leonard Calvert, who, having abandoned the faith of his father, and becoming a Protestant, secured the favor of the king, and had the government of the province restored to him. He only lived long enough, however, to be acknowledged lord proprietary. Questions.— 1. Who succeeded Charles, Lord Baltimore? What is said of him ? 76 History of Maryland. 2. Bj his deatb, in 1715, the province fell to his infant son, Charles, who was educated in the Protestant religion.. Governor Hart, the last royal governor, was continued in office as representative- of the proprietary. The restoration produced but little change in the province. The Eoman Catholics were still disfranchised. 3. For a period of forty years the colony enjoyed almost undisturbed tranquility. It had no greater troubles than contests between the governor and council, who formed the upper house, and the delegates of the people, in the lower house. These struggles were the germ of that mighty contest in which the liberties of the people were finally secured. 4. From the earliest period, the govern- ment of the colony had pursued a peaceful and just policy towards the Indians. In 1698 an act was passed to assure to the Kanticokes the possession of their lands in Dorchester county. 5. Thus even the warlike Nanticokes had yielded to the mild influence of the colonial government, and became peaceful dwellers Questions. — 2. How long did he live, and who succeeded him? 3. What was the condition of the colony? What is said of these struggles ? 4. What act had been passed in 1698 ? 5. What is said of the Indians?- Elk Kidge Landing. 77 under its protection. But the red man can- not long remain in the vicinity of the white, and by degrees they began to remove. 6. In 1729 Baltimore, the great emporium of the State, was first* laid out on the lands of Charles Carroll, in sixty lots of one acre each, by commissioners appointed by the legisla- ture. The north-western corner lot was that whereon St. Paul's church now stands. In 1732 it was increased by an addition of ten acres east of the falls, on the land of Edward Fell, whence the name of Fell's Point, still retained by that portion of the city. 7. The commercial advantages possessed by this point soon drew population, and the town grew and flourished. For a time the town at Elk Ridge Landing contended with it for the commerce of the northern part of the colony, and was a great tobacco market. But the superior advantages of Baltimore soon enabled it to surpass its rival.* "^The original lines of Baltimore were as follows: — From near the corner of Pratt and Light streets to Mc- Clellan's alley, from that point to the corner of St. Paul and Saratoga streets, thence east to about 165 feet from Gay street, including Fish street; thence south to near Questions.— 6. When was Baltimore founded? On whose land? When increased and by what addition? 7. What is said of the advantages of its position ? What rival had it? 7* 78 History of Maryland. 8. At Elk Eidge Landing, where now there is a meadow and a marsh, rather than the chan- nel of a river, vessels came for their cargoes of tobacco. The greater part of this tobacco was still housed upon the plantations on which it was raised, awaiting notice of ship- ment. 9. When this notice arrived, there was great stir and activity. The huge and stout hogsheads were fitted up with rough shafts, fastened to elects, in which revolved the strong axle-like pins inserted in either end. A single horse was attached, and the driver, walking by the side, began to " roll " his tobacco to the little port. * Some of the roads near Baltimore, leading to Elk Ridge landing are still known as " Rolling roads." where Water street is, and following the line of that crooked street — which was the line of the low lands — back to the beginning. Old Town was so-called from an early settlement made by Coles, or Gorsuch, or Jones. It was not originally a part of Baltimore Town, but was called Jones' Town, It consisted of ten acres, and was laid off in twenty lots in the year 1732. It was bounded by Pitt, now East Fayette street, by Jones' Falls and by French street. It was connected with Bal- timore by the Gay street bridge in 1732, but was not made part of Baltimore until 1745. Questions.— 8. Describe Elk Ridge Landing? 9. The Rolling of tob Government — Qualifications for Voters — First State \ Legislature — Inducements to Enlist — The First Gov- \ ernor — Inauguration. k 1. An election having been held for dele- gates to a new convention to form a new constitntion, this body assembled on the l4th of August, 1776, and organized, by unani- mously electing Matthew Tilghman, Presi- , dent. The committee, appointed to prepare and report a declaration of rights, and form of government, was composed of Messrs. Tilghman, the President, Carroll, Paca, Car- roll of Carrollton, Plater, Chase and Golds- borough. 2. On the 6th of September, the conven- tion divided Frederick county, cutting off from it the counties now named AVashington and Montgomery. The pressure of public business prevented the consideration of the Questions. — I. For what was a new convention called? What committee was formed, and who composed it? 2. What counties were set off? What M'as said of the bills proposed by the com- mittee ? Maryland's Quota. 155 bill of rights, and the constitution, which the committee had reported. This subject, therefore, was postponed, that they might give their attention to the condition of the troops, and the deficiency of all the material of war. 8. Ample supplies were determined upon, the committee of safety was ordered to im- port four thousand stand of arms, as many gun locks, fourteen cannons, twenty tons of powder, and forty tons of lead, to be pur- chased with wheat, tobacco, flour and other Maryland produce. 4. The quota of troops set down by Con- gress, to be furnished by Maryland, was eight battalions, numbering four thousand men, one- tenth of the whole army. This was larger in proportion than that levied on the northern States; still, Maryland, in her zeal for the general welfare, made no eflbrt to get her quota reduced, but immediately took steps to. furnish the troops. 5. On the 8th of November, after much deliberation, the new constitution of the State was finally agreed to, and elections- were •3. What was the committee ordered to do ? 4. What was Maryland's quota? What is said of this quota?. 5. When was... the State constitution finally agreed to? 156 History of Maryland. ordered to carry it into effect. The election took place in November 25tb, 1776. 6. The government was composed of three distinct branches — the legislative, the execu- tive, and the judiciary. The legislative au- thority was vested in a Senate and House of Eepresentatives. The House of Delegates was composed of members from the counties, from Baltimore, and from Annapolis. The Senate consisted of fifteen members. The executive authority was in the hands of the governor. The judiciary was composed of the courts of the State. 7. Every voter was required to be the owner of fifty acres of land in the county in which he resided, or to possess property with- in the State to the value of thirty pounds current money. Delegates must own property to the value of five hundred pounds ; Senators a thousand pounds; and the governor must possess a freehold of lands and tenements, of the value of a thousand pounds, and have re- sided three years within the State, prior to his election. By the bill of rights, the con- science was left as free and untrammelled as in the days of Leonard Calvert. Questions.— Q. How was the government divided ? 7. What were the qualifications of voters? Of senators? Of governor? What about freedom of conscience ? Governor Johnsoist. 157 8. The first State Legislature, met on the 5th of February, 1777. The first business that occupied their attention was the recruit- ing service. During the retreat from Long Island, the Maryland troops had been so re- duced, that Smallwood's battalion, and the seven independent companies, which had entered the service fourteen hundred strong, had been worn down to a mere captain's command, and in the face of this great loss, it required corresponding exertions to fill up the quota of eight battalions. 9. To favor enlistments, every recruit was exempted from arrest for debts under twenty pounds, and his property was entirely freed from attachment and execution. To provide blankets for the soldiers, every family was obliged to give up cme-half of their surplus articles of that kind for the use of the army. 10. On Friday, the 21st of March, 1777, Thomas Johnson was proclaimed first repub- lican Governor of Maryland. The announce- ment was hailed by a salute from the military. Annapolis was the scene of great festivities .—8. When did the first state legislature meet? What was the condition of Maryland troops ? 9. What was done to fovor enlistments? How were blankets provided? 10. Who was first republican governor of Maryland? 14 158 History of Maryland. on tlie inauguration of tlie new government. The general and county committees of safety surrendered up their powers and ceased to exist. The State was under the law of the constitution. CHAPTER YII. Campaign of Alll —Increase and Division of the Mary- land Line — Battle of the Braad.yrohie — Deborre — Battle of Germantown — Success of the Marylanders — John Eager Howard — Marylanders not Supported — Iloioe's Attack. 1. The Maryland line, having been in- creased to seven battalions, was divided into two brigades. One, composed of four bat- talions, was placed under command of Small- wood, now promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. The commander of the other was General Deborre, a French officer in the service of the confederacy. 2. On the 25th of August, the British army landed at the head of Elk river, and began their march upon Philadelphia. The Ameri- cans took post behind the Brandy wine, and on Questions. — 1. How was the Maryland line divided ? Who were the officers? 2. When and where did the British land? Where did the Americans post themselves? Battle of Germantown. 159 the 10th of September, the British advanced to force their position. The Maryland line constituted a part of the division which was ordered to meet Cornwallis. But before the line could be formed, the Maryland division was attacked by the enemy. Deborre's bri- gade broke after a slight resistance, and sub- sequently the whole gave way. The Mary- land line, while it behaved gallantly, scarcely sustained its ancient reputation — nor equalled its subsequent glory, when led by its own chiefs in the South. 3. Deborre was a foreigner, unpopular with his men, and entirely without their confi- dence. General Smallwood and Colonel Gist, leaders whom they would follow against any odds, were absent at the head of the militia. The troops had lain the night before on their arms, had slept but little, they had been in line all day without food, and were hurried into action only half-formed, after a rapid march, and sudden change of position. 4. The next fight in which we find the Maryland troops, was the battle of German- town. This battle, though unsuccessful, was one that redounded very much to the credit Questions.— \Yh{it is said of Deborre's briga'ie ? 3. What is said of Deborre? What of the troops? 4. Where do we next find the Maryland line? 160 History of Maryland. of Washington and the American arms. — Why it was not successful is not known. An unaccountable panic seized the Ameri- cans after orders to retreat had been given by the officers of the enemy. 5. A regiment from the second Maryland brigade was detached to drive in the enemy's pickets. The pickets were reinforced by all the light infantry. The attacking regiments, however, maintained their ground firmly, un- til the whole Maryland Division was brought to their assistance. They advanced in gallant style, and with such resolution, that the light infantry were driven from the field, after a sharp action, and their encampment fell into the hands of the victorious line. t). In the pursuit, a company under Capt. Daniel Dorsey, was engaged with a body of the enemy. As the Maryland division was pressing on, being already in advance of the rest of the army. Col. Ilale attempted to dis- engage and bring up Dorsey's company, but was disabled by accident. 7. The command of his regiment devolved upon Major John Eager Howard, who imme- diately hurried the men forward through the Questions.— r). What is said in this section? G. What happened in the pursuit? 7. Upon whom did the command devolve ? What did he do? Battle of Germantown. 161 camp of the light infantry, and captured two six-pounders. Being now fired upon by the enemy, who had taken shelter in a strong building, Col. Hazen, then in command at the left of the Maryland line, halted in the rear of that position. 8. The remaining regiments of the line under Sullivan, pursued the flying light artillery, and came upon the main body of the enemy drawn up to receive them. A severe conflict followed. Sullivan at once ordered his Marylanders to advance upon them. They obeyed without hesitation. The enemy after a sharp resistance retired. 9. The firing at the dwelling house gave rise to the fear that the enemy was in force in that quarter, and the morning being dark and hazy, it was impossible to discover the exact position of either the British or Ameri- can forces. The result was a considerable confusion, through which, the Maryland line — assisted by a regiment of North Carolinians and part of Conway's brigade — were now left open on their flank. Having pursued the enemy for a mile beyond the house, and Questions.— S. What did the remaining regiments do? 9. What is said of the iiring at the dwelling house? What further is said of the Maryland troops ? 14* 162 History of Maryland. having expended all their ammunition, they found themselves unsupported by any other troops, and, as the enemy were rallying on 'the left to attack them, were compelled to retire. They, however, brought off' their cannon and their wounded. 10. Early in December, Howe marched his forces out of Philadelphia, as if to attack the American army. On the seventh, he ap- proached near the main army. Washington believing a general engagement at hand, threw Gist, with the Maryland militia, and Colonel' Morgan's rifles forward, to attack their front and flank. The assault was made with great spirit, and after a severe skirmish, the enemy's advanced parties were driven back. Being reinforced, they, in their turn compelled Gist and Morgan to retire. 11. Washington withheld his reinforce- ments, and prepared to defend his camp, and Howe, 'finding it impossible to take him at disadvantage, retired to the city. His loss in the action with the Maryland militia, was one hundred killed and wounded ; that of the militia was seventeen wounded, and of the rifles, twenty-six killed and wounded. Questions.— 10. What is said of Howe? Repeat the section? 11. What did Howe now do? What was his loss? What, of the militia? Count Pulaski. 163 12. While Washington was wintering at Yalley Forge, the Maryland line, under Smallwood, was stationed at Wilmington. They succeeded in capturing a British brig, in the Delaware, laden with stores and pro- visions, which made their winter quarters comfortable, when compared to those of Yalley Forge. CHAPTER YIII. 1778 and 1779. — More Troops Demanded — Disaffec- tion — British Evacuate Philadelphia. — Battle of Mon- mouth — Genei-al Lee — Washington's Reliance on Mary- land Officers — Landing, and Retreat of British Troops. 1. On the 17th of March, 1778, the legisla- ture again assembled at Annapolis. Congress had called on the several States for an in- crease of their forces. The quota demanded from Maryland, was two thousand nine hun- dred and two men. 2. While this quota was filling. Count Pulaski, a gallant Pole, was busily engaged forming his legion partly in this State, and partly in Delaware. Questions.— 12. Where did Smallwood winter? 1. When did the legislature again meet ? 2. What is said of Count Pulaski ? 164 History of Maryland. 3. He succeeded in raising a corps which did good service to the country. He perished in storming a battery at Savannah. 4. The drain upon Maryland was very great, in some parts of the State a great de- gree of disaffection still continued, and the population was scanty. Yet with all these drawbacks, before the other States had well moved in the matter, except New Jersey, the Maryland line was raised to its full number. 5. The severe winter spent by the army at Yalley Forge, had almost exhausted the State. The northern and southern States had been very slow in sending their proportions of provisions ; the army had, therefore, to de- pend largely upon Maryland, and it was feared that her resources were nearly con- sumed. But the energy of the governor in aiding the quartermaster's department, and the patriotism of the people were equal to the emergency. 6. As the spring advanced, the British pre- pared to retreat from Philadelphia. Many were anxious to drive the enemy from the city, but the weakness of the American army Questions.— 3. What further is said ot him? 4. What is said of the condition of Maryland? 5. What of the encampment at Val- ley Forge? What of the States north and south? 6. What did the British prepare to do ? Evacuation of Philadelphia. 165 rendered it too danoferous to make the at- tempt. None of the States, except Maryland and New Jersey, had filled up their quotas, although constantly urged by Washington to do so. 7. On the 18th of June, 1778, the British army evacuated Philadelphia, and crossed the Delaware. They had encamped at Monmouth Court House, in a strong position. Washing- ton determined to attack them the moment they began to retire from the posts, and di- rected Lee to carry this design into execution. 8. General Lee having taken upon himself to judge of the propriety of engaging on the ground he occupied, ordered his troops to retire. At the first sound of the artillery, Washington moved on with the troops to support the advance. After a speedy march of five miles, he came upon Lee in full re- treat, without having made an effort to main- tain his position. 9. The crisis required promptness of action. Stopping only long enough to administer a stern and even fierce rebuke to Lee, Wash- ington turned to Eamsay, who commanded a Questions.— C). What is said of the quotas of the State? 7. When did the British evacuate Philadelphia? Where did it encamp? What did Washington determine to do ? S. What is said of General Lee? What did Washington do? 9. What further did he do and say? 166 History of Maryland. Maryland battalion, and Col. Stewart, com- manding a regiment, and called to each of them that he " was one of the officers he should rely upon to check the enemy that day." 10. The enemy now opened their artillery upon Ramsay and Stewart, who were soon sharply engaged with the infantry. Though compelled to fall back before superior num- bers, the obstinate defence made by the Mary- landers, gave Washington time to draw up his lines of battle. 11. As soon as the scale of victory began to turn, "Washington ordered up Patterson's division and Smallwood's brigade to secure the day. The British were driven back. But night coming on, the battle had to be sus- pended, and in the morning it was found that the British had retreated. 12. In November, the Maryland line was marched to Middlebrook, New Jersey, where Washington had established his head-quarters. 13. In February, 1779, the British landed a body of troops in New Jersey, with the design of taking Elizabethtown. Smallwood, Questions.— 10. Upon whom did the enemy open? Wliat is said of the Marylanders? 11. What did Washington do? What fur- ther is said? 12. Where did tlie Maryland line now go ? 13. What is said in this section? Maryland's Quota. 167 with the Maryland line, and St. Clair, with the Pennsylvania division, were immediately ordered forward. The British, however, re- treated without venturing a battle. 14. In July, the army was concentrated at West Point, New York. The Maryland line formed its right wing. CHAPTER IX. 1779 AND 1781 — Maryland's Quota Large and always Full — Early Harvests — Arrival of French Fleet — Paper Money — Pensions to Troops — Depreciation of Currency — Confiscation — Tax — The Price of Liberty. 1. Maryland had always kept its quota of troops full, and at one time its quota was one third more than any other State, except Dela- ware, according to proportions fixed by con- gress. 2. But it was not only for men that the State was looked to ; its wheat, ripening be- fore that of the other wheat-growing States, was always required for the first supplies of the army. It was also bought up by the north for the use of the States, in that section. Questions.—!. What of the Maryland quota? 2. What besides men was required from Maryland? 168 History of Maryland. 3. This gave rise to a commerce that had to be protected from the British fleet. Mary- land was, therefore, obliged to keep up a marine force of her own. The fleet consisted of the ship Defence and several galleys, a sloop of war, and four barges. 4. The prize money, arising from captures made by these vessels, was distributed among the victorious crews, and was an incentive to exertion, which increased their usefulness. 5. The arrival of the French fleet, however, at a later period, rendered it unnecessary to maintain this force. The distressed condition of the finances rendered the reduction of the marine very desirable, as thereby the State was relieved of a great expense, and the men were employed as a portion of the State's quota for the campaign. 6. The expenses of the war increased so rapidly, that it was found impossible to keep up with them by taxation. To furnish money, therefore, to pay the troops and to supply the necessities of trade, the States resorted to the means with which this generation is so familiar, namely, of issuing bills of credit, or Questions. 3. What did this give rise to? Whafdid State fleet consist of? 4. What is said of the prize money? 5. What is said of the arrival of the Frencli fleet? What was done with the marines? 6. To what did the State resort to raise money? Governor Lee. 169 paper money, which were made legal tender for the payment of debts. 7. The difference between the nominal value of this paper money, and specie, was so great that forty dollars in paper were worth only one dollar in gold, or silver. An officer having been dispatched to Baltimore to buy cloth for coats, after great difficulty bought fifteen yards for fifteen hundred pounds. 8. To ensure a just payment of the troops, the legislature of Maryland resolved that the officers of the Maryland line, who should serve to the close of the war, should be en-- titled to half-pay during life, to commence after the expiration of their pay from con- gress. This provision was also extended to their widows, during widowhood. 9. Thomas Johnson, having served three years as governor, was succeeded by Thomas Sim Lee. The depreciation of the currency, and the consequent high prices of provisions, compelled the legislature to enact very strin- gent laws against speculators, who bought up the necessities of life, in order to grow rich upon the distresses of the army. Questions. — 7. What is said of the value of this paper money? 8. What did the legislature do? 9. V/ho succeeded Governor Johnson? What laws did the legislature pass? 15 170 History of Maryland. 10. It was also determined, as a matter of relief, to confiscate the estate of all those who had adhered to the royal cause. Their prop- erty was sold as that of British subjects, found within the State, and fair spoil of war. That injustice might not be done, an opportunity was allowed to the owners to come in and take the oath of allegiance to the State, prior to the first of March, 1782. This measure of confiscation, necessary as it was, was not passed without reluctance and serious oppo- sition, but the tax was one huadred pounds of paper money for every hundred pounds worth of property, nominally the whole worth of their property, but as paper money was worth only one-fortieth, the real tax was two and a half per cent, on all property, amount- ing often to more than half of the owner's income. 11. This tax was endured the more cheer- fully because it was part of the price of lib- erty, and men knew that no price was too dear for that blessing. It was not a tax to support a party or a power, nor was it a tax to pay the cost of conquest, but even with Questions.— 10. What measure of relief was determined upon? What opportunity was given the disaffected? What rendered this act necessary? 11. What is said of the tax? Public Lands. 171 all these advantages in its favor, the currency was in effect repudiated, and the governor's salary had to be paid in wheat, at the rate of forty-five hundred bushels per year. CHAPTER X. The Confederation — Delay of Confederation — Diffi- culty of adjusting Public Lands — Clause secured by Virginia — Mainland Objects — Compromise proposed by Neuo York — Sovereign States — Maryland's efforts in the Cjmmon Cause. 1. Early in the revolutionary struggle, a plan was introduced into congress for the confederation of the colonies. The matter had to be deferred from time to time, to give way to the pressing needs of the army. 2. One source of difficulty was the adjust- ment of the question of the public lands. Maryland was determined not to relinquish her claim to a portion of them, and was the last to hold out. Virsrinia claimed the unset- tied territory of the west; Maryland main- tained that if the dominion of those lands should be established by the blood and treas- Questions.— 11. How was the governor's salary paid? 1. What plan had been proposed in congress? 2. What was one source of difficulty ? What position did Maryland take ? 172 History of Maryland. lire of the United States, such lands ought to he considered as common property. 3. Virginia had succeeded in securing, in the articles of confederation, a clause, "that no State should be deprived of her territory, for the benefit of the United States." Mary- land would not give in her adherence while that clause existed. 4. The compromise proposed by New York was, that each State should limit its western boundary, and cede to congress its claim to lands beyond it, in the purpose of erecting new States hereafter, and for no other pur- pose whatever. This effected a settlement and the articles of confederation were signed on the first dav of March, 1781. 5. This was the germ of the union. Each State preserved its separate and distinct sov- ereignty. The United States, being the creation of the States, could not be greater than the power that created it. It could only exercise acts of authority delegated to it. It was the agent to exercise the power belonging to the States. 6. Questions were to be decided not by the people at large, but by the States themselves. Questions. — 3, What clause had Virginia secured? 4. Wliat com- promise was offered, and by whom? 5. What is said in this sec- tion? C. How were questions to be decided? Maryland and Virginia. 173 a majority of them being required to carry a question. 7. The States agreed that congress, which represented them in their collective capacity, alone should exercise certain acts of sover- eignty, such as declaring war, laying imposts, and coining money, which were essential for the common good. 8. Though Maryland had held aloof from the confederation, she had not relaxed her efforts in the common cause. At the very time when she was contending with Virginia for the rights of her State, her sons were fiojhtino^ on the soil of her sister State for o o its defence, shedding their blood without stint upon every battle-field — the Maryland line and the Virginia regiments, side by side, bearing the brunt of the hard-fought southern campaigns. Her valor in the field, and her wisdom and firmness in the cabinet, have left their impress upon the country, however they may be ignored by partial writers of its his- tory. Her valor in the field either determined the victory, or saved the army in many a hard fought struggle, and her firmness in the cabi- Questions.—'I. What did the States agree to ? 8. What is said of Maryland ? What is said of her valor and firmness ? 15* 174 History of Maryland. net gave rise to the formation of those States which this day constitute the pride and power of the republic — the great West. CHAPTER XL The Maryland Line South — Maryland Line sent to Reinforce the Southern Department — Passage through Ma7'yla7id — Gates'' Folly — Route tnarhed by De Kalh — Changed hy Gates — Battle at Camden — Dreadful Charge of the Ma.rylanders — The whole British force broiight against the Maryland Line — Virginia Militia. 1. During the year 1779, the southern army had been unfortunate. Georgia and South Carolina were re-conquered by the enemy, and North Carolina was invaded. 2. In this critical state of affairs, it was resolved by congress that the Maryland and Delaware lines should be dispatched to re- inforce that department. 3. In April, 1780, they were accordingly detached, under the command of Major-Gen'l De Kalb, and, after marching through New Jersey and Pennsylvania, embarked at the. head of Elk river. Questions.— I. What is said in this section? 2. What did con- gress resolve? 3. Under whose command were they placed? General Gates. 175 4. The first and second brigades passed through the State early in May. They num- bered about two thousand men, and most of that gallant and veteran army looked for the last time upon their beloved State. Yet proudly conscious of their noble bearing, and the honor they had won for it, they cheerfully marched on to new fields of glory. 5. The south was calling for their aid, and these men, who had shewn their prowess at the north — some, sharers with Gist of the bloody day upon Long Island, some, who fought at Harlem Heights, White Plains, Fort Washington, and through five severe cam- paigns — were hastening thither to cross their bayonets with British steel again. 6. The lesfislature directed the sum of three thousand dollars to be paid to each officer, and, to welcome their passage through the State, gratuities were distributed among the non-commissioned officers and privates. 7. On their march, they were overtaken and joined by Genl. Gates,, who had been ap- pointed to the command of the southern de- partment. 4. What is said of their passage through the State? 5. What is said in this section? 6. How were they welcomed? 7. By whom were they joined? 176 History of Maryland. 8. The broken remains of the cavalry, which had served the preceding campaign, had been withdrawn to North Carolina to recruit. Its officers desired Gates to use his influence to fill his corps. He refused to do so, thinking he had a sufficient force for his purpose. He learned to regret his folly. 9. De Kalb had already selected a route for the army, somewhat circuitous, but through a fertile country, where provisions and supplies could be obtained. Gates changed the course to a more direct one, but through a barren and exhausted district. 10. The result was disastrous; the men were compelled to live on green corn and unripe fruit, producing sickness and death. The horses, destitute of forage, were unable to support the forced marches, and the whole army, when it approached the enemy, was broken down, and scarcely fit for service. 11. The first battle in which they were called to engage was at Camden. Lord Corn- wallis, the leader of the British, and Genl. Gates, had formed the design of surprising Questions. — 8. What is said of the cavalry? What did the oflS- cers desire? 9. What had DeKalb done? What did Gates do? 10. What was the result? 11. What was the first battle they were called upon to engage in? Battle at Camden. 177 each other, and the advance parties of each met at half-past two o'clock in the morning. 12. After some skirmishing, as if by mutual consent, both ' armies ceased their fire, and drawing back awaited the dawning of day. The artillery opened on both sides at day- break. To teach the Virginia militia to stand the fire of the ^nemy, Col. Otho H. Williams, of Maryland, with a party of volunteers, moved in their front against the British artillery, to draw and sustain their fire. Cornwallis im- mediately threw forward his veteran corps. The Virginia militia, scarcely waiting to de- liver one fire, threw down their arms and fled. One regiment of North Carolina militia followed their shameful example. Another North Carolina regiment, however, cheered by the firm bearing of the Marylanders, main- tained its ground. 13. At the moment the left wing broke, Cornwallis elated with success, ordered a charge to be made on the right. But Gist's brigade was immovable. For a while the terrific struggle seemed of doubtful issue — "bold was the pressure of the foe," exclaims an eve witness, " firm as a rock the resistance Questions. — 12. When did the battle Qommence ? What did Col. Williams do ? What did Cornwallis? What, the Virginia militia? Who followed? 13. What is said in this section? 178 History of Maryland. of Gist — now the Marylanders were gaining ground." 14. The gallant Howard, at the head of Williams' regiment, impetuously broke upon the enemy, and drove the opposing corps be- fore him. At this moment, Webster, second in command of the enemy, brought his vet- eran guards upon their flank. They were instantly met by the second Maryland bri- gade under Smallwood. 15. Finding his flank once more protected, and his Marylanders bearing up with unflinch- ing valor, the brave De Kalb, although out- numbered two to one, resolved to make one great and final effort with the bayonet. — Dreadful was the charge. The two lines seemed mingled with each other, the weaker going down before the stronger. The vet- eran troops of Cornwallis were beginning to give way, a single corps of cavalry would have completed the victory. The folly of Gates in refusing to recruit that arm of the service, when entreated to do so, rendered this impossible. 16. The advance movement left Small- wood's brigade exposed on the flank, which Questions.— li. What is said of Howard ? Of Webster ? Who met him ? 15. Describe the charge of the Marylanders ? What ren- dered their charge useless? 10. How were the Marylanders left? General DeKalb. 179 was immediately attacked by the enemy. — But Gist and De Kalb continued to maintain their ground. Cornwallis alarmed at the unexpected resistance of the Maryland line, and having before experienced its desperate valor with the bayonet, now brought his whole force upon it. The whole British |; army was poured upon these two devoted brigades. 17. Eight hundred men stood their ground unsupported, and surrounded by more than two thousand British regulars, but fighting on with unflinching hearts. The cavalry was suddenly thrown upon their front and rear ; the inequality was too great. These gallant men were compelled to fly. 18. The loss was severe. De Kalb was slain. The North Carolinians lost four hun- dred men taken prisoners, sixty killed and wounded. But the Maryland line and the Delaware regiment suffered most. The Vir- ginia militia, to the regret of all, escaped with the loss of only three men. 19. The thanks of congress were voted to Gist and Smallwood for their exemplary skill and bravery oli this disastrous day. Lieut. Qiiestiom.—U. What did Cornwallis have to do? 17. What is said in this section? 18. What is said of the loss? What of the Virginia milatia? 19. What did congress do ? 180 History of Maryland. Col. Williams, was everywhere in the heat of the battle, and Lieut. Col. Howard gave proofs of that cool and daring courage, which distinguished him as one of the first and bravest of Maryland's sons. CHAPTER XII. The BA.TTLE or Cowpicns — Recruiting — Consolidation of the Line — Cul. Williams — Genl. -Morgan Retreats he- fore Tarleton— Makes a Stand — Marylanders Sustain the Battle — Victory — Col. Hovmrd. 1. Smallwood and Gist remained at Char- lotte with about one hundred and fifty offi- cers and men to rally their scattered soldiers. By certain cool and skilful measures Small- wood succeeded, in about ten days, in col- lecting upwards of seven hundred non-com- missioned offi-cers and men, which number was increased by the recapture of a hundred and fifty continental prisoners taken at Cam- den. They were recaptured by Marion, on their way, under escort, to Charleston. 2. The seven Maryland regiments of the old line, were reduced into on'e, to be called Questions.— \0. What is said of Williams and Howard? 1, What did Smallwood and Gist now do? How many did they collect? 2. How were the regiments of the Maryland line reduced? COWPENS. 181 tlie first Maryland, and placed under Colonel Otho H. Williams. The officers who thus lost their commands were ordered back to Maryland to take charge of recruiting sta- tions. General Smallwood was retained in the army. General Gates was superseded by General Greene. 3. Smallwood's detachment was drawn into the main army ; and a chosen body of troops, four hundred of whom were of the old Mary- land line, under Colonel Howard, was placed under the command of Morgan, to operate on the western quarter. 4. Cornwallis, learning the movements of the American forces, determined to strike a blow at Morgan, before he could be joined by the hardy mountaineers of the west. 5. He dispatched about one thousand men under Lieut. Col. Tarleton, to pursue him, while he, himself, put the main body in motion to cut off his retreat, if he should escape that active officer. 6. Morgan retreated with reluctance, al- though he was compelled to do so by the advance of Cornwallis, parallel to his route. Questions.— 2. Under whom was the regiment placed? 3. What was done with Smallwood's detachment? What, with Howard's? 4. What is said of Cornwallis ? 5. Whom did he dispatch ? 6. What did Morgan do ? 16 182 History of Maryland. Having at length gained sufficient time to risk an action with Tarleton, and having been joined by Gen'l Pickens with a body of five hundred militia, he determined to await the coming ojp the enemy. 7. The ground was open and favorable to Tarleton, whose cavalry outnumbered that of Morgan three to one. As the enemy advanced, Morgan addressed his men ; he directed the militia to deliver but two or three volleys, and then to retire and form behind the main line. He reminded the Marylanders of their past glory, and that victory was largely dependent upon them. 8. Tarleton advanced rapidly. The skir- mishers delivered their fire, and fell back. The British pressed with loud shouts, upon the first line, which, undismayed, poured in a close and destructive fire. The enemy continued to advance with the bayonet, and the militia having only rifles retired in haste. 9. Believing the victory in their grasp, the enemy charged upon the continentals. They were met with unshaken firmness. — Questions.— -6, When did he determine to venture a battle? r. What is said in this section? 8 What is said in this section? ). How was the charge of the enemy met? John Eager Howard. 183 The conflict was desperate, and for a time seemed doubtful, but the unconquerable spirit of the Marjlanders at length prevailed, and the enemy began to falter. Being reinforced by the reserves, they again advanced. 10. Howard ordered his flank company to change front, but mistaking the order it fell back, upon which the line commenced to retire. Morgan directed it to retreat towards the cavalry and assume a new position. . 11. The British, thinking this movement was precursor of a flight, rushed forward with impetuosity and in disorder, to com- plete the triumph. Howard had not yet reached the position marked out by Mor- gan, but perceiving their condition, he sud- denly faced about, and poured in upon the astonished enemy a close and murderous fire, and then cheering his men, broke in upon them with the bayonet. 12. The charge was terrible and decisive ; and the day was won. The slaughter of Camden was repaid; the whole British in- fantry was killed or taken. The cavalry had pursued the retreating militia to their Questions.— 10. What is said in this section? 11. What did the British think? What did Howard do? 12. What is said of the charge ? What further is said ? 184 History of Maryland. horses, and had begun to sabre them when Col. Washington charged upon them, and drove them before him. 13. Never was a more complete or more glorious victory. The force of Morgan did not much exceed eight hundred men — only half of whom were regulars — and only eighty cavalry — while that of Tarleton reached a thousand, comprising three hundred and fifty cavalry. This force was entirely destroyed. 14. "The weight of the battle fell upon Howard, who sustained himself admirably in those trying circumstances, and seized with decision the critical moment to complete with the bayonet the advantage gained by his fire." Yet he had won the battle without orders; and after he had swept the field by his glorious charge, Morgan rode up to him and said severely : " You have done well — for you are successful — had you failed, I would have shot you." 15. At one moment, Howard held in his hands the swords of seven British officers, who had surrendered to him. Congress awarded him a silver medal. Questions. — 13. What was the force of Morgan? What was Tarle- ton's? 14. Who deserves the credit of the victory? What did Morgan say? 15. How many British officers surrendered to Howard? General Greene. 185 CHAPTER XIII. Battle or Guilford Court House — Greeners Retreat — Williams Covers the Retreat — Battle — Cornwallis' Desperate Resort — George Fox's Remark — Americans gain Possession of Strongholds — Unsuccessful Attack on Ninety-Six. 1. Greene not finding himself strong enough to compete with Cornwallis, who had been re- inforced, commenced his retreat from the Yad- kin to the Dan. This retreat was remarkable for its masterly manoeuvres, its rapid marches and severe duty. At times the two armies were within musket shot of each other. 2. Had Williams' corps, which was in the rear, become involved with the advance of the enemy, the strength of the army might have been destroyed, and Greene, no longer covered with light troops, would have fallen an easy victim to Cornwallis. 3. The burden of the retreat, therefore, fell upon Williams, and nobly did he bear it. — Scarcely a single man was killed or captured, in the face of an active, energetic and supe- Questions. — 1. What was Greene compelled to do? What was this retreat remarkable for ? 2. What would have been the result of conflict? 3. Upon whom did the burden of the retreat fall? 16* 186 History of Maryland. rior enemy, whose van for days was constantly in sight of the retiring rear. 4. Having crossed the Dan, Greene rested his army and recruited. Being reinforced, he thought he could venture an engagement with Cornwallis, which he did in the battle of Guil* ford Court House, on the 18th of February, 1781. In this fight the first Maryland regi- ment checked the left wing of the enemy, but the second, which had just been raised, fled. 5. The battalion of guards, which had turned the second Maryland, was now at- tacked by Colonel Howard. Like a torrent the old Maryland regiment broke through their ranks, driving them headlong from the field with terrific slaughter. 6. To save his favorite corps from utter annihilation, and to arrest the progress of the pursuers, Cornwallis was compelled to" open his artillery upon them, although every discharge swept through his own men. The Maryland brigade lost in this fight, one hun- dred and fifty-four officers and men. The British General lost nearly one-third of his men. Questions. — i. Where did Greene rest and recruit? What battle did he venture? 5. Describe the charge of Howard's battalion? C. What was Cornwallis compelled to do? The Eemark of Fox. 187 7. The enemy remained masters of the field, but the victory was almost as destruc- tive to Cornwallis as a defeat. Charles Fox, in the British House of Commons, said of it, "another such victory will ruin the British army." 8. Six days afterward, February 2oth, Greene was surprised at Hobkirk's hill. — The first Maryland regiment, worn down by sufferings, emaciated from the scantiness of their food, and brought suddenly to a charge when only half-formed, was seized with panic and fled. They rallied, but too late to retrieve the day. 9. Notwithstanding the defeat at Guilford Court House, the Americans succeeded in gaining possession of all the strongholds in the south, with the exception of Charleston, and Ninety-Six. This latter post Greene now hastened to invest. 10. Learning that Lord Rawdon was ap- proaching at the head of two thousand men to relieve Ninety-Six, Greene determined to attempt it by assault. The resistance was desperate and successful, and Greene was forced to retire. Questions.— 1 . What is said of victor}'? What did Charles Fox say in parliament? 8. What is said of Hobkirk's Hill? 9. What did the Americans succeed in gaining? 10, What is said of Ninety-Six. 188 History of Maryland. CHAPTER XIY. Battle of Eutaw Sfri:ngs— Disposition of the Troops — Maryland Line charges the Buffs — Desperate Strug- gle — Marylanders Complimented on the Field — State Threatened with Invasion — La Fayette in Baltimore — Defence of the Bay — Washington's Design — Washing- ton at Annapolis. 1. On the 21st of August, Greene broke up his encampment, and hastened to the south to seek the enemy now under the command of Lieut. Col. Stewart. He overtook them at Eutaw Springs. 2. Greene advanced in two lines — the militia in front, the continentals in the rear. The Maryland brigade under Col. Williams, seconded by Lieut, Col. Howard, was on the left wing. 3. The militia advanced with spirit, and opened a heavy fire upon the enemy, which was soon briskly returned ; but they main- tained their ground until the British troops pressed close upon them. 4. The North Carolina troops were imme- diately ordered up to cover their retreat and Questions. — 1. When did Greene return south? Where did he overtake the enemy? 2. What was the position of the troops? 3. What is said of the militia? 4. What of the North Carolina militia? The Buffs. 189 check the advance of the enemy. This corps consisting of newly raised regiments never before in action, pushed forward in good style and the conflict became warmer. 5. Greene now brought up the Maryland and Virginia lines, which advanced with a shout, and poured in a destructive fire upon the enemy. Stewart called up his reserve; the North Carolinians began to fall back, when Greene ordered the Marylanders and Virginians to charge with the bayonet. 6. At trailed arms, cheering vehemently, these two gallant brigades, led on by Wil- liams, Howard and Campbell, rushed upon the enemy heedless of the close and deadly fire, which was repeatedly poured in upon them, as they advanced at a rapid pace. The shock was terrible. 7. Howard's regiment was received by the Buffs, an Irish corps, which had just joined the army ; and here the fiercest struggle en- sued. Neither would yield; but, crossing bayonets their ranks mingled together, oppo- sing files sank down, each pierced with the bayonet of his antagonist. Questiom. — 5. Whom did Greene now bring forward? G. Des- cribe the charge? 7. B\' whom was Howard's regiment received? 190 History of Maryland. 8. Thus they were found, grappled in death and transfixed together upon the field of the slain, marking the spot where the Mslvj- landers and Buff's had met in deadly conflict. The officers fought hand to hand. So bloody a strife could not continue long. The rest of the British line gave way, and the gallant Buffs, unable to maintain the conflict with the -veteran Mary landers, broke and fled. — Greene rode up and complimented the Mary- landers and their commander in the midst of the action. 9. The victory was complete, and the Brit- ish were compelled to retreat. Having ob- tained an unassailable position, the pursuers were recalled, bringing with them three hun- dred prisoners and two cannon, one of which was captured by Lieut. Duval, of the Mary- land line. 10. Greene attributed his success to the free use of the bayonet by the Maryland and Virginia troops. The thanks of congress were' voted to each of the corps engaged. 11. The spirit of the hostile army was broken, and the royal supremacy in the south Questions.— 8. What is said of this struggle? Who gave way? What did Greene do? 9. What is said of the Yietory? 10. To what did Greene attribute the victory? 11. What is said ot the hostile army? La Fayette in Baltimore. .191 may be said to have terminated, overturned in a great part by the bayonets of Maryland. 12. Whilst the Maryland line was thus gloriously occupied in the south, its native State seemed, for a time, threatened with in- vasion. Arnold, the Traitor, had been de- tached to Virginia, at the head of an active body of British troops. Cornwall is hastened into Virginia, and forming a junction with the forces there, took the command of the whole upon himself. 13. La Fayette was at once dispatched by General "Washington to Virginia, with a small force to make head against Cornwallis. He passed through Maryland on his way, and was hospitably received by the merchants of Baltimore. 14. Being invited to a ball, he was there observed to be grave and sad. On being questioned by the ladies, as to the cause of his gloom, he replied, he could not enjoy the .gayety of the scene, whilst his poor soldiers were without shirts, and destitute of the ne- cessities of a campaign. " We will supply them," exclaimed these patriotic women. Questions.— 12. What invasion threatened Maryland ? 13. Who was despatched to make head against Cornwallis ? 14. What anecdote is related of La Faj'ette? 192 . History of Maryland. 15. The pleasures of the ball-room were ex- changed for the labors of the needle, and on the next day they assembled in great numbers to make up clothing for the soldiers. The husbands and fathers furnished the materials. The distresses of his corps were relieved. The history of this city during the last few years has proved that the women of the pre- sent day, whose kind hearts and fair hands have contributed to alleviate the wants of the suffering, are worthy descendants of those noble women of the revolution. 16. Great efforts were made to organize a force to repel an invasion, which the open condition of the bay might invite. The glory of the southern battles had re-awakened the spirit of the people of Maryland, and the measures proposed were promptly carried out. Provision was made for the defence of the bay, and several severe actions took place with the straggling cruisers of the enemy. A regiment was ordered to join La Fayette in Virginia. 17. Washington, having formed the design of destroying Cornwallis, was now anxious to concentrate as strong a force as possible (Questions. — 15. What was done the next day? 16, What is said of the defence of the bay? J 7. What design had Washington formed ? Washington at Annapolis. 193 in that quarter, while the French fleet seized the mouth of the bay to cut off the retreat of the enemy. 18. On the 8th of September, Washing- ton passed through Baltimore, where he was received with every mark of respect. An address was presented to him on behalf of the people, and the city was illuminated. 19. On the 19th of October, 1781, Corn- wallis surrendered with his whole force of seven thousand men. In this hard contested siege, a portion of the Maryland troops was engaged, maintaining the honor of the State and the fame of the old Maryland line. 20. In a letter to Governor Lee, of Mary- land, Washington says, " my present engage- ments will not allow me to add more than my congratulations on this happy event, and to express the high sense I have of the power- ful aid which I have derived from the State of Maryland." 21. On Washington's passing through An- napolis, to join the army in the north, that venerable city was crowded to overflowing Questiom.—n. What was done in order to carry out this plan ? 18. When did Washington pass through Baltimore? 19. When did Cornwallis surrender ? 20. What does Washington, in his let- ter to Governor Lee, say ? 21. What is said of Washington's pas- sage through Annapolis? 17 194 History of Maryland, witli liappy spectators, and presented one constant scene of enthusiastic rejoicing. 22. Maryland had the honor of first " salut- ing him as the Patriot, the Hero, and the Saviour of his Country." She had been the first to propose him for that station which resulted in liberty to his country, and in the admiration of all posterity to himself. She was the first to announce to him the grati- tude of the nation, and to confer upon him those titles which were to render his name universal and immortal. CHAPTER XY. The Close of the Eevolution — New Paper Issues — Tory Conspiracy — Plot Exposed — Execution of Leaders — Success or Failure — Commissioners from, England — Spirited Resolution of Maryland Legislature — Close of the War. 1. The legislature had made every effort to prepare for the campaign of 1781. Know- ing the impossibility of meeting the neces- sary expenses by means of the usual paper money, they determined to have recourse to the patriotism of the wealthier citizens. Q}iestions.—22. How did Maryland salute him ? 1. What is said of the legislature? The Tory Plot. 195 2. There was a large amount of confiscated land unsold, that had belonged to British sub- jects. The legislature determined to issue two hundred thousand pounds in notes, secured by these confiscated lands, which were pledged to the amount of four hundred thousand pounds. 3. The wealthy and patriotic planters and merchants agreed to take at their par, or nominal value, such amounts as they sub- scribed for. As the security was sufficient, nearly the whole amount was subscribed. For a time the scheme was successful, but such was the want of confidence in paper money of any kind, that in three months, even these bills had depreciated to less than half their nominal value. 4. An extensive alarm was created by the discovery of a conspiracy to excite an insur- rection of the disaffected within the State. 5. At the opening of the campaign of 1781, a design was formed of invading the western frontier from Canada. A body of British troops was to strike at Fort Pitt, and Col. Conolly, already once bafiled in his designs Questions.— 2. How did the legislature proceed to raise money? 3. Did the plan succeed? Did the paper money retain its valuef? 4. What alarm was excited? 5. What design was formed? 196 History of Maryland. in Maryland, was to assemble a tory force to co-operate with him. 6. Large numbers had been enrolled in Frederick county, when the conspiracy was discovered at Frederick. It is said that a British officer in disguise was to meet a messenger of the traitors at a designated place, and put into his hands papers con- taining every information concerning its progress. 7. The British officer was deterred from attending at the appointed place, and the papers fell into the hands of an American officer, who by a singular coincidence was at that moment standing where the tory expected to meet his correspondent. 8. The plot and the names of the leaders were at once exposed, and efficient measures were instantly taken. The leaders were taken and convicted. Seven were brought to trial before a commission presided over by Judge Hanson, found guilty and sentenced to death. 9. Three of their number were executed in the Court-house yard of Frederick. They persisted, to the last, that they were only guilty of doing their duty as lawful subjects 'Questions.— G & 7. How was the conspiracy discovered? 8. What was done with the leaders of the plot? 9. How many were exe- cuted ? What did they insist upon to the last? Commissioners. 197 of the King of England, and asserted that their judges Avere more truly deserving the name of rebels and traitors. 10. Had the result of the revolution been different, a different name would have been given to their fate — which they met with firmness ; for whilst one side stigmatized them as traitors, the other mourned over them, and honored them as true and loyal martyrs. Success makes a revolution glori- ous, the want of it leaves the reproach of disgrace upon the unfortunate. Without success the patriots of the Maryland line would have been called traitors and rebels to this day, and the name of tory, now a reproach, would be proudly assumed as a token of loyalty. 11. As soon as the 'arrival of commis- sioners from Great Britain, with power to make either peace or war with the revolted colonies, was announced, the Maryland legis- lature unanimously resolved, that " though peace with Great Britain and all the world, was an object truly desirable, war with al] its calamities was preferable to national dis- honor. That this State could never consent Questions.— 10. What is said in this section? 11. What did the Maryland legislature resolve? 17* 198 History of Maryland. to treat with Great Britain, except upon the footing of an equal, and would never enter into any treaty with that power, which would sully its own honor or violate its obligations to France, its great and good ally. 12. The bay-shores were still infested by armed galleys and barges, manned by tories and refugees, who plundered and sometimes murdered the. inhabitants. The legislature determined to re-establish the marine, and by its rigorous measures the commerce of the bay was relieved, and the inhabitants of its shores were protected. 18. The war was now at an end. Through- out the whole contest Maryland had been distinguished for its zeal in support of the common cause. She had furnished duriuir o the war, to the Continental army, fifteen thousand two hundred and twentj^-nine men, besides those enlisted in the independent corps, the State companies, the marine and naval force, and five thousand four hundred and seven militia. Questions.— 12. What is said of the baj^-shores? 13. What of tlie war? What, of Maryland, during the war? The Maryland Line. 199 CHAPTEK XYL The Maryland Line — Their Sufferings— The First to use the Bayonet — Their Battles — Their Losses. 1. No troops in the Continental army had rendered better service, endured more fatigue or won greater glory than the Maryland line. In proportion to their number, no body of men suffered more severely. 2. They were the first to use the bayonet against the experienced regulars of the ene- my, and that in the earliest battle — and throughout the succeeding struggles of the war, they were most often called on to lead with that bloody weapon into the ranks of the foe. She seldom shrank from the en- counter. 8. At Long Island, a fragment of a bat- talion shook, with repeated charges, a whole brigade of British regulars. At White Plains, they held the advance columns at bay. At Harlem Heights, they drove the enemy from the ground. At Germantown, they swept through the hostile camp, with their fixed bayonets, far in advance of the whole army. Questions. — 1. What is said of the Maryland line? 2. What were they the first to do ? 3. Mention the several battles in which they distinguished themselves? 200 History of Maryland. At Cowpens, and at Eutaw, their ranks with unloaded muskets bore down all opposition. At Guilford, and at Camden, though the vic- tory was not theirs, they fougUt with a cour- age that won the admiration and surprise of the enemy, and brought from Fox, in the House of Commons, the exclamation: "one more such victory and the British army is ruined." Everywhere they used the bayonet with terrible effect. 4. Entering into the war two strong bat- talions, they were soon reduced to a single company. Again swelled up to seven regi- ments, they were again thinned by their losses to a single regiment, and before the campaign was well passed, they were once more recruited to four full battalions of more than two thousand men. 5. Two of their Colonels, Williams and Howard, were considered the best officers of their grade in the army. Grranby, Hall, Smith, Stone, Kamsey and Ford, were equal to any others in the whole continental ser- vice. Questions. — 4. What is said of their losses? 5. What of their officers ? Seat of Government. 201 CHAPTER XYII. Seat of Government — Annapolis Offered — AcHoti of Congress — Washington determines to Resign — Recep- tion at Annapolis — Resignation. 1. It was now an interesting question, where the seat of national government should be placed. The central position of Maryland drew, attention in this quarter, and the cor- poration of Annapolis addressed a memorial to the legislature in 1783, offering the city to the general government. "2. The legislature, therefore, offered to the government the use and possession of the State House for their sessions. Other in- ducements were, offered to make Annapolis the permanent seat of government. Con- gress determined to fix the capital in Mary- land, yet deemed it more prudent to select some other place than that already occu- pied by the State legislature. 3. They resolved to select a point upon the Potomac, near Georgetown, but for the present accepted the accommodations ten- dered them by the State. They, therefore. Questions. — 1. What was now a question ? What is said of the position of Maryland? 2. What did congress determine? 3. What did the legislature do? 202 History of Maryland. adjourned from Princeton to Annapolis. The legislature welcomed them with great cordi- ality, gave up one of their halls for their use, and Governor Paca surrendered the government house to their president. 4. General Washington had already noti- fied the several States of his intention to resign his commission, and retire to private life. He now hastened to Annapolis, where he arrived on the 17th of December, to con- summate his purpose. 5. He was met a few miles from the city, by Generals Gates and Smallwood, with the most distinguished citizens of Maryland. He was greeted, with enthusiasm by the people. Every one vied in doing him honor. 6. At twelve o'clock, on the 23d of Decem- ber, the gallery, and a great part of the floor of the hall of congress, were filled with ladies, with public functionaries of the State, and with general officers. The members of con- gress were seated and covered, as representa- tives of the sovereignty of the union. The gentlemen present were standing uncovered. 7. After a decorous silence of a few min- utes, Washington rose, and in a dignified and Questions.— i. What is said of Washington? 5, How was he re- ceived? 6. Describe the scene in the State House? 7. What did Washington do? Washington Eesigns. 203 impressive manner, delivered a short address. When he had concluded he placed into the the hands of the President that great com- mission, Tinder which he had achieved the liberty and independence of America, "com- mending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who hav6 the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping." 8. The editor of the Maryland Gazette, who was present, says: "few tragedies ever drew so many tears from so many beai:itiful eyes, as the moving manner in which iiis Excel- lency took his final leave of congress." 9. Then calmly, as if he had not just resigned the highest place in his country's gift, and broken the sword of his own power for its lasting good, that great man retired from that hall which had thus been consecrated forever by this noble scene. Questions.— T. What did he say? 8. What is said by an eye-wit- ness ? 9. Repeat this section ? 204 History of Maryland. CHAPTER XVIII. 1 783 - 1 789 — Debt — Public Improvement — Susquehanna Canal — Potomac Company — Population of Baltimore — Colleges — Constitution of the United States Adopted. 1. The great difficulty the country now had to contend with was the debt incurred both by the general government and the several states. The treasury was empty and credit was gone. So great was the scarcity of money that taxes had to be paid, to a great extent, in merchandise, or, as it is called, in kind. 2. Maryland was the most prompt of the ; States to take efficient measures to raise money and restore her credit; and looking forward to her future growth, she laid the j foundations of those public works which have contributed so materially to her subsequent prosperity. 3. "The Proprietors of the Susquehanna Canal" were incorporated in 1784. The ob- ject of this company was to construct a canal from the Pennsylvania line, along the Sus- quehanna to tide-water. This canal is still in use. Questions.— 1. What great difficulty had the country to contend with ? How had taxes to be raised ? 2. What is said of Maryland ? 3. ^^hat company was incorporated ? Public Works. 205 4. In the same year, the Potomac Company was organized. The object of this organiza- tion was, "the opening and extending of the navigation of the Potomac." The idea origin- ated with the greatest men of the day, and Greneral Washington took great interest in it. It would open a highway for the already in- creasing travel from the Atlantic to the west. 5. The Potomac Company was subsequently merged in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, and the designs for rendering the river navigable were abandoned, and other plans adopted. 6. The removal of the dangers and im- pediments which had obstructed commerce during the war, gave the city of Baltimore a new impulse. In 1782 it only numbered eight thousand inhabitants, but from that time it has moved on with rapidity and power, and is now regarded as one of the most prosperous cities in the Union. 7. As early as 1782, Washington College, at Chestertown, on the Eastern Shore, was incorporated. In 1784, St. John's College at Annapolis was instituted. These two col- Questions. — i. What other company ? 5. Into what was the Poto- mac company subsequently merged? 6. What gave Baltimore a new impetus? How many inhabitants had it in 1782? 7. What college was established in 1782 ? In 1784 ? 18 206 History of Maryland. leges, at which many of the principal men of the State have been educated, were in 1805 united under the name of the University of Maryland. 8. On the expiration of the terra for which William Paca was eligible, in 1785, Major General Smallwood was elected governor. Though he was honored by the people of Maryland with the highest office in their gift, yet, his memory seems nearly forgotten. He sleeps in a lonely grave, on his paternal estate, now in the hands of strangers. He who won so much glory for Maryland lies unhonored, without a stone to mark the spot, or an enclosure to protect his last resting place from desecration. 9. During the administration of Small- wood the Constitution of the United was adopted. It was acceded to by Maryland on the 28th of April, 1788, by a vote of sixty- three to eleven. Questions.— 8. Who was elected governor in 1785? What is said of him? 9. What important step was taken during his adminis- tration? The Federal Constitution. 207 CHAPTER XIX. The Federal Constitution — Needs of the Country — Convention Proposed — Disputes — The Constitution a Compromise — Capital — District of Columbia — Projierty (Qualifications for Voting Removed — The Ballot substi- tuted for viva voce. 1. The old articles of confederation were found not adapted to the wants of the coun- try in its new condition. There was need of a more centralized power, by which the States could be brought into closer union, and the general government could act more efficiently for the general good. 2. A convention of all the States, to devise some means to give stability to the confed- eration, having been proposed, the legislature of Maryland elected five delegates to repre- sent the State. 3. The convention met at Philadelphia, and agreed upon the present constitution and form of government of the United States, which was laid before Congress. That body imme- diately directed that copies' should be trans- Questions.—l. What is said of the confederation? What did the country need? 2. What was proposed? 3. Wliere did the con- vention meet? What did the convention present to congress? What was the action of congress ? 208 History of Maryland. mitted to the several legislatures to be sub- mitted to a convention of delegates, chosen in each State by the people. 4. The condition of the country was such, that every one acknowledged the necessity of immediate change. But there were two parties; one was desirous of strengthening State authority, fearing that too great cen- tralization of power would ultimately destroy State independence and popular liberty itself, by leaving minorities entirely at the mercy of majorities ; the other hoped to derive from an efficient general government, unity and stability, which would ensure prosperity at home, and respect abroad. 5. The constitution was a happy compromise. The popular majorities were represented in the House of Representatives, and State sov- ereignty was represented in the Senate. This' protected the weak from the strong. It is the remark of an ancient philosopher, and history confirms the truth of it, that "the weak always desire what is equal and just; but the powerful pay no regard to it." 6. The immense popular majorities of a large State, regarding only their own inter- ests, could control legislation to the disadvan- ■ Questions. — 4. What two parties were there in the country? 5. What is said of the constitution? How? G. Explain further? The Capital. 209 tage of the smaller States ; but in the Senate the smallest State is equal to the largest. — Hence, under ordinary circumstances, the necessities of concurrent majorities would prevent unjust legislation, and the strong would be compelled to listen to the weak, and respect their rights. 7. This most admirably contrived com- promise and compact called the constitution, was ratified by the Maryland convention. A certificate of their ratification was signed by the members, on the 28th of April, 1788. 8. On the 2d of July, 1788, the ratification of the constitution by nine States, was laid before the old Congress, then still in session, and preparations were immediately made to carry it into effect. The States Avere directed to appoint their electors to cast their votes for president and vice-president. The vote of Maryland was cast for Washington for president, and Robert Hanson Harrison for vice-president. 9. The general government had not yet adopted any permanent capital. After hav- ing: hesitated between the Potomac and the * Questions. — 7. When did Maryland ratify the constitution? 8. When was the ratification laid before congress ? Who was the first president? 9. Had the capital been adopted yet? 18* 210 History of Maryland. Delaware, Congress concluded to accept tlie proposition of Maryland, and the Potomac was selected. 10. Commissioners were appointed in 1790; the district was laid out on both sides of the Potomac, embracing nearly equal portions of Virginia* and Maryland, including George- town and Alexandria, and called the "Terri- tory of Columbia." The new city, whose site was selected for the Federal Metropolis, was named Washington. 11. On the 18th of September, 1793, the corner stone of the north wing of the capitol was laid by Washington in person. 12. Prior to 1801, no person was allowed to vote unless he possessed a certain amount of property. It was thought necessary that there should be a property qualification in voters, in order to give them a personal in- terest in the management of public affairs. 13. The first States to break through this custom were Vermont and Maryland. In Maryland there was great opposition at first * The Virginia portion was afterwards ceded back to that State. Questions.— 10. When were commissioners appointed? What site was selected? 11. When and by whom was the corner stone of the capitol laid? 12. What was necessary prior to 1801? 13. What States were the first to break through this custom? Eeform. 211 to the extension of the right of suffrage, on the part of the senate. But it was contended that property was not the only interest at stake in the community, or to be effected by its government and legislation. The rights of life, liberty and character, are to be re- garded as paramount to those of mere pro- perty. 14. It is not always the property holders who have interest enough in the general wel- fare, in the hour of danger to the common- wealth, to stake their lives or liberty in its defence. But being powerful in the State, by reason of their wea]th, the danger is that they will use that power for their own ag- grandizement, indifferent to the rights, or even the sufferings of the masses, who alone can protect them in their wealth. 15. Hence the people of Maryland insisted that the power of wealth, in producing class legislation, should be checked by the power of numbers, every one of whom had life, lib- erty and character at stake, and they suc- ceeded in passing a law giving the right of suffrage to every free white male citizen, Qtiestions.—13. What was contended in favor of enlarged suf- frage? 14. What is said of property holders? 15. What did the people of Maryland insist upon ? 212 History of Maryland. twentj-one years of age, who had resided twelve months in the State, and six in the county prior to the election. 16. The ballot and the ballot-box were also substituted for viva voce vote. In 1809, all clauses of the State constitution requiring property qualifications for office holders, were repealed. CHAPTER XX. 1812 — War with England— Pec^nroiioji of War — Tv)o Parties — The Position of New England — Of Maryland — Riot in Baltimore — Hartford Convention — Admiral Cockburn — His Deeds — Defence of Havre de Grace. 1. Difficulties arising from the jealousy of England and her haughty spirit, leading to an interference with the commerce of America, and an infringement on her rights as a nation, at last resulted in a declaration of war, - This was made by the United States, on the 11th of June, 1812. 2. There were two political parties in the country, known as the Federal and Demo- cratic. The former, as its name implies, favored a strong central government, the Questions. — 16. What method of voting was introduced ? 1. What led to difficulties with England? When was war declared? 2. What two political parties ?. Commerce versus Honor. 213 latter adopted the theory of State-rights. — The Federal party opposed the war. 3. The New England States at first were quite eager for it, because the measures adopted to prevent so great a calamity, in- terfered with their commerce. They looked upon war as a remedy for the evil, but find- ing the' remedy worse to them than the evil, they were thenceforth bitterly opposed to war, as beth wicked and expensive. 4. Maryland, and the agricultural States generally, thinking the honor of the repub- lic, as well as its commerce were at stake, favored active hostilities. The legislature of Maryland voted an address to the President of the United States, declaring they were ready to submit to all the hardships and dangers of war, rather than permit outrage upon the honor of the country to pass un- punished. 5. The "Federal Eepublican," a newspaper published in Baltimore, made such a violent attack upon the administration and the war measures, that a riot was the result; the office of the paper was torn down, and one person was killed. Questions.— 3. What is said of the New England States? 4. What of Maryland? 5, In what lawless manner did the people of Mary- land shew their zeal ? 214 History of Maryland. 6. In New England, on the other hand, where the Federalists were in the majority, opposition to the war was popular. The Massachusetts legislature proposed to call a convention of delegates from the several States of New England, to meet and enquire what ought to be done. This was called the Hartford Convention. 7. It is claimed by the New England his- torians that the objects of this convention were patriotic, and that " as the mists of passion fade away this becomes more appa- rent." Whether so, or not, it is certain the convention was considering the propriety of withdrawing New England from the Union, for, in its journal it says, "whenever it shall appear that these causes of our calamities are radical and permanent, a separation by equit- able arrangement will be preferable to an alli- ance by constraint, among nominal friends, but real enemies." The somewhat unex- pected close of the war prevented further action. 8. With these elements of interual dis- cord the United States went into the war. Questions.— 6. How did New England shew its hostility? 7. What is claimed by the Now England historians? What is certain? 8. What effect had these dissensions on the war? Admiral Cockburn. 215 "Whether owing to this want of unanimity on the part of the people, or of skill on the part of the officers, the first year of the war was one of misfortune. 9. Maryland bore part in the deeds of the war only through her privateers. Her sol- diers and sailors were distributed throughout the Federal army, and were not, as formerly, distinguished in a separate corps. 10. In 1813, Admiral Cockburn made his appearance in the Chesapeake Bay, with four ships of the line and six frigates. He im- mediately began his operations against the property and persons of unarmed citizens. Women and children did not escape the cruelty of the invaders. 11. It has been customary to speak of Cockburn as a " brute," and of his acts as " disgraceful outrages," as " reflecting little credit on the British character," as present- ing England in the light of '' a foe that paid little regard either to the law of nations or to that of honor." 12. But if fifty years later, when civiliza- tion and Christianity may be supposed to have made some advance, it is considered a Questions. — 9. How did Maryland bear her part? 10. What is said of Coekburn? 11. How have his acts been regarded 12. What is said in this section? 216 History of Maryland. part of the lawful strategy of war, to burn churclies and colleges, and private dwellings ; to burn barns, and meat houses, and agricul- tural implements, that " even crows should starve in flying over the territory of the enemy," certainly, he, who in 1813-14, re- garded not the tender years of childhood, nor the weakness of women, who illuminated the bay shores with incendiary fires of peaceful hamlets, should not be too harshly dealt with by those who praise the heroes of 1863-64. If the American raiders of 1863-64 were en- gaged in lawful acts of war, Cockburn cannot be condemned. If Cockburn is condemned, every word of reproach is one of self condem- nation. 13. Among the places that suffered by this famous or infamous admiral, were French- town, Havre-de-Grace, Fredericktown (on the Eastern Shore,) and Georgetown, which were taken, plundered and burned. 14. In the attack on Havre-de-Grace, a gal- lant defence was made by an Irishman, named O'Neale, who manned a battery himself, and kept up a fire on the approaching enemy, until he was disabled by a wound in the leg, Questions.— 13. What places suffered? 14. Who defended Havre- de-Grace ? Repeat what is said ? Battle of Bladensburg. 217 received from the recoil of the cannon which he was firing. He then continued the fight with two muskets, which he loaded and fired until he was captured by the enemy. 15.. They threatened to hang him as a Brit- ish subject found in arms; but the determina- tion of the Americans to execute two British soldiers in reprisal, induced them to spare his life. Whenever a body of militia was col- lected. Admiral Cockburn held aloof. He threatened Annapolis, but it was prepared for defence, and he retired. He approached Bal- timore, but five thousand citizens were in arms, and he shrunk from the encounter. He preferred the safe and profitable, though at that time thought inglorious, warfare of de- stroying or carrying off private property. CHAPTER XXI. Battle of Bladensburg. 1. No attempt to invade the interior was made until the year 1814, when a body of men, five thousand strong, under Gen. Ross, Questions. — 15. What did the British threaten to do to him? What deterred them? What further is said of Cocliburn? 1. When did the British land in Maryland? 19 218 History of Maryland. was landed at Benedict, on the Patuxent, and commenced its march towards Washington. 2. The militia, under Gen. Winder, assem- bled to oppose their progress. This small fopce retired before the British until they reached Bladensburg, a village about five miles from the city. The militia were rein- forced here by a body of twenty-one hundred men, under General Stansburj^, including the fifth regiment, the favorite regiment of Balti- more, under Col. Sterrett, several rifle com- panies, commanded by Major Pinkney, and two companies of artillery, under Myers and Magruder, and by the sailors and marines, under Commodore Barney. It was now de- termined to make a stand, and risk a battle for the defence of the capital. 8. General Stansbury was stationed on the left of the road leading to Washington, with his artillery in a breast work near the bridge over the Western Branch, with the Baltimore volunteers in advance. Col. Beall, with eight hundred militia was placed on the right of the road, and Gen. Winder, in person commanded the main body, a short distance in the rear. — The heavy artillery, under Commodore Bar- ney, was placed so as to command the road. Questions.— 2. Who opposed them? Who joined Winder at Bla- densburg ? 3. What was the disposition of troops. Barney's Battery. 219 4. As soon as the enemy appeared in sight, they formed and moved towards the bridge, but were received with a destructive fire from the batteries and the Baltimore rifles, and driven back in disorder. 5. They immediately formed again and advanced a second time. The head of their column was again thrown into confusion, but they at length forced their way across the bridge and drove back General Stansbury's force, capturing one piece of artillery. 6. Col. Beall's militia retreated with great precipitation, and a detachment of Annapolis militia was thrown back in disorder on the main body. The enemy now advanced briskly along the road, certain of an easy victory, when Barney's battery opened upon them in front, and Col. Millar with the marines poured in a heavy fire upon their flank. 7. The first discharge of Barney's pieces swept across their columns with terrible effect. Moving obliquely to the left, to escape the range of the cannon, the British grenadiers fell upon Millar's marines. From these they received so warm a reception that the advance Questions.— i. What is said in this section? 5, Describe what further is said ? 6. Who checked the advance of the British ? 7. What was the effect of the discharges of artillery? How did they try to avoid it? 220 History of Maryland. was driven back upon the main body in dis- order. . 8. The moment was critical, but from the want of a sustaining force, the Americans were unable to follow up the advantage, and Ross having rallied his men extended his front so as to attack the marines in front and on both flanks. Being thus assailed,* the ma- rines could not hold their ground; Col. Millar having been wounded, Capt. Sevier ordered them to retire. Barney, no longer sustained by the infantry, was unable to maintain his position, though his gallant sailors worked the guns until they were surrounded and some of their number bayonetted at their posts. Then, only, they retired leaving their gallant commander covered with wounds in the hands of the enemy. 9. The main body of militia and a body of regular cavalry and infantry, eager to join in the fight, in the moment of victory, by the folly of their officers were ordered to retire. When once undisciplined troops look back, a panic seizes them ; it was so at Bladensburg; an unwilling retreat became a route. Questions.— 8. What prevented the Americans obtaining the vic- tory? 9. What is said in this section? Burning of the Capitol. 221 10. Washington thus fell into the hands of the enemy who burned the capitol, the presi- dent's house and all the public offices. They then returned to their shipping at Benedict, having lost in the expedition four hundred men, killed and wounded, and five hundred prisoners. The loss of the Americans was about thirty killed, fifty wounded and one hundred and twenty taken prisoners. CHAPTEK XXII. Battle of North Point. 1. General Eoss now turned his eyes upon Baltimore. Anticipating his design, the gov- ernor had ordered the militia of the State to hold themselves in readiness, and large bodies were marched to the city for its defence. — About seven hundred regulars, several vol- unteer and militia companies from Pennsyl- vania and Virginia, increased their strength to about fifteen thousand men. 2. They were commanded by Gen'l Samuel Smith, who had distinguished himself in the -10. What did the British do at Washington? How many did the British lose ? How many the Americans ? 1. Where did Ross now turn ? What had the governor ordered ? Who had assembled? 2. By whom commanded? 19* 222 History of Maryland. revolution by his gallant defence of Fort Mifflin. One division of the army was con- fided to General Winder, the other to General Strieker. 3. As soon as it was announced that the British were approaching the city, the militia flocked in from all quarters in such numbers, that neither arms, ammunition nor provisions could be supplied them, and the services of many were necessarily declined. 4. As it was expected that the enemy would land and attack the town from the east, heavy batteries were erected on the high grounds in that direction, and an en- trenchment thrown up in which the main body of the militia were posted. 5. Od the water side, the city was defended by Fort McHenry, garrisoned by a thousand men under Major Armistead ; two small bat- teries were erected on the south side, while the channel was obstructed by a number of sunken vessels. 6. On the 11th of September, 1814, the British fleet, numbering fifty sail, entered -2. How were the divisions commanded? 3 What was the effect of the announcement of the approach of the Brit- ish? 4. Where were batteries erected? 5. How was the city defended on the water side? What of the channel? 6. What is said of the British fleet? General Eoss Killed. 223 the mouth of the Patapsco, and on the 12th, a force of five thousand men was landed at North Point, fourteen miles from Baltimore. 7. General Strieker was ordered forward with three thousand two hundred men, to oppose their progress. He took a position about eight miles from the city, his right resting on Bear Creek, and his left covered by a marsh. 8. In a skirmish with the rifles, who were thrown in the advance, the British com- mander, General Koss, was killed. 9. General Brook, the second in command, continued to advance, and, at half-past three, action commenced with the main body by a heavy cannonade. 10. The fifty -first regiment having fallen into confusion, while executing an order, failed to keep its ground, and by its retreat the American force was reduced to about one third of the -enemy. Notwithstanding this disparity the line maintained its ground with the greatest firmness, pouring in a destruc- tive fire upon the advancing columns of the enemy. The artillery opened with terrible effect upon the left, which was opposed to the Questions.— 6. What force was landed ? 7. Who was ordered lor- ward? 8. Who was killed? 0. Who succeeded him? 10. What is said of the fifty-first? What further is said? 224 History of Maryland. gallant fifth, wliicli sustained the laurels won at Bladensburg. The front ranks of the enemy were frequently observed , throwing them- selves upon the ground to avoid the unerring fire that was poured upon them. 11. Finding his force unable to make head against the superior strength of the enemy, and having given them a severe check, Gene- ral Strieker ordered his line to retire to the position occupied by the reserve. This posi- tion being too exposed, he fell back nearer to the city. 12. The enemy did not attempt pursuit, and the brigade assumed a position near the entrenchments, ready for another struggle with the invader. Although the American loss was heavy, it bore no comparison to that of the British. The loss of the former was twenty-four killed, one hundred and thirty- nine wounded, and fifty prisoners; that of the latter was nearly twice as great. The British lost their leader General Koss, who had boasted that he would take up his winter quarters in Baltimore. 13. On the morning of the 13th, the British made their appearance within two miles of Questions.— 11. What did Strieker now do? 12. Did the enemy- pursue? What was the loss on each side? 13. Where did the British next appear ? Bombardment of Fort McHenry. 225 the entrenchments, on the Philadelphia road, as if endeavoring to gain the flank of the American position ; but being baffled by General Smith, they retired to their former position. / CHAPTER XXIII. Bombardment of Fort McHenry, 1. Having failed to take the city by land, the enemy hoped that an attack by v/ater would be more successful, and on the even- ing of the 13th, the fleet began to bombard the fort. 2. The garrison was composed of three companies of United States artillery, and three volunteer city companies, under Capt. Berry, Lieut. Pennington and Capt. Nicholson, besides six hundred infantry ; in all about one thousand men, under Col. Armistead. 3. The fleet being anchored two miles from the fort, and out of reach of its guns, the latter was compelled to receive the fire in silence. But a supposed advantage having been obtained, several vessels were brought Questions.— I. What took place on the l:ith ? 2. What composed the garrison? 3. What is said in this section? 226 History of Maryland. within range. The batteries immediately opened upon them with such effect, that they werd driven back to their former position. 4. During the night several rocket vessels and barges, with fourteen hundred men, sup- plied with scaling ladders, passed silejitly by the fort, and entered the Patkpsco. Suddenly as they drew opposite the six gun battery, Lieut. Webster, its commander, opened upon them with terrible effect. The Ibrt and ten gun battery, also poured in their fire. The havoc was dreadful. One of the barges was sunk, and the cries of the wounded and drowning, could be plainly heard upon the shore. The rest, having suffered a heavy loss, retreated to the fleet. 5. Just previous to the bombardment, Fran- cis S. Key, Esq., had, under a flag of truce, gone on board of the enemy's fleet, to obtain the release of a friend who had been taken captive. He was himself detained until after the bombardment. During the night he com- posed the national song, "The Star Span- gled Banner," descriptive of the scene which was passing, and of his own excited feelings. Questions. — 4. What was done during the night? How were they received? 5. What national song was composed this night? Peace. 227 6. Baffled by land and by water, the enemy determined to abandon the expedition. The troops were embarked on the 15th, and, on the 16th, the hostile fleet dropped down the Chesapeake, leaving the city filled with joy at her triumphant preservation, mingled with sorrow for the brave men who had died to defend her. 7. Early in the ensuing year, the war was closed. The treaty of peace was signed at Ghent on the 24th of December, 1814, and ratified by the United States, on 17th of Feb- ruary, 1815. CHAPTER XXIV. 181 5-1 848 — Ek70RM — Internal Imjwovements — Chesa- peake and Ohio Canal — Rail Roads — Haliimoi^e and Ohio Rail Road — Other Rail Roads — Colonization So- ciety — Pecuniary Crisis — Mexi.can War. 1. The people of Maryland began now to turn their attention to the affairs of their own State. Baltimore had grown very rapidly and under the existing constitution, her re- presentation in the legislature was not pro- portioned to her population. Questions.—^. What is said in this section? 1. What is said of Baltimore ? 228 History of Maryland. 2. By the system of that day, a minority of the people could determine the choice of the senate, the governor and council, and the legislature. 3. The senate was not chosen directly by the people, but by electors, two from each county, and the governor was appointed by the legislature; thus the influence of ten small counties, if brought to bear, could overpower that of the larger. 4. After many years of fruitless eftbrts, a reform was effected. The election of the governor was given to the people, and his term of office fixed for three years. The council was abolished, and a secretary of State provided. The senate was re-organ- ized and was to be elected by the people. 5. The constitution of the house of dele- gates was materially altered, and the number of delegates was distributed more in accord- ance with the population of the several coun- ties and towns. 6. In 1823, the subject of internal improve- ments became an absorbing theme in Mary- land. The immense mineral resources of the western part of the State, the iron and the Questions.— 2. What of the senate and governor? 3. How were they chosen? 4. What change was made ? 5. What change in the house of delegates? 6. What is said of internal improvements? Internal Improvements. 229 coal, made it important that the designs of the Potomac Company should be completed. Bat after repeated efforts, it was found that the mode of navigation proposed by the Poto- mac Company was insufficient. 7. It was, therefore, proposed to incorpor- ate a new company, to which the old one should surrender its privileges, for the pur- pose of making a canal along the river to its head, and thence to the Ohio. In pursuance of this plan the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company was incorporated in 1824. 8. This canal has its terminus at George- town. The city of Baltimore naturally feared that the trade with the west would be drawn from her. As she had no means of competing by canal or water routes with the interior, her attention was drawn to railways. 9. At this time, rail roads were an un- tried novelty. In England, the engineers and capitalists were agitating the subject of this means of transportation between Liverpool and Manchester, — the first passenger rail road ever constructed, — and simultaneous with this movement the leading citizens of Baltimore were contemplating the organization of the Questions. — 7. AVhat new company was formed? 8. What is said of Baltimore? 9. Wtiat of rail roads? 20 230 History of Maryland. Baltimore and Ohio Eail Road — the first in this country. 10. The first persons to propose this mea- sure were George Brown, Esq., and his asso- ciate, Philip E. Thomas, Esq. The far-reach- ing sagacity of these men, and the wonderful results that have developed themselves in connection with this road, render their names as worthy of honorable mention as those of any that grace the history of Maryland. 11. In Eebruar}^, 1827, these men called a meeting of the citizens of Baltimore, and a memorial was, at once, presented to the legis- lature : in ten days after a charter was granted. 12. A rail road was also projected from Baltimore to York, Pennsylvania, and an act of incorporation was obtained, under the title of the " Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail Road." The title was subsequently changed to "Northern Central Rail Road." The "Wes- tern Maryland Rail Road" was also projected, but for many years it was suspended. The Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road was also built. This branch has proved very profitable to the State. QuesUo7is.— 10. Who were the first to propose the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road. 11. When was the first meeting called ? 12. What other road was projected? Financial Crisis. 231 X 18. Daring this period, the American Colo- nization Society was formed, for t-he purpose of establisliino- colonies on the western coast of Africa, and of settlinsr there those emanci- pated blacks, who should be willing to return to the land of their forefathers. A branch of this Association was immediately formed in Maryland. Finding that, by its connexion with the National Society, it was liable to the vexatious interference of Northern abo- litionists, it determined to form an indepen- dent organization, and plant a separate colony under the name of "Maryland," in Liberia. — This society received aid from the State, by an annual appropriation of one thousand dol- lars. 14. In 1837, a great financial crisis occur- red. There was great distress in all parts of the country. Suspensions and failures in business became of every day occurrence. In addition to private distress, the national treasury itself was plunged into a state of bankruptcy. 15. Of course, Maryland did not escape. Her liabilities were very great, as the State had subscribed very liberally to the public Questions.— \3. What is said ofthe Colonization society? 14. What occurred in 1S37? 15. What is said of Maryland? 232 History of Maryland. improvements. It was found that, on the finst of December, 1840, there would be a deficit in the treasury of six hundred thou- sand dollars — an amount almost twice as great as the whole revenue of the State. 16. Instead of following the example of some of the other States, by repudiating her debts, it v/as resolved that a direct tax should be levied on the property of the people ; as a means of revenue it also adopted the stamp system on all pecuniary obligations. By the energetic measures recommended by Gov- ernor Pratt, she redeemed her credit, and her financial condition has ever since been highly prosperous. 17. In the Mexican war, which broke out in 1845, Maryland was represented by many brave and distinguished heroes, among whom was Major Samuel Ringgold, who, at the head of his battery of light artillery, had distin- guished himself throughout that conflict. He was killed at Point Isabel, in Texas, May 11th, 1846'. He is buried in Greenmount cemetery, near Baltimore. * 18. Colonel Wm. H. Watson distinguished himself at the battle of Monterey. He fell a Questions.— IG. How did she relieve lieiself o!' her difficulties? 17. Wheat is said of the Mexican war? Of Blajor Ringgold? 18. What is said of Col. Watson? Battles in Mexico. 233 victim to his ardor. Struck by a cannon ball he sunk in the arms of Capt. Oden Bowie, one of, his comrades, now governor elect of this State, and expired. 19. Lieut. Randolph Ridgeley, who distin- guished himself at the battle of Resaca de la Pal ma, and who had passed unscathed through so many scenes of blood, was instantly killed by being thrown from his horse. 20. In the battles of the valley of Mexico, the Maryland company of Yoltigeurs was dis- tinguished in the storming of the Castle of Chapul tepee, where they were thrown in the advance. Capt. John Eager Howard, grand- son of the hero of Cowpens, was the first officer to cross the parapet, and to leap down amidst the bayonets of the foe, slaying seve- ral of the enemy with his own hand. Capt. Archer and Lieut. Swan were also distin- guished for their courage. 21. Thus stood Maryland in 1848. Its credit established ; its property redoubled ; its internal improvements hastening to com- pletion ; its metropolis growing with a ra- pidity almost beyond precedent ; its com- Questions.—19. What is said of Lieut. Ridgeley? 20. What is said of the Maryhmd company in the battles of the valley of Mexico? Of Howard? 21. What is said of Maryland in 1848? 20* 234 History of Maryland. merce, agriculture and manufactures flourish- ing and improving, and its people proud of its past history, were welcoming home those gallant sons who had so sustained her repu- tation with the brave old Maryland Bayonet. CHAPTER XXY. Ee-sukvey of Masox and Dixon's Line — Nev) Con- fiiitution — Completion of Baltimore (nid Ohio Rail Road — Its Communication ivith Europe — Soidhern Boiairlary Line of tJic State — Commission appointed to Retrace the Line.. 1. Very little of interest transpired after the Mexican war, until the civil war of 1861. In 1849, a revision was made of the boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania. — The re-survey was made by commissioners appointed by the States of Maryland, Dela- ware and Pennsylvania. So accurate was the work of Mason and Dixon, that the change involved by the corrections amounted to less than two acres, which were added to the area of Maryland. 2. In 1851, a State Convention was ap- pointed to form a new constitution. By this Questions.— 1. What is said of there-survey of Mason and Dixon's line? 2. State some of the changes made by the Constitution of 1851? New Constitution. 285 constitution lotteries were made illegal ; im- prisonment for debt was abolished; the judi- ciary was made elective ; and, the fees of the officers were not allowed to exceed three thousand dollars; all in excess of this amount was to be paid into the State treasury. Other changes were made, but they were not of a permanent character. 3. On the first day of January, 1853, the Baltimore and Ohio Kail Eoad was finished to the Ohio Kiver. It had been promised, two years before, that it should be completed on that day, and true to the time appointed, the first passenger train from Baltimore ar- rived at the bank of Wheeling Creek. 4. Thomas Swann, Esq , the present gov- ernor of the State, was president of the road at that time. It was to his boldness, elo- quence and confidence, sustained by the skill, experience, energy and caution of the chief engineer, Benjamin H. Latrobe, Esq., that this work was carried through its difficulties to a successful completion — a work whose impor- tance to Maryland, and particularly to Balti- more, can never be over-estimated. Questions.— 3. When was the Baltimore and Ohio Kail Road com- pleted? What had been promised two years before? 4. Who was president of the road at that time? To what was the completion of tiie road due ? 236 History of Maryland. 5. Upon its completion, Mr. Swann re- signed. The presidency of this corporation, which exercises so controlling an influence over the whole business of Maryland, and even of neighboring States, has fallen into able and trustworthy hands. Such judicious connections have been made with western roads, that the distance between the seaboard and the great west, finds its shortest line along the Baltimore and Ohio Kail Eoad, which is, therefore, destined to form a part of the great highway between the two Oceans. 6. Availing themselves of this fact, the com- pany have made direct communication with Europe, by means of two lines of steamers, one to Liverpool and the other to Bremen. By the exercise of energy and tact, Baltimore is, in this way, the only American owner of Trans- Atlantic steamers, and that, too, with- out the aid of government subsidy. 7. The southern boundary line of this State was described in the charter as "a right line drawn from the promontory, or head-land, called Watkins' Point unto the main Ocean Questions.— o. When did Mr. Swann resign ? Who is the present president? What connections have been made? 6. What is said of communication with Europe? 7. How was the southern boun- dary of the state described in the charter? Southern Boundary. 237 on the East." In 1661, a dispute arose as to the precise location of Watkins' Point. 8. This dispute was settled by articles of agreement between Philip Galvert, commis- sioner for Maryland, and Edmund Scarbrugh, commissioner for Virginia, in the year 1668. (See page 81.) By this agreement, Watkins* Point was defined to be the luhole body of land between the north side of the Pocomoke bay and the south side of Annamessex bay, now Big Annamessex river. 9. The commissioners ran what was in- tended to be an east line, from "the extremest part of the westernmost angle of the said Watkins' Point." 10. All of the existing maps of Mary- land and Virginia being incorrect, the points named did not conform with the provisions of the charter; and, the time and manner of the early settlement of the boundary line being almost forgotten, the old question of the locality of Watkins' Point was revived. In 1858, Thomas J. Lee, Esq., was appointed commissioner for Maryland, in conjunction Questions.— 7. When did a dispute arise? 8. How was the dis- pute settled? 9. What was the line intended to be? 10. What is said of the maps of Maryland? Of the settlement of the dispute? When was a commission appointed to retrace the line? Wlio Was appointed for Maryland? 238 History of Maryland. with a commissioner from Yirginia, " to re- trace and mark the boundary between Smith's Point, at the mouth of the Potomac, and the Atlantic." 11. The commissioners, in retracing the line from AVatkins' Point, discovered that it did not run east. By the agreement in 1668, it was intended to be an east line, or a parallel of latitude; arid such a line would add about twenty-three square miles to Maryland. But as the error in the line was probably due to not taking into the account the variation of the compass, and as its direction was fixed by marks, the commissioners simply renewed such landmarks as were either lost or de* stroyed, and did not look to any change in the present limits of the State. Questiom.~U. What did the commissioner discover? What is the probable cause of this error ? Did they propose anj^ change Secession. 239 CHAPTER XXYI. CiiARACiER OF THE Period — Secessiofi of Eleven States — Riot in Baltimore — Injury to Troops, and Retaliation — Passage of Troops Prevented — Occupation of Baltimore — General Butler. 1. The period upon which we are about to enter is one of great gloom. It was charac- terized by that civil war, from the effects of which the whole country is still suffering. 2. In 1860 and 1861, eleven of the South- ern States, believing and declaring the com- pact of the Constitution to be violated, and their rights, both personal and political, to be in danger, asserted the right avowed and maintained by Massachusetts in 1811, that withdrawal from the Union was "the privi- lege of all, and might be the duty of some," and seceded. 3. The Federal Government, sustained by the Northern States, resisted this act with all its power. Massachusetts, which had been the first to proclaim the doctrine of secession, was among the first to send troops to crush her own offspring. Questions. — 1, What is said of the period upon which we are about to enter? 2. How many of the States seceded? Why did they secede? 3. What is said of the Federal Government? What of Massachusetts? 240 History op Maryland. 4. On the IStli of April, 1861, Fort Sum- ter, at Charleston, S. C, surrendered to the Southern forces, and on the 19th following, the Massachusetts troops, in passing through the city of Baltimore, were attacked by a mob. 5. The police force of the city, in anticipa- tion of violence, had assembled to protect, by the arm of the civil law, the troops in their passage. The mayor of the city and the mar- shal of the police were indefatigable in their efforts to preserve the peace, which was ac- knowledged by some of the officers of the regiment. 6. Some of the troops, however, having been injured by missiles hurled from the crowd, lost all restraint of discipline, and fired among the people ; several citizens, innocent and distant spectators, were killed. 7. One of the mob thereupon seized a mus- ket from one of the troops and fired. Fire arms were then freely used, and some of the soldiery were killed. It was insisted by the police authorities that they had both the dis- position and power to control the riot, had Questions. — 4. State what is said in this section? 5. What is said of the police of the city? G. What happened to some of the troops, and what did they do? 7. What followed? What is said of police? Baltimore Surrounded. 241 the military restrained their fire. Blood, however, having been spilt on both sides, the bitterest feelings arose. 8. Great excitement prevailed for several days. On Sunday, April 21st, upon learn- ing that more troops were on the way to the south, many of the citizens prepared them- selves to resist their passage. The bridges on all the roads leading to the city having been destroyed, the troops found it impossi- ble to cross. Those who had come from Pennsylvania, by means of the Northern Cen- tral Eail Road, returned to their State, but those who were on the Philadelphia road were taken in transports to Annapolis. From Annapolis they marched to the Washington Rail Road and were thence transported in cars to the capital. 9. By this manoeuvre, Baltimore was sur- rounded, and from this time was under the control of the militarj^ General B. F. Butler, having taken military possession of the coun- try in the neighborhood of the Relay House, on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road, built batteries and established forts, as a prelimi- Questions.—S. What happeued on Sunday, 21st April? How did the troops reach Washington? 9, What is saidof this manoeuvre? What of General Butler? 21 242 History of Maryland. nary caution, and then secretly, by night, on May the 13th, marched fifteen hundred troops into the city, and posted them on Fede- ral Hill. The batteries were turned upon the city, as were also those of Fort McHenry. There were rumors, from time to time, of threats to destroy the city. 10. While in the neighborhood of the Ee- lay House, one of the soldiers in Butler's command, through imprudence in diet, was attacked with cholera-morbus. Such was the excitement of feeling that it was pronounced a case of poisoning, and the General imme- diately issued an order, — not to caution his men against unripe fruit, but — to intimate to the inhabitants of the neighboring villages and hamlets, that he had it in his power to poison them all. Questions.— 9. What of the batteries? 10. What happened while the troops were encamped near the Relay House? Arrest of Members of Legislature. 243 CHAPTER XXVII. Depaktment Commanders — General Banks — Provost Marshals — Arrest of Legislature — Anecdote — Espion- age — Generat D'lx — General Wool —General Schenck — Fish — General Wallace. 1. General N. P. Banks, having been ap- pointed commander of the Department of Annapolis, with his head-quarters at Balti- more, occupied the Exchange, Monument, Square, and other public places with troops and loaded cannon. He also deposed the mayor and police commissioners, and ap- pointed provost-marshals. 2. By his orders, General McClellan, in September, arrested the members of the legis- lature, which had removed its place of meet- ing from Annapolis to Frederick, after the former place was occupied by the Federal forces. 3. It is supposed that these members were arrested upon suspicion of entertaining the sentiments so boldly uttered by the delegates from Massachusetts, in Congress, in 1811, and the soil of Massachusetts was made their pri- -1. What did General Banks do? 2. What, General McClellan? 3. Upon what grounds is it supposed this arrest was made? 244 History of Maryland. son. No charge was ever made against these men ; they were confined for fourteen months, and when discharged were as ignorant as on the day of their arrest, on what account they had been deprived of their liberty. 4. An incident of this captivity is worth preserving. On one Sunday, a New England clergyman expressed a desire to preach to the prisoners. Upon its being made known to them, one of the gentlemen, of Baltimore, a venerable and venerated citizen, now holding a high judicial position, proposed to accept of his services, if he would preach from a text of their selection. The text chosen was one that had occurred that morning, in this gen- tleman's daily reading of the Scripture — Acts XXV, 27. "It seemeth to me unreasonable to send a prisoner, and not withal to signify the crimes laid against him." There was no ser- mon that morning in the fortress. 5. Under the provost-marshals, a system of espionage and surveillance was established. It was unsafe for men, or women, or children, to express in any way sentiments adverse to the views of these military chieftains. t^uestions. — L What anecdote is related? 5. What system \yas adopted under the Provost-Marshals? Generals Dix, Wool, and Schenck. 245 6. General Dix, of New York, who subse- quently had command of the department, was very strenuous in his endeavors to break up all communication with the South. To prove his efficiency he instituted the system of mid- night arrests, and domiciliary visits. Not- withstanding this he found it a difficult mat- ter, as it ever will be, when mother will communicate with son, wife with husband, or brother with sister. 7. Dix was succeeded by General Wool, an old army officer, who had rendered dis- tinguished services to his country in the Mexican war. His rule was generally ac- ceptable. It is usually found that men, who have been trained to govern, and are accus- tomed to rule, understand the art of so tem- pering authority with mildness, as to render them less intolerant and arbitrary than those " clothed with a little brief authority." 8. General Wool's course was severely censured by the Northern press. He was removed, and succeeded by General Schenck, a volunteer from Ohio. The history of this administration has yet to be written. His Questions.— G. What did General Dix endeavor to do? What system did he introduce? 7. Who succeeded Dix? What is said of him? 8. How was Wool's course regarded in the north? By whom was he succeeded? 21* 246 History of Maryland. chief man of business was the notorious Fish. The outrages of this man, at last, became so rank, that he was convicted of felony, and sent to the Albany Penitentiary, in New York. In a few months, however, he was quietly pardoned and discharged. 9. The administration of General Lew. Wallace was but a continuation of that of Schenck. 10. In September of 1862, the Southern army entered Maryland. It was opposed by General McClellan, and a battle was fought at South mountain, north-west of Frederick on the 14th; on the 17th, the celebrated bat- tle of Antietam was fought. General Lee finding himself opposed by so powerful a force, concentrated under General McClellan, returned into Virginia. 11. In 1868, however, Lee again returned to Marj^land. A terrible battle was fought at Gettysburg. The Southern troops were defeated, and again returned to Virginia. 12. In June, 1864, a portion of the South- ern army crossed the Potomac. In a battle Questions— 8. Wh.at is said of Fish? 9. What, of Geiipral Lew. Wallace? 10. When did the Southern Army enter Marj'land? What battles were fought? 11. When, the Battle ot Gettj'sburg? 12, When did Southern troops again enter Maryland ? Repeat what is said in this section ? Southern Troops in Maryland. 247 near Frederick, the Federal troops were de- feated. The Southern troops divided; a por- tion of them went towards the city of Balti- more and burned the governor's residence, situated within jQve miles of that city. The other portion crossed the country to Belts- ville. The troops posted there, four hundred in number, precipitately retreated, without waiting to fire a shot. The Southern troops followed in about three hours, towards Wash- ington, coming within eight miles of that city. Finding that about forty thousand troops had been concentrated there, they crossed the country, and joined the main body under General Early. 13. General Early took possession of Fred- erick, demanded and received two hundred thousand dollars as the ransom of the city. — General M'Causland received nearly one hun- dred thousand dollars as the ransom of Ha- gerstown. 14. These troops committed no depreda- tions upon private property. The burning of the governor's house was in retaliation for the burnins: of Gov. Letcher's house in Yir- ginia by the Federal troops. Questions. — 13. What is said of General Early? Of McCausland ? 14. What is said of the Southern troops ? 248 History of Marylaxd. CHAPTEK XXYIII. Maryland without History — Convention for New State Constitution — Adoption of the New Constitution — Its Provisions — Disfranchisement — Sjibsequent Lib- eral Interpretation — Change in Legislature — Another New Constitution. 1. It will be seen from the last chapter that during the civril war, Maryland had really no history. Her official acts were not the ex- pression of the people of the State, but were simply in accordance with the dictates of the military commander of the department. 2. The polls were closed to all who would not submit to take an oath prescribed by these men, an oath unknown to the laws of the State, required and administered by aliens to her soil. In some instances when men declined to vote, after the oath was pre- sented them, they were arrested and impris- oned for their refusal. Among thes6, was a former governor of the State. 3. Under this peculiar administration, a convention was held in 1864, for the forming of a new State Constitution. This convention was empowered to declare who should vote Questions. — 1. Repeat this section? 2. What is said of the polls? Of the oath? 3. What Convention was held ? Constitution of 1864. 249 upon its adoption or rejection. A set of ques- tions, which were to be answered under oath, was prepared for the judges to ask each voter. The questions concerned not only the acts and words of the voter, but entered even into his very inmost and secret thoughts. 4. Notwithstanding this inquisition, and the repugnance of men to subject themselves to a questioning so new, and so abhorrent to the feelings of freemen, the vote against the new constitution was so large that it was sup- posed that it had been rejected. But it was discovered that the returns of some of the soldiers, who were absent with the army, had not yet all been counted. When these were counted, it was found that the constitution had been adopted by a few hundred majority. 5. By this constitution a State Board of Edu- cation, and the new office of lieutenant-gover- nor were created. Slavery of the f^egroes was abolished, and a reoristration of the whites was adopted. This registration had the effect of disfranchising by far the largest portion of the inhabitants. Questions.— 3. How were people prevented from voting ? 4. Wliat is said of the vote on the Constitution ? Wiiat of the army vote? 5. What new offices were created? What was the effect of the registration? 250 History of Maryland. 6. After the conclusion of the war, prior to the election 'for delegates to the legisla- ture, the governor instructed the registers that the registry law was to be so inter- preted, that it should secure the citizen in his rights, and not deprive him of them, and that every one who presented himself, and would take the prescribed oath, should be registered without any further inquisi- tion, by way of questioning, excepting what is usual where fraud is suspected. The judges also were to regard the registration of the voter as an evidence of his legal right to vote. 7. The result of this liberal interpretation of the law was that a very large number registered; and the election that followed made a complete change in the legislature. 8. Among the first acts of this new body was that of calling a convention to form the present Constitution of the State, which was adopted by a majority of about fifty thousand votes, on the 18th of September, 1867. By this constitution the restrictions upon voting were still further removed ; the governor. Questions. — 6. What instruction did the governor give to the registers? 7. What wns the result of this liberal interpretation? 8. What was among the first acts of the new legislature ? What Is said of the new Constitution ? Governor Bowie. 251 Thomas Swann, was continued in office until January, 1869 ; the State Board of Education, and the office of lieutenant-governor, were abolished. 9. At a subsequent election, Oden Bowie, Esq., whose name has been already men- tioned in connexion with the Mexican war, was elected governor. 10. We have now completed the history of our beloved State and in it we find much to gratify our State pride, and increase our patriotism. It is this pride in her glory that has placed her sons among the most chivalric of the land, and it is in this pride, that is based our surest hope for the future. If twice in her history, she has bowed her head from her lofty position, it has been by no act of her own, but on both occasions' — the revolutions of 1664 and 1861— by the acts of aliens to her soil, or strangers to her principles, sustained by superior physi- cal force. Questions.— 0. Who was elected governor and when does he enter upon his office ? GOVEPvNOKS OF MARYLAND. 1777 — Thomas Johnsox. 1779 — Thomas Sim'Lek. 17S2— William Paca. 1785- William Small wood. 1788 — John Eager Howard. 1791 — Gkokgk Plater. 1794— John H. Stone. 1797 — JoHX Henry. 1798— Benjamin Ogle. ISUl — John Francis Mercer. 1803— Robert Bowie. 1806 — Robert Wright. 1809 — Edward Lloyd. 1811 — Robert Bowie. 1812 — Levin Winder. 1815 — Charles Ridgeley, of Hampton. 1818 — Charles Goldsborough. 1819 — Samuel Sprigg. 1822 — Samuel Stevens, Jr. 1825 — Joseph Kent. 1828— Daniel Martin. 1829- Thomas King Carroll. 1830 — Daniel Martin. 1831— George Howard. 1832— James Thomas. 1835— Thomas W. Veazey. 183S— William Grason. 1841 — Francis Thomas. 1844— Thomas G. Pratt. 1847 — Philip Francis Thomas. 1850— E. Louis Lowe. 1854— T. Watkjns Ligon. 1857 — T. Holliday Hicks. 1861 — Augustus W. Bradford. 1865 — Thomas Swann. 1867 — Oden Bowie, elected to enter upon his office January, 1869, 252 A NEW SCHOOL-HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Jusf Published in a neat and attractive volume, embellished icith a fine likeness o/Gkorge Calvert, Fii'si Lord Baltimore. A History of Mm'yJanfl, upon the basis of Mc- Sherry's, for the Use of Schools. By Henry Okder- DONK, A. M., late Presideiit of the Morylond Agy-icid- ticral College. 18o., half arabesque, 75 cts. From the Preface. — " In preparing this abridgment of Me-Sberry"s History of Maryland, while strictly observing its spirit, I liave not confined mj'self entirelj' to the text of that excellent work ; whenever I have thought a fact could be more clearly elucidated, or the narrative made more interesting tp the young, I have drawn freely from Bozman, from McMahon, from Bancroft, Irving, I>avis, and other authentic sources. The Proprietary government, under which Maryland was estab- lished and grew up, is known to her people almo.st only by its name, Y'et it is in that government that we find the germs of those principles of popular liberty that resulted in the Revolu- tion; and it is in the free institutions established under it, that we recognize the school in which our fathers learned both the true objects of government, and their own rights as individuals. Thereis perhaps no stimulus to worthy deeds, or at least to tli- preservation of self-respect, equal to that which is furnished in the legacy of a good name. That our youth should know how- rich the History of Maryland is in all that can inspire noble emulation, i.s not only desirable in itself, but is the surest pledge lliat they will be animated to deeds worthy of their sires, and that, by "imitating the virtue, the valor, and the liberality of their forefathers," they will hand down the State to posterity with untarnished lustre. In the hope that this little book may be instrumental in pro- moting this knowledge among the rising generation of our State, it is submitted to the public." Murphy & Co., PuhUshers and Boohsellers, Baltimore. Upwanls of 50,000 Copies of tlie Old EJition, have been Soli The FIRST CLASS BOOK of HISTORY, Designed for pupils commencinoj the Study of History; with Questions, adapted to the use of Aeadernica and Schools, by M. J. Kerney, A. 31., Author of Compen- dium of Ancient and Modern Hintory, Columbian Ariih- }neti,c, c^-c, ^'c, S)-c. 1'2d Revised Edition. Enlarged by the Addition of Lessons in Ancient History, . . 50 Eighteen, years of an interrupted success has established tlio supei-i'ir excellence of Kerney's First Class Book of History. Teachers having frequently expressed regret that the author had confined himself to Modern Times, instead of embracing in his ph^n the outlines of Ancient History, as he has done so .--ue- • •essfiilly in his larger work, the "Compendium of Ancient and Modern History," the Publishers have sought, in the present edition, to bring this valuable little book to a state of completion which would leave nothmg to desire. They have contided this task to a gentleman of experience, who has added to Mr. Ker- ney's work a short but complete Synopsis of Sacred and Ancient History, together with an interesting chapter on the Progress of Civilization. The Book might now be aptij'^ styled " Tiie First Class Book in L^niversal History." In addition to this entirely new matter, the Modern History has been enlarged by the intro- duetiim of several chapters, embracing the most important and recent events that have transpired in the civilized countries of world, including the late American Civil War. No pains have been spared in the revision and preparation of this Edition, with the hope of rendering it worthy, in every re- spect, of the high commendation and liberal patronage enjoyed by Mr. Kerney's Class Books. Heoomnienclations, JVotices, Sec. Messrs. J. Murphy & Co., Baltimore, May 28, 1868. Gentlemen: — I have carefully examined your new edition of the First Class Book of History, and 1 beg to express to you the satisfaction I have felt in its perusal. It is admirably adapted to the purposes of a text-book; the arrangement being such that it is calculated to fix in the youthful mind impressions rendered vivid by the easy, natural and interesting style of the narrative. As a practical evidenae of my appreciation of the merits of this book, permit me to assure you of my determination to adopt it in my own school. HENRY ONDERDONK. From the Port Tobacco Times. To tlie Scliool Commissioiiers. Gentlemen: — Permit me to direct your attention to a small work, just such as should be in all our schools. It is clear, comprehensive, 'impartial, and metes out even handed justice alike to each section and every portion of our country. I do not propose to describe tlie work; yoi; have too much discretion to endorse any work without first examining it. But it may not be inappropriate in me or in any one, who feels a deep solicitude in the training of our children, to call attention to such works as are proper to lie put in our Public Schools. The work I refer to, is The First Claf:^^ Book of Histori/. designed for pupils comitienoing the study of history, by M.'j. Kerney, A. M., and published by John Murphy Murphy & Co., Publishers and Booksellers, Baltimore. Recommendations, Notices, d'c. — Continued. S: Co., Baltimore. Those whoise prerogative it is to control the literature of our Public Schools, sustain a most responsible posi- tion; their influence will extend to generations yet to come upon the stage of action. This little work— little in bulk, in material ilimensions, but vast in its range and comprehensive in detail, is of just such a character as ought to be adopted in all schools, both public and private, and that through the entire length ami lireadtli of our country. But I apprehend that this most import- ant character in all histories — I mean its exact, even handed im- partiality—will exclude it from some sections of our great coun- try ; and I apprehend also that to you tliis very trait of honest, open truth telling will be its strongest recommendation; for what is history without truth but a fable, and what is distorted history but a lie ? We all have had to lament the introductiovi of such historical works without the power of redressing the wrong, as to say the least were partial, unjust, uneven, distorted, and often malignant. E. REED, Gleeb, Trinity Parish, Charles Co., Md. "We hope to see this little Book introduced into general use in the Public Schools of our county." Fort Tobacco Times. "We have given it a full examination, and feel satisfied that its earel'ul, concise, and attractive arrangement of historical facts must commend it to every practical teacher, and placed in the hands of a youthful student will tend to create a taste for his- torical reading. It is a ' multum in parvo'' that cannot fail to attract the attention which it merits." Denton Journal. "The best criterion of the intrinsic merit of this little manual of History is, that it has passed through Twenty-two Editions, and now 'comes to us enlarged by the addition of lessons in Ancient History. Mr. Kerney has done his woi-k well, and under the careful revision to which it has been subjected, this " First Class Book of History " really deserves the high reputation which it has acquired." Baltimore Gazette. " We have examined this work attentively, and take great plea; - lire in commending it to general favor. It is upon the inductive system, and wholij^ free from sectarian or political bias. A more suitable work to meet the object designed, could not, in our judg- ment, be placed in the hands of pupils, or prove more acceptable to schools. It is handsomely printed, substantially bound, and, altogether, cannot fail of attracting merited attention." Maryland Republican. "This little volume is a successful attempt of a Baltimore pu' - lisher, to furnish a Sch.of)l Book of History worthy of the Public Schools of Maryland. The style is terse; its statements of facts are made with great clearness and impartialit}'. It is most admirably adapted to beginners. We cordially commend it t ) our School Commissioners, and hope they will not overloijk it when they make their selection of text-books for the schools. Easton Star. "We have given the work some attention, and find it well writ- ten, simple and truthful. Its accounts of history from the begin- ning of time to the present are reliable, and the book should and will find its way in our Public Schools." CcntreviUe Observer. " From a hasty examination, we adopt the opinion that it is ex- actly adapted to the wants of our Public Schools, as well as Acade- mies and Seminaries generally. We can heartily recommend it as a proper substitute for those highly objectionable books now \\\ use in some of our schools." Westnunater Advocate. Murphy & Co., Publishers and Booksellers, Baltimore. LIST OF STANDARD SCHOOL BOOKS, Pnblisbcd by MURPHY & CO., 182 Ealliniore street, Baiiii^ore/^^^ Ktrney'H First Class Book of History. 22d edition, enlarged bv ^T* • the addition of Lessons in Ancient History ."..§ no Compendium of Ancient <£• Modern Historii, new revised' and enlarged edition, continued up to \mi, 1 2r> Abridgment of Murrai/'a Orammnr and Exercises 2'> Introduction to Columbian Arithmetic 2i> Columbian Arithmetic 50 Kei/ to do 40 The 'North American Spelling Book, designed for Elementorv Instruction in Schools, — an improvement upon all others, 18 Uuiversally conceded to be the best, and cheapest Spelhng Book publislited. Fredefs Modern Ilistori/. new enlarged ed. continued up to '07, 1 50 Ancient History, from the Flood, to the Roman Empire, 1 50 Lingard's History of England, abridged by Burke. "With INotes and Questions, by M. J. Kerne3% A. M 1 50 McSherry's School- History of Maryland, from lG;i4 to 1848 1 -jr, Onderdonk's History of Maryland, iov Seho^ls Tfy Catechism of Scripture History, revised by M. J. Kerney, A.M. 7'. Catechism of Ecclesiastical History {>.[> Murray's English Grammar — complete 4n English Reader — 180 / 3r> Ruddiman's Latin Grammar, (the Cheapest & Best published,) 73 Ars Rhehrica — Auctore, R. P. Martixo du Cygne, Soc. Jesu Editi^ Sec. Americana. In Usum CoUegii Georgiopoli- tani, S. J 7') WettenhaWs Greek Grammar — Rudiments of Greek Language 7'> SestinVs Elements of Algebra 7'' Tr-eatise on Algebra 1 (to Treati.se on Analytical Geometry 1 ."io A B C und Buckstabir und Lesebuch 15 Biblische Geschichte des Altenund Neuen Testamentes 40 Katholischer Katechismus 30 Kleinei Katechismus ;j Fibelfur die lieben Kleinen, gebraucht in den Schulen der deutschen Schulschwestern unserer lieben Fran ., 10 Lescbuchlein fur die lieben Kleinen, gebraucht in den Schulen der deutschen Schulschwestern unserer lieben Frau 15 In Press. — An Abridged History of the Church, for Schools. GiUesjiie's l*rogressive Systetn of PeiiniaiiHh i p, in G Numbers, with Steel Plate Copies at Head of each Page. $1 50 net per doz. This New and Complete system, desigi) • lead the pupils from the first principles in Penmanship to a free, open, ai. .ractical style of writing, adapted to general business purposes, is veil worthy the attention of teachers. Ircing's Catechisms — Grecian History — Grecian Antiquities — Ro- man Antiquities. Price per doz.. 1 20 net. School and Classical BooTis, Faper, Stationry, dc. Their stock of School Books embraces, in addition to their own, nearly all the Publications of the leading Publishers in the United States, comprising every variety of Primers, Spellers, Readers, Grammars, Arithmetics, Geographies, Histories, Dictionaries, etc.; also, Works on Elotution, Algebra, Geometry, 'J'rigonometry, Astronomy, Botany. Chemistry, Geology, and Mineralngv, ]*h'- l.'sophy. Rhetoric, and Logic, Book-keeping, Penmanship, etc., together witli a'l the leading Text-Books in Latin, Greek, French, Spanish and Geruiir. uearly all of which they are prepared to supply at Fublishem' wholeiale prices. Their Stock of Paper, Stationery, and School Requisites comprises every variety, which they are prepared to sell at the lowest rates. "' "" ' '"^_^J;' >'^-^ MuRPiiY & Co., PuhUshers and Boohsellei's, Baltimore.