i iii?sii?»}iH?i»j?ii».jir!i;i'.ii! !' ^l!!," ': Book ^MJAS Copiglitl\° COPYRIGHT DEPOSm MACE-PETRIE AMERICAN SCHOOL HISTORY By WILLIAM H. MACE Formerly Professor of History in Syracuse University. Author of "A School History of the United States," "A Primary History," "A Beginner's History," "Method in History" and GEORGE PETRIE Professor of History and Dean of the Academic Faculty of Alabama Polytechnic Institute Illustrated by HOMER W. COLBY and CARL S. JUNGE RAND McNALLY & COMPANY CHICAGO NEW YORK ./ Copyright, 1910, by Rand McNally & Companv ^!H«*^ :;te«- ^EB 13 1919 ©CLAf, 12357 THE PREFACE THE purpose of this book is to tell the story of our country. The authors have tried to write simply, without long sentences or unusual words, so that the book might be easy to understand. They have tried to deal fairly with all sections and all questions, so that it might be broadly and genuinely American. The story itself has always seemed to them full of interest and inspiration. The exploration and settlement of a new land, the winning of independence, the solving of great prob- lems of government, the growth of industry, the effect of inven- tions, the welding together of many nationalities into a great and free nation, the wonderful growth of that nation from obscurity to world leadership, — all these make a great story. It is not a long one, but it is crowded with action. At every turn there are bold deeds and stirring events. Yet it is more than a series of disconnected incidents. A golden thread connects them; a national purpose rans through our history. From colonial days down to the present, freedom has been our great American ideal. Our task has been to establish a more and more perfect liberty in a free and orderly country. To this we have bent our best energies, first in our own land and then in the world at large. In telling this story the authors have followed closely many valuable suggestions made by the Committee of Eight of the American Historical Association. They have emphasized the constant connection between American and European history, and have devoted more attention than usual to our neighbors • in North and South America. Sometimes it was difficult to do this without breaking the thread of the narrative. In these cases they have freelv used notes in the back of the book. iv The Preface This plan has also the advantage that the same explanation can be referred to whenever it may be needed in the text. The book is intended for school use. Therefore unimpor- tant details have been omitted, and so have elaborate discus- sions of disputed points. The paragraphs are brief and the headings carefully selected. Frequent cross references help the student connect what he is reading with what he has already read. In the back of the book will be found questions for review and suggestions for further reading. Care has been taken to select books that will be interesting and helpful. The authors believe that for young people especially the most effective approach to history is through lively incidents and deeds that stir the imagination. They have not hesitated to use these when they seemed to help the story. For the same reason they have made their description of famous men and great occasions as vivid as possible. To increase still further the sense of reality the book has been given the best illustra- tions obtainable and the clearest and simplest maps. Mace's School History of the United States has had a \\'ide use in many parts of the country, and has been tested in the school room. The authors have not hesitated to draw on this work freely whenever a sentence in it, or a paragraph, or a vivid word picture seemed to express an idea just as they wished it put. They have also used the illustrations from that book wherever they were suitable, adding others as they were needed. In all other respects this book is a new one. The authors have spent four years in writing it, and have spared no pains to make the whole work as up-to-date as possible. They have tried to include the best results of recent research, as well as the good old fundamentals. They hope that the result of their labor may help toward a deeper love of our country and a keener interest in its history.' The Authors January, 1919 THE TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE The Preface iii A List of the Maps x Period of Discovery and Exploration Europe Discovers America While Seeking India .... i Hunting for a Water Route to India i Columbus Seeks a New Route and Finds a New World ... 5 Where Europe Planted Institutions ii Conflicting European Claims to Territory li The North American Indian 20 Period of Colonization Virginia: The First Southern Colony 25 Trying Experiments 25 Winning a Foothold 29 Virginia a Royal Colony 32 ( The Other Southern Colonies 37 Maryland: A New Kind of Colony 37 Carolina: The Home of Many Kinds of People 40 Georgia: A Real Spanish Barrier 46 / Massachusetts: The First Puritan Colony 51 The Pilgrim Fathers 51 Puritan Migration to Massachusetts Bay -53 Dangers Threaten from the Outside 55 The Other New England Colonies 59 Maine and New Hampshire 59 Connecticut and New Haven 59 Rhode Island: Democratic in Politics and Religion .... 62 New York 64 The Dutch Settle New Netherland 64 The Other Middle Colonies . . . 68 Delaware 68 Y VI American School History PAGE New Jersey 68 Pennsylvania: A Home for the Persecuted 70 Life in the Colonies 74 Colonial Government 74 What the People Did for a Living 75 Social Life in the Colonies 80 Schools, Books, and Newspapers 87 Religious Beliefs and Customs 90 The Conflict over North America , •• • 93 Spain's American Empire 93 The Rise of French Power 95 The Beginning of the Struggle 98 The Last Conflict 102 Period of the American Revolution Struggle for the Rights of englishmen 113 The First Steps 113 The Conflict Begins 128 The Struggle for Independence 135 The Movement in Favor of Separation 135 The British Try for the Middle States 140 Winning Our First Western Boundary 154 Irregular Fighting on Land and Sea 157 War in the South 161 Winning Back the South 164 The Struggle for a Stronger Union 176 The Country Begins with State Sovereignty 176 The Constitutional Convention 183 The People Accept the Constitution 189 Period of the Growth of the Nation The Federalist Party in Power 192 The Condition of the Country in 1790 192 The Beginnings of Political Parties 199 Peopling the Great West . . ' 203 The New Nation Faces New Problems 208 The Fall of the Federalists . . . . ■ 212 The Table of Contents vii PAGE The Republicans in Power 214 Jeflferson's New Policy 214 A Hard Struggle for Freedom of Trade 221 The War for Commercial Independence 226 A New Era 237 Results of the War 237 The Country Grows 239 The Rise of Internal Improvements 242 The Monroe Doctrine 249 Old Parties Take New Names 251 Jacksonian Democracy 253 Sectional Differences 262 North, South and West Differ 262 The Tariff and Nullification 264 Slavery and Abolition 268 Western Problems 270 Texas and Oregon 270 The War With Mexico 276 Problems After the War 279 Growth of the Country 289 Growth in Area and Population 289 Growth in Morals and Religion 292 Education and Literature 295 The Growth of Industry 300 Political Struggle Between the North* and the South . 308 The Kansas Question 308 Changes in Political Parties 311 Secession and Confederation 318 The War Between the States 325 War Begins 325 The Blockade and England 332 The War in the Mississippi Valley 337 The War in the East 344 The West Once More 352 The Effect of the War on Politics 357 The Georgia Campaign 358 West of the Mississippi : . . . . 362 The End of the War 364 Facts About the War 371 viii American School History Period of Consolidation and Expansion PAGE Reconstruction in the South 377 The Plans of Lincoln and Johnson 377 Reconstruction by Congress 380 New Questions Before the People 385 Foreign Relations 385 Old Parties Divide and New Ones Arise 386 The Growth of Schools 399 How Americans View Education 399 vSouthem Schools 400 Schools of the Nation 401 Other Means of Education .... 403 Growth of Literature 406 Industrial Progress 409 Northern Industry Immediately after the War 409 Growth of Industry in the Nation 411 The Struggle between Capital and Labor 420 The Beginning of Expansion 423 Causes of the War with Spain 423 The Leading Events of the War 426 America in the Far East * 430 New Political Ideas 432 Recent Events . . .♦ 454 The Great European Struggle 454 THE APPENDIX I. Notes xiii II. Study Questions and Collateral Reading .... xxxvi III. The "Mayflower" Compact lii IV. The Declaration of Independence lii V. Provisions of the Constitution Ivi VI. The Constitution of the United States .... Iviii VII. A Table of the States 'and Territories .... Ixxii Date of Admission, Area, Population, etc. VIII. Growth of the United States Ixxiii The Increase in Town and City Po])ulation. IX. Gross Area of the United States Ixxiii The Appendix ix PAGE X. Facts about our Latest Dependencies Ixxiii XI. A Table of the Presidents Ixxiv XII. Some Statistics of the United States and Territories Ixx Representation in Congress, School Statistics, etc. A Pronouncing Index Ixxvi The Index Ixxix A LIST OF THE MAPS PAGE Old Trade Routes to India 2 Portuguese Voyages to India 4 The World as Known in the Time (jf Columbus 5 The Four Voyages of Columbus 8 Magellan and Drake's Voyages Around the World 11 Routes of the Conquerors, Cortes and Pizarro 12 The Routes of Coronado and DeSoto 14 Early Settlements in " Virginia " 20 The Distribution of Indian Families and Tribes (in colors) Facing 22 London and Plymouth Companies 26 Territory Claimed by Virginia under the Charter of 1609 .... 29 The Maryland Colony 37 The Carolina and Georgia Colonies 40 The Settlements Along the New England Coast 55 The Region Ruled by Sir Edmund Andros 58 The Connecticut and New Haven Colonies 61 Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations 63 New Netherland and the "Five Nations" 65 North America in 1650 (in colors) Facing 68 East and West Jersey and the Surrounding Colonies 69 The Early Settlements in Pennsylvania . . . ' 72 French Explorations and Posts 96 North America in 1750 (in colors) Facing 102 Fort Duquesne and Its Approaches 105 European Possessions, 1763 Facing 112 The Colonies During the Revolution (in colors) Facing 128 A Map of Boston and Vicinity 130 The Military Movements in the Middle Colonies, 1 776-1 778 . . 140 The Campaigns Around Philadelphia 145 Burgoyne's Campaign 149 The George Rogers Clark Expedition 157 Campaigns in the vSouth During the Revolution 165 The War in Virginia 169 Siege of Yorktown 173 The United States at the Close of the Revolutionary War (in colors) Facing 176 The Northwest Territory 181 X A List of the Maps xi PAGE Growth of Settled Area in 1790 and 1800 192 Early Trails and Post Roads 196 The United States After the Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (in colors) Facing 216 Expeditions of Lewis and Clark, and of Pike 218 The Scene of the War of 181 2 227 Campaigns in the North and East, War of 1812 232 The Floridas from 1763 to 1783 240 Florida from 1810 to 1819 240 The United States in 1821 (in colors) Facing 242 The Electoral Vote for President in 1824 251 The Vote of the House of Representati-^^es in the Election of 1825 . 254 The Railroads of the United States in i860 305 Early Trails Leading to the Pacific Coast 270 The Oregon Boundary Dispute (in colors) . Facing 274 The Texas Boundary Dispute 275 Territory Gained by the Treaty of Peace, 1848 279 Coal Field of the United States 302 Changes in vSlave and Free Territory, i 820-1 850 (in colors) Facing 288 Slave and Free States After the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854 (in colors) Facing 310 Charleston Harbor and Its Approaches 322 Union and Confederate States, 1861 (in colors) . . Facing 328 Blockade of the Southern Ports 334 Campaigns for the Western Border States 339 The Peninsular Campaigns . . ■ 345 The Battlefield of Gettysburg • 352 The Campaign Around Vicksburg 353 Chattanooga and Vicinity 354 The Georgia Campaign and Red River Expedition 360 Territorial Growth of the United States Since 1776 (in colors) Facing 378 The Alaskan Purchase of 1867 386 The Hawaiian Islands 397 Industrial Map of the United States (in colors) . . . Facing 412 Porto Rico and Cuba 424 The Philippine Islands 430 The United States and Its Possessions (in colors) . . Facing 432 The' Republic of Panama 435 Growth of Settled Area from 1870 to 19 10 . . 446 Status of Woman vSuffragc, 19 18 461 COLUMISUS SlGHllMLi L,AND The beginning of the history of our country AMERICAN SCHOOL HISTORY Period of Discovery and Exploration EUROPE DISCOVERS AMERICA WHILE SEEKING INDIA HUNTING FOR A WATER ROUTE TO INDIA I. Northmen visit America. We do not know when Europeans first came to the shores of America. The Northmen from Norway settled Iceland and then Green- land. About the year I GOO a bold sailor, Leif Ericson, reached the coast of Labrador or of New England. These men of the North, fair haired and brave, were every one of them war- riors, and sailed on their voyages of discovery in great open boats driven by oar and sail. They were eager for conquest, and settled in a region they called Vinland. The Indians probably drove them away. The 2 Europe Discovers America While Seeking India story of the Northmen did not reach Europe until long after Columbus had found America. 2. The Turks smash the old trade routes to India. For many, many years the Christian church encouraged its people to go on pilgrimages to the Holy Land. But the Turks, a band of cruel warriors, followers of the Mohammedan religion, conquered the Holy Land and drove out the pilgrims. For nearly two hundred years (1095-1291) the nations of western Europe sent thousands upon thousands of soldiers to win back the Holy Land, but in the end they failed. The Turks now pressed into Europe. They destroyed the different trade routes over which the merchants of Venice and Genoa had brought from the Far East the richest trade in the world. O P E ^ Y 1 ,^ 'J >^ "> 'o* INDIA iV '■■.OCEAN Middle Route Northern liontc Controlled by Genoa Southern Route Controlled by Venice — ■ — r— 1— 1 — , OLD TRADE ROUTES TO INDIA FOLLOWED BY EUROPEAN MERCHANTS The ships and caravans traveling over these routes sought the silks and spices from India and the Spice Islands for the rich traders of Venice and Genoa . 3. Marco Polo and his book. Just when the long wars for the Holy Land were drawing to a close, (§2) Hunting for a Water Route to India After a medallion in Yule's Life of Marco Polo MARCO POLO DICTATING AN ACCOUNT OF HIS TRAVELS IN THE FAR EAST Marco Polo, living in Venice, began his travels through- out eastern Asia, especially in China. He traveled in these countries for more than twenty years. When he re- turned he wrote the story of all he had seen and heard. He told of strange peoples and their curious customs, and of the wonderful riches of the cities he had visited. To the merchants of Europe these stories seemed an invitation to go to the Far East and bring back some of the great riches. But the Turkg had broken up the old trade routes. A new way to India had to be found if Europe was to enjoy again the precious stones, the rich carpets and shawls, and the spices of that far-away land. 4. New rivals for India's trade. Just as Venice and Genoa had been rivals for trade over the old routes, Por- tugal and Spain strove with might and main to see who should be the first to find a new water route to India. At first Portugal led, thanks to the work of Prince Henry, From a colored print PRINCE HENRY OF PORTUGAL He established a school for sailors on Cape St. Vincent Europe Discovers America While Seeking India VMERICA CofGoo4Uope?T PORTUGUESE VOYAGES TO INDIA An all-water route to India was the object of the Portuguese the "Father of Modern Geography." He gathered wise men about him to study geog- raphy prob- lems and to help find the best ways of sailing ships. He sent his bravest sea captains on voyages down the unknown coast of West Africa. The sailors, not knowing much about the sea, im- agined many terrors: they believed a belt of fire ran around the earth at the equator, that the waters of the ocean ran uphill and downhill and that sea giants stood ready with great clubs to strike down the strongest ships. Prince Henry died, but the bold sailors of Portugal pushed on down the coast of Africa. Finally Dias (i486) passed the southern end and looked out upon the Indian Ocean. Returning he named the point of land the "Cape of Storms" but the King said: "Call it the Cape of Good Hope." For he hoped that some fine day his bold seamen would go on past it and at last reach India and the real Eastern lands. After the statue by Giulio Montverdo in the Museum of Fine Arta, Boston THE BOY COLUMBUS Columbus Finds a New World 5 Before this hope of the King of Portugal came true (§9), Columbus, sailing under the Spanish flag, tried to find a different way to these Eastern lands. (Map, page 8.) COLUMBUS SEEKS A NEW ROUTE AND FINDS A NEW WORLD 5. Early career of Columbus. Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, probably in 1446. He went to school, studied geography and astronomy, and later learned to make maps and charts. While yet a boy he often made THE VV.JRLD AS KNOWN IN THE TIMS OF COLUMBUS voyages on the Mediterranean. But stories of the deeds of Prince Henry drew many sailors from Genoa and Venice to Portugal. Columbus followed his brother there in 1470, and soon found himself in the midst of exciting events. His brother had been with Dias on his famous voyage, and Columbus began thinking about finding a shorter route to India by sailing west. Columbus, like many wise men, believed the world to be round. A friend in Italy sent him a map which 2 6 Europe Discovers America While Seeking India made the earth appear much smaller than it really is. On this map Japan and China were placed only about 2,500 miles west of the Canary Islands. For once a mistake in geography turned out well. It is not likely that any one would have made the voyage had Japan and China been shown on the map as they really are, 12,000 miles to the westward! Columbus was now bent on trying to find a shorter way to India by sailing west. 6. The long struggle for aid. True to the land of his birth, Columbus, it is said, offered in vain to make the voyage in the name of Genoa. He then turned to Por- tugal, his adopted country, but the king deceived him and Columbus felt compelled to seek for help in Spain. The Spanish rulers, Ferdinand and Isabella, were too busy driving the Moors^ (Mohammedans from Africa) out of Spain to give Columbus attention. Long years he waited (i 484-1 492). He grew tired and discouraged. COLUMBUS AND HIS SON ASKING ALMS AT THE CONVENT NEAR PALOS The prior of this convent was the person who begged Queen Isabella to call Columbus back Columbus Finds a New World His money gave out, so, in the fall of 149.1, he decided to leave Spain and appeal to the King of France for aid. One evening, while on his way to France, Columbus came near the port of Palos. He' asked at a convent for bread and a drink for his son. The prior of the convent, struck by the noble and dignified appearance of Colum- bus, invited him in. Columbus told him of his plans. The prior sent to Palos for two great sailors, the Pin- zons. They listened to Columbus and were convinced by his story. The prior mounted and rode with all speed to the king and queen. The queen de- clared that she would pledge her jewels, if necessary, to find a new route to India. 7. The first voyage (1492-1493). Columbus was now growing old, but he seemed young again under the excite- ment of getting ready for his great voyage. He was deeply religious. He pledged the riches he expected to find for a war against the Turks for the possession of the Holy Land. After solemn religious services, Colum- bus and his little fleet of three small vessels said good- by to the people of Palos. They sailed out of the harbor August 3, 1492. Sad were the hearts of the people and the sailors, for neither expected ever to see the others again. From the portrait by Antoais van Moor Reproduced by pormisMon of C. F. Gunther, Chicago CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS Europe Discovers America While Seeking India A r L A N T I C .,,,rA>s . Azores , , /=. • .■. LiibonWI ,,j\o5|j, c^'' Bebmuda Is. ^,8^" .Bahama v./ .-^ ^"<\|5:-- ^^^:^<«~.A j><>» Madeira I ^ ^// V' Departed. Sajil I th /;'' '., Colwnb'f^. 'Wf ^,-'''^ • " ^■^•''"''^Jl-' CaPF VtRDE-/. Is. , <.< SOUTH AMERICA O C J:.' A .V THE FOUR VOYAGES OF CtLlMBUS The period covered by Columbus on his four voyages to America was twelve years They sailed directly to the Canaries, where they spent some time in making repairs. When all was ready the ships took up their way across an unknown sea. As the Canaries faded from sight the sailors broke down and cried. For over a month they sailed directly west. The sailors grumbled about the winds. When the ships came upon a region filled with grass the sailors were frightened for fear they would run upon sunken rocks. When the compass failed to point to the north star the men went wild and threatened to throw Columbus overboard. He quieted their fears by calling their attention to signs of land, such as green branches and flocks of birds. One evening, after they had sung the vesper hymn, he told how good the Heavenly Father had been to them, that now they were not far from land and no ship should sail after midnight. That very night Columbus saw, far in the distance, a glimmering light rising and falling as if it were carried by some one. On the ship not an eye was closed. Columbus Finds a New World 8. The landing of Columbus ; his return and reception. The next morning, October 12, Columbus, with his officers and sailors around him, landed on one of the Bahama Islands, San Salvador. He was disappointed, for he saw no wealth, only half-naked savages. He pushed on and discovered Cuba. He lost his largest vessel, and after collecting plants, fruits, animals, and Indians set out on his return. When Columbus appeared in the harbor of Palos once more there was great joy in that old seaport town. He hastened at once to the rulers to tell them of his great discovery. They received him with pomp and splendor. When he retired to his lodgings the people followed him with shouts and cheers. How strange all this appeared to the man who, two years before, had been begging bread for his little son! 9. Spain and Portugal aroused. The people of Spain were the first to be stirred by the news of this great event. After the painting by John Vanderlyn COLUMBUS CLAIMING POSSESSION BY PLANTING THE FLAG OF SPAIN ON THE ISLAND OF SAN SALVADOR lo Europe Discovers America While Seeking India Everybody wanted Columbus to hasten on a second voy- age. Fewer than loo men went out on the first ; now over From the paioting by Rieardo Balaca THE RECEPTION OF COLUMBUS AT BARCELONA This scene must have seemed very strange to the Indians who came with Columbus 1,500 were to go. Then but three small ships set sail, now there were seventeen. All Spain was alive to this voyage. But nothing more was discovered than Jamaica and Porto Rico. On a third voyage (1498) Columbus reached the mouth of the Orinoco, but thought it a river of India. On this voyage he was seized by jealous Spaniards. They carried him home in chains, but the kindly Isabella set him free. He sailed on his last voy- age in 1502, but he returned disappointed, despised, and neglected. He died in 1506, never dreaming that he had given Europe a new world. The very land that Columbus discovered was named, not after him, but after another, Americus Vespucius. Conflicting European Claims to Territory II Of this man we know very little. He sailed along the coast of America and wrote to his friends about it. These letters were printed, and his name was given to the new country. Spain had not found a new way to the East. But Portugal had succeeded. Her seaman, Vasco da Gama, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and boldly sailed on to India (1498). He was welcomed there, and carried home a ship load of silks, spices, and other valuable things. A new way had been found, and Portugal was now the great center for Eastern trade. WHERE EUROPE PLANTED INSTITUTIONS CONFLICTING EUROPEAN CLAIMS TO TERRITORY 10. Spain leads Europe. Spain already had posses- sion of the West Indies by right of discovery and settlement. In 15 13 Ponce de Leon found and named Florida, and Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and planted the flag of Spain in the waters of the Pacific. But 1 5 19 was a most famous year in Spanish history: Magellan^ began his three years' voyage around the world and Cortes entered upon the conquest of Mexico^ that ':-. F A C I F^J-'C \ ®PHIUPPINE ISLANDS ^ . LADROiieTSLANDS ,- - ^,.'*4( ,."'c>><;.^(mARIANNE) .strait of Magellan MAGELLAN AND DRAKE S VOYAGES AROUND THE WORLD 12 Where Europe Planted Institutions T ATLANTIC VLF O. MEXICO ^ 1 p-4:--^=-v. ^'*"V OCEAN P 4 C 7 ii^ i C / 'Quito Ouifof \ n C ^ 4 iV ^""""""'^^ » year. Magellan proved that the world is round and that Columbus had discovered not India but a new world. Cortes won a city and a coun- try for Spain far richer than any Columbus had ever dreamed about. Pizarro, following the example of Cor- tes, found Cuzco and Peru, the richest city and country in gold and silver in the world. Pizarro was murdered by some of his men. II. Mexico and Peru. The natives in Mex- ico and Peru were more civilized than any the Spaniards had seen. They had cities, well built houses, and even flower gardens. They had rules for trading and judges to enforce them. Many things were made of gold and more of it was constantly coming from the mines. The gold and silver proved to be the ruin of the Spaniards. It filled their minds and led them to plunder the country rather than build it up. 12. Spanish missions. With the conquerors were others who came not to take away the gold and silver, but to teach the natives a better life. In many places , Cuzco - ROUTES OF THE CONQUERORS, CORTES AND PIZARRO Their conquests of Mexico and of Peru brought untold stores of riches io Spain Confiiciing European Claims to Territory 13 they made small settle- ments, called "Missions." In these were a church, a simple school, and perhaps a rude hospital. Nearby was a carpenter's bench, or a forge. Further off were cultivated fields. Here the missionaries preached and taught, trying to make the natives Christians and to train them in the simple arts of everyday life. 13. The work of De Soto (1539) and Coronado(i54o). Ferdinand de Soto, one of Pizarro's leaders in Peru, burned with ambition to outdo his master. He began to explore Florida with a large army, treating the Indians cruelly. De Soto and his men marched many weary miles. They discovered the Mississippi (1541), crossed it, and wandered as far north as Missouri and as far west as Oklahoma. Worn out and ill, De Soto died and was buried in the river he had discovered. Not half of the wretched expedition reached Cuba, the starting After an old engraving FRANCISCO P;ZARRO Pizarro is known as the Conqueror of Peru and her people, called the Incas DE SOTO DISCOVERS THE MIGHTY MISSISSIPPI place. 14 Where Europe Planted Institutions Coronado, before he knew the fate of De Soto, marched with a large expedition from Mexico into Arizona. He probably marched farther north, but failed to find the rich cities of Indian tales. Instead, he found vast herds of buffaloes, and the towns of the Zuiii cliff dwellers and beheld with wonder the beauties and grandeur of the Grand Caiion. The Spaniards made permanent settle- ments at St. Augustine, Florida (1565), and in New Mexico at Santa Fe (1582). But the failures of De Soto and Coronado, and the wonderful riches found in Mexico and Peru, turned Spain's efforts to the southward. 14. Spain and her rivals. Spain had taken the lead in America. She was now at the height of her power, proud of her possessions and rich in the gold that came from them. But she had strong rivals in France and England. They too were eager to have a share in the new world. Could Spain keep them out? She held South and Central America. She had made some settlements THE ROUTES OF CORONADO AND DE SOTO Along these pathways, these soldier-explorers discovered the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the great Mississippi River Conflicting European Claims to Territory IS in North America. Could she hold that also? France and England were already making claims to a part of it. ST. AUGUSTINE IN THE TIME OF MENENDEZ From an old print 15. French claims to American territory. Hardy French fishermen had early sought the fine fishing waters along the shores of Newfoundland (1504). Verrazano, a Florentine sailor under the French flag, visited the North American coast from the Carolinas to New Eng- land. It is said that he sailed into the Bay of New York (1524). In 1534 Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Law- rence River to a place he named Montreal. An effort to plant a settlement failed. Not until 1605 did France plant her first permanent colony, at Port Royal, in Nova Scotia. (Map, page 22.) Samuel Chamiplain soon followed with a colony at Quebec (1608). Thus France laid the foundation of her empire in the northern part of the New World. 16. French and Spanish in Florida. An attempt to settle in Florida was not so successful. It was made by a party of Huguenots, as the French Protestants were i6 Where Europe Planted Institutions called. They were seeking a new home where they could have freedom to worship as they chose. On the advice of their great leader, Coligny, they came to America and settled on the St. Johns River. Spain claimed all of Florida and sent Menendez to destroy them. He was merciless and killed nearly all. Other Frenchmen came and hanged many Spaniards in revenge. But they could not take the fort that Menendez had built. The French attempts failed. But the Spanish fort was the beginning of the Spanish town, St. Augustine, the oldest permanent settlement jn the United States. 17. The claims of England; John Cabot (1497). Eng- land was in the field as soon as stingy Henry VH could fit out John Cabot, formerly of Venice but now of Bristol. The king sent Cabot forth to find a northwest passage to India. Cabot saw the eastern coast of North America. On the basis of this discovery Eng- land laid claim to the whole of North America. Nearly a hun- dred years went by before Eng- land took advan- tage of the voy- ages of Cabot. In the meantime Spain held the southern part of North America and France the northern. Bitter rivalry kept them from uniting to crush England. When Queen Elizabeth came CABOT TAKING POSSESSION OF NORTH AMERICA FOR THE KING OF ENGLAND On the spot where he landed Cabot planted a large cross and beside it the flag of England Conflicting European Claims to Territory 17 to the throne she found a great quarrel raging with Spain.* The English sailors, Hawkins and Drake, took up the quarrel and sought Spanish treasure ships, cities, and colonies. They robbed and burned wherever able until Drake became the terror of the seas. On one voyage he sailed into the Pacific and up the coast of South America to what is now California. The next spring he turned his prow toward India and sailed around the Cape of Good Hope. When Drake reached home (1580), he was made a knight by the queen. 18. Raleigh finds a better way to defeat Spain. Sir Walter Raleigh stood high in Elizabeth's favor. He hated the Spaniards because they were plotting to kill England's queen. He saw that planting colonies was a better way to beat the Spaniards than fighting them. He told the queen so, and took up this work with enthu- siasm. He sent two ships to explore what is now the Carolinas (1584). They returned with charming stories of what they had seen. The queen named the whole country, from^ Maine to Florida, Virginia, in honor of her own virgin life. A colony of 100 men was sent to America under Ralph Lane as governor. They settled on Roanoke Island (1585). But they were lazy and instead of raising food spent their time in an idle search for gold and silver. From the original portrait attributed to Sir Antonis van Moor SIR FRANCIS DRAKE Drake was called by the Spaniards the "English Dragon" i8 Where Europe Planted Institutions They were facing starvation when Sir Francis Drake looked in upon them and carried them home. The colonists took with them tobacco, which was soon to become the basis of Virginia's prosperity. But more valu- able still was the potato, which Sir Walter planted on his Irish estates. 19. The lost colony (1587). Spain was growing more and more angry and Raleigh hur- ried out another colony of 150 men and women. They occu- pied the old nest at Roanoke. Here Virginia Dare came to brighten the colony. She was the first English child who was born on American soil. John White, the governor of the colony, soon returned to England for more supplies. But a great Spanish fleet of 149 ships of war, carrying 30,000 soldiers, was now swooping down on England. Every ship and sailor was wanted at home. The great battle that followed almost destroyed the Spanish fleet. England breathed easier, and White sailed for Roanoke. But three years had gone by, and not a colonist could he From a portrait painted by Federigo Zuccaro SIR WALTER RALEIGH Raleigh was one of the favorites oj Queen Elizabeth POTATO PLANT AND TUBERS Conflicting European Claims to Territory 19 find. Raleigh sent an old sea captain, Samuel Mace, to look for them, but in vain. The word Croatan,^ THE SPANISH ARMADA More than one hundred and twenty-five vessels sailed from Lisbon to conquer England, but only about fifty returned to the home port carved upon a tree, was the only word they had left behind. They were indeed a lost colony. Raleigh had spent most of his fortune. But he did not lose heart, for he declared: "I shall yet live to see it an English nation." He was a true prophet. Before he died a great colony had been planted in Virginia: vessels loaded with the products of the colony had sailed into London port, an Indian "princess" had married a Virginian and had been received by the king and queen. 20. The struggle begins. Spain now held the southern part of North America. France claimed the great valley of the St. Lawrence. Between them the English had explored the Atlantic coast and made their first attempt to settle there. The Dutch were soon to enter the Hudson River. Now begins a race between these three nations. Which would finally control North America? Would the Spanish go from the Gulf of Mexico up the great Mississippi valley? Would the French be quicker 20 Where Europe Planted Institutions Baltimore r J' ' '' ' -Ty- "'e;/^^ ! \^ T;. May ^ and pass into it first from the St. Lawrence valley? Or could the steady English and the Dutch settle the coast and then push over the mountains before the others gained the heart of the country? Between the Atlantic coast and the valley of the Mississippi ran a great line of mountains, the Appalachian range. But in it were gaps through which they might easily pass as the Indians had long done. It was to be a hard race and a long one. But in the way of all stood the Indians. For in claiming American territory no nation was troubled by the fact that the land they sought was already occu- pied. It was understood that heathen tribes had no rights of possession that Christians were bound to respect. It was only important to be the first European nation to discover a country and then to settle it at once. EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN "VIRGINI.\" The swamps about Pamlico Sound made permanent setllement impossible in this region THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN 21. The first Americans. Columbus called the people in America Indians because he was certain he had dis- covered parts of India. The Indians differed greatly The North American Indian 21 among themselves. In Central America they had erected fine temples, but these were in ruins when Columbus came. In both Peru and Mexico they had built mighty stone walls, had erected wonderful cities, and wore cotton clothes. In what is now Arizona and New Mexico still live the Pueblo In- dians in their flat-roofed buildings gathered in villages. In the prairie regions the Indians lived intents. They moved from place to place to find better grass, more abundant water, and plenty of game. South of the Great Lakes and eastward to the Hudson From an engraving by De Bry after a drawing made by Governor John White THE INDIAN TOWN OF POMEIOOC, VIRGINIA lived the Five Nations, forming a union or confederacy. They were great warriors. South of the Ohio were warlike tribes — the Powhatans, the Cherokees, the Chickasaws, Catawbas, Natchez, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles. 22. Indian characteristics and character. The Indians were copper colored, hence some have thought that they 22 Where Europe Planted Institutions came originally from Asia. The men, eastward from the Rocky Mountains, were tall, straight, and graceful, with piercing black eyes. Their cheek bones were high and their hair coarse, jet black, and straight. The women wore their hair long, but the warrior took pride in his scalp lock, a challenge to his enemy to take it if he could. They all loved show and took delight in bright colors. The Indians were silent and dignified. They were great warriors. Among them were also found great orators who could recite their wonderful deeds or paint their wrongs with great power. 23. The Indian as a warrior. Fight- ing was one ,of the Indian's chief occu- pations. When the white man came, the Indian was armed principally with bow AN INDIAN WARRIOR ^^^ avTOw , and a rude stone hatchet which he called a tomahawk. When going to war the Indian painted his body and face in most hideous fashion and put on his headdress of eagle feathers and claws to strike terror into the enemy. When all was ready the warriors gathered around a fire and indulged in a great war dance. They made hideous faces, screaming their war cries and shaking their weapons at imaginary foes. The war dance over they began their m? ch, single file, with noiseless tread. They seldom fought openly, but crept up silently and lay in wait for the enemy to appear. Then they sprang upon him, terrifying him with most awful yells, striking him down with the deadly tomahawk, and scalping him. Or it might be that they fought concealed by a dense forest, all the time keeping The North American Indian 23 up the most frightful yelHng. They wished to give the impression of great numbers while in fact their number was small. The Indian was a faithful friend but a most cruel enemy. His cruelty was shown in his treatment of prisoners. Sometimes indeed the prisoner was adopted into the tribe, and if not too old became a wife or a warrior. Some captives were enslaved, but more often they were tortured to death by any means which the savage mind could invent; maybe the prisoner was burned at the stake while warrior and squaw danced around with fiendish delight, heaping all sorts of abuse upon the dying prisoner. 24. Indian knowledge. Because his home was in the dense forest and on the broad prairie the Indian knew the sights and sounds of both. Because beasts, birds, and fish gave him food and clothing, he knew their hiding places. He knew how to take the fleet-footed deer, to trap the wary beaver, the sly fox, and the great bear, and to set snares for the wild fowl. He could imitate the sounds of beasts and birds to perfection. His ears and eyes were keen. He could make his way through deep forests by noting the thickness of the bark upon the trees. He was seldom surprised by an enemy. In the northern regions he fashioned a birch-bark canoe so small that only one AN INDIAN SQUAW 24 Where Europe Planted Institutions person could ride in it, or a canoe so large that it held a dozen fierce warriors. In the south he dug or burned out his canoe from the trunk of some great tree. 25. The Indian woman. The woman was the warrior's drudge. She did all the hard work. She planted the little patches of land and tilled them and gathered the products when harvest time came. She made the clothing, furnished the tents, and made the baskets and mats and other articles. When the tribe or family moved she carried the tent poles, and put up the tent unaided by the warrior. The children were the objects of her care. The "papoose" or Indian baby was carried strapped upon a board on the mother's back. 26. Distribution and government of the Indians. The number of Indians was never large and the tribes were widely scattered. They needed vast regions for hunting grounds. The Indian race was divided into families, and the families into tribes. The largest families were the Algonquin, the Iroquois, the Muskhogean, the Sioux, the Shoshones, and the families of California. Each tribe had a number of head men called sachems. Weap- ons and ornaments belonged to the individual Indian, but land belonged to the tribe. The Indians lacked a strong government. The best example of a united government was furnished by the Five Nations, or the Iroquois. They formed a confed- eracy or loose kind of union. The Iroquois could put several hundred trained warriors into the field, and their friendship was sought by all nations. It was fortunate for the white people that the red men had only a weak government. Even as it was the Indians of North America were the greatest obstacle the white man had to meet when getting a foothold on this continent. Period of Colonization VIRGINIA: THE FIRST SOUTHERN COLONY TRYING EXPERIMENTS 27. The first preparations. For many years after Raleigh's failure vessels trading with the Indians returned After a drawing made early in the nmeteenth century by an English traveler, Catherine C. Hopley THE SITE OF JAMESTOWN with the most wonderful stories of Virginia's beauty and riches. Finally the king divided all Virginia between the London and the Plymouth companies.^ He gave the same charter to each colony. He promised the settlers and their children that they should be English- men "as if they had been abiding and born within the realm of England." But the king took good care to keep most of the government in his own hands. With the help of preachers and poets, pamphlets and books, 105 persons were finally found willing to go to Virginia. The people perhaps remembered the fate of Raleigh's "lost colony." About half of the colonists were "gentlemen," who did not work with their hands 25 26 Virginia: The First Southern Colony and who did not expect to stay in Virginia. The others were laborers, attracted by the hope of riches, and were no more wilHng to work than the gentlemen. There was not a single farmer among them. Not the best kind of material for a colony! 28. The settlement made (1607). In May, with all nature at its best, three ships carried the settlers into the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. They landed where the Company had told them not to land — on a low, marshy peninsula, thirty-five miles above the mouth of James River. A rude fort was quickly built and cannon were mounted to protect the colony against the Indians and the Spaniards (§17), who were watching the outcome. Had the settlers been ever so indus- trious they would have found many things more inter- esting than work. They were in a new world, among strange sights and sounds ; about them were great forests alive with wild birds and savage beasts. Here lived a race of men with strange man- ners and customs and with natures only a little less sav- age than the beasts. LONDON AND PLYMOUTH COMPANIES The charter of these companies allowed them to plant settlements one hundred miles inland Trying Experiments 27 From an engraving on the margin of Smith's map of "New England" JOHN SMITH John Smith, who had been put in chains on the way over, came to the head of things by his own efforts What wonders their imagina- tions pictured! A few hundred miles inland might be another people living in rich cities like the Mexicans; or just over the mountains, the Pacific Ocean; among the hills, mines as rich as those of Peru; or deeper in the forests, streams whose waters flowed over sands of gold. These wild fancies led to idleness. Poor food, bad water, and a hot cli- mate sent more than half the settlers to their graves before fall. 28. John Smith, the hero of early Virginia. Among the set- tlers of Virginia was John Smith, a hero of many daring deeds against the Turks. In the midst of this gloom. Smith came to the front and took charge of the govern- ment. He had already explored several rivers, traded yq,; _s^--^ ^ ) with the Indians, i fes°t; ^^^ h^*^ been cap- ' ^ '^ tured and taken before Powhatan, the Indian chief. Fontunately he won the favor of Pocahontas,^ the chief's daughter, who kept the peace between THE MARRIAGE OF ROLFE AND POCAHONTAS her peOple and They visited England where Pocahontas was received fVio rxrVii-t-oo a-nA as an Itidian "princess" une WniXCS, anQ 28 Virginia: The First Southern Colony afterwards married John Rolfe. From this union sprang some of the proudest families of Virginia. Smith saved the colony by compelling the idlers to work. More settlers came, but Smith complained to the company. He declared, "When you send again, better send but thirty carpenters, husbandmen, gardeners, fishermen, blacksmiths, masons, and diggers of trees' roots, well provided, than one thousand of such as we have!" 30. The starving time (1609-1610). Smith's advice was not taken. More people of the same kind were sent over. But he compelled every man to work, resolutely asserting that "he that will not work shall not eat." Unfortunately Smith was wounded by an explosion of gunpow^der and had to go to England. Disorder at once broke loose. The lazy refused to work. The Indians kept back supplies and lay in wait to kill and scalp the settlers. Not enough houses had been built, and some people died from exposure. Food grew scarce, and scores starved. By spring only 60 out of 500 were alive. It was decided to leave Jamestown, but as the settlers sailed down the river they were overjoyed to behold three well-stocked vessels in the command of Lord Delaware. Jamestown was reoccupied. 31. The new charter (1609); a new kind of governor (161 1). The king came to the aid of the company and gave it a new charter. He extended its claim 200 miles each way up and down the coast from Old Point Comfort and "up into the land throughout from sea to sea, west and northwest." A governor with abso- lute authority, Sir Thomas Dale, now took charge of the colony. A bold soldier, he ruled by military law. His title was "High Marshal of Virginia." Offenders were Winning a Foothold 29 punished with terrible severity, but there was order in Jamestown. Dale gave each settler a plot of land to ^X^^ yj. ^.^ G A X A U A TERRITORY CLAIMFD BY VIRGINIA UNDER THE CHARTER OF 1609 This grant greatly enlarged the territory previously held by the London Company. Compare with map on page 26. You can see why Virginia 2cas called the "old dominion" work for himself. The effect was magical ; even the lazy went to work. Prosperity smiled on the colony for the first time. The long period of experiment was coming to an end. WINNING A FOOTHOLD 32. Raising tobacco makes Virginia prosperous. Eng- land was learning to smoke, but could not raise much tobacco. Virginia could. John Rolfe first began to culti- vate it. It turned out the best paying crop in the colony. The people became enthusiastic and planted the very streets of Jamestown. Plantations sprang up on each side of the James, and the people became content to 30 Virginia: The First Southern Colony spend their lives in Virginia. Before, everybody expected to return to England. Now they were willing to stay. ^•^ -^ ROLLING TOBACCO TO MARKET The first settler to cultivate tobacco in Virginia was John Rolfe, who became the husband of Pocahontas Tobacco raising brought two classes of persons to Vir- ginia: those wanting to obtain land to raise tobacco, and those who became laborers on the plantations. This second class were called "indentured" servants because, too poor to pay their way, they were bound by written agreement to work for the planter for a number of years. The custom of having indentured laborers spread through- out all the colonies. 33. America's first representative assembly (1619). The wisest men in the London Company saw that the settlers needed a better government than Dale had set up. They sent Sir George Yeardley as governor with a new char- ter or constitution. They sent him with orders to summon a representative assembly, called the House of Burgesses. This met July 30 in the little wooden church at James- town and began the work of self-government in America. Yeardley and his council, with hats on, took the front seats while the burgesses took the rear. The assembly Winning a Foothold 31 was opened with prayer, after which each member took the oath. A speaker, a clerk, and a sergeant were elected and sat facing the assembly. Yeardley's instructions were brought in and read in order to see whether there was "any law pressing or binding too hard, because this great charter is to bind us and our heirs forever," the burgesses said. Dale's "cruell lawes" were set aside and better ones took their place. One law punished the settlers for not attending the English Church. When the Revolution came 150 years later, the House of Burgesses furnished both camp and Congress with a longer list of brilliant men than any other assembly in America. Among them were Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, Pendleton, Harrison, Bland, Randolph, and Mason. . 34. Family and social life in Virginia (1619). With the govern- me n t m their own hands and with a new means of making a living open to all, Vir- ginia was in a fair way to prosper. P_ THE LANDING OF THE YOUNG WOMEN ON VIRGINIA'S SHORES had come to the colony, but in 1619 a shipload of maidens, "young, handsome and chaste," came to cheer the lonely bachelors in Virginia. From all the plantations around Jamestown came the settlers to choose their wives or to 32 Virginia: The First Southern Colony be chosen. It was not long until woman's hand was seen in better and happier homes. Within three years no less than 3,500 people came to the colony. 35. The Dutch introduce slavery. In 161 9 a Dutch vessel landed twenty negroes at Jamestown and sold them as slaves to the planters. Slavery already existed in the Spanish colonies and in many other lands. It soon found its way into every English colony. In Virginia the soil, climate, and leading occupation favored slavery. The slaves came slowly at first, but by 1700 they num- bered nearly a fourth of the people. 36. The Indian massacre (1622); the last days of the Company (1624). The new Indian chief hated the English. He saw that they were cutting down the for- ests and thus spoiling his hunting grounds. Almost without warning the Indians fell upon the settlers and killed and scalped 400 of them. Scores of miles up and down the James River the plantations were attacked and destroyed. The whites took terrible revenge and pursued the Indians deep into the forests. King James now saw his opportunity. He blamed all the colony's troubles on the London Company and took away its charter. The Company had done too well by the colony : they had granted the boon of self-government and had spent ;;^i 50,000 in founding the barrier Raleigh had wished to see (§18) against the Spaniards. VIRGINIA A ROYAL COLONY 37. Taxation in England and in Virginia. The English people denied the right of the king to levy taxes without the vote of Parliament.^ The Virginians took the same ground, and the burgesses again and again voted that no tax should be raised in the colony without their consent. Virginia a Royal Colony 33 Governor Harvey was turned out of office for wasting the taxes and for giving away lands belonging to the people. King Charles, who had been raising taxes unjustly, put him back in office. But Sir William Berkeley soon took Harvey's place (1642). 38. The Puritans and Cav- aliers. For a long time the Puritans in England had been quarreling with the king over church matters. Many of them had come to Virginia, but Governor Berkeley, who was a king's man, and the burgesses drove them out of the colony. More than one thousand of the Puritans went to Maryland, where there was religious toleration. In England the Puritans and the king soon went to war. Nothing could check the victorious Puritans under their great general, Cromwell. He took the king prisoner and the Puritan Parliament beheaded him. Cromwell ruled in his stead. The Puritans drove out many of the Cavaliers, as the king's friends were called. Hundreds of them were received with open arms by the Virginians, They were great people in the eyes of the simple They were educated, refined, and brave, and From a portrait painted by Sir Anthony Vandyke after Sir Peter Lely CHARLES I., KING OF ENGLAND A CAVALIER A type of the king's followers who were forced to flee to A merica colonists. 34 Virginia: The First Southern Colony added greatly to the welfare of Virginia. She had lost the Puritans, but gained the Cavaliers. From them came sorrie of the greatest names in the history of Virginia (§33). 39. Cromwell rules Virginia ( I 652 - I 660) . When Cromwell's battleships ap- peared Berkeley and the Cava- liers made ready to fight. Fortu- nately they agreed to submit on con- dition that they were "to enjoy such freedom and privileges as belong to the free-born people of England." Berkeley ceased to be governor and retired grumbling to his manor house. The burgesses for the first time elected a governor and council and ruled Virginia. Dur- ing this period Cavalier and Puritan lived in peace and Virginia enjoyed a free government, free trade, and free- dom in religion. But the death of Cromwell brought Charles II to the throne. There was great rejoicing in Virginia, for most of the settlers w^ere warm supporters of the king. 40. The king's friends again in power. Berkeley now became governor again and the burgesses passed laws banishing Baptists, Quakers, and others who did not CROMWELL DISSOLVES PARLIAMENT Virginia a Royal Colony 35 worship after the manner of the Church of England. The burgesses now held their seats for sixteen years with- out a new election. This was like the king's Parliament in England. Parliament had passed the Navigation Act^ (165 1), but Cromwell had agreed not to enforce the law. The new king was not generous and compelled the colonists to obey the law. Even Berkeley, the friend of the king, joined the planters in crying out against it. Under this law Virginians could send or receive goods only in English ships, thus giving {; .^ the British mer- chant a great ad- vantage. Charles II cared little for the loyalty of the people of Virginia, for he gave away^:; the entire colony ^ (1673) to two of his favorites. The people raised such a protest that nothing came of the gift. 41. Bacon's Re- bellion (1676). Matters had been getting worse in the colony. An I ndian attack caused the outbreak. Berkeley, fearing to lose their trade, refused to punish them. Nathaniel Bacon led his BACON AND HIS FOLLOWERS Demanding from Governor Berkeley permission to fight the Indians 36 Virginia: The First Southern Colony angry neighbors against the Indians, and Berkeley de- clared him a rebel. Bacon and his men started for Jamestown and demanded the governor's permission to fight the Indians. Berkeley finally gave it, but Bacon and his men were no sooner gone than Berkeley left Jamestown and finally collected a body of soldiers. The two bands met near Jamestown. Bacon was victorious, and burned the town. Suddenly, at the height of his power. Bacon was taken sick and died. His followers scattered but Berkeley came back bent on revenge. He hunted down the brave men who had followed Bacon. He hanged more than twenty, threw others into jail, and took away the property of many. Even the king was disgusted at his cruelty, for he declared that "the old fool has put to death more people in that naked country than I did here for the death of my father." The king called the governor home. But when Berkeley reached England the king refused to see him, and he died broken-hearted. 42. The new capitol and a famous college. The capital was removed from Jamestown to Williamsburg, where the capitol ornamented one end of a beautiful broad street and soon the new College of William and Mary (1693) the other. For over 200 years this college has continued to send out leaders for Virginia and America. Today a vine-covered tower is all that remains of Jamestown. In 1907, however, the United States bade all the world come to join in the celebration of the settlement of Jamestown by holding an exposition on Hampton Roads. 43. The Scotch-Irish and Germans. Shortly after 1700 a vigorous lot of people, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians from northern Ireland, came into the charming valley of the Maryland: A New Kind of Colony 37 Shenandoah, and settled near Winchester. The Germans in smaller numbers came soon after. The hardy Scotch- Irish made their way steadily southward and settled the mountain region far down into the Carolinas. They were among our bravest soldiers in the Revolutionary War. THE OTHER SOUTHERN COLONIES MARYLAND: A NEW KIND OF COLONY 44. A place for both Catholics and Protestants (1634). For nearly a hundred years the Roman Catholics and the Protestants had persecuted each other in England. George Calvert, to whom the king had given the title of Orij^inal cl arter boundary as claimed b) pro[)iietors --• Present boundary THE MARYLAND COLONY Showing the early settlements and the original and present boundaries of the colony (See also map on page 72) Lord Baltimore, was moved by the sufferings of his fellow Catholics to find them a home in America. Charles I gave him a part of Virginia and named the country 3 38 The Other Southern Colonies Maryland in honor of the queen, Henrietta Maria, a French princess and a Catholic. Lord Baltimore died and Cecil Calvert, on whom the title fell, took up his father's cause. In the first days of spring (1634) two ships, the "Ark" and the "Dove," sailed into the mouth of the Potomac with 20 "gentlemen" and 200 laborers. They chose a place, named it St. Mary's, and began the work of building the colony of Maryland. 45. A new kind of colony. Maryland differed from Virginia in several ways. Not only were the people at first different, but the king made Lord Baltimore the owner or "proprietor" of the colony. He could appoint the governor, choose the judges, and give away the land or sell it as he pleased. Only the king could do these things in Virginia. Baltimore was almost a king in GOVERNOR CALVERT LOCATING THE VILLAGE OF ST. MARY'S Maryland. For the use of this great power he had pledged himself to give the king each year two arrows and one fifth of the gold and silver found in the colony. Maryland: A New Kind of Colony 39 In other ways the two colonies differed: Maryland established religious toleration; she never had a starv- ing time; her people did not suffer from Indians as did the Virginians. 46. Maryland's troubles. Maryland had a happy be- ginning, but troubles soon came. The Virginians were not pleased because Mary- land had been made out of land claimed by Virginia, and had been given to a Roman Catholic. Besides, the king ^^^ had granted Kent Island, in the Chesapeake, to William Claiborne, a big man in Virginia. Now Baltimore claimed it belonged to Mary- land and drove Claiborne away. When the Puritans fled from Virginia to Mary- land (§38) they settled Providence, later called Annap- olis, a rival of St. Mary's. When civil war^" came in England, Baltimore took the side of his friend the king and opposed the Puritans and Cromwell. Claiborne saw his chance, joined hands with the Puritans, defeated the Catholics, and captured St. Mary's. After Cromwell's warships (§39) made a favorable treaty with Virginia they went to Maryland, and encouraged the Puritans. The latter set up their own rule, would not permit a Catholic to hold office, and passed an act declaring toler- ation for all except Catholics. Another battle was fought, and the Catholics left one third their number on the field. After a portrait in possessluu or tne Maryland Historical Society CECIL CALVERT Second Lord Baltimore 40 The Other Southern Colonies 47. The fate of the proprietors. Peace came when Cromwell, the greatest of the Puritans, restored Balti- more's authority on the promise of everlasting toleration, and when Virginia granted Claiborne land for his loss of Kent Island. Maryland now rejoiced in her prosperity until the great revolution in England (1688) shook the colonies. News came that the people of England had driven King James II from the throne. The Protestants, now in a large majority, again overthrew the rule of Lord Baltimore. William and Mary, who came to the throne after James had fled, made Maryland a royal province, and there every one had to pay taxes to support the English Church. The Baltimores were again restored, and ruled Maryland until the American Revolution destroyed their power forever. No other troops did better service in this war than did the "Maryland Continentals." Fighting in dis- tant States, they became the pride of the continent. ..■■■-'■':^*:-/'>^~'i'R G'l N I A -(. FayetteviU: )u:^H \ :tLINA .X/O'C. Fear -"'.."i»Charleston Tort Royal annah tl33 rederica /7j6 MUESLANO I. Caroline /j6^ Augustine 1505 THE CAROLINA AND GEORGIA COLONIES The areas of the colonies remained as here shown until the dose of the Revolution CAROLINA: THE HOME OF MANY KINDS OF PEOPLE 48. First settle- ments. The re- gion now known as North and South Carolina was at first one colony and was called simply CaroHna But the settlements in it soon fell into two distinct Carolina: The Home of Many Kinds of People 41 groups, one in the north, the other in the south, and these grew into two separate colonies. (Map, page 40.) Naturally the northern part was settled earlier. It was just across the Virginia line, and at- tracted from that colony men who disliked the laws of Virginia or wished new lands. A band of these came in 1653, and made their homes along the shores of Albemarle Sound. Others came soon after. Here in the new coun- try they lived the free life of the pioneer. On small farms, often far from all neighbors, they raised their simple products and sold them to the traders whose ships came to their homes. They en- joyed their independence and resented any interference with it. The freedom of the forests soon drew .others, who came from distant lands. French Protestants, called Hugue- nots, settled not far away at Bath and found the religious freedom that was denied them at home. Near them a party of Swiss and Germans founded a town which they named New Berne after a famous Swiss city. Thus began a group of small settlements which later grew into the colony of North Carolina. In the southern part of Carolina the early settlements clustered about the beautiful valley of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Here came in 1670 a shipload of men and women from England, and founded Charleston. This town was at first on the western bank of the Ashley, A HUGUENOT GENTLEMAN The Huguenots seltled in Charles- Ion in large numbers 42 lite Other Southern Colonies but a few years later was moved across to its present site at the junction of the two rivers. Here it prospered. After an engravin; THE CITY OF CHARLESTON IN 1 742 It became the center of life in all that part of the colony and a protection against the Spaniards in Florida. 49. The "Grand Model." CaroHna was given by an English king to a group of favorites. . They were called the proprietors. One of them asked his friend, John Locke, a great philosopher, to draw up a plan of govern- ment for the colony. They called it the "Grand Model." There were to be great lords known by high sounding titles and owning large tracts of land, while the people were to have little power and be scarcely better than slaves. Of course the "Grand Model" proved a grand failure. The hardy Carolinians loved their liberty and refused to submit to the new plan. 50. The overthrow of the proprietors. The proprietors usually lived in England and knew little about the needs of the colonies. Often they were more interested in getting the rent from their lands than in raising money to protect the far-away settlers from the Spaniards and the Indians. Carolina: The Home of Many Kinds of People 43 Some of the governors whom they sent out proved to be bad men. They made harsh rules about taxes, or inter- fered roughly with trade or with religion. This led to quarrels with the people, who were independent in spirit, like all men in a new country; and several of the worst governors were forcibly driven out. At last the propri- etors grew weary of their attempt to govern the colonies and sold their rights to the king. Thus South Carolina became a royal colony in 1 7 1 9 and North Carolina in 1 7 2 9 . 51. Wars with the Indians. The Indians and the early settlers got on well at first. But as more white men came over, they began to crowd the Indians from their old hunting grounds and trouble arose. The strongest tribe in North Carolina was the Tuscaroras. These secretly planned a terrible massacre of the colonists. The blow fell heaviest on New Berne, where over 100 men, women, and children were killed, many of them being horribly tortured (17 11). Quickly men gathered from both North and South Carolina, and the Tuscaroras were crushed. They finally joined their kinsmen, the Iroquois, in New York (§86). Scarcely had the Indians in North Carolina been sub- dued when a more dangerous outbreak occurred in South Carolina. There a powerful tribe, the Yamassees, urged on by the Spaniards, formed a plot with other strong tribes and fell suddenly upon the settlers (17 15). The struggle was desperate and more than 400 colonists were killed and many farms plundered. Finally the Yamassees were overcome and driven into Florida. 52. Danger from the Spaniards. The Spaniards in Florida viewed with jealousy the growth southward of the Carolinas, and did what they could to hinder it. Sometimes they fell upon outlying settlements; sometimes 44 The Other Southern Colonies they threatened Charleston itself, which was the greatest English rival of their own town, St. Augustine. At length, in 1706, while the countries in Europe were at war, and yellow fever was raging in Charleston, a Spanish and French fleet sailed into the harbor and demanded the surrender of the city. But they had not counted on the bravery of the Carolinians, and were driven off with the loss of their best ship and 300 men (§139). 53. The people of the Carolinas. No other colony was settled by so many kinds of people as the Carolinas. '.. . There were stern Puritans, and lively Cav- aliers, as well as quiet Quakers. Later came the picturesque Scotch Highlanders, driven from home by political misfortune, and the sturdy Scotch-Irish, seeking free- dom for their religion and their business. With these English-speaking people there were also many from foreign coun- tries. Industrious Germans sought, like the Scotch-Irish, the lands nearer the mountains. These pioneers built up the frontier settlements. Not less important were the French Huguenots," who left their country because of religious persecu- tion. They settled chiefly in South Caro- lina and had a strong influence in the colony. 54. How the Carolinas differed. In North Carolina the towns did not grow-rapidly. Most of the people were small farmers and had few slaves. On their farms they raised what they themselves needed and sent tobacco, corn, and cattle abroad. From the great pine forests they cut timber and made tar and turpentine. These A TYPICAL SCOTCH HIGHLANDER Many of these lejt England because of opposition to the king, and settled in North Carolina Carolina: The Home of Many Kinds of People 45 they sold in large quantities to other countries. They led a democratic life and were a hardy, independent people. A CHARLESTON MANSION The ornamental gateway and palisade, the spacious gallery, the many windows of this typical Southern mansion, reflect architecturally the proud yet gay and hospitable spirit of the South In South Carolina circumstances made life somewhat different. In 1693 a ship from far-away Madagascar sailed into Charleston harbor, carrying by chance a bag of rice. This was planted and rice soon became for South Carolina what tobacco was for Virginia, the chief crop of the colony (§32). By 1740 it is thought to have been worth $1,000,000 a year. Slavery was early introduced by well-to-do planters who came from the English colony in the Barbados. The negroes proved to be well adapted to work in the rice fields, and their numbers increased rapidly, in spite of efforts to restrict their importation. There were, of course, many small farms in South Carolina on which life went on very much as it did in North Carolina. But the prosperous city of Charleston, with its neighboring rice plantations and its flourishing 46 The Other Southern Colonies trade with England and other countries, brought about a new and different kind of life in this colony. 55. The city of Charleston. The great port of the colony was Charleston. Here were loaded on ships the ■rice, indigo, timber, and other products that were sent abroad. To it in return came the varied products of the Old World. Here lived the business men who handled the growing trade, and here also lived the rich planters whose lands lay within reach of the city. As Charleston prospered it became the richest city south of Philadelphia and the greatest center of social life in the southern colonies. The well-to-do Charlestonian found time for business and for pleasure. He was generous in his entertainment of visitors. He gave frequent dinners, balls, and parties. He attended the theater and the races. He was proud of his city and of his mansion, for which the bricks were imported and the furnishings bought in the shops of London. He delighted in its wide halls and its broad piazza, in his spirited horses and his fine carriage with the coat of arms on its door. But he was thoughtful as well as happy. He built churches and took a lively interest in them. He founded libraries, collected and read books, and met with his friends to discuss them. He established schools and cared for the education of his children. GEORGIA: A REAL SPANISH BARRIER 56. Still another kind of colony. Georgia was the last of the thirteen colonies, and was not settled until long after the Carolinas. James Edward Oglethorpe, who had won renown as a soldier and fame as a member of Parliament, became interested in English prisons. He was shocked at the treatment of poor debtors. An Georgia: A Real Spanish Barrier 47 SEAL OF GEORGIA COLONY honest man might be put in jail for owing another a dol- lar. By fines put upon him by corrupt jailors he might be held in jail while his family was in poverty until his own health was broken down by the foul place called his prison. The heart of the noble Oglethorpe was deeply touched. He formed the plan of taking the honest and able-bodied debtors to the New World, where they might begin life anew with fresh hopes of success. Another motive moved Oglethorpe and the English government to plant Georgia. Spain was jealous of the Carolinas because she claimed this region for herself. When war came between France and England she joined France. Together they made a strong and dangerous attack on Charleston (§52). It failed, fortunately, but it set Englishmen to thinking. They felt that the time had come when they must plant a barrier colony right in the face of the Spaniards. 57. Getting ready to settle. To carry out these noble plans of Oglethorpe ParHament joined hands with generous-hearted people From an original portrait painted by Simon Francois Ravenet JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE Oglethorpe was a soldier and a member of Parliament. He was loved by the poor and by the American Indian 4S The Other Southern Colonies in raising $500,000. The men composing the "associa- tion" were granted a charter by George II and in turn the colony was named for the king. Oglethorpe was made governor, and for twenty-one years the people were to take no part in the government of the colony. Four unusual laws, for that time, were passed : one for- bade the holding of slaves, a second prohibited the sale of strong drink, a third promised foreigners equal rights with Englishmen, and a fourth law declared for religious toleration except for Roman Catholics. At the news of Oglethorpe's work many people wanted to go to the new colony, since free passage, free tools, and free land were promised to all. 58. The settlement of Savannah (1733). Oglethorpe selected thirty-five families and sailed for Charleston, where the people gave them a most hearty welcome. But the settlers hastened to the Sa- vannah, sailed up the river fourteen miles, and began the foundation, on a high bluff, of the beautiful city of Savannah. The streets were marked off with great regularity and in each quarter of the town a public square was provided. A great Indian chief and his warriors came to Oglethorpe and said: "Here is a little present," and held out a buffalo skin painted on one side with the head and feath- ers of an eagle. "The feathers of the eagle are soft and OGLETHORPE SURVEYING THE SITE OF SAVANNAH Georgia: A Real Spanish Barrier 49 signify love; the buffalo skin is warm and is the sign of protection. Therefore love and protect our little families. ' ' From a London print A VIEW OF THE TOWN OF SAVANNAH AS IT APPEARED ABOUT 1 74 1 59. Other settlements. The law tolerating Protestant sects and giving equal rights to foreigners very soon bore fruits. A number of German Protestants came to Georgia and settled Ebenezer (1734). In the same year Augusta was planted 230 miles up the Savannah, as a trading post. At that time it was far out on the frontier. For a long time it was the chief seat of the fur trade for both Georgia and South CaroHna. This trade at Augusta reached the value of $250,000 annually (1741). The Jews came to the colony and found a home in Georgia when in most parts of the world they were cruelly persecuted. More Germans, called Moravians, came to join the fortunes of the colonists. Scotch Highlanders, too, came to add variety to the people of Georgia. They settled a town which they named New Inverness to remind them of Scotland. 5© The Other Southern Colonies 60. Three famous men in Georgia. John and Charles Wesley and the great orator, George Whitefield, had been students at Oxford University and were deeply religious. Charles Wesley came out as secretary to Oglethorpe. He became a writer of hymns that are still sung by the whole English-speaking world. John Wesley came as a preacher to the. colony, and longed to become a missionary to the Indians. He returned to England and founded Methodism there. Whitefield took up the work of John Wesley in Georgia. He founded a famous orphan asylum in Savannah and supported it mainly by his eloquence in preaching. He went back and forth to England several times. He traveled the whole length of the colonies from Florida to Maine, preaching to great crowds of people. Whitefield died in New England (1770). 61. Georgia proves a barrier. Just as Georgia was an outpost for the Carolinas, so must Georgia have an out- post against the Spaniards. For this purpose Frederica was founded far down the coast on an island near the mouth of the Altamaha, not far from Florida (1736). The settlement was protected by a fort which was a challenge to the Spaniards. But Oglethorpe did not wait for the Spaniards to set upon him, but attacked their stronghold at St. Augustine. He could not take the town, so withdrew his little army and returned to Georgia. The Spaniards retaliated by attacking Frederica with a fleet and an army of 5,000 men. Although Ogle- thorpe had but 800 menj he attacked and defeated them. Once more he besieged St. Augustine. He could not capture it, but he taught the Spaniards a lesson. They never attacked Georgia again. Georgia, the last of the colonies, had her part in the Revolution. The Pilgrim Fathers SI MASSACHUSETTS: THE FIRST PURITAN COLONY THE PILGRIM FATHERS 62. Before the Pilgrims came. All England was stir- ring (1606) when the Plymouth Company was given a charter for "North Virginia" (§27) and George Popham was sent out with a colony to the shores of the Kennebec. The winter froze them out. John Smith (§28) explored and mapped New England (1614). But the French must be kept in Canada by settle- ments in New England just as Raleigh was proposing to keep the Spaniards in Florida. 63. The Separatists. The change from the Roman Catholic belief came very slowly in England. Some of the people wished to change quickly and fully. These were called Puritans, because they wished to ' ' purify ' ' the church of certain practices. Under Elizabeth and James I some of the Puritans felt compelled to leave the English Church and worship in private places. ^^ These people were called Separatists, and were punished by the king's officers throwing their leaders into jail. A little group of Separatists lived around Scrooby in Nottinghamshire, tilling the soil and watching their flocks. In 1608 they fled to Holland, a home for people persecuted for religion's sake. Although given a warm welcome, like all men they loved their native land the best and longed to be under its flag. A PURITAN MINISTER 52 Massachusetts: The First Puritan Colony THE MAYFLOWER ON ITS WAY TO AMERICA 64. The voyage of the "Mayflower" (1620). The Pil- grims, as they now called themselves, decided to try their fortunes in America, where they hoped for the right to wor- ship God as they pleased. English merchants loaned the Pilgrims money and the king agreed not to trouble them. John Rob- inson, their noble pastor, with others of his little flock, bade them good- by. The Pilgrims sailed for England and took passage on the "Mayflower" for America. A terrible storm tried the bravest hearts, but they saw the shores of Cape Cod on November 9. On board, in the cabin of the "Mayflower," the Pilgrims drew up and signed an agree- ment called the Compact. They pledged loyalty to their king, and agreed to make only "just and equal laws . . . for the general good of the colony" (§27). 65. A hard struggle. They chose Plymouth Harbor as their home. At their landing place lay a great bowlder, afterwards named "Plymouth Rock," which is still kept in memory of the Pilgrim Fathers. Their log cabins did not protect them well against snow and cold. They had been used to the gentler climate of England and Holland, and did not know how to make their houses warm, nor how to catch the wild animals for food and clothing. By spring half of the Pilgrims were in their graves and the Puritan Migration to Massachusetts Bay 53 rest were broken in health. But when the "Mayflower" went back to England not a man or woman returned. New emigrants from Holland made food scarcer, but Massasoit, a good Indian chief, soon gave them plenty to eat. The ability of Governor Bradford, and the courage of Miles Standish and his little army, kept the Indians from doing harm to the settlement. Within a few years the Pilgrims repaid the money they had bor- rowed from London merchants. Their courage and patience overcame the hardships of the wilderness. The second permanent English colony grew slowly but surely. The Pilgrims were very democratic and the most tolerant of New England colonists, except those of Rhode Island. PURITAN MIGRATION TO MASSACHUSETTS BAY 66. John Winthrop leads the migration. The Puritans wanted to change the English Church but King James drove many of their ministers out of it. They decided to go to America, formed a company, and obtained a charter from the new king, Charles I (1629). They chose John Winthrop, governor. His name led many to go to America, where they might enjoy freedom of worship. Salem had already been settled, but when Winthrop decided to go to America and to take the charter with him, over 700 joined him. They founded Boston (1630). In the ten years following more than 20,000 Puritans migrated. From a portrait painted by John Singleton Copley JOHN WINTHROP 54 Massachusetts: The First Puritan Colony They came as congregations led by their ministers, and settled in New England. The people lived in villages and went out to work on their little farms. Many interest- ing results grew out of settling in towns instead of on large plantations, as in the southern colonies. 67. Religion and politics. When the Puritans reached Massachusetts they quietly put aside the authority of the English Church. If any one objected, he was sent back to England. Only Puritans were wanted in the colony. But it was not long before they began to dis- pute among themselves. The people of Watertown refused to pay a tax which they had had no voice in raising (163 1) (§37). Finally Winthrop and his council, or "assistants" as they were called, gave to each town the right to elect deputies to help in governing the colony. 68. Disputes lead to founding colonies. Governor Winthrop, the conservative, said: "The best part [of the people] is always the least, and of that best part the wiser is always the lesser." A progressive minister, Thomas Hooker did not agree with Winthrop 's views. Hence . Hooker and his followers mi- grated to the rich valley of the Connecti- cut (1636) (§79). Roger Williams, a man df great ability, loved to debate and dispute. He declared that the people ought not to be punished for staying away from church and that no one had the right to give away the lands of the Indians. THE ROGER WILLIAMS CHURCH AT SALEM, 1681 Dangers Threaten From the Outside 55 WK. V?V?H The people took sides ; Williams was tried, and banished to England. Instead of going, he made his way among the Indians and be came the founder of Rhode Island. Hardly was this excitement over before a greater dispute arose over Anne Hutchin- son, a woman who discussed deep religious questions. She drew great crowds in Bos- ton. Feeling ran high and threatened to interfere with raising troops 1 uvm !C^ -'V-^M, for the PeqUOt the settlements along the new ENGLAND COAST War (§78). Anne Hutchinson, too, was banished. DANGERS THREATEN FROM THE OUTSIDE 69. The king demands the charter (1635). The people sent back to England complained to the king that the Puritans were persecuting members of the English Church. To punish the Puritans the king at once demanded their charter (§66). He learned that the charter was in Amer- ica and sent for it; Massachusetts did not give it up, but instead built forts and ordered her men to practice 56 Massachusetts: The First Puritan Colony military drill. The king soon had war on his hands in England (§38), and the colonies were not troubled for a long time, for in the meantime Charles I was beheaded. '^ 70. The New England Confederation. The dangers from the king, the claims of the Dutch to the Connecticut Valley, the presence of the French in the north, and the war with the Pequot Indians (§78) caused the four colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven to form a loose union called the New England Confederation (1643). For more than forty years this union ex- isted, teaching the people the hard lesson of giving up for the common good. 71. The coming of the Quakers. The Quakers opposed all ceremonies in religion, consequently England had her jails full of them. Fired by the wish to make converts, two Quaker women came to Boston (1656). They were sent back by the boat that brought them over. Others came. Massachusetts finally hanged four Quakers (1660). Mutterings of rebellion were now heard, and the judges debated two weeks about hanging another. Grim old John Endicott, disgusted with the delay, struck the table with his fist, scolded the judges, and declared he "was ready to go back to England." But no more Quakers were hanged. From a portiait painted l>y John Sinibort. Reproduced by permission of Massachu- setts Historical Society JOHN ENDICOTT John Endicott defended Roger Williams but persecuted the Quakers Dangers Threaten From the Outside 57 It was a great victory. The plan of having only Puri- tans in Massachusetts was breaking down (§67). 72. King Philip's War (1675). One of the saddest results of the settlement of America was the driving of the red man from his home and his hunting grounds. The Pequot War (1637) taught the New England Indians a lesson which they remembered until 1675, when King Philip, chief of the Wampanoags, made war. The New England Confederacy gathered its forces, and broke the power of the Indians after nearly two years of fighting. King Philip was killed. The colonies were learning to help one another. 73. The king takes the charter (1684). While Crom- well, the great Puritan, ruled England the people of Massachusetts were safe. But Charles II (1660-1685) hated Puritans, for they had beheaded his father, and some of his judges were now hiding in New England. He ordered Massachusetts not to persecute members of the English Church and to give them the right to vote. Mass- achusetts protested. The king grew angry and took the charter away and Massachusetts became a royal province. 74. The rise and fall of Governor Andros (1685-1689). James II, the new King of England, gave Massachusetts a new government. He made Sir Edmund Andros viceroy over New England, New York, and New Jersey. (Map, page 58.) Andros ruled like a tyrant: he abolished the lawmaking bodies, the town meetings, and the courts of justice. People were taxed without their consent, thrown into prison without trial, and browbeaten for raising objections. The public schools were neglected, but religious toleration was established. Suddenly news came that England was in revolution and had driven James from the throne (§47). This was the 58 Massachusetts: The First Puritan Colony spark that set Massachusetts on fire. Great excitement followed. The sheriff tried to stop it, but the people overpowered him. The boys of the town gathered with clubs in their hands, the drums beat the alarm, signal fires blazed on Bea- con Hill, and Andros fled to the fort. The former governor, Bradstreet, ap- peared on the streets, and the people gave a mighty shout. A thousand soldiers gathered near Boston and the next day hundreds of men from the country towns, headed by a school- master, came swarming in to fight. Andros surrendered, and New England was again free. 75. The charter of William and Mary (1691). Andros out of the way, Massachusetts wanted its old charter. But WilHam and Mary sent them a very different one. This new charter added Maine and Plymouth to Massa- chusetts; the king appointed the governor, who might veto any law not to his liking; a man could vote without belonging to one of the churches in the colony; and all religious sects were to be tolerated. Many Puritans shook their heads over this charter, but it was far better than the rule of Andros. Although Massachusetts ac- cepted the new charter the people often quarreled with the king's governors, thus keeping alive, down to the Revolution, the spirit of opposition to royal authority. THE REGION RULED BY SIR EDMUND ANDROS Maine and Mew Hampshire 59 THE OTHER NEW ENGLAND COLONIES MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE 76. Between the Merrimac and the Kennebec. Chief among the members of the old Plymouth Company (§62) were Ferdinando Gorges, a brave old soldier, and his good friend, John Mason. They belonged to the Church of England and hated the democratic ways of the Puritans. They were given a large tract of land between the Merri- mac and the Kennebec rivers. This region was divided (1629), Mason taking the western part and calling it New Hampshire. Portsmouth was the first colony planted (1630). But a little earlier in the year traders in fur and fish had settled at Dover. Followers of Mrs. Hutchinson fled to New Hampshire (§68) and settled the towns of Exeter and Hampton. As time went on Puritans came in faster than members of the English Church, and when Mason died the colony was added to Massachusetts. In the meantime Gorges was colonizing Maine, but the bold pioneers there did not take kindly to his aristocratic ways, and disorder broke out. Saco was the chief settlement. But progress was slow, and the colony was finally annexed to Massachusetts. Both colonies gradually grew in strength and were, in a way, looked upon as barriers against the French from Canada. CONNECTICUT AND NEW HAVEN 77. Hooker and his followers settle the Connecticut Valley. The Dutch from New York (§87) and the Puritans of Massachusetts each occupied the beautiful valley of the Connecticut. The Dutch were compelled to leave when John Winthrop, Jr., built a fort at the mouth of the river (1635). In the very next year 6o The Other Mew England Colonies Thomas Hooker (§68) led a great migration through the wilderness to the banks of the Connecticut River and soon founded three towns, Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor. 78. The Pequot War (1637). Angered by so many white men in the midst of their hunting grounds, the powerful Pequot tribe began war. Roger Williams persuaded the Narragansetts not to join them, and Connecticut, aided by both Massachusetts and Plymouth, burned the Indians' fort in a night attack and killed large numbers of them. The war soon came to an end, and for almost forty years no tribe ventured on the warpath in New England. 79. A Constitution made by the people (1639). The increase in settlers, as well as the earnest desire to have a strong government, led the liberal-minded Hooker to THE PILGRIMAGE TO THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY In the summer of 1636 Thomas Hooker led one hundred people into the valley and founded Hartford head a movement for a union of the three towns. He preached a sermon declaring that the right to rule is found Connecticut and New Haven 6i THE CONNECTICUT AND NEW HAVEN COLONIES "in the free consent of the governed." The citizens of the three towns on the Connecticut met at Hartford and drew up a written consti- tution. This document pro- vided an equal number of rep- resentatives from each town, and the choice of a governor and council by the vote of all the free people. This union of towns, under the constitution, made up the Connecticut Colony. 80. New Haven founded (1638). A number of London Puritans came to Boston led by Eaton, a rich merchant, and Davenport, an able minister. They were attracted to the northern shores of Long Island Sound. Davenport, standing under the friendly branches of an oak, preached a sermon and the settlers agreed that "all of them would be ordered by the rules which the Scriptures held forth to them." Thus was New Haven founded. The towns of Milford, Guilford, and Stamford were quickly formed. These towns, with New Haven, formed a union (1643) and were admitted to the Confedera- tion in the same year (§70). Each town was ruled by "seven pillars of the church," and all officers of the colony were ordered (1644) to obey the laws of God as they were handed down by Moses. The laws of the New Haven colony were so strict that they have been nick- named the "Blue Laws." 62' The Other New England Colonies 8i. The union of Connecticut and New Haven (1662). The popular government so happily begun by Connecticut was confinned to the settlers by Charles II in a very liberal charter. The people kept this charter as their constitu- tion until 18 18. But the king hated the people of New Haven for hiding two of the men who had put his father to death (§73) so he joined New Haven to Connecticut. 82. The conflict with Andros (1687). The colony now became prosperous, but in an evil day Andros, the "Tyrant of New England," came to Hartford wearing a big wig, a scarlet coat, and guarded by a band of soldiers. He demanded their charter. The Assembly met to dis- cuss the question. A great crowd gathered. The debate lasted until evening. The charter was on the table. Their governor told the story of their hardships in seek- ing homes in the wilderness and pleaded with Andros to spare the charter. The lights were suddenly blown out. When they were lighted again the charter was gone. It was in a safe hiding place in the hollow of a great oak. Andros ruled Connecticut until Massachusetts rose in rebellion (§74). Then the charter was brought forth and Connecticut was once more free. The tree became the famous Charter Oak, and in the city of Hartford a memorial tablet marks the place where it once stood. RHODE ISLAND: DEMOCRATIC IN POLITICS AND RELIGION 83. Roger Williams plants Providence (1636). Roger Williams preferred the wintry blasts of New England to going back to England (§68). "For fourteen weeks he was sorely tost in a bitter season, not knowing what bread or bed did mean." Sometimes he was without companions, and had no guides but the sun and stars. He often slept in the friendly trunk of a hollow tree. He Rhode Island: Democratic in Politics and Religion 63 finally reached the kindly shelter of his good friend Massasoit. In June, 1636, with five companions, he laid the foundations of Provi- dence, as "a shelter for persons distressed in conscience." 84. Union under one charter (1644). Roger Williams, touched by sympathy (§68), invited the ban- ished friends of Anne Hutchinson to settle on the island of Rhode Island. This marked the beginning of Portsmouth (1637). On account rhode island and the ATLANTIC . , , , PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS of disputes among the leaders William Coddington led a party and began Newport. Roger Williams obtained a most liberal charter from Parliament, under which Providence, Portsmouth, Newport, and Warwick united to form the Providence Plantations. In 1662 Charles II con- firmed the charter of the colony, but added that no one should ever suffer ' 'for any difference in opinion in matters of religion." So well con- tent was Rhode Island with this charter she made few changes in her government until 1842 ROGER WILLIAMS ON HIS JOURNEY / „ x THROUGH THE WILDERNESS V 8 3 3 4/ • 64 New York NEW YORK THE DUTCH SETTLE NEW NETHERLAND 85. Henry Hudson. Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, failed to find a northwest route to India. One day he turned his ship, the "Half-Moon," into the mouth of the river which now honors his name. He sailed as far as the site of Albany (1609) and then traded with the Indians. He noted the rich soil and beautiful scenery, and saw every- where the great forests filled with fur-bearing animals. 86. Dutch fur traders. The great war with Spain" was over, and the Dutch were hungry for trade. They soon had trading vessels in New Netherland, as they called the land discovered by Hudson, had built four rude huts (16 1 3) on Manhattan Island, and had erected a fort near what is now Albany. (Map, page 65.) As tobacco played a great part in Virginia's prosperity (§32), so the fur trade became the foundation of New Netherland's wealth. This trade called for friendship with the Iroquois. The Indians wanted guns and powder and the Dutch were anxious for furs. They made a treaty which was kept for many years. The Dutch settlers had made a good begin- ning, but their rivals, the French, had made a bad one by attacking the Iroquois or Five Na- tions (§130). For more than 100 years these tribes stood indians welcoming the "half moon," hi'dson's ship The Dutch Settle New Netherland 65 NEW NETHERLAND AND THE "FIVE NATIONS" as a barrier between the French and the beautiful valleys of the Hudson and the Mohawk (§26). (Map, below.) 87. The spread of Dutch settle- ments. Holland gave New Nether- land to the West India Company, who appointed a governor and coun- cil to rule the col- ony, but the people were given no rights. Besides New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, Fort Orange, near Albany, was settled. On the Delaware opposite the present city of Philadelphia, on Long Island and in the Connecticut Valley (§77) other outposts were located. New Amsterdam outgrew all the others. To increase the number of settlers, the West India Company gave any member of the company a large tract of land and the grand title of "patroon," or patron, if he would send over fifty settlers. These colonists were to live on the land free of rent for ten years, but had no rights of voting or holding office. 88. The Dutch people love liberty. At home the Dutch settlers had fought for freedom. They were greatly dis- satisfied with their governors because they gave them no rights. Their first governor was Peter Minuit, who bought Manhattan Island for less than a cent an acre; another was Kieft, who had burdened them with taxes to carry on a long Indian war (1641-1645). But the 66 New York greatest of all their governors was sturdy old Peter Stuyvesant, who began to rule in 1647. Peter Stuyvesant was an honest tyrant. He believed that he was capable of doing the thinking on political and religious subjects for the benefit of the people. The people did not agree with him and refused to let him have taxes unless he would appoint nine persons to advise him. The governor favored the Dutch Reformed Church and punished Baptists and Quakers. But the people finally forced him to treat people of other religious beliefs more kindly. 89. The natural results of tyranny. New Amsterdam grew slowly. It contained about 800 inhabitants (1653) because it had been ruled for a trading company instead of for the people. When war broke out between Holland and England'^ (1664) New Amsterdam was in danger. Stuyvesant tried to stir the people to defend their town, but they had little interest in fighting for the Dutch West India Company. When the English fleet, carrying 120 cannon, sailed into the bay, Stuyvesant stormed and raged, but the people did not move. "I had rather be carried to my grave," said the brave old governor to the minister who put a hand on his shoulder and told him it was wrong to shed blood in a hopeless cause. The colony was turned From a seventeenth century portrait in the New York Historical Society collection PETER STUYVESANT Peler Stuyvesant was a grim old tyrant The Dutch Settle New Netherland 67 over to the English. This was a happy stroke for England, for now, except the Indian, there was no enemy nearer than the French in Canada and the Spanish in Florida. THE DUTCH MOTHERS BEGGING STUYVESANT TO SURRENDER 90. New York under the English (1664). New Neth- erland became New York, and Fort Orange became Albany, in honor of the Duke of York and Albany. ^^ The colony contained about 10,000 people. The English did not disturb them, but when the "Duke's Laws" were drawn up the people hailed them with delight. These laws gave (7) landholders the right to elect town officers, {2) trial by jury, and (j) freedom of worship. But they did not grant the colony a representative assembly. Andros (§74) was made governor. Finally he was succeeded by Thomas Dongan, who brought the cheering news that at last the people were to have an assembly. But the Duke of York had become James II, and as king he refused the assembly. Leisler, a German shopkeeper, led the people to rebel when they heard (1689) that James II was driven from 68 The Other Middle Colonies his throne. English authority was against Leisler and he was finally hanged. William and Mary granted the colony of New York (1691) the longed-for representative assembly, and New York gradually became the center of royal influence in colonial times. '^ THE OTHER MIDDLE COLONIES DELAWARE 91. New Sweden (1638). Stirred by the victories of her great general, Gustavus Adolphus,'"^ Sweden planted a colony on the banks of the Delaware where the city of Wilmington now stands. They named it Christina, in honor of their new queen. (Map, page ^69.) Peter Stuyvesant sent seven warships and forced the settle- ment to surrender. When New Netherland fell to the English, New Sweden became Delaware. Maryland tried to get it, but William Penn won the prize and it was joined to Pennsylvania until 1703, when Delaware was given an assembly, but kept the same governor as Pennsylvania. NEW JERSEY 92. New Jersey (1664). The region between the Dela- ware and the Hudson was given by the Duke of York to two friends. Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Elizabethtown was founded by English immigrants (1665), but Newark by Puritans from New Haven who were dissatisfied by their union with Connecticut (§81). Other towns were settled, and a bit later representatives gathered at Elizabethtown to make' laws for the colony. Religious toleration, safety from the Indians, and a pleasant climate drew many settlers. Claims based on Discovery TixpLoration and Occupancy English ^B Suanishl 1 french ^ZI\ Dutch » Swedish I I Lonffitude West from Greenwich Copyright, 190.^ by Rand. ai«;NaIly & Companj New Jersey 69 93. East and West Jersey. Lord Berkeley had trouble with the settlers and sold his share of New Jersey to Quakers seeking to escape English persecution (§71). William Penn was one of the owners. A line was now drawn separating the colony into East and West Jersey, the latter falling to the Quakers. ' * We put the power in the people," said the Quaker own- ers. At once four hundred Quakers left England for West Jersey, where they founded Burlington (1677). So suc- cessful was this West Jersey experiment that Quakers and Scotch Presbyterians joined hands and bought East Jersey from Carteret's heirs. A large number of Presbyterians came to East Jersey to enjoy reli- gious toleration. 94. New Jersey becomes a royal province. When Andros became governor of New York (§74) he tried to lay claim to New Jersey for his master, the Duke of York, but William Penn's influence was too great and the duke failed. When the duke became king he seized New Jersey and placfed it under Andros ( § 90) . New Jersey bade her old rulers welcome when James 11 was driven from England. In 1702 the proprietors, tired of quarreling with the people over quit-rents, turned their rights to govern the colony over to the crown. 4 EAST AND WEST JERSEY AND THE SURROUNDING COLONIES 70 The Other Middle Colonies PENNSYLVANIA: A HOME FOR THE PERSECUTED 95. The Quakers and their beliefs. In many colonies we have met the Quakers, but we are now to see them in their own home. The term Quaker was a sort of nickname, for they liked best the simple name of Friends. The cornerstone of their teachings was that truth is made known to every man by "a divine inner light" or an "inward voice," which is to them the voice of God in the soul. They believed that every man was his own priest and that paid ministers were not necessary. They taught that all men were equal in the sight of God, and hence no title nor rank should be given; no one should lift his hat even to the king or queen ; and that ' ' thee ' ' and "thou" and the person's given name should be used. They refused to take an oath in court, or to make war even in self-defense. They were a people of peace. ^^ 96. William Peiin the greatest among Quakers. William Penn's father, an admiral in the English navy, was a favorite of Charles 11. Young Penn was fine look- ing, a good student at Oxford, an athlete, and a favorite. One day a Quaker preacher came to Oxford and William Penn became a member of the hated sect. He was ex- pelled from Oxford and driven from home. His family felt the disgrace keenly. Finally his father forgave him, but it was not long before he saw his old preacher again and became a Quaker forever. Neither the feel- ings of his family nor the dark, foul jails of England could shake his resolution to stand by the lowly Quakers A TYPICAL QUAKER Pennsylvania: A Home for the Persecuted 71 97. Penn gets Pennsylvania. We have already seen Quakers making experiments in West Jersey (§93). Penn resolved to plant a home of his own for them in the New World. Charles II was a spendthrift and could not pay back the $80,000 he owed to Penn's father. When the father died a large tract of land in America was taken by Penn in payment of the debt. It was the largest grant ever made to one man in America. This region the king named Pennsylvania, "Penn's Woods," in honor of Admiral Penn. 98. The migration (1681). The news that "Penn in- tended to found a home for the persecuted spread rapidly. Penn even went to the continent to tell the people about his colony, and where he could not go he sent pamphlets telling of his plans. His char- ter was proof enough. He gave freedom of conscience, a govern- ment by the people, trial by jury even for Indians, and he further declared that criminals were to be reformed rather than punished and that only two crimes de- served death: mur- der and treason. Nothing since the days of Winthrop and the Puritans (§66) could compare with the migration of From a painting in the rooms of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania WILLIAM PENN Penn said "though good laws do well good men do better" 72 7'he Oihet Middle Colonies the Quakers to Pennsylvania. More than twenty ships, carrying 3,000 persons, sailed in one year, and with- in five years there were 7,000 people in Pennsylvania. 99. P e n n goes to Amer- ica (i 682). Penn with 100 Quakers ar- rived in the good ship "Wei come." The settlers THE EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN PENNSYLVANIA, SHOWING gaVC him a THEIR RELATIONS TO THE NEIGHBORING COLONIES very hearty welcome. The men wore leather breeches, the women were clad in skin jackets and linsey petticoats. One settler gave Penn soil and water, showing that Penn owned both land and water; another gave turf and twig, proving he had authority over all things that grew on the land. Finally he received the keys of the fort at Chester, which meant that he could hold his possessions by force of arms. 100. A great treaty (1682). William Penn treated all alike, the red man as well as the white. He ate with the Indians, joined in their pastimes, gave them presents, and won their friendship as no other white man had ever done. As long as the Quakefs controlled the colony no trouble ever came. Under the friendly branches of a giant elm Penn and the Indians exchanged gifts and thus bound each other by ties of kindness which were never broken so long as William Penn lived. Pennsylvania: A Home for the Persecuted n loi. The City of Brotherly Love (1683). In the great ■forests on the banks of the Delaware Penn had marked out the streets of a city, Philadelphia. Thd trees found growing there gave name to some of the principal streets. Settlers came so quickly that some had to live in caves dug in the banks of the river until houses could be built. During the first year more than 100 houses were put up, and within the next two years over 2,000 people made their homes in this town in the woods. Philadelphia grew rapidly and soon led all colonial cities in size, though not so old as many of them. 102. Mason and Dixon's line. The charters of Mary- land and Pennsylvania did not make clear the line be- tween these two colonies. Nearly a hundred years went ■^-^. carried the papers to his patrons. When the first daily paper, the Pennsylvania Packet, appeared, the colonists must have thought they were making rapid progress. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 122. Many sects bring toleration. When America was discovered each nation of the Old World usually had one religion, just as it had one government. If a new way of worship arose, its followers were punished. Hol- land stood first for toleration. Many sects, pun- ished at home, fled to America. Gov- ernor Endicott wanted only Puritans in Massachusetts (§71) and tried to banish Episcopalians. Peter Stuyvesant in New Netherland held to the Dutch Church, and persecuted Quakers (§88). Governor Berkeley thought only Episco- palians should live in Virginia (§40) and drove Puritans and Baptists to other colonies. The governors in the Carolinas tried, for a time, to establish the English Church, but the people of these colonies finally won the right to enjoy religious toleration. Rhode Island and Maryland early set the example of religious toleration, while later colonies such as Pennsylvania and Georgia either allowed religious freedom or treated religious sects kindly. The other colonies learned it was wisest not to GOOSE CREEK CHURCH, SOUTH CAROLINA A church still standing from colonial days Religious Beliefs and Customs 91 quarrel over religious questions. Toleration turned out well for America, for it not only prevented a state church, supported by taxation, but induced people of all beliefs to find a welcome in this country. No wonder they were willing to fight for America when the time came! 123. The colonial ways stricter than now. The colo- nists were very much in earnest in regard to religion. At some time, in nearly all colonies, the people were compelled by law to go to church. They looked up to and respected the minister. They asked his advice in important family matters as well as in public affairs. In all the colonies the Sabbath was kept far more strictly than now. Work was laid aside in the homes and none was done outside. In some colonies it ran from sundown Saturday until sundown Sunday. Church buildings were very plain, and in the North in the PURITANS GOING TO CHURCH winter very uncomfortable. Going to church in the South was far more pleasant and was looked upon as an opportunity to meet friends and neighbors. 92 Life in the Colonies 124. Punishments more severe then than now. In our day treason and murder are the only crimes for which men are put to death by law. In colonial times many offenses were punished with death. The colonies punished men in public, but we, as a rule, punish in secret. We lock people in jails and in prisons, they put them in public places where all could see them. In many towns and counties the gallows, on which men were hanged, stood in open view. The pillory, the stocks, and the ducking stool were also in plain sight. Men were often seen with scars on their hands and faces made by a hot iron which burned the first letter of their crime. But more often a curious crowd could be seen pointing at a shamefaced man with a large letter or word hanging round his neck. This was a hard way to make people behave themselves. 125. Witchcraft. A little more than 200 years ago people everywhere believed in witches. They thought that very ugly or deformed persons became the com- panions of evil spirits and with their aid did harm to others. Persons supposed to have such power were called witches, and could be put to death by the laws of all the nations, including most of the colonies. A witchcraft, craze broke out in the town of Salem, Mas- sachusetts in 1692. Some young persons acted strangely and pointed to others as having "bewitched" them. In the excitement the craze spread, and large numbers were thrown into jail. Nineteen persons were hanged. The people of Salem saw that they would all be in jail if the excitement kept on, , and that many innocent would suffer. So they stopped the craze. One hundred years afterwards witches were tried and executed in Europe, and even now there are a few people in America who are ignorant enough to believe in witches. Spain's American Empire 93 126. Smugglers and pirates. England had tried by the Navigation Laws to keep other nations from trading with America, ( § 40) . Sometimes when the custom house officers were not near, the people of the colonies brought goods in without paying the tax. This was illegal, and the ships and sailors were called smugglers. The English merchants had long been engaged in smuggling. Smugglers sometimes turned pirates and robbed and murdered. Pirate ships were armed like "men-of-war." They preyed upon merchant ships, took their money and parts of the cargo, destroyed the ship, and murdered the sailors. They even came into New York and Phila- delphia. Captain Kidd was sent to search for them but turned pirate himself and became the ' ' terror of the sea. ' ' He came back and was caught and sent to London to be hanged. The coast of the Carolinas was a favorite nest of pirates. The most famous of the gang was Blackbeard. He was a terror for the honest merchant ship wherever he found her. Finally he was overtaken and after a hand-to-hand battle was killed and his head cut off and triumphantly tied to the bowsprit of the victorious vessel, as she sailed back to port. The pirates were finally driven away but long haunted the West Indies. THE CONFLICT OVER NORTH AMERICA SPAIN'S AMERICAN EMPIRE 127. The greatness and weakness of the empire. While the English colonies were steadily growing, Spain still held her great possessions farther south. Like a huge horseshoe they stretched from Florida through the West Indies to South America, most of which she claimed. Turning northward they included Central America and 94 The Conflict over North America the rich province of Mexico. This was a splendid empire. But itwas destined to pass from her hands piece by piece because it was managed for the good of a few in Spain and not for the benefit of its own people. Here were no colonial assemblies, no self-government. The King of Spain and his agents ruled it as they saw fit; and its wealth was taken to Spain. 128. Treasure ships and plun- derers. Once a year their ships brought home vast stores of gold and silver and other valuable products. They sailed in a single group, carefully guarded by Spanish warships. It was enough After the statue by Don Fiancisco Jimenes tO tCmpt DOlCl men Ol OtnCr nations. Great sea captains, like Drake and Hawkins, often fell upon the treasure ships and plundered them. Later came reckless adventurers from everywhere and took what they could on land and sea from the traders and merchants. These were called Buccaneers. 129. Other nations gain a foothold. Spain tried to keep other nations out of all this region. But as her power weakened they got one place after another. Thus Eng- land got the Barbadoes and Jamaica; the Dutch, Curagao; the French, Martinique and other islands. It was the beginning of the breaking up of the Spanish Empire in America. If Spain could not hold her own in the South, she certainly would not be a dangerous rival of England in the North. That great rival was to be France. GUATEMOTZIN The nephew of Montezuma and the last Indian emperor of Mexico The Rise of French Power 95 THE RISE OF FRENCH POWER 130. A decisive Indian battle (1609). We have already seen (§15) h o w Champlain laid the found- ation of New France at Quebec (1608). In the following year, when the ' ' Half- Moon ' ' was sailing up the Hudson (§85), Champlain took a leading part in one of the most im- portant Indian battles ever fought. He lOined the From the portrait painting in Independence ° " -^ Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Indians of Canada when samuel champlain, the father of . new FRANCE they planned to invade the land of the Iroquois in the colony of New Netherland. On the shores of Lake Champlain the Five Nations met their northern foes. Suddenly the ranks of the Canadian Indians opened and Champlain, clad in steel and armed with a weapon never before seen by the Iroquois, stepped forth. He fired, and two chiefs fell . Other shots followed, and "the boldest ^— and fiercest warriors in North Amer- ica" ran yelling into the woods. The result was that from this day forward THE SITE OF QUEBEC Here, in 1808, on a narrow belt of land at the fool of the high bluff, Champlain laid out the city of Quebec 96 The Conflict Over North America aX K • 1' = '^ -,N ""-■■■■ V; " JS^--!^''''^" '"'^'^'^r C ChaxipUin-s Route, Marquette and Joliet's Route, it>7J ,.,_,_,_,_,., LaSalle'i Route to Ft. Crevccoeur and return, ;6;9-i-i-i— I— I— I— I— I— I— I LaSalle s Route from Ft. St. Louis to the Gulf, ibS^ -___ FRENCH EXPLORATIONS AND POSTS the Iroquois became the deadly enemies of the French, and for more than a hundred years kept them from moving down into the fertile valleys of New York. 131. The Frenchman makes friends with the Indian. This attack on the Iroquois was an exception, for the Frenchman, as priest in establishing his mission or as fur trader in building his post, usually made fast friends with the Indians. The French traders lived on more friendly terms with them than did the English and often married the dusky maidens of the forest. The French trader and the Indian went on long trips together, hunting for game and fur. As boon companions they paddled up and down rivers and lakes, shared wigwanis and camp fires, and joined in outdoor sports and pastimes. The English would do none of thCvSe things. 132. Marquette and Joliet explore the Mississippi (1673). The French had heard of the "Father of Waters " as they pushed westward. The governor of Canada sent Marquette the missionary, and Joliet the fur trader, to The Rise of French Power 97 find the river. They paddled slowly in birch-bark canoes from the Straits of Mackinaw into Green Bay and up the Fox River. The Indians carried their canoes over the portage to the banks of the beautiful Wisconsin. Down this stream and out upon the broad bosom of the Mis- sissippi they floated. Carried by its mighty current, they drifted past the place where the future St. Louis was to stand and on past the mouth of the Ohio until they reached the Arkansas. Because of rumors of hostile Indians and of danger from Spanish capture, they began their toilsome journey home. They entered the Illinois River and finally reached the Great Lakes and the place where Chicago now stands. 133. La Salle and Hennepin, fur trader and missionary. La Salle went to occupy the Mississippi Valley for the French (1679). He returned east for supplies, while Father Hennepin floated down the Illinois to the Mississippi and went up that stream to the Falls of St. Anthony. La Salle finally reached the mouth of the great river and took possession in the name of his king, giv- ing the region the title of Louisiana in honor of King Louis (1682). How rich and splendid a region for a new French empire ! The enthusiasm of the French was aroused, and the king sent out an expedition of four ships under La Salle to settle at the mouth of the Mississippi (1684). But he missed the mouth and landed on the coast of Texas. La Salle was murdered and only a few of his followers escaped to tell the tale. MARQUETTE A typical French missionary 9 8 The Conflict Over North America 134. Louisiana settled. But France did not let La Salle's great plans die with him. From the Gulf of After an old print NEW ORLEANS IN 1719 Mexico to the Great Lakes and from the Gulf of St. Lawrence through the Great Lakes, France controlled the great waterways of North America. In 1699 Biloxi was established as a trading post in the southern part of what is now the state of Mississippi. Mobile was settled in 1702 and for a time was the head of the colony. In 1 7 18 New Orleans was founded and the seat of govern- ment removed there. 135. Purpose and plans of the French. The French had been active in pressing from Canada westward and establishing themselves over a vast region. By 1700 they had planted a large number of forts (Map, page 96) to protect their missionaries and fur traders when the time should come to form the basis of a New France in America. Would that time ever come? It seemed near at hand. THE BEGINNING OF THE STRUGGLE 136. Causes of the conflict. The English and French had now to contend for the possession of North America. The ownership of soil would give room for colonies and The Beginning of the Struggle 99 would control the vast trade in furs and the very useful trade in fish. The fur traders of France and England were clashing at certain points. There were religious differences too. Back of all these things was the fact that England and France had become great rivals where- ever they met.^^ 137. The wars of William and Anne (1689-1713). When the English people drove their own king, James II, from the throne, France at once took his part and a war that was to last almost twenty-five years began. Peace was made for a short time, but under Anne, the successor of William, the bitter struggle went on. In this war the Indians, except the Iroquois or Five Nations, all took the French side. The French planned the invasion of New York, but the Iroquois were too quick for them. Instead, of invading the city the French INDIANS ON THEIR WAY BACK TO CANADA WITH THEIR PRISONERS and Indians attacked, on the northern frontier, where they burned the homes, and massacred the people. loo The Conflict Over North America 138. New England and New York cooperate (1690). The leaders in New York and New England planned a land force against Montreal but it got no farther than Lake Champlain. Sir William Phips, who had already- captured Port Royal in Acadia, commanded the fleet that set out for Quebec. But cold weather forced the English to abandon the siege. 139. War in the South. Spain joined France against the English in Queen Anne's War. The Spaniards had always resented the settlement of Charleston (§52). In 1702 the vSpaniards of Florida planned to send a large body of Indians to attack the town, but before they could get under way the people of Charleston sent another body of Indians and defeated the Spaniards. The Carolinians then burned St. Augustine but did not capture the Spanish fort. In 1703 they raided the Spanish plantations in Florida. To put a check to the ' ambitious Carolinians a combined French and Spanish fleet, carrying a strong landing party, left Havana (1706) to attack Charleston. They found the brave Governor Johnson and his little colonial army ready. The Caro- linians defeated the attempt to make a landing and a Carolina fleet beat off the attacking ships. The enemy departed. This was indeed a glorious victory for the people of Charleston, and had the English government given them aid they would in all probability have destroyed Spanish power in Florida. 140. Treaty of peace (1713). When the treaty of peace came, France , was compelled to give up all of Acadia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay region as well, and Spain surrendered her monopoly of the slave trade to England. This peace was unbroken for thirty years. The Beginning of the Struggle lOI 141. King George's War (1744-1748). The kings of England at this time were not really Englishmen^^ and did not understand English ways very well. They took the advice of a great man, Sir Robert Walpole, who stood for peace. This gave the colonies rest for thirty years. They had their eye however on the Frenchmen who were THE CAPTURE OF LOUISBURG Loiiisburg fortress, which stood on the Island of Cape Breton, was the key to the St. Lawrence and was called the "Gibraltar of America" pushing east from the Mississippi and south from the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence. When war did come, New England sent an expedition of 100 vessels, carrying 4,000 soldiers, to take Louisburg. This fortress stood on Cape Breton Island and was the key to the St. Lawrence. Louisburg had been built of heavy stone at a cost of millions of dollars. It was called the "Gibraltar of America." The French thought it could not be taken, but after a siege of six weeks it fell (1745), and caused great rejoicing throughout the English colonies and Great Britain. Great was the disappointment when the treaty of peace handed it back to France (1748). 5 I02 The Conflict Over North America THE LAST CONFLICT 142. The colonial Englishmen and the Frenchmen. The name of the last conflict in America is the "French and Indian War," but in Europe it became a part of the "Seven Years' War." In this country the English and French had been approaching each other. In all New France there were not more than 80,000 Frenchmen, but they were under the control of one man, the governor of Canada. The English all told counted more than 1,100,000, but they were under the control of thirteen different governors ; they had no one man to govern them, except the English king, who was 3,000 miles away. The English had the aid of the Iroquois, Cherokees, and Creeks; the French had the Indians of Canada and some of the southern tribes. The English were concen- trated east of the Appalachians, while the French were scattered from the Gulf of Mexico to the St Lawrence. 143. Causes of the war between the French and English. The hatred and rivalry between the French and English fur traders constantly grew, so that this conflict really began in America. The French were now pushing from Lake Chautauqua down the Allegheny to the Ohio and had buried leaden plates to prove their right to this region. In Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia great excitement was caused when the people got the news that the French had made trade treaties with the Cherokees and the Creeks. A great trading organization of Virginia planters, called the Ohio Company, received from the king of England a grant of 500,000 acres near the headwaters of the Ohio. They had built a road into this region when word came that the French were already moving into the Ohio Valley. North America in 1750 The conflicting Spanish, French and English claims English I I Spanish I I Frenches FrJi'.'i"s1.i^ CD Unexplored I \ Scale of Miles 200 400 600 600 1C0( Longitude Weat from Greenwich Coprright, 1903, by Rand. UcMallf IfCompAor The Last Conflict 103 144. Young Washington sent to the French (1753). George Washington, whose brothers were members of the Ohio Company, was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia (1732). He was a promising lad. A leader among his fellows in school and devoted to his widowed mother, he grew up a manly fellow. At sixteen he was GREENWAY COURT, THE HOME OF LORD FAIRFAX IN THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY Surmounting the broad, sweeping roof, pierced by dormer window's, were two belfries, doubtless designed for bells to call the settlers together when an Indian uprising was feared sent with five companions across the mountains into the Shenandoah to survey the lands of Lord Fairfax, a neigh- bor. Altogether young Washington spent three years in this region of forests, rivers, mountains, and Indians. He learned the art of living in the woods. He took great risks and faced many dangers in this wild life in the Shenandoah. No young man twenty-one years of age was better fitted than George Washington to carry to the French, Governor Dinwiddle's orders to get out of the Ohio I04 The Conflict Over North America Valley. The task was a dangerous one. There were few guides and the country was full of Indians and French who liked nothing better than to scalp or capture an Englishman. Washington delivered his message, took note of what the French were doing, and hastened back with the French refusal. 145. Skirmishing. Dinwiddle quickly sent men to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio, but the French cap- tured it before it was finished (1754). They named it after their governor, Duquesne. (Map, page 105.) Wash- ington was already moving into the region with Virginia volunteers. He surprised a body of French sent to attack him. Getting word of a larger body of the enemy, he built Fort Necessity, which the French attacked, and Washington, hopelessly outnumbered, surrendered. He marched out with the honors of war. 146. The Iroquois at Albany. Representatives from New England, the middle colonies, Maryland, and Vir- ginia met the chiefs of the Iroquois at Albany. The Iroquois (§130) came in slowly, for they too saw the meaning of the great war cloud. One of their chiefs said: "Look at the French. They are men; they are fortifying everywhere. But, we are ashamed to say it, you are like women." The English gave the Indians more and costlier presents than ever, and they pledged everlasting friendship. 147. The proposed Albany plan of union (1754). For a number of years leading men had felt the need of union among the col6nies for protection. Benjamin Franklin, who came to meet the Indians at Albany, had been thinking of a plan. He was already famous on both sides of the ocean. He was born in Boston (1706), went to Philadelphia and hired to a printer, worked The Last Conflict 105 hard, saved his money, and made several inventions. He discovered that Hghtning and electricity are the same. He had been to London and thus gained a wider outlook. The English government had already made him assistant postmas- ter-general in America. He presented to the Albany meeting his plan of union. This scheme gave the king a right to name a gov- ernor over all the col- onies; to the colonial legislatures it gave the right to name men to compose a council over the colonies. This body was to treat with the Indians, build forts, raise troops, and levy taxes to pay for these things. Both the king and the colonies rejected the plan. 148. Great plans and great failures. General Braddock came with regulars from England and brought a pocket- ful of campaign plans. He called the governors to meet him in Washington's old town of Alexandria. They agreed to attack four places at once: Fort Duquesne, Niagara, Crown Point, and Acadia. General Braddock, brave but overbearing, marched FORT DUQUESNE AND ITS APPSOACHES Showing Braddock's line of march, and the line of French forts io6 The Conflict Over North America against the fort on the Ohio. He had never made a campaign through the woods of America. He refused to listen to the advice of Franklin and Washington, who knew the Indian way of fighting. Eight miles from Fort Duquesne, Braddock was surprised to meet the Indians and the French, who, yelling like demons, attacked from both sides of the road. The Virginia militia took to the trees, Indian fashion, but Braddock kept his men in solid column. They could, not see the enemy. They were falling fast, and finally began to retreat. Braddock was mortally wounded, and Wash- ington, with his brave Virginians, protected the retreat. WASHINGTON AND THE 'VIRGINI.\NS SAVE BRADDOCK S ARMY Braddock lived long enough to see his mistake. He presented Washington with his favorite servant. Wash- ington read the funeral service over his grave. The other expeditions also resulted in failure, except The Last Conflict 107 the one against the gentle Acadians. They had refused to become EngHshmen although France had given them up more than twenty years before. Many of them were now forced to leave their homes and were scattered among the other colonists along the Atlantic coast. Some went to Louisiana. Relatives, friends, and lovers were separated. Out of this circumstance grew Longfellow's beautiful story of Evangeline. Western Pennsylvania and northern Virginia were now open to the Indians' tomahawk, scalp- ing knife, and torch. Washing- ton took command of the frontiersmen in the Valley of the Shenandoah in order to defend their homes. 149. Begins to look like French success (1756-1757). The Seven ^°^'^ J°^^^« °^ montcalm Years' War had broken out in Europe. Austria, France, and Russia united their fortunes to break the rising power of Prussia, whose king was Frederick the Great. England joined Prussia but she did not fight well because her generals bought their positions instead of winning them. Hence, for the next two years, the English, as they had done in 1755, planned campaigns, but the French won them. Montcalm, the new French hero, gained both Oswego and Fort William Henry. 150. William Pitt to the front. The English people, tired of their corrupt leaders, turned them out and called William Pitt to govern. He opposed corruption and believed in the people. Both England and America took From a print, painted and enlarged by Antoine Francois Sergent in 1790 io8 The Conflict Over North America heart. Able commanders were sent to America and the colonists raised more soldiers than ever before. 151. Louisburg and Fort Duquesne fall (1758). Pitt's fleet and army hammered down the walls of the mighty Louisburg fortress (§141) in six weeks, and 5,000 French soldiers surrendered. (Map, page 96.) Washington now joined General Forbes, whose army, composed of regular British troops and militia from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, was to capture Fort Duquesne. The Indians deserted ; the French blew up the fort and fled. Washington hoisted the English flag, and the place, now the city of Pittsburgh, was named Fort Pitt, in honor of the great Englishman. 152. Failure at Ticonderoga. The largest army yet seen in America, 15,000 strong, gathered at Lake George to attack Fort Ticonderoga. A French army threatened to break through to New York, thus separating New England from New York. General Howe, one of Pitt's generals, was killed in a skir- mish and one of the "left over" generals six times ordered the English to assault the works. Each time they were beaten back. Nearly 2,000 men fell, the largest number killed in America up to that time. 153. The fall of Quebec. A decisive victory (1759). Pitt was pushing things. He sent a force to capture Niagara, and he rebuilt Fort Oswego, thus, with the From a print cnKraved from a portrait painted by Hichard Bromptom WILLIAM PITT Pill was the idol of Ihe colonisls The Last Conflict 109 fall of Fort Duquesne, forever destroying the French hope of reaching the Mississippi by way of the Ohio. While Amherst was forc- ing the French out of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, General Wolfe, one of Pitt's new generals, was moving against Quebec, the key to Canada. The fortress was on a high bluff and sur- rounded by almost perpen- dicular walls of solid rock. Wolfe had almost given up when he heard of a steep, narrow way up the bluff where bold men might climb. He moved 3,500 men up the river while cannon from his warship stormed the beach below. WhJle waiting with his men for the ebb of the tide Wolfe told a com- rade that he expected to be killed on the morrow, and repeated in a low voice this stanza from Gray's "Elegy in a Country Churchyard ' ' : "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave Await alike the inevitable hour: The paths of glory lead but to the grave." In the gray dawn Wolfe's men clambered up the steep bluff and formed in solid column on the Plains of Abraham. Wolfe encouraged his men. They had not long to wait, for Montcalm immediately moved to the attack. Wolfe's From a rare mezzotint engraved by Richard Houston JAMES WOLFE 'Mad, is he?" said the king. "I hope he will bite some of my other generals" no The Conflict Over North America men charged with bayonets. Wolfe fell, mortally wounded. As he was being borne to the rear he heard the cry of victory. "Now God be praised," he said; "I die happy." Montcalm too had fallen. When told he must die he replied, "So much the better; I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." The loss of Quebec and of Montcalm was a fatal blow to New France. The English colonies were wild with joy as the news of the victory spread over the land although everyone mourned the death of Wolfe. The next year Montreal surrendered, and the dream of a New France passed forever. r From the painting by Benja THE DEATH OF GENERAL WOLFE 154. War with the Indians. As an echo of the great war not yet closed, ,the Indians broke out in various places. The bloodiest of these outbreaks were the war with the Cherokees and Pontiac's War. The Cherokees had been restless for a long time, committing murder, until in 1760 the militia, aided by regulars, burned their The Last Conflict 111 towns. The Cherokees in desperation attacked Fort Loudon beyond the Alleghenies, and captured and mur- dered its garrison. General Grant, who with 1,200 reg- ulars came to Charleston, was joined by 1,400 militia. (Map, opposite page 22.) This little army destroyed many of their towns and completely crushed the Cherokees. The Indians of the North- west saw their doom when the French were beaten. Pontiac, a wonderfully elo- quent and able chief, united these tribes in a widespread conspiracy to strike down the whites at one blow and drive them east of the mountains. On a given day the blow fell on all the posts from Pennsylvania to Mackinac. The Indians took many forts and hundreds of frontier families were wiped out or driven from their homes. But the English had learned how to fight the Indians, and easily beat them. From then until the Revolutionary War there was little trouble with the Indians. 155. The treaty of peace. Toward the end of this war Spain had joined France, as in Queen Anne's War (§139). Her help did not save France, and she herself lost Florida. When peace was made, she gave Florida to the English, and they yielded all claims from recent victories in Cuba and the Philippine Islands. France From an old print PONTIAC A great Indian warrior 112 The Conflict Over North America gave up to England all of her Northern possessions, and to Spain New Orleans and all west of the Mississippi. 156. The result of the great war. Both England and the colonies were deep in debt as a consequence of the war. The colonies had paid more than their share. Parliament recognized this and, under Pitt's influence, paid back to them about $5,000,000. But they had also learned how to fit out armies, what it cost in money, food, and clothing, and how to beat the Indian at his own game. Also many men had received extensive military training. Another result was that English institutions were to spread throughout America. This meant a great deal. France was not then the free country that it is to-day. In her colonies the government was by the king and his officers, and not by the people as in the English. In all "New France," as her American possessions were called, there had been no representative assembly, and no town governed by its own people, nor was there anywhere trial by jury. As a result of the war Canada was to have the same rights and liberties as other British colonies. ^^ Above all, the war brought the colonies closer together. It made them feel that they had much in common. They were proud of being Englishmen, and of having English rights and liberties. They saw that their Spanish and French neighbors did not enjoy these things so fully, and resolved more firmly than ever to keep them. Their rights would have been safe, if broad-minded men like Pitt had continued to guide the British Empire. But the time was at hand when a very different kind of man was to be at its head and to threaten its liberties. Would the colonists submit, or would they stand up for the old rights of free Englishmen as their forefathers had often done in the home country? Period of the American Revolution STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN THE FIRST STEPS 157. A new kind of king (1760). For more than seventy-five years the kings of England had been losing power while Parliament had been gaining it, thanks to the Whigs of England. George III resolved to take that power back. To do so he had to bribe and browbeat Parliament into submitting to his will. The noblest statesmen of England turned against him and mobs stoned the king's carriage for his treatment of one of the members of Parliament. Many of the Whigs felt that the liberty won by their two revolutions""* was in great danger. The danger was as great in the colonies as in England. If the king cared little for the rights of English- men at home, how could he be expected to be kinder to his subjects in America? 158. Would Englishmen give up their rights? Charles I had lost his head and James II his throne ^^ by trying to take away their people's rights. Would George III succeed? Who would take the lead in resisting him? Would it be the men in old England or those in the From the portrait by Thomas Gainsborough GEO. Ill, KING OF ENGLAND Against him our forefathers fought for the rights of Englishmen 113 114 Struggle for the Rights of Englishmen colonies? They stood on an equal footing, for the colonists felt that they were as truly Englishmen as any in the home country. They claimed the same rights as if they had been ' ' abiding and born within the realm of Eng- land." 159. Attempts to regulate trade. There was something in the open air and the free life of the new country that seemed to strengthen their love for liberty. Harsh gov- ernors learned this quickly, and so did all who interfered with their trade. England was more liberal toward her colonies than other countries. But it was com- mon then to think of colonial trade as chiefly for the good of the mother country, and some of her rules seemed hard to those in America. Navigation Acts had been passed from time to time since the days of Cromwell (§40). The purpose of these was (j) to make the colonists trade with England rather than with foreign countries, and (2) to see that their goods were carried in English ships or their own rather than in foreign ones. Other laws restricted trade between the colonies them- selves, and even forbade them to make some things that English merchants wished to sell to them. In order to help the planters in the British West Indies, the Sugar Act (1733) taxed all sugar and molasses from the French or Spanish islands. After a portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds EDMUND BURKE An English Statesman who sympathized ■with the colonists The First Steps 115 But these laws had not been strictly enforced, and the colonists had carried on their trade very much as they pleased. Now came rumors that King George and his minis- ters were planning to revise these laws and enforce them. If so, they might well consider the words of James Otis against the Writs of Assistance. He voiced the feeling of the colonists. 160. James Otis and the Writs of Assistance (1761). James Otis was a young lawyer holding an office for the king. He gave it up and gave up the chance for promotion in order that he might speak against the Writs of Assistance. These writs were "general" search warrants used by the cus- toms officers to search houses or any place, at any time, from cellar to garret, for smuggled goods. The speech of Otis roused the interest of the whole country. He declared that "our ancestors as British subjects, and we their descendants, are entitled to all those rights by the British constitution. ... A man's house is his castle; and whilst he is quiet he is as well guarded as a prince in his castle." No more writs were used in Boston, although no decision against them was now given. James Otis had struck the keynote of the next fifteen years of agitation. From a painting by J. D. Blackburn JAMES OTIS Olis Struck the keynote of the Revolution: "Americans are Englishmen with the rights of Englishmen" ii6 Struggle for the Rights of Englishmen 8 i6i. The Stamp Act (1765). The plan of the king and his ministers soon became clear. They proposed to keep an army of ten thousand soldiers in America. They said this army was to defend the colonies from the attacks of Indians and foreign enemies. But the colonists felt able to take care of themselves, and they feared that the soldiers would be used to interfere with their liberties. Nor did they like the way by which money was to be raised to help pay for the soldiers. The plan was (/) to make some changes in the Sugar Act (§159) and enforce it strictly, (2) to pass a Stamp Act. The latter especially aroused the colonists. By it every person wishing to marry, or using deeds to property, bills of merchan- dise, or in fact any legal paper, of any sort, had to pay from one cent to $50 out of his own pocket. The Americans took alarm and said that "taxation with- out representation is tyranny" (§164). This did not mean that they wished to send representatives to Parliament in England, but it did mean that they wanted the king to get his money as he had always had it, from the colonial assemblies where the people were represented (§104). 162. The first revolutionary organizations. In every colony the bolder men formed a secret society to resist the Stamp Act. This society was known as the "Sons of Liberty." The members posted notices denouncing the law; they called mass meetings, and paraded the STAMPS USED IN 1766 The First Steps 117 streets in large numbers, crying "Liberty, property, and no stamps!" If a stamp officer refused to resign he was compelled to cry out this motto or was ridden out of town on a rail. The merchants living in the seaports formed the organization that probably influenced England most. This was called the "Non-Importation Agreement," which stated that they would buy no goods from England while the Stamp Act lasted. With nobody to buy, nobody could sell, and many manufactures ceased in RESISTANCE TO THE STAMP ACT In these riots the stamp agent was often compelled to ride a rail through the streets England. Her men were thrown out of work and were soon storming Parliament with petitions for a repeal of the act. In America the "Daughters of Liberty," with needle and thread, spinning wheel, and hand loom, went to work to supply Americans with the things they had obtained from England. If the use of American products became a habit, the stamp would prove expensive to England. ii8 Struggle for the Rights of Englishmen 163. The southern colonies resent the Stamp Act. The southern colonies took their part in the formation of these societies, but there were other events that called for attention. Virginia stirred the other colonies to resistance by the resolutions of Patrick Henry. Henry From a rare ensraving PATRICK HENRY ADDRESSING THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES was a born orator. He failed at keeping store and at farming, but he studied law and then became a success. He had already "won" the "Parsons' Case,"-'' and now threw himself with all his power into a great speech against the Stamp Act. He ended with the words that every school boy knows: "Caesar had his Brutus; Charles I his Cromwell, and George HI" — ["Treason, treason!" cried the speaker of the House] — "may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it." The resolutions asserting that the House of Burgesses alone could tax Virginians passed, and were published broadcast over the land. The First Steps 119 In North Carolina the governor suddenly found his house surrounded by 700 Sons of Liberty demanding the repeal of the Stamp Act. They refused to go to their homes until the stamp officer had resigned and the other officers had taken an oath not to put the law in force. In South Caro- lina images of stamp sellers were hanged and then burned, and church bells were tolled. 164. The Stamp Act Congress (1765). The colonies now felt that they must act together. A congress was held in New York to take united action. Nine colonies sent represen- tatives. Among the great men in this colo- nial congress were two from South Carolina — John Rutledge, a famous lawyer, and Christopher Gadsden, a scholar and patriot. James Otis stood for Massachusetts, John Dickinson for Penn- sylvania, and the Livingstons, Robert and Philip, for New York. The most important work was to publish to the colonies and to Great Britain a declaration of their rights as EngHshmen. They asserted: (i) that the colonists are entitled to the rights of natural-born subjects; (2) that Englishmen can be taxed by their own representatives only; (3) that the colonists cannot be represented in From a photograph after a painting CHRISTOPHER GADSDEN American patriot and Revolutionary officer I20 Struggle for the Rights of Englishmen Parliament, and (4) that therefore they can be taxed only by their own legislatures. It meant a great deal that this Declaration of Rights was similar to the speech of Otis and the resolutions of Henry. Christopher Gadsden gave voice to colonial sentiment when he said, "There ought to be no New England man, no New Yorker known on the continent, but all of us Americans." 165. Parliament repeals the Stamp Act^^ (1766). George III opposed but could not prevent the repeal of the Stamp Act. The outcry in England and America produced great debates in Parliament. The greatest men in England, led by William Pitt (now Earl of Chatham) and Edmund Burke, vigorously demanded its repeal (§175). William Pitt declared that "three millions of people so dead to all the feelings of liberty as volun- tarily to submit to be slaves, would have been fit instru- ments to make slaves of ourselves." Great rejoicing followed the repeal. London was illuminated and the colonists were beside themselves with joy. They built bonfires, rang bells, and colonial assemblies erected statues to William Pitt. The colonies seemed to forget the Declaratory Act which Parliament had just passed, that it had the right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. 166. New taxes in an old way (1767). But the king needed money, and since the Americans had opposed the Stamp Act because it was a direct tax. Parliament passed a law putting taxes on certain goods imported into the colonies, such as tea, glass, paper, and paints. Because the king intended to use the money to pay governors, judges, and other royal officers, the people of the colonies opposed even this tax. These officers had been paid by The First Steps 121 the colonial assemblies, and they sometimes paid little and at other times more, according to the way the officers had performed their duties. The old indignation flamed up again and the Sons of Liberty and the Association for Non-Importation took up their work of resistance. 167. Samuel Adams writes the circular letter (1768). Samuel Adams, a graduate of Har- vard, but, like Patrick Henry, a failure until he took up politics, knew how to appeal to men, the common man. He became "the man of the town meeting" and was sent to the legislature. Here he wrote the "circular letter" which asserted the rights of the colonies and appealed for united action in opposing the new taxes. The king was furious. He de- manded that Massachusetts recall her letter and that the other colonial assembHes treat it with ,, samuel adams Adams was a Harvard graduate. He contempt or pay the penalty of -^"^f ;;y,7//''^ ^t'l'/cS'^^'f '' being dismissed. In spite of this "Manofihetownmeetmg' the other colonies expressed their approval of the letter and Massachusetts refused to recall it. The king sent two regiments to Boston to back up the governor. 168. Violence in the colonies. The colonists were growing more and more desperate. The troops in Boston acted ugly. A collision occurred and several citizens were shot by the soldiers. This event is called the Boston Massacre (1770). Samuel Adams, in the name of the Boston town meeting, demanded the removal of the troops. They were sent to the castle in the harbor. From the painting by John Singleton Copley 122 Struggle for the Rights of Englishmen A band of Rhode Islanders burned the revenue ship, the "Gaspe." In New York the citizens and soldiers had a fight over the "Hberty pole." This was called the Battle of Golden Hill. In North Carolina the people gathered under the name of "Regulators" and fought a bloody battle with the gov- ernor at Alamance (May i6, 1771). 169. Lord North tries to trick the Americans. Thanks to the Non-Impor- tation Agreement, the trade with Great Britain had fallen off three or four mil- lion dollars. Lord North took off all duties except that on tea, but the Amer- icans still refused to buy tea. The East India Tea Company was going bankrupt, and something had to be done. The shrewdest trick was now played. The largest duty on tea on its way to America was always paid in some English port. Lord North had this tax removed, so that the colonists could buy tea cheaper than London. Surely the Americans would jump at this bait! But principle was at stake, and the Americans refused. 170. New revolutionary organizations. In 1772 Samuel Adams moved that the town meeting of Boston appoint a committee to correspond with like committees of other towns. In a short time each town in Massachusetts had its secret Committee of Correspondence hard at work. From a portrait made in 1775 by Sir Nathaniel Dance FREDERICK, LORD NORTH, EAUL OF GUILDFORD The tool of George III. Cornwallis' surrender drove him from power The First Steps 123 In 1773 a group of patriots in the Virginia House of Burgesses, among them Thomas Jefferson, carried a motion for a committee to correspond with the other assembUes. It spread to every colony. These organi- zations were most important in a day when there was no railroad, telegraph, or telephone. They helped to pro- duce a permanent union of the colonies. 171. "Tea parties" in the colonies. These organiza- v^/'','M&*'#A, tions were formed not a bit too soon, for tea ships were already on their way to America. Great mass meetings in New York and Phila- d e 1 p h i a forced the tea agents to resign and the tea ships to return home. In Charleston, the agents were forced to resign, and the tea was stored in cellars and sold for the public good during the Revolution. At Annapolis the spirit of the pat- riots was reflected in the burning of the "Peggy Stewart "^^ After the painting by F. B. Mayer BURNING OF THE " PEGGY STEWART" IN THE HARBOR AT ANNAPOLIS 124 Struggle for the Rights of Englishmen T- ■^1 In Boston (1773) the agents defied the people, and the Committee of Correspondence called a great meeting in 1. the Old South Meet- I inghouse. Seven I thousand from coun- fc try and town tried |'i\ to get into the meet- h \ \ ing. Samuel Adams Mj^ ■ -- . presided. They de- iiii!j ^ bated and declared that the tea should not be landed. They knew the king's men were determined that it should be landed. Finally, in the dusk of evening, after the lights had been brought in, Samuel Adams arose and said: "This meeting can do no more to save the country." Imme- diately the "war whoop of the Mo- hawks" sounded and the people rushed out, followed to the wharf a band of men disguised as Indians, and saw 342 chests of tea dumped into the bay. That night Paul Revere, the "Courier of the Revolution," started to carry the news to New York, Philadelphia, and to the southward. Everywhere the people shouted when they heard the news from Boston. v.--.\ ^^^iSff^f'v ^S^*^ -^Wtr't *(■* - ■:.'s--^ THE OLD SOUTH MEETINGHOUSE Besides being the meeting place for Boston's citizens, British troops occupied it during the siege oj the city The First Steps 125 172. The colonies are punished (1774). When the news came to England from Boston, the king was furious. The people must be punished. In spite of strong opposition from wise and far-seeing Englishmen, such as Edmund Burke, Charles James Fox, and Isaac Barre, the king's friends in Parliament passed the "Intolerable Acts." (7) They first closed the port of Boston. Not a skiff could cross its harbor. Trade was stopped. Until the people paid for the tea they had destroyed they must starve. (2) All officers, except the representatives, were to be paid and could be removed by the king. Even town meetings were abolished, (j) An act permitted every officer or soldier committing murder in Massachusetts to be sent out of the colony for trial. {4) The Quebec Act extended the boundary of Can- ada to the Ohio River, thus cutting off four colonies from their western lands. To cap the climax. General Gage with four regiments was sent to Boston as military gov- ernor to enforce these laws at the point of the bayonet. 173. A flame of indignation. Instantly America was aflame with indignation. But the people were equal to the occasion. From every colony came food, clothing, money, and hot words. "Don't pay for an ounce of the tea!" wrote Christopher Gadsden of South CaroHna. Patrick Henry in old St. Johns Church, Richmond (still standing), was a flame of fire when he declared: "We must fight. I repeat it, sir, we must fight." George Washington, a leader of men, declared he was ready A BRITISH REGULAR 126 Struggle for the Rights of Englishmen "to raise one thousand men, subsist them at my own expense, and march myself at their head for the relief of Boston." Maryland asserted that these acts "would lay the foundation for the utter destruction of British America." South Carolina sounded a keynote: "The whole country must be animated with one great soul, and all America must stand by one another even unto death." 174. The First Continental Congress (i774)- All America seemed ready for the First Continental Congress, which met in Carpenters' Hall, Phila- delphia. Only Georgia was without represen- tation, and she sent words of hearty ap- proval. Great men were there. Samuel Adams and Richard Henry Lee shook hands and became lifelong friends. Patrick Henry and John Adams, the two greatest orators of the Revolution, listened to each other for the first time. John Dick- inson, who wrote the Farmer's Letters against the tea tax, was there, and Roger Sher- man of Connecticut, who had once pegged shoes for a living, was welcomed by the Rutledges, rich planters F/ora a photograph carpenters' hall The meeting place of the first Continental Congress in 1774 The First Steps 127 THE FIRST PRAYER IN CONGRESS The first prayer offered in Congress was by Reverend Mr. Duche, an Episcopalian, at the suggestion of that staunch old Puritan, Samuel Adams from South Carolina. George Washington was there dressed in the garb of a Virginia colonel, as if to say: "I am ready." Men of almost every sort of religious opin- ion were to be found in the Continental Congress, but all alike were bound to sub- mit to the common will. 29 This Con- gress sent an address to the king, and to Parliament a Declaration of Rights as Englishmen. The Congress took two very important steps: (i) They formed Continental Associa- tions of Non-Importation and appointed the Committees of Correspondence to enforce it. These committees established network associations over the whole country. (2) They voted to stand by Boston in her opposition and to meet force by force. This Congress stood for union and for resistance if necessary. The leaders went home and began to prepare for the struggle. 175. Two parties in England (1775). When the king and his friends, called Tories, heard from the Congress they were more determined than ever to compel the Americans to submit. The friends of America, called Whigs, saw the coming danger and tried to prevent it. William Pitt (§150), now Lord Chatham, moved in Parliament that the troops be removed from Boston, 128 Struggle Jor the Rights of Englishmen but the Tories defeated the motion. Not discouraged, after talking with FrankHn he introduced a plan of conciliation to restore the former good feeling in America, but his motion was again defeated. Burke, too, made a powerful plea for conciliation, but it was of no use. Lord North (§169), a Tory, also came forward with a plan, which Parliament passed. This plan offered to settle the differences with each colony separately. But it came too late. America was united and felt that the cause of one was the cause of all. i./- THE CONFLICT BEGINS 176. Lexington and Concord (1775). General Gage found Boston a hot place. The king would blame him if he did not do something, and the Americans if he did. He sent a secret expedition to destroy military stores at Concord and to arrest Samuel Adams and John Han- _,^. -j.-,- „:,.^ cock, two of the ringleaders. The patriots were on the watch, and the troops were hardly across the Charles River, April 18, before a light flashed from the tower of the Old North Church. Paul Revere and William Dawes, booted and spurred, rode to alarm the people. What a noise they made as they battered at doors or yelled the alarm : ' ' The reg- ulars are coming ! ' ' Watch that father and son as they snatch their guns and munition bags and hurry away PAUL REVERE WARNING THE COUNTKY OF THE APPROACH OF THE BRITISH REGULARS THE COLONIES DURING THE REVOLUTION Showing the territory-covered by the various campaigns Scale or Miles & 50 75 100 Copjrigtl. ISCS, by Rimd, UcJJsUf 4 Comfan/ The Conflict Begins 129 to join their fellows! The clang of the church bell, the sound of the signal guns followed by signal fires, spread the warning far and wide. Fifty minutemen stood in RETREAT OF THE BRITISH REGULARS TO BOSTON line at Lexington when Pitcairn, a British officer, shouted: "Disperse, ye rebels!" They refused, and a volley was poured into their ranks; eight fell dead and others were wounded. The minutemen retreated. 177. The North Bridge and the retreat. The British hastened to Concord, where 400 minutemen met and drove them from the Old North Bridge. The British started for Lexington. From behind bushes and trees, houses and stone walls, and from hilltops, the "New England farmers" were driving troops that had stood the hottest battles in Europe. Percy came with 1,200 regulars, armed with cannon. They formed a hollow square at Lexington and admitted the tired troops, who lay upon the ground with "their tongues hanging out like dogs after a chase." The minutemen followed them to the very gates of Boston, where British ships gave them protection. The I30 Struggle for the Rights of Englishmen regulars had retreated in the face of fire from farmers! Would the world believe such a story? A total loss to the British of 273 was the proof — nearly three times the loss of the Americans. In the next few days 16,000 minutemen, from all New England, came pouring in toward Boston. The siege of Boston had begun. A MAP OF BOSTON AND VICINITY Showing plans of military movements during 1775 and 1776 The news went ringing to the southward. In five days it had reached Philadelphia, in six more it stirred the Old Dominion, and by May 4 it was making its way through the old North Colony. In a month from the day of battle it had reached Georgia. Across the moun- tains in the wilds of Kentucky bold pioneers were form- ing a town when the news reached them. They named it Lexington! The country resounded with the prepar- ation for war. 178. The Battle of Bunker Hill (1775). For two months the British did not dare show their heads out- side of Boston, although General Howe had come with reenforcements. He planned to occupy Bunker Hill, The Conflict Begins 131 but the patriots were too quick for him, and on the night of June 16 Prescott with.- 1,000 men seized Breed's Hill and fortified it. The Americans must be driven out or they might drive out the British. The Ameri- cans were reenf orced by Putnam and Stark, and were ready and eager for the attack. Three thousand picked Britons charged up the hill in solid columns to storm the breastwork. "Don't fire till you see the whites of their eyes," said General Putnam to the Americans. Three times the British charged and twice they retreated. The third time the minutemen found themselves short of ammunition, but clubbed their guns and stubbornly retreated. A MINUTEMAN What A TYPE OF THE RAW MILITI 'iMAN could they do against bayonets ! The Americans lost 449 men, chiefly in the hand-to-hand conflict. But they lost as well the noble General Warren. The British loss was i , 1 54, more than one third of their men. The American minutemen had shot to hit. "I wish we could sell them another hill at the same price," said General Greene. "The liberties of the country are safe," declared Washington on his way to take command of the troops at Boston. 132 Struggle for the Rights of Englishmen 179. Washington made commander in chief (1775). The Second Continental Congress had already met (May 10) and selected as their president John Hancock, a rich merchant of Boston who had been outlawed by the British. Benjamin Harrison of Virginia, the ancestor of two presidents, escorted him to the chair. John Adams, a Puritan and a great orator, arose and declared in favor of George Washington, a Cavalier, as com- mander in chief of the American armies. He said that he had "but one gentleman in mind for that important position, a gentleman from Virginia, whose skill and experience as an officer, whose independent fortune and great talents and excellent universal character would unite the colonies better than any other person in the A COLLEGE WELCOME AT YALE Union." Congress v6ted unanimously. Washington, much embarrassed, said: "I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in this room that I declare with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal to the command I am honored with." The Conflict Begins 133 On July 3, 1775, Washington, amid great rejoicing of the army, took supreme command under the famous Har- vard elm on Cambridge Common. Congress ordered troops from both Maryland and Virginia to make it truly a "Continental" army. Soon came brave Daniel Morgan with his Virginia sharpshooters^" in hunt- ing shirts and coonskin caps each bearing Patrick Henry's words, ' ' Lib- erty or Death." Morgan saluted: "From the right bank of the Poto- mac, General!" With tears in his eyes Washington went along the ranks, shaking hands with each man. They were his own neighbors ! 180. Defeat in Canada; victory in _j. Boston. Ethan Allen with his Green one of morgan's Virginia . , ., , , - SHARPSHOOTERS Mountain Boys had already taken Ticonderoga. Americans also captured Montreal and after great suffering reached Quebec. But there they were re- pulsed. Their general was killed and they left Canada. Early in 1776 the people grew anxious for Washington to strike a blow. One night while a terrific cannon- ade from the American lines held the British atten- tion, Washington sent 2,000 men silently to occupy Dorchester Heights. They thus commanded Boston. General Howe, remembering the loss at Bunker Hill and not wishing to repeat it, evacuated Boston on March 17, and the American forces marched in amid the rejoicing of the town. Washington had raised the hopes of the country. The British sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia, carrying 1,000 Tories with them. 6 i.U Struggle for the Rights of Englishmen i8i. Good news from the Carolinas (1776). The people of Virginia had already driven Governor Dunmore from their midst and in his anger he had burned the promising town of Norfolk. Howe was doing nothing in Boston, so the British decided to attack the Carolinas. The fleet did not get to Cape Fear until April. A com- pany of Scotch Highlanders, lately arrived in the colony, joined Governor Martin and marched to the aid of the coming fleet. But General Caswell gathered 1,000 patriots at Moore's Creek, defeated the Highlanders at Fayetteville, captured their baggage, and took 900 pris- oners. Among them was the husband of Flora McDon- al d , made famous before leaving Scot- land by aiding the Pretender^^ to escape after the Battle of C u 1 1 o d e n. When the Brit- ish fleet arrived and heard the news from Moore's Creek they thought it wise not to land. Another fleet fresh from England joined them, and they sailed for Charleston, where they found 6,000 brave SERGEANT JASPER REPLACES THE FLAG AFTER IT WAS SHOT AWAY BY THE BRITISH The Movement in Favor of Separation 135 men had gathered to defend their beautiful city. On Sullivan Island, fronting Charleston, the Americans had built a strong fort of palmetto logs and bags of sand. The British fleet attacked furiously, but only to bury their shot in the logs and sand of the fort, while the Ameri- can gunners took deadly aim and soon had the flagship almost a wreck. One British shot cut away the flagstaff of the Carolinians and the flag fell outside the fort. In the face of the enemy's fire, Sergeant William Jasper leaped down and restored it. The story of Jasper and his valor is still told at the fireside to show the heroic bravery of the men of the Revolution. After a hard fight the fleet sailed away from Charleston harbor and the British gave the South no more trouble for several years. This fort was afterwards named Fort Moultrie, in honor of the brave man who commanded in this battle. THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE THE MOVEMENT IN FAVOR OF SEPARATION 182. How the king drove Americans toward independ- ence. At first not an American favored independence. Frequently, from 1765 to 1774, Britons had accused us of aiming at separation, but such patriots as John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and George Washington denied the charge and asserted that they were fighting for the rights of Englishmen (§158). It was George III who stood in the way of reconciliation. Lord North was mere putty in his hands. In 1775 Con- gress sent a petition to the king, stating their grievances. He answered (z) by refusing to receive the petition, (2) by declaring the Americans rebels, and (3) by hiring foreign troops to crush them. These troops came prin- cipally from Hesse-Cassel.^- This answer convinced 136 The Struggle for Independence Americans that there was no hope of reconciliation, except by submission. ^^ 183. The people begin to favor independence. The sufferings of real war began to make the feeling against the king very bitter. As early as May, 1775, the people in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, settled mainly by Scotch-Irish, declared that they owed no obedience to the king, and that from now on only the Provincial Congress of North Carolina and the Continental Con- gress had authority over them (§53). The bold pioneers of North Carolina had spoken for independence more than a year before the Declaration was made. It was natural, therefore, that the Provincial Assembly of North Carolina should be the first to order their dele- gates to the Continental Congress to join with that body in a declaration of independence. Rhode Island and Massachusetts followed the example of the Old North State. Virginia, in May, meeting in a great convention, ordered her delegates to present to Congress resolutions for independence, and sent them by a messenger to Philadelphia, where Congress was meeting. Other colo- nies joined one by one until the time seemed ripe. 184. The Declaration of Independence. In June, Richard Henry Lee, obeying the voice of Virginia, intro- duced the famous resolution that "these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." Again Massachusetts stood side by side with Virginia, and John Adams spoke for Lee's resolution. Some of the mid- dle colonies were not rea,dy, so the question was held over. But a great committee was appointed to draw up the declaration: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. Jefferson was its author. He was skilled in the use of The Movement in Favor oj Separation 137 his pen and produced a document that will always live. In it he declared that "all men are created equal," that From the painting by John Trumbull, in the Capitol at Washington SIGNING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE they have a right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," and that "the right to rule is derived from the consent of the governed."''^ In closing he declared in noble language that "these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States . . . and for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor." Many interesting anecdotes are told of what members of Congress said and did on that famous occasion. John Hancock was president. He must sign the document first and he did, with a large hand "so that the king could read it without his spectacles." Ever since, a man's signature has been called his "John Hancock." 138 The Struggle for Independence When Charles Carroll came to sign, the last member to do so, some one said: "You are safe, for there are many Carrolls in Maryland." "Then I will make it cer- tain who I am," said the great man, and wrote Charles Carroll of Carrollton. "We must all hang together," said some one. "Yes," said the wise and witty Franklin, "or we shall all hang separately." 185. How the Declaration was received. 'Congress finally voted on July 4, to make its decision in favor of ^""■^o INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA In this building the Continental Congress assembled, Washington was chosen Com- mander-in-Chief, and the Declaration of Independence was adopted indej:)endence, and the Liberty Bell in Independence Hall proclaimed "liberty throughout the land and to the in- habitants thereof . "•■'■'^ The people in Philadelphia rejoiced and in many parts of -the country great celebrations were held. Washington had the Declaration read at the head of the army. In New York the people pulled down the leaden statue of George III and cast it into bullets. But nowhere were the people happier than in Georgia, The Movement in Favor of Separation 139 READING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE SOLDIERS the last colony settled, when they received the news, August 10, 1776. By this act the people of the colonies be- came American citizens instead of English subjects. The United Colo- nies became the United States. A new nation knocked for admission to the sister- hood of nations. '^"^ 186. The Loyalists or Tories. Not all the Americans were in favor of independence. Some who had opposed England, now that "the die was cast" took her side of the question, but the great majority stood by the Declaration. But some had been on the king's side from the first and were still Loyalists. Every State had such men; some States more, some less. In every State they were under suspicion. A few of the Loyalists were permitted to remain at home if they kept still, but the great major- ity of them were driven away. Those in the North went to Canada" and New Brunswick, while those in the South fled to Florida and to the Bahamas. Hundreds of their young men joined the British army and fought bravely for their king. This was a great misfortune for the country; it made the war last much longer, and caused most bitter hatred and cruelty among neighbors. Besides, many of the Tories were well-to-do and educated, and could have been of great service to our country if they had stood by it. I40 The Struggle for Independence THE BRITISH TRY FOR THE MIDDLE STATES 187. The purpose of the campaign. If the British could only separate the "ringleaders," Virginia and Massachusetts, a great blow would be struck at the re- bellion. The easiest way, they thought, was to seize New York harbor and the line of the Hudson and Lake Champlain to Canada. 188. The Battle of Long Island and the retreat (1776). Washington in Bos- ton guessed the plans of the British and hastened with his army York, where Brooklyn Height been fortified. Admiral Howe with his fleet had now arrived from England and had raised his brother's army to 30,000 men. Wash- ington had only 18,000 THE MILITARY MOVEMENTS IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES, 1776-1778 The dotted lines show - Washington's line of march during the retreat from New York and the campaign ending with the Battle of Princeton men, mostly untrained. He fought the Battle of Long Is- land (August) and was defeated.'"* Howe expected to coop The British Try for the Middle States 141 him up in the fortification, capture the army, and end the war. But on a foggy night Washington and his men were quietly rowed over to New York. The British were surprised next day when they saw the empty fort. Howe^^ followed and Washington retreated up the Hud- son, fought a skirmish or two, and took up a strong position near White Plains.""^ Howe, growing tired of trying to outplan him, turned and stormed Fort Washing- ton. He then crossed the Hudson and captured Fort Lee. 189. The retreat across the Jerseys; Lee's capture. Washington, leaving 6,000 men under General Charles Lee, threw the rest of his forces across the Hudson, and began his famous retreat through Jersey. The British were in hot pursuit. The people began to lose heart, and thousands of soldiers returned to their homes. General Lee was an Englishman; he talked loud and Congress made him second in command. But he wanted to be first. He was writing to Congress and refused to join Washington. As good luck would have it, Lee was pounced on by the British and captured. To the Americans, Lee's loss was a disaster. But they did not know him yet. Coming just after the defeat on Long Island, the retreat up the Hudson, the loss of the two great forts, with the capture of Lee, it did seem that all was lost. The people did not yet know Washington. 190. "Washington wins at Trenton (1776). Lord Corn- wallis, leading Howe's advance, had followed hard upon the heels of Washington to Trenton. The British could not cross the Delaware because Washington had seized all the boats. Cornwallis stationed his forces in different towns and returned to New York to share in the Christ- mas festivities. The British thought the war was over. 142 The Struggle for Independence Washington's opportunity had come. It was Christ- mas night. The Hessian soldiers stationed in Trenton had been feasting and drinking all day, as was their custom. The weather was bitter cold. ' ' Surely, ' ' thought the half-tipsy sentinels, "it's no use to watch on such a night." But if they had listened they might have heard the tramp of marching feet and the rumble of wheels. Wash- ington and his men had crossed the Delaware amid floating ice, and were rushing for Trenton. Their feet left bloodstains on the snow as they marched, and two of the poor, thinly clad fellows were frozen to death. But the little army never faltered. It was the last chance for liberty. At daybreak the attack began. The sleepy Hessians WASHINGTON ON THE MARCH TO TRENTON were aroused, but it was too late. A few volleys, a wild charge, and all was over. One thousand of the enemy The British Try for the Middle States 143 surrendered with all their cannon and supplies. This was one of Washington's most famous victories. 191. Robert Morris raises money for Washington's army. Washington was now face to face with an enemy more dangerous than the British. His army had received no pay to send home to their families. They must either go home or send money. Washing- ton appealed to his good friend Robert Morris, a merchant prince of Phila- delphia. Morris went from door to door and soon had $50,000 on his own credit. The country owes a debt of ^'°'^ * painting by Gilbert Stuart gratitude to Robert Morns The friend of Washington. Morris gathered for this noble deed and ^noney to pay the revolutionary army others like it. Washington pledged his own fortune, and the army was ready to fight again. 192. The Battle of Princeton; result of the campaign. Cornwallis hastened with soldiers to Trenton with all speed. His soldiers were tired and he said: "At last we have run down the old fox and will bag him in the morning." The distant boom of cannon in the morn- ing awakened Cornwallis. , Washington was fighting the Battle of Princeton (January 3, 1777). He struck the British rear guard, defeated it, and before Cornwallis could come to the rescue was on his way to the heights of Morristown. Washington's work had raised American feeling to a 144 The Struggle for Independence WASHINGTON LEADS AGAINST BRITISH LINES AT PRINCETON high pitch of enthusiasm. The sight of the Hessian prisoners marching through Philadelphia was proof of Washington's success. Com- wallis never got over this surprise.^' He referred to it when he sur- rendered at Yorktown. Frederick the Great declared that Washing- ton's success in this campaign was the most brilliant in military history. 193. The arrival of distinguished foreigners. The American struggle for liberty stirred noble hearts in all parts of Europe. Just before the Battle of Brandywine, Lafayette, a young nobleman at heart as well as in title, came with De Kalb and twelve other French officers. He served through the war as a general without pay. He was admired by Washington, and today no foreigner is so greatly beloved as Lafayette. Kosciusko had come the year before. A brave Pole, he was an engineer and did great service, especially at Bemis Heights (§198). Count Pulaski, another Polish patriot, gave his life for American independence (§213). Baron Steuben, from the armies of Frederick the Great, became "the great drill- master of the American army." 194. The campaign for the "rebel capital"; Brandy- wine (1777). Howe longed for the glory of entering the "rebel capital," as Philadelphia was called. In August The British Try for the Middle States 145 he put his army on shipboard and sailed for the head of the Chesapeake. Washington, with "[ 0,000 troops, met him at the Brandywine. Howe outflanked the Ameri- cans and Washington retreated toward Philadelphia. Each lost about 1,000 men in the battle. The British army entered Philadelphia on September 26, and Con- gress fled to Lancaster. Before going they declared Washington dictator for sixty days. Although Washington had not defeated Howe, he had kept him from helping Burgoyne, whose task it was to secure control of the line of the Hudson and Lake Champlain to Canada. This failure of Howe to aid Burgoyne was a leading cause of final American victory. 195. Burgojnie's expedition gets under way (1777). It did seem an easy thing to send an army from Canada up Lake Champlain and down the Hudson. A side expedition under St. Leger was to go up the St. Law- rence and Lake Ontario, capture Oswego and Fort Stanwix and join Burgoyne at Al- bany. To make sure of success, H owe was to move his army up the Hudson to Albany, capture the American forts, and join Burgoyne and St. Leger. But the king's minister forgot to send Howe's order — a fatal blunder. THE CAMPAIGNS AROUND PHILADELPHIA 146 The Struggle for Independence In June Burgoyne started out with 8,000 men. In July they captured Ticf)nderoga. Flushed with success, they marched on. Presently they found the way obstructed. Logs, trees, and large stones had been placed in the roads and fords of streams; bridges had been cut down or burned. General Schuyler and his army had not only THE UNION JACK FLAG OF FORT MOULTRIE THE RATTLESNAKE FLAG done this but had destroyed supplies for miles around. Burgoyne had to feed his army on food from Canada. He was twenty days in marching twenty miles. When he reached Fort Edward he was driven to send 1,000 men to Bennington for fresh supplies. He knew the Americans had collected there food, ammunition, and horses, just the supplies he needed. He was sure he could capture these stores. 196. Bennington and Oriskany. New England was answering the call to meet the invader. John Stark, (§178) a bold frontiersman, rallied 1,000 men and met the British at Bennington. His famous speech — "They are ours to-night or Molly Stark's a widow" — came true in part, for after several hours of hard fighting, the Americans captured almost the entire body. Everything had gone well with St. Leger and the Indians and Tories until Fort Stanwix was reached. The British Try for the Middle States 147 General Herkimer called for the riflemen of Tryon County. Eight hundred came but were caught in an ambush in a deep ravine near Oriskany by the Indians and Tories. Men grappled and shot and stabbed and dashed out each other's brains. Herkimer was mortally wounded, but sitting at the foot of a tree he still shouted BUNKER HILL FLAG FLAG ADOPTED BY CON- GRESS IN 1777 OLD GLORY, OUR PRESENT FLAG orders to his men. The British retreated leaving the Americans in possession of the fort. The Americans hoisted over it the British flags they had captured. Above these banners they raised a rude flag made of a white shirt, a blue jacket and strips from a red petticoat. "•- St. Leger continued the siege, but an American force under Benedict Arnold had now started to the aid of the fort. One day a half-witted Tory came running into the British camp, crying, "Arnold and his men are coming," and pointed to the leaves -on the trees to show their number. The Indians ran away and St. Leger made his way back to Canada. 197. Burgoyne's difficulties increase. The battles of Bennington and Oriskany were a great blow to Burgoyne and to the British cause. Burgoyne, himself a gallant man, felt deeply the disgrace of St. Leger's flight at the mere word of Arnold's coming. All the time the British 148 The Struggle for Independence forces were decreasing, while those of the Americans were steadily growing. Burgoyne was now occupying a dan- gerous position. Food supplies were becoming scarce. Day by day it was growing clearer that Howe was not coming from the south in time to give any aid. 198. Burgoyne's surrender (October, 1777). Wash- ington had sent Arnold and Morgan to the aid of General Schuyler, who was watching Burgoyne (§195). The New England minutemen under General Benjamin Lincoln had cut Burgoyne off from Canada. He had nothing to do but fight. The Americans were coming from all sides, 15,000 strong. But just as Burgoyne's final defeat was in sight Congress unfortunately put General Gates in Schuyler's place. ^'-.cCHi^ — - .J^ Arnold's charge at bemis heights The Americans had now occupied Bemis Heights, a short distance south from- Saratoga, which had been well fortified by Kosciusko. A desperate charge was led by Arnold and the British lost heavily. In a second battle on the same ground, Morgan's sharpshooters showed great skill, and Arnold though he had been dismissed from The British Try for the Middle States 149 command by the selfish General Gates, spurred in and led the Americans to victory/'' Burgoyne now had to surrender (October 1 7 , 1777)- 199. Immediate and remote effects. The Americans felt overjoyed. The country praised Gates for what it thought he had done and blamed Washington for not hav- ing captured Howe. The English blamed Howe for not capturing Wash- ington. The surrender of Burgoyne was the turn- ing point in the war. In England, too, it pro- duced a great effect. Lord North was for re- signing and calling Lord Chatham, the friend of the colonies, to power. But the king was stubborn. Burke and Chatham had already denounced the use of Indians by the British. Some of the Whigs (§175) now favored ending the war and granting independence and even the king favored conciliation. Parliament voted to repeal all laws to which the Amer- icans had objected and to give up the right of taxation. Think what might have been had ParHament passed such an act before the Battle of Lexington! But it was too late. America had suffered too much, and besides, the country was now bound to France by a pledge of honor. BURGOYNE S CAMPAIGN Showing St. Leger's route ISO The Struggle Jo? Independence 200. Franklinwins the hearts and aid of France. Shortly after the Declaration of Independence Franklin was sent to France to ask her to aid us in the war. He won the hearts of all. The edu- cated people admired him for his wisdom, -the fashion- able people for his quick wit and good manners, and the common people praised him for his democratic ways. Franklin's "old brown coat,'' which he re- solved to wear until inde- pendence was won, always drew a crowd. His portrait was hung in shop windows, and "Franklin fashions" became the rage in Paris. 201. The French Alliance. Franklin had wonderful tact and great common sense. Everybody liked him and wanted to do what he asked. Many Frenchmen, too, were dreaming at this time of freedom for their own land. To them Franklin seemed a fine representative of a free country, and they were filled with enthusiasm for his cause. Then too it may have been that some wished to settle old scores with England for their defeats in earlier wars. So, for various reasons, France was ready to help. But to do so openly meant war with England, a very serious thing. Therefore at first the king of France sent money and arms to America secretly. But after the surrender of Burgoyne he believed that independence From the original portrait by Joseph Sififrein Duplessia BENJAMIN FRANKLIN The British Try for the Middle States 151 would be won, and he was easily persuaded by Franklin to make a treaty (1778) by which he promised to send his great fleets and his army to help the Americans, We in return promised the king not to make peace un- til Britain had recognized our independence. When England heard this news there was great astonishment indeed. Some Englishmen even went so far as to favor ending the war. It would be hard to overestimate the importance of this alliance. It was a great help to us in winning the war. France immedi- ately sent us men and money and arms, all sorely needed. The French navy helped us still more, for we were weak on the sea and England was very strong. The sym- pathy and encourage- ment of a friendly power in Europe also cheered our patriots in many dark hours. This was the begin- ning of a long and un- broken friendship be- tween the two nations. Both countries are now great free republics ~-=— ^==;=— -c*.).?^ and are firmly stand- barthoiTTtI^T^f liberty mg side by side tor a gift from Frayue to IheUnUedSlales commemorating ..-, , ., the one-hundreth anniversary of American liberty.** independence 152 The Struggle for Independence 202. Plotting against Washington. From the first, fault was found with Washington. "He retreated too much" was one of the charges. Many were sure Gates was the abler general. He would have led the army to victory. General Conway had served in France. For this reason he thought he ought to have a higher rank than Washington gave him. He joined with a number of other discontented persons and planned to ruin Wash- ington's reputa- tion with the people and with Congress. They intended then to make Gates com- mander in chief. The plot was ex- posed and the conspirators were made ridiculous. Washington only stood higher than before. 203. Valley Forge (1777- 1778). While Howe was feast- ing^5 in Phila- delphia, and the Americans were still rejoicing over the victory won at Saratoga, Washington and his ragged army were entering on the long, hard winter at Valley Forge, twenty miles northwest of Philadelphia. WASHINGTON AND STEUBEN AT VALLEY FORGE The British Try for the Middle States 153 ion, the WASHINGTON AND LEE AT MONMOUTH Led was dismissed from the army for treachery On the bleak hillsides of that half-mountainous reg poorly clad, poorly fed, and housed in log huts, men suffered dreadfully. Washington wrote to Con- gress: "Two thousand eight hundred and ninety- eight men are unfit for duty because they are barefoot and other- wise naked." Afterwards Lafayette said "they had neither coats, hats, shirts, nor shoes; their feet and legs froze until they be- came black, and it was often necessary to amputate them." There were two bright spots in the gloom of Valley Forge: Mrs. Washington came to spend a few weeks, when the soldiers planned entertainments for the gracious lady; and here Baron Steuben made the American as skillful as the British regular in the use of the bayonet. 204. British leave Philadelphia for New York (1778). Clinton, who had taken Howe's place, hurried his army to New York, for he heard that the French fleet was coming (§201). Washington overtook this army at Monmouth, and but for Lee's treachery would have dealt them a hard blow. Lee^'' (§189) ordered a retreat just as his 6,000 men, trained by Steuben, were about to surround the British. Washington sternly ordered Lee to the rear, took command himself and charged with 154 The Struggle for Independence fixed bayonets. The British were checked and that night hastily retreated, leaving their wounded upon the field of battle. Thus the campaign for the Middle States had come to an end with the tables turned. When it began the British were chasing Washington out of New York ; now Washington was chasing them into New York. WINNING OUR FIRST WESTERN BOUNDARY 205. Indian massacres. During the next three years occurred two horrible massacres by Indians and Tories. One took place in the Wyo- ming Valley in Pennsylvania, near where Wilkes-Barre'^ now stands. The British com- mander, it is said, reported 227 scalps. The other mas- sacre occurred in Cherry Val- ley, New York. After the work of death was over, the enemy burned the village, drove away the cattle, and carried forty people into cap- tivity. The next year Wash- ington sent General Sullivan with 5,000 men to punish the Indians. Where Elmira now stands he completely broke their power. 206. Kentucky in the Revolution. While living on the Yadkin River in Nforth Carolina, Daniel Boone heard the story of Kentucky's beauty — its hills and valleys, its forests and canebrakes full of game. Boone spent a winter hunting there and dodging the Indians. He went back and declared it a second paradise. He From a portrait painted by Chester Harding m 1819 DANIEL BOONE Winning Our First Western Boundary i55 returned to Kentucky and finally built a palisade fort, calling it Boonesboro. Settlers came; the Indians attacked Boonesboro but were driven off. During the Revolution Boone was in "several battles; the most important was that of Blue Licks (1782). Many other pioneers and Indian fighters built forts and helped win Kentucky for the Americans (§262). 207. Tennessee in the Revolution. In the spring of 1 771 sixteen families followed James Robertson from North Carolina to Tennessee. They settled in the fair valley of the Watauga. This settlement prospered and one spring (1779) Robertson with eight comrades followed the Wilderness Road to the Cumberland Gap. Here they turned southwest to a point on the Cumberland River, and settled "Nashboro," now Nashville.^^ This place they bravely defended against the Indians; for this Washington made Robertson a general in the army. Another hero of early Tennessee was John Sevier. Born in the Shenandoah, he too moved to the valley of the Watauga and became famous as an Indian fighter. The settlement prospered and Sevier moved to the Nolichucky, where he built a house with a great stone fireplace and large verandas. He welcomed everybody to his home, rich and poor alike. He led the riflemen of East Tennessee to the great victory at King's Mountain (§217). When Tennessee became a State the people elected him governor and reelected him until he had held the office for twelve years. 208. George Rogers Clark carries our claim to the Mississippi (1779). To save these settlements from the Indians and to drive the British out of the Northwest Territory was the work of a bold young frontiersman, George Rogers Clark, then living in Kentucky. He went 156 The Struggle for Independence to Virginia and won the support of Governor Patrick Henry to the plan. Clark took with him 150 men, frontiersmen like himself. They wore fur caps, hunting shirts, buckskin breeches, and moccasins. They carried long rifles on their shoulders and toma- hawks and hunting knives swung from their belts. The little army left Pittsburgh, floated down the Ohio to where Louis- ville soon was to be, and there Clark drilled his soldiers. Down the river they went to the mouth of the Tennessee, hid their boats, and marched over- land to Kaskaskia — settled by the French — reaching it at dusk on July 4. Clark went to the fort and entered a hall where there was dancing. What a surprise when he said, "You dance under Virginia and not under Great Britain." The British officer, Hamilton the "hair- buyer ' ' as Clark called him, heard the news in Detroit and rushed 500 men to Vincennes, but decided not to attack Clark until spring. This was Hamilton's blunder. "I must take Hamilton or Harnilton will take me," said Clark. Forty or fjfty Frenchmen joined Clark and he set out on one of the most terrible of marches. They finally reached the "drowned lands of the Wabash" — miles and miles of muddy water up to their hips. Food grew scarce. Some were too weak to march and had to From a painting on wood by John Wesley Jarvia GEORGE ROGERS CLARK Irregular Fighting on Land and Sea 157 be carried in rude boats. The stronger sang to keep up the courage of the weak. They finally reached the town, rested, and stormed the fort. The riflemen fired through the portholes and drove the gunners from the cannon. THE GEORGE ROGERS CLARK EXPEDITION The result of this expedition was to make the Mississippi River the western boundary at the close of the RevoliUtonary War Hamilton surrendered, and the Stars and Stripes floated over "Old Vincennes." The British now held only Detroit. Virginia rewarded Clark's men with 300 acres each in southern Indiana. This section is called ' ' Clark's Grant." * IRREGULAR FIGHTING ON LAND AND SEA 209. The British turn to plundering; Wayne captures Stony Point and "Light Horse Harry" Lee takes Paulus Hook (1779). The British had failed thus far and America's treaty with France (§201) had made them 158 The Struggle for Independence desperate. They turned to plundering expeditions in New England, New Jersey, and Virginia. Before Washington had finished fortifying Stony Point the British captured it. "Mad Anthony" Wayne was chosen to retake it. Twelve hundred men trained by Steuben (§193) charged with empty guns but with fixed bayonets up the steep sides of Stony Point at midnight. The fort was ours again. Paulus Hook, a British fortification in New Jersey, THE STORMING OF PAULUS HOOK frequently sent expeditions against the Jersey farmers. Washington selected a brilliant officer, "Light Horse Harry" Lee, to capture the place. With a small body of chosen men the fort was captured at night. 210. The treason of Benedict Arnold. Arnold had proved himself a brave man (§198). Washington be- lieved in him but Congress had refused to promote him. Washington put him in command at Philadelphia Irregular Fighting on Land and Sea 159 when the British left (§204). Here he lived beyond his means and married a charming Tory lady. Charges were brought against him and Washington was named to reprimand him. Burning to be revenged, Arnold asked for the command at West Point, the key to the Hudson. Washington granted it. Arnold planned to surrender it to the British, but the plot failed, because young Andre, whom the British sent to see Arnold, was arrested. Arnold escaped to the British, but Andre was tried and hanged as a spy. Arnold got as his reward, $30,000 and the position of general in the British army. But his last days were full of bitterness and sorrow. It is told of him that just before he died he called for his American uniform, saying, "May God forgive me for ever putting on any other!" 211. The American navy. The Americans, of course, had no navy at the opening of the war. In 1775 Congress ordered thirteen fast sailing vessels built, but before these were ready eight merchant vessels had sailed from Philadelphia to prey on British commerce. These were called privateers. They were privately owned, equipped and manned and were given authority by Congress to do anything a regular man-of-war might do. During the war hundreds of these American privateers were sent out. The rich British trade in the West Indies was their special object of attack and it suffered terribly. New England had many privateers. Nearly all the States had a few vessels, mainly for harbor defense. 212. John Barry and Paul Jones. John Barry was an Irishman and in 1776 Congress gave him command of the ship "Lexington." Because of his exploits he i6o The Struggle for Independence was given a larger ship. One night, on the Delaware, he armed four boats and with muffled oars rowed to a British ship and boarded and captured her. He turned his attention to four transports, took II them, and carried them all across the river to an American port. In 1778 he was given command of the "Raleigh" and finally of the "Alliance," named in honor of our alliance with France. Washington, when he became president, made Barry our first commo- dore of the navy. John Paul Jones was a Scotchman. He offered his services to Congress and was made a lieutenant. But he did so well that Congress soon made him a captain. He went after the British mer- chantmen, and in six weeks captured sixteen of them. Jones went to France and Franklin sent him across to England to burn and capture ships. The British said, "Look out for Paul Jones, the pirate!" The king of France gave him command of a ship of fifty cannon, the "Bon Homme Richard," named in honor of Franklin's Almanac, the Poor Richard. He sailed for England and met a large English ship. They fought for an hour. "Have you struck your colors?" asked the English captain. "I have not yet begun to fight," was Jones's reply. He lashed the ships together and they fought on. From a painting by Charles Wilson Pealc JOHN PAUL JONES War in the South i6i Both vessels were on fire and the "Bon Homme Richard" was filling with water. Captain Jones directed his cannon at the masts of the British man-of-war. Just as they were ready to fall the English captain struck his colors and surrendered. The victory humbled the "haughty mistress of the seas" and brought the little American navy to the attention of the world. WAR IN THE SOUTH 213. Georgia overrun; the French and Americans defeated at Savannah (1778-1779). For nearly three years the South had been free from British attacks (§181) but it now became the scene of the final conflict. Savannah was the first point of attack. The British, nearly 4,000 strong, came from New York and Florida. The Americans could muster but 1,200 men, and were & _ : \4- r-^M^ Mr^ ^« THE ASSAULT AT THE BATTLE OF SAVANNAH defeated. The city with all its provisions surrendered. The British now hastened to capture Augusta and other l62 The Struggle for Independeitce After an engraving by Hall CASIMIR PULASKI Pulaski was killed in the assault on the British works towns, and in ten days declared the State of Georgia conquered. General Ashe, who rushed with 1,500 men to the rescue of Augusta, met with defeat at Briar Creek. Suddenly a great French fleet appeared at the mouth of the Savannah. Then came Lincoln, (§198) appointed by Washington, and the two united in bombarding the British fortifications in Sa- vannah. On October 9, 1779, they made a terrific assault, but were repulsed with heavy loss. Here fell the brave Pulaski (§193), and that ster- ling patriot, the gallant Jasper (§ 181). The siege was abandoned and Georgia seemed lost to the patriots. 214. The capture of Charleston (1780). Generals Clinton and Cornwallis landed an army of 8,000 men at Savannah, and at once began the march for Charleston. They avoided Fort Moultrie this time (§181). Reen- forcements brought' their army up to 11,000. They pressed the siege, and General Lincoln, with 7,000 men, was compelled to surrender this great city of the colonial South. The fall of Charleston was probably the most disastrous blow that had yet fallen on the patriot cause. The conquest of South Carolina seemed so complete that Clinton, taking many of his soldiers, left for New York. 215. A new' kind of fighting. Marion, Sumter, Pickens, and Williams now found a way of fighting even more puzzling to the British than that of the minutemen. War in the South 163 With only small bands, often less than a hundred, they kept the enemy's forces in the Carolinas in constant terror. Armed with homemade swords, mounted on the fleetest horses, hiding in dense swamps or mountain fastnesses, they seldom slept two nights in the same camp. They would destroy a British camp at night and by dawn be in some distant hiding place; again they would sweep around the main British army, cutting off stragglers or charging pell-mell into their camp, and be away before the British could recover from their surprise. MARION SURPRISING A BRITISH CAMP These bands of bold patriots kept alive the spirit of resistance until Washington could send relief. ^^ 216. The Battle of Camden (1780). Baron De Kalb was hastening to the relief of the South with 1,500 Conti- nentals. Washington wished General Nathanael Greene to take charge, but Congress sent Gates, fresh from the victory at Saratoga (§198). He reached Hillsboro where De Kalb was gathering troops. Gates rushed on to 164 The Struggle for Independence Camden. Cornwallis, too, was coming. Each general planned a surprise by the same route, at the same time — the dead of night. In the morning Cornwallis charged. The American militia and General Gates gave way, but De Kalb led his brave Maryland and Delaware Conti- DE KALB AND THE MARYLAND AND DELAWARE CONTINENTALS AT CAMDEN nentals to the charge. The enemy was checked for a moment but the noble De Kalb'^'' fell with eleven wounds, and the Continentals were nearly all made prisoners. The British plan of overrunning the South seemed sure to succeed and the patriot cause looked dark. WINNING BACK THE SOUTH 217. The tide begins to turn; King's Mountain (1780). "It is always darkest just before the dawn." Williams and Marion (§215) were the harbingers of the new day. Williams defeated 500 British with great slaughter. A few days later, Marion and a handful of his troopers struck a blow at part of the British army, captured a number Winning Back the South 165 of men, set free 150 prisoners, and were off for their hiding place before the British could pursue. CAMPAIGN IN THE SOUTH DURING THE REVOLUTION The territory covered by the campaigns of Greene, Marion, Rawdon, Gales, and Cornwallis. The dotted lines 1778 to 1780, show the routes taken by British troops under Clinton from New York. Cornwallis, elated over recent victories, made direct for the "Old North State." He headed his army for Charlotte, where the Mecklenburg County patriots made 7 i66 The Struggle for Independence it so warm for him that he declared he had run into a real "hornet's nest" (§183).^! He sent 1,200 men under Major Ferguson to the western highlands of North Carolina to gather recruits. The news of their coming spread beyond the mountains. The bold frontiersmen came riding with sprigs of evergreen in their caps. John Sevier of Tennessee (§207), Isaac Shelby of Ken- tucky, William Campbell of Virginia, and James Williams of South Carolina were the chosen leaders of these bands of backwoodsmen. Ferguson retreated to the top of King's Mountain. Up three sides of the mountain swarmed 1,000 picked riflemen. Ferguson's men charged with fixed bayonets, but each rifleman took to a bowlder or a tree; bayonets could do nothing against their cross fire. It came from ■'6X. THE BATTLE OF KING S MOUNTAIN three directions. Major Ferguson and more than 200 of his soldiers were killed. The others surrendered. The Winning Back the South 167 From a miniature painted by John Trumbull DANIEL MORGAN Americans lost 28. Then these backwoodsmen returned as they had come, and took part no more as a body in the Revolution. But they had turned the tide at King's Mountain. 218. Battle of the Cow- pens (1781). Washington now had his way and sent General Greene (§216) to measure swords with Cornwallis. With him was "Light Horse Harry" Lee^' (§209) and his famous regi- ment of cavalry. Daniel Morgan (§179) was already on the ground with the remnant of De Kalb's Con- tinentals. Greene now sent him with Colonel William Washington, another brave cavalry officer, to encourage the backwoodsmen who fought so brilliantly at King's Mountain. Cornwallis ordered his ablest officer, Tarleton, to beat Morgan. Morgan heard of Tarleton 's coming and took post at Cowpens in northern South Carolina. Pickens reenforced Morgan, who now had only 900 men to meet Tarleton 's 1,150. Morgan put a number of deadly sharpshooters in the woods on each side of the road. They were to retreat to the second line, composed of militia who were told to fire at least twice and then retreat behind the third line, made up of 290 Maryland Continentals and some Georgia and Virginia militia. Behind the third line were Colonel Washington's troopers. On came Tarleton. The first lines disturbed him not a little and the second fired more than twice, but finally i68 The Struggle for Independence began to retreat. Tarleton, now scenting victory, allowed his men to plunge forward. They struck the steady- going Continentals, were thrown into confusion, and when Washington dashed out, 600 of Tarleton 's men surrendered. Tarleton was wounded in a hand-to-hand sword contest with Washington, '^^ but escaped. He left nearly 200 dead or wounded on the field. Tarleton had met his match, and Corn- wallis started after Morgan. 219. General Greene's retreat (1781). The two wings of Greene's army started rapidly across North Carolina. Cornwallis was bent on striking Morgan before he joined Greene. The British destroyed their heavy baggage and made forced marches. It was all in vain. Heavy rains filled the streams". Cornwallis had to wait but Greene carried his boats on wheels and crossed without delay. Greene and Morgan united forces, retreated into Virginia, gathered recruits, and came back into North Carolina ready to fight. Corn- wallis was now more than 200 miles from his supplies. 220. Guilford Court House (1781). CornwalHs sent out a proclamation, declaring that he had conquered North Carolina. He spoke too soon. The American general was ready. A battle was fought near Guilford Court House. Greene followed Morgan's tactics in placing men. They did not work so successfully, but From a painting by Charles Wilson Peale NATHANAEL GREENE Winning Back the South 169 Washington made a cavalry charge at a critical moment and saved the day. Greene withdrew in good order. The British lost nearly 600 men and the Americans 400. Cornwallis saw that at such a rate his army would soon be cut to pieces. He refused to fight the next day, re- treated in all haste to the seacoast, and then turned toward Virginia. 221. The British driv- en into Charleston and Savannah ( i 78 i ) . Greene started for South Carolina. The news of his coming once more stirred the hearts of the THE WAR IN VIRGINIA The dotted lines show Washington's route from New York and the route taken by Cornwallis, which ended in the latter's defeat at Yorktown. patriots. Greene ordered Marion, Sumter, and Lee to gather their riflemen again. He was marching toward the ill-fated battle field of Camden (§216). This alarmed Lord Rawdon, stationed there, and he boldly moved out to lyo The Struggle for Independence From a draning made by W. H. Brown in I7Q1 CHARLES, EARL CORNWALLIS attack Greene. He found him at Hobkirk's Hill, only two miles away. He attacked and Greene was driven from the field, but still held his army together. Rawdon burned Camden and retreated to Monk's Comer, not far from Charleston. Greene suddenly turned west and marched against Ninety-Six, a British fortified post. Rawdon rushed two regiments to the rescue. Greene slipped aside and Rawdon burned Ninety-Six rather than defend it. The British forces were now driven down toward the coast. Greene marched his little army of 2,600 men to Orangeburg, but the British retreated to Eutaw Springs. Here was fought a hard battle. At first the Americans seemed to be gaining the day, but the British rallied behind a brick house and drove the Americans back. The next day the enemy was compelled to retreat to Charleston. In Georgia all the towns, including Augusta, were taken from the British until they were driven for shelter behind the fortifications of Savannah. Thus by skillful gener- alship in two and a half years Greene and his brilliant leaders had cleared the three States of British troops. Greene was raised high in the estimation of the American people, and the State of Georgia, testifying to his virtues, presented him with a great plantation. Here the ' ' Quaker soldier," always loving peace and hating war, spent his few remaining days. Winning Back the South 171 222. The Yorktown campaign begins. When Corn- wallis left Wilmington he marched northward through the "Old Dominion" and sent Arnold (§210), who had been plundering, back to New York. Cornwallis with 5,000 men immediately started for Lafayette, who had been watching Arnold. The Americans had but half as many men as Cornwallis. Lafayette skillfully avoided a battle. Cornwallis sent Tarleton to capture Governor Jefferson on his plantation, Monticello, near Charlotte- ville. Jefferson _ ,, ^ barely escaped over the mountains. ■> j - .s>r^^>;,2Jl^lL. "'^ Failing to accom- plish much, the British took post at Yorktown to be within calling dis- tance of their fleet. Washington saw his opportunity. The French king had sent a small army under Count Rochambeau. This Washington now ordered to New York. He made Clinton believe that he was planning to attack the city. Then he suddenly slipped away with his army and was well on toward Philadelphia before any one knew he was going to Yorktown. How happy were Congress and the people of Penn's old city! The citizens decorated their homes with the Stars and Stripes, while cheering crowds thronged the streets and happy, well- dressed women filled the windows and threw flowers over WASHINGTON AND ROCHAMBEAU IN THE TRENCHES AT YORKTOWN. 172 The Struggle for Independence the ragged Continentals and the finely dressed French soldiers. "Long live Washington! He has gone to catch Cornwallis in his mousetrap," shouted the people. 223. Capture of Yorktown the crowning victory (1781). From the head of Chesapeake Bay the French fleet carried the American army to Yorktown. Escape by land or sea was now impossible for the British. For a month the Americans pressed the siege. The cannon from the ships and the army were knocking Cornwallis' fortifications to pieces. Finally, Alexander Hamilton, only twenty-four years old, led the Americans, and a trusted French officer led the Frenchmen, in a night assault on the two outposts. They were completely CARRYING THE OUTER WORKS AT YORKTOWN successful. With his forts crumbling about him, Corn- wallis raised the white flag October 19, 1781. It was indeed a crowning victory. The British lost Winning Back the South 173 ^^^^5:^2^^-- -^afaj.i . - 8,000 men surrendered, and 580 killed or wounded, be- sides all the stores and guns (§214). 224. The surrender scene. The American and French armies drew up in oppo- site lines. At the head of one was Washington while at the other stood Count Rochambeau. The British marched between the lines with slow and solemn step, their drums beating the old British march, ' ' The World Turned Upside Down." When opposite Washing- ton a British general lifted his hat and said that Corn- wallis was not well enough to deliver his sword in per- son. General Lincoln, com- pelled to surrender his sword at Charleston (§214), was named by Washington to receive the sword. He led the defeated army to an open field where it laid down its arms. Washington's courier rushed northward with the news. He reached Philadelphia at night, and the old watchman cried : ' ' All is well and Cornwallis taken ! ' ' The Liberty Bell rang the happy news and soon the streets were full of people shouting and shaking hands- over the glorious news. Unbounded rejoicing filled the hearts of all patriots from Maine to Georgia, and Congress marched to the Lutheran Church to express gratitude to God for the victory. 225. Effect of the news in Europe. When the news reached Paris the city was in a flame of excitement, for From an engraved chart made by a French engineer. SIEGE OF YORKTOWN 1 74 The Struggle for Independence her own sons had taken part in the capture of the British army. In England, people opposed to the war — among them some of England's greatest names — were happy over the result, for it meant the failure of the king's attempt to bring the people under his control. When Lord North heard the news he walked wildly about his room, exclaiming: "O God, it's all over; it's all over." He resigned, and the king was compelled to call to office those very friends of America who had repealed the Stamp Act.'^* 226. The Treaty of Paris (1783). It was almost two years before the treaty of peace was signed.-" Franklin, Adams, Jay, and Laurens were the Americans who made the treaty. It not only acknowledged our independence but fixed our boundaries: Florida on the south, the Mississippi on the west, and the southern boundary of Canada on the north. The right of American fishermen on the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was granted, and the right to use the Missis- sippi River was left open to both Americans and British. ^^ 227. Washington says farewell to his comrades. When the British army left New York," Washington marched in with his weather-beaten soldiers and took possession. In a few days he met his generals for the last time. The parting from the commander they had followed through a long and bitter struggle was deeply touching. Washington simply said: "With a heart full of love and gratitude I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosper- ous and happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable. I can not come to each of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged if each of you will come and take me by the hand." In turn, he shook the hand of Winning Back the South 175 each officer and embraced him. Not a word was spoken. All then silently followed him to Whitehall Ferry. Hav- ing entered the waiting barge, which was to carry him WASHINGTON BIDS FAREWELL TO HIS GENERALS over to the Jersey shore, he turned to the company, and waving his hat, bade them a silent adieu. 228. Washington's farewell to Congress. Washington journeyed to Philadelphia to give the proper officer an account of his expenses.'^* Then he took his way to Annapolis, where Congress was meeting, to resign his office as commander in chief of the American army. The governor, other state officers, and military officers and ladies and gentlemen in high standing were present. The galleries were full. Washington arose and said: "The great events on which my resignation depended having at length taken place, I have now the honor ... to surrender into their [Congress'] hands the trust committed to me, and 176 The Struggle for a Stronger Union to claim the indulgence of retiring from the service of my country." Washington gave a fine example of generosity in serv- ing his country through long years without pay. He hastened with Mrs. Washington to Mount Vernon, his beautiful home on the Potomac — where he loved so I'l^'-'^'-'-^^^^W?! va^ ri alst) jkissos tlio bill, it j^cvs to tho prcsiilcnt for his sij;tiatinv. If ho sisMis it \hc lull Ihh'cmhos a "law." V \U\\ vM- \H\ SlCNAli: vUVMHlK IN AN l.AULV PAY If ho voioos it. it i^oos baok to tho hoiiso where it first tcx^k its nso. If both houses then pass it by a two-thirds vote, the president must earry it out as he would any other law. i^Constitution. Art. i. See. 7 "I If ai\y oiti/oii ftx^ls that the law works him hanii. he n\ay brinj;; the question before a national oourt and the judges will decide whether the law was made as the Con- stitution pnnndes. If the eourt so decides, the law must stand; but if it decides that the law is contrary to the Constitution, then the law is dead. 24},. Chimging the Constitution by amending it. The cvnvoniion was wnso enough to sec that as the country* grew ;md as the |^H.H.iple were taught by experience, they might wish to change the Constitution. Two wa3*s were pro\-ided by whicli this could be done : The People Accept the Constitution 189 J. Amendments may be proposed in Congress as may any other bill. If they are passed in both houses by a two- thirds vote the amendments are sent by Congress to the State legislatures or State conventions. If they are approved by three-fourths of the States the changes are added to the Constitution and become a part of it. 2. If two-thirds of the State legislatures request it, Congress must call a national convention, which may propose amendments. Such amendments are then sent to the States and voted on as before. This method has never been used. (Constitution, Art. V.) THE PEOPLE ACCEPT THE CONSTITUTION 244. Opposition to the Constitution. The people did not know at first just what kind of constitution the convention had made. Some feared too much power had been given to the nation and that the States would suffer. Others feared the president would grow into a king, and still others saw no "Bill of Rights "•''< in it — that is, no part which promised to protect life, liberty, and property; still others wanted to keep the Confed- eration with its easy-going ways.''"^ 245. How the Constitution was ratified. When the time came to elect delegates to the State conventions to accept or reject the Constitution, there was great excite- ment and much discussion for and against it. Writers filled the newspapers with arguments or published pam- phlets. The most important writing for the Constitution was a series of papers called The Federalist, written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. The most important documents against the Constitution were the Letters of a Federal Farmer, written by Richard Henry Lee. In almost every state there were great men opposed to the IQO The Struggle for a Stronger Union Constitution, or not enthusiastic in its support. The friends of the Constitution had no easy task before them. Exciting contests occurred, but among the States none were more prompt than the smaller ones. Dela- ware won the honor not only of being first to enter the new union but of doing so by a unanimous vote. New Jersey was the third State to come under the "New Roof," as the Constitution was called, and she also voted unanimously. Georgia, far down the coast, joined the new union by an undivided vote. Tremendous battles over the Con- stitution occurred in Pennsylvania, Massa- chusetts, Virginia, and New York. Ten amendments were added to the Con- stitution in the first Congress after its adoption. These are sometimes spoken of as the "Bill of Rights." 246. How Philadelphia celebrated the victory (1788). It had been agreed that the new Constitution should go into effect if nine or more States accepted it. There- fore when nine States had ratified it, the friends of the "New Roof" resolved to show their joy. Bells rang, cannon boomed, bonfires blazed, and processions filled the streets. CELFBRATING THE RATIFICATION OF THE CON- STITUTION IN NEW YORK CITY The "Ship of State" was drawn on floats through the crowded streets The People Accept the Constitution 191 But nowhere were the people happier than in the City of Brotherly Love. The good news had come that the "Old Dominion" had been the tenth State ^^ to ratify the Constitution. This caused the people of Philadelphia to celebrate the Fourth of July in grand style. Salutes were fired at sunrise, and the bells of the city rang their noisy welcom.e as 5,000 people gathered in line for the parade. "Every trade, every business, every occupation of life was represented." When the procession had ended, James Wilson, a great friend of the Constitution in the convention, and one of its greatest defenders in the ratifying convention, delivered an oration. The rejoicing continued far into the night. This was a fitting cele- bration of the greatest event of the American Revolution by the city that had witnessed the meeting of the First Con- tinental Congress, the Declaration of Independ- ence, and the Constitu- tional Convention. While the people are congratulating themselves over the making of the Constitution and are busy selecting electors to choose our first president, it will be well to take a closer look at the condition of the country as it faces the future. Great changes have taken place during the troubled years of the Revolution. From the portrait painted by James Peale JAMES WILSON Period of the Growth of the Nation THE FEDERALIST PARTY IN POWER THE CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY IN 1790 247. Growth of population during the Revolution. During the struggle for independence the number of people in the United States increased almost 1,000,000. The population was now 3,900,000, or just about as great as that of the State of Texas in 1910. Most of the people lived east of the Allegheny Moun- tains. A few French and Spaniards were scattered along ^^ Area settled in 1790 [■■■:■:.■■:■'] Area settled between l^^i^nQO and 1800 Population under 2 pereq. nii. pot taken into THE GROWTH OF SETTLED AREA IN I 790 AND 18OO the Mississippi. But the towns were not many, for when Washington became president most of the people were living on farms. When the people were first counted, 192 The Condition of the Country in Tjgo 193 in 1790, Philadelphia had but 42,000, New York was second in size with 33,000, Boston had 18,000, and Charleston 16,000; Baltimore contained 13,000. 248. The Great West. Between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi was a wonderful region known as the EMIGRANtS LEAVING FOR THE WEST "West." It was chiefly the home of wild animals and the Indian. Little groups of people were Hving in Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri and the Northwest Ter- ritory. French and Spaniards were found at Mobile, Pensacola, Biloxi, and New Orleans. People were drawn to the West by stories of its beauty and the richness of its soil. Exciting adventures waited the settler with his long rifle, pack horses, and emigrant wagons. People seeking the Great West from the North made their way to the Ohio region by going through western New York to the Western Reserve, or from Philadelphia they crossed the mountains to Pittsburgh, on the Ohio. 194 The Federalist Party in Power The people of Maryland and Virginia also aided in mak- ing Pittsburgh the most bustling town west of the moun- tains. Farther south the hardy sons of Virginia and North Carolina had crossed the mountains into Ken- tucky and Tennessee by way of the Cumberland Gap and Boone's Wilderness Road. From South Carolina a large number of people moved into Georgia and the region to the westward. 249. Industrial conditions. The old Confederation was not able to protect foreign or home commerce from unjust laws (§231). But. in spite of this, ship captains loaded their vessels with furs and fish, or took cargoes of grain and flour from the Middle States ; tobacco from Maryland and Virginia; pitch, tar, and turpentine from North Carolina, or rice and indigo from South Carolina and Georgia, and sailed for the ports of the West Indies or for Europe. Farming was still carried on everywhere. Because of soil and climate it paid least in New England, bet- ter in the Middle States, and best in the South. The Fromancngravingby J. W.Steele people Stlll farmed and manufactured as in colonial But the new SAMUEL SLATER Slater carried, in memory, the machinery of the mill he was not permitted to take from England A^^c ( § rnf)) age in manufacturing had already reached America. In 1790 Samuel Slater, an Englishman, started a mill for cotton-spinning at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The Condition of the Country in ijgo 195 250. How people traveled in 1790. Trade and travel between cities and towns, or between States, was slow and difficult. Ocean and river furnished the most pleas- ant trips either for business or for pleasure. The people had still to be content with the sailing vessel and flat- boat. But before the new century came in, John Fitch on the Delaware and William Longstreet on the Savan- nah were experimenting with steamboats. Travel inland was by the saddle hofse or the stage- coach. Regular routes ran between the larger places. One ran from Boston to New York and on to Philadelphia. Another road from eastern Virginia touched Norfolk, skirted the Dismal Swamp, ran to Edenton, Beaufort, Wilmington, Georgetown, and on to Charleston. A government courier from Richmond to the Missis- sippi could hardly make the journey even in good weather under two months. Farmers west of the mountains found trade with the east slow and expensive. More and more they built big barges, loaded them with corn, bacon, and cattle, and floated them down the Ohio, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee to the Mississippi and on to New Orleans. But Spain held the mouth of the Mississippi, and charged these western farmers high duties or seized their boats and sent them home to tell the story to the hardy backwoodsmen. The backwoodsmen threatened RAPID TRAVELING BY STAGECOACH 196 The Federalist Party in Power vengeance against the Spaniards. The United States gave the settlers but little aid. The Spaniards sent their agent with his pockets full of gold, but the hardy pioneers wanted justice and not Spanish gold (§276). Virginia now formed Kentucky into a separate State (1789) and Spain gave our western traders the free use of the Mississippi River by treaty (1795). 251. Social life, education, and culture. The Ameri- can Revolution reduced to poverty thousands of families. It drove many of the Tories (§186) out of this country, /s -^ /nf-^rp^-^'y^ry^^ ''""'" "^""^ Jx-ps^^ __ CI II tl ^,^^6cau£oit A ' ImuigtPU Wy nY \ \ X^ ^ ^^' V ^f J \ A V \ >[30eoigctowu . Y Icstou w ■'•'■•'t'hoz |)'ji?''V ^^ ^ GVLF OF MEX lL-n % Early Post Roads Boone's Wilderness Road Robertson's Trail EARLY TRAILS AND POST ROADS OVER WHICH THE PIONEERS TR.WELED WESTW.^RD and left the people nearer a common level. In the vil- lages and on the farms they still lived in the simple manner of colonial days (§114). The Condition of the Country in 17 go 197 The Americans knew each other better after the war. This grew out of sending soldiers to the North or to the South to aid in the great campaigns. The Revolution made great leaders who stirred the people to think by their eloquent speeches or by their wise writings. News- papers increased in numbers, but the people had to depend largely on letters for news. The Revolution broke up schools, hindered students from going to college, made the country poorer, and thus checked education for young people. Public schools outside cities and towns hardly existed, and even the best of them were not to be compared to the schools of our day. To us the early schoolhouses with their hard benches, poor light and heat, and bare walls would not seem very inviting. Yet these conditions did not hinder hard study, for the rod was freely used to inspire it. 252. Religion and morality. The war tended to break down the bitter prejudice of religious bodies and to bring them closer together. Virginia voted in favor of religious equality (1786) and ceased to support by taxes the Eng- lish Church. The people of the United States declared in favor of religious freedom in the very first amendment to the Constitution. (Constitution, Amendments, Art. I.) But there was little sympathy for the unfortunate and the criminal classes. In many States a large number of crimes were still punishable by death and men were cast into prison because they were unable to pay their debts. The jails were so poorly kept that even able-bodied prisoners soon lost their health. There were no asylums nor reformatories, and insane people and paupers had to be cared for at home or be sent to the public jail. 253. Slavery. Negro slavery had existed in all the colonies. But the Revolution laid great emphasis upon iqS The Federalist Party in Power ^