^^-^^ 4 o ,( .^" 4 o ^ HISTOEICAL SKETCHES KENTUCKY EMBRACING ITS HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES, AND NATURAL CURIOSITIES, GEOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS; ANECDOTES OF PIONEER LIFE, MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF DISTINGUISHED PIONEERS, SOLDIERS, STATESMEN, JURISTS, LAWYERS, DIVINES, ETC. ILLUSTRATED BY FORTY ENGRAVINGS. BY liEAVIS COLIilNS. PUBLISHED BY LEWIS COLLINS, MAYSVILLE, KY.; AND J, A. & U. P. JAMES, CINC IN NATI. 1847* Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1847, by LEWIS COLLINS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Kentucky. JAMES & CO., Stereotypers, Cincinnati. J. A. & U. P. JAMES' Steam Press. PRE FAC E. The late H. P. Peers, of the city of Maysville, laid the foundation for the work which ia now presented to the readuig community. Mr. Peers designed it to be simply a small Gazetteer of the State ; and had collected, and partially arranged for publication, the major part of the materials, comprising a description of the towns and counties. Upon his de- cease, the materials passed into the hands of the Author, who determined to remodel them, . and make such additions as would give permanency and increased value to the work. He has devoted much labor to this object; but circumstances having rendered its publication necessary at an earlier day than was contemplated, some errors may have escaped, which more time, and a fuller investigation would have enabled him to detect. Serious obstacles have been encountered, in the preparation of the Biographical Sketches. Many of those which appear in the work, were prepared from the personal recollections of the Author ; while others have been omitted, because he did not know to whom he could apply for them, or having applied, and in some instances repeatedly, failed in procuring them. This is his apology, for the non-appearance of many names in that department, which are entitled to a distinguished place in the annals of Kentucky. In the preparation of the work, one design of the Author has been to preserve, in a durable form, those rich fragments of local and personal history, many of which exist, at present, only in the ephemeral form of oral tradition, or are treasured up among the recollections of the aged actors in the stirring scenes, the memory of which is thus perpetuated. These venerable witnesses from a former age, are rapidly passing away from our midst, and with them will be buried the knowledge of much that is most interesting in the primitive history of the commonwealth. It is from sources such as we have mentioned, that the materials^ for the future historian are to be drawn ; and, like the scattered leaves of the Sybil, these frail mementos of the past should be gathered up and preserved with religious veneration. If the Author shall have succeeded, in thus redeeming from oblivion any considerable or important portion of the early history of the State, his design will be fully accomplished, and his labor amply rewarded. Of all the members of this great republican confederacy, there is none whose history ia more rich in the variety, quality, and interest of its materials. The poet, the warrior, and the statesman can each find subjects, the contemplation of which will instruct him in his art ; and to the general reader, it would, perhaps, be impossible to present a field of more varied and attractive interest. It is proper that the Author should state that he has received the assistance of many able pens, in the preparation of the work. The " Outline History," embracing about eighty pages, was written by John A. M'Clung, Esq., of Washington. William P. Conwell, Esq., of Maysville, has rendered important aid, particularly in the biographical department. He is the writer of the Sketches, among others, of the Hon. Henry Clay, Gen. George Rogers Clark, Col. Daniel Boone, and Gen. Z. Taylor. The author is also greatly indebted to Col. Charles S. Todd, of Shelby county ; Henry Waller, R. H. Stanton, and William H. Wads- wdrth, Esqrs., of the city of Maysville ; Noble Butler, Esqr. (author of a late and excellent (3) IV PREFACE. work on English Grammar), of the city of Louisville; Bruce Porter, Esq,, of the town of Flemingsburg ; Thomas W. Riley, Esq., of Bardstown ; and Professor 0. Beatty, of Centre College, Danville, for valuable contributions. Col. Todd furnished some seven or eight biographical sketches; among them, those of Gov. Shelby and Judge Innes. Mr. Waller prepared the whole of the county of Mason, Mr. Butler a large portion of the county of Jefferson, Mr. Porter a portion of the county of Fleming, Mr. Riley a portion of the county of Bullitt, and Mr. Beatty the article on the Geology of Kentucky. A distinguished citizen of the State contributed the interesting Sketch of the Court of Appeals. The Historical Sketches of the several religious denominations, were prepared by the following gentlemen : Rev. John L. Waller, editor of the Western Baptist Review, Frank- fort, of the Baptist church; Rev. W. W. Hill, editor of the Presbyterian Herald, Louisville, of the Presbyterian church ; Rev. George W. Smiley,* of the Northern Kentucky Confer- ence, of the Methodist Episcopal church ; Rev. James Shannon, president of Bacon College, Harrodsburg, of the Christian Church ; Rt. Rev. B. B. Smith, D.D., bishop of the Diocese of Kentucky, of the Episcopal church ; Rev. Rich. Beard, D.D., president of Cumberland College, Princeton, of the Cumberland Presbyterian church ; and Rev. M. J. Spalding, D.D., Vicar-General of Kentucky, Louisville, of the Roman Catholic church. He also acknowledges his indebtedness to the following gentlemen, for information con- cerning their counties, for incidents connected with the early settlement of the State, or for biographical sketches, &c., viz : James W. Carter, Esqr., of Adair county ; W. F. Evans, Esqr., of Allen ; J. W. Crock- ett, and J. H. Stovall, Esqrs., of Ballard ; B. N. Crump, Esqr., of Barren ; James M. Pres- ton, Esqr., of Boone ; Hon. Garrett Davis, Dr. Joseph H. Holt, Dr. William M. Garrard, and William C. Lyie, John G. Scrogin, and W, G. Talbot, Esqrs., of Bourbon ; Rev. J. C. Young, D.D., president of Centre College, of Boyle ; General John Payne, of Bracken; John Hargis, Esq., of Breathitt ; Hon. John Calhoun, Joseph Smith, Joseph Allen, and Francis Peyton, Esqrs., of Breckinridge ; W. T. Samuels, and Michael O. Wade, Esqrs., of Bullitt ; B. J. Burke, and L. W. Moore, Esqrs., of Butler ; Charles B. Dallam, and Marcus M. Tyler, Esqrs., of Caldwell ; E. H. Curd, Esqr., of Calloway ; Gen. James Taylor, and S. D. Smalley, Esqr., of Campbell; David Owen, Esq., of Carroll; G. W. Crawford, Esqr., of Carter ; Daniel H. Harrison, A. G. Stites, and R. R. Lansden, Esqrs., of Christian ; W. Flanagan, and Willis Collins, Esqrs., of Clarke ; Dougherty White, and William Woodcock, Esqrs., of Clay : R. Maxcy, and E. Long, Esqrs., of Clinton ; R, L. Bigham, and H. R. D. Coleman, Esqrs., of Crittenden ; E. B. Gaither, and Th, T. Alex- ander, Esqrs., and Dr. David R. Haggard, of Cumberland ; John P. Devereaux, Esqr., of Daveiss; A. M. Barrett, Esqr., of Edmonson; Robert Clarke, Esqr., of Estill; Hon. George Robertson, Gen. Leslie Combs, Gen. John M. M'Calla, Col. Richard Spurr, Hon. Robert Wickliife, Rev. Robert J. Breckinridge, D.D., and John C. Breckinridge, William S. Waller, John Bradford, James Logue, Samuel D. M'CulIough, and Fielding R. Bradford, Esqrs., of Fayette ; C. C. Lane, and W. S. Botts, Esqrs, of Fleming ; Edwin Trimble, and Daniel Hager, Esqrs., of Floyd ; Gov. William Owsley, Hon. Benjamin Monroe, Hon. James Harlan, Gen. Peter Dudley, Col, James Davidson, Orlando Brown, John W. Finnell, Wil- liam D. Reed, H. L Bodley, and A, S. Mitchell, Esqrs., of Franklin ; Major J. W. Gibson, and R. A, Hatcher, Esqr., of Fulton ; Rev. Benjamin Fuller, of Gallatin ; A. J, Brown, Esqr., of Garrard; John W. M'Cann, Esqr., of Grant; Jack Thomas, Esqr., of Grayson; G. W. Montague, Esqr., of Greene ; W. L. Poage, Esqr., of Greenup ; D. L. Adair, Esqr., of Hancock ; Dr. Samuel B. Young, and Thomas D. Brown, Esqr., of Hardin ; E. "V. Unthank, Esqr., of Harlan ; Gen. L. B. Desha, and J. V. Bassett, Esqr., of Harrison ; * It is due to Mr. Smiley to state, that the Sketch of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was prepared by him upon a few days' notice. PREFACE. V Robert D. Murray, and John Bowman, Esqrs., of Hart ; Dr. Owen Glass, O. H. Hillyer, and J. E. M'Callister, Esqrs., of Henderson ; W. B. Edmunston, and N. E. Wright, Esqrs., of Hickman ; Samuel Woodson, Esqr,, of Hopkins ; Hon. Henry Pirtle, Tal. P, Shaflher, Esqr., and Dr. Bullitt, of Jefferson ; R. E. Woodson, Esqr., of Jessamine : John House, Esqr., of Johnson ; Hon. James T. Morehead, and J. W. Menzies, Esqr., of Ken- ton ; B. H. Ohler, Esqr., of Knox ; John Duncan, and William Beelar, Esqrs., of Larue ; G. F. Hatcher, Esqr., of Lawrence ; W. B. Hampton, Esqr., of Letcher ; R. G. Carter, Esqr., of Lewis ; J. Campbell, Esqr., of Lincoln; William Gordon, Esqr., of Livingston ; M. B. Morton, and Albert G. Rhea, Esqrs., of Logan : Abner Oldham, Esqr., Col. John Speed Smith, and Col. David Irvine, of Madison ; Nicholas S. Ray, Esqr., and Captain Edmund A. Graves, of Marion ; Henry Hand, Esqr., of Marshall ; William Fairleigh, Esqr., of Meade ; Hon. Adam Beatty, Col. James C. Pickett, Dr. J. M. Duke, R. H. Col- lins, and Joseph B. Boyd, Esqrs., of Mason ; William H. Jones, Esqr., of M'Cracken ; Gen. Robert B. M'Afee, Captain Samuel Daveiss, Dr. C. Graham, and James M 'Afee, Esqr., of Mercer; William Butler, Esqr., of Monroe ; Richard Apperson, Esqr., of Mont- gomery ; James Elliott, Esqr., of Morgan ; Charles F. Wing, Esqr., of Muhlenburg ; Hon. Charles A. Wickliffe, G. Clayton Slaughter, and A. G. Botts, Esqrs., of Nelson ; Charles Henderson, H. D. Taylor, and Stephen Stateler, Esqrs., of Ohio ; G. Armstrong, Esqr., of Oldham ; J. W. Bacon, Esqr., of Owen ; William Williams, Esqr., of Owsley ; S. Thomas Hauser, Esqr., of Pendleton ; John D. Mims, Esqr., of Pike ; E. Kelley, Esqr., of Pulaski ; Col. Elisha Smith, of Rockcastle ; Joseph T. Rowe, Esqr., of Russell ; John T. Steppe, Esqr., and Rev. Howard Malcom, D.D., of Scott; Thomas J. Throop, L Shelby Todd, and John H. Todd, Esqrs., and Rev. Abraham Cook, of Shelby ; John Hoy, Esqr., of Simpson ; Ralph Lancaster, Esqr,, of Spencer ; W. H. Wells, and R. iT. Glenn, Esqrs., of Todd ; Kain A. M'Caughan, and Robert Baker, Esqrs., of Trigg ; W. Samuels, Esqr., of Trimble ; J. W. Cromwell, Esqr., of Union ; Hon. A. W. Graham, Hon. Joseph R. Underwood, and Loyd Berry, Esqr., of Warren ; W. B. Booker, Esqr., of Washington; W. Simpson, Esqr., of Wayne; W. S. Cooke, and Squire Gatliffe, Esqrs., of Whitley ; Major Herman Bowmar, of Woodford. — Also, to Thomas B. Steven- son, Esqr., Dr. J. R. Buchanan, and Rev. Thornton A, Mills, of Cincinnati. INDEX TO THE OUTLINE HISTORY. Page. Adair, Gen., at the battle of New Orleans- -SO, 84 Adams, John, second President, very odious in Keniucky 54 Adams and Jackson, presidential contest be- tween P3 Alien and sedition laws condemned 55 Allen, Col., killed 71 Annexation, first step in territorial 57 • of" Texas, and its effects 97 Bank, first cliartered in Kentucky 56 ol" Kentucky chartered 65 , Ibrty independent, chartered 83 , Commonwealth's, chartered 88 , Branch of U. S., in Kentucky 95 of Kentucky 95 , Northern, of Kentucky ^- 95 of l/ouis villa 95 Bird. Col., expedition against Kentucky 24 Blaiinerhasset, the victim of Burr 59 Blue Licks, Upper, defeat of Capt. Holder's party at 25 Blue Licks, liOwer, disastrous battle at 25 Board of War, in Kentucky 43 Boone, Mrs., and daughters, first white wo- men on Kentucky river 19 Boonsborough. founded, and fort built 19 , attacked by the Indians 19 Bowman. Col., expedition against Chillicothe, 23 Boyle, John, chief justice of the old court- - - 90 Bradford, John, establishes first newspaper in Kentucky 36 Breckinridge, Ilobert, first speaker of the H. of R. 45 Brown, James, first secretary of state 45 , John, first delegate to Congress 36 , , letters of, on the independence oi Kentucky 37 Brown, John, first senator to Congress 45 , , implicated in the Spanish in- trigue 60 Brown, John, President Madison's letter in defence of 99 Bryant's station, attack on 25 Bullitt, Capt. Thomas, surveying at the Falls, 18 , Alexander, first speaker of the senate, 45 Burr, Aaron, arrives in Kentucky 57 , defeated for the governorship of New York 57 Burr, kills Hamilton in a duel 58 , conceives a plan of an empire 58 , his character and intrigues 59 , his project developed. &c. 60 , Daveiss' motion against, overruled- •• • 60 , offers Daveiss opportunity to prove his charge 61 Burr, his trial postponed 61 , his public defence 61 , his trial again postponed 62 , acquitted by the grand jury 63 , disavows to Mr. Clay any improper de- sign 63 Burr, his real attitude at this time 64 , his project unfolded 64 , his letters to Wilkinson and Eaton 64 , his project denounced and broken up-- 64 Calloway, Col. Richard, moves to Boonsbo- rough 19 Canada, union with Kentucky suggested- - - • 41 (vi) Page. Cannon, first employed in Keniucky 24 Caroline, schooner, at the battle of New Or- leans 80 Chesapeake, attacked by the Leopard 65 Clark, Gen. George Rogers, first appearance in Kentucky 19 Clark, expedition against Kaskaskia and Vin- cennes 21 Clark, expedition against the Ohio Indians- • 24 , expedition from the mouth of Licking, 27 expedition to the Wabash 33 , appointed generalissimo of French le- gions 47 Clarke, Judge, decides the relief law unconsti- tutional 89 Clarke, Judge, his trial before the legislature- 90 , , elected governor 97 Clay, Henry, and Daveiss, intellectual com- bat between 62 Clay, requires of Burr a^di«ajuiwal of trea- sonable designs -* 63 Clay and Jackson, presidential contest be- tween 94 Clay and Polk, presidential contest between, 97 Combs, Capt. Leslie, gallantry of 73 Congress, old, refers the admission of Ken- tucky to the new 37 Constitution, federal, unpopular in Kentucky, 33 , first. Its features 44 , new, formed and adopted 56 Convention, first, on the proposed separation from Virginia 30 Convention, second 31 -, ,third 31 * •— * fourth -32 , fifth 36 , sixth 38 , seventh 39 , eighth 41, 43 , ninth, and last 44 ■■ , to revise the constitution 54, 55 Corn, first raised in Kentucky 19 Counties, Kentucky divided into three 24 Courts, first established 20 , of common law and chancery 24 , U. S., for the district of Kentucky, es- tablished 28 Courts, jurisdiction under the first constitu- tion 45 Courts, changes in the system of- 51 , district, abolished 56 , circuit, established 56 , contest between the Old and New- 91 , New, organized 92 Crockett, Col., remonstrance of •' - • 40 Croghan, Col., defence of Fort Stephenson 75 Crows, required to be killed 51 Danville, the seat of the Conventions- - - - 30, 36 Daveiss, Col. Jo. Hamilton, moves against Burr 60 Daveiss, intellectual combat with Henry Clay 62 Democratic societies, their spirit and object- 47 Depeau, Charles, a French emissary, letter of, 43 Desha, Gen. Joseph, elected governor 91 DuQuesne invades Kentucky 20 F.dwards, John, senator in Congress 45 England and France, before the war of 1812, 68 English spy in Kentucky 41 INDEX TO THE OUTLINE HISTORY. Vil Page. Erie, Lake, decisive victory upon 76 Estill, Capt., defeat of 24 Excise law, odious in Kentucky 46, 47 Fayette county, competes for the seat of gov- ernment 45 Federal government, disaffection towards- -46, 47 Finley, John, visits Kentucky 18 Fort, look for the proper name of each — France and England, their last great struggle, 68 Frankfort, how chosen as the seat of govern- ment 45 French revolution, how regarded 46 emissaries in Kentucky 48 Frenchtown, battle of- 70 Garrard, James, governor of the State 55 Genet, citizen, his projects and conduct 47 , recalled, and his acts disavowed 50 Governor, how chosen under the old consti- tution 45 Greenup, Christopher, elected governor 57 Hardin, Col. John, murdered by the Indians- 45 Uarmar, Gen., disastrous expedition of 43 Harrodsburg, founded 18 Harrison, Gen., marches against Canada- - - • 70 , defence of Fort Meigs 73 , defeats Proctor at the Thames 73 Henderson's purchase from the Cherokees-- 18 Holder, Capt., defeat of 25 Hopkins, Gen., expedition against the Illinois Indians 69 Hull, Gen., surrender of 68 Impressment of American seamen 67 Independence of Kentucky agitated- - - -37, 50, 53 Innis, judge, connected with the Spanish in- trigue 53 lunis, overrules the motion against Butt 60 , tried and acquitted • 65 Insurance company at Lexington chartered- 56 Jackson, Gen. Andrew, at New Orleans 81 and Adams, contest between 93 and Clay, contest between 94 Jay, John, odium against, in Kentucky 36 , his treaty with England, how regarded- 51 Jefferson, Thomas, elected President 56, 57 Johnson, Col. Richard M., at the battle of the Thames 78 Kaskaskia, surrenders to Gen. Clark 22 Kenton, Simon, settles in Mason county 19 Kentuckians. drafted 43, 50 Kentucky, explored by the Anglo-Saxons- - - 17 , traces of the earlier occupants of- 17 river, ascended by the McAfees- - 18 , first log cabin erected in 18 "Gazette," printed at Lexington- • 30 — '■ . admitted into the Union 42 Knox, Col. James, leads the " Long Hunters " to Kentucky 18 Land law, unfortunate operation of- 23 Letcher, Robert P., elected g'overnor 97 Lewis, Col., taken prisoner 71 Lexington, first blockhouse built 23 Limitation in actions of ejectment, changed- 65 Logan's fort, erected and settled 19 Louisiana, ceded to France 56 , purchased by the general govern- ment 57 Louisville settled 22 Madison, George, elected governor 87 , President, letter vindicating Hon. James Brown -. 98 Marshall, Col. Thomas 39 , Humphrey, elected U. S. senator- • 51 Martin's station destroyed 24 Maysville. blockhouse erected 28 Meigs, fort, attacked 73,75 Mercer county, competes for the seat of gov- ernment 45 Metcalfe, Gen. Thomas, elected governor- • • 93 Michigan, effect of the loss of 68 Mills, Jfudge Benjamin, and the old court- - • • 90 Mississippi, proposed to cede the naviga- tion of .34, 40 Mississippi, circular of Muter, Innis, and others 34 Mississippi, negotiations upon the subject- •• 35 Mississippi, its navigation secured by treaty, 52 Murray, William, opposes the states' rights movement 56 Muter, Judge George, attempt to remove 51 , his letter against an independent gov- ernment 39 New Orleans, right of deposit at, conceded- 52 , this right suspended 56 , preparations for itsdetence-- 79 , engagement of the 24th De- cember 80 New Orleans, brilliant victory of the 8th of January 84 New Orleans, numbers engaged 86 Nicholas, George, in the ninth convention- • • 44 , first attorney general 45 - , connected with the Spanish intrigue 53 Nullification, in the legislature 55 Owsley, Judge William, and the old court- • 90 , , elected governor- •- 97 Perry, lieutenant, brilliant victory of 76 Polk, James K., and Henry Clay, contest be- tween 97 Power, Thomas, a Spanish messenger 53 Relief and anti-relief excitement 89 laws decided unconstitutional 90 excitement in 1842 96 Replevin, extended conditionally 89 Revolution, French, how reg'arded 46 , the age of startling, not passed- ■ 58 Ruddell's station destroyed 24 Scott, Gen. Charles, Indian expedition 43 , joins Wayne with 1,500 men -- 50 , elected governor 65 Sebastian, Judge Benj., attempt to remove-- 51 , interview with the Spanish agent- 52 , pensioned by Spain 53 , implicated with Burr 60 , inquiry into his conduct 65 Senators, how chosen under the old constitu- tion 45 Separation from Virginia and the Union, agi- tated 37 Shelby, Isaac, first governor 45 , reply to Depeau 49 Slaughter, Gabriel, first lieutenant and acting governor 87 Spain, resents the purchase of Louisiana- - - 57 Spanish intrigues in Kentucky 52 Specie payments suspended 95, 96 Squirrels, law requiring to be killed 51 St. Clair. Gen., campaign of- 43 Stephenson, fort, gallant defence of- 75 Stuart, James, killed by the Indians 18 Taxes, upon what imposed 45 Tecumseh, his generous conduct at Fort Meigs 74 Tecumseh, killed at the Thames 78 Thames, river, victory at the 78 Treaty of 1783, imperteclly observed 28 with the Indians 51 Trimble, Lieutenant David 73 Vincennes, surrenders to Gen. Clark 22 Virginia, action upon the proposed separa- tion by Kentucky 41 Walker, Dr., visits Kentucky 18 War of 1812, causes of GH feeling in Kentucky and New England, 68 Washington, Gen., elected President of the United States 41 Wayne, Gen., defeats the Indians at the Ra- pids 50 "Western World," newspaper at Frankfort- CO . develops Burr's project. Sec. 60 Wilkinson, Gen. James, settles in Lexington, 29 , his voyage to New Orleans 30 , his tobacco privileges 38 , accompanies St. Clair 43 , commissioned under Wayne 45 , how he regarded the Spanish in- trigue 53 Wilkinson, commands the U. S. troops in Louisiana 57 Wilkinson, co-operates with Burr 59,60 Winchester, Gen., at the river Raisin 71 INDEX TO COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. The names of the Counties are in Small Capitals. Adair 164 Adairville 411 Albany 246 Alexandria 225 Allen 106 Allensville 535 Anderson 168 Ashbysburg 351 Athens 267 Augusta 209 Ballard 171 BallardsviUe 4S8 Barboursville 396 Bardstown 474 Barren 174 Bath 177 Bear Wallow • • • • 344 Bedford 538 Belleview 232 Benton 427 Bethel 177 Big Spring 447 Blandville 171 Blooinfield 475 Bon Harbor 250 Boone 179 Boonsborough • • • • 416 Boston 550 Bourbon 192 Bowling-Green • ■ • 540 Boyle 204 Bracken 209 Bradlbrdsville •■• • 426 Brandenburg 447 Breathitt 210 Breckinridge • • • • 212 Breedings 165 Brooksville 210 Brownsborough • • 488 Brownsville 253 Bryants ville 322 Bullitt 216 Burksville 249 Burlington ISO Butler 221 Cadiz 537 Cairo 346 Caldwell 222 Calloway 223 Campbell 224 Campbellsville- •• • 328 Canton 537 Carlisle 480 Carroll 228 CarroUton 228 Carter ' 230 Casey 230 Casey ville' 539 Catlettsburg a32 Centre Point 467 Centreville 193 Chaplin 475 Chapline 451 Chapljnton 174 Chuistian 231 Christiansburg 518 Clark 234 Clarksburg 401 (viii) Page. Clay 24! Claysville 341 Clay Village 518 Clementsburg 247 Clinton 245 Clinton 350 Clintonville 193 Cloverporl 212 Colbysville 234 Colemansville ■ • • • 341 Columbia 164 Concord 401 Concordia 447 Constantine 212 CornishviUe 451 Covington 380 Crab Orchard 402 Creelsburg 502 Crittenden 247 Crittenden 325 Cumberland 249 Cynthiana 340 Danville 204 Daveiss 250 Dover 430 Downingville 325 Eddyville 223 Edmonson 253 Edmonton 174 Elizabethtown 335 Elizaville 296 Elkton 535 Estill 261 Fairfield 475 Fairview 535 Falmouth 494 Farmington 327 Fayette 263 Ferry Corner 537 Fitchport 322 Fleming 296 Flemingsburg • • • • 296 , Florence 180 Floyd 302 Floydsburg 488 Francisville 180 Frankfort 304 Franklin 303 Franklin 531 Franklinton 348 Frederick 174 Fredericktown • • • 545 Fredonia 222 Fulton 318 Gallatin 320 Garnetsville 448 Garrard 322 Garrettsburg 232 Georgetown 504 Germantown, Brack- en Co. 210 Germantown, Ma- son Co. 430 Ghent 228 Glasgow 174 Grahampton 447 Grant 325 Graves 326 Page. Grayson 2.30 Grayson 327 Great Crossings • • 508 Greene 328 Greene ville 472 Greenshurg 328 Greenup 331 Greeiiupsburg 3.31 Hamilton ISO Hancock 3.33 Hardin 335 Hardinsburg 212 Hardinsville 518 Harlan 539 Harrison 340 Harrisonville 518 Harrodsburg 449 Hart 344 Hartford 486 Havilandsville 341 Hawe.sville 334 Haydensville 535 Hazard 496 Hazle-Green 472 Hazlepatch 398 Helena 4:30 Henderson 346 Henderson 346 Hendersonvilie • • • 348 Henry 348 Hibbardsville 346 Hickman 318 Hickman •- 3.50 Hillsborough 296 Hodgenville 397 Hopkins 350 Hopkinsville 2.32 Hudsonville 212 Hustonville 402 Independence 382 Irvine 262 Jackeysburg 212 Jackson 211 Jacksonville 193 Jamestown 502 Jefferson 354 JeffersonviUe 469 Jessamine 375 Johnson 376 Keasburg 411 Kenton 380 KiddviUe 234 Knox 395 Latayette 232 Lagrange ... ^ ... . 4S8 Lancaster 322 Larue 397 Laurel 398 Lawrence 398 Lawrenceburg • • • 169 Lebanon 426 Leesburg 341 Leesville 344 Letcher 400 Levelwood 397 Lewis 401 Lewisburg, Mason Co. 430 Page. Lewisburg, Muh- lenburg Co. 473 Lewisport 334 Lexington 263 Liberty 230 Lincoln 402 Linn a32 Litchfield 327 Livingston 409 Lockport, Butler C. 222 Lockport, Henry C. 348 Logan 410 London 393 Louisa 399 Louisville 355 Lovelaceville 171 Lower Blue Licks 480 Lucto 451 Madison 416 Madi.sonville 351 Manchester 243 Marion 425 Marion, Crittenden Co. 247 Marion, Owen Co. 490 Marion, Scott, Co.- 503 Marshall 427 Mason 463 Max ville 545 Mayfield .326 Mayslick 430 Maysville 430 M'Cracken 446 Meade 447 Mercer 449 Middleburg 401 • Midway 553 Milbourn 171 Millerslmrg 193 Millerstown 328 Milton 538 Minerva 430 Monroe 467 Montgomery 468 Monticello 548 Moorefield 480 Morgan 471 Morganfield 539 Morgantown 222 Mortonsville 554 Moscow 350 Mount Carmel 296 J Mount Eden 5:32 Mount Gilead 430 Mount Pleasant- • • 340 Mount Sterling • ■ - 463 Mount Vernon 50O MountWashington 216 MUIILENBURG 472 Munlbrdville 344 Murphysville 430 Murray 224 Napoleon 321 Neatsville 105 Nelson 473 New Castle 348 New Concord • • • 227 New Haven • ■ ■ ■ 475 INDEX TO COUNTIES, ETC.— GENERAL INDEX. IX Page. New Liberty • • • • 490 New Market 426 Newport 220 Newtown 508 Nicholas 479 Nicholasville- ••• 376 North Liberty • • • • 376 North Middleton- • 193 Nottsville 250 Oaktowii 232 Ohio 486 Oldham 488 Orangeburg 430 Oregon 451 Owen 4S9 Owenborough 250 Owenton 490 Owingsville 177 Ow^SLET 491 Owsley C.H. •••• 492 Padueah 446 Paintville 376 Palmyra 538 Paris 192 Pendleton 493 Perry 495 Perry ville 205 Petersburg 180 Pike 497 Pikeville 498 Pittstown 216 Page. Pleasant Hill 451 Pleasuresville 348 Poplar Flat 401 Poplar Plains 297 Port Oliver 166 Port Royal 348 Powersville 210 Preston 228 Prestonsburg 303 Princeton 222 Proctor 492 Providence 351 Pulaski 498 Raleigh 540 Ray wick 426 Red Mill 335 Richmond 416 Rockcastle 500 Rockcastle 537 Rock-Haven 448 Roduster 222 Ruddell's Mills . . 193 Rumsey 473 Russell 501 Russell ville 410 Salem 410 Saloma 328 Salvisa 451 Sardis 430 Schollville 234 Scott 504 Page, Scottsville 166 Seventy-Six 246 Sharpsburg 177 Shelby 517 Shelby ville 517 Shepherdsville . . 216 Sherburn 217 Simpson 531 Simpsonville •-•• 518 Skilesville 473 Smithland 410 Somerset 499 Somerville 328 South CarrolUon . . 473 South Union 411 Spencer -• 532 Springfield 545 Springtown 180 Springville 332 Stamping Ground . 509 Stanford 402 Steamport 346 Stephensburg 335 Stephensport .... 212 Taylorsville 532 Tetersville 322 Todd 534 Tompkinsville . . . 467 Trenton 535 Trigg 536 Trimble 538 Union 180 Union 539 Uniontown 540 Union Village. . . . 451 Vanceburg 401 Verona 180 Versailles 553 Wadesborough . . . 224 Waitsborough . . . 499 Wallonia 537 Walnut Flat 402 Walton ISO Wakren 540 Warsaw 320 Washington 429 Washington .... 540 Wayne 548 Waynesburg .... 402 Webster 234 West Liberty .... 472 West Point 335 West Port 488 Whitesburg 400 "VVhitley 547 Williamsburg. . . . 550 Williamstown . . . 325 Winchester 234 AVOODFORD 552 Woodsonville .... 552 Wyoming 177 Yelvington 250 GENERAL INDEX. Page. ActTFF, Rev. Francis 129 Ada[r, Gen. John 165 Adoption, Indian mode of 546 Allen, Rev. Carey H. • 135 " Col. John 168 '• JudgeJohn 203 Allan, Hon. Chilton 2.35 Almanac, firstLprinted in Kentucky 273 Anderson, ir , Richard C. 169 " Col. Richard C. 366 Appeals, Court of, sketch of- 1 01 Arnold, Capt. John 554 Artillery used against Ruddell's station 842 Artist, remarkable escape of an 451 Asbury, Bishop Francis 125 Ashland, residence of Henry Clay 292 Ash tree four hundred years old 295 Asylum for the Blind 356 " " " Deaf and Dumb 205 " " " Insane 267 Audubon, the Ornithologi st 347 Augusta college 210 Bacon College, at Harrodsburg 114, 450 Badin, Rev. Stephen Theodore 140 Baker, adventures of, with Ward and Kenton, 440 " Capt. Isaac, escape from the Indians- 442 Ballard, Capt. Bland 171 Bank Lick ■. 394 '• of Kentucky, its constitutionality 103 " U. S., re-charter agitated 283 Baptist Church, historical sketch of. 108 ". established 108 " associations organized 108 " Bracken association 108 " the "great revival" 108 Page. Baptist Church, Regulars and " Separatists "• 110 " the "Reslrictionists" Ill " the "Emancipators" Ill " schism caused by a negro trade lU Baptist Church, the "Reformation" Ill " early ministers 112 " number of members 112 Baptist Theological College, at Covington- -. 380 Barbour, Maj. Philip N. 347 Barnet's station, waylaid 4S0 Barry, Maj. Wm. Taylor 277 Battle of Saline Creek 2)3 " on Salt river, disastrous 217 " near Four-mile Bar 225 " in Cumberland county 250 Basin, natural rock 213 Bear wallow 344 Bedinger, Maj. George M. 4S5 Bell, at the Mammoth Cave 257 Ben, a negro, anecdote of- 300 Benham, Capt. Robert, remarkable escape- ■ 227 Betrayal of two Indians ■- . •• 197 Bibb, Judge George M. 555 Big Bone Lick 1 60, 454 Birchett, Rev. Henry > 126 Blackburn, Rev. Gideon." 137 Bledsoe, Judge Jesse 20.3 Blind, asylum for the 356 Blue Licks Springs 480 " battle of, detailed account 481 Blythe, D. D., Rev. James 137 Boat, the last assailed by the Indians 513 Bones, large, discovered 180, 195' Boone, Col. Daniel 1811 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Boone, his life saved by Kenton 386 " winters in a cave 452 " captured, while making salt 4!rl " his remains re-interred 307 " and Calloway, misses, rescue of- • • • 184 Boonsboroush, history of 165, 385, 418, 421 Botanic garden and nursery 232 Bowman's, Col., expedition 412, 460 Bowmar, Maj. 1 [., recollections of 554 Bough, Frederick, adventure of 337 Boy, rencounter of a, with Indians 337 " remarkable fortitude of a 513 Boyle, chief justice John 207 Bradford, John 276 Breathitt, Gov. John 211 Breckinridge, D. D., Rev. John 138 " Hon. John 214 " Joseph Cabell 280 Bridge, Natural 233 Brodhead, Daniel, sells goods at Louisville- • 362^ Brown, Hon. John 308' " Hon. James 309 " Dr. Samuel 309 " Dr. Preston W. 310 Bryant's station, expedition from 267 " attack on 2Q9 Buchanan, Dr. 559 Buena Vista, battle of 375 Bullitt's liick, salt first made at 217 iBullitt, Col. Alex, Scott 241 " Capt. Thomas 360,453 " Thomas and Cuthbert 366 Burke, Rev. William 128 Burrows, Nathan, manufactures hemp and musiard 276 Burying grounds, ancient 180, 209, 334 Butler, Gen. 222 Byrne, Rev. William 143 Cabinet officers, from Kentucky 150 Caha's escape from the Indians 479 Cahokia, surrender of 240 Caldwell, Gen. John 223 " Dr. Charles •• 558 Calloway, Col. Richard 224 '• and Boone, misses, rescue of 184 Calvin, Capt. Luther, adventures of 438 Cameron, Rev. Archibald 136, 519 Campbell, Rev. Alexander HI, 116, 117 " Rev. John Poage 135 " Col. John 227 ' Carroll, Charles, of CarroUton 229 Casey, Col. William 231 Cassiday, Mic)»ael, adventures of 298 Cat, wild, adventure with a 295 Cave, iVIammoth 254 " where Boone wintered 452 (Caves in Allen county 167 " Barren 177 " Bourbon 195 " Breckinridge 213 " Christian 233 " Edmonson 254 " Hart 345 " Knox 396 " Meade 448 " Mercer 46G " Rockcastle 501 " Union 540 " Warren 541 " Wayne 548 " Whitley 550 'Cemetery of giants 253 Centre college, at Danville 206 Chambers, Gov. John 443 Charges d'Atfaires. from Kentucky 150 Charity, Sisters of, established 143 Chasm, singular 180 Chillicothe. expedition against 412, 460 Christian, Col. William 221, 233 " Church, sketch of 114 " " number of members- --115, 118 " " mode of government 116 " '• views of 116,117 " " union lietween Stone and Campbell 1-^ Church, Baptist 108 Page. Church, Christian 114 " Cumberland Presbyterian 121 " Episcopal 122 " Methodist Episcopal 124 " Presbyterian 132 " Roman Catholic 139 " in the Mammoth Cave 254 Cincinnati, adventure of hunters at 514 Clark, Gen. George Rogers -236, 385, 457, 459, 460 Clarke, Gov. James 235 Clay, Gen. Green 243 " Hon. Henry 280 " jr., Lieut. Col. Henry 294 Clelland, D. D, Rev. Thomas 138 Cliffs on Kentucky river 466 Clinton, Gov. De Witt 246 Coal,— see each county 158, 491, 498, 499, 500 Coburn. Judge John 444 Coffins found in a mound 167 Coffman,^Mrs., anecdote of 169 College, Centre, at Danville 203 " Augusta 210 " Cumberland, at Princeton 223 " St. Mary's, at Lebanon 426 " Bacon, at Harrodsburg 450 St. Joseph's, at Bardstown 474 " Masonic, at Lagrange • " Georgetown '• Shelby, at Shelbyville Colleges, Presidents of, from Kentucky - Combs, Gen. Leslie • 483 505 517 151 277 Compromise Act - - • 289 Conch shells in Lincoln county 403 Congress, list of senators 144 " " representatives 145 Continental money, heavy discount 362 Contract, singular 176 Conventions, list of members of the several, to erect a State governrhent, &c. - -146, 147, 143 Cook family, remarkable defence of 306 Coomes, Wm., first school teacher 140 " escape from the Indians- -458. 460 Copperas bed, in Lewis county 401 Corn, first planted in Kentucky 429 '' first raised in Kentucky 452 " sold for $60 per bushel 455 Corwin, Hon. Thomas 2li0 Corwine, Aaron H. 545 Cosby, Fortunatus and Robert T- 358, 3S0 Court of Appeals, sketch of lul " its design and safeguards- 102 " judges increased 105 " judges reduced 106 " " catalogue of 106 " reports of 106 " jurisdiction of 106 Courts, Old and New, history of 102 " in Jefferson county 362 Craig, Rev. Lewis 112 Craighead, Rev. Thomas B. 134 Crawford, Rev. James 133 " Capt. John A. 469 Creek, Sinking, great curiosity 213 Crepps, Christian, remarkable escape of- • • - 219 Crist, Henry, desperate rencounter with In- dians : 217 Cross and image, copper 376 Crouch and Mayes, hung without trial 326 Cruise, Capt, 389 Cumberland falls 246, 550 " college, at Princeton 223 " Presbyterian Church, sketch of, 121 ** river, passage through Pine Mountain 396 Cunningham, Capt, Isaac 234 Curiosities, natural 233 Dancing school, first, at Lexington 273 Daniel, Walker 207 Daveiss, Col, Joseph Hamilton 251 " xMrs,, intrepidity of • 404 " Samuel, recaptures his family 404 " Capt. Samuel 464 David, Rev. Mr. 143 Davidson, Col. James 352 Dead Sea, in the Mammoth Cave 260 Deaf and Dumb Asylum 205 GENERAL INDEX. XI Desha, Gen Joseph 515 •• Devil's Pulpit," on the Kentucky river 466 Dog. remarkable instance of fidelity 298 Dogs, two cur, defeat two Indians 550 Donaldson, Israel, teaches school at Mays- v 18 OUTLINE HISTORY. are few and meagre. In relation to time, we can only affirm that the fortifications and cemeteries, which have been examined, are certainly more than eight hundred years old, but how much older they may be can only be conjectured. Time, and future investigation, may throw some additional light upon the history of this ancient race; but at present we can only say that they lived, that they struggled against enemies, that they made pro- gress in arts and civilization, and that the places which once knew them, now know them no more. Neglecting the obscure visit of Dr. Walker to the north-east- ern portion of Kentucky in 1758, and the equally obscure, but more thorough examination of the country by Finley in 1767, we may regard the company headed by Daniel Boone in 1769, and by Knox in 1770, as the earliest visits to Kentucky worthy of Particular attention. Boone's party remained two years in the tate, and traversed its northern and middle regions with great attention. The party led by Colonel James Knox, called the Long Hunters, came one year later, and remained about the same time. Both parties were in the country together, but never met. Boone was a native of Pennsylvania, but had emigrated to North Carolina. Knox's party was from Holston, on Clinch river, and thoroughly explored the middle and southern regions of Kentucky. Boone's party was harassed by the Indians, and one of their number, James Stuart, was killed. Boone himself at one time fell into their hands, but escaped. In 1771, they returned from their long hunting excursion, and spread throughout the western settlements of Virginia and North Carolina the most glowing accounts of the inexhaustible fertility of the soil. The bounty in lands, which had been given to the Virginia troops who had served throughout the old French war, were to be located upon the western waters, and within legs than two years after the return of IW)ne and Knox, surveyors were sent out to locate these lands ujTOn the Ohio river. In 1773, Captain Thomas Bullitt, who had distinguished himself in the expedition against fort Du Quesne, led a party of surveyors down the Ohio to the Falls, where a camp was constructed and roughly fortified to protect them from the Indians. During this expedition many surveys were executed in Kentucky, and large portions of the country explored with a view to future settlement. Three bro- thers from Virginia, James, George and Robert M'Afee, accompa- nied Bullitt to the mouth of Kentucky river. There they left him, and in company with several others ascended the Kentucky to the forks, exploring the country and making surveys in various places. In the summer of 1774, other parties of surveyors and hunters followed ; and during this year James Harrod erected a log cabin upon the spot where Ilarrodsburg now stands, which rapidly grew into a station, probably the oldest in Kentucky. During this year, Colonel Richard Henderson purchased from the Chero- kee Indians the whole country south of Kentucky river. His OUTLINE HISTORY. 19 purchase was subsequently declared null and void by the legisla- ture of Virginia, which claimed the sole right to purchase land from the Indians within the bounds of the royal charter ; but gi-eat activity was displayed by Henderson in taking possession of his new empire, and granting land to settlers, before the act of the Virginia legislatm-e overturned all his schemes. Daniel Boone was employed by him to sm'vey the country, and select favorable positions ; and, early in the spring of 1775, the foun- dation of Boonsborough was laid, under the title of Henderson. From the 22d of March to the 14th of April, Boone was actively engaged in constructing the fort, afterwards called Boonsborough, during which time his party was exposed to four fierce attacks from the Indians. By the middle of April the fort was comple- ted, and within two months from that time his wife and daughters joined him, and resided in the fort, — the first white women who ever stood upon the banks of the Kentucky river. From this time, Boonsborough and Harrodsburg became the nucleus and support of emigration and settlement in Kentucky. In 1775, the renowned pioneer, Simon Kenton, erected a log cabin, and raised a crop of corn in the county of Mason, upon the spot where the town of Washington now stands, and continued to occupy the spot until the fall of that year, when he removed to Boonsbo- rough. The limits allotted to this Historical sketch will not admit of details of individual adventures ; these may be found under their appropriate heads in other portions of the work. In the month of September of this year, and three months after the arrival of Mrs. Boone and her daughters, the infant colony was enriched by the arrival of three more ladies, Mrs. Denton, Mrs. M'Gary, and Mrs. Hogan, who, with their husbands and children, settled at Harrodsburg. Early in the spring of 1776, Colonel Richard Calloway brought his wife and two daughters to Boonsborough, and in March of the same year, Colonel Benjamin Logan brought his wife and family to Logan's fort, about one mile west of the present town of Stanford, in Lincoln county, where he, with a few slaves, had raised a crop of corn in 1775. During this summer, an incident occurred which powerfully impressed upon the minds of the women of Kentucky the dangers which beset them in their frontier home : while a daughter of Daniel Boone and two of the Miss Calloways were amusing themselves within a short distance of the fort, a party of Indians suddenly rushed upon them, and bore them off as captives . They were rapidly pursued by Colonel Floyd and Daniel Boone, with a party of eight men, and at the distance of forty miles from the fort, were overtaken, dispersed, and the girls recovered. During this summer. Colonel George Rogers Clark for the first time made his appearance in Kentucky. He visited the different stations, but made no location; he spent much of his time in the M'oods, alone and hunting, and encouraged the young pioneers much by his presence and example. In the winter of this year, Kentucky was formed into a county 20 OUTLINE HISTORY. by the legislature of Virginia, and thus became entitled to a separate county court, to justices of the peace, a sheriff, consta- bles, coroner, and militia officers. Law, with its imposing para- pharnalia, (upon a small scale,) for the first time reared its head in the forests of Kentucky. In the spring of 1777, the court of quarter sessions held its first sitting at Harrodsburgh, attended by the sheriff' of the county and its clerk, Levi Todd. The first court of Kentucky was composed of John Todd, John Floyd, Benjamin Logan, John Bowman, and Richard Calloway. They had scarcely adjourned when the infant republic was rocked to its centre by an Indian invasion. Harrodsburg, Boonsborough, Logan's fort were all in succession furiously as- sailed. The hunters and surveyors were driven in from the woods, and compelled to take refuge within the forts. Much in- jury was done ; but the forts withstood their utmost efforts, and after sweeping through Kentucky like a torrent for several weeks, the angry tide slowly rolled back to the north, leaving the agi- tated settlers to repair their loss as they best could. They were reinforced during the summer by forty-five men from North Caro- lina, and, in September, by one hundred more under Colonel Bow- man, from Virginia. During this summer, Colonel Benjamin Logan distinguished himself by a display of the most noble and elevated qualities of the human heart. Details Will be found in another part of this work ; our limits forbid them here. The year 1778 was rendered memorable in Kentucky by two great military events, in which she was deeply interested. The one, was the invasion of the country by an army of Indians and Canadians, under the command of Captain DuQuesne, a Canadian officer ; the other, was the brilliant expedition of Colonel George Rogers Clark against the English posts of Vincennes and Kas- kaskias. We will give a brief summary of each in their order. In the month of February, Boone, at the head of thirty men, was at the lower Blue Licks, engaged in making salt, when he was surprised by two hundred Indians, on their march to attack Boonsborough, and himself and party taken prisoners. They surrendered upon terms of capitulation, which were faithfully ob- served by the Indians, and were all carried to Detroit. Here his companions were delivered up to the English commandant, but Boone was reserved by the Indians and taken to Chillicothe. His captors treated him with great kindness, and permitted him to hunt, with but little restraint upon his motions. While at Chillicothe, he saw three hundred and fifty Indians assembled, armed and painted, for a hostile expedition against Boonsbo- rough, which had only been suspended, not relinquished, by his capture in the spring. He immediately effected his escape, and lost no time in returning to Boonsborough, where he gave the alarm throughout all Kentucky. Instant preparations were made to receive the enemy ; the distant settlements were abandoned, the forts were put upon the war establishment, and all anxiously expected the approach of the enemy. The escape of Boone, OUTLINE HISTORY. 21 however, had disconcerted the enterprise, and it was delayed for several weeks. Impatient of the slow advance of the enemy, Boone, at the head of thirty men, of whom Simon Kenton was one, projected an expedition against one of the Indian towns on Paint Creek; and while in the enemy's country, he obtained certain informa- tion that the Indian army had passed him, and was already on its march to Boonsborough. Countermarching with great rapidity, he halted not, day or night, until he reached Boonsborough with his men ; and scarcely had he done so, when Captain Du Quesne made his appearance at the head of five hundred Indians and Canadians. This was such an army as Kentucky had never yet beheld, and it produced an immense sensation. The garrison of Boonsborough consisted of fifty men ; Harrodsburg and Logan's fort were strongly menaced by detachments, and could afix)rd them no assistance. The attack commenced; and every artifice was resorted to in order to deceive, to intimidate, or subdue the garrison, but all proved ineffectual. The attack continued during nine days, and was resisted with steady fortitude. On the tenth day the enemy decamped, having lost thirty men killed and a much greater number wounded. The garrison sustained a loss of two killed and four wounded ; the loss of the country, however, in stock and improvements, was great. The expedition of Colonel George Rogers Clark belongs more properly to the history of the United States than to that of Ken- tucky; it will be referred to, therefore, with great brevity. When Clark was in Kentucky, in the summer of 1776, he took a more comprehensive survey of the western country than the rude pioneers around him ; his keen military eye was cast upon the northwestern posts, garrisoned by British troops, and affording inexhaus'tible supplies of arms and ammunition to the small predatory bands of Indians which infested Kentucky. He saw plainly that they were the true fountains from which the thou- sand little annual rills of Indian rapine and murder took their rise, and he formed the bold project of striking at the root of the evil. The revolutionary war was then raging, and the western posts were too remote from the great current of events to attract, powerfully, the attention of either friend or foe ; but to Kentucky they were objects of capital interest. He unfolded his plan to the executive of Virginia, awakened him to a true sense of its importance, and had the address to obtain from the impoverished legislature a few scanty supplies of men and munitions for his favorite project. Undismayed by the scantiness of his means, he embarked in the expedition with all the ardor of his character. A few State troops were furnished by Virginia, a few scouts and guides by Kentucky, and, with a secrecy and celerity of move- ment never surpassed by Napoleon in his palmiest days, he embarked in his daring project. Having descended the Ohio in boats to the Falls, he there 22 OUTLINE HISTORY. landed thirteen families who had accompanied him from Pitts- burgh, as emigrants to Kentucky, and by whom the foundation of Louisville was laid. Continuing his course down the Ohio, he disembarked his troops about sixty miles above the mouth of that river, and, marching on foot through a pathless wilderness, he came upon Kaskaskias as suddenly and unexpectedly as if he had descended from the skies. The British officer in command. Colonel Rochdublare, and his garrison, surrendered to a force which they could have repelled with ease, if warned of their approach ; but never, in the annals of war, was surprise more complete. Having secured and sent off his prisoners to Vir- ginia, Clark was employed for some time in conciliating the inhabitants, who, being French, readily submitted to the new order of things. In the meantime, a storm threatened him from Vincennes. Governor Hamilton, who commanded the British force in the northwest, had actively employed himself during the fall season in organizing a large army of savages, with whom, in conjunction with his British force, he determined not only to crush Clark and his handful of adventurers, but to desolate Kentucky, and even seize fort Pitt. The season, however, be- came so far advanced before he had completed his preparations, that he determined to defer the project until spring, and in the meantime, to keep his Indians employed, he launched them against the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia, intending to concentrate them early in the spring, and carry out his grand project. Clark in the meantime lay at Kaskaskias, revolving the diffi- culties of his situation, and employing his spies diligently in learning intelligence of his enemy. No sooner was he informed of the dispersion of Hamilton's Indian force, and that he lay at Vincennes with his regulars alone, than he determined to strike Vincennes as he had struck Kaskaskias. The march was long, the season inclement, the road passed through an untrodden wilderness, and through overflowed bottoms ; his stock of provi- sions was scanty, and was to be carried upon the backs of his men. He could only muster one hundred and thirty men ; but, inspiring this handful with his own heroic spirit, he plunged boldly into the wilderness which separated Kaskaskias from Vincennes, resolved to strike his enemy in the citadel of his strength, or perish in the effort. The difficulties of the march were great, beyond what even his daring spirit had anticipated. For days his route led through the drowned lands of Illinois ; his stock of provisions became exhausted, his guides lost their way, and the most intrepid of his followers at times gave way to de- spair. At length they emerged from the drowned lands, and Vincennes, like Kaskaskias, was completely surprised. The governor and garrison became prisoners of war, and, like their predecessors at Kaskaskias, were sent on to Virginia. The Canadian inhabitants readily submitted, the neighboring tribes were overawed, and some of them became allies, and the whole OUTLINE HISTORY. 23 of the adjacent country became subject to Virginia, which em- ployed a regiment of State troops in maintaining and securing their conquest. A portion of this force was afterwards perma- nently stationed at Louisville, where a fort was erected, and where Clark established his head-quarters. The year 1779 was marked, in Kentucky, by three events of unequal importance. About the 1st of April a solitary block- house, with some adjacent defences, the forlorn hope of advancing civilization, was erected by Robert Patterson, upon the spot where tlie city of Lexington now stands ; the singularly unfortunate expedition of Colonel Bowman, against the Indian town of Chilli- cothe, was undertaken and carried out ; and the celebrated land law of Kentucky was passed by the Virginia legislature. Bowman's expedition consisted of the flower of Kentucky. Colonel Benjamin Logan was second in command, and Harrod, Bulger, Bedinger, and many other brave officers, held subordinate commands. The march was well conducted, the surprise was complete, the plan of attack well concerted, and the division led by Logan performed its part well. Yet the whole failed by reason of the hesitation, the imbecility, or the panic of the com- mander-in-chief. Logan's division, left unsupported by Bowman, was compelled to make a disorderly retreat to the main column, and the rout quickly became general. All would have been lost but for the daring bravery of some of the subordinate officers, who charged the enemy on horseback, and covered the retreat ; but the failure was as complete as it was unexpected and dis- graceful. Our limits forbid an analysis of the land law. It was doubtless well intended, and the settlement and pre-emption features were just and liberal. The radical and incurable defect of the law, however, was the neglect of Virginia to provide for the general survey of the country at the expense of government, and its sub- division into whole, half, and quarter sections, as is now done by the United States. Instead of this, each possessor of a warrant was allowed to locate the same where he pleased, and was re- quired to survey it at his own cost ; but his entry was required to be so special and precise that each subsequent locator might recognize the land already taken up, and make his entry else- where. To make a good entry, therefore, required a precision and accm'acy of description which such men as Boone and Kenton could not be expected to possess ; and all vague entries were declared null and void. Unnumbered sorrow's, lawsuits, and heart-l'ending vexations, were the consequence of this unhappy law. In the unskillful hands of the hunters and pioneers of Kentucky, entries, surveys, and patents, were piled upon each other, overlapping and crossing in endless perplexity. The full fruits were not reaped until the country became more thickly settled. In the meantime the immediate consequence of the law was a flood of immigration. The hunters of the elk and buflalo were 24 OUTLINE HISTORY. now succeeded by the more ravenous hunters of land ; in the pui'suit, they fearlessly braved the hatchet of the Indian and the privations of the forest. The surveyor's chain and compass were seen in the woods as frequently as the rifle ; and during the years 1779-80-81, the great and all-absorbing object in Kentucky was to enter, survey, and obtain a patent, for the richest sections of land. Indian hostilities were rife during the whole of this period, but these only formed episodes in the great drama. The year 1780 was distinguished by the vast number of emi- grants who crowded to Kentucky for the purpose of locating land warrants ; Indian hostility was proportion ably active, and a formidable expedition, consisting of Indians and English, under Colonel Bird, threatened Kentucky with destruction. For the first time, cannon were employed against the stockade forts of Kentucky ; and Ruddle's and Martin's stations were completely destroyed, and their garrisons taken. The impatience of the In- dians then compelled the colonel to retire, without pushing his successes further. In the fall of this year, Colonel Clark, at the head of his State troops stationed at Louisville, reinforced by all the disposable force of Kentucky, invaded the Indian country in Ohio, and having defeated the Indians in a pitched battle, laid waste their villages and destroyed their corn fields, with inexorable severity, in retaliation of Bird's expedition in the spring. In November of this year, Kentucky was divided into three counties, to which the names of Fayette, Lincoln, and Jefferson w^ere given. They had now three county courts, holding monthly sessions, three courts of common law and chancery jurisdiction, sitting quarter-yearly, and a host of magistrates and constables. No court, capable of trying for capital offences, existed in the country, or nearer than Richmond. The courts of quarter-session could take notice only of misdemeanors. The year 1781 was distinguished by a very large emigration, by prodigious activity in land speculation, and by the frequency of Indian inroads, in small parties. Every portion of the country was kept continually in alarm, and small Indian ambushes were perpetually bursting upon the settlers. Many lives were lost, but the settlements made great and daily advances, in defiance of all obstacles. The rich lands of Kentucky were the prize of the first occupants, and they rushed to seize them with a rapacity stronger than the fear of death. The year 1782 was uncommonly prolific in great events. Indian hostility was unusually early and active. In the month of May, a party of twenty-five Wyandots invaded Kentucky, and committed shocking depredations in the neighborhood of Estill's station. Captain Estill hastily collected a party of equal force, and pursued them rapidly. He overtook them upon Hinckstone's fork of Licking, near Mount-Sterling, and the best fought battle of the war there occurred. The creek ran between the parties, forbidding a charge but at perilous disadvantage, and die two OUTLINE HISTORY. 25 lines, forming behind trees and logs, within half rifle shot, stood front to front for hours, in close and deadly combat. One-third on each side had fallen, and the fire was still vivid and deadly, as at the opening of the combat. Estill, determined to bring it to a close, ordered Lieutenant Miller to turn their flank with six men, and attack them in the rear. While Miller was making a small detour to the right, for the purpose, most probably, of exe- cuting his orders in good faith (for there are various constructions placed upon his conduct), the Indian commander became aware of the division of his adversary's force, and, — Math that rapid deci- sion which so often flashed across Napoleon's battle-fields, and whether exhibited upon a great or a small scale, mark the great commander, — determined to frustrate the plan, by crossing the creek with his whole force and overwhelming Estill, now weak- ened by the absence of Miller. This bold thought was executed with determined courage, and after a desperate struggle, Estill was totall}^ overpowered, and forced from the ground with slaugh- ter. Himself, and nearly all his officers, were killed ; and it was but a poor consolation that an equal loss had been inflicted on the enemy. This brilliant little fight i^ deeply written in the annals of Kentucky, and will long be remembered, for the exqui- site specimen of the military art, exhibited in miniature, by the Indian commander. It created a sensation, at the time, far be- yond its real importance, and was rapidly followed by stunning blows, from the same quarter, in rapid succession. A party of Wyandots, consisting of twenty men, encountered Captain Holder, at the head of seventeen Kentuckians, near the upper Blue Licks, and defeated him with loss. But these small parties were the mere pattering drops of hail, which precede the tempest. In the month of August, an army of five hundred Indian warriors, composed of detachments from all the north-western tribes, rapidly and silently traversed the north- ern part of Kentucky, and appeared before Bryant's station, as unexpectedly as if they had risen from the earth. The garrison, although surprised, took prompt measures to repel the enemy. By the daring gallantry of the women, the fort was supplied with water from a neighboring spring. Two of the garrison burst through the enemy's lines, and gave the alarm to the neighboring stations, \Adiile those who remained, by means of a well-conceived and successful ruse, gave a bloody repulse to the only assault which the Indians ventured to make upon the fort. A party of sixteen horsemen, with great gallantry and good fortune, forced their way through the Indians, and entered the fort unhurt. More than double that number, on foot, made a similar effort, but failed, and sustained considerable loss. In the meantime, the garrison remained under cover, and kept up a deliberate and fatal fire upon such Indians as showed them- selves. The enemy became discouraged, and, apprehensive of bringing the whole force of the country upon them, by farther delay, broke up their camp, on the second night of the siege, and 26 OUTLINE HISTORY. retreated by the buffalo-trace, leading to the lower Blue Lick. By the next day, at noon, one hundred and sixty men had assem- bled at Bryant's station, burning with eagerness to encounter the invaders. Colonels Todd, Trigg, and Daniel Boone ; majors Harland, M' Bride, and Levi Todd; captains Bulger and Gordon, with forty-five other commissioned officers, including the cele- brated M'Gary, assembled in council, and hastily determined to pursue the enemy, without waiting for Colonel Logan, who was known to be collecting a strong force in Lincoln, and who might be expected to join them in twenty-four hours. If Major M'Gary is to be believed, he remonstrated against this rash precipitation, and urged a delay of one day for rein- forcements, but so keen was the ardor of officer and soldier, that his dissent was drowned, in an impatient clamor for in- stant battle; and in an evil hour, on the 18th of August, the line of march was taken up, and the pursuit urged with a keenness which quickly brought them up with the retreating foe. Before noon, on the 19th, they reached the southern bank of Licking, and for the first time beheld their enemy. A few Indians were care- lessly loitering upon the rocky ridge, which bounded the prospect to the north. These warriors seemed nowise disconcerted by the presence of so large a body of Kentuckians, but after gazing upon them for a few moments with cool indifference, very leis- urely disappeared beyond the ridge. This symptom was not to be mistaken by the youngest woods- man in the ranks. The enemy was before them in force, and a battle against fearful odds, or a rapid retreat, became inevitable. A dozen officers rode to the front and exchanged opinions. Boone, who was best acquainted with the ground, declared with confidence that the Indian army lay in ambuscade about one mile beyond the river, which there ran in an irregular ellipsis, and of- fered peculiar advantages to the Indians, if the Kentucldans should advance by the buffalo trace. He advised either a retreat upon Logan, or a division of their force, for the purpose of making a flank attack upon each wing of the Indian army, of whose posi- tion he had no doubt. All further deliberation, however, was broken up by M'Gary, who suddenly spurred his horse into the stream, waved his hat over his head, and shouted aloud, " Let all who are not cowards follow me." Of the gallant band of^one hundred and sixty, there was not one who could endure this taunt. The electric cord was struck with a rude hand, and the shock was as universal as it was violent. The horsemen dashed tumultuously into the stream, each striving to be foremost. The footmen were mingled with them in one rolling and irregular mass. They struggled through a deep ford as they best could, and without stopping to reform their ranks on the northern shore, pressed forward in great disorder, but in a fierce mood, to close with their concealed enemy. The stinging taunt of M'Gary had struck deep, and every thought save that of confronting death without fear, was for the moment banished from their minds. OUTLINE HISTORY. 27 M'Gary still led the van, closely followed by Boone, Harland and M' Bride. Suddenly a heavy fire burst upon them in front, and the van halted and endeavored to obtain cover and return the fire. The centre and rear hurried up to support their friends, and the bare and rocky ridge M^as soon crowded with the com - batants. The ravines flanked them on each side, from which came a devouring fire, which rapidly wasted their ranks. There was no cover for the Kentuckians, and nearly one half of their force was on horseback. The Indians had turned each flank, and appeared disposed to cut off their retreat. The rear fell back to prevent this, the centre and van followed the movement, and a total rout ensued. The pursuit was keen and bloody, and was pressed with unrelenting vigor. Todd, Trigg, Harland, M'Bride, Bulger, and Gordon, were killed on the field of battle. M'Gary, although more deeply involved in the ranks of the enemy than any other officer, was totally unhurt ; sixty officers and men were killed in the battle or pursuit, and seven prisoners were taken. The number of wounded was never ascertained. Some of the fugitives reached Bryant's station on the night after the battle, and were there met by Colonel Logan, at the head of four hun- dred and fifty men. Logan remained at Bryant's until the last of the survivors had arrived, and then continued his march to the battle ground. The bodies of the dead were collected and in- terred, and having satisfied himself that the Indians had crossed the Ohio and were beyond his reach, he returned to Bryant's sta- tion and disbanded his troops. It was an established custom in Kentucky at that time, never to suffer an Indian invasion to go unpunished, but to retaliate upon their villages and corn fields, the havoc, which their own settlements had experienced. Colonel George Rogers Clark, stationed permanently at Louisville, declared that he would lead his regiment of State troops against the Indian villages in Ohio, and invited the militia of Kentucky to accompany him. The call was promptly answered. One thousand riflemen rendez- voused at the mouth of Licking, and under the command of Clark, penetrated into the heart of the Indian country. No re- sistance was offered. Their towns were reduced to ashes, their corn cut up, and the whole country laid waste with unsparing severity. Having completely destroyed every thing within their reach, the detachment returned^to Kentucky. 28 OUTLINE HISTORY CHAPTER II. The certainty that actual hostilities between Great Britain and America had ceased, and that a treaty of peace would be for- mally ratified in the spring, led to an universal expectation that Indian hostilities would cease, and in expectation of that event, there was a vast accession of emigrants in the fall of 1782. Peace followed in 1783, as was expected, and Indian hostilities for a time were suspended; but an unhappy failure on both sides fully and fairly to execute the treaty, finally resulted in the re- newal of the Indian war wit^i treble violence. By the terms of the treaty, England was bound to carry away no slaves, and to surrender the north-western posts in her posses- sion within the boundaries of the United States. On the other hand. Congress had stipulated, that no legal impediments should be opposed to the collection by British merchants, of the debts due them from citizens of the United States. None of these stipulations were faithfully executed, as they were understood by the parties severally interested. Slaves taken during the war were removed by the British fleet. Virginia became indignant and passed a law which prohibited the collection of British debts, and England refused to deliver up the western posts, until the obnoxious laws were repealed. Congress, in helpless imbecility, was unable to control the sovereign States, and the posts were withheld until Jay's treaty, more than ten years after peace had been ratified. The Indians at first, however, assumed a pacific attitude, and the year 1783 passed away without hostilities. In the meantime, tlie settlements advanced with great rapidity. Simon Kenton, after an interval of nine years, reclaimed his settlement at Wash- ington, and in 1784 erected a block house where Maysville now stands, so that the Ohio river became the northern frontier of Kentucky. The general course of emigration henceforth was down the Ohio to Maysville, and thence by land to the interior. In the spring of 1783, Kentucky was erected into a district, and a court of criminal as well as civil jurisdiction, coextensive with the district, was erected. The court held its first session in Harrodsburg, in the spring of 1783, and was opened by John Floyd and Samuel M'Dowell, as judges, John May being clerk, and "Walker Daniel prosecuting attorney. Seventeen culprits were presented by the grand jury; nine for keeping tippling houses, and eight for fornication. From these presentments, we may form some opinion of the vices most prevalent in Kentucky at that time. During the summer, a log court-house and jail, " of hewed or sawed logs nine inches thick," was erected on the OUTLINE HISTORY. 29 spot where Danville now stands ; during this summer, a retail store of dry goods was opened at Louisville, and the tone of society became visibly more elevated. In 1784, General James Wilkinson emigrated to the country, and settled in Lexington. This gentleman occupied a distin- guished position in the early civil conflicts of Kentucky, and became the leader of a political party; he had distinguished himself in the war of independence, and was aid-de-camp to Gates at Saratoga. For distinguished ser^dces in that campaign, and upon the particular recommendation of Gates, he had been promoted by Congress to the rank of brigadier-general. Friends and enemies have agreed in ascribing to him the qualities of courage, energy, address, and eloquence; of a somewhat mere- tricious and inflated character. A graceful person, amiable manners, liberal hospitality, with a ready and popular elocution, w^hen added to his military fame, ensured him popularity with the mass of the people. He came to Kentucky with the avowed object of improving his circumstances, which were somewhat embarrassed ; he was understood to be connected with an eastern mercantile company, and not to be averse to any speculation which might improve his fortune. He soon became deeply involved in the fiercest political controversies of the day, and has left his countrymen divided in opinion as to whether he acted from patriotic and honorable motives, or was a selfish and abandoned adventurer, ready to aid any project which promised to advance his interests. In the summer of 1784, some depredations were committed by the Indians upon the southern frontier, and Colonel Benjamin Logan had received intelligence that a serious invasion was contemplated, and publicly summoned such citizens as could conveniently attend, to meet at Danville on a particular day, and consult as to what measures should be taken for the common defence. The alarm in the end proved unfounded ; but in the meantime a great number of the most distinguished citizens assembled at Danville, under a belief that Indian hostilities upon a large scale were about to be renewed, and would continue until the north- western posts were surrendered by the British. Upon an exami- nation of the laws then in existence, their most eminent lawyers decided that no expedition could lawfully and effectually be carried out against the Indian tribes ; the power of impressment had ceased with the war, and in a state of peace could not legally be exercised. Nor was there any power known to the law ca- pable of calling forth the resources of the country, however imminent the danger ; all of their legislation came from Rich- mond, distant many hundred miles, and separated from Kentucky by desert mountains and interminable forests traversed by roving bands of Indians. The necessity of a government independent of Virginia was deeply and almost unanimously felt. But how was this to 30 OUTLINE HISTORY. be accomplished? It is interesting to trace the origin; progress, and consummation of independence in this infant community — the first established west of the mountains ; and when we reflect upon the bloodshed and violence which has usually attended such political changes in the old world, we are profoundly struck with the good sense, moderation, and patience, under powerful temp- tation, which marked the conduct of Kentucky. The fii'st step taken marks the simplicity and integi'ity of the movers. The assembly, having no legal authority, published a recommendation, that each militia company in the district should on a certain day elect one delegate, and that the delegates thus chosen should assemble in Danville, on the 27th Decembei', 1784. The recommendation was well received, the elections held, and the delegates assembled. Samuel M'Dowell was elected presi- dent, and Thomas Todd, clerk. A great number of spectators were in attendance, who maintained the most commendable order, and the convention, as they styled themselves, debated the question of separation from the parent State with all the gravity and decorum of a deliberative body. A division of opinion was manifest, but none, save legal and constitutional means, were even hinted at by the warmest advo- cate for separation ; order and law reigned without a rival. A very great majority were in favor of a petition to the legislature of Vir- ginia, and through them to Congress, for the passage of an act, in the manner provided by the constitution, by which Kentucky might become an independent member of the confederacy. A resolu- tion was passed, by a large majority, declaratory of the views of the convention. But as no clear determination, upon that subject, had been expressed by the people previous to their elec- tion, they did not consider themselves authorized to take any steps to carry their resolution into effect, further than to recom- mend that, in the spring election of delegates, from the several counties, to the Virginia legislature, the people should also elect twenty-five delegates to a convention, to meet at Danville, in May, 1785, and finally determine whether separation was expe- dient. They also apportioned the delegates among the several counties, with great fairness, according to the supposed popula- tion. The people peaceably conformed to the recommendation of their delegates, and elected the members as prescribed by the convention. In the meantime, the subject was gravely and earnestly dis- cussed in the primary assemblies, and, in some parts of the country, with passionate fervor. A great majority were in favor of constitutional separation — none other was then thought of. On the 23d of May, 1785, this second convention assembled and adopted five resolutions. They decided that constitutional sepa- ration from Virginia was expedient, — that a petition to the legis- lature be prepared, — that an address to the people of Kentucky be published, and that delegates to another convention be elected in July, and assemble at Danville in August following, to whom OUTLINE HISTORY. 31 the petition, address, and proceedings of the present convention be referred for final action. The people, thus involved in a labjTinth of conventions, to which no end could be seen, nevertheless quietly conformed, elected a new batch of delegates in July, who assembled in Au- gust, being the third convention which had already assembled, while scarcely any progress had been made in carrying into effect the object of their meeting. In the meantime, Indian hostility became more frequent, and the exasperation of the people daily increased. The petition and address, with the other proceedings of the convention of May, were referred to the present, and under- went considerable change. The petition was drawn in language less simple, the address to the people of Kentucky was more exciting, impassioned, and exaggerated. No printing press, as yet, existed in the country, but copies of the address and petition were zealously multiplied by the pen, and widely dispersed among the people. The'chief-justice of the District Court, George Muter, and the attorney-general, Harry Innis, were deputed to present the petition to the legislature of Virginia. This was accordingly done, and in January, 1786, the legislature passed an act, with great unanimity, in conformity to the wishes of Kentucky, annex- ing, however, certain terms and conditions sufficiently just and fair, but which necessarily produced some delay. They required a fourth convention, to assemble at Danville in September, 1786, who should determine whether it were the will of the district to become an independent State of the confederacy, upon the con- ditions in the act enumerated, and well known under the denomi- nation of the Compact with Virginia. And if the convention should determine upon separation, they were required to fix upon a day posterior to the 1st of September, 1787, on which the au- thority of Virginia was to cease and determine forever ; provided, however, that previous to the 1st day of June, 1787, the Congress of the United States should assent to said act, and receive the new State into the Union. The great mass of the citizens of Kentucky received this act wdth calm satisfaction, and were disposed peaceably to conform to its provisions. But two circumstances, about this time, oc- curred, which tended to create unfavorable impressions, in Ken- tucky, towards the government of the Union. The one was the utter inability of Congress to protect them from the north-western tribes, by compelling a surrender of the posts, or otherwise. The other was a strong disposition, manifested by the delegates in Congi-ess from the seven north-eastern States, to yield, for twenty years, the right to navigate the Mississippi to the ocean. The one inspired contempt; the other awakened distrust, which might rapidly ripen to aversion. Hostilities had ceased with Great Britain, but hatred and resentment blazed as fiercely between the people of the two nations, as if the war was still raging. The retention of the posts kept alive Indian hostility against Ken- tucky, while the eastern States enjoyed profound peace. 32 OUTLINE HISTORY. Congress had, after long delay, made treaties with the Indians, which were totally disregarded by the latter, as far as Kentucky was concerned, and the violation of which the former was totally unable to chastise. Repeated efforts were made by General Henry Lee, of Virginia, to obtain a continental force of seven hundred, or even three hundred men, to protect the western fron- tier; but the frantic jealousy of the central power cherished by the sovereign States, at a time when that central power grovelled in the most helpless imbecility, peremptorily forbade even this small force to be embodied, lest it might lead to the overthrow of State rights. In the meantime, Kentucky was smarting under the scourge of Indian warfare ; had no government at home, and their gcfvernment beyond the mountains, however sincerely dis- posed, was totally unable to protect them, from a radical and incurable vice in its constitution. To this cause of dissatisfaction came the astounding intelli- gence, in the succeeding year, that several States in Congress had voted to barter away the right to navigate the Mississippi, in consideration of commercial advantages to be yielded by Spain to the eastern States, in which Kentucky could have no direct interest. There was neither printing press nor post office in Kentucky, and the people were separated by an immense wil- derness from their eastern brethren. Intelligence came slowly, and at long intervals. In passing through so many hands, it was necessarily inaccurate, exaggerated and distorted, according to the passions or whims of its retailers. Never was harvest more ripe for the sickle of the intriguer ; and it soon became manifest, that schemes were in agitation which contemplated a severance of Kentucky from Virginia by other than constitutional means, and which vaguely, and cautiously, seemed to sound the way for a total severance of Kentucky from the Union. In the elections which took place in the spring of 1786, for the fourth convention, directed by the legislature of Virginia, General James Wilkinson became a candidate to represent the county of Fayette. With all the address, activity, and eloquence of which he was master, he strove to ripen the public mind for an imme- diate declaration of independence, without going through the slow formalities of law, which the exigencies of the country, in his opinion, would not permit them to await. He was the first pub- lic man who gave utterance to this bold sentiment ; and great sensation was produced in the county of Fayette, by its promul- gation. A violent opposition to his views quickly became man- ifest, and displayed such strength and fervor, as drew from him an explanation and modification, which lulled the force of present opposition, but left an indelible jealousy in the breasts of many, of the general's ulterior intentions. He was elected to the con- vention. There was but little excitement in the other counties, who chose the prescribed number of delegates, with the inten- tion of patiently awaiting the formalities of law. In the meantime, Indian depredations became so harassing, that OUTLINE HISTORY. 33 the people determined upon a grand expedition against the In- dian towns, notwithstanding the treaties of Congress, and absence of legal power. A thousand volunteers under General Clark rendezvoused at Louisville, with the determination thoroughly to chastise the tribes upon the Wabash. Provisions and ammunition were furnished by individual contribution, and were placed on board of nine keel boats, which were ordered to proceed to Vin- cennes by water, while the volunteers should march to the same point by land. The flotilla, laden with provisions and munitions of war, en- countered obstacles in the navigation of the Wabash, which had not been foreseen, and was delayed beyond the time which had been calculated. The detachment moving by land reached the point of rendezvous first, and awaited for fifteen days the arrival of the keel boats. This long interval of inaction gave time for the unhealthy humors of the volunteers to ferment, and proved fatal to the success of the expedition. The habits of General Clark had also become intemperate, and he no longer possessed the undivided confidence of his men. A detachment of three hundred volunteers broke off from the main body, and took up the line of march for their homes. Clark remonstrated, en- treated, even shed tears of grief and mortification, but all in vain. The result was a total disorganization of the force, and a return to Kentucky, to the bitter mortification of the commander-in- chief, whose brilliant reputation for the time suffered a total eclipse. This expedition led to other ill consequences. The convention which should have assembled in September, was unable to mus- ter a quorum, the majority of its members having marched under Clark upon the ill-fated expedition. A number of the delegates assembled at Danville at the appointed time, and adjourned from day to day until January, when a quorum at length was present, and an organization effected. In the meantime, how- ever, the minority of the convention who had adjourned from day to day, had prepared a memorial to the legislature of Vir- ginia, informing them of the circumstances which had prevented the meeting of the convention, and suggesting an alteration of some of the clauses of the act, which gave dissatisfaction to their constituents, and recommending an extension of the time within which the consent of Congress was required. This produced a total revision of the act by the Virginia legislature, whereby an- other convention was required to be elected in August of 1787, to meet at Danville, in September of the same year, and again take into consideration the great question, already decided by four successive conventions, and requiring a majority of two- thirds to decide in favor of separation, before the same should be effected. The time when the laws of Virginia were to cease, was fixed on the 1st day of January, 1789, instead of September, 1787, as was ordered in the first act; and the 4th of July, 1788, was fixed upon as the period, before w^hich Congress should 3 34 OUTLINE HISTORY. express its consent to the admission of Kentucky into the Union. This new act became known in Kentucky shortly after the fourth convention, after a delay of three months, had at length rallied a quorum, and had with gi^eat unanimity decided upon se- paration. They then found themselves deprived- of all authority, their recent act nullified, their whole work to begin anew, and the time of separation adjourned for two years, and clogged with new conditions. An ebullition of impatience and anger was the unavoidable result. They seemed, by some fatality, to be invol- ved in a series of conventions, interminable as a Cretan labyrinth, tantalizing them with the prospect of fruit, which invariably turned to ashes, when attempted to be grasped. While such was the temper of the public mind, the navigation of the Mississippi was thrown into the scale. Shortly after the convention adjourned, a number of gentlemen in Pittsburgh, styling themselves a " committee of correspondence," made a written communication to the people of Kentucky, informing them, " that John Jay, the American secretary for foreign affairs, had made a proposition to Don Gardoqui, the Spanish minister, near the United States, to cede the navigation of the Mississippi to Spain for twenty years, in consideration of commercial advan- tages to be enjoyed by the eastern States alone." On the 29th of March, a circular letter was addressed to the people of Kentucky, signed by George Muter, Harry Innis, John Brown, and Benjamiii Sebastian, recommending the election of five delegates from each county to meet at Danville in May, and take into consideration the late action of Congress upon the sub- ject of the Mississippi. The letter contemplated the formation of committees of correspondence throughout the west, and a " decent, but spirited," remonstrance to Congress against the cession, which they evidently supposed in great danger of being consummated. There is nothing objectionable in either the language or object of this circular, and, considering the impression then prevailing in the west as to the intentions of Congress, it may be regarded as temperate and manly in its character. The most ignorant hunter in the west could not be blind to the vital importance of the interest which, (as they supposed,) was about to be bartered away for advantages to be reaped by their eastern brethren alone; and although the ferment was violent for a time, yet regular and constitutional remedies were only proposed by the circular or adopted by the citizens. The delegates were elected as proposed, but before they assem- bled the true state of affairs in Congress was more accurately understood, and the convention, after a brief session, and after rejecting various propositions, which looked towards increasing and prolonging the excitement of the people upon this agitating subject, quietly adjourned, without taking any action whatever upon the subject. This negotiation belongs properly to the history of the United OUTLINE HISTORY. 35 States; but it is impossible to understand the early political history of Kentucky, without briefly adverting to some of its most prominent features. No sooner did it become evident that the war, however protracted, must finally end in the establishment of American independence, than the friendly courts of France and Spain began to exhibit the most restless jealousy as to the western limits of the infant republic. Spain was then an im- mense land-holder upon the northern part of the continent, claiming all east of the Mississippi, lying south of the 31st degree of north latitude, and all west of the Mississippi to the Pacific. France had large islands in the West Indies. The object of both was to make the Alleghany the western limit, if possible ; if not, at least to bound them by the Ohio, leaving Kentucky, Ten- nessee, and Mississippi, to indemnify his Catholic majesty for the expenses of the war. These views were early disclosed by the two allied powers, and urged with all the skill and power of a long practiced and tortuous diplomacy. On the contrary, they were steadily and manfully opposed by Jay and the elder Adams, the American ministers abroad, who succeeded in securing to their country the boundary of the Mississippi, as far south as latitude 31, the full extent of the ancient English claim. Bafiied upon the subject of boundary, Spain still clung to the navigation of the Mississippi, and anxiously strove to retain the exclusive right to its naviga- tion, and to obtain from the United States a cession of all right thereto. This was firmly resisted by Jay during the war, when his instructions gave him a large discretion, and when pecuniary aid was lavishly proffered by Spain if this right was ceded, and no less pertinaciously adhered to by him after the war. In 1786, Don Gardoqui, the Spanish ambassador, opened a nego- tiation with Jay, the secretary for foreign affairs, at New York. Jay's instructions from Congress forbade him to make any con- cessions upon the subject of the Mississippi, and under these instructions the negotiation began. Jay reported to Congress that his opinion of the question remained unaltered, but that by relinquishing the right for twenty years they could obtain great and important advantages, more than equivalent to the disad- vantages of the said cession, which, in his opinion, (so little did he anticipate the rapid growth of the west,) would be of little importance for twenty years. The seven north-eastern States voted to rescind the instructions above alluded to, restricting him upon the subject of the Missis- sippi. This was violently opposed by Virginia, and the other States, and as the votes of nine States were necessary to the success of the resolution, and it was obviously impossible to obtain so many votes for the measure, the subject Avas entirely relinquished. Virginia, in the meantime, by an unanimous vote of her legislature, had instructed her delegates in Congress never to accede to any such proposition ; and she was warmly sup- ported by the other non-concurring States. As soon as these 36 OUTLINE HISTORY. facts were thoroughly understood by the convention, they quietly adjourned, without action of any kind. There was left upon the public mind, however, a restless jealousy of the intentions of the north-eastern States, which could, at any time, be fanned into a flame, and of which political aspirants eagerly availed themselves, whenever it suited their purposes. The name of Jay became peculiarly odious in Kentucky, which odium was not diminished by his celebrated treaty, concluded many years afterwards. Tn the meantime, the delegates to the fifth convention, in con- formity to the last act of Virginia, were quietly elected, and a newspaper, entitled the " Kentucky Gazette," printed by John Bradford, of Lexington, having been established, the pent up passions of the various political partisans found vent in its pages. During this summer, General Wilkinson descended the Missis- sippi with a cargo of tobacco, for New Orleans, avowedly upon a mercantile adventure alone. ,But those who had been startled by the boldness of the general's project, of separation from Vir- ginia, coupling this trip with the recent agitation of the question of the navigation of the Mississippi, and the unsettled state of the public mind in relation to the Spanish pretensions, did not scruple to charge him \vith ulterior projects, other than commer- cial in their tendency. The delegates, in the meantime, assem- bled in Danville, and again repeated the uniform decision of their predecessors, by an unanimous vote. A copy of their proceedings Avas sent to the executive of Vir- ginia, and the editor of the Gazette was requested to publish them, for the information of the people. An address to Congress was adopted, perfectly respectful in its character, praying that honorable body to receive them into the Union. The represen- tatives from Kentucky to the Virginia legislature, were also requested to exert their influence to have a delegate to Congress, elected from the district of Kentucky, who should sit with the delegation from Virginia. They decided that the power of Vir- ginia should cease on the 31st of December, 1788, and made provision for the election of still another convention — it was hoped the last — to assemble, in the ensuing year, at Danville, in order to form a constitution. The legislature of Virginia cor-, dially assented to the suggestion of the convention, in relation to the appointment of a delegate from Kentucky, to Congress, and Mr. John Brown, a representative from Kentucky to the Virginia legislature, was elected, by that legislature, a delegate to Congress, taking his seat with the other representatives from Virginia. This gentleman was one of the most eminent lawyers of Kentucky, possessed of talents, influence, and popularity. He was charged with the delivery of the petition of the convention to Congress, and lost no time in presenting himself before that body. The great convention, which gave birth to the American con- stitution, had concluded their labors, in Philadelphia, in September, 1787, and the public mind was so much excited upon the subject OUTLINE HISTORY. 37 of the new constitution, that the old Congress could scarcely be kept alive until the new government should be organized. A quorum of the members could not be rallied, during the winter, and although the act of the Virginia legislature required their assent before the 4th of July, 1788, it was not until the 3d of July that the question of the admission of Kentucky was taken up. The federal constitution had then been adopted by ten States, and it was certain that the new government would quickly go into operation. The old Congress declined to act upon the petition of Kentucky, and referred the question to the new go- vernment, whenever the same should be organized. Thus was Kentucky again baffled in her most ardent wish, and flung back to the point from which she had started, more than four years before. Her long array of conventions had in ,vain decided, again and again, that it was expedient to separate from Virginia, and become ar; independent member of the confederacy. Mr. Brown communicated the intelligence to his constituents ; and his own views upon the subject are clearly contained in two letters, the one to Samuel M'Dowell, who had acted as president of nearly all the Kentucky conventions, the other to George Muter. In these letters he attributes the refusal of Congress, to act upon the petition of Kentucky, to the jealousy of the New England States, of any accession to the southern strength, in Congress, and he inclines to the opinion that the same causes will have equal weight with the new government. He gives the result of various private interviews between himself and Don Gardoqui, the Spanish minister — speaks of the promises of that minister, of peculiar commercial advantages to Kentucky, con- nected with the navigation of the Mississippi, if she will erect lier- self into an independent government ; but these advantages, he says, can never be yielded to her by Spain, so long as she renmms a member of the Union ! He communicates this information in confidence, and with the permission of Don Gardoqui, to a few friends, not doubt- ing that they will make a prudent use of it. He gives his own opinion decidedly in favor of immediate independence, without waiting for the result of another application to Congress, under the new government. It is worthy of observation, that in July 1787, Harry Innis, attorney -general of Kentucky, wrote to the executive of Virginia, giving it as his opinion that Kentucky would form an independent government in two or three years, as Congi^ess did not seem dis- posed to protect them, and under the present sy stein she could not exert her strength. He adds, " I have just dropped this hint to your ex- cellency for matter of reflection !" Coupling these passages with the early and bold declaration of Wilkinson upon the same sub- ject, we cannot for a moment doubt, that the project of unconsti- tutional separation from Virginia and the union was seriously entertained by some of the statesmen of Kentucky, including Wilkinson, Brown, and Innis, as the prominent and leading char- acters. Whether this project was horrid and damnable, as char- acUr'i/.cil \>y Mfirnliall, or inriocnl and pat,ru>t.k;, hh CHifoiuod },y Mr. |{utlf;r, may l><; h^f't, to riic*; oaHuiMlH in j<■. known in Kentucky, the, puhlic rnind wha powerfully directed to the irn- p(Htanc«; of the, n,'),vij.^ation fii' the MiHHiHMi[)iji f^y the return of (/e.n»:r-'i.l VVilkinMon from \e,w rjrle,anH, anrl tfif; inte.ilif^e.nce that |je, h;id ofjtJiined for hirn.'i'df tfie ^invWr.^c, of T'.}i't]>])'n\i^ tofjjicco to ]\ew Orle.an><, and de,por'.itin^ it in the kinj^'n ntore,:',, at the price often dollarii pe,r tiundre,d weitrht. Iff; imfne.rliately offereme,, and early in tlie H[»ring Kentucky wan calh-d uj>on to e,|ect delejj;ate,H to the Vir^/inia con- vention, which wa^ calh.d to adopt or r'j«ct the. ferhtral conntitu- tited aj^ain.-^.t thr; ojjinion of a m;j.jority of luH crxiHtituentM. (in th«; 2Sth of Jiily the Hixth e.fjnvMtion annembled at Dan- ville,, lint t<.r.iiv<-j:ly fiad they (^r^^Jirii/ed and cornrne.nc<;d buHineuM wh«;n the irjt<;llige,nce waw cr»mfnunif;atef| to thcfn, that (Jongrenn Ufu\ declined to act upon th4titution without further dchiy wfin waiifily a.dvo<-,{i,t»(|^ },,nr| it waH jiroponed in r;onventif)n that the qurrMtion nhould be Hubfnitted to eacfj militia company in the dintri'^t, and that tli«; captain of naid company sihould rf;])ort the OirrLINE HISTOUY. 89 result of tho voto. This j>ropOvsitii>ti n\vaktMi(\l tlnMUost p;\ssii>ii- uto opj)nsition, uml was votrtl down by n lars;o mj\jonty. Yet tlio aiuhi«;uous oharaotor of the resolutions tinally ndopteil, dis- plays the balanced condition of parties in the convtMition, and that ucitiuM* could fully carry out their d«>sii>ns. 'riu\v linally rest>lvcd that a sev(Mith con\(M»tiou be electt^l in (\Mobei", and as- seiid)le in \oveuiber, witJi general power to takt* tlu^ lu^st st<>pa for stH'uring »/(/// the union, and also th<- nttrii^tifion <>/' tfic JUi^''^'i''yi/>/>i ; that they have pown, aj»il do gentM'ally what<>ver may seem necessary to the best intert^ts of \\ui district. We clearly recogni/e tin* linger of each party in the above residution, and may inf(>r that (\u'h t\dt tluMr inability to carry out decisive measiu'i^s. As tht> timt* for the (dection oC \\\c st>v«Mith convtMilion ap- proaclu'd,a publication appeannl in the (.ia'/.elt«\sigu«^d by iJt'orgo i\luler, the chit^f Justice of the tlistrict comM, which, in a concise and clear manniM- points out the particular chmses in the laws of A'irginia and the articles of oonleilerution, which would be vio- latt>il by tlu> foruuition of an ind«>p«Mident governnuMit, in the ujanner propost>d by the party of wliiidi Wilkinson was the h>a- der. 'IMiis p\d)licalion was uni\«Msally altribuled to (^olonel Thonuis Marshall, oi' l''avetl(\ llit> lather oC the late chi«*f justice INIarsliall. 'I'his g(>nllcmau hail tMuigratcd with his family to K»MitiU'ky in HS;"), had been appoint(>d sm-veyor of l'\'i\t'tto county, and luvd taken an active part in th«> early strugglt* of parties in Kentucky. His opposition to the project of indepen- deiu't\ contrary to law, was eaily, tl«>cided, and uiu'ompntmisinij, and two tickets were now formed in tin* county o\' iMiytMte, for tlu< approaching ciMivlon(d Marshall was ;it \\\r head of' on«', and lltMUM'al \Vilkinsi)n oi' \\\o otlua*. The old l''Mj;lish j)arty nauu's t»f" I'ourt," and " Country," w«re givi-n [o tluMu by the wits of the day, and the canvass was conducted with a /.vnl and fervor proportioniMl t*) the niagnitud«> o{' \\\o tpiestions in- volv<*d in the issue. The eh^ction lasted l\>r live da\s, anil it soon biH'ame «>videnl, that tlu^ licki^t heailed by Marsh.ill was rumiiug ahe;id. Ihuing tlu' tdection, Wilkinson so far modilied bis tone, as t«> declare that his action in the convention should be regulated by the instructions ol' his C(»nstituents ; and by tli«* strength of his piM'sonal pt>pularily, ho was eh>cted, I<\»yett(» wan entitled to live r«»pres<'nlalives, of wlnun l«>m" wer(» elected from the tick(»t heatled by Marshall, and Wilkinson aloiu" was elecl<'d, of the <»pp«Ksite party. In i\o\tMul>er the .. 241. § Benedict, vol. 2.. p. 545. and Bap. Mem'l. Feb. 1846, p. 54. i Baptist Herald of 1814, p. 80. ** Baptist Memorial. «t supra, p. 55. , 112 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF The depletion proved to be sanative. The increase of the Baptists since then has been unprecedented. Disturbed by no serious discord, if we except the clamor raised against missionary and other benevolent efforts, they have been blessed with many remarkable instances of divine favor. In the next ten years they had doubled their numbers ! But it is not in this way alone that they have been the most blessed. They have been aroused to every good work. They have engaged, with considerable zeal, in the cause of missions, foreign and domestic. They have now a Genkral Association, for the purpose of aiding weak churches, and of supplying the destitute portions of the state with the gospel. They have also a state society for foreign missions; and a state bible society for the circula- tion of the holy scriptures in all lands. The board of the American Indian mis- sion association is located in Louisville. They have a weekly newspaper and a monthly magazine published in the state. The subject of education, too, has engrossed a large share of their attention. The Georgetown college is under their patronage, and is one of the most respectable and flourishing literary insti- tutions in the West. The Western Theological institute of the Baptists is situa- ted in Covington. We have not the means of arriving at the precise number of Baptists now (March 1847), in the state ; but there are in the General Union, 42 associations, 685 churches, and at least 65,000 members. To these add the 7,085 anti-missionary Baptists, many of whom claim to be United Baptists, and differ from the great body of their brethren only in relation to the propriety of missionary and kindred institutions, and we have the present grand total of the Baptists in Kentucky, 72,085 members, which we are sure falls under the actual number. The proportion of the Baptists to the population of the state may safely be set down at one to eleven. Thus it will be seen that the Baptists have steadily and rapidly increased — that they have come triumphantly through every trial. Hitherto hath the Lord helped them. In looking over the list of the early Baptist ministers, the pioneers of the gos- pel in our state, we cannot choose one for a biographical sketch, agreeably to the suggestion of the compiler of this work. Out of a host equally deserving, it would be invidious to make a selection. Besides, the brief space that remains for us, would not allow of justice to any one of them. We will therefore let it suffice to submit some characteristic anecdotes and sketches of several of them. W^iLLiAM Hickman, as the first preacher in Kentucky, claims of course, the first attention. He commenced his ministry in this state. Then he returned to Virginia, and for several years labored there with great success. In 1784, he be- came a permanent resident in the state. Here he encountered peculiar trials. The country was sparsely populated, while tribes of wandering savages were continually making depredations on the property and lives of the settlers. But Mr. Hickman was not silent because of danger. He traveled extensively, and even in the most distant and exposed settlements, and at the peril of his life, bore the tidings of salvation. Elder John Taylor said of him in 1822, " Though now about 76 years of age, he walks and stands erect as a palm tree, being at least six feet high, and of rather slender form. His whole deportment is solemn and grave, and is much like Caleb, the servant of the Lord, who at fourscore years of age was as capable to render service in war, as when young. This veteran can yet perform a good part in the gospel vineyard. His style of preaching is plain and solemn, and the sound of it like thunder in the distance; but when he becomes animated, it is like thunder at home, and operates with prodigious force on the consciences of his hearers." He was pastor a number of years to the church at the " Forks of Elkhorn." He baptised, it is thought, as many persons as any minister that ever labored in the state. Lewis Craig was the founder of the first worshipping congregation in Ken- tucky. He had been a valiant champion of the cause in Virginia. He was sev- eral times imprisoned in that state for preaching the gospel. The first time, he was arrested in company with several other ministers. The prosecuting attorney represented them to be a great annoyance to the county by their zeal as preachers. " May it please your worships," said he, " they cannot meet a man upon the road, but they must ram a text of scripture down his throat." As they passed on to prison, through the streets of Fredericksburgh, they united in singing the lines, " Broad is the road that leads to death," &c. THE BAPTIST CHURCH. 113 They remained in prison one month, and while there, Mr.C. preached through the grate to large crowds, and was the means of doing much good. Once after this, he was imprisoned three months. Mr. Taylor says of him, " He was in the gospel ministry near sixty years, and was about eighty-seven when he gave up the ghost. As an expositor of scripture, he was not very skillful, but dealt closely with the heart. He was better acquainted with men than with books. He never dwelt much on doctrine, but most on experimental and practical godliness. Though he was not called a great preacher, perhaps there was never found in Kentucky so great a gift of exhortation as in Lewis Craig : the sound of his voice would make men tremble and rejoice. The first time I heard him preach, I seemed to hear the sound of his voice for many months. He was of middle stature, rather sloop shouldered, his hair black, thick set and somewhat curled, a pleasant coun- tenance, free spoken, and his company very interesting; a great peace-maker among contending parties. He died suddenly, of which he was forewarned, saying, I am going to such a house to die ; and with solemn joy he went on to the house, and with little pain, left the world." John Taylor was well qualified to labor as a pioneer, having learned by pre- vious hazards in Virginia, to endure hardness as a good soldier of Jesus Christ. When first settled in Kentucky, he itinerated for ten years with much credit to himself, and profit to the cause. He had a fine constitution and much bodily strength ; was as bold as a lion, yet meek as a lamb. In preaching, he attempted nothing but scriptural plainness. The weapons of his warfare were wielded with much power. No man knew better than he, how to reprove, rebuke, and exhort, with all long suffering and doctrine. When he used the rod of correction, all Avere made to tremble. He was very efficient as a preacher. His judicious zeal, strong faith, and remarkable industry, qualified him to be useful to many souls. He was always cheerful, yet solemn, and willing to preach when reques- ted. His whole demeanor, at home and abroad, was uniformly Christian-like. The labors of his ministry extended from the Kentucky to the Ohio river. It was his custom to visit six or eight associations every year. His great skill in discipline and faithfulness in preaching endeared him to all the followers of Christ. He lived to see his children and his children's children rise up and call him blessed. He died in his 82d year.* John Gang settled in Kentucky in 1787. He was one of the most eminent ministers in his day. He was a native of New Jersey. He spent many years as an itinerant, traveling over the United States, from New England to Georgia. He was pastor for about twenty-five years in the city of New York, and his la- bors were greatly blessed. During the revolutionary war, he was chaplain to the army, and by his counsels and prayers greatly encouraged the American soldiery in those times of peril which tried meri's souls. Many interesting anecdotes are related of him, several of which we will quote from Benedict. One morning, while in the army and on his way to pray with the regiment, he passed by a group of officers, one of whom (who had his back towards him) was uttering his profane expressions in a most rapid manner. The officers, one after another, gave him the usual salutation. " Good morning. Doctor," said the swearing Lieutenant. " Good morning, sir," replied the chaplain; "you pray early this morning." " I beg your pardon, sir," " O, I cannot pardon you : parry your case to your God." One day he was standing near some soldiers who were disputing whose turn it was to cut some wood for the fire. One profanely said, he would be d d if he cut it. But he was soon afterwards convinced that the task belonged to him, and took up the axe to perform it. Before, however, he could commence, Mr. Gano stepped up and asked for the axe. " ! no," said the soldier, " the chaplain shan't cut wood." " Yes," replied Mr. Gano, " I must." " But why?" asked the soldier. " The reason is," answered Mr. G., "I just heard you say that you would be d d if you cut it, and I had much rather take the labor off your hands, than that you should be made miserable forever." While he resided in New York, he was introduced to a young lady as the * Lives of Virginia Baptist Ministers, p. 220. 8 114 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF daughter of a very prominent citizen. "Ah ! " replied he. " and I can tell a good match for her, and he is an only son." The young lady understood his meaning; she was, not long after, united to this Son, and has, for about forty years, been an ornament to his cause. Dr. Furman, of Charleston, S. C, who knew him intimately, says : "As a minister of Christ, he shone like a star of the first magnitude in the American churches, and moved in a widely extended field of action. For this office, God had endowed him with a large portion of grace, and with excellent gifts. He believed, and therefore spake.'''' Having discerned the excellence of gospel truths, and the importance of eternal realities, he felt their power on his own soul, and accordingly he inculcated and urged them on the minds of his hearers with per- suasive eloquence and force. He was not deficient in doctrinal discussion, or what rhetoricians style the demonstrative character of a discourse ; but he ex- celled in the pathetic — in pungent, forcible addresses to the heart and conscience. The careless and irreverent were suddenly arrested, and stood awed before him, and the insensible were made to feel. * * * * He lived to a good old age ; served his generation according to the will of God ; saw his posterity multiply- ing around him ; his country independent, free, and happy ; the church of Christ, for which he felt and labored, advancing; and thus he closed his eyes in peace ; his heart expanding with the sublime hope of immortality and heavenly bliss. Like John, the harbinger of our Redeemer, " he was a burning and a shining light, and many rejoiced in his light." Resembling the sun, he arose in the church with morning brightness, advanced regularly to his station of meridian splendor, and then gently declined with mild eflTulgence, till he disappeared, without a cloud to intercept his rays, or obscure his glory." Such were some of the early ministers of Kentucky. They are but examples of the dispositions, and talents, and high moral worth of their companions and compeers, a sketch of whom we must omit, and who aided these to unfurl the ban- ner of the cross in the valley of the Kentucky, and to maintain it against every danger and privation. The Christians of this State may as proudly refer to their ancestors, in all that is noble and elevating in man, as may the politician. If theirs were mighty in battle and wise in counsel, ours were no less so, and in a nobler sense, because in a higher and holier enterprise. HISTORICAL SKETCH CHRISTIAN CHURCH BACON COLLEGE. This institution, located at Harrodsburg, Ky., was chartered by the common- wealth of Kentucky in the winter of 1836-7. Though it has not yet completed the tenth year of its existence, and has had to contend with no ordinary difficul- ties, it has already secured an enviable reputation, and is making steady progress in gaining the confidence of the public. The course of studies is equal to that which is generally adopted in the best regulated American colleges ; and the of- ficers, without exception, have had long and successful experience in the busi- ness of teaching. The following is a list of the THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 115 FACULTY. James Shannon, President, and Professor of Intellectual, Moral, and Political Science. Samuel Hatch, Professor of Chemistry, Natural Philosophy, Geology, &c. Henry H. White, Professor of Mathematics and Civil Engineering. George H. Matthews, Professor of Ancient Languages. E. Askew, Teacher of the Preparatory Department. During the last session, one hundred and thirteen students were received into Bacon college, from the states of Kentucky, Virginia, Georgia, Alabama, Mis- sissippi, Lousiana, Indiana, Ohio, and New York. About the same number have already been received the present session, with a reasonable prospect of a large increase. Tuition for the college year of ten months is forty dollars, with an extra charge for fuel of one dollar each half session. Boarding can be had in respectable families, in the town and its vicinity, at rates varying from one dollar and seventy-five cents to two dollars per week ; so that the whole cost of boarding and tuition for the college year of forty-two weeks need not exceed one hundred and fifteen dollars. The session begins on the first Monday in September, and ends on the last Friday in June, which is the annual commencement. Connected with the Institution, are two literary and debating societies, each of which has a respectable library. Whole number of volumes in the libraries per- taining to the college about sixteen hundred. In Bacon college the authority of Christianity is fully recognized ; but nothing that savors in any degree of a sectarian character is either taught or required. The institution was established by the Christian churches of Kentucky, and from them it derives its principal support. Efficient aid has also been received, at various times, from men of liberal and enlightened minds, who are not mem- bers of any religious society. M a general meeting of the Christian Churches in Kentucky, held at Harrodshurg, in May, 1834, An agent was appointed to visit the churches, ascertain the number of members in each congregation, and collect such other information as he might deem im- portant, and report the result at the next general meeting. The following extract is taken from this REPORT. "I find in the state 380 congregations, with an aggregate number of 33,830 members ; average number 83 and a fraction. " Number of additions reported for twelve months prior to receiving the report from each church, 3,678 ; number since reported, 206 ; total number of additions reported, 3,884. It must be remarked, however, that these additions go back as far as June 1st, 1843 ; yet, as the report is for 12 months prior to collecting the items from each church, my returns, with the exception of the 206, show but the increase for one year. It must also be remarked, that many of the churches report no increase at all, owing mainly to the fact, that the information was collected from individuals unacquainted with this item. I have no doubt, could the in- crease have been obtained from all the churches, it would exceed four thousand. " Number of elders reported, 666 ; number of deacons, 676 ; number of preach- ers, evangelist and local, 195. " Of the 380 churches, 163 meet for worship every Lord's day ; and, in many places, three times on Lord's day, and several times through the week; 68 meet semi-monthly, 6 tri-monthly, 92 monthly, and 51 did not report this item. A large majority of those that meet monthly and semi-monthly, would meet every Lord's day, but are prevented in consequence of holding houses of worship in partnership with others. " I deem it important to state, that 136 of these churches have been organized within the last four and a half years." As the average time that has elapsed, since the foregoing information was col- lected, exceeds two years, a moderate estimate of the increase to the present 116 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF date (Dec. 1846), will g-ive an aggregate number of 41,186. This calculation is based upon the hypothesis, that the annual increase for the last two years has barely equalled the ascertained increase for twelve months prior to the collection of the statistics embodied in the report. It is confidently believed that this esti- mate falls considerably below the truth. The churches aforesaid are unanimous in repudiating human creeds and un- scriptural names ; believing that the Bible is ordained of God to be the only authoritative, as it is the only infallible rule of faith and practice ; and that all unscriptural names, and all ecclesiastical organizations, not established by the inspired Apostles, are unlawful, and, in their very nature, sectarian and divisive. Influenced by these views, they call themselves Christians, or Disciples of Christ, and feel religiously bound to repudiate all names, that are not applied in the New Testament to those, who "have been baptized into Christ," and have thus "put on Christ." To believe what God says, and to do what he commands, they regard as the sum total of human duty ; nor do they believe that any man is authorized to hope for an admission into the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, except as he is using his best powers, day by day, to purify himself from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit, and to perfect holiness in the fear of God. When the believer obeys God's commands, then, but not till then, do they conceive, that he has a right to appropriate God's promises. Consequently, when the penitent believer confesses Christ before men, and from the heart bows to his authority, being baptized in obedience to his command, he has a right to appropriate to himself all those promises that are made to baptized believers as such ; but he has, even then, no right to hope for a continuance of the divine favor, except so far as he makes it the business of his life to know the will of God, and to do that will in all things. For all purposes of discipline and government, they regard the individual church as the highest, and indeed the only ecclesiastical organization recognized in the New Testament. " As for associations, conferences, conventions, &c., presuming to act under the sanctions of a divine warrant, or claiming to be a court of Jesus Christ, or to«decide on any matters of conscience, or to do any act or deed interfering with, or in opposition to, the perfect independenc of each indi- vidual congregation, or at all legislating for the churches in any district of the country," — they regard it as " altogether foreign to the letter and spirit — to the precepts and examples — to the law and to the testimony of the Christian books." One and all, they profess to be engaged in persevering efforts for the union of all saints, by the restoration of unsectarian Christianity in faith and practice, as it is found, pure and unpolluted, on the pages of the New Testament. Among the host of worthies, living and dead, who have co-operated hitherto in this grand enterprise, the name of Alexander Campbell stands deservedly pre-eminent. Others may have preceded him, and no doubt did, in repudiating human creeds and adopting the bible as the only and all-sufficient rule of faith and practice ; of union, communion, and co-operation among the fol- lowers of the Lamb. Others may have been more successful, and no doubt were, as proclaimers of the Gospel, in making proselytes to the cause, and add- ing members to the various churches. But, as a master spirit, exciting investi- gation, overturning antiquated prejudices, enlightening the master spirits of the age, and setting them to work, each in his own sphere, it is the deliberate opinion of a mighty host, that, in the current reformation of the nineteenth century, Al- exander Campbell has no equal. On this subject the venerable and beloved Barton W. Stone, in 1843, and shortly before his death, remarks — "I will not say there are no faults in brother Campbell ; but that there are fewer, perhaps, in him, than any man I know on earth ; and over these few my love would draw a veil, and hide them from view forever. I am constrained, and willingly con- strained to acknowledge him the greatest promoter of this reformation of any man Jiving. The Lord reward him !" The writer of this article applied to President Campbell for facts and docu- ments, that might furnish the basis of a short biographical sketch, and received for reply the following information — " Averse to autobiography, and to giving a man's biography while living, I have left the task for one Avho may survive me." A few leading facts, however, may be noted for the information of the reader. Alexander Campbell was born, about the year 1787 or 8, in the county of Down, THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 117 in the north of Ireland, where he spent the first fourteen years of his life, and was then removed to Scotland, the land of his fathers, to complete his education for the Presbyterian ministry. In 1809 he came to America with his father. El- der Thomas Campbell, who is still living. Naturally of an independent and investigating mind, he soon became convinced that infant sprinkling is unscrip- tural, and was forthwith baptized upon a profession of his faith. Prosecuting his inquiries still farther, he soon discovered that he had imbibed many other doctrines unauthorised by the Scriptures, and contrary to them. All such he relinquished without delay, having nobly resolved, that he would sacrifice every thing for the truth, but the truth for nothing. In allusion to this part of his life, he remarks, in the conclusion of the Chris- tian Baptist — " Having been educated as Presbyterian clergymen generally are, and looking forward to the ministry as both an honorable and useful calling, all my expectations and prospects in future life were, at the age of twenty-one, iden- tified with the office of the ministry. But scarcely had I begun to make sermons, when I discovered that the religion of the New Testament was one thing, and that of any sect which I knew was another. I could not proceed. An unsuccessful effort by my father to reform the presbytery and synod to which he belonged, made me despair of reformation. I gave it up as a hopeless effort, but did not give up speaking in public assemblies upon the great articles of Christian faith and practice. In the hope, the humble hope, of erecting a single congregation, with which I could enjoy the social institutions, I labored, I had not the remotest idea of being able to do more than this ; and, therefore, betook myself to the occupa- tion of a farmer, and for a number of years attended to this profession for a sub- sistence, and labored every Lord's day to separate the truth from the traditions of men, and to persuade men to give up their fables for the truth — with but little success I labored." In 1816 he was urged by some of the most influential Baptists in New York and Philadelphia, to settle in one of those cities, but declined — alledging in justi- fication of his course, that he did not think the church in either city would sub- mit to the primitive order of things; and rather than produce divisions among them, or adopt their order, he " would live and die in the backwoods." In August 18''23, soon after the Debate with MacCalla, he commenced the pub- lication of the " Christian Baptist," a monthly pamphlet, the design of which was " to restore a pure speech to the people of God — to restore the ancient order of things in the Christian kingdom — to emancipate the conscience from the do- minion of human authority in matters of religion — and to lay a foundation — an imperishable foundation, for the union of all Christians, and for their co-operation in spreading the glorious gospel throughout the world." In the debate aforesaid, Mr. Campbell contended that " baptism was a divine institution, designed for putting the legitimate subject of it in actual possession of the remission of his sins." In January 1828, he remarks, " It was with much hesitation I presented this view of the subject at that time, because of its perfect novelty. I was then assured of its truth, and, I think, presented sufficient evi- dence of its certainty. But having thought still more closely upon the subject, and having been necessarily called to consider it more fully, as an essential part of the Christian religion, I am still better prepared to develop its import." From the time of the debate, baptism for the remission of sins seems to have been but little agitated, if at all publicly, till 1827. In that year Walter Scott and John Secrest began to preach in the bounds of the Mahoning association, Ohio, the apostolic doctrine of remission, recorded in Acts 2d, 38. The eflfect was astounding to the advocates of the worn-out and powerless systems of human origin. During the last six months of the year, Elder Secrest immersed with his own hands for the remission of sins, " five hundred and thirty persons." The writer has not the means of ascertaining exactly how many were im- mersed during the year by the pious, indefatigable, and talented Walter Scott. It is certain, however, that he converted and baptized a mighty host — more, per- haps, than any other uninspired man ever did in the same length of time. The Mahoning association, at their meeting of that year, determined to era- ploy Brother Scott for the whole of his time the next twelve months, preaching and teaching in the bounds of the association. This appointment was highly commended by Bro. Campbell in the " Christian Baptist" for October following. 118 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF The editor remarks, " Brother Walter Scott, who is now in the field, accepted of the appointment ; and few men on this continent understand the ancient order of things better than he. His whole soul is in the work." The results of this appointment, and the success of the pleadings for the ancient gospel were everywhere triumphant. Soon a host of able advocates in various parts embraced the same views, and began to propagate them with zeal and suc- cess — especially in Kentucky and Ohio. The clergy became alarmed. The work of proscription and anathema commenced ; and, in a short time, the advo- cates of tlie same gospel that was preached by Peter on the day of Pentecost, and by all the apostles, were driven out of the Baptist communion, and reluc- tantly compelled to establish separate churches, that they might enjoy the lib- erty wherewith Christ had made them free. Sons, whilst they read the record, in a more enlightened and Christian age, will blush for the bigotry and intoler- ance of their sires. At the completion of the 7th volume of the Christian Baptist, in 1830, the Ed- itor thus writes — " I had but very humble hopes, I can assure the public, the day I wrote the first essay, or the preface for this work, that I could at all succeed in gaining a patient hearing. But I have been entirely disappointed. The success attendant on this effort has produced a hope, which once I dared not entertain, that a blissful revolution can be effected. It has actually begun, and such a one as cannot fail to produce a state of society, far surpassing, in the fruits of right- eousness, and peace, and joy, any result of any religious revolution, since the great apostacy from Christian institutions." In 1830, the Millennial Harbinger was begun, and has continued to be issued monthly down to the present time. These periodicals, aided by several others, and by a numerous host of zealous and indefatigable advocates, have spread the principles of this reformation with a rapidity that has perhaps no parallel in the history of the world, except the progress of primitive Christianity in the times of the apostles. Already do the " Christian Churches" in these United States number, as it is confidently believed, more than 200,000 members ; and the cause is successfully pleaded, not merely in the Canadas, in England, Scotland, and Wales, but also in almost every part of the civilized world. While A. Campbell was thus laboring in the western part of Virginia, and even before he made his appearance on the public stage, another distinguished actor, impelled by a kindred spirit, was shaking time-honored religious systems to their very center in the heart of Kentucky. I mean that much calumniated, but great and good man BARTON WARREN STONE. The subject of this sketch was born in Maryland on the 24th day of Decem- ber, 1772. His father dying while he was very young, his mother in 1779, with a large family of children and servants, moved into what was then called the backwoods of Virginia — Pittsylvania county, near Dan river. Here he went to school for four or five years to an Englishman, named Sommerhays, and was by him pronounced a finished scholar. In February, 1790, he entered a noted acad- emy in Guilford, North Carolina, under the care of Dr. David Caldwell, deter- mined, as he himself says, to " acquire an education, or die in the attempt." His design at that time was to qualify himself for a barrister. When he first entered the academy, about thirty or more of the students had embraced religion under the labors of James McGready, a Presbyterian preacher of great popularity and zeal. In about a year from this time, after a long and painful " experience.,'''' he became a member of the Presbyterian church, and turned his thoughts to the ministry. In 1793, at the close of his academic course, he commenced the study of di- vinity under the direction of Wm. Hodge, of Orange county. North Carolina. Here Witsius on the Trinity was put into his hands. The metaphysical reason- ings of this author perplexed his mind, and he laid the work aside as unprofitable and unintelligible. He heard of Dr. Watts' treatise on the Glory of Christ; sought after and obtained the work ; read it with pleasure, and embraced its views. The venerable Henry Patillo, on whom it devolved, at the next meeting of the Presbytery, to examine the candidates on the subject of theology, had THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 110 himself embraced Watts' views of the Trinity. As might reasonably be expected under such circumstances, the examination on this topic was short, and embra- ced no peculiarities of the system. In April, 1796, he was licensed by the Orange Presbytery, North Carolina, and shortly afterwards directed his course westward (preaching at various points on the route), to Knoxville and Nashville, in Tennessee, and thence to Bourbon county, Kentucky, where about the close of the year 1796 he settled within the bounds of the congregations of Cane-ridge and Concord. Here he labored with great zeal, acceptance and success ; about eighty members having been added to his church in a few months ! ! In the fall of '98, he received a unanimous call from those congregations to become their settled pastor, which call he accepted. A day was set apart by the presbytery of Transylvania for his ordination. Having previously notified the leading members of the presbytery with respect to his difficulties on the subject of the Trinity, also on the doctrines of election, reprobation, and predestination, as taught in the Confession of Faith, when he was asked, " Do you receive and adopt the Confession of Faith, as containing the system of doctrine taught in the Bible?" he answered aloud, so that the whole congregation might hear — " I do, as far as I see it consistent with the word of God." No objection being made, he was ordained. Early in 1801, "the Great Revival" commenced in Tennessee, and in the southern part of Kentucky, under the labors of James McGready, and other Pres- byterian ministers. Determined to hear and judge for himself. Barton W. Stone hastened to a great Presbyterian camp-meeting in Logan county, Kentucky, where for the first time he witnessed those strange exercises of falling, jerking, dan- cing, &c. Filled with the spirit of the revival, he returned to his congregations — related what he had seen and heard, and, with great earnestness and zeal, dwelt on the universality of the gospel, and urged the sinner to believe now, and be saved. The effects were immediate and powerful; the ^^ exercises''^ made their appear- ance ; a series of meetings followed ; the work spread in all directions ; multi- tudes united with the different churches ; and, for a time, party creeds, names, and feelings, seemed to be buried in Christian love and union. The " Great Caneridge Meeting" commenced in August following, and con- tinued some six or seven days. From twenty to thirty thousand were supposed to be collected. Many had come from Ohio, and other remote parts, who, on their return, diffused the spirit in their respective neighborhoods. Methodist and Baptist Preachers united heartily in the work, and the salvation of sinners seemed to be the great object of all. About this time, Robert Marshall, John Dunlavy, Richard McNemar, B. W. Stone, and John Thompson, all members of the synod of Kentucky, renounced the dogmas of Calvinism, and taught wherever they went, that Christ died for all — that the divine testimony was sufficient to produce faith — and that the spirit was received, not in order to faith, but through faith,. The sticklers for orthodoxy, seeing the powerful effects of these doctrines, were for a time afraid to oppose. At length the friends of the Confession determined to arrest the progress of these anti-calvinistic doctrines, and put them down. The presbytery of Springfield, in Ohio, first took McNemar under dealings; and from that presbytery the case came before the synod of Lexington, Ky., in September, 1803. So soon as they discovered, from the tone of the synod, that its decision in McNemar's case would be adverse, the five drew up a protest against the pro- ceedings, and a declaration of their independence, and withdrawal from the juris- diction of that body. Immediately after their withdrawal from the synod, they constituted themselves into a presbytery, which they called the Springfield pres- bytery. They had not, however, worn this name more than one year, before they saw that it savored of a party spirit. With the man-made creeds they threw it overboard, and took the name Christian — the name given to the disciples by di- vine appointment first at Antioch. "From this period " (says Stone), "I date the commencement of that reformation, which has progressed to this day." (1843). Soon after their withdrawal from the synod, they were joined by Matthew Houston and David Purviance. In 1805, Houston, McNemar, and Dunlavy joined the Shakers; and in 1807, 120 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE Marshall and Thompson, after vainly attempting to enslave their associates a second time to a creed, returned back into the bosom of the Presbyterian church. Meanwhile the subject of baptism had begun to arrest the attention of the churches. Many became dissatisfied with their infant sprinkling. The preachers baptized one another, and crowds of the private members came, and were also baptized. The congregations generally submitted to it, and yet the pulpit was silent on the subject. About the same time, Barton W. Stone and some others began to conclude that baptism was ordained for the remission of sins, and ought to be administered in the name of Jesus Christ to all believing penitents. At a great meeting at Con- cord, he addressed mourners in the words of Peter, (Acts ii, 38), and urged upon them an immediate compliance with the exhortation. He informed us, however, that " into the spirit of the doctrine he was never fully led, until it was revived by Bro. Alexander Campbell some years after." Although Elder Stone repudiated the orthodox views on the subject of the Trinity, Sonship, and Atonement, he never acknowledged the sentiments with which he vpas so frequently charged by his opponents And in the latter part of his life, he often regretted that he had allowed himself to be driven in self-defence to speculate on these subjects as much as he had done. In the near prospect of death he averred, that he had never been a Unitarian, and had never regarded Christ as a created being. He died in the triumphs of faith, on the 9th day of November, 1844, univer- sally beloved and regretted by all who knew him. A worthy Methodist preacher in Jackson, Louisiana, once remarked to the writer of this article, in the presence of two old-school Presbyterian clergymen — "I know Barton W. Stone well, having lived neighbor to him for a considerable time in Tennessee. A lovelier man, or a better Christian, in my judgment, never lived ; and he is no more a Unitarian, than those brethren there are" — addressing himself at the same time to the two preachers. The person who, from a regard to truth and justice, bore this honorable testimony, was Mr. Finley, son of Dr. Finley, (a former president of the University of Georgia), and brother of the Secretary of the American Coloni- zation Society. Stone justly occupies a high rank as a scholar, a gentleman, and a Christian. In the department of poetry, his talents fitted him to shine, had they been culti- vated. There can hardly be found, in the English language, a lovelier, sweeter hymn, than one from his pen, written during the revivals about the beginning of the present century, and universally admired by the Christian world ever since. Be it known to the orthodox calumniators of Barton W. Stone, and to all men who have souls to feel the power either of religion or of poetry, that he is the author of that soul-inspiring hymn, in which the orthodox world has so greatly delighted for nearly half a century, viz., " The Lord is the fountain of goodness and love." A short account of the union between Stone's friends and those of Alexander Campbell, in 1832, shall close this hasty and imperfect sketch. In 1843, B.W. Stone writes thus : — " I saw no distinctive feature between the doctrine he (A. Campbell) preached, and that which we had preached for many years, except on baptism for the remission of sins. Even this I had once received and taught, as before stated, but had strangely let it go from my mind, till Brother Campbell revived it afresh. * * * u f|g boldly determined to take the Bible alone for his standard of faith and practice, to the exclusion of all other books as au- thoritative. He argued that the Bible presented sufficient evidence of its truth to sinners, to enable them to believe it, and sufficient motives to induce them to obey it — that until they believed and obeyed the gospel, in vain they expected salva- tion, pardon, and the Holy Spirit — that now is the accepted time, and now is the day of salvation." "These truths we had proclaimed and reiterated through the length and breadth of the land, from the press and from the pulpit, many years before A. Campbell and his associates came upon the stage, as aids of the good cause. Their aid gave a new impetus to the reformation which was in progress, especially among the Baptists in Kentucky ; and the doctrines spread and greatly increased in the west. The only distinguishing doctrine between us and them was, that they CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 121 preached baptism for remission of sins to believing penitents. This doctrine had not generally obtained amongst us, though some few had received it, and prac- tised accordingly. They insisted also on weekly communion, which we had neglected." * * * " Among others of the Baptists who received, and zealously advocated the teaching of A'. Campbell, was John T. Johnson, than whom there is not a better man. We lived together in Georgetown, had labored and worshipped together. We plainly saw, that we were on the same foundation, in the same spirit, and preached the same gospel. We agreed to unite our energies to effect a union be- tween our different societies. This was easily effected in Kentucky ; and in order to confirm this union, we became co-editors of the Christian Messenger. This union, I have no doubt, would have been as easily effected in other states as in Kentucky, had not there been a few ignorant, headstrong bigots on both sides, who were more influenced to retain and augment their party, than to save ike world by uniting according to the prayer of Jesus." The biographer of Elder Stone informs us, that the union was consummated in the following manner: "A meeting of four days was held at Georgetown, embracing the Christmas of 1831, and another at Lexington of the same length, embracing the New Year's day of 1832. The writer had the happiness to he in attendance at both these meetings. "At these meetings the principles of our union were fully canvassed, which were such as we have stated. We solemnly pledged ourselves to one another before God, to abandon all speculations, especially on the Trinity, and kindred subjects, and to be content with the plain declarations of scripture on those top- ics, on which there had been so much worse than useless controversy. Elder John Smith and the writer were appointed by the churches, as evangelists to ride in this section of Kentucky, to promote this good work. In that capacity we served the churches three years. Thousands of converts to the good cause was the result of the union and co-operation of the churches, and their many evangel- ists during that period ; and I look back to those years as among the happiest of my life." As the short space allowed to this article precludes the possibility of doing it justice, the reader who desires further information, is referred to the Christian Baptist, and to the " Biography of Barton W. Stone," by Elder John Rogers, of Carlisle, Kentucky — an excellent work just out of press. HISTORICAL SKETCH CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The Cumberland Presbyterian church was organized in Tennessee in 1810, by the constitution of the Cumberland Presbytery. One of the leading ministers, however, resided in Kentucky at the time of the organization. In 1813 the original presbytery was divided into three presbyteries, one of which included those ministers and congregations that adhered to the Cumberland presbytery in its difficulties with the Presbyterian church. There are now two synods in the state, the Green river and the Kentucky synods. The number of ordained min- isters in the two synods is sixty-five; of licentiates, thirty ; of candidates for the ministry, twenty-five. The whole number of communicants is estimated at 7000. 122 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF The operations of the church have been mainly confined to the south-western portion of the state. Many of its ministers and members were pioneers in that section of country. They found much of the country physically and morally in a state of nature. Their labors, sacrifices, and self-denial were necessarily very great; but it will be seen from the preceding statistics that they did not labor in vain. The early ministers of the Cumberland Presbyterian church were remark- able for a bold, manly, and impressive eloquence. They were western men in the full sense of the expression. Without the training of the schools, they were nevertheless reared up and brought into the ministry under circumstances well calculated to develop all their energies. With indomitable perseverance, and without worldly compensation, they performed an important part in converting a " wilderness," a moral desolation, into a " fruitful field." They were men for the country and the times. Long will they live in the memory of that generation in which they labored, and long in south-western Kentucky will their influence be felt after a short-lived generation shall have passed away. HISTORICAL SKETCH EPISCOPAL CHURCH The convention of the diocese of Kentucky was organized in 1830. Its first bishop was consecrated Oct. 31st, 1832. There are about 20 clergymen in the diocese, 13 of whom are officiating in as many organized parishes. There are six missionary stations, and sixteen church edifices. The whole number of families is about 600, and of communicants 650. Shelby college was organized in 1836, and transferred to the Episcopal church in 1841. It has graduated two very small classes. Its presidency is now tempo- rarily vacant. The Theological Seminary was chartered in 1834. It has an excellent library of above three thousand volumes, and funds to the amount of $12,000. Its library is now deposited in the library room of Shelby college. The Rev. John Lythe, of the Episcopal church, or church of England, came early to Kentucky. When Col. Henderson established his proprietary govern- ment in 1775, Mr. Lythe was a delegate from the Harrodsburgh station or settle- ment to the legislative assembly. The delegates met on the 23d of May, 1775, and the assembly being organized, "divine service was performed by the Rev. Mr. Lythe, one of the delegates from Harrodsburg." In the records of this legis- lative assembly, we note the following proceedings: "The Rev. Mr. Lythe obtained leave to bring in a bill to prevent profane swear- ing and Sabbath breakng. After it was read the first time, it was ordered, says the journal, ' to be re-committed ; and that Mr. Lythe, Mr. Todd, and Mr. Har- rod be a committee to make umcjidments.'' " Mr. Todd, Mr. Lythe, Mr. Douglas, and Mr. Hite were appointed a commit- tee to draw up a contract between the proprietors and the people of the colony." On the day succeeding the adjournment of the legislature of Transylvania, (for so this legislative council was termed,) " divine service," the same journal re- cords, " was performed by the Rev. Mr. Lythe, of the church of England," And it was under the shade of the same magnificent elm, that the voices of these rude hunters rose in accents of prayer and thanksgiving to the God of their fathers — THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 123 that the verdant groves of the land of the savage and the buffalo, first rang with the anthems of the Christian's worship, and echoed back the message of the Re- deemer of the world. It was fit it should be so, for " The groves were God's first temples."* We know nothing further of the Rev. John Lythe, except what is contained in these extracts of the proceedings of the " Legislature of Transylvania." He was doubtless the first minister of the gospel who penetrated the wilds of Kentucky ; and, from the fact that he was elected to the legislative assembly — that he offici- ated as chaplain — and that his name appears on some important committees, he must have been a man of some note. The Rev. James Moore was the first minister of the Episcopal church of the United States, who permanently located in Kentucky. He emigrated to the State in 1792, from Virginia, and was at that time a candidate for the ministry in the Presbyterian church. His trial sermons not being sustained by the Transyl- vania presbytery, Mr. Moore became displeased with what he considered rigor- ous treatment, and in 1794 sought refuge in the bosom of the Episcopal church. Soon afterwards he became the first rector of Christ's church in Lexington. In 1798, he was appointed acting president of Transylvania university, and pro- fessor of Logic, Metaphysics, Moral Philosophy, and Belles-Lettres. This situ- ation he held for several years, during which Transylvania enjoyed a good degree of prosperity. Mr. Moore was distinguished for sound learning, devoted piety, courteous manners, and liberal hospitality. The Rev. Benjamin Orr Peers was born in Loudon county, Virginia, in the year 1800. His father, the late Major Valentine Peers, of Maysville, (a soldier of the revolutionary army) emigrated to Kentucky in 1803, when the subject of this brief notice was only three years old. Mr. Peers received the first rudiments of an academical education in the Bourbon academy, and completed his scholastic course at Transylvania university, while under the administration of Dr. HoUey. He studied theology at Princeton. After completing his course in that institution, he connected himself with the Episcopal church, having previously belonged to the Presbyterian. He located in Lexington, where he established the Eclectic Institute, which became, under his supervision, one of the most valuable insti- tutions of learning in the west. During the time he was at the head of the Ec- lectic Institute, and subsequently, he spent much time, labor, and money in the cause of common school education, and was instrumental in arousing the public attention to the importance of the subject — the present common school system of Kentucky being the result of the popular will thus brought to bear upon the question. Mr. Peers, while at the head of the Eclectic Institute, was chosen president of Transylvania university, which position he accepted, in opposition to the advice of many warm friends, and which he held but a very brief period. At the time of his decease, in the year 1842, at Louisville, he was editor of the Episcopal Sunday School Magazine at New York, and, also, editor of the Sunday School publications of the church. He was distinguished not only for his zealous devo- tion to the cause of general education, but for his sound learning and ardent piety. His published writings were not extensive — the w^ork on Christian Educa- tion appears to have been his favorite. He fell early, but fell at the post of duty. •Gov. Morehead's Boonesborough Address. HISTORICAL SKETCH METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The early history* of Methodism in Kentucky, is, to a certain extent, obscure and indefinite, arising partly from the want of proper documents, and partly from the difficulty of collecting those that are in existence. The most authentic and reliable information in regard to the origin and progress of Methodism in the United States, is to be gathered from the minutes of the several annual conferences ; but these, consisting mainly of statistical accounts, are rather meager and unsatisfactory. Yet brief as these records are, they throw a steady and continuous light upon the rise and progress of Methodism in Ken- tucky, down to the present time. From these conference documents we gather the fact, that the first traveling preachers appointed to labor in the State of Kentucky, were JAMES HAW AND BENJAMIN OGDEN. These two men were appointed to travel the entire State in the year 1786, and were the Jirst regular itinerant ministers, who, under the control of the Methodist Episcopal church, commenced the work of spreading " Scriptural holiness over these lands." At the time of their appointment, it appears that there were no regular societies in existence in Kentucky, as is evidenced by the entire absence of statistical information in the minutes. James Haw and Benjamin Ogden were, therefore, the first to collect the scattered Methodist emigrants of the "Dark and Bloody Ground" into classes, and organize them into societies. The first Methodist Episcopal church organized in Kentucky, was in the cabin of Thomas Stevenson, about two and a half miles south-west of Washington, Mason county, by Ben- jamin Ogden, some time during the year 1786. 1787. The appointments for this year were Kentucky — James Haw, Elder. Thomas Williamson, Wilson Lee. Cumberland — Benjamin Ogden. The numbers in society, reported at the close of this year were, whites, 90, col- ored, none. 1788. Kentucky — Francis Poythress, James Haw, Elders. Lexington ct. — Thomas Williamson, Peter Massie, Benjamin Snelling. Cumberland — D. Combs, B. McHenry. Danville — Wilson Lee. Numbers at the close of this year, whites, 479, colored, 64. Lexington circuit embraced the northern part of the State ; Cumberland cir- cuit, the few societies which were in the lower end of the State and middle Tennessee : Danville circuit the center of Kentucky south of the Kentucky river. 1789. The same number of ministers were sent this year to the Kentucky work as on the previous year, and the arrangement of the circuits remained the same. The summer and fall of '89 and spring of '90, was a season of gracious revi- val; the "desert was made to rejoice, and the wilderness and the solitary place to blossom as the rose." The word of God, among the early settlers, was ac- companied " with the demonstration of the Spirit and power," and the numerical strength of the church was more than doubled. The numbers in society at the close of this year were, whites, 1037, colored, 51. 1790. Conference was held this year for the first time in Kentucky, on the 26th of April, at Masterson's station, about five miles west of Lexington. This conference was the first attended in the west by Bishop Asbury. The *For the facts in these sketches, we are indebted mainly to the Rev. William Burke, of Cincin- nati, and to the published minutes of confereuce ; many of the sketches of pioneer ministers are in the lan^uaere of the minutes. (124) METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 125 conference was composed of twelve preachers, the bishop, and Hope Hull, the traveling companion of the bishop. At the close of the conference, which was held this year in Charleston, South Carolina, Bishop Asbury, attended by Hope Hull, started on his journey to Kentucky, to meet the western preachers in conference. In his journal, the bishop speaks of his trip in the following language. ''After crossing the Kentucky river," he says, "I was strangely outdone for want of sleep, having been greatly deprived of it during my journey through the wilder- ness, which is like being at sea in some respects, and in others worse. Our way is over mountains, steep hills, deep rivers, and muddy creeks, a thick growth of reeds for miles together, and no inhabitants but wild beasts and savage men. Sometimes, before I was aware, my ideas would be leading me to be looking out ahead for a fence, and I would, without reflection, try to recollect the houses we should have stopped at in the wilderness. I slept about an hour the first night, and about two the last. We ate no regular meal — our bread grew short, and I was very much spent." Speaking of the preachers who were then traveling in the wilds of Kentucky, the bishop says: ;'I found the poor preachers indifferently clad, with emaciated bodies, and subject to hard fare, but I hope rich in faith." At the winding up of the first visit, he says : " My soul has been blessed among these people, and I am exceedingly pleased with them. I would not for the worth of all the place, have been prevented in this visit." The following appointments were made at this conference : 1790. F. Poythress, presiding elder. Lexington circuit — Henry Birchett, David Haggard. Limestone " S. Tucker, J. Lillard. Danville " Thomas Williamson, Stephen Brooks. Madison *' B. McHenry, Benjamin Snelling. Cumberland " Wilson Lee, James Haw, Peter Massie. A brief sketch of the life and labors of the men who composed this first con- ference, and who are emphatically the pioneer ministers of the Methodist Episco- pal church, may not be out of place. Francis Asbury, the presiding bishop, stands among that hardy and laborious band supremely pre-eminent, — "In labors more abundant than they all." Land- ing from England, on the shores of our country, on the 27th of October, 1771, from that hour until the termination of his pilgrimage, his clear and manly voice was heard upon all occasions, lifting itself up against sin, and in favor of the gospel of Christ. The trump of the gospel, when applied to his lips, gave no uncertain sound ; his mind was clear, discriminating, and logical ; he was rich — by the "word of God dwelling in him richly in all wisdom;" he was great — by the spirit of glory and of God which rested upon him ; and for the space of forty- five years, he moved as an "angel" among the churches, "feeding the flock of Christ," and building the believer up in his most holy faith. Perhaps no man, since the settlement of America, has traveled as extensively, and labored as un- tiringly, overcoming so many serious obstacles, as the apostolic Asbury. His foot-prints have been left wide and deep upon " the sands of time." He preached •' Jesus and the resurrection" along the sea-board, from Maine to Georgia — from the Atlantic out west, until, from the rude cabin of the frontier squatter, the un- broken forest re-echoed back the burden of his embassy. Of this first visit to Kentucky, in his journal he says : " I rode about three hundred miles to Ken- tucky in six days, and back by way of Tennessee, about five hundred miles, in nine days. I what exertions for man and beast." While performing these journies, too, the bare earth for days was his bed, and his only covering the pro- tecting wing of his "ministering angel." After spending fifty-five years in the ministry, forty-five of which were spent in America, he was transferred by the Great Superintendent to the church above, on the 21st of March, 1816. His name unstained — his labors and hardships unsurpassed — the name of Francis Asbury will be remembered in all the greenness of affection, while the pure doc- trines of Methodism have a votary. Francis Poythress was admitted into the traveling connection at a conference held in Baltimore, on the 21st of May, 1776. In 1778, he was sent out to Ken- tucky in the capacity of elder. As a preacher, few in those days excelled him. 126 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE His voice clear and musical ; his knowledge of the scriptures vast and accurate ; his sermons bedewed with his tears in his closet, fell as the dews of life upon the hearts of his congregation ; sinners trembled before the Lord, and the keen flash of the Spirit's sword was felt passing all through the soul, discerning by its brightness, " the thoughts and intents of the heart." In the visit Bishop Asbury made to Kentucky in 1790, a single note made in his journal pours a flood of light upon the secret of his success. He says : " I met the preachers in con- ference," and adds: "Brother Poythress is much alive to God." Sermons anointed with the spirit of God, and baptized in the blood of the Lamb, will always " burn as fire in dry stubble." Brother Poythress continued to travel in the west, mainly in Kentucky, until the spring of 1800, when he attended the general conference held in Baltimore, at which conference he was appointed to a district in North Carolina, including circuits from the sea shore to the summit of the Blue Ridge. The excessive draughts made upon his mind and body, by the labor of this district, unsettled his mental balance, so that during the summer he became partially deranged. In the fall of 1800, he returned to Kentucky to his sister's, the widow Prior, who then resided in Jessamine county, about three miles from Nicholasville, where he remained a confirmed lunatic until his death. Henry Birchett was born in Brunswick county, State of Virginia. He con- tinued between five and six years in the ministry, a gracious, happy, useful man, who freely offered himself for four years' service in the dangerous stations of Kentucky and Cumberland. Birchett was one among the worthies who cheer- fully left safety, ease, and prosperity, to seek after and suffer faithfully for souls. His meekness, love, labors, prayers, tears, sermons, and exhortations, were not soon forgotten. He died in peace, in Cumberland circuit, on the western waters, in February, 1794. David Haggard came out with Birchett, as a volunteer from the Virginia con- ference, to do battle in the hard service of Kentucky. He was appointed as colleague with Birchett on the Lexington circuit in 1790, and traveled a few years in Kentucky with considerable acceptability, when he joined O'Kelley's* party, returned to the east, and died in connection with the New Lights. James Haw was admitted into the traveling connection at a conference held on the 17th of April, 1782, at "Ellis's preaching house," in Sussex county, Vir- ginia, and appointed to labor as one of the first two ministers in Kentucky, in 1786, where he continued to travel until 1791, when he located and settled in Sumner county, Tennessee. In 1795, he joined O'Kelly's party. In 1800, he attached himself to the Presbyterian church, joined in with the Cumberland Pres- byterians when they separated from the mother church, and finally died in their communion, a few years after, on his farm in Sumner county. Peter Massie entered the connection in 1789, and traveled successively the Danville, Cumberland, and Limestone circuits. At the close of '91, he departed for a purer clime. The published account briefly states that, " He labored faith- fully in the ministry for upwards of three years, confirmed and established in the grace of God, and useful. An afflicted man, who desired and obtained a sudden death, by falling from his seat and expiring December 19th, 1791, at Hodge's station, five miles south of Nashville." He was the first who fell in the harness on the western waters. Samuel Tucker was appointed from the Baltimore conference of 1790, to Limestone circuit (now Maysville). Leaving his friends and all behind, he started to preach Jesus on the work assigned him, but in descending the Ohio river, at or near the mouth of Brush creek, about thirty miles below Portsmouth, the boat in which he was descending was attacked by Indians, and the most of the crew were killed; but he continued to defend the boat with his rifle, until it floated out into the stream, beyond the reach of the Indians pursuing. He arrived at Lime- stone, and there died of his wounds. His remains now lie in the cemetery in Maysville, unhonored — the spot unknown. *0'Kelly separated from the Metliodist Episcopal church on the subject of episcopacy and the elective franchise, in November, 1792. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 127 Benjamin Snelling was admitted into connection in 1788, and sent to travel the Lexington circuit that year. He continued in Kentucky but a short lime, and then returned to the east, and after remaining some time, he returned to Kentucky, settled in Bath county, where he finally died. Joseph Lillard was born in Kentucky, not far from Harrodsburg, and admit- ted into the traveling connection at the first conference held in Kentucky, at Masterson's station, April 26th, 1790. He was appointed that year to Limestone circuit. He traveled but a few years, and died near Harrodsburgh, in a located relation. Barnabas McHenry embraced religion and attached himself to the Methodist Episcopal church in the infancy of Methodism in the United States. Believing it to be his duty to preach the gospel, he joined the traveling connection in 1787. In 1788, he was sent to Cumberland circuit, and continued to labor in the various circuits of Kentucky, faithfully and successfully, until 1796, when, in conse- quence of the loss of health, he located. In 1819, he was re-admitted into the traveling connection ; but his strength not being sufficient for the labors of an effective man, he was, in 1821, returned superannuated. This relation he sus- tained until death by cholera, June 16th, 1833, relieved him of all his infirmities. As an old apostle of Methodism, he was fond of the doctrines of the church, and took delight in teaching them to others. He lived in the enjoyment of the bless- ing of sanctification, and died in peace, going up from earth to take a position of nearer concernment in the lofty worship of heaven. Wilson Lee was born in Sussex county, Delaware, November, 1761, and admitted into the traveling connection in 1784. He was sent out to labor in Ken- tucky in 1787, and continued to labor in the different appointments assigned him, as a man of God esteemed very highly, for his work's sake, until 1792. From that conference he was transferred to the east, where he continued to labor until he finished his course, by the rupture of a blood vessel, in Anne Arundel county, Maryland, October 11th, 1804. Wilson Lee was a preacher of no ordinary acceptability, correct in the economy of himself and others. As an elder and presiding elder he showed himself a workman that needed not to be ashamed. Professing the sanctifying grace of God, he carried about him the air and port of one who had communion with heaven; his life and conversation illustrated the religion he professed. He was neat in his dress, affable in his manners, fervent in his spirit, energetic in his ministry, and his discourses were fitted to the characters and cases of his hearers. His labors and his life were laid down together. It may be truly said, that he hazarded his life upon all the frontier stations he filled, from the Monongahela to the Cumberland river, all through Kentucky, in many of which stations there were savage cruelty and frequent deaths. He had to ride from station to station, and from fort to fort, sometimes with, and sometimes without a guide. Benjamin Ogden was born in New Jersey in 1764. In early life he was a soldier of the revolution, which gave distinction and independence to his coun- try. He embraced religion in 1784, at the age of 20. Progressing like Timothy in the knowledge of religion, he united himself with the traveling connection in 1786, and received his first appointment to the then wilderness of Kentucky, in connection with James Haw, as a missionary: and to him belongs the honor of organizing the first Methodist Episcopal church in Kentucky, in the house of Thomas Stevenson, of Mason county. Ill health compelled him to desist from traveling in 1788, remaining in a located relationship for nearly thirty years. In 1817, he re-entered the traveling connection, but soon sunk again under the press- ure of ill health — but earnestly desirous to be more extensively useful than he could be in that relation, he attempted the work of an itinerant again in 1824, and continued an effective man until 1827, when he was placed upon the superan- nuated list, and remained so until his death in 1834. Benjamin Ogden was a man of good natural intellect, and various attainments as a Christian minister. He was especially well instructed in the principles, and deeply imbued with the spirit of his vocation, as a primitive Methodist preacher. After a lontr life of laborious toils and effective service in the furtherance of the gospel, this venerable servant of God and his church — one of the first two missionaries who penetrated 128 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE the vast valleys of the Mississippi — was released by death from his militant charge — expiring in all the calmness and confidence of faith and hope, went to his reward. John Page was admitted into the traveling connection at Holstein on the 15th of May, 1791. He came over with Bishop Asbury to Kentucky, and was sta- tioned on the Lexington circuit. Traveled Danville circuit in '93 — Salt river in '94 — Limestone in '95 — Green circuit, Holstein conference in '96 — Hinkston in '97 — Salt river and Shelby in '98 — Cumberland in '99 — Holstein, Russell, and New river in 1800 — Cumberland in 1801 — ditto in 1802. In 1803, he was appointed as presiding elder on the Cumberland district. In 1804 he located. Sometime afterwards he joined in a superannuated relation, and now lives on the Cumberland river, in Tennessee, near the mouth of Caney fork. Benjamin Northcott was admitted on trial at the second conference that was held in Kentucky, at Masterson's station. May 1st, 1792, and appointed that year to Lexington circuit. In 1793 he was sent to Limestone circuit. This year he married and settled in the neighborhood of Flemingsburg, where he now lives — a preacher of holiness — illustrating the same in life. James O'Cull was admitted on trial at Uniontown, Pennsylvania, July 28th, 1791, and appointed with Barnabas McHenry to Cumberland circuit, (compre- hending middle Tennessee). From Cumberland he returned back to Kentucky, married near Lexington, and afterwards settled on the North fork of Licking river, in Mason county, Kentucky, where a few years past he left for the "land that is afar off, where the King is seen in his beauty." John Ray was admitted on trial in 1791, and appointed to Limestone circuit. Traveled Green circuit in '93 — New river circuit, Virginia, in '94 — Bedford, Vir- ginia, in '95 — Amherst, Virginia, in '96 — Tar river circuit, North Carolina, in '97 — Roanoke, North Carolina, in '98 — Tar river circuit in '99 — Caswell circuit, North Carolina, in 1800. Located in 1801, and returning to Kentucky, settled near Mount Sterling, where he lived a number of years, after which he was re- admitted into the Kentucky conference, and a few years past moved to Indiana, and there passed from earth to the spirit land. William Burke was born in Loudon county, Va., on the 13th of January, 1770, and was received into the traveling connection in 1791, at McKnight's, on Tar river, North Carolina, and appointed to West New river, in Virginia. Met again in conference in the next year in the rich valley of Holstein, near the salt works, on the 15th May, and appointed to Green circuit, in the Western Territory (now East Tenn.). Met again in conference at Nelson's on the 13th of April, 1793, at which conference he volunteered for Kentucky, came out and attended the conference held at Masterson's station on the 6th of May, 1793, and was appointed that year to Danville circuit. Met again in conference at Bethel Academy, in Jessamine county, on the 15th of April, 1794, and appointed to Hinkston circuit. During the year traveled Hinkston, Salt river, and Lexington. As a faithful, effective, and labo- rious itinerant, William Burke continued to travel various circuits and districts in Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Ohio, until 1808, when he was changed from effective to a supernumerary relation, and appointed to Lexington circuit. In 1809 he was appointed to the Green river district, and continued in that extensive and laborious work, until conference met in Cincinnati, October 1st, 1811, when he was appointed to the Miami circuit, including Cincinnati. In 1812, from the conference which met that year in Chillicothe, he was appointed to Cincinnati station, the Jirst station west of the mountains. In the fulfilling of that work, he lost his voice entirely, and was placed in a supernumerary relation for several years. He then superannuated, which relation he now sustains to the Kentucky conference. As a preacher, William Burke stood among the first in his day. Possessing a cultivated and accurate memory, he stored it richly with Bible truths, and joining with his biblical knowledge a deep acquaintance with human nature, he was enabled to adapt his sermons to the varied characters of his hearers; nor did he fail, whenever a fit occasion offered, to rebuke sin boldly in high places. Possessing a large, muscular frame, he had a great deal of native physical courage, and this, added to high moral purpose, made him one of the METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHUKCH. 129 most fearless and at the same time most effective men in planting the gospel of Jesus Christ in a new country. There are thousands in Kentucky, who yet remember the voice of William Burke pealing the thunders of Sinai around them, and then softly wooing the melted heart to the foot of the cross. He is still living in Cincinnati, his faculties unimpaired, and his attachment to the cause of Christ undiminished. Long may he be spared to guide by his discrim- inating counsel the ark of Methodism. Methodism, planted as we have seen in Kentucky, as late as 1786, grew rapidly up to 1790 in numbers. In that year, at the conference held at Masterson's station, the numbers reported were Whites. Colored. Lexington 424 32 Limestone 66 — Danville 322 26 Madison 212 8 Cumberland 241 41 1265 107 Limestone circuit was taken from Lexington, and Madison from Danville cir- cuit, this year. When we take into consideration the fact that the country was at that time sparsely populated, the increase of numbers is somewhat surprising. In a little more than three years from the hour that the first missionary of the Methodist Episcopal church began to preach among them a free, present, and full salvation, we find that a church has sprung up, embracing within its pale a mem- pership of nearly 1400. Well might the hardy pioneers of that day say "behold what God has wrought." The increase of membership in Kentucky appears to have been steady and uniform in its growth. In 1791 there were TFhites 1459 Colored 94 In 1792 " " 2059 " 176 Bishop Asbury, in his journal, speaks of attending the Kentucky conference this year, which was held on the 26th of April, at Masterson's station, and says, " Vast crowds of people attended public worship, — the spirit of matrimony is prevalent here ; in one circuit both preachers are settled — the land is good — the country new — and indeed all possible facilities to the comfortable maintainance of a family are afforded to an industrious, prudent pair." In 1795 there were whites 2262, colored 99. This year Francis Acuff, for three years a traveling preacher, was called home to his reward. He was a young man of genius and improvable talents : he was brought up in Sullivan county, Tennessee, and died in August, 1795, near Danville in Kentucky, in the twenty-fifth year of his age. Bishop Asbury, speak- ing of his death says, " Francis Acuff from a fiddler, became a christian — from a christian a preacher — from a preacher I trust a glorified saint." In 1800, the ordained preachers who had been traveling in the west, were re- quested by Bishop Asbury, to attend the general conference held that year in Baltimore, in order that their fields of labor might be changed, and new preachers sent out to the western work. Consequently the majority of the old traveling preachers were recalled from the west, and an almost entirely new supply sent out. The minutes for 1800 stand thus — no's, in connection. Whites. Colored. Scioto and Miami — Henry Smith 467 1 Limestone — William Algood 417 20 Hinkstone — William Burke 283 4 Lexington — Thomas Allen 273 15 Danville — Hezekiah Harriman 339 67 Salt river and Shelby — John Sale 167 7 Cumberland — William Lambeth 247 40 Green — James Hunter 434 22 Holstein,Russell)j j^ ^ J j^ p and New river, ) ' ^ _ 9 3248 240 130 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE No presiding elder being appointed that year, the first five circuits named above, were taken oversight of by William Burke. Harriman and Sale, being the only other elders in the entire western country, took charge of the remainder. The time of the meeting of the conference was changed this year from spring to the fall, and met in October at Bethel academy. Bishops Asbury and Whatcoat attended at this conference. William McKendree was appointed presiding elder for Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee and part of Western Virginia. Wir.LiAM McKendree, whose name is in all the churches, and who was like an illuminated torch sent down for awhile from the upper sanctuary, to burn in the golden candlesticks of God's house on earth, — came out with Asbury and Whatcoat in the fall of 1800 from the Virginia conference, and at the conference held that year at Bethel in October, was appointed presiding elder for all the western country, comprehending in his district the whole of Kentucky and part of three other states, viz : Ohio, Virginia and Tennessee. He continued travel- ing as elder over that immense scope of country for two years, when the dis- trict was divided into three parts — Holstein district, Cumberland district and Kentucky district. McKendree remained presiding elder of the Kentucky dis- trict for three years, when he was appointed to Cumberland district in the fall of 1806, and continued traveling in that work, until the general conference of 1808, held that year in Baltimore, when he was elected bishop, and in that relation he continued for twenty-five years, visiting successively all the states in the Union, often made the instrument in the hands of the Holy Spirit of breathing fresh life into the churches, and then again like the youthful David, of smiting some proud defier of Israel low. As a christian, William McKendree combined solemnity and cheerfulness together in such a manner as to command the rever- ence and esteem of all about him. As a preacher of the gospel, his sermons were replete with the sweet story of the cross — mingling together the sublime discoveries of faith and the sweet anticipations of hope, in such a manner as to captivate and entrance the hearts of his hearers. He departed for a home in Heaven in 1833. He sleeps sweetly. From the conference of 1800, the church continued steadily to advance both in numbers and spirituality. The summer and fall of this year witnessed the com- mencement of those gracious outpourings of the Holy Spirit, which soon obtained the appellation of "The Great Revival." This work, commencing in Tennes- see and the lower parts of the state of Kentucky, gradually spread upwards into the interior of the State, leavening the country all around ; camp meetings at- tended by convening thousands, and continuingfor days and nights and sometimes weeks together, took the place of the ordinary stated ministrations, and the water flowing from the smitten rock of Horeb, rolled its life-giving current to thou- sands of souls thirsting for salvation. In May 1801, the work broke out in Madison county, Kentucky, and at a meeting on Cabin creek, the scene was awful beyond description — the novelty of the manner of worship — " the ranges of tents — the fires reflecting light amidst the branches of the towering trees — the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment — hundreds moving to and fro, with lights and torches like Gideon's army; the preaching, praying, singing and shouting, all heard at once rushing from different parts of the ground, like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contempla- tion." Meeting after meeting followed in quick succession until the Gth of August, 1801, when '• the great general camp meeting'''' was held at Cane Ridge, about 7 miles from Paris (Bourbon county). This meeting was the climax of all the rest, rendered wonderful by the almost incredible numbers that attended, as well as by the extraordinary scenes and developments there witnessed. "The concourse in attendance was most prodigious, being computed by a revolutionary officer who was accustomed to estimate encampments, to amount to not less than 20,000 souls." Although there were many extravagances and irregularities con- nected with and growing out of these protracted and highly excited meetings, yet good men of all denominations, now concur in the opinion "That the spirit of God was really poured out, and that many sincere converts were made." The evidence of the genuine nature of the work being seen in the humble, loving and holy walk of those who were the subjects of this work. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 131 The first Methodist meeting-house erected in Kentucky, was a log one, put up it Masterson's station, in the Lexington circuit, in 1787 or '88. The next house of worship, was erected at Poplar Flats, in Salt river circuit, about 1790, called Ferguson's chapel. About the same time, a log meeting-house was erected in Jessamine county, T,' r Bethel Academy, called Lewis' meeting house. 1 Danville circuit, a log meeting-house called Procter's chapel, was erected ladison county, about the same time. In the fall of 1793, the second meeting- :. • ;e in Danville circuit, was built in Garrard county, called Burke's chapel. i he first in Limestone circuit was Bracken meeting-house. 1 le first brick church built in Kentucky, was at Flemingsburg, and the second in '• lelby county, called the brick chapel. 'I' \e limits assigned to this sketch forbid a more extended history of the Methodist Episcopal church. From the statistical accounts of the church, how- ever, it will be seen that from that period up to the present time, her march has been steady and onward. Tht?re were within the limits of the Kentucky conference Whites. Colored. In 1800 1626.... 115 " 1810 5513.... 243 '* 1830 11,887.... 1199 " 1830 22,074.... 4682 " 1840 30,939.... 6321 " 1845 39,756.... 9362 From the above statistics it will be seen that the Methodist Episcopal church, has a little more than doubled its numbers every ten years, until the year 1830. lu the spring of 1846, the church in Kentucky was divided into two conferences, the upper called "The Kentucky Conference," the lower called "The TjOhisville Conference." The first session of the Kentucky conference was held in September, 1846, at Covington. The first session of the Louisville conference was held in October, at Hop- ii. .umbers embraced in the bounds of the Kentucky conference were in the fall o( 1846, Whites. Colored. 21,559. ...5,151 1 raveling Preachers 90 Local " 240 Total 27,040 In the Louisville conference there are about 25,000 52,040 Add the ratio of increase up to this time from the conferences of 1846, and it will be about 2,371 54,411 These statistical accounts will close this imperfect sketch of the rise and pro- gress of Methodism in Kentucky. Though later than some others in entering into this interesting field, yet with her characteristic energy, from the hour that she first planted her banner in "Kentucky's tangled wilderness," down to the present time, she has been first with the foremost, entering heartily into every benevo- lent plan having for its object the amelioration or evangelization of our race. Tens of thousands have already risen up and called her "blessed," and if she will continue to stand by the ancient land-marks, which have guided her thus far, generations yet unborn, feeling her influence and bowing before the force and purity of her doctrines, will say of her what has been said by an eloquent divine, "across the waters," that ^'■Methodism is chriatianity in earnest." HISTORICAL SKETCH PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH In the year 1783, the Rev. David Rice immigrated to Kentucky, and was rte first Presbyterian minister who crossed the mountains. He gathered the scattf od Presbyterians into regular congregations, at Danville, Cane run, and the f rks of Dick's river. He was followed the next year by the Rev. Adam Rankin, .> lO gathered the church at Lexington, and the Rev. James Crawford, who set- tled at Walnut Hill. In the year 1786, the Rev. Thomas Craighead, ami ibf Rev. Andrew McClure were added to the number. These ministers were sh'>rily after oro^anized into a presbytery under the name of the presbytery of Transyl- vania ; a euphonious and classical -epithet for the backwoods. All the above named persons were from Virginia, except Mr. Craighead, who was of North Carolina. The presbytery of Transylvania met in the court house at Danville, on Tues- day, October 17, 1786. Mr. Rice presided as moderator, by appointment of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian church. Mr. McClure acted as clerk. The following ministers were present: Rev. David Rice, Adam Rankin, Andrew McClure, .lames Crawford, and Terah Templin, recently ordained by a commis- sion of Hanover presbytery. There were five ruling elders present,; > repre- sentatives of as many churches, viz : Messrs. Richard Steele, David G ly, Joh j Bovel, Joseph Reed, and Jeremiah Frame. ' There were at this time twelve congregations in a more or less perfec state of organization, viz.: Cane River, Concord (Danville), the forks of D k's nn, New Providence (McAfee's station). Mount Zion (Lexington), Mou' Pisjah, Salem, Walnut Hill, Hopewell, Paint Lick, Jessamine creek, Whitle; < station, and Crab Orchard. By the year 1802, the number of Presbyterians had so multiplied, f to call for the erection of a synod. Accordingly, on Tuesday, October 14, 180*., the synod of Kentucky held its first meeting, in the Presbyterian church in Lexington. Mr. Rice preached the opening sermon, and was elected moderator. Mr. Marshall was chosen clerk. The number of members present was thirty ; of whom sev- enteen were ministers, and thirteen elders. The total number of ministers within the bounds was thirty-seven. The synod was composed of the three presbyte- ries of Transylvania, West Lexington, and Washington, in Ohio. During the sessions, Cumberland presbytery was set off from Transylvania, embracing the south-western portion of the State, and part of Tennessee. Thus it will be seen, that the territorial jurisdiction of the synod was co-extensive with the settlement of the entire region west of the mountains. The members of the synod were as follows : Of the presbytery of Transylvania, Ministers present, David Rice, Samuel Fin- ley, Matthew Houston, Samuel Robertson, Archibald Cameron. Elders, Andrew W^allace, James Bigham, Court Voris, (Voorhees). Ministers absent, Thomas Craighead, Terah Templin, James Balch, James McGready, William Hodge, John Bowman, William McGee, John Rankin, Samuel Donald, William Mahon, Samuel McAdow, John Howe, James Vance, Jeremiah Abel. Of the presbytery of West Lexington, Ministers present, James Crawford, Samuel Shannon, Isaac Tull, Robert Marshall, James Blythe, James Welch, Jo- seph P. How, Samuel Rannels, John Lyle, William Robinson. Elders, James Bell, Robert MafTet, Malcolm Worley, William Scott, Joseph Walker, William McConnel, Samuel Hayden, William Henry. Absent, Rev. Barton W. Stone. Of the presbytery of Washington, Ministers present, James Kemper, John P. Campbell, Richard McNemar, John Thompson, John Dunlavy. Elders, Robert Gill, John Campbell. Ministers absent, John E. Finley, Matthew G. Wallace. The limits of the synod were reduced, in 1814, by the erection of the synod C132) THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 133 of Ohio; and in 181T, by the erection of the sjnod of Tennessee; since which time it5 boundaries have corresponded with those of the State. It consists at present of six presbyteries : Transylvania, West Lexington, Louisville, Muhlen- burg, Ebenezer, and Bowling Green ; comprising seventy-nine ministers, one hundred and forty churches, and eight thousand and forty-eight communicants. This statement does not embrace the members of twenty-seven churches, which failed to report the number of their communicants to the General Assembly of 1846, and which are supposed to contain about fifteen hundred communicants ; making the whole number in the State about nine thousand and five hundred. In 1838, There were several ministers and churches which separated from the synod, and formed a new synod, which is commonly designated the New School synod, and which embraces three presbyteries, fourteen ministers, twenty-one churches, and nine hundred and fit'ty-four members. The contributions, during the year 1845-6, to the General Assembly's Boards of Education and ^lissions, foreign and domestic, exceeded $13,000, indepen- dently of all that has been done for Center College, which is under its conuol, and has an endowment of over $70,000. The Rev. David Rice (or " Father Rice,^^ as that venerable man was familiarly known), was born in Hanover county, Va., December -20, 1733. He was con- verted under the preaching of President Edwards, and studied Theology under Rev. John Todd. In the struggle for national independence, he took a warm and zealous part, and did not esteem it unbecoming his clerical profession to harangue the people on their grievances at county meetings. In 1783, he removed to Kentuck)", and identified his fortunes with the infant colony. Besides his active duties as a minister of the gospel, and the organiza- tion of many churches, he was zealously engaged in advancing the cause of edu- cation. He was the first teacher in the Transylvania seminarj', and for several years the chairman of it5 board ot' trustees ; and when that seminary, at"ter its removal to Lexington, fell under deistical influence, he took an active part in rais- ing up a rival in the Kentucky academy. The public estimation in which he was held, maj' be inferred from his election as a member of the convention which met in Danville in 1792, to frame a state constitution. He exerted his influence in that convention, but without success, for the insertion of an article providing" for the gradual extinction of slavery in Kentucky. Previous to Mr. Rice's arrival in Kentucky, marriages had been solemnized by the magistrates; but after that event, the people made it a point to procure the services of a clergyman. On the 3d of June, 1784, he married a couple at Mc- Afee's station, and on the 4th, preached the funeral sermon of Mr. James M'Cann, sen., the first sermon ever preached on the banks of Salt river. Father Rice's talents were of a plain, practical cast — not of a commanding or- der. His judgment was sound, his disposition conser\-ative, and his deportment exemplary. He spent much time in prayer. In the pulpit, his manner was sol- emn and impressive ; in his intercourse with society, dignified and grave. His person was slender, but tall and active, and even at the age of seventy, he exhib- ited an astonishing degree of alertness. He died in Green county, on the 18th of June. 1816, in the 83d year of his age. His last words were — "Oh, when shall I be free from sin and sorrow I "* Rev. James Crawford removed with his family to Kentucky in 1784. Like most of the pioneer Presbyterian ministers, he was from Virginia. He settled at Walnut Hill, where he gathered and organized a flourishing church. Although laboring under feeble health, he was zealous and active in the cause of his Mas- ter, and numerous converts were added to the church through his instrumentality. He was a plain looking man, of very grave demeanor ; not a popular preacher, but highly useful and instructive. He died in March, 1803. The Rev. Tkrah Templin, having been licensed by the Hanover (Va.) pres- •This sketch, as well as most ot' those which follow, is ahriilpeil from " ne History of the Presbti- terian Church of Kfitucki/." by ilie Rev. Robert Davidson. D. D.. — a work eloquently and classically written, and displaying very extensive research — published at New York early in the present year. 134 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF bytery in 1780, soon after came to Kentucky, where he received ordination in 1785. He located in Washington county, on the south side of the Kentucky river, where he organized several churches, and did the work of an evangelist faithfully. He also organized several churches, and supplied destitute congrega- tions in Livingston county. He died October 6, 1818, at the advanced age of seventy-six. Faithful to the attachment of his early years, which had been pre- maturely sundered, he never married. His talents were respectable, his manner solemn and impressive, and his deportment exemplary, guileless, and unassu- ming. The Presbyterian ministry of Kentucky was reinforced, in 1786, by the acces- sion of the Rev. Thomas B. Craighead, and Rev. Andrew McCi.ure. Mr. Craighead was a native of North Carolina. Shortly after his arrival in Kentucky, he was called to the pastoral charge of the Shiloh congregation in Sumner county, Tenn. Here, being opposed to the extravagancies of the times, and sus- pected of favoring Pelagianism, he became unpopular. In 1805, a commission was appointed by the synod of Kentucky, which was directed to investigate the correctness of the report of his unsoundness. The investigation which suc- ceeded, a long and protracted one, resulted in the suspension of Mr. Craighead from the gospel ministry. He made several ineffectual efforts to have the sus- pension removed, but did not succeed until the year 1824, when he was enabled to make so good a vindication of himself, and to explain his views so much to the satisfaction of the General Assembly, that they restored him to his ministe- rial standing. Not long after this event, he departed this life in Nashville, aged about seventy years. For some time before his death, he had suffered under the combined misfortunes of poverty and blindness. Mr. Craighead was of a tall but spare figure, not less than six feet in height. He excelled as an extempora- neous orator — his eloquence being of that fervid kind which captivates and car- ries away the hearer in spite of himself. The Hon. John Breckinridge said of him, that his discourses made a more lasting impression upon his memory than those of any other man he had ever heard. The Rev. Andrew McClure, who removed to Kentucky in company with Mr. Craighead, in 1787, organized the Salem and Paris churches ; and in 1789 took charge of the latter, where he remained till his decease in 1793, in the 39th year of his age. In 1784, the Rev. Adam Rankin, of Augusta county, Va. came to Kentucky, and settled in Lexington. He immediately became the pastor of Mount Zion church, and subsequently, in conjunction, of that of Pisgah, about eight miles south-west of Lexington. In 1792, he separated from the Presbyterian church, on account of psalmody, carrying with him a majority of his congregation, and retaining possession of the church edifice in Lexington. The portion adhering to the Presbyterian communion erected a new building ; and in 1795, called the Rev. James Welch to the pastoral charge. Eight Missioners of the Synod entered Kentucky in the following order, viz: Robert Marshall in 1791; Carey H. Allen and William Calhoon in 1792 ; John P. Campbell and Samuel Rannells in 1794 ; Robert Stuart and Robert Wilson in 1798 ; and John Lyle in 1800. Rev. Robert Marshall was a native of Ireland, emigrating to Pennsylvania in his 12th year. He enlisted in the American army when sixteen years of age, and was in six general engagements in the revolutionary war, one of which was the hard-fought battle of Monmouth, where he narrowly escaped with his life, a bullet grazing his locks. He was licensed by Redstone presbytery to preach tlie gospel, and after his removal to Kentucky, was ordained, in 1793, pastor of Bethel and Blue spring churches. He was an active leader in the great revival of 1800, and carried away by the torrent of enthusiasm that swept over Kentucky. In 1803, he embraced the views of the New Lights, but afterwards saw his error, and, in 1811, returned to the bosom of the church. In 1812, he was reinstated in the pastoral charge of the Bethel church, where he continued till his decease in 1833, at the advanced age of 73. As a preacher, Mr. Marshall was clear, THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 135 logical, systematic, and adhered closely to his text. He was occasionally calm, mild and persuasive ; but more generally warm, vehement, and even startling in his language and manner, particularly when he attempted to rouse and impress his audience. Rev. Carey H. Allen, on the 11th of October, 1794, was ordained pastor of Paint Lie ii and Silver creek churches. He was a mirthful, fun loving, pleasant companion, and a great wit and satirist. Sanguine and impulsive, his sallies partook occasionally of no little eccentricity. On his way to Kentucky, he put up for the night at a house where the young people had assembled to dance. The handsome stranger was invited to join them, and no denial would be taken. At length he suffered himself to be led to the floor, and to have a partner assigned him, when all at once he called to the musician — " Stop ! I am always in the habit," said he, " when I enter on any business that I am unaccustomed to, first to ask the blessing of God upon it. Now, as I find myself in new and unexpected circumstances, I beg permission to implore the Divine direction in the matter." Suiting the action to the word, he dropped on his knees, and poured forth a prayer in his characteristic impassioned manner: then, springing to his feet he followed the prayer with a powerful and eloquent exhortation. Mute with astonishment at such an unlooked-for interruption, the company stood spell- bound. They were enchained by eloquence such as they had never listened to before; the orator's burning words sank into their souls, and found an echo in their consciences ; death and judgment flashed their terrors before their eyes ; and they felt how unprepared they were to meet their God. Bursting into tears, they besought him to tell them what they must do to be saved. He remained and preached in the neighborhood a few days ; and several hopeful conversions were the happy result of a measure which many would consider of questionable pro- priety, and which it must be admitted, in less skillful hands, might have proved a signal failure. Mr. Allen was a man of highly popular talents, impassioned eloquence and ardent zeal. He was remarkably fluent — his style original and forcible — and he never failed to make a powerful impression wherever he went. After a brief ministry of less than two years, he was carried off* by consumption amid flattering prospects of usefulness, on the 5th of August, 1795. The Rev. John Poage Campbell, M. D., unquestionably the most brilliant in this constellation of missionaries, was born in Augusta county, Va., in 1767, and removed to Kentucky with his father when fourteen years of age. He gradu- ated at Hampden Sidney in 1790, and in 1792 was licensed to preach. Such was the esteem in which he was held, that he was at once associated with his preceptor, (Dr. Moses Hoge), as co-pastor of Lexington, Oxford, New Mon- mouth and Timber Ridge congregations. In 1795, he took up his abode in Ken- tucky, and his first charge was the churches of Smyrna and Flemingsburg. He afterwards exercised his ministry in various places, among which were Danville, Nicholasville, Cherry Spring, Versailles, Lexington, and Chillicothe; and in 1811, he officiated as chaplain to the legislature. Dr. Campbell possessed an acute and discriminating mind ; was an accurate and well read theologian; an able polemic; and decidedly the most talented, popular, and influential minister of his day. His pen was very prolific. His published writings were numerous and able, among them — Strictures on Stone's Letters on the Atonement — Essays on Justification — Letters to Craighead — A Sermon on Christian Baptism — The Pelagian Detected, a Reply to Craighead — An Answer to Jones, and Review of Robinson's History of Baptism, &c., &c. Dr. Campbell was married three times, and on his demise, left a family of nine children. His death occurred on the 4th of November, 1814, at the age of 53, in the vicinity of Chillicothe, Ohio. The Rev. Samuel Rannells was born in Hampshire county, Va., December 10th, 1765. He was licensed in 1794, and the next spring visited Kentucky as one of the synod's missionaries. Li 1796, he was ordained over the united churches of Paris and Stonermouth, which charge he retained for twenty-two years, until his death, March 24th, 1817, in the 52d year of his age. He was a man ol eminent piety, of exemplary conduct, and of respectable talents — remark- ably gifted in prayer, and a zealous and indefatigable minister. 136 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF The Rev. Robert Stuart came to Kentucky in 1798. In December of the same year, lie was appointed Professor of Languages in Transylvania University, but resigned in the year following. During the year 1803, he preached to the church of Salem; and in 1804, took charge of Walnut Hill church, about six miles east of Lexington, which he continued to retain for nearly forty years. He has performed much laborious service in the church — is a man of rare pru- dence and discretion — and is esteemed by all who know him, as "an Israelite indeed, in whom there is no guile." This venerable father still lives, in the 75th year of his age, while most of his early companions in the ministry of Kentucky, have gone to their rest. The Rev. Robert Wilson was descended from ancestors whom persecution had driven from the north of Ireland to western Virginia. He entered Kentucky as a missionary in 1798, and on the expiration of his engagement, married and set- tled in Washington, Mason county, where he remained till his death, October 31, 1822, in the fiftieth year of his age. He was an amiable and estimable man, possessing great equanimity of temper, and remarkable throughout his whole ministerial career, for his active, humble and devoted piety. While his labors were signally blessed among his own, flock, it was through his unwearied exertions that the churches of Augusta and Maysville were organized ; and those of Smyrna and Flemingsburg owed to him their preservation when languishing without a pastor. The Rev. John Lvle was a native of Rockbridge county, Va. born on 20th October, 1769. He was licensed to preach the gospel in 1795. In 1797, he came to Kentucky as a missionary, and in 1800 took charge of Salern church, where he remained for several years. Mr. Lyle subsequently removed to Paris, where he established a female academy, which became one of the most flourishing in the state, embracing from 150 to 200 pupils. In 1809, he declined teaching, but con- tinued in the active discharge of his ministerial labors until 1825, on the 22d of July of which year he departed this life. He bore a prominent part in the trying scenes through which the church was called to pass during the early period of his ministry. He was a man of sound judgment and studious habits; his manner, in the pulpit, feeling and earnest, and his matter sensible. As an evidence of the blessed fruits of his faithful, earnest and affectionate style of preaching, on one occasion, at Mount Pleasant, the Rev. William L. McCalla noted the names of thirty-three persons impressed by the sermon, thirty-one of whom afterward became respectable members of the church. Rev. Archibald Cameron. [A sketch of this distinguished divine, prepared by a friend, but too long for insertion under this head, will be found under the head of Shelby county.] Rev. Joseph P. Howe came from North Carolina in 1794, and was ordained in July, 1795, over Little Mountain (Mount Sterling) and Springfield. He was a good man — prayed and sang well — and took a conspicuous part in the Great Re- vival. He died in 1830. Rev. James Welch, from Virginia, was ordained pastor of the Lexington and Georgetown churches, in 1796, in which charge he continued till 1804. He was obliged to practice medicine for the support of his family. In 1799, he was ap- pointed professor of ancient languages in the Transylvania University, which station he filled for several years. Revs. Matthew Houston, John Dunlavv, and Richard McNk.mar, who came to Kentucky about the close of the last century, became Shakers — the latter still living. Rev. John Howe was installed pastor of Beaver creek and Little Barren, in April, 1798. He is still living, and has been for many years connected with the church at Greensburg. THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 137 Many other ministers came to Kentucky about the close of the last century, among them the Rev. William Robinson, who, in 1804, was dismissed to Wash- ington Presbytery; Rev. Samuel Finley, from South Carolina; Rev. James Vance, from Virginia ; Rev, James Kemper, and Rev. Samuel B. Robertson, and Rev. John Bowman, and Rev. John Thompson, from North Carolina. Rev. James Blvthe, D. D., was among the early and distinguished preachers in the field. He was born in North Carolina in 1765, and came to Kentucky, as a licentiate, in 1791. In July, 1793, he was ordained pastor of Pisgah and Clear creek churches. To these churches he ministered, as pastor or stated supply, for upwards of forty years. Dr. Blythe took an active part in the establishment of the Kentucky academy. When that institution, in 1798, was merged in the Uni- versity of Transylvania, he was appointed professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, and Geography ; and, subsequently, on the resignation of Mr. Moore, fulfilled for twelve or fifteen years the duties of acting president. On the election of Dr. Holly, as president, in 1818, Dr. Blythe was trans- ferred to the chair of Chemistry in the medical department, which situation he retained till 1831, when he resigned. As a preacher, Dr. Blythe was full of energy and animation, in his earlier career ; in his latter years, he yielded more to the softer emotions. His native strength of character, prompt decision, and practical turn, enabled him to acquit himself creditably in every situation ; while, in deliberative bodies, and the courts of the church, these qualities gave him a marked ascendency, to which his portly figure and commanding appearance contributed not a little. He died in 1842, aged seventy-seven years. In the year 1820, died the Rev. James McChord. He was born in Baltimore in 1785, and removed to Lexington when five years of age. His education was liberal, and at an early age he proceeded to read law with the Hon. Henry Clay. Becoming pious, he devoted his life to the ministry. He was chosen the first pastor of the second Presbyterian church of Lexington in 1815, which situation he held till the year 1819, when he removed to Paris. His published writings were considerable, among them tvvo volumes of sermons. Mr. McChord was a remarkably brilliant man — possessing a rapid and comprehensive intellect, a glowing and gorgeous style, and an exuberant imagination. His successors in the second or McChord church, were able and eloquent men — the Rev. John Breck- inridge in 1823; Rev. John C. Young in 1829; Rev. Robert Davidson in 1832; Rev. John D. Matthews in 1841 ; and Rev. John H. Brown, in 1844. The Rev. Gideon Blackburn was one of the most eloquent divines of the west; and his early history presents a most remarkable instance of perseverance in the face of difficulties. Left an orphan and penniless when about eleven years of age (being defrauded out of the handsome patrimony of twenty thousand dol- lars), a kind school-master gave him instruction gratuitously; and he obtained a situation in a saw-mill, where he tended the saw from dark till day-light, study- ing by a fire of pine-knots. In this way he earned a dollar every night, and made rapid proficiency in his studies. Thus he struggled on till ready to enter college. To defray this new expense, he labored as a surveyor for four months ; frequently sleeping in a cane-brake to avoid the Indians, and having no shelter from the rain but a blanket. He received for his pay fourteen horses, valued at forty dollars a-piece. These he took to Maryland and sold for fifteen hundred dollars ; with which he discharged all his debts, and went through Dickinson college. Thus early enured to hardships, he was admirably fitted for the arduous duties of a missionary to the Cherokee Indians, to which he was appointed by the general assembly in 1803, when 31 years of age. In 1827, he was appointed President of Centre College at Danville, which situation he filled till 1830, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Dr. Young. The last years of his life were spent in Illinois. The Rev. John McFarland and the Rev. David Nelson were clergymen of a high order of talent. The former died, while pastor of the Paris church, in v. 1828; the latter departed this life, in Illinois, in 1844. 138 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE The Rev. Thomas Clelland, D. D., is among the few surviving ministers who took part in the great Revival commencing in 1800. He was born in Mary- land in 1777, and came to Kentucky when very young. He has been for nearly half a century, an active, laborious and remarkably successful herald of the cross. His printed works have been numerous and popular. At the age of three score and ten, there seems to be but little abatement of his mental and physical ener- gies. The Rev. John Breckinridge, D. D., was the sixth of nine children of the Hon. John Breckinridge, (of whose life a sketch will be found under the head of Breckinridge county). He was born at Cabell's-Dale, on North Elkhorn, on the 4th day of" July, 1797; and died at the same place on the 4th day of August, 1841, having just completed his 44th year. Some account has been given of his paternal ancestors, in the notice of his father; and of his maternal, in that of his elder brother, Joseph Cabell Breckinridge. His father died when he was nine years old ; and from that time, he was reared under the care of his widowed mother, and brother Cabell, who was his guardian. His education was conduct- ed at the best schools which Kentucky afforded, and completed at Princeton colleo-e, N. J., where he spent about three years as a pupil, and graduated with great distinction in the autumn of 1818, having just completed his 21st year. He was destined by his family for the profession of the law. During his residence in Princeton college, he became a subject of divine grace, and united himself with the Presbyterian church, to which his paternal ancestors had been attached from the period of the reformation of the sixteenth century, in Scotland ; and determined, against the earnest wishes of all his immediate family — not one of whom was at that time a professor of religion — to devote himself to the gospel ministry, and, as it is believed, to the work of foreign missions. The providen- tial dealings of God constantly frustrated this latter intention, but the former was carried into effect; and after spending several years more in Princeton, as a student of the theological seminary there, and part of the time as a tutor in the college, he was licensed and ordained a minister of Jesus Christ, in the Presby- terian church of the United States. In 1822, he was chaplain of the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States. In 1823, he settled in Lexington, Ky., as pastor of the Mc- Chord church of that place. In 1826, he removed to the city of Baltimore, as co-pastor of the late Rev. Dr. Glendy ; and afterwards, as sole pastor of the sec- ond Presbyterian church in that city. In 18.31, he removed to the city of Phila- delphia, as secretary and general agent of the board of education of the Pres- byterian church. In 1836, the general assembly of that church elected him a professor in the theological seminary at Princeton, New Jersey, to which place he then removed. Upon the organization of the board of foreign missions by the Presbyterian church, he was elected its secretary and general agent, and contin- ued at the head of the operations of that board from about 1838 to 1840. At the period of his death, he was the pastor elect of the Presbyterian church in the city of New Orleans, and president elect of the university of Oglethorpe, in Georgia. He was a man of extraordinary gifts. To great gentleness and refinement of manners and feelings, he added remarkable correctness and vigor of purpose and force of will. Ardent and intrepid, as ever man was, he was also patient of labor, calm and wary in the formation of his designs, and indomitable in the resolution with which he pursued his objects. His success in life was, of necessity, striking and universal ; and at the period of his death, though he had scarcely attained the meridian of life, he was probably as universally known, and as universally admired and loved, as any minister of the gospel in America had ever been. A more generous, disinterested and benevolent man, never lived. His talents were of a high order; and in the midst of a life of incessant activity, he acquired very extensive learning in his immediate profession, and was justly and highly dis- tinguished for the compass and elegance of his general attainments. As a pub- lic speaker, and especially as a pulpit orator, few of his generation equalled him — and taken for all in all, hardly one excelled him. So greatly was he ad- mired and loved, and so high was the public confidence in him, that calls and in- vitations to churches, colleges, and every sort of public employment, suitable to ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 139 his calling as a christian minister, were continually pressed upon him from every section of tiie United States. His connection with the great movements and controversies of his age, so far as they bore a moral or religious aspect, was close and constant. A few hours before his death, and almost as his last words, he uttered these sublime words : " I am a poor sinner, who have worked hard, and had constantly before my mind one great object — the conversion of the WORLD." It was a true and an honest synopsis of his life and labors. One of the most extraordinary and scandalous events that ever occurred, was the attempt made five years after the death of this good and great man, by cer- tain Roman Catholics of St. Louis and elsewhere, to prove that he had died a convert to their religion — a religion which he spent many years of his life in the most ardent efforts to confute and expose — and in regard to which, the evidence was perfectly conclusive that, to the end of his life, he thought the worse of it, as he more and more examined it. In personal appearance, he was a man of the middle stature — lightly, but finely and elegantly made — and possessed of great strength and activity. His features wore an habitual aspect of mingled gentleness, sadness, and almost severity. His eyes and hair were light hazle. He was twice married — the first time, to a daughter of the Rev. Dr. Miller, of New .Jersey ; the second time, to a daughter of Colonel Babcock, of Connecticut. His second wife, and three children by the first, and one by the second marriage, survive him. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE EARLY ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, IN KENTUCKY; WITH BRIEF BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE PRINCIPAL CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES, WHO HAVE SUCCESSIVELY LABORED IN THIS STATE. Thk glowing accounts of the surpassing beauty and fertility of Kentucky, fur- nished by the early pioneers on their return to the bosom of their families in North Carolina and Virginia, created a deep sensation throughout the western borders of these states, and awakened a spirit of adventure, which soon extended to Maryland and other adjoining states. Large bodies of emigrants began to pour into the newly discovered and but half explored wilderness, inhabited till then only by wild beasts and by roving bands of savages. The daring spirit of Boone, Harrod and Logan was soon communicated to large masses of popula- tion; and the consequence was, that in less than a quarter of a century from its first discovery or exploration, Kentucky had a suflficient population to be admitted as one of the independent states of this great confederacy; the second that was added to the venerable thirteen, which had fought the battles of independence. Maryland shared abundantly in the enthusiasm which had already set one- fourth of the adjacent populations in motion towards the west. The Catholics wiio settled in Kentucky, came principally from this state, which had been founded by Lord Baltimore, and a band of colonists professing the Roman Catholic religion. Bold, hardy, adventurous and strongly attached to their faith, but tolerant towards those of other denominations, the Catholic emigrants to Kentucky, proved not unworthy of their ancestors, who had been the first to un- furl on this western continent, the broad banner of universal freedom, both civil and religious.* They cheerfully underwent the labors, privations and dangers, ♦Bancroft in his History of ths Uniled States. (Vol. I. Maryland), awards this praise to the Catholic colonists of Maryland; and so do our other historians, yassiwi. 140 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE to ■which all the early emigrants were exposed ; and they made common cause with their brethren in providing for the security of their new homes in the wil- derness, and in repelling Indian invasions. Several of their number were killed or dragged into captivity on their way to Kentucky ; others passed through stir- ring adventures, and made hair-breadth escapes. The first Catholic emigrants to Kentucky, with whose history we are ac- quainted, were Dr. Hart and William Coomes. These came out in the spring of 1775, and settled at Harrod's station. Here Dr. Hart engaged in the practice of medicine ; and the wife of William Coomes opened a school for children. Thus in all probability, the first practising physician and the first school teacher of our infant commonwealth were both Roman Catholics. A few years later they removed with their families to Bardstown, in the vicinity of which most of the Catholic emigrants subsequently located themselves. Previously to their removal, however, they were both actively employed in the defence of Harrod's Station during its memorable siege by the Indians in 1776-77. William Coomes was with the party which first discovered the approach of the savages; one of his companions was shot dead at his side ; and he made a narrow escape with his life. In the year 1785 a large colony of Catholics emigrated to Kentucky from Maryland, with the Haydens and Lancasters, and settled chiefly on Pottinger's creeic, at a distance of from ten to fifteen miles from Bardstown. They were followed in the spring of the next year, by another colony led out by captain James Rapier, who located himself in the same neighborhood. In 1787, Thomas Hill and Philip Miles brought out another band of Catholic emigrants, and they were followed in 1788, by Robert Abell, and his friends: and in 1790-91, by Benedict Spalding and Leonard Hamilton, with their families and connexions. The last named colonists settled on the Rolling Fork, a branch of Salt river, in the present county of Marion. In the spring of the year 1787, there were already about fifty Catholic families in Kentucky. They had as yet no Catholic clergyman to administer to their spiritual wants: and they felt the privation most keenly. Upon application to the Very Rev. John Carroll, of Baltimore, then the ecclesiastical superior of all the Catholics in the ITnited States, they had the happiness to receive as their first pastor the Rev. Mr, Whelan, a zealous and talented Irish priest, who had served as chaplain in the French navy, which had come to our assistance in the struggle for independence. He remained with his new charge till the spring of 1790, when he returned to Maryland by the way of New Orleans. After his departure, the Catholics of Kentucky were again left in a destitute condition for nearly three years ; when they were consoled by the appearance among them of the Rev. Stephen Theodore Badin, who was sent out as their pastor by bishop Carroll, of Baltimore, in the year 1793. This excellent, learned, zealous and indefatigable religious pioneer of our state, still lingering in venera- ble old age above the horizon of life, labored with unremitting zeal among the Catholics of our state for more than thirty years, and even after this long term of service, though worn down with previous exertion, and induced to travel and take some relaxation for his health, he still continued to work at intervals in the vine- yard which he had so dearly loved and so long cultivated. His adventures and hardships would fill a volume; and the varied incidents of his remarkable life cannot even be alluded to in this brief sketch. W^herever there was sickness or spiritual destitution ; wherever error or vice was to be eradicated, and virtue inculcated ; wherever youth was to be instructed and trained to religious observances ; wherever, in a word, his spiritual ministrations were most needed, there he was sure to be found laboring with all his native energy, for the good of his neighbor. Difl!iculties and dangers, which would have appalled a heart less stout and resolute, were set at naught by this untiring man. He traversed Kentucky on horseback hundreds of times on missionary duty; and he spent nearly half his time in the saddle. Through rain and storm, through hail and snow; along the beaten path and through the trackless wilderness, by day and by night, he might be seen going on his errand of mercy; often for years together, alone in the field, and always among the foremost to labor, even when subsequently joined by other zealous Catholic missionaries. He was intimate with the most distinguished men of Kentucky in the early ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 141 times, and his politeness, learning, affability and wit, made him always a wel- come guest at their tables. When he first came to Kentucky in 1793, he estimated the number of Catho- lic families in the state at three, hundred ; he has lived to see this number swell to more than six thousand. When he first entered on this missionary field, there was not a Catholic church in the entire commonwealth, and there were few, if any, Catholic schools; at present there are more than forty churches, besides a great number of missionary stations, about forty Catholic priests, one religious establishment for men, two colleges for young men, four female religious in- stitutions, eleven academies for girls, five or six charitable institutions : besides an ecclesiastical seminary, and some minor schools. The entire Catholic popula- tion of the State, may be now estimated at thirty thousand. After having remained alone in Kentucky for nearly four years. Rev. M. Badin was joined by another zealous Catholic missionary, like himself a native of France; the Rev. M. Fournier, who reached the State in February, 1797. Two years later — in February, 1799, the two missionaries were cheered by the arrival of another, the Rev. M. Salmon, likewise a Frenchman. But these two last named clergymen did not long survive the arduous labors of the mission. M. Salmon after a serious illness contracted by exposure, was suddenly killed by a fall from his horse near Bardstown, on the 9th of November, 1799; and the Rev. M. Foamier died soon after on the Rolling Fork, probably from the rupture of a blood-vessel. Their places were filled by the Rev. Mr. Thayer, a native of New England, who had once been a Congregational minister in Boston, but had from convic- tion become a Catholic, and had been promoted to the ministry in- our church. He arrived in Kentucky in 1799; having been sent out, like the rest, by bishop Carroll, of Baltimore, the venerable patriarch of the Catholic church in America; and he remained in the State till 1803. After his departure, M. Badin was again left alone for about two years, — until the year 1805. This year is memorable in our religious annals, as marking the arrival among us of one among the most active and efficient of our early missionaries — the Rev. Charles Nerinckx, a native of Belgium, who, like many others of our first mis- sionaries, had been compelled to leave Europe in consequence of the disturbances caused by the French Revolution. Strong, healthy, robust, and full of faith and religious zeal, he was admirably suited to endure the hardships necessarily con- nected with our early missions. He shrank from no labor, and was disheartened by no difficulties. He labored without cessation, both bodily and mentally, for nearly twenty years, and he died on a missionary excursion to Missouri, in 1824. He erected in Kentucky no less than ten Catholic churches, in the building of which he often worked with his own hands. Two of these were of brick, and the rest of hewed logs. For many years he had charge of six large congregations, besides a great num- ber of minor stations, scattered over the whole extent of the State. Like M. Badin, he spent much of his time on horseback, and traveled by night as well as by day. On his famous horse Printer, he very often traveled sixty miles in the day; and to save time, he not unfrequently set out on his journeys at sunset. He often swam swollen creeks and rivers, even in the dead of winter; he frequently slept in the woods: and on one occasion, in what is now Grayson county, he was beset by wolves during a whole night, when he was saved, under the divine pro- tection, by his presence of mind in sitting on his horse and keeping his persecu- tors at bay by hallooing at the top of his voice. Exact in enforcing discipline, he was more rigid with himself than with any one else. He cared not for his bodily comfort, and was content with the poorest accommodations. He delighted to visit the poor, and to console them in their afflictions; while children and ser- vants were the special objects of his pastoral solicitude. In order to promote female piety and education, this good man founded the Sisterhood of Loretto, in April, 181'2. The objects of this establishment were; to enable those young ladies who wished to retire from the world, and to devote themselves wholly to prayer and the exercises of charity, to be useful to them- selves and to others, by diffusing the blessings of a Christian education among young persons of their own sex, especially among the daughters of the poor. They were also to receive and rear up orphan girls, who, if left on the cold char- ities of the world, might have gone to ruin themselves, and have become an 142 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE occasion of ruin to others. The institution succeeded even beyond his most san- guine expectations. Within the twelve years which elapsed from its establish- ment to the death of its founder, the number of sisters who devoted themselves to this manner of life had already increased to more than a hundred ; and they had under their charge more than two hundred and fifty girls, distributed through six diflerent schools, besides many orphans, whom they fed, clothed, and educated gratuitously. The institution now reckons about one hundred and eighty mem- bers ; and besides the mother house, which is at Loretto, in Marion county, it has eight branch establishments, five of which are in Kentucky, and three in Mis- souri. All of these have female schools attached to them, in which young ladies are taught not only the elements of English education, but also the varied accom- plishments which fit them for the most refined society. In the spring of the year 1806, a new band of Catholic missionaries came to Kentucky, and established themselves at St. Rose's, near Springfield. They were the Rev. Messrs. Edward Fenwick,* Thomas Wilson, Wm. Raymond Tuite, and R. Anger; the first a native of Maryland, and the three last Englishmen. They were all of the order of St. Dominic. They took charge of a considerable por- tion of the Catholic missions, and labored with great zeal and efficiency in the vineyard. Connected with their institution were a theological seminary and a college for young men, both of which contiimed to flourish for many years. Aboui a mile from St. Rose's, there was also established, at a later period, the still flourishing female institution of St. Magdalene's, conducted by sisters of the third order of St. Dominic, which has now a branch establishment at Somer- set, Ohio. This latter institution, the permanent establishment of which is mainly due to the enlightened zeal of Bishop Miles, of Nashville, has done great good in promoting the diffusion of female education among all classes of our population. In the fall of the year 1805, the Trappists came to Kentucky with the Rev. Urban Guillet, their superior; and they remained in the State, at their establish- ment on Pottinger's creek, near Rohan's knob, for about four years, when they removed to Missouri, and subsequently to Illinois. They were a body of religious monks who devoted themselves to fasting and prayer, and lived retired from the world. They were, however, of great assistance to the infant Catholic missions of Kentucky, not only by the influence of their prayers and good example, but also by their efforts to promote education, especially among the children of the poor. They established a school for boys, in which manual labor and instruc- tion in the mechanical arts were combined with a religious training and the teaching of the ordinary rudiments of an English education. In the year 18II, the Catholics of our State were cheered by the arrival among them of their first bishop, the Rt. Reverend Dr. Flaget, who had been consecrated in Baltimore by Bishop Carroll, on the 4th of November of the previous year. This venerable missionary pioneer, now in his eighty-fourth year, had been already in the west, having been stationed for two years at Post Vincennes, as early as 1792, shortly after his arrival in the United States from France, his native country. When he passed Cincinnati in tha.t year, there were only four rude cabins in this now flourishing city; and Louisville was but little farther ad- vanced. How different is the entire west now, from what it was on occasion of his first visit, or even on that of his second in 1811 ! What was then an unre- claimed wilderness, filled with wild beasts and still, fiercer savages, is now a smiling garden of civilization. We cannot attempt to write even a rapid sketch of the life and labors of Bishop Flaget in Kentucky, during the last thirty-six years; a volume would be neces- sary to do full justice to his excellent and admirable character. The incidents of his life are familiar to all the Catholics of the State; while the many benev- olent and literary institutions he has reared, are the best monuments to his mem- ory. Suffice it to say, that he has ever blended the active benevolence and charity of the Christian missionary with the amiable politeness of the accom- plished gentleman. He had and still has a multitude of warm friends, even among. the dissenting communions : he never had one enemy. Among the companions of Bishop Flaget, when he came to take up his * Subsequently the first bishop of Cincinnati. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 143 permanent abode in Kentucky, were the Rev. J. B. M. David, and the Rev. G. J. Chabrat — the latter not yet a priest; both of whom afterwards were succes- sively appointed his coadjutors. The latter was the first priest ordained by Bishop Flaget in Kentucky. The Rev. Mr. David, or, as he was familiarly called. Father David, was con- secrated bishop in the newly dedicated cathedral of Bardstown, on the 15th of August, 1819; and he died on the 12th of July, 1841, in the eighty-first year of his age. He was the founder of the theological seminary of Bardstown, and of the order of Sisters of Charity, in Kentucky. In the former institution, founded in 1811, were educated most of the clergymen now on the missions of Ken- tucky, many of them under his own eye. The society of Sisters of Charity was commenced at St. Thomas, four miles from Bardstown, in November, 1812; and the number of its members increased apace, until it was soon able to send out new colonies to different parts of the State. The society now has four branch establishments under the general supervision of tlie parent institution at Naza- reth, near Bardstown; it has more than seventy-five members; it educates annually about five hundred young ladies, and has charge of an infirmary and orphan asylum, in the latter of which there are at present about seventy orphan girls, rescued from want, and trained to virtue and learning. Among the most zealous and efficient deceased Catholic clergymen of our State, we may reckon the Rev. William Byrne and the Rev. G. A. M. Elder; the former an Irishman, and the founder of St. Mary's college, in Marion county; the latter a Kentuckian, and the founder of St. Joseph's college, in Bardstown. These two institutions, which have continued to flourish ever since, and which have been of immense advantage to the cause of education in Kentucky, stand forth the fittest and most durable monuments to their memory. Having been for many years bound together by ties of the closest Christian friendship, they were both ordained together in the cathedral of Bardstown, by Bishop David, on the 18th of September, 1819. As an evidence of the unconquerable energy of these two men, we may re- mark, that the two institutions which they respectively founded, and in the welfare of which they felt so lively an interest, were both reduced to ashes under their very eyes, — St. Mary's college at two different times ; and that they were immediately rebuilt by their founders, who, far from being discouraged by the afflicting disaster, seemed in consetjuence of it to be clothed, on the contrary, with new vigor and resolution. No difficulties terrified them ; no obstacles were deemed by them insurmountable. The State never contributed one dollar to either of these institutions, nor were they erected by the wealth of their founders or the liberal contributions of individuals. The persevering industry and untir- ing energy of two men, wholly unprovided with pecuniary means, and yet deter- mined to succeed at all hazards, built up, rebuilt, and maintained those two institu- tions of learning. They and their associates asked no salary, no worldly retribu- tion for their labors ; and the entire proceeds of the institutions thus went towards paying the debts contracted for the erection of them. So great was the confi- dence reposed in the two founders by all classes of the community, that they had credit, to an unlimited amount ; and it is almost needless to add, that not one of their creditors ever lost a dollar by the trust reposed in their integrity and ability to meet all their liabilities. The Rev. William Byrne died of the cholera, at St. Mary's college, on the 5th of June, 1833 ; and his friend followed him on the 28th of September, 1838. The latter died at St. Joseph's college, of an affection of the heart, which he had contracted many years before, while a student at Emmetsburgh college, Maryland. Both fell victims of their zeal in the discharge of the duties of their office; both died in the arms of their dearest friends, in the institutions which they had reared, and wliich they left behind them as their sepulchral monuments. Here we must close this hasty and imperfect sketch. The narrow limits by which we were confined, prevented us from speaking of several other things wor- thy of notice in our religious history ; while we have on purpose abstained from saying much of those who are still living, whose biographies will be more ap- propriately written when they shall be nomore. MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. GOVERNORS, LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS AND SECRETARIES OF THE COMMONWEALTH. I. Isaac Shelby, the first governor, took the oath of office on the 4th of June, 1792, under the first constitution. James Brown, secretary of state. 11. James Garrard took the oath of ofiice June 1, 1796. Harry Toulman, secretary. The present constitution was formed 1799. III. James Garrard, being eligible, was again elected governor; Alexander S. Bullitt, lieu- tenant governor ; Harry Toulman secretary — 1800. /l.*'( ■ ' ■• IV. Christopher Greenup, governor; John Caldwell, lieutenant governor; John Rowan, secretary — 1 804. V. Charles Scott, governor; Gabriel Slaughter, lieutenant governor; Jesse Bledsoe, secretary — 1808. VI. Isaac Shelby, governor; Richard Hickman, lieutenant governor; Martin D. Hardin, secretary — 1812. VII. George Madison, governor ; Gabriel Slaughter, lieutenant governor ; Charles S. Todd, secretary — 1816. Governor Madison died at Paris, Kentucky, on the 14th October, 1816, and on the 2lst of the same month, Gabriel Slaughter, lieutenant governor, as- sumed the duties of executive. John Pope, and after him, Oliver G. Waggoner, secretary. VIII. John Adair, governor ; William T. Barry, lieutenant governor; Joseph Cabell Breck- inridge, and after him, Thomas B. Monroe, secretary — 1820. IX. Joseph Desha, governor ; Robert B. M'Afee, lieutenant governor ; William T. Barry, succeeded by James C. Pickett, secretary — 1824. X. Thomas Metcalfe, governor; John Breathitt, lieutenant governor; George Robertson, succeeded by Thomas T. Crittenden, secretary — 1828. XI. John Breathitt, governor: James T. Morehead, lieutenant governor; Lewis Sanders, jr., secretary. Governor Breathitt died on the 21st of February, 1834, and on the 22d of the same month, James T. Morehead, the lieutenant governor, took the oath of office as governor of the state. John J. Crittenden, William Owsley and Austin P. Cox, were successively, secretary — 1832. XII. James Clark, governor ; Charles A. Wickliffe, lieutenant governor ; James M. Bul- lock, secretary. Governor Clark departed this life on the 27th September, 1839, and on the 5th of October, Charles A. Wicklifie, lieutenant governor, assumed the duties of Governor — 1836. XIII. Robert P. Letcher, governor ; Manlius V. Thomson, lieutenant governor ; James Harlan, secretary — 1840. XIV. William Owsley, governor; Archibald Dixon, lieutenant governor ; Benjamin Har- din, George B. Kinkead and William D. Reed, successively, secretary — 1844. LIST OF SENATORS IN CONGRESS, FROM 1792 TO 1847. In. Out. Adair, John 1805-06 Barry, William T 1814-16 T,.,, „ ,, C 1811-14 Bibb, George M J 1829-35 Bledsoe, Jesse 1813-15 Breckinridge, John 1801-05 Brown, John 1792-95 r 1806-07 Clay, Henry < 1810-11 (^1831-42 . r 1817-19 Crittendoin, John J ^ 1835-4 L . . . ( 1842-49 (144) In. Out. Edwards, John 1792-95 Hardin, Martin D 1816-17 Johnson, Richard M 1819-29 Logan, William 1819-20 Marshall, Humphrey 1795-1801 Morehead, James T 1841-47 Pope, John 1807-13 Rowan, John 182.5-31 Talbot, Isham < 1820-25 Thurston, John Buckner .* . . . 1805-10 Underwood, Joseph R 1847-53 Walker, George '.814-15 REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 145 LIST OF REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. In. Out Adair, John 1831-33 Allan, Chilton 1831_37 Anderson, Richard C 1817-21 Anderson, S. H 1839-41 Andrews, L. W 1839-43 Barry, William T 1810-11 Beatty, Martin 1833-35 Bedinger, George M 1803-07 Bell, Joshua F 1845-47 D J T • ^ 1835-37 Boyd, Linn 1 1839-47 Boyle, John 1803-09 Breckenridge, J. D 1821-23 Brown, William 1819-21 Buckner, Richard A 1823-29 Bullock, Wingfield 1820-21 Butler, WilUara 1839-43 CaldweU, G. A 1843-45 Calhoun, John 1835-39 Campbell, John 1837-38 Chambers, John < 1835~39 Chilton, Thomas < ls• lature, in which he served several years, with distinguished credit to hii :.>li'. and with the marked approbation of his constituents. He was accord 'j]y elected to congress, in 1817, by a handsome majority over his opponent — tl^' old incumbent. In congress he continued four years, during which time he puriici- pated in the splendid debates of that most interesting period, with an abilit' and success, which reflected no slight honor on his character as an orator ^ffd'a statesman. His reported speeches, during this period, are admirable for iheir terseness, beauty of arrangement, closeness of argument, and unambitiou ele- gance of diction ; but they now lack the charm of that distinct and melodioi,-. elo- cution — that graceful and manly and persuasive manner — which gave interest and attractiveness to their delivery. In 1822, declining a re-election to coni^ress, under the belief that his services were more needed in the councils of his own State, than in those of the nation, he again entered the State legislature, and ITO ANDERSON COUNTY. was chosen speaker of the house of representatives. The duties of this office he discharged, in that most excited period of our State history, with a courtesy, propriety, discretion and ability, that caused him to be regarded, by many of th;it day, as the perfect model of a presiding officer.. This was the origin of the angry controversy existing between the old and new court parties, to the fojmer of which Mr. Anderson belonged. In January, 1823, Mr. Anderson was appointed, by President Monroe, the first minister plenipotentiary to the Republic of Colombia. Upon his arrival at Bogota — the capital — with his family, he was received with every demonstration of honor and respect. He resided there bir a very short time, before he came to be regarded, by the autlrorities of the republic, rather as a friend and counsellor than as a stranger. His intercourse ■with the principal officers of state, was of tbe most agreeable and confidential character. In 1824 he negotiated the treaty i)etween the two republics, which was ratified among the last acts of President Monroe's administration. In 1825 he lost his wife — an adrriirable and estimable lady, to whom he was most ten- derly attached. This loss induced him to return home for a short time, in order to olace his children — two daughters and a son — with his friends in Kentucky. In October of that year, he revisited Bogota, accompanied by his brother, now C-.'ptain Robert Anderson of the U. S., Army, and remained until July, 1826, when he was instructed by President Adams to repair to Porto Bello, to join Mr. Sergeant, who had been appointed together with himself, an envoy extraor- dioary and minister plenipotentiary to the congress to be assembled at Panama. On his way to Carthagena, his intended place of embarkation, he fell sick at Turbaco, a small village some twelve miles distant from that city, where, on the 24th day of July, his disease terminated in death. He was succeeded in his mi:!sion to Colombia, by the late ex-president of the United States, General W;lliam H. Harrison. Thus prematurely ended a brilliant career of usefulness and honor, and of still hir'-her promise. The writer of this slight sketch heard one of the most distin- guished men of our country declare, that Mr. Anderson's death alone in all pro- bability, prevented his reaching the highest office in the Union. A brief but disci-iminating notice by the editor, in the National Intelligencer, of August 29th, K-tG, renders the following just tribute to his worth and memory. "The United States in general, and his native State of Kentucky in particular, have sustained a great loss in the death of this distinguished gentleman. On his former visit to Colombia he lost his excellent wife — which bereavement he did not long survive. " Mr. Anderson was one of the most amiable of men, and most discreet of politi- cians. A career of a few years in congress disclosed his valuable qualities. He ptjssessed in an eminent degree, a clear discriminating mind, combined with the mcst conciliatory and persuasive address, the effect of which has often been seen on the floor of the house of representatives, and afterwards on that of the popu- lar branch of the legislature of Kentucky, in the midst of the greatest conten- tions, like oil stilling the agitated waves of the ocean. In this point of his char- acter, it is sufficient praise to say, he nearly resembled the late lamented William Lowndes. In brief, without offence be it said, the country could not boast a better man than Richard C. Anderson." Mr. Anderson was so actively engaged in professional and political pursuits, thfit he had but little leisure for literature. He was fondly addicted, however, to reading, and devoted most of his spare time to books — principally of biography aiiii history. His writings are few, but those few are characterised by strong sense, sober reasoning and sagacious insight. He was the author of the article in the North American Review, for October, 182G, on the constitution of Colom- bia — an article well worthy of perusal for its general excellence, as well as for tb" statesman-like suggestions it contains, relative to our own constitution. He w.js also engaged on a larger work, upon the political institutions and history of Colombia, the completion of which was unfortunately frustrated by his untimely de ith. Besides these, a fragmentary journal, of the last few years of his life stiil exists, possessing great interest, from the judicious observations upon books, an(; the shrewd remarks upon men and events, with which it is interspersed. ■ n making ah estimate of the character of Mr. Anderson, in his public and private relations, it may be truly said of him, that while in private life he was W! hout a vice, in his public career he was equally without a reproach. BALLARD COUNTY. 171 BALLARD COUNTY. Ballard county was formed out of parts of M'Cracken and Hickman in 1842, and named in honor of Capt. Bland Ballard. It is situated in the extreme western part of the state, and bounded on the north by the Ohio river ; on the west, by the Mississippi ; on the east by the counties of Graves and M'Cracken, and on the south by the county of Hickman. The lands in the northern part of the county are barren ; in the southern, well timbered, — both regions undulating. The bottoms of the Ohio and Mississippi are extensive, — soil, a mixture of black loam and sand, and very productive. The principal creek is Mayfield ; heads in Tennessee, passes through Calloway and Graves counties, thence through the center of Ballard, running north-west, and empties into the Mississippi at Fort Jefferson. Humphrey's creek heads in Mc- Cracken, passes through the north-east corner of Ballard, and empties into the Ohio below the Grand Chain. This county contains, according to the auditor's report for 1846, 243,675 acres of land ; average value per acre, $1,80 ; total value of tax- able property, $632,131 ; number of white males over twenty- one years old, 706 ; number of children between five and sixteen years old, one thousand. Principal productions of the count}^, tobacco, hemp, corn, and oats. Stock raising is also beginning to attract the attention of farmers. The towns of the county are Blandville, Lovelace ville, and Milbourn. Blandville is the county seat, and contains a court house and other public buildings ; two churches (United Baptist and Methodist), two schools, four stores, three taverns, nine law- yers, seven doctors, nine mechanical trades — population four hundred. Called for the christian name of Captain Bland Bal- lard, for whom the county was named. LovELACEviLLE is a small village, named in honor of Mr. Love- lace, containing one United Baptist church, one Methodist church, one school, one store, one tavern, two phj^sicians, two mechan- ical trades — population forty. Milbourn contains two churches (Methodist and Christian), two schools, two stores, one tavern, three physicians, three mechan- ical trades — population ninety. Captain Bland Ballard, in honor of whom this county was named, was born near Fredericksburg, Virginia, on the 16th of October, 1761, and is now in his 87th year. He came to Kentucky in 1779, and joined the regular militia which was kept up for the defence of the country; and after serving on Bowman's cam- paign in 1779, accompanied the expedition led by Gen. Clark against the Pick- away towns in Ohio in 1781, on which occasion he received a severe wound in the hip, from the effects of which he is suffering at this day. At the time of the wound, he was near bleeding to death before he could procure surgical aid. In 1782, he was on the campaign led by Gen. Clark, with Floyd and Logan as colonels, that destroyed the Pickaway towns. In 17S6 he was a spy for General Clark in the expedition to the Wabash, rendered abortive by the mutiny of the soldiers. In the summer of 1791, he served as a guide under Generals Scott and 172 BALLARD COUNTY. Wilkinson, and was present under General Wayne at the decisive battle on the 20th of August, 1794. When not engaged in regular campaign, he served as hunter and spy for Gen- eral Clark, who was stationed at Louisville, and in this service he continued for two years and a half. During this time he had several rencounters with the In- dians. One of these occurred just below Louisville. He had been sent in his character of spy to explore the Ohio from the mouth of Salt river to the falls, and from thence up to what is now the town of Westport. On his way down the river, when six or eight miles below the falls, he heard, early one morning, a noise on the Indiana shore. He immediately concealed himself in the bushes, and when the fog had scattered sufficiently to permit him to see, he discov- ered a canoe filled with three Indians, approaching the Kentucky shore. When they had approached within range, he fired and killed one. The others jumped overboard, and endeavored to get their canoe into deep water, but before they succeeded, he killed a second, and finally the third. Upon reporting his morning's work to General Clark, a detachment was sent down, who found the three dead Indians and buried them. For this service General Clark gave him a linen shirt, and some other small presents. This shirt, however, was the only one he had for several years, except those made of lea.ther ; of this shirt the pioneer hero was doubtless justly proud. While on a scout to the Saline Licks, on one occasion, Ballard, with one com- panion, came suddenly upon a large body of Indians, just as they were in the act of encamping. They immediately charged, firing their guns and raising the yell. This induced the Indians, as they had anticipated, to disperse for the mo- ment, until the strength of the assailing party could be ascertained. During this period of alarm, Ballard and his companion mounted two of the best horses they could find, and retreated for two days and nights, until they reached the Ohio, which they crossed upon a raft, making their horses swim. As they ascended the Kentucky bank, the Indians reached the opposite shore. At the time of the defeat on Long Run, he was living at Lynn's station on Beargrass, and came up to assist some families in moving from Squire Boon's station, near the present town of Shelbyville. The people of this station had be- come alarmed on account of the numerous Indian signs in the country, and had determined to move to the stronger stations on the Beargrass. They proceeded safely until they arrived near Long Run, when they were attacked front and rear by the Indians, who fired their rifles and then rushed on them with their toma- hawks. Some few of the men ran at the first fire, of the others, some succeeded in saving part of their families, or died with them after a brave resistance. The subject of this sketch, after assisting several of the women on horseback who had been thrown at the first onset, during which he had one or two single handed combats with the Indians, and seeing the party about to be defeated, he succeeded in getting outside of the Indian line, when he used his rifle with some effect, until he saw they were totally defeated. He then started for the station, pursued by the Indians, and on stopping at Floyd's Fork, in the bushes, on the bank, he saw an Indian on horseback pursuing the fugitives ride into the creek, and as he ascended the bank near to where Ballard stood, he shot the Indian, caught the horse and made good his escape to the station. Many were killed, the number not recollected, some taken prisoners, and some escaped to the station. They af- terwards learned from the prisoners taken on this occasion, that the Indians who attacked them were marching to attack the station the whites had deserted, but learning from their spies that they were moving, the Indians turned from the head of BuUskin and marched in the direction of Long Run. The news of this defeat induced Colonel Floyd to raise a party of thirty-seven men, with the in- tention of chastising the Indians. Floyd commanded one division and captain Holden the other, Ballard being with the latter. They proceeded with great caution, but did not discover the Indians until they received their fire, which killed or mortally wounded sixteen of their men. Notwithstanding the loss, the party under Floyd maintained their ground, and fought bravely until overpowered by three times their number, who appealed to the tomahawk. The retreat, how- ever, was completed without much further loss. This occasion has been rendered memorable by the magnanimous gallantry of young Wells (afterwards the Colo- nel Wells of Tippecanoe), who saved the life of Floyd, his personal enemy, by BLAND BALLARD. 173 the timely offer of his horse at a moment when the Indians were near to Floyd, who was retreating on foot and nearly exhausted. In 1788, the Indians attacked the little Fort on Tick creek (a few miles east of Shelbyville), where his father resided. It happened that his father had re- moved a short distance out of the fort, for the purpose of being convenient to the sugar camp. The first intimation they had of the Indians, was early in the morning, when his brother Benjamin went out to get wood to make a fire. They shot him and then assailed the house. The inmates barred the door and prepared for defence. His father was the only man in the house, and no man in the fort, except the subject of this sketch and one old man. As soon as he heard the guns he repaired to within shooting distance of his father's house, but dared not venture nearer. Here he commenced using his rifle with good effect. In the meantime the Indians broke open the house and killed his father, not before, how- ever, he had killed one or two of their number. The Indians, also, killed one full sister, one half sister, his step-mother, and tomahawked the youngest sister, a child, who recovered. When the Indians broke into the house, his step-mother endeavored to effect her escape by the back door, but an Indian pursued her and as he raised his tomahawk to strike her, the subject of this sketch fired at the In- dian, not, however, in time to prevent the fatal blow, and they both fell and ex- pired together. The Indians were supposed to number about fifteen, and before they completed their Avork of death, they sustained a loss of six or seven. During the period he Avas a spy for General Clark, he was taken prisoner by five Indians on the other side of the Ohio, a few miles above Louisville, and con- ducted to an encampment twenty-five miles from the river. The Indians treated him comparatively well, for though they kept him with a guard they did not tie him. On the next day after his arrival -at the encampment, the Indians were engaged in horse racing. In the evening two very old warriors were to have a race, which attracted the attention of all the Indians, and his guard left him a few steps to see how the race would terminate. Near him stood a fine black horse, which the Indians had stolen recently from Beargrass, and while the atten- tion of the Indians was attracted in a diff'erent direction, Ballard mounted this horse and had a race indeed. They pursued him nearly to the river, but he escaped, though the horse died soon after he reached the station. Tl)is was the only in- stance, with the exception of that at the river Raisin, tliat he was a prisoner. He was in a skirmish with the Indians near the Saline Licks, Colonel Hardin being the commander; the Colonel Hardin who fought gallantly under Morgan at the capture of Burgoyne, and who fell a sacrifice to Indian perfidy in the north- west; the father of General M. D. Hardin, and grand-father of the Col. Hardin of Illinois, whose heroic death at Buena Vista was worth}' of his unsullied life. In after life Major Ballard repeatedly represented the people of Shelby county in the legislature, and commanded a company in Colonel Allen's regiment under General Harrison in the campaign of 1812-13. He led the advance of the detach- ment, which fought the first battle of the river Raisin — was wounded slightly on that day, and severely by a spent ball on the 22d January. This wound, also, con- tinues to annoy his old age. On this disastrous occasion he was taken prisoner, and suffered severely by the march through snow and ice, from Maiden to Fort George. As an evidence of the difficulties which surrounded the early pioneer in this country, it may be proper to notice an occasion in which Major Ballard was dis- turbed by the Indians at the spot where he now resides. They stole his only horse at night. He heard them when they took the horse from the door to which he was tied. His energy and sagacity was such, that he got in advance of the Indians before they reached the Ohio, waylaid them, three in number, shot the one riding his horse, and succeeded not only in escaping, but in catching the horse and riding back in safety. The generation now on the sphere of action, and the millions who are to suc- ceed them in the great valley, will have but an imperfect idea of the character and services of the bold patriotic men, who rescued Kentucky from the forest and the savage. The subject of this sketch, however, is a fine specimen of that noble race of men, and when his gray hairs shall descend to an honorable grave, this short biography may serve, in some degree, to stimulate the rising generation to emulate his heroic patriotism. 174 BARREN COUNTY. BARREN COUNTY. Barren county was formed in 1798, and takes its name from what is generally termed the barrens ov prairies which abound in the region of country in which it is located. It is bounded north by Hart ; east by Adair and Green ; south by Monroe, and west by Warren. Glasgow, the county seat, is about one hundied miles from Frankfort. The county embraces almost every des- cription of soil and surface. From Glasgow north and north- east for about ten miles, the land is level and the soil rich; be- yond it is generally hilly and poor : the remainder of the county is mostly rolling, but with a productive soil. The sub-soil is of clay, founded on limestone. Fine springs abound ; and being well timbered and watered with several large creeks, saw and grist mills have been erected in abundance. The staple products are tobacco, corn, wheat, rye and oats. Tobacco is the most im- portant article of export from this county — about twenty-five hundred hogsheads being the average annual product. Horses, mules, and hogs, are also raised for export. There are three salt furnaces in operation in the county, making from thirty to forty bushels each per day. In 1846, the number of acres of land reported was 359,941 ; average value per acre $3,34; total value of taxable property, $3,191,500: number of white males over twenty-one years of age, 2,769 ; number of children between five and sixteen years of age, 3,341. The towns of Barren are Glasgow, Chaplinton, Edmonton and Frederick. Glasgow, the seat of justice, is situated on the turn- pike road leading from Louisville to Nashville, one hundred and twenty-six miles from Frankfort— contains three meeting houses, in which seven denominations worship, viz : Methodists, Episco- palians, Reformers, Old and New School Presbyterians, Cumber- land Presbyterians and United Baptists ; two academies, male and female ; one school, thirteen stores, two groceries, eleven lawyers, five doctors, two tanneries, with a large number of me- chanical trades. Was established in 1809, and named after the old city of Glasgow, in Scotland. Population six hundred. Chaplinton, a small village on Big Barren river, contains a store, a post-office, etc. Edmonton, a small village eighteen miles south-east of Glasgow, contains one school, one store, one tan- nery, one doctor, post-office, etc. Frederick, situated seventeen miles north-east from Glasgow — contains one school, two doc- tors, one tannery, etc. There are a number of mineral springs in Barren, which are considered effica- cious in many diseases ; but none have been as yet, much resorted to. There is a white sulphur spring on the east fork of Little Barren river, sixteen miles east of Glasgow, the waters from which, as they flow off, form quite a respectable branch, and is supposed to be the largest stream of mineral water in the Green river country. There is a well on Buck creek, fourteen miles nearly west of EDMUND ROGERS. 175 Glasgow, which was commenced for salt water, but at the depth of thirty feet or more, a very large stream of medical water was struck (sulphur, magnesia, etc.), which rises about four feet above the surface of the earth through a large pipe, and runs off in a branch of considerable size. This is becoming a place of con- siderable resort. There are, also, several smaller springs within a few miles of Glasgow, which are thought to be very beneficial to invalids. The Indians in the early settlement, made but few incursions into this county. Edmund Rogers, one of the first surveyors and pioneers, was compelled on several occasions, to abandon his surveys from the signs or attacks of Indians. On one occasion when in hot pursuit of him, they overtook and killed one of his company — and he imputes his escape alone to the time occupied in dispatching the unfortunate individual who fell into their hands. Edmund Rogers, one of the pioneers of the Green river country, was born in Caroline county, Virginia, on the 5th of May, 1762. He served as a soldier in the memorable campaign of 1781, in his native State, which resulted in the cap- ture of Cornwallis. He was in the battles of Green Springs, Jamestown, and at the siege of York. For these services he refused to apply for a pension, although entitled under the acts of congress. It was the love of his country's liberty and independence, and no pecuniary reward, which induced him to fight her battles. He emigrated to Kentucky in 1783, and became intimate with most of the early pioneers. He possessed a remarkable memory, and could detail with accuracy up to the time of his death, all the important events of the Indian wars and early settlement of Kentucky. He had enjoyed better opportunities to learn the his- tory of these transactions than most persons, in consequence of his intimacy with General George Rogers Clark (his cousin), and captain John Rogers (his brother), and captain Abraham Chapline, of Mercer, in whose family he lived for years. Mr. E. Rogers was the longest liver of that meritorious and enterprising class of men who penetrated the wilderness of Kentucky, and spent their time in locating and surveying lands. It is confidently believed that he survived all the surveyors of military lands south of Green river. He began business as a sur- veyor in the fall of 1783, in Clark's or the Illinois grant as it was called, on the north side of the Ohio river, opposite to Louisville. In the spring of 1784, his operations were changed to the military district in this State, on the south side of Green river. He made most of the surveys on Little and Big Barren rivers and their tributary streams. Muldrough's hill was the boundary of the settlements towards the south-west in Kentucky, when Mr. Rogers commenced surveying in the military district. He settled upon a tract of land, upon which he afterwards laid out the town of Edmonton in Barren county, in the year 1800. He married Mary Shirley in 1808. She died in 1835, leaving seven daughters and one son. In 1840 owing to his advanced age, he broke up house keeping and removed with his single daughters to the house of his son John T. Rogers, where he died on the 28th day of August, 1843. His remains were taken to his own farm and buried by the side of his wife near Edmonton. In purity of life and manly virtues, Mr. Rogers had but few equals. His in- tercourse with mankind was characterized by great benevolence and charity, and the strictest justice. He was ever ready to lend a helping hand to the needy and deserving. He raised and educated his nephew, the honorable Joseph Rogers Underwood. He was not ambitious of distinction. He accepted the ofRee of justice of the peace shortly after he settled in Barren county, at the solicitation of his neigh- bors. Perceiving as he thought, an act of partiality on the part of the court, he resigned his commission at the first court he ever attended, and thereafter per- sisted in his resolution to hold no office. Mr. Rogers believed that the distinctions made among men, arising from the offices they filled, without regard to their intellectual and moral attainments and qualifications, were often unjust. He therefore spurned official stations and those who filled them, when he thought genuine merit was overlooked, and the shallow and presumptuous promoted. He believed that the fortunes of men, were con- troled by things apparently of little moment, and that there was in regulating and governing the affairs of this world, if not of the whole universe, a chain of causes and effects or consequences, in which every link was just as important as 176 BARREN COUNTY. every other in the eyes of God, although in the estimation of men, they were re- garded as very different in importance. To his philosophic mind, he saw what mankind usually call great things, springing as results from very little things, and he was not disposed to concede that the effect was entitled to more considera- tion than the cause. He admitted a controling providence, which operated in a manner inscrutable to man; and hfnce he never despised what were called little things, and never became greatly excited with passionate admiration for what were called great things. He admitted there were two great principles at work in the earth, one of good, the other of evil. His affections and his actions were all with the good. In illustration of his idea that apparent trifles were important affairs, he often told the writer that the most consequential events of his life, had been the result of his falling off a log and getting wet, in attempting to cross a creek. This happened the day he left Pitman's station to go into the wilderness south of Green river. He got his papers wet, and was induced to return to the station to dry them, and then to take a new start. Upon his return, he met with a stranger who had a large number of land warrants, and made a contract with him for their location. Under this contract he secured the land around Edmonton where he lived, and upon these facts he reasoned thus : "If I had not fallen into the creek, I should not have turned back ; if I had not returned to the station, I should not have made the contract by which I obtained the land on which I set- tled; if I had not got that land, I should not have lived upon it ; if I had not lived there, I should have been thrown into a different society, and most probably would never have seen the lady I married, and of course would not have had the wife and children I have; and as a further consequence, the very existence and destiny of those children and their descendants through all coming genera- tions, and the influence they may exercise in families, neighborhoods and coun- ties, depended upon my falling from the log." Mr. Rogers and his brother captain John Rogers, made a very singular contract. It was firmly agreed between them, that he who died first, should return from the world of spirits, and inform the other what was going on there. This en- gagement between the brothers, was most seriously entered into. Mr. Rogers has often told the writer, that there could be no such thing as visits from the spirits of the dead, and holding intercourse with the living; for said he, if such a thing could be, I know my brother John would have kept and fulfilled his pro- mise. He discountenanced every thing of a superstitious character. The motto upon which Mr. Rogers acted through life, was "to do justice, love mercy and walk humbly before God." He often repeated these words as con- taining man's whole duty. His last illness was of short duration. He was in his perfect mind to the last breath. About an hour before he expired he was seen to smile, and being asked what occasioned it, he said, " he was thinking of the vain efforts of three of the best physicians in the country, to save the life of an old man when his time had come." He died with perfect composure and without a struggle. Inscription. — Mr. Butler, in his History of Kentucky, states, upon the author- ity of Judge Underwood, that Edmund Rogers had discovered on a beech tree, standing upon the margin of the east fork of the south branch of Little Barren river, before there was any settlement south of Green river, the following inscrip- tion : " James M'Call, of Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, June 8th, 1770." These words were cut in very handsome letters, with several initials of other names. Antiquities. — The most remarkable mounds in the county, are situated at the mouth of Peter's creek, on Big Barren river. Twelve miles south-west from Glasgow, on the turnpike leading to Nashville, and immediately in the fork of the river and creek, there are a large number of small mounds, which closely resemble each other in size and shape. They now appear to be two or three feet high, of an oval form, about fifty yards apart, forming a circle of from four to five hundred yards in circumference, and presenting strong indications of having had huts or some other kind of buildings upon them. About the center of the circle of small mounds, is situated a large mound, twenty or thirty feet high, and from ninety to one hundred feet in diameter. Without the circle, about one hundred BATH COUNTY. 177 yards distant, is another large mound, about the same dimensions of the one within the circle of small ones. Upon these mounds trees are growing, which measure five feet in diameter. Some two hundred yards from these mounds, are a number of small mounds, which contain bones, teeth, and hair of human beings, in a perfect state of preservation. These bones are found in graves about three feet long, and from one to one and a half feet wide, all lined with flat stones. In the neighborhood, for half a mile or more, are found many of these graves. There is a large warehouse standing on the mound which is within the circle of small mounds. There is a cave in the bluff of the river, about three miles above Glasgow, which contains a large number of bones; but it is of small dimensions, and no correct description has been obtained of it. On Skegg's creek, about five miles south-west of Glasgow, there is a small cave, in which human bones have been found, but they appeared to be those of infants altogether. One bone was found, which seemed to be that part of the skull bone about the crown of the head ; it was made round, about two and a half inches in diameter, scolloped on the edges, and carved on the outside. Whether this was made for an ornament, or for eating out of, could not well be determined, although it was sufficiently large to be used as a spoon. BATH COUNTY. Bath county was organized in 1811, and is situated in the eas- tern part of the State, and lies on Licking river. It is bounded on the north and east by Fleming, south by Morgan, and west by Montgomery. It received its name from the great number of medicinal springs which abound in the county. The celebrated Olympian or Mud Lick springs are situated here, which contain a variety of waters, such as salt, black and red sulphur, and cha- lybeate of iron. Four miles east of these springs is the White Sulphur. Lands reported for the county in 1846, 205,261 acres ; average value per acre, $8,63; total valuation of taxable property, .$3,- 006,835. White males over twenty-one years old, 1,732 ; children between five and sixteen years old 2,420. Population in 1830, 8,799— in 1840, 9,763. Licking river washes the entire north-east boundary of the county, and it is watered by several fine streams, flowing through various portions of it. The surface is diversified — hilly, undula- ting, and level. The soil north and west of Slate creek, is rich and fertile, being based upon limestone ; south and east the county abounds in iron and coal, and the soil is not so good. Im- mediately around Sharpsburg, for several miles, the surface is gently undulating, and the lands highly cultivated, rich, and very productive. The principal articles of production and commerce, are cattle, mules, hogs, corn, and wheat. There are two iron furnaces and one forge in the county, manufacturing about two thousand tons of iron per year. The towns of the county are, Owingsville, Sharpsburg, Wyo- ming, and Bethel. Owingsville is the seat of justice, and con- tains two churches, two taverns, a fine court house, post office, five stores and groceries, three doctors, seven lawyers, two schools, 12 178 BATH COUNTY. one blacksmith shop, one tailor, one saddler, &c. Incorporated in 1829, and named in honor of Col. Thomas Dye Owings. Pop- ulation three hundred. Sharpsburg is situated on the Maysville and Mount Sterling turnpike road, thirty-eight miles from the former, and twelve from the latter place, and twelve miles west of Owingsville. It contains three churches, one tavern, four stores, six doctors, two saw mills, one bagging factory, one male and one female school, two wool factories, and ten mechanical shops. Established in 1825, and named for Moses Sharp. Wyoming, a small village at the mouth of Slate creek, contains two stores, two taverns, two cabinet shops, one blacksmith shop, two grist and saw mills. Bethel,, a small village on the main route from Maysville to Mount Sterling, contains a ppst office, one store, one tavern, two saddler's shops, blacksmith and hat shops — thirty inhabitants. The following- interesting incident in the early settlement of Bath county, is related in McClung's "Sketches of Western Adventure," a work published by the author of these notes in the year 1832 : " In the month of August, 1786, Mr. Francis Downing, then a mere lad, was living in a fort, where subsequently some iron works were erected by Mr. Jacob Myers, which are now known by the name of Slate creek works, and are the property of Colonel Thomas Dye Owings. About the 16th, a young man be- longing to the fort, called upon Downing, and requested his assistance in hunting for a horse which had strayed away on the preceding evening. Downing readily complied, and the two friends traversed the woods in every direction, until at length, towards evening, they found themselves in a wild valley, at the distance of six or seven miles from the fort. Here Downing became alarmed, and repeat- edly assured his elder companion, (whose name was Yates), that he heard sticks cracking behind them, and was confident that Indians were dogging them. Yates, being an experienced hunter, and from habit grown indifferent to the dangers of the woods, diverted himself freely at the expense of his young companion, often inquiring, at what price he rated his scalp, and offering to ensure it for a six- pence. "Downing, however, was not so easily satisfied. He observed, that in what- ever direction they turned, the same ominous sounds continued to haunt them, and as Yates still treated his fears with the most perfect indifference, he deter- mined to take his measures upon his own responsibility. Gradually slackening his pace, he permitted Yates to advance twenty or thirty steps in front of him, and immediately afterwards descending a gentle hill, he suddenly sprung aside, and hid himself in a thick cluster of whortleberry bushes. Yates, who at that time was performing some woodland ditty to the full extent of his lungs, was too much pleased with his own voice to attend either to Downing or the Indians, and was quickly out of sight. Scarcely had he disappeared, when Downing, to his unspeakable terror, beheld two savages put aside the stalks of a canebrake, and look out cautiously in the direction which Yates had taken. " Fearful that they had seen him step aside, he determined to fire upon them, and trust to his heels for safety, but so unsteady was his hand, that in raising his gun to his shoulder, she went off before he had taken aim. He lost no time in following her example, and after running fifty yards, he met Yates, who, alarmed at the report, was hastily retracing his steps. It was not necessary to inquire what was the matter. The enemy were in full view, pressing forward with great rapidity, and " devil take the hindmost," was the order of the day. Yates would not outstrip Downing, but ran by his side, although in so doing he risked both of their lives. The Indians were well acquainted with the country, and soon took a path that diverged from the one which the whites followed, at one point, and rejoined it at another, bearing the same relation to it, that the string does to the bow. BOONE COUNTY. HO "The two paths were at no point distant from each other more than one hun- dred yards, so that Yates and Downing could easily see the enemy gaining rap- idly upon them. They reached the point of re-union first, however, and quickly came to a deep gully which it was necessary to cross, or retrace their steps. Yates cleared it without difficulty, but Downing, being much exhausted, fell short, and falling with his breast against the opposite brink, rebounded with vio- lence, and fell at full length upon the bottom. The Indians crossed the ditch a few yards below him, and eager for the capture of Yates, continued the pursuit, without appearing to notice Downing. The latter, who at first had given himself up for lost, quickly recovered his strength, and began to walk slowly along the ditch, fearing to leave it, lest the enemy should see him. As he advanced, how- ever, the ditch became more shallow, until at length it ceased to protect him at all. " Looking around cautiously, he saw one of the Indians returning, apparently in quest of him. Unfortunately, he had neglected to reload his gun, while in the ditch, and as the Indian instantly advanced upon him, he had no resource but flight. Throwing away his gun, which was now useless, he plied his legs man- fully in ascending the long ridge which stretched before him, but the Indian gained on him so rapidly that he lost all hope of escape. Coming at length to a large poplar which had been blown up by the roots, he ran along the body of the tree upon one side, while the Indian followed it upon the other, doubtless expect- ing to intercept him at the root. But here the supreme dominion of fortune was manifest. " It happened that a large she bear was suckling her cubs in a bed which she had made at the root of the tree, and as the Indian reached that point first, she instantly sprung upon him, and a prodigious uproar took place. The Indian yelled, and stabbed with his knife ; the bear growled and saluted him with one of her most endearing " hugs ;" while Downing, fervently wishing her success, ran off through the woods, without waiting to see the event of the struggle. Downing reached the fort in safety, and found Y'^ates reposing after a hot chase, having eluded his pursuers, and gained the fort two hours before him. On the next morn- ing, they collected a party and returned to the poplar tree, but no traces either of the Indian or bear were to be found. They both probably escaped with their lives, although not without injury." BOONE COUNTY. Boone county was formed in 1798, and named in honor of Colonel Daniel Boone. It is situated in the most northern part of the state, in a well known bend of the Ohio river, called North Bend. The average length of the county is about twenty miles, from north to south, and its average breadth about four- teen miles. It is bounded on the east by Kenton, on the south by Grant and Gallatin counties, and on the north and west by the Ohio river, which flows along its border about forty»miles, dividing it from the states of Ohio and Indiana. The surface of the county is generally hilly, but still there is a considerable quantity of level land in it, and nearly all the land is tillable. On the Ohio river there are found considerable bodies of level land called bottoms, the soil of which is very productive ; farther out from the river the land is good second rate. The taxable property in this county in 1846 was $3,332,138; number of acres of land, 153,330 ; average value of land per acre $14,39 ; white males over 21 years of age 1,959; children between 5 and 16 180 BOONE COUNTY-. years of age, 2,104 : population in 1830, 9,012 ; in 1840, 10,034. The staple productions are Indian corn, tobacco, oats, wheat, whisky, flour, apples, and hogs ; timothy and blue grass grow luxuriantly in almost all parts of the county. The Covington and Lexington turnpike road runs about ten miles through this county. The principal streams and creeks are Woolper, Middle creek. Gunpowder and Big Bone creek, which is at its mouth and some distance up the south boundary of the county. The principal towns are Burlington, the seat of justice, situated six miles S. S. W. from the nearest point of the Ohio river ; Flo- rence, on the Covington and Lexington t