NEW Grammar School History United States, TO WHICH AUE ADDED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH Notes, Questions, and Explanations. FULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, PORTRAITS, AND VIEWS. JOHN J. ANDERSON, Ph.D., AUTHOR OF A "POPULAR SCHOOL HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES," A NEW "MANUAL OF GENERAL HISTORY," A " HISTORY OF ENGLAND," A "HISTORY OF FRANCE," "the HISTORICAL READER," "THE UNITED STATES READER," ETC., ETC. NEW YORK: Clark & Maynard, Publishers, 771 Broadway. 18«7. Anderson's Historical Series, A Junior Class History of the United States. Illustrated with hundreds of portraits, views, maps, etc. 30« pag-es. 16ino. A New Grammar School History of the United States. Sup- plemented by maps, engravings, chronological summaries, tabulated analyses, review questions, appendix, etc. 360 pages. 13mo. A Grammar School History of the United States. Anno- tated ; and illustrated with numerous portraits and views, and with more than forty maps, many of which are colored. 340 images. 16mo. A Pictorial School History of the United States. Fully illus- trated with maps, portraits, vignettes, etc. 439 pages. 12mo. A Popular School History of the United States, in which are inserted, as a part of the narrative, selections from the writings of eminent American historians, and other American writers of note. Fully illustrated with maps, colored and plain ; portraits, views, etc. 381 pages. 12mo. A Manual of General History. Illustrated with numerous en- gravings and with beautifully colored maps showing the changes in the political divisions of the world, and giving the location of important places. 500 pages. Ix'mo. A New Manual of General History, with j)articular attention to Ancient and Modern Civilization. With numerous engravings and colored maps. 685 pages. 12mo. Also, in two parts. Part I. Ancient History : 300 pages. Part II. Modern History : 385 pages. A School History of England. Illustrated with numerous en- gravings and with colored maps showing the geographical changes in the country at diflferent periods. 378 pages. l™'mo. A Short Course in English History. With numerous engravings and maps. 215 pages. 12mo. A School History of .France. Illustrated with numerous en- gravings, colored and uncolored maps. 373 pages. 12mo. A History of Rome. Amply illustrated with maps, plans, and en- gravings. 554 pages. By R. F. Leighton, Ph.D. (Lips.>. A School History of Greece. In preparation. Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History. Illustrated with engrav- ings, colored maps, and a chart. 445 pages. 12mo. The Historical Reader, embracing selections in prose and verse, fi'om standard writers of Ancient and Modern History ; with a Vocabulary of Difficult Words, and Biographical and Geographical Indexes. 544 pages. 12mo. The United States Reader, embracing selections from eminent American historians, orators, statesmen, and poets, with ex]ilanatory obser- vations, notes, etc. Arranged so as to form a Class-manual of United States History. Illustrated with colored historical maps. 436 pages. 12mo. CLARK & MAY:N^ARD, Publishers, 771 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Copyright, 1887, by John J, Anderson, En< K5 PREFACE. Although the success of the Grammar School History of the United States during the last twenty years has been un- paralleled, the publishers, in order to meet the demands of the present time, have induced the author to prepare the book here offered to the public. In examining the plan of this work, it will be observed that so much of the history as belongs to the colonial period is presented in chronological order and as related to the dif- ferent English reigns. This departure from the usual ar- rangement seems to possess many advantages. Pupils study- ing the history of each colony without reference to contem- poraneous circumstances and events are apt to receive the impression that the narrative covers a greater length of time tlijin is actually the case. The events, too, in their various relations, are not clearly understood ; since their connection with other events as causes or consequences, though perhaps clearly observed by the pupil in the history of one colony, becomes obscure, or is lost sight of entirely, in the history of other colonies, owing to the different circumstances with which they are connected. The general thread of the narra- tive is thus broken in the mind of the pupil. A fuller treatment lias been given to the earlier than to the more recent history of our country, because, with but few exceptions, the events of the former are generally of greater interest and importance ; and, besides, having passed so far into history, they may be more readily studied without prejudice, and with a better idea of their true value and re- Uition. 6 Preface. In the preparation of this book, three special objects have been constantly kept in view. The first and most important of these is accuracy of state- ment. The works of Bancroft, Hildreth, Palfrey, Prescott, Sparks, Parkman, and other trustworthy historians, have been thoroughly read, and their statements and conclusions carefully compared. Whenever their accounts have been found to be at variance, the author has carried his investiga- tions back to official reports, early letters and records, and other original sources. Tlie second object has been to make the narrative, though brief, well connected, symmetrical, and attractive. The truth being ever the paramount object, it has been the con- stant aim of the author to present it as forcibly and con- spicuously as possible, and in language both simple and attractive. The third object has been to make a conij)Iefe class-inanual. It is believed that the many helps offered in the maps, illus- trations, topical questions, summaries, tabulated reviews, and appendix, will be greatly appreciated by practical teachers. History is now taught quite as widely as grammar or geog- raphy, though teachers differ considerably in their methods and requirements. AVhile some secure the results which they require by teaching a mere outline in connection with the most important dates, others devote much time to what is understood as class-drill, believing that tlie subject cannot be taught definitely, thoroughly, and with permanent effect, in any other way. The latter make free use of chronological tables, maps, review outlines, and other expedients of the kind. A third class, discarding all such means, depend ex- clusively upon the narrative, their aim being not so much to prepare pupils for a critical examination as to implant in their minds a taste for history, as well as to induce them to read the best historical literature. The author is convinced that teachers of each class, whatever methods tliev mav Preface. prefer, will find this book adapted to their several views and }) references in every respect. One of the author's earlier works has been objected to because it contained no questions at the foot of the pages. Objections may be made by some to this book for the V(^ry opposite reason ; since, while some teachers find from ex- perience that questions prepared for them are helpful, others prefer to use only those of their own construction. Such being the case, the author thinks there can be no good reason for excluding the questions, inasmuch as they may be used or entirely ignored, at the pleasure of the instructor. Without any specification of other improvements in the work, which cannot fail to be obvious to the practical teacher in the use of it as a class-manual, the author submits it to the public, feeling confident that the more thorough and critical the examination given to it, the more assured and hearty will be the approval which it will receive. SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. Aim of the Teacher.— A recitation or examination should have for its object, not merely to determine the amount of knowledge that has been acquired by the pupil, but also to ascertain the degree of clearness and intelligence with wliich it is comprehended. Thus, in a measure, it be- comes an examination of the instructor as well as of the instructed. Facts, standing alone, without reference to other facts, are comparatively of little value. To show their relation or connection with one another, and t ims their full value, and to do this in such a manner as to interest the learner, and create in his mind a love for the subject, should be the {)rincipal aim of the teacher. Pupils so taught may with confidence be subjected to the most rigid examination. Their answers will not be of the parrot kind. They will be alive with intelligence. This is especially requisite in history. Assigning the Lesson.— Have the lesson read, care being taken that all the proper names arc correctly pronounced. See that the location of all the i)laces named is clearly known, and that the significance and rela- tive importance of every fact mentioned are well understood. To secure iSuggestiotis to Teachers. these results, make free use of large uiaps. When tlie lesson ivlates to early discoveries, or the war with Mexico, an outline map of North America should be kept before the class. In other cases the map of the United States should be used. Require the pupils to draw snuiU sec- tional maps, showing the location of the places mentioned in the lesson. Head, or have read, extracts from the works of standard authors. The Recitation.— The small maps prepared by tlie pupils sliould be carefully examined and criticised. In this duty tlie teacher may Ix* aided by a system of examinations carried out by the pupils themselves, who will derive much benefit in many respects from tht- exercise. His- tory and geoiiraphy should be constantly associated. Without such association the facts must be vague, and will, consequently, soon slip from the mind. Why is it very dilficult for some persons to remember the facts of history ? Simply, because they do not Iwate them, or they place them so loosely as to im^wirt no positiveness or distinctness to them. Let it be undei-stood that no lesson is thoroughly learnt d that does not include in the acquisition a clear knowledge of the kx'ation of every place mentioned. Do not depend entirely, if to any great extent, upon set questions, and encourage your scholai-s to ask questions. The Review.— This should be by topics, or occasionally by epochs. Topics are made up of facts or events, and their consequences, names, dates, and locations. All these should have been well learned in previ- ous lessons. We then come to the time when the dates that ix'cur in the lesson should have special attention. Take one of these as a turning- point and see how many minor events can Ix^ made to lead to it as cause- events, and how many may be made to lead from it as etfect-events. The chi-onological tables in this bixik contain all the important events in the history of our country that pupils in our schools should be required to learn. If the exaunnations londueted by our superintendents and com- mittees usually required fewer dates, these tables would contain a smaller number. The author has no hesiration in saying that teachers who use this book intelligently and persistently adhere to its help-forms : its map ex- ercises ; review outlines : chronological summaries : geographical, bicv graphical, and historical review topics, and its tabulated i-eviews, will lie tolerably sui*e to achieve complete success, in not only storing, but also in disciplining the minds of their pupils, as well as in imparting a permanent taste for historical stud v. C N T E N T S . Section T. — Discovkhies and Exi'lorations. First Inhabitiints of Anu'rica (11): Tiio Indians (13); First Disrovory of Anu'rica (HI); Discoveries and Kxploralions l)y the Noi'tlinien (1(>); })y Columbus (20); by the Cnbots (28); by I)e Leon (211); by liall)oa (31): by Drake (33); by De Soto (35); by Manjuette (3!)); by La Salle (42). Section II. — (^)lonial Period. First Attempts at Settlement (45); Florida (47); Acadia (51); Vir- ginia (52, 80); New Netherland (New Yoi-k, Now Jersey, and Dela- ware (GO, 88); New England ((15, 84, 97); Maryland (81); New Yoi-k and New Jersey (88); North and South Carolina (91); Pennsylvania and Delaware) (93); Georgia (103); Claims to Territory (10(1): l^'ivndi and Indian War (10()) ; What the ('olonists said and did (1 19). Section III. — Revolutionary Period. Causes of the War (141-151); First (V)ntinental Congress (151); Lex- ington and Concord (152); Second Continental Congress (157); Decla- ration of Independence (101); Treason of Ai'nold (192); Sui-render of Jiurgoyne (779); Surrender of ('ornwallis (198); Adoi)tion of the Con- stitution (205). Section IV. — Constitutional Period. Part I. Administrations of Washington (213), John Adams (225), JefTei'son (231), Madison (240), Monroe (200), Joiin (^uincy Adams (205), Jack- son (208), Vail Buren (271), Harrison (272), Tyler (273), Polk (275), Tayhn- (282), Fillmore (283), Pieive (285). Section V^. — Constitutional Period. Part IT. Administrations of Buchanan (295), Lincoln (300), .Tohnson (327), Grant (329), Hayes (330), (Jarlield (339), Arthur (340), Clcvehuid (340). APPENDIX. The Declaration of Independence (1) ; The C-onstitution of the Fniled States (0) ; The States, the Origin of their Names, and their Pet Names (34) ; The Presidents and Vice-Presidents (38, 39) ; Acquisi- tion of Territory (40). LIST OF MAPS. PAGE 1. Indian nations and discoveries Facing 11 •2. French and Indian War and the Revolution •* 45 3. Jamestown and Chesapeake Bay 53 4. MassiK-husetts and Rhode Island G9 5. Portsmouth. X. H.. and its vicinity T2 0. Connecticut and Long Island 75 7. Xew Jei-sey and p;irt of Pennsylvania 90 8. Xorth and South Carolina and Georgia 9"2 9. Maine, Xew Brunswick, and Xova Scotia 112 10. Territorial claims of the United States as based on royal grants. Facing 141 11. Boston and its vicinity 156 12. Sorel or Richelieu River and Montreal 159 13. Xew York Bay. Xew York, and Brooklyn 164 14. Trenton. Princeton, and Monmouth 166 15. The Hudson River and Lake Champlain 174. 175 16. The Mohawk River. Oriskany. and Fort Schuyler 176 17. Xew London. Fort Trumbull, and Fort Griswold 198 18. Original territory of the Uniteil States Facing 213 19. Detroit and western part of Lake Erie 250 20. Alabama and adjacent country 251 21. Lake Erie and Lake Ontario connected by Xiagara River 252 22. Region west of Chesapeake Bay 254 23. Part of the Southern States Facing 263 24. Mississippi and Alabama as ceded to them 263 25. Taylor's campaign in Mexico 277 26. Scott's campaign in ^lexico 278 27. San Fmncisco and its vicinity 283 28. Stilt Lake City and its vicinity 285 29. Formation of States from the acquiretl territory west of the Mis- sissippi River Facing 295 30. Charleston, S. C. and its harbor 299 31. Part of Maryland and Yirginia Facing 311 32. Chattanooga and its vicinity 318 33. Mobile and Mobile Bay . . . .' 323 34. Savannah and Fort McAllister 324 35. Part of Oregon and Washington Territory 330 36. Territorial growth of the Fnited States Facing 333 IXDIAX XATIOXS DISCOVERIES. A NEW Grammar School History OF THE United States. First Inhabit- ants of America. SECTION I. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATION'S. 1. This grand division of land on which we live, known as the Western Continent, has an extent of ten thousand miles. It stretches from the regions of the north, where snow and ice forever abound, to the rocky cape in the far south that lifts its head out of the waters of the Antarctic Ocean. Millions of homes are now dotting its plains and valleys, and millions of busy men and women are living upon it, but there was a time in the remote past when not a house or a human being was on the face of all this great continent. When and how did the first man get here ? Did he come from China or Japan, from Europe or Africa ? Did he come of his own free will, or was his boat or raft driven or wafted hither by storms and winds ? These questions have been asked a great many times, but thus far nobody has been able to answer them. 1. On what grand division of land do we live? What is its extent? Name its sonthern cape (see a map of Sonth America). What is said of its remote condition as regards inhabitants? W^hat questions are asked about that? 12 Discoveries and Exploraiions. 2. Very many years ago. just liow many no one among all oiir learned men is able to tell, there was a people, or, to be more eorreet. tliere were several peoples that lived and pros- pered here. We know this from numerous remains of tem- ples, bridges, and aqueducts, built by men more skilful than the first inhabitants of the continent of whom we have any clear knowledge. Many of the ancient structures were of stone, immense blocks of which were used. One of the tem- ples in South America, a perfect circle in form, was of brick. Carved on some of the stones, particularly on those over door-ways, are figures of men and animals as well as of fanci- ful objects. On these stones are beautiful mouldings, cor- nices, and niches. High up on the mountain tops of Peru, where neither tree nor shrub can grow, are stone wall inclos- ures, thousands in number, which, according to the tra- dition among the Peruvians, are the remains of structures that were built "before the sun shone." 3. In our own country, the United States, the evidences of a former civilization seem almost as numerous, but they ditfer in kind from those of South America and ^Eexico. Instead of great ruins in which are beautiful blocks of cut stone, we have, as a rule, mounds of earth, or of earth and rough stone. These, found mostly in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi, are of various sizes and shapes. Some are round, some are square, others have the form of animals. We call the people who built them Mound Build- ers, but of this people we know nothing whatever, except what ^^e learn from the mounds themselves. Perhaps we may think that the mounds were made by the ancestors of the people whom we call Indians. Learned men who have carefully studied the subject, deny this. They tell us that the mounds were constructed by a peojde who occupied the country long before the Indians or their forefathers came 2. What evidences of former civilization are there in Sonth America ? 3. What are in our own country ? What is^ s^aid of the Mound Builders ? Discoveries and Bxj) /orations. 13 here ; and tlieir decision seems to be supported by the char- acter and habits of the Indians, as well as by other facts.* 4. As a rule the house of the Indian was a poor affair. It was not made to last long, for its owner never meant to live in one place long. It was not built of brick or stone, but commonly of young trees, bent and The Indians. SCENE IN A PUEBLO VILLAGE. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN 188tt.) twisted together at their tops, and covered with mats, or bark, or buffalo skins. These houses, or lodges, or Avig- * We ()ui;ht to receive the statements about the Mound Builders with con- siderable caution. Lewis Cass, one of America's venerated statesmen, speak- ing of the mounds, said : " They were no doubt erected by the forefathers of the present Indians." " To ascribe these remains to a mythical people of a different civilization, is to reject a simjde and satisfactory explanation in favor of a conclusion that is far-fetched and incomplete, and that is neither science nor logic." — C'arr\s Mounds of the Miasimjypi Valley. 4. Describe the ordinary house of the Indian. Tlie Pueblo house. Who was Coro- uado ? What did he see of the Pueblos ? Describe the picture. 14 Discoveries and Explorations. warns, whatever we choose to call them, had no chimneys. The fire was made on the ground in the center of the house, and the smoke escaped through an opening in the top. About the year 1530, four Spaniards, survivors of an ill- fated expedition that had Xarvaez (nar-vah'-etli) for its leader (§ ■l'-?), wandered into the region now known as Xew Mexico, and found the Pueblo (piva-hlo) Indians living in houses built of stone, or of sun-dried brick to which has been given the name adobe. Ten years later, Coronado, another Spaniard, at the head of an expedition of three hundred men, passed through the same region. The Pueblos were then raising grain and vegetables ; also cotton, which they spun, wove, and made into garments. Large remnants of the Pueblos, probably ten thousand in all, are at the present time occupying the houses built by their ancestors. The buildings are ranged in the form of a hollow square, or are on the broAv of a high bluff or mountain terrace. Xot one has a door-way or other opening in its first or lower story. Access can only be gained by means of a ladder. The vil- lage is called a pueblo. 5. The fierce Iroquois (e-ro-quaJi). so named by the French, occupying what we now call Central Xew York, built quite large habitations, which they called "long houses." These were covered with the bark of the oak or of other trees.* From one of Francis Parkman's charm- ing books, Tlie Discovery of the Great West, we get an excel- lent idea of an Indian house seen three hundred years ago among the southern tribes near the western bank of the * "The Indians east of the Mississippi may be divided into three great families. The Iroquois, the Algonquin {al-gon'-kin), and the Mobilian, each speaking a language of its own. varied by numerous dialectic forms. To these families must be added a few stragglers from the great western race of the Dahcotah (Dakota), besides several distinct tribes of the south." — Itirk- man's Cons2)iracy of Ihnfiac. 5. Who were the Iroqnois ? What is said of their houses ? What is said of a cer- tain Indian house west of the Mississippi ? jitS.'*' Discoveries and Explorations, 15 Mississippi. It was large enough to hold twenty families. Its construction was begun by planting in a circle a number of tall, straight trees, such as grow in swamps. Their tops were then bent inward, and lashed together. The whole structure was then covered with thatch, a hole being left in the top for the escape of the smoke. Twenty apartments, like stalls for horses, separated one from another by mat partitions, but open in front, were ranged in regular order around the inside. In these the families slept. 6. The Indian's weapons, beside the bow and arrow, were the wooden spear and the tomahawk. The latter was a stick two or three feet long, with a knob, or stone hatchet, or piece of deer's horn, fastened to its end. With these weapons the Indian went forth to fight. Hunting was his daily labor, but war, it may be said, was ever his master passion. In fact, the tribes were at strife with each other so much that it is a wonder there was a single Indian alive when the " pale faces" came to take possession of his country. In the colder region and near the ocean coast, the Indian was not quite so warlike. He hunted the deer, speared the salmon, captured the cod, and trapped the beaver. In some jiarts of the land, the obedient and ill-treated squaws cultivated small patches of ground. ''Working with hoes of wood and bone, among charred stumps, they raised corn, beans, and pumi)- kins." * 7. If we are not able to say when and how this continent received its first inhabitants, we are quite certain that there was a time when the people of the eastern continent had no * " In 1696, the invading army of Count Frontenac, Governor of Canada, found tlie maize fields of tlie Iroquois extending a league from their villages. In 1779, the troops of General Sullivan were filled with amazement at their abundant stores of corn, beans, and squashes, and at the old apple orchards which grew around their settlements." — Parkmmi^s Comjnracy of Fontiac. 6. "What is said of the Indian's weapons ? Of war among the Indians ? Of hunt- ing ? Of work done by the Indian women ? 7. What theories have been advanced as to the first discovery of America ? 16 Discoveries and Explorations, knowledge whatever of this our western workl. They did did not even suspect, as far as we know, that there was a second continent. The question then occurs : Who, among their adventurers, was the first to learn the trreat fact ? Or, as we are in the habit First Discovery of America. of putting it, AVho first discovered America ? Did some unlucky vessel, as has been surmised, sailing out of the Med- iterranean into the Atlantic, long before seamen had more than the sun and stars to tell them in what direction to steer their barks, encounter storms which drove it across the ocean to the strange shore ? Not many years ago a book was l)ublished to prove that in the fifth century a party of monks wandered from the southwestern i)art of Asia to Japan, then sailed to the northern islands of the Pacific and crossed to America. Shall we believe another story — it has been told by more than one — of a AVelsh prince, who, about the year llT-0, discoveretl this continent, and seeing the land to be 'fertile, left a number of his party and returned to his own country ? The tradition asserts that with ten ships, he sailed again for the new land, but was never afterward heard of. 8. Sball we believe the stories told by the Sa'-ga-men ? The home of these story-tellers was in Norway, the people of rpj^g which country, living so far north, were called Northmens Northmen, or Norsemen. A thousand years Discov eries, j .^^^ ^|^g Norsemen were a bold and hardy race. They built ships in which they made voyages to distant lands. They were the dread of all western Europe, for, be- ing strong and fearless sailors, and fierce and daring soldiers, they made many conquests. By accident they discovered Iceland, one of their famous sea-rovers having been driven upon its coast by a storm (8(31). By a like accident, fifteen years later, thev discovered Greenland. By a third accident, not unlike the others, they discovered the main land, the 8. Who were the Sagamen ? The Norssemen ? What is said of the discovery of Iceland ? Greenland ? Where are these lands ? Where was Vinland supposed to be ? DUcoveries and Nx^jloraliuits. 17 continent itself (1001). Soon afterward they made voyages to tlie continent, so it is related in their sagas, or legends. At a place, supposed to be in Massachusetts, which they called Vinland, they made a settlement, but were driven from it by the Indians. 9. This name, Vinland, figures largely in the stories told by the Sagamen. Its origin is given thus : A captain by the NOKMAN SHIPS OF THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. name of Leif {life), meaning the Fortunate, was in command of the settlement. One day he missed his servant, a little German. Fearing that he might be killed by Indians or by 9. Relate Leif s adventure with his German servant. 18 Discoveries and £xj)Ioratiofis. wild animals. Leif went with a few men to search for him. Toward evening the servant was met as he was coming back. " lie was smacking his lips and talking. For some time he would do nothing but hiugh, and talk German. When they got him to talk Xorse. he explained that to his great jov he had found vines and grapes in great abundance. '^ He led them to the spot, and Leif thereupon named the country Vinland.* 10. Iceland, called Snowland by its discoverers, soon gained quite a number of inhabitants, for the rule of Nor- way's king was so hard and oppressive that many of his chiefs, with their families, fled to it. Greenland, when first seen by the Xorsemen. contained not a single human being. In the course of two centuries, so nuiny Xorwegians and Danes went to it that more than a hundred villages were formed within its borders. Strange to say, all these have disappeared. Xot one of those old houses remains. Did an enemy, as has been asserted, sail to Greenland, and with fire and sword lay waste the country ? Or was the destruction begun by the dreadful plague, known as the "black death." and completed by fierce winds, terrible colds, and deep snows y 11. This story is strange, the more so when we learn that it slumbered hundreds of years after its alleged events took place. All knowledge of Greenland and of the Xorsemeu's * An •• old stone mill. " used by the early English settlers of Rhode Island as a grist mill, and probably built by them for that purpose, was long a puzzle. Danish writers claimed that it was erected by Northmen. Its walls, still standing, and covered with moss and ivy. present a picturesque object. New- port's sununer visitors look upon it. wonder, and sj^culate. *' The first notice of it known to exist is in the will of Governor Arnold, of NewiKirt. dated December 00, 1677. He therein directs his body to be buried at a certain spot • being and lying in my land near the path from my dwelling house leading to my stone-built windmill : ' " — Ihffrty's ITfif affairs there now. 11. What was Columbus's theory about getting to India? Discoveries and Explorations. 19 divscoveries soiitli of it was entirely forgotten. When Colum- bus, in 1492, launched boldly upon the Atlantic, he did not know that there was any continent other than the one on wliicli he lived, lie had never heard of another. A\'hat grand idea did he cherish ? He believed ■not a common belief Theory of Columbas. that the earth was round- in his day — and on this opinion he built the theory that by sailing westward he woidd get to India. In other Avords, he believed that the shortest way from Eu- ro})e to India was across the Atlantic. 12. AVlien the people of Europe spoke of India in those days they had no clear idea of what they were talking about. They had heard the marvelous story told by Marco Polo, a \"enetian, who had been in the service of the Khan of Tartary, and had visited many of the cities in eastern Asia. I'hey had also heard the stories of travelers who had been in southern Asia. All these stories repre- sented the far-off regions to be rich in gold, sil- ver, 2)recious stones, spices, and other choice objects of com- merce. It may be said that India in the fifteenth century, included the southeastern part of Asia, with the islands in its vicinity. 13. Only two cities of Europe, Genoa (jen'-o-ah) and Venice, had thus far carried on any commerce with India. CHKISTOPHKK fOLlMBlS. India. 12. State what yon can of Marco Polo. What constitnted India ? 13. Where ir* Genoa ? (See t^chool map.) Venice ? What trade did the Venetians have with India ? How was the trade carried on ? How, between Genoa and India ? 20 /*»>n),v tuttf h\t^ih*rafion.<. Mon'huMts of WMiii'o sout nnrroTv^. and othor thiuiis inado of ii'lass for whioh ihiW iMty was rolobratovl. 'riu\v also sont brass ami ir*>n artirlos in i^roal variotv. Thoso wi^rt^ sliippoii aorovss I ho Motlilorranoan \o l\iivp(, thonv>o woro oarriod on iho l>aoks v^r oainols (o tlio lunl Soa. antl thonv>o woro takon l>v ships to hhlia. Morv'liants of luMiv^a sont thoir iivHuis to oasl- orn ports of tho Moditorranoati. ihonoo i>vorhinil to iho TavS- piat\ Soa. and ll\otioo bv v^oa anvi hind ti> thoir dostmativni. 11. (\dnnibns. as wo ha\o stated. prv>posod to roaoli India by mMn^i" ii\ oxaotly tho oppv^sito dirootion.* 'V\\c nuiio c»iambM Jnvnnd tlio vsouthorn point of .Vfrioa was not yot Mi kit known. Cohnnbns w.as poor. tvH> iHH>r to tit v>nt **'^' sl\ips for tho ^iiivat voyaiio ho had prv>joolod. llo askovi tho poopK^ o( his i\alivo oity. (umuku to holji him. 'rhoy wouKi not. Mis t\oxl applioalioi\ was to Kiiii* John, of IVu'tu^iiuK »lol\ii lislonod to all Cohnnbns s;ud. and thoi\ ro- fonvd tho mat tor tv> a lunly v>f loarnod nion. Thoy ivportod that tho pjvjoot was foolish. Thon. in an ovil honr, tho kin^ii\ iutlnonoini by bad nion. ovuivsontoil to do a dishonorablo tluug. llo sooivtly sont vmh a vship. with diiwtious to itvS oaptain to sail wostwatxl avwnlinij ti> tho plan laid down by C\»lntnlnis. AftiM' sjulin^i sovoral days and sooing nothiti^ir bnt wator on ovory sivlo. tho oaptaitv bKst oouruiix> ami put bnok. Tho kinii had oxpootod ti* ivap iiK>ry. Wi^ ww^^ sjuily dis;>ppiMtUoil. So atTootod waj* i'ohnnbus by this tivaohory. that, ivfusiuij to havo tuiY furthor limUng with tho trioky * llo t\.^vl «U5»kIo Uin^solf fjuuUuHr with all thst \v»?i thou known of tho solotu^^ of ii\HVb!:»^^>l\\ . »»ul hvul Ihvu ou !»o\o»^l vv\\H4ix^ tho ttr^t whon ho was o«V\ fvntrt^t> of «iiv vNv*to. tv '-JTV Two hututrrHt vi"^*-^ tn^f^Mfw vov^xv^ wotv JkiuUhnl l\Y (^ iu^>«^)ot4o tuHsUo tv»t{»nv^Hl u|Hm .^ pUnv of tli^tiu^t^ in^rk. AftonxarJ »u u«prv»Yo\l fv*n«vvf thb vHmtHYa«vH\ uiulortho uamo of mariuor's vnxm\^?4?^ oa««o into Uv^Os Wtth Ihbatul tho a*ti\>tj»K\V\»t«»uh«?i ^^mM now vvntutv u^HM^ ttio nt»ktu>\\t» vn-^ts^t* {»nvl lo?^^ svljita of latui v^oto. noxt vviijn»V I4v Wh,v *IW »>v^ v\4««»hu?' )cv» tv^ tn\tU by saUJuc tv^nxil tho ss»MUhon\ oj^*;* \i»f .\ftrto* ? What was* UvM^o tv* jtivv jirtx^atvMT ?^v^^> ami cOrtahuy to wax i^ratlou vNv^o. m^xt ^v^''>y What hoh» *hU that i»\stnuwo«t tx^hUmt * tV xxh\m> \tW vVhuuhw* api^y fivr aKl* What aKl \thl h* w^hI ? i^f what \U*hvvuo*t>' w*$ KU»^ Jolitt gwitty ? /h'srorrrits and Nxploraf io)is. 21 nioii.ircli. he sjumm1i1\ shook I lu< iliisl of Porl ii!;;il I'lom liis I'tM'l/'^ 'I'o lltMii-N NIL. l'!ii:'J;m»rs kiii-;. hr snil Ins l»r..lh(>r loi" :i 1(1 ; Iml I ho brol Ikm" It'll ;inioii!', I liio\ os w lio si ri|>|>(Ml li i iii of his |-;iinionl. m oonso(|iioiU(> of which ho did nol yy\ t|iiiok Moooss lo lloiiiN, ;ind nolhiii;' onmo \A llu> ;i|>|M>;d. 15. ll IS roi'ordod ihiil "Cohimhns h;id lo ht>;- his \v;iy from oomi lo oourl lo olVor lo |ti'inoos I ho diso(»\orv ol" ;i world." (uMioM w;is ;ipp(>;i lod lo ;i;';;iiii. thou I ho .MppoMl w:is iiiiido lo \tMiiro. \ol ;i word k\{ oiU'oiir;i:M>monl o;inio from oilhor. ('olmnhMs no\l Inod Spain. Ills lhoor\ w;iso\;im mod h\ ;i ooimoil o\ mon who wiTo snppos(>d lo ho \or\ w is(> nhoiil ;':oo;ir;iph\ ;md n;i\ i;';il ion. Tho ihoorv :ind ilsanllnM- woro ridioiilod. S;iid ono o{ I ho w iso mon : " Is lhoi't> ;in\ owe sy^ {oyA\A\ ;is lo hoIio\(> lh;il I IhM'o ;ii'o pt^oplo li\ini; on I ho ol hor sido y\{ I ho o;irlh wilh ihoir f(>ol opposilo to onrs. pooph* who w.ilk wilh Ihoii' hools upwiu'd Mini I heir h(>;ids h.iniA'ini; down '. " 1 1 is i(h>;i w;is I hid (he ciirlh wms Hal liko ;i plalt\ U). Can wt* wondor Ihal Colnmhns for a lunu' limt> mol Willi no snoot\ss ! hiirin;;' si>\on Ituii^' \i\'irs. whih* his iIumm'v aiitl polilion wiM'o htdoro iho Spanish ooiii'l. ho imploriMl and wailoti imlil. al lasl. w hon all hopo had Ih'd, and ho was in llu> \(>r\ aol o\ h'a\ini' iho ot)iinli-v lo lr\ his forlnno m l''ranoi\ Isaholla, llu' (pioon. s(M\I a mossa^t* dosirin^ him lo "> •" impMlirul .>r lli(> slow in>N.-^ wilh whicli l\is discoViM-ios iMlviinct'd nloni;- lluM'Oiisi ..r \lri.;i, the Iviiui. .loliii ll,,i'iilU>(l in tht'iiitl of scU>Mft> l(» -oiutMiU'ims 1«\ w liwli mt;in>r m o|m« iiinl rciniini v luiiil)! Im» i>lv»'n to iiiivln'a tioiM I ISC.t. Thr nvsull Wiis llio iippliriil ion ol' lln> as1n>l!ilu> lo nnviynlion. riiMl.linu tin- .s,.iun;in. i<\ (Im> !iHiHnlt' ol' tin- ,s(m. to ;isr.M'(:iin lii^ ,iis| niuf I'loin |Ih> (M|Uiiloi-. ll is iin|>ossil>lt> to il»>siiilit> llic clTt'rl |>i-o(hu c.l upon w.w iy.jilioii l>\ tills iii\t>l\tion, rin' m;iriuiM-, now, insic;!,! ol' roaslini' tin- shore likrlhc :MH-it>nt inn iuMlors, iiml. if (lri\rii lioiii Ihr land, ;'.roi.inr, iiis wa\ l>;iilv in (loul'l !\n«l apprehension h\ I lie nneerlain ;vniilanee ol' I he sImi's. niiii'lil vcninre I'ohilN into nnUnow n se-is, eonliih-nl of lit>ini;- ahle lo Iraee hiseourse 1>\ nieiin^; ol lh.« eonipass and I he as| ndahe. '" //v/m/'.v l.if, of (olitnthiDi. 1ft h'elal.- the l.ial. of foluiuhu. h, fniv (lie Spanish e,Mn-|. 1({ W hal linn leoU pljiee in Ills leilmies" Win. wjis jsahellii V I)iscoren'es afu/ E.vjih) rat ions. return to lier. She oravo him a cordial reception, and becom- ing interested in what he said, exehiimed : ** I undertake the enterprise, and will pledge my jewels to raise the necessary funds : *' 17. The sacritice was not required. Most of the money needed was advanced from the public treasury. The balance 'rr, TT was furnished bv a family of wealthy nayiaators. Columbus s •• * . "• ^ First Voyage It was agreed, on the part of Ferdinand and Isa- to Ameri ca. bclla, king and queen of Spain, that Columbus should have the title of Admiral and be viceroy over all the lands discovered by him. AVith three small vessels he set Siiil from the port of Palos (pah'- los). Spain (Aug. 3, 149:2). AVe wonder at his temer- ity. AVith craft so snuill, not one of them larger than the ordinary river sloop of our day. and only one liaving a complete deck, he fearlessly put out upon the unknown ocean. Men t h o ug h t him cn\zy. So confident, however, was he of suc- cess, and just as he had planned it, that he took with him, from his royal patrons, letters for the potent ruler of the East. the Grand Khan of Tartary. The great objects before him ^OLrXBl? WITH AX ASTROLABE IX HI:* HASP. (.PROM AX OLH EXGRAVIXO.^ 17. ^yhat aeivement was made with Sjvain's king find qne^n * W'iih how inanv vessels did Oolunibus st.irt * Fn>ni what jwrl * AVheii * What did men think of him ? What evidence is given of his oonlidence * What were his three objects * Discoveries ctud Explorations. 23 wore glory and gold, but ho Avas zoalous to carry tho Gospel to tlio iioathon of distant lands. 18. In six days the tliroo vessels reached the Canary Isl- ands, where, one of thoni needing a new rudder, they were de- tained a month. Again they put to sea. Soon a mutinous spirit broke out among the sailors. They fully believed cr.orcnEn at his feet HEtiuixG paudon.* (note nkxt page.) that they Avere sailing to destruction. " We must go back,'' they said. Not seeing any sign of compliance with their de- mand, they talked of throwing tho admiral into the sea. lie pacified them at times Avith gentle words and promises of re- 18. Relate what ocL-iirred on board tlie ships. Where are the Canary Islands ? 24 Discoren'es and Explorations. ward. At otlier times he was eonipelled to use the stern hiii- guage of aiitliority, 19. At length liis perseverance was happily rewarded. As he looked out into the darkness of night, he saw a moving light. Xext morning at dawn. Friday. October l'2th. l-49'2, laiul was discovered.* It was an island, one of the group we now call the Bahamas. Its inhabitants were seen running about and Hocking to the sliore. The vessels were anchored, and Columbus, clad in a rich dress of scarlet cloth and hold- ing a royal standard in his hand, was ready to land. In small boats the admiral and most of his officers were rowed to the shore. Immediately all fell upon their knees, kissed the earth, and returned thanks to God. Rising, and drawing his sword, Columbus took formal possession of the island in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, naming it San Salvador, which means Holy Saviour. 20. The natives had fled in terror, and hid themselves in the woods. Xow, seeing that no attempt was made to pur- sue them, their terror abated. With awe they gradually ap- proached their strange visitors, believing that they had come from the sky in the ships, which, they thought, were great birds, the sails being wings. They touched t]u^ beards of the Spaniards, and examined their hands and faces. Columbus gave them glass beads, bells, and other trinkets, with which tliey were greatly pleased. The sound of the bells was a wonder to them. They had nothing to offer in return except balls of cotton yarn, and a kind of thin cake, or bread, made of roots. A few had ornaments of oohl hanofina: from their * •• The feelinsrs of the Spaniards burst forth in the most extravagant transports. They thronged around the admiral, some embracing him. others kissing his hands. Those who had been the most mutinous and turbulent during the voyasre now crouched at his feet, begging pardon for all the trouble they had caused him. and promising the blindest obedience for the future." — Iri'ing. 19- When was America discovered by Colnmbns * Stare the events of that day. 20- c;ive an account of the natives found on the island, aud what they did. Discoiwries and Explorations. 25 noses. These they ghidly exclumged for beads und bells ; and pointing sonthward, indicated to the delighted gold- seekers that in that direction was tlie land from which the precions metal came. 21. Leaving San Salvador, C'olnmbns discovered other islands, the largest being Cnba. Another large island he named llispaniola, meaning Little Spain. It is the same island afterward known as San Domingo. Its present name is Ilayti {lia-fe). Near it one of the vessels was wrecked, and from the broken parts a fort was bnilt. Many of the men desiring to renuiin on the island, abont forty w^ere left ; and early in Jannary, UOo. C'olnmbns departed for Spain. Great was the joy of Palos on the loth of March, as the ad- miral's well-known vessel was seen to enter its harbor. All bnsiness was suspended, and the church bells sent forth gladsome peals. 22. Columbus did not tarry long at Palos. He was anxious to present himself before the king and queen. Everywhere, as he passed through the country, he was joy- fully greeted as a conqueror. At court he was received with distinguished honors. In the presence of a brilliant assem- blage of ladies and gentlemen, he related the story of his adventures, showed several of the copper-colored men whom he had brought with him, and, giving a glowing description of the lands he had visited, declared that they were rich in gold. 23. Ferdinand at once laid claim to all the newly discov- ered lands, and this act was sanctioned by the Pope, Alexander VI. Columbus made three more vovasres, discovered other islands, and suc- Why the Indians were so called. ceeded in reaching the main land of South America ; but 21. What otlier discoveries did Colainbus make ? State liow Cuba and Ilayti are situated. (See map of the West India Islands). 22- How was Cohimbus treated on his return to Spain ? 23. How many voyasjes did he afterward make, and how was he deceived ? How did the Uulians get their name ? What else is stated about names ? 26 Discoveries and Explorations. never for a moment did lie have the least suspieiou that these lands belonged to a Xew World. He believed that they were isliuids of India, and, so believing, he called the natives Indi- ans. When, in after years, the mistake became known, these islands were CiUled the West Indies, and those of Asia were known as the East Indies.* 24. It is not pleasiint to be told that Columbns was not always treated with the consideration dne to his rank and r7~r merit. His success created enemies, and these bjBstiee to while he was on his third voyage, influenced the CoiTu nbps. ^ king and queen to believe that he was treating the Spanish settlers in the new lands with great injustice. A person was consequently sent to inquire into the facts. This official, moved by bad motives, went beyond the in- structions given to him. He made a prisoner of Columbus, and sent his captive home in irons. When the adminU arrived in Spain, and the people Siiw him with iron chains fastened to his arms, they were filled with indignation. The queen was no less indignant. She ordered the chains to be removed, and to the ill-treated man who had done so much for Spain, she extended a generous reception. 25. Isiibella. in fact, was Columbus's best friend. Her death, which occurred a few days after the completion of his fourth voyage, was a fatal blow to his fortunes. The selfish and ungrateful Ferdinand turned a detif ear to the appeals of the sick, needy, and aged man who had laid a new empire at * The first voyage around the southern Cape of Africa to India was made by Portugal's great sea-captain. Vasco da Gama {;fah'-iuah). in 149T-S. after his king had long urged many navigators to the task. "The mariners regarded the cape with terror. As they approachetl it," said fiction, •• a cloud rose, darkened the air. and then disclosed a monstrous giant. Vexed by the question. ' AVho art thou ? " the stupendous body harshly and moumfully replied: 'I am that great Stormy Cape hitherto hidden from mankind.' " — Helps' s Spanl^ Conquest. 24. What indisTtity befell Colombas * Wliat is >aid of lobelia's condnct ? 25- Give the further history of Colambas. Of the disposition of his body. Discoveries and Explorations. 27 his feet. Thus neglected, Cohimbus died in a town of Spain (loOO). His body was phieed in a convent, whence, after seven years, it was removed to a monastery in another town. Twenty-tliree years Liter it was taken across the Athmtic to Hispaniohi. Here, surely, it will be permitted to rest for- ever I Xot so. In irOG, nearly three hundred years after his death, it was conveyed with imposing ceremonies to the island of C'ul)a ; and there, in the Cathedral of Havana, it still reposes. •• A world is his monument."* 26. AVe see that great honors were paid to the memory of Columbus, but do we not realize that in one respect great injustice has been done to it ? Are we not ready to say that our continent should be called Columbus or Columbia ? Poets and song-writers echo our answer. Witness our national song with its opening words : *'Hail, Columbia I happy land I *' Another song says : '" Columbia, Columbia, to glory arise, the queen of the world, and chikl of the skies. " Still another says : "And ne'er shall the sons of Columbia be slaves, AVhile the earth bears a plant, or the sea rolls its waves." 27. How then does it happen that tlie Xcw World is called America instead of Columbia ? After the deatli of Isabella, Columbus employed certain persons to aid him in recovering his rights as viceroy over the lands discovered by him. One of these persons was an Italian, Amerigo Yes- \)\\QQ\ [ali-md-re'-go ves poof -die). This man was among the manv, who, incited bv the oiowino- stories of the riches of * We do not know when Columbus was born. Irving thinks it was '• about the year 1435." The same uncertainty existed for a time respecting; the exact l)lace of his birth. He was born in Italy. Of so much we are certain ; but after his fame began to spread, as many as half a dozen places in the sunny peninsula claimed him as a native. A committee, appointed by an Italian " Academy of Science and Letters," reported in favor of Genoa. 26. What injustice has been done to his memory ? 27- State fully how thi:« contiueut came to be called America. 28 Discoveries and Explorations. the New "World, liacl liastened across the ocean for a share of the treasure. More than once he went to the southern part of tlie continent : and uioro than once did he write of what he had seen and heard. One of liis letters misled a German geographer to believe that its writer was entitled to uiore credit than belonged to him. So thinking, the Ger- man published a book, in which he proposed that the new land should be called America.* Though printed books were in the hands of but few persons in those days, the sug- gestion soon met with general favor. The name America was used in conversation and letters, was put upon maps and into books, and so came to be the only one applied to the Xew World. 28. Taken in connection with its far-reaching conse- quences, the lirst voyage of Columbus across the Atlantic Discoveries ' ^^"^^ ^^^^ uiost important in the history of the by world. AMiat an excitement the news of it did the Cabots. | pj.Q^|i^(;.p [^^ .jl parts of Europe I At once a spirit of adventure was aroused, f From England went John Cab'ot and his son Sebastian, who were fortunate in reaching the main land of Xorth America, in 1497. This was the year before Columbus 'set foot npon South America. The Cabots explored the shores of Labrador, thinking that they * ''The book was printed iu 1507. It appeared under an assumed name, but Humboldt proved that its author was Martin WaldseemuUer. The Span- iards earefull}- avoided the use of the name America in their liistorical and otlioial documents, in not one of which, anterior to tlie middle of tlie last cen- tury, can the word be found." — Chrenhow's Oregon and Californhi. t " The eagerness to explore the wonderful secrets of the new hemisphere became so active that the principal cities of Spain were, in a manner, depopu- lated, as emigrants tiironged to take their chances upon the deep. They lis- tened with attentive ears to tales of Amazons ; to stories of Patagonian giants ; to flaming pictures of the EI Dorado where the sands sparkled with gems, and golden pebbles, as large as birds' eggs, were dragged in nets out of the rivers." — PreseotVs Co/iqueat of I^ru. 28. What is said of the first voyage of Columbus and its effects ? Of the two voy- ai,^es made by I lie Cabots ? Ilow were both deceived '? Discoveries and Explorations. 29 were on the coast of China. IS^ext year Sebastian Cahot crossed tlie ocean again, and this time sailed ak)ng tlie coast from Newfoundhind to Chesapeake Bay.* 29. From Spain Avent a valiant soldier named Ponce de Leon i^pdn-tlia da Id oan). Charmed with the beauty of Porto liico, particularly with the opportunities the place aiforded for gain, he asked to be ap- l)ointed governor of the island. Ferdinand De Leon and his Discoveries. granted the request. Soon De Leon was involved in trouble with the natives, many of whom he reduced to slavery, just as Columbus had done, and just as the Spaniards continued to do many years longer. At length the king, wishing to make a show of justice to the family of Columbus, removed De Leon from office (§17). 30. Still the old soldier clung to his island home. (Jne day a romantic story was whispered into his ear. An Lidian told him that there was a remarkable land at the northwest, where gold could be found in great quantities, and where a wonderful fountain existed. Of the fountain, he said that every old person who bathed in it immediately became young again. This story was afterward told to De Leon by otlier Lidians, for the simple people, one and all, believed it to be true. It was told so often, and with so much sincerity, that De Leon at last had faith in it. We wonder how a sane man of ordinary intelligence could give credence to a story so silly. Our wonder is greatly increp^sed when we learn that * The Italians were very fond of boasting of the achievements of the Cabots, who, they claimed, were their countrymen, Italians like themselves. One of them being in England shortly after the return of the Cabots from America, wrote thus to his brother in Venice : '' John Cabot is now here Avith his sons and his wife, who is also a Venetian. lie is called the Great Admiral, (ireat honor is paid him. He dresses in silk, and these English run after him like insane people, so that he can enlist as many of them as he pleases, and a number of our own rogues beside."— .l^fr/us^ 23, 1497. 29 What office was given to T)e Leon, and why was he deprived of it ? 30. What romantic story did De Leon believe ? Who else believed it ? 80 Discoveries and Explorations. it sped to Europe^ and there found hnndreds of believers among the learned as well as the ignorant. 31. The story promised gold, youth, and glory to De Leon. He resolved to go in search of them. With three ships he left Porto Rico. This was about twenty years after Columbus had discovered that island. De Leon visited many islands, at every one inquiring for the fountain of youth. AVe can readily believe that he drank at many springs and bathed in many. One Sunday morning he came to an extensive country, which he thought was a large island (1513). Its trees were full of blossoms, and flowers of every hue covered the ground. As the grateful breeze wafted the fragrance of blossoms and flowers to the happy voyagers, they believed that they had surely found the fairy island. 32. This discovery hapj)ening on the day known among Spaniards as Pascua Florida {pah'-scoo-ah fio-re'-dah), the new-found land Avas named Florida. Pascua Florida is our Easter Sunday. The word Florida means flowery : hence, it may be said, there were two reasons for giving the country its pretty name. De Leon made diligent search in every direction for the magic pool. He sailed along the coast and around the southern j^oint of the peninsula. At last, weary and disheartened, he returned to Porto Rico, an older if not a wiser man. There, in quietness, he lived until news came to him of Avhat had been done by his countryman, Hernando Cor'tes. That daring leader had marched into the heart of Mexico, fought and conquered its inhabitants, and, by ter- rible deeds of violence, had enriched himself with gold (1521). Montezuma, the heroic emperor of the conquered people, was among the slain. 33. De Leon longed to be a second Cortes. Convinced 31. Give an account of his eflEorts to find the fountain. 32- His discovery and explorations of Florida. Florida's name. What was done by Cortes ? What is said of Montezuma ? 33. How did the deeds of Cortes affect De Leon ? Give an account of De Leon's second expedition to Florida. His death and tomb. Discoveries and E.cplorations. 31 by rej^orts of explorations that Florida was a part of the main land, he asked the 82)anish king for permission to con- quer and occupy it. The request was granted. Two ships were fitted out. Florida was reached, and a landing ef- fected ; hut the natives, not friendly as before, gathered in large numbers to oppose the invaders. A fierce battle was fought, and this time Indian arrows were more than a match for Spanish guns. De Leon, mortally Avounded, was taken to his ship. In Cuba he died. The epitaph on his tomb is a becoming tribute to the heroic qualities of his character. As translated it reads : ** Here rest the bones of a man who was a lion Ijy name and still more so by nature." 34. We have been told that Columbus believed that the lands discovered by him were outlying islands of India. He fancied, as he steered his ship across the Carib- dIsm^^^t bean seas, that he was inhaling the rich odors of , of the Spice Islands in the Indian Ocean. All his L^^lZ*^': followers, for more than twenty years, were in like manner deceived. The person who first made known the truth was Balboa {hal-ho' -all) , governor of a Spanish colony at Darien.* One day, when he was weighing some gold, an Indian struck the scales with his fist, scattering the glittering pieces in every direction. •• If that is what you prize so much," said he, '• I can tell you of a land where there is plenty of it. On the other side of those mountains," 25[ackinaw, where they now rested, was indeed a bleak spot. It was a point of land almost encompassed hy wind-tossed lakes, icy as Siberian waters. Father Marquette's first care was to raise a chapel. Rude and un- shapely was this tirst sylvan shrine raised by Catholicity. Its sides of los:s, its roof of bark, had nothings to win by a dazzlins: exterior the wayward child of the forest. All was as simple as the faith the devoted father taught."— Shnfs Discover II and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley. 52- Give an account of the rest of his expedition, liis death and burial. 42 Discoveries mid Explorations. ing place. Only a few months more remained to Mar(|uette. AVorn out by disease and care, he gently passed away, and, on the bank of the little stream that bears liis name, the canoe men dug his grave. 53. A worthy successor of Marquette, also a Frenchman, though not ii missionary, was the Cavalier de la Salle [sal). He was a man of many projects, by whicli he hoped to gain fame and fortune. He wanted France to occupy the lands of Xorth America before Spain or any other power could do so. With a party of about fifty persons. Frenchmen and Indians, he descended LaSaUe and what he did. L.V SALLE TAKINT, POSSESSION' OP LOI'ISIAXA. tlio ^[ississippi. and, on a spot of dry ground near its mouth, erected a cross and a column. Then, amid joyous shouts and musket vollevs, he claimed for France all the vallev of the 53. Who was La Salle? What explorations did he make « How did Louisiana gret its name? When was that * Into what water dtx»s the Mississippi tlow * 54- <^'ive an account of La S.ille's further efforts, and his death. Discoveries^ and Exjdovatious. 43 Great River, bestowing upon it the name of Louisiana, in luuuu- of his king, Louis XIV. (1082). 54. Returning to France, he was welcomed with high honors. To the king lie submitted a project for a fort and colony near the mouth of the Mississippi, which met with hearty favor. In a fleet of four ships, about three hundred persons departed. La Salle being of the number. The com- mander, conceited and obstinate, would not do as La Salle advised. By mistake he passed the mouth of the ^lississippi, and refusing to go back, compelled his passengers to land in I'exas. The resolute La Salle undertook to lind the river by going through the wilderness, but, while engaged in this heroic task, was treacherously shot by the individual in his party to whoui he had shown the most favors (1087). HEVTEW (^UTLIXH. 55. The (liseovorv of America l)y Colunilms slarlod all wostern Eu- rope into a blaze of exoitenient. The new lands, it was believed, were outlying islands of the rich region of India. Men and governments cov- eted the vast treasures of gold that were supposed to be hidden in tlieir soil. Everybody wanted to go to the mystic region. In expeditions to dis(.'()vi'r. explore, and conquer the new lands, Spain took the lead, though English ships, commanded by the Cabots, were quick to follow Columbus, and to be the first to reach the main land of Xcn-th Amei'ica, and to explore a long stretch of its eastern coast (1407-8). 56. The first European to reach South America was Columbus (14!)S): the second was Amerigo Vespucci (1499), from whom the continent de- rives its name. The fountain-seeker, Dc Leon, was the first after the Cabots to reach North America (1513), the same year in which the gold- seeker. Balboa, looked upon the Pacific Ocean, ami seven years before the first Euro})ean ship sailed upon those waters. Spain and Portugal were meanwhile taking possession of the eastern part of South America and of Central Anun-ica. Pizarro. Spain's most cruel conqueror, who could neither read nor write, made his way to the western part of South Anun-- ica. and there, in Peru, rc)bbed the natives of their country and their gold (Io24-o8). Also, meanwhile. Spain's one-eyed compieror. Cortes, reduced 44 Discoveries and Explorations, tlie Mexicans to submission, compelled them to give up their gold, and made Ids king the richest monarch in Europe (1521-35). 57. From Mexico, Cortes sent expeditions by sea and by land. In an expedition led by himself, the peninsula of California was reached (1535). Other Spaniards, Coronado and C^abrillo among them, penetrated the region as far north as Kansas, and explored the Pacific coast to Oregon (1537-43). While these explorations were in progress, De Soto and his band of Spaniards were performing their celebrated march in search of gold. Tlie region through which they wandered, north of the Gulf of IMexico, was then known as Florida. Before Drake started on his plun- dering expedition (1577), Spanish ships had been along the coast to the northern limits of Oregon. 58. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1003). Englisli sliij)s, known as freebooters, plundered Spanisli ships and Spanish towns. The first of tliese lawless rovers to sail to the Pacific was commanded by that greatest naval captain of the age. Francis Drake (1578). England and Spain were then at peace with each other, but that fact did not have a feather's weight of influence with Drake. In 1579 he landed on the California shore, and called the country Xew Albion. 59. IMeanwlule the Huguenots were trying to get a foothold in Caro Una and Florida, and other Frenchmen were tuking possession of the Nova Scotia and St. Lawrence regions. England was tardy about send- ing colonies to the Xew World. The French displayed more activity in their inland explorations than in their ocean ventures. Their distin- guislied missionary. Maripiette, sailed many miles on the Mississippi (1073) : and their heroic La Salle made an extensive exploration of the river, and near its mouth planted the standard of France (1082). Engiish Kings. French Einrj.^. 1492. America was discovered bv Columbus. Henrv YII. Charles VII I. 1497. The Cabofs. for England, discovered North America, and. next year, Se- bastian Cabot explored a large part of its eastern coast. 1513. De Leon, for Spain, discovered Florida. Henrv VIII. Louis XII. 1513. Balboa, for Spain, discovered the Pa- cific Ocean. .; ,. 1541 De Sofo. for Spain, discovered the IMis- sissippi Kiver. Francis I. 1609 Hudson, for the Dutch, discovered the Hudson River (see page 00). James I. Henry IV. ^For Tabulated Keview see end of the Hisiory.) KEYOLUTIOX SECTION II. COLON^IAL PERIOD. 1. Now let US go back a little and see how the people from Europe began to make homes for themselves in our part of the New World. The discoveries of the Cabots^ as we have seen, gave to England a title, as land titles were First Settlements. acquired l)y European powers in those days, to a large part of North America ; but, during the most of the century that followed, she seemed to be blind to the imj^ortance of this title.* "Before the British flag floated over so much as a log fort on the continent, Spain Avas in 2)ossession of all Cen- tral America,^' and of the adjacent regions on both sides. 2. Many Protestants of France, known by the name of Huguenots, desired to remove their homes to the New World. Their first step toward that end was taken in 1502, when they began a settlement at Port Koyal entrance. South Carolina. They built a French Efforts at Settlement. fort, which, in honor of their king, Charles IX., they called * " It was held among the Christian states of Eurojje, and is still received as a principle of the law of nations, that newly-discovered countries belong to the discoverers. This title by discovery might be liable, indeed, to some exception in favor of the native inhabitants ; but, in case those inhabitants were not Christians, they Avere looked upon as fair subjects for plunder and conquest."— 7/<7(//W7i'i' United States. 1. How did England get her first title to territory in North America ? 2. Who were the Huguenots? Who was their leader in France? Ans. Gaspard dc Coligny, by whom attempts were made to plant Hnguenot colonies in America. When and where did they begin a settlement at the south ? Who was .it the head of that attempt ? Ans. John Ribanlt (re-bo'). What its said of the name Carolina ? ■iG Colonial Period. Fort Ciirolus, or, as we would say. Fort Charles. Carolus is the Latin for Charles. The country came to be known by this name, Carolus, and, a hundred years later, in honor of King Charles of England, as Carolina. 3. Tlie Carolus settlers numbered less than thirty. Be- ing soldiers and sailors who had not the knack of cultivating the soil, want soon stared them in the face. Homesickness followed. "With such aid as the Indians could giye. they built a brigantine "worthy of Robinson Crusoe,''^ and in it put to POKT SAN MARCO. Nt>W FOKT ^1 It; I -TINE (.note next p;igc). sea. Many days on the ocean brought famine. In their suf- ferings they cast lot to decide wliich one by his death should give the others a chance to live. Tlunr choice was nuide, the unfortunate man submitted, and his llesh was portioned out. At last, an English vessel hove in sight. The most feeble of the rescued sufferers were landed on the coast of France : the rest were taken prisoners to England. 3. (.'ivo an aoooum of the setUeaioiit and fate of the Carolus settlor!?. Florida. 47 4. The Huguenots tried again. On the banks of the river May, now the St. John^s, Florida, they constructed a fort, and, under its protection, built homes (15G4). KSpain said that these settlers were intruders. Consequently a force was sent against them. The angry Spaniards entered a har- bor of Florida, laid the foundation of the town of St. Augus- tine, and then proceeding against the feeble Huguenot settle- ment, cruelly destroyed it (15G5). The growth of the new town, St. Augustine, was slow and uncertain. Attacks from French, Indian, and English foes were outlived, and now it enjoys the distinction of being the oldest town in the United States (§ 88).* Santa Fe, New Mexico, claims to be older. When visited by Coronado in 1540, it was a populous Indian pueblo (§ 4, p. 14). 5. Twenty years more must pass before England^s spell of inactivity can be broken. Then tlie enter- 2)rising Sir Humphrey Gilbert appears. Aided by his step-brother, AValter Kaleigh {raw'-le), Gilbert's Attempt at Settlement. and encouraged by Queen Elizabeth, he crossed the Atlantic * Its principal object of interest at the present time is its old Spanish fort with ditch, drawbridge, glacis, tower, and rampart, like the Old World fort of feudal times. It is a large mass of conglomerate sea shells, called coquina (ko-ke'-na), which was procured from quarries in a neighboring island. Its construction covered a period of a hundred years, during which time not less than a thousand Indian slaves were employed upon it. In a letter from St. Augustine, April, 1843, the author of Tltanatojjsis wrote : " The old fort of San Marco, now called Fort Marion, a foolish change of name, is a noble work. The shell rock of which it is built is dark with time. We saw where it had been struck with cannon balls, which, instead of splitting the rock, became imbedded an 1 clogged among the shells." — Wm. C. Bryant. 4. When aiid where did the Huguenots try again ? Who led them in this second attempt ? Ans. Laudonniere {lo-duh-mjair). W^hat was the fate of the settlement ? Who commanded the Spaniards ? Ans. Melendez. What act of revenge followed ? Ans. Two years after, a French leader named De Gourgues {rjoor(j) surprised St. Augus- tine and hung two liundred of its captives upon the trees. What distinction does St. Augustine enjoy ? How is it located (map) ? What is said of its fort (note) ? What else can you state of the fort ? Ans. It was captured hy Sir Francis Drake in 1586 (§ 8). 5. Who was Sir Humphrey Gilbert ? State what you can of him and his project. Where is Newfoundland ? •iS Colonial Period. to plant a colony in the Xew World. On Xewfoundland he began to build, but ill-fortune attending his efforts, he determined to return to England. Of the live vessels with Avhicli he left England, only two remained to him. lie went on board the smaller. The Squirrel, of only ten tons burden, lie was advised to go by the larger vessel, but re- fusing, replied : ** Be of good cheer, my friends ; it is as near to heaven by sea as by land." Oik^ night. The Squirrel's lights disappeared, and nothing was ever again seen of her or her crew (1583). 6. Though Gilbert's sad fate was lamented by Kaleigh. it did not discourage him. lie thought that it would be easy „ , . . , I to plant a colonv in the warm latitude far soutli Raleigh s ^ Attempt at ! of Xcwfouudlaud. With authority from the Settiemeni i queen, lie sent out two ships. The voyagers reached the coast of Xorth Caiolina. and sailed among the islands, on one of which, Ro- anoke, they were generously feasted by the natives, who were found to be '* gentle, lov- ing, and faithful, void of all guile and treason, and such as lived after tiie manner of the golden age " (1584:). So glowing were the accounts which the returned English- men gave of the country visited by them, that Eliza- beth said it was the ••A'irgin Land," and, as a nuMuorial of her unmarried state, she named it Viririnia. VLTKU UALEIGU. 6. Oive an account of the first expedition !?cnt by Raleifrh. Of what did it consist ? An^. Two vosjjoIs connnanded by Aniidas and Barlow. What report was taken back to Enarland of the Indians > What report was made of the country r What did the queen say and do * North Carolina. 49 7. Some of the authors of Raleigh's time, in admiration of the '* Great Englishman." wrote of him as the *' JShepherd of the Oeean." Tlie queen bestowed upon him another title, wlien, as a reward for his valor, she made a knight of him. We remember that she had previously conferred the like honor upon Francis Drake (§ -iO, p. 35). Our new hero, be it understood, is now Sir Walter Raleigh. 8. Raleigh was now ready to carry out his })lau of coloni- zation, lie sent a huiulred persons to Roanoke Island (1585). These, after a year of distress, were taken back to England by Drake, avIio, fresh from another expedition of pillage, had made the island a stopjung jdace. Raleigh's second attempt, two years later, ended in great misfortune. A large colony, with John White as its governor, was planted on Roanoke, and hopeful plans for its future were formed. White went to England for supplies. It was at this time that Spain's hundred and fifty ships, known in history as the *• Invincible Arnuida," were getting ready to make an attack upon the British isle. Every uuin in England was expected to aid in some way to defend his country from the threatened danger. Three years passed, and then, when White returned to Roanoke, not one of the persons he had left there could be found. What had become of them !■* Xobody knoMS. The mystery is as much a mystery to-day as it was then. 9. We have seen tluit when Queen Isabella died, Colum- bus lost his best friend. When Queen Elizabeth died, Raleigh lost his best friend. A false charge of treason was brought against this "warrior, courtier, and seaman," and an unjust verdict left him to languish for years in prison. Being re- leased to liud a s:old mine in South America, and failing to 7. By what names was Rjileish known ? WMiat title diil the queen cDnfer upon him :- What is said of Sir Francis Drake ? 8. Give an account of Raleigh's first attempt to plant a colony in Anu'doa. llis second attempt. Where is the Island of Roanoke unap 1) ? 9. W^ien did Queen Elizabeth die ? Ans. In l(i03. How did her death alTect Rnieitrh ? CJive his furilier history, and an account of liis death. 60 Colonial Period. do so^ lie returned to England. The unjust sentence that had slumbered so man}- years was revived, and King James, influenced by the demands of Spain, whose ships and colonies had suffered from Raleigh's warfare, ordered him to be be- headed. As the doomed man was about to lay his head ujion the block, he felt the edge of the axe, and said with a smile upon his face, that it was "a sharp medicine, but would cure the worst disease." So died the last of Elizabeth's heroes (1618). In memory of his name and fame, we have Xorth Carolina's capital, the city of Ealeigh (§ 141). 10. During the hundred years preceding this sad event, the waters about ^Newfoundland were found to be the best in the world for fishing. In them abound cod, mackerel, and herring. The French were the first to derive benefit from the discovery, but the The Fisheries. English Government passed laws having for their object the driving away of all French fishing vessels from American waters. Then began the contest between the two nations for the ownership of the "fishing grounds. '' So active Avere the French, that in a few years their fishing fleet numbered not far from six hundred vessels (§ 145). 11. It is a little curious that while this contest was going on. a brave sea captain, Bartholomew Gosnold by name, made Discovery ''^ direct voyagc from England across the Atlantic, of discovered the large peninsula that puts out from ^^^ Massachusetts, and, because of the great num- ber of cod-fish which he caught otf its shores, he named " the mightly headland '*' Cape Cod (100-2). He was the first Eng- lishman to tread the soil of Xew England (§ IT). 12. '• The wisest fool in Christendom," as a distinguished 10. State what j-ou can of the fishing value of the waters about Newfoundland, of the struggle for the possession of those waters. 11. Who was Bartholomew Gosnold ? State what you can of his vojage to Massa- chusetts. In what direction from Boston is Cape Cod (map, p. 60) ? 12. Who succeeded Queen Elizabeth on the English throne ? Describe James's character. What was his motive for granting la?)d ? Acadia. 51 Frenchman aptly described James I., of England, was the successor of Elizabeth, the Queen Bess of History. • No king of the time was more vain than James. He be- lieved himself to be a master of all learning. He also believed that he was the real owner of all King James the First. London and Plymouth Companies. North America. Consequently, when a number of rich men asked him for permission to plant colonies in it, he readily gave his consent. Why ? He thought he saw in the move- ment that he would make his ownership in the distant lands more secure, hence he reckoned upon large gains of money from trade with them. 13. Two companies were formed, the London and the Plymouth (lOOG.) The former, it was decided, might occupy the four degrees of land on the south of lati- tude thirt3'-eiglit. The latter, the four degrees on the north of latitude forty-one. The north- ern limit was near Halifax, the soutliern at Cape Fear. We observe that a belt of three degrees was left between these two grants. This was done that the rival companies might not quarrel with each other, but it gave the Dutch a chance to slip in between the two possessions (§ 3G). It cannot be said that the king had been generous, for experience proved that the companies had few rights beyond the one of sending peo- ple to the new lands. 14. The French were already in possession of Nova Scotia. There, to a collection of rude huts they had given the name of Port Royal (1605;, and, in the safe harbor of the young town, their fishing vessels found shelter (§ 102). Port Royal, which grew to be the capital of the French province of Acadia, was a year old be- 13. What grants did he make, to whom, and when ? 14. What can you say of Port Royal, its situation, age, importance, and first settlers ? When was Port Royal settled? Am. In 1(505. What is its present name ? Ans. An- napolis. What lands did Acadia embrace ? Ans. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and adjacent islands. Wliat was called New France ? Aii.^. Canada, and so much of New York and New England as was claimed by llie French. The French in Nova Scotia. 52 Colonial Period. First EflFort to Settle Maine. fore James's two companies were ready to begin the work of colonization. 16. The London Company was the first to move^ but its competitor was only three months behind. Selecting a site on the Kennebec Eiver, Maine, the settlers of the Plymouth Company went to work (1G07). AVin- ter overtook them while they were letting up their dwellings, church, and fort. They suffered from the cold, a fire destroyed their store-house with all its contents of food, and their president died. Utterly discouraged, they returned to England, and neither tliey nor others of their com])any made another attempt to people their domain. VlllGIXIA. 16. The accounts given by Kaleigh's voyagers of the beauty and fertility of Koanoke decided the London Company to establish their first colony on that island, but a furious storm drove their ships into Chesapeake Bay. A river was entered whose "shores were Settlement of Jamestown. covered with flowers of divers colors." To this stream the delighted party gave the name of their king. A Ioav peninsula was chosen as a site for the colony, the emigrants landed, and the king Avas again honored. T'he place was called Jamestown (1G07). The l)eginniiig was unfortunate. At every liigli tide the Avater covered half the peninsula. 17. The colonists numbered about one hundred, all men; and they Avere as unfit to lay the foundation of a new State as could be imagined. More than half called themselves '' gentlemen," a gentleman in those days being an individual Avho could not do any Avork Avith his hands. The first duty 15. What is said of the effort and fjiihuo of tlic Plymouth Company ? 16. Where is Jamestown (map p. 53) ? AVhy was ir so named ? By wliom and when was the first settlement made there ? 17- Descrihe the characters of its first settlers. AVhat two notahle exceptions were there ? AA'liat had (iosnolil already done ? Virginia. 63 of these hundred men was to build houses, iind yet, strange to say, there were oidy four carpenters of their number. Some were jewelers, others were gold refiners, one was a ^^ perfumer/^ Why had they come? Many had visions of gold before their eyes, a few desired to extend the domain of their king, fewer hoped to convert the Indians to Chris- tianity. To nuike matters worse, their leaders were incom- petent, the only exce})tions Ix^ing the Captain (ios- nold who h a d discovered Cape Cod (§11), and a J o li n Smith, who was to become famous. G s - nold's death, wliich soon oc- u r r e d , 1 e f t S m i t h as the only man aide to cope with the difficulties of the situatioii. 18. Smith, however, was not permitted to take the lead. The king had appointed two councils to carry out his instructions for the government of the colony. One of these had its head-quarters in Eng- land. The other, the subordinate one, consisting of seven men, held its meetings at Jamestown. The foolish king had put the names of the seven men into a tin box. Then hand- ing the box to Captain Newport, the commander of the 18- Of what foolish measure was the king the doer ? 54 Colonial Peri oil company's ships, ho said : ** This must not bo oponod till aftor your arrival in Virginia." 19. Tho folly boro its fruit. Whon tho box was oponod. it was disoovorod that Smith was a mombor of tho oounoil. Tho othor mombors. oxoitod by foolings of joalousy. triod to koop him out. Thoy chargod him witii an intontion of kill- ing thom and making himsolf king of A'irginia. IIo was triod, but as no ovidenco oould bo produced against him. ho was allowed to tako his scat at tho council board. 20. While tho *• gontlomon " colonists wore searching for gold or spending their time in idleness, tho others wore felling trees, planting corn, and build- ing houses. A fort and church, both rude atfairs. wore built. Fevers began to prostrate the colonists, tho provisions ran out. tho Indians wore hostile. ]>eforo tho end of the summer. more than half the men who had landed from Newport's ships wore in their graves. The president of the council, a dishonest man. ilid nothing for those under his care. He was deprived of his office, and another man was chosen in his place. This second president proving to be no better than the first. Smith, supported by the demands of the settlors, assumeil control of atfairs. and soon was regularly oloctoil president. 21. Tho scene of miserv was soon chanirod. Order was JOHN- SMITH. 19. What fruit did the kin«r"s follr bear « State the seqael. 20. Oive nu aiH.HMiui of the doiusr? and mistloings of the colonists dnring their first >nmmor in Jamestown. 21 KojH^ai the story that i< lold of tho saving of Smith's life by Pocohoutas. Virginia. 56 esttiblishod, the Iiuliaus woiv mwimI, ami supplies of com were procured. 8uiith nuide boat excursions up bays and rivers, sometimes for corn, at other times for exploration. \ '' 77 ^ [ Smith lie hoped to find a passage to the Pacitic. In and a book written by him, he tells a very interesting i ^"i^^l^^^^^^ story of liis capture hy tlie Indians w hile he was on one of his expeditions. 4'he savages took him to their chief, Pow- ha-tan', who ordered him to be killed. His head Avas placed upon a stone, and an Indian raised a club to strike it, when Po-ca-hon'-tas, a daughter of the chief, not more than thir- teen years of age, rushed to the prostrate man, put her arms about his nei'k. and by tears ami entreaties so softened the heart of her father as to induce him to set his captive free. 22, Wliether this story is true or not, it is certain that Pocahontas was friendly to the colonists. She more than once carried baskets of corn to them when they were sorely in lu^ed of food : and once, stealing through the woods at night, she warned them of an attack which her people had })laniUHl against them. The colonists called her "The iK'ar and blessed Pocahontas." 23. In the spring of the next year (1008) N^ewport arrived with more settlers; but these brought no joy to Virginia, for they were "chiefly vagabond gentlemen and The Gold Fever. goldsmiths." Near Jamestown they found a yel- low sand, which, they said, was gold. At once a gold fever broke out, and attacked every man except Smith. He reasoned and remonstrated, but in vain. ^' There was no talk, no hope, no work, but to dig gold, wash gold, load gold." The ckduded Newport carried to London a full cargo of the gilded sand, which, to his mortification, he was in- formed was nothing but worthless dirt. 24. The Lomlon Company were disappointed. They had 22. What other service did Pocahontas render to the colonists ? 23. ('ive an account of tlie gold fever in Jamestown. 24. What change of charter and ruler was made in 1609 Y 56 Colonial Period. spent much money, but had received notliing of vahie in re- turn. The king gave them another charter, which extended the limits of their territory, "northward and southward and from sea to sea," meaning from the Athmtic to the Pacific. It empowered them Virginia and the Second Charter. to appoint a governor for tlieir colony, and Lord DehiAvare was accordingly chosen (1G09). 25. Before Delaware reached Virginia a serious accident occurred to Smith. AVhile sailing down the James Kiver. a bag of gunpowder exploded in his boat, "tearing the flesh from his body in a most pitiful manner." As there was no one in the colony skilful enough to treat his wounds, he decided to return to England for treatment. He was carried on board a ship, and. though he never saw Virginia again, his enterprising spirit was not quenched (1010). Four years later he crossed the ocean to the reoion belons^ino; to the Plymouth Company, examined its shores, and made a map of his explorations (§ 49). To him we are indebted for the name, New England, by which the region is known. One of his admirers exclaims : •• I never knew a wjirrior like thee From wine, debts, and oaths so free." * * The story of Smith's life, as tokl by himself, seems like a romance. He fonirht ao:ainst Spaniards and Turks, slew three champions in single combat, was taken prisoner, sold as a "beast in a market place," and sent to Con- stantinople. There he trained the affection of his mistress, who, to secure his safety, sent him to her brother. This man, a proiid pasha, snspecting^ his sister's feelings and intentions, determined to baffle her. lie put Smith to work among half-savage serfs, and treated him cruelly in other ways. ^Mad- dened by the treatment. Smith turned upon his master, beat out his brains with a flail, put on the dead man's clothes, mounted the dead man's horse, and fled from the country. After his adventures in Virginia and his explorations of the New England coast, he was captured at sea by a French war ship, but 25. Give the further history of Smith while he was in the colony. Who save to New England its name ? How was that brought about ? Tell the story ol Smith's life as you find it in the note. Virginia. 57 26r Under Virginia's first governor, from whom Dehiwiire Bay takes its name, tlie colony prospered. The people worked in common, that is, wliatever was done was for the benefit of all. There were no small farms or little plots of cnltivated land. There was one large farm, and all the corn and other things raised on it were carried to a warehonse, from which each settler drew his share. The plan was a poor one as events proved, still the governor's good management made it at first a snccess. Knles were laid (h)wn for each day, and these were carefully observed. 27. At the ringing of the church l)cll in the eai'ly morn- ing of each work day, the people assembled in the little church. The governor, attended by the members of his council, and by a guard of fifty men in red cloaks, set an ex- ample of i)unctuality. After the service, the congregation went to the store-house, where each person received his day's allowance of food. Breakfast over, all were ready for work. The church service was after the manner established bv law in England. King James was an Episcopalian, and he tried to compel his subjects in Virginia to be of the same faith. 28. Unfortunately for the colony. Lord Delaware did not remain long in it. A lingering sickness so discouraged him that he returned to England (1011). Fresh arrivals having in- creased the i)opulation of Jamestown to seven hundred men, women, and children, it was decided that some should settle elsewhere. Two ** cities " were accordingly founded, one of which, savs its historian, ■'■had three streets, a church, and made his escape. In Ensiland he spent tlie last years of liis life Avriting a His- tory of Virginia, and a narrative of his travels and adventures. He died in Km. 26- What system of work did Lord Delaware phin for the colonists ? 27- Rt'Iate how the system, with the church observance, was carried out. 28- What further can you state of Lord Delaware ? Of increase in tlie colony's population •; Of change in the system of work ? bs Colonial Period. watoli houses." They liad only a brief existence. At this time a great change was effected, for which the new gov- ernor. Sir Thomas Dale, deserved thanks. Under the oUl system of hibor, the industrious settkn-s practically supported the idlers. Xow the working bees no longer fed the drones. Every num was put in possession of a })lot of ground to culti- vate for his own nse. The result was seen when the next 1\ POCAHONTAS PRESiKNTKD TO «}VKKN ANNS, "WIFE OF JAMES I. crops were gathered. Instead of a "Starving Time " which had nearly destroyed the colony (UUO). there was now plenty and to spare. 29. In one direction there was prosperity, in another there was trouble. The Indians were not friendly. Captain KeK'Ue the story of ArpiU's captiiiv of l\K'ahonta<. Virginia. 59 Ai'gall, "half pirate, half sailor/' hit upon a plan to bring them to terms. This was to get Pocahontas on board his sloop, and take her to Jamestown as a prisoner. His idea was, that her father so loved her that Pocahontas. he woidd not injure the settlers while she was in their cus- tody. To an Indian chief and Ids wife Argall offered a cop- per kettle if they would bring the little maid to him. They consented. The unsuspecting girl, curious to see the inside of a great ship, went willingly. She no sooner reached the cabin than she was informed of her captivity, ller tears were of no avail. She was taken to Jamestown. 30. How often the unexpected happens I The pious minister in the colony at once saw his golden opportuiuty, and soon had the joy of receiving the Indian girl iido his church. She was baptized, and a new name, Rebecca, given to her. Meanwhile, John Kolfe (rolf), who. we are told, was an "honest and discreet young Englishuuin," winning the love of the Indian captive, desired her in marriage. The gov- ernor's consent was given, and in the little church, surrounded l)y colonists, and the bride's dusky relatives, the lovers were married (1G14). Rolfe and his wife lived in contentment on his plantation, and there was peace between her peo]de ami the colonists. 31. In a few months, the governor. Sir Thomas Dale, resolved to return to his native land, and it was decided that the young couple should go with him. In England the Indian wife was welcomed as the daughter of a king. She was presented at court and styled the Lady Rebecca. 'Her old friend, John Smith, Avas among the happy greeters. But her days were not many. She was getting ready to return to the land of her fathers, Avhen she suddenly died (1G17). She left one child, a son, who was educated in England. In Virginia he married and became a person of note. 30. Ciive an account of the niMrria^e of Pocahontas to John Rolfc. 31- Kelate the further history of Pocahontas. Describe the pi(;ture on page 58. 60 Colonial Period. New Netiierland. (Ketv York, JS'ew Jersey, and Delaioare.) 32. The voyage from England to India, aronnd the soutliern cape of Africa, was long. It took more than a year to go and retnrn. The way around the south- ern end of South America was even longer (§ 37, p. 3'2). Was there not a shorter way ? Henry Hudson and his Discoveries. Attempts were made to find a passage through the northern part of North America, one of the most persevering seekers being Henry Hudson. Commanding a Dutch ship, the Half- Moon, and in the employ of a Dutch company, he made his third attempt. Reaching the American coast, he entered the harbor of New York, and ascended the beautiful river (the Hudson) that flows into it (1609). This was about three months after the Frenchman, Samuel Cliamplain, had sailed up the St. Lawrence, and in an expedition southward, found the lake which bears his name (note to § 110). 33. The natives in canoes crowded about the Ilalf-Moon, bringing oysters, beans, graj)es, tobacco, and beaver-skins, which they disposed of in trade for beads, knives, and hatchets. Some of the natives smoked tobacco through copper pipes. Some wore ornaments of cop23er around their necks. All were clad in garments made of feathers or fur. At a point about a hundred miles from the mouth of the river, Hudson went ashore, and was conducted by the Indi- ans to a large house covered with oak bark, in which was stored their last harvest of corn and beans. . A mat was spread for him to sit upon, and he was invited to partake of food from a wooden bowl. A fat dog Avas also killed and cooked for his repast. 32- What is said of the two water routes from England to India ? What is said about a shorter route ? Who made three attempts to find a shorter route ? What dis- covery did he make the third time? When was that ? Give the particuhirs. What is said of Champlain ? (See also p. 30.) 33 Relate the incidents of Uudson's intercourse with the Indians. New Nethi'vliotd. 61 34. FnrtJior ascending tlie river, the Ilalf-Moon was brouiiht ti) a stop by the shallow eliannel. Still lioping that he had found the passage to India's seas, Hudson sent a pai-ty HI a small boat to continue the search. The report ))rought back left the disappointed navigator no choice. liililiii TllK IIAI.F-.MIUIN .\S( KNDING TllK IHDSON. Turning about, he descended the " Silent l\iver of the Moun- tains," and steered for Europe. lEo stopped at England. It was a mistake. King Jauies detained both him and his vessel, saying that the lands he had visited belonged to the English crown. Hudson contrived to send a report of his discoveries to his eui})loyers, but the Half-Moon was not peruiitted to leave England for several months.* •^- It has been stated that Verrazzaui (also Verrazano), an Italian navi- uator, while eonunandinii- a Freneh ship in 1524, entered the harbor of New Vorlv, thus antieipating Hudson more than ei,i»iity years. The statement is now believed to be untrue. Baneroft, in tlie last edition of his History of the United States does not allude to Verrazzani in any way. 34. How far did ho explore the river? Why did he go so far y What befell him and liis vessel in England y 62 Colonial Period. 35. AVould we know more of Henry Hudson ? In the employ of English merchants, once more lie sailed to find a northern passage to India (1610). He jxissed through the strait, and into the bay that now hears his name. A mutiny broke out among his crew, and he, with liis son and seven others who had remained faithful to him, was put into a boat and abandoned. Those of the mutineers who lived to get back to England were hanged, or punished ac- cording to their deserts. The king sent ships to find Hud- son. All efforts were fruitless. AVas not the great bav the tomb of its discoverer ? 36. Hudson, in the Half-Moon, had sailed along the coast from Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay. On the river discovered by him, near the present city of Albany, the Dutch built a small house, protecting it with two big guns (§ 38). At the mouth of the river, on First Settlement in New Netherland. the island which the Indians called Manluittan, they put up huts to shelter the crew of one of their ships that had been destroyed by fire ; and, building another vessel, a yacht of sixteen tons burden, launched her in the spring of 1014 (§ 137). They explored the shores along which Hudson had sailed, extending their excursions to many bays and rivers. They said that the country belonged to them, and that its name should be New Netherland. 37. Most of the early settlers from Holland came in fami- lies, ^lany were AValloons, Protestants who had escaped to Holland from the Spanish rule in Flanders, now Belgium. On Manhattan (New York) Island a log fort was built, and around this center, called Fort Amsterdam, were erected huts of bark with straw roofs and wooden chimneys (10'-^3). 35. Tell all you know of the further history of Hudson. 36. "What steps did the Dutch take to get and hold possession of the country that Hudson liad discovered for them ? What is said of tlieir ship-building? What name did they give to their country ? Can you tell why they so named it ? 37- Who wore the Walloons ? What can you .rHs's Delaware Settlements. 40. Who, in succession, were the governors of New Netherland ? Ans. Peter Mimiits, Wouter Van Tvviller, Sir William Kieft. and Peter Stnyvosant. 41. What is said of Stuyvesant and what he did for the colony ? •KTEK STUYVESANT. New England. 65 Churcli Liberty. Xew Exglaxd. 42. In our country, the United States, there are many churches. If a person desires to be a Methodist, or a Baptist, or a CathoHc, or an Episcopalian, or a member of any other church, he is at liberty to do so. Indeed, he may go to any church or may keep away from all churches, just as he pleases. This we call re- ligious toleration. But toleration like this was not the state of things in England during the reign of James I. He be- longed to what was, and is still, the Churcli of England. The laws of England were largely based upon the assumption that every Englishman belonged to the one Church in which it was declared ''was the only true worship.^'' Unlike the churches of our day and country, the Churcli of England was supported by taxes, very much as the army was supported. Xo other church received any such aid. In fact, no other church had any legal existence. If any body of persons wanted to build a church of another denomination, the laws said they must not. ^ 43. At that time there was a large number of i:)ersons in England who were called Puritans. They were very strict in their religious notions and mode of living. The most of them attended church as King James and the law commanded, but they were in favor of a more simple form of worshij), such a form as by its very simplicity would purify the church from, what they re- garded, its follies and abuses. Hence their name, Puritans. 44. Some Puritans went farther. Believing that it was impossible to effect any change in the church, supported as it was by law, king, and a multitude of interests, they sepa- rated themselves entirely from it and set up another church. The Puritans. 42. What wa« England's? condition as to church affairs in the reign of Jamee What ig i^aid of EnglandV church lawf^ ? 43. "Who were the Puritan.'- ': What did the}- desire ? 44. WTio were the Separatist'; * WTiat move did thej' resolve to make ': 66 Colonial Period. an independent church. Hence they called themselves Sepa- ratists or Independents. Unfortunately, they lived at a time when church persecutions were common. They could not meet, except in secret. They were looked upon as rebels. One of their congregations, consisting of about three hundred persons, having been cruelly driven from place to place, re- PILGRIMS E»r.\l*lN(; FKu.n IvNiil.ANlJ. t^FUOM LKUTZK'.s I'll TUKE.) solved to go to Holhind, where, tliey lieard, ''was freedom of religion for all men.'' 45. But resolutions are sometimes more easily made than executed. When the resolvers began to leave, they were seized and cast into prison. Even wo- men and children were arrested as if they were The Pilgrim Fathers. thieves. Two years passed. What years of misery ! At last, 45. What is said of the persecutions to which the Separatists were subjected ? Of their movement to und in Uolland t Describe the picture. New England. 67 having escaped in small parties, these poor exiles were united at Amsterdam, Holland, from which city they went to Leyden {U'-den). Were they not Pilgrims? At Leyden, under the devoted care of their pastor, John Robinson, they lived ten years ^'in peace, love, and holiness/^ 46. Though they were kindly treated by their neighbors, they became convinced that they ought not to remain longer in Holland. They believed that elsewhere they could " act a higher part.'' They were English, and they w^anted their children to be English. They looked toward the New^ AVorld. There, on English soil and under the English flag, they proposed to establish a home in which they would be just as free as in Holland to worship God as they desired. They asked King James for a tract of his domain in America. He refused. He would not even give them permission to go to any part of it. He w^as, however, finally brought to say, they were told, that, if they went, he WTjuld not molest them. On this slender promise they resolved to go. 47. A ship was purchased, the Speedwell, and anchored in Delft Haven. As she was not large enough to take all the congregation, it was decided that the pastor should abide with those that remained. The parting took place on the deck of the Speedwell. *• Robinson knelt down, and with him knelt his friends and companions. He stretched out his hands and cried to the Lord, and his words moved all hearts." He then returned to the shore, whence he and the many with him '' w^atched the departing bark with streaming eyes " ^July, 1620}. 48. A favorable wind wafted the Speedwell to an English port, where the Mayflower, a hired ship, was waiting to join her. The two. ships then sailed, but the Speedwell belied her 46. W'hy did the Pilgrims wi«h to leave Holland ? What steps did they take to leave ? What was the king'« attitude toward them ? 47. Give an account of their departure from Holland. 48- Of their experience iu England and departure thence. 68 Colonial Period. name. She began to leak, and both vessels put back. Again they sailed, and again, for the same reason, put back, this time to Plymouth, England. Finally, the Mayflower, crowded with about a hundred passengers, sailed alone ; and, after a tedious passage of more than two months, dropped anchor in Cape Cod Bay (November, 1G20). 49. xV month was spent in finding a good spot for their settlement. The ground was cov- ered with snow. One day a war- w h o o ^ a n d a fliglit of arrows gave notice that the Indians were near. Before the landing of the Pilgrims, they adopted a form of govern- ment. They agreed to obey the will of the majority. In the cabin of the Mayflower the paper was spread upon the table, and every man signed it. John Carv^^r was elected governor for one year. From the boat which conveyed them THE MAYFLOWER. (FROM THE MODEL IN PILGRIM UALL, PLYMOUTH, MASS.) 49. What is said of the arrival of the Pilgrims in America and their compact in the cabin of the Mayflower ? Their landing and the name given to their new home ? Wliere is Oape Cod (map 1) ? Plymouth ? What is stated in the two notes on page m ? New England. 69 from the ship, they stej^ped upon a rock,* and all landed (December, 1620). Remembering the kind treatment which they had received at Plymouth, their last resting place in England, they called their new home Plymouth.! For many years the landing of the Pilgrims was celebrated on •le 22d of December : now the 21st is regarded as the true Forefathers' Day. 50. Each head of a familv Vjuilt his own house, and as the * '• Here is a stone which the feet of a few oatcaists pressed for an instant, and it became famous. It is treasured by a nation. Its very dust is shared as a relic." — Ik: T^f^quevUle. + Six rears before, as we hare seen, John Smith examined the shores of New England (i; 25). Three veaj^ later he published a map showing the ex- tent of his explorations, but it Ls not known that the Pilgrims ever saw the map. It is a curious fact that on this map. on the very spot chosen by the PiUnims for their settlement, is found the name Pl^-mouth. 50. Belate the Samoeet epiBode. What treaty wan made i 70 Colonial Period. Indians were seen hovering near, a military body was formed with Miles Standish as its leader. Bnt the Indians made no attack. On the contrary, one of them, in the early spring, walked boldly into the village,, and to the surprise and delight of its inhabitants exclaimed, ^' Welcome, Englishmen ! " He was a petty chief, Samoset by name, who had been among the English fishermen of Maine. He soon brought other friendly Indians, and these were not long in inducing Mas-sa- soit, the great chief of the Wam-pa-no'-ags, to visit the Pil- grims. Presents were exchanged, and, what was of vast im- portance, a treaty of friendship was ^^^ concluded in a day, and sacredly kept for more than half a century'' (1G21). 51. The frequent showers of sleet, snow, and rain, to which the colonists were exposed before their houses could be occupied, c^iused much sickness. Before the Mayflower, in April, left for England, there were not more than fifty whom death had spared. Among the fallen was Carver. His place as governor was filled by AVilliam Bradford. In the autumn other members of the Leyden congregation arrived, but Rob- inson was not among them. He died before arrangements were completed for conveying him and the rest of his flock to Plymouth. The Indians continued friendly. Once, Canon- icus, chief of the tribe on the west of Narragansett Bay, showed hostility. He sent some arrows in the skin of a rattlesnake. It was a message of war. Bradford sent back the skin, filled, in place of the arrows, with powder and shot. The chief's courage failed. He repented, and promised frendship. 52. King James's grants of land were made with looseness and lavishness. What he did one day he undid the next. 51. What is said of the sufferings of the Pilgrims ? What is said of Canonicus ? Of Carver and Bradford ? What further can you state of Bradford ? Ans. Every year, for thirty-one years, except five when he refused to serve, he was elected governor. Ue wrote a history of the colony called the History of the Plymouth Plantation. 52. What is said of Virginia's charters issued by King James ? Of Virginia's popular legislature (note) V When and why was it abolished ? Neic Emjlmid. 71 Virginia's Charters. Wlitit lio gjivc Olio (lay to one party lie g;ivo to anotlicr party juiotlior (hiy. JLo looked upon his vast doiiiaiii in Aiiioricti as the s})Cculator nowadays looks \\\\()\\ liis town lots. '^Fo the Virginians^ in tlio course of time, he gave no less than thiHUi charters, the setu)nd widening the land limits of the llrst, and the third of the second. In favoi' of the last (diarter was its libei'al pi'ovision j)crniitting the freeinen of the colony to elect re[)resenta,t ives to an assembly. This body, which madc^ hiws, was the lli'st ])e()ple's legislatui'e in America (1(511)).* Hut this great I'ight enjoyed by the Virginians was not enjoyed long. ^V\w. king, ])retending that they discussed aifairs with too nuudi fi-iHulom, in other words, that they were too democratic, revoked all his gifts to them (1G24). Virginia thus again became the soh^ ])ro])erty of the Crown (i^ ',}()). No conditions were attached to the gift. Was there ever in the history of the woi-ld a present of such magnitude ! Men called it the *M»reat Patent," meaning that it was a gi'eat monopoly, and that they did not like it. Withont the consent of the (coun- cil, no man could lawfully build a house or buy a bit of fur anywhere on their vast domain. No man could cat(di a lish in any of its waters. While men said that the king had done The Council of Plymouth. * "A perpelujil interest attaches to this first elective body that ever assem- bled in the western world, representing; the people of Viri>:inia, and inakin<>: laws for their u;overnnient, a year before the Mayflower, with the Pilmfe'« Mo.kiiifj of Xein England. 63. What became of the surviving Pequods and their chief ? 64. Oive an account of King Philip, and the war with liim. (See Mount Hope, map p. f/J.) 78 Colonial Period. Rhode Island. 65. W.e liiive lieiinl soniethiiig of Roger Willijinis. Wluit more of him interests us ? lie was a ruritcin minister in Massachusetts, but, as he diifcred in o])inion in certain church matters from his Puritan asso- ciates, he did not meet with favor in tlieir eyes. The Plym- outh folks found no fault with him, but the people of the other towns were not so well disposed, for they believed that the country could not be safe unless all its inhabitants thought and felt alike. The town and the church, they con- tended, should be governed by the same rulers, and no man should vote who was not a member of tlieir church. Though Williams was pastor of the Salem church, he was bold to say that there ought to be no such connection be- tween church and state. " Men," he said, *' ought to be i)un- ished for their crimes, not for their o[)inions." The ])ower of the civil magistrates, lie asserted, *' rightly extends only to the bodies, goods, and outward state of nian.^^ Nor was he silent when he saw the '" wliite men helping themselves freely to the lands of the red men, on 2)retense of certain titles derived from a white king on the other side of the Atlantic, lie could not see how even so great a monarch as the king of England could give away what did not belong to him.'^ 66. These sayings of the fearless pastor produced a great commotion. Representatives from the towns of Massachusetts Bay met in General Court, ])ronounccd them full of errors, and therefore injurious to the colony. The offender, it was solemnly resolved, must be sent to England. Men Avere ac- cordingly hurried off to arrest him, but they were too late. Warned by friends, he had escajied to find refuge in the coun- try of his friend Massasoit, whom he had often met among 65. Who was Roger Williams ? What opinions (lid he have ? llow did his opin- ions differ from those of the Pnritans ? 66. What were the conseqnences to him ? (Jive an account of his flisjht. Where and when at last did he find a place of secnrity ? What did ho call it ? Where is Provi- dence situated (map 2) ? New England. 79 tho Pilgrims of Plymouth. ^^ Fourteen weeks," wrote he in after years, ^^ I was sorely tossed in a bitter season, not know- ing what bread or bed did mean/' Massasoit received the fugitive with open arms, and gave him of his best. At the opening of summer, Williams, joined by friends from Salem, crossed Narragansett Bay to find a good place for a settle- -UJJ-. ',OI.ONI-T- MKK7I-.'^ v.l I.J.I.-, M - 7 O <,\:y. HIM .••. :': i.\.< < ,>\¥. < ''>7). (From OranVs Painting va Uie Wall oj tfvt (J(Mrt-fi//iihc,, ViwvJUirurA.) ment. Selecting a spot near a spring of cold water, he called it JVovidence, in token of God's merciful }>rovideiice to him in his distress (1030^. 67. The land belonged to the Xarragansetts, but they were glad to have Williams occupy it, showing their willing- 67- How did Williamn get to own the land '' WTiat did he t-ay ? How were the affaire of the colony attended to 't What ie Haid of WillianaH's mission \m England '< 80 Colonial Period. ness by giving him a deed of an extensive tract. " Now the soil is my own/' said he, ''just as truly as the coat on my back is my own/' It was not his object, however, to hold it for himself. Men came from other colonies and from Europe, and " to those most in want, he gave until he gave all away." The settlers came together every month ; no one asked to what, if any, Cliurch they belonged, and at tliese '* town meetings " the affairs of the colony were freely discussed and fully cared for. Other settlements having been made m Rhode Island, AVilliams went to England to have them united with his own under one charter.* He was successful (IGi-I). On his return, the people went across the bay in a fleet of canoes to give him a hearty welcome and escort him home. 68. The Pequod War being over, some Puritans of Massa- chusetts, not liking certain new opinions that were agitated among the brethren, thought it safer to build a church and home for themselves in the Connecti- New Haven. cut region. A spot was accordingly selected, and under a wide-spreading oak, with the Rev. John Davenport as their pastor, they held their first service. Ten good coats induced the Indians to sell the tract of land, which its new owners began to lay out in squares for a city, their New Haven (1G38). God's word, as found in the Bible, they declared should be their only rule. '* They feared God and kept their powder dry." Theophilus Eaton, a wealthy merchant. * Like Williams, Anne Hutchinson, William Coddington, and others were forced to leave Massachusetts because their opinions and teachings were at variance with the doctrines of the Massachusetts church. "Williams welcomed them to Rhode Island. Coddington bought the island of Aquidneck, after- ward called Rhode Island, from the Indians, and on it made a settlement, from which sprung the towns of Newport and Portsmouth. Another settle- ment was made at AVarwick, about ten miles from Providence. After the death of her husband, Mrs. Hutchinson removed to New Netherland. The Dutch and Indians being then at war, her house was burned by the savages, and she met death in the flames or from a tomahawk. 68- fiive an account of the New Haven settlement. Where is New Haven (map, ]). 75) ? Who was Theopliilus Eaton ? Maryland. 81 was elected governor, and annually, for twenty years, till his death, he was honored in like manner (§ 77). Now there were three colonies in Connecticut (§ 98). Marylaxd. 69. The Puritans were not the only persons in England who were not allowed to have churclies of their own Roman Catholics were no better treated. AVe won- der that while there was so much intolerance in Eno-land the same intolerance was not extended to The Maryland's Charter. all England^s colonies. Our wonder is not abated when we learn that King Charles agreed to transfer a large domain north of the Potomac River to the keeping of Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, who was a distinguished Catholic. The deed, written in Latin, was ready for the king^s signature, when Lord Baltimore died. It was, however, issued to his son, Cecil (ses'-il), who, by iaw and custom, inherited the property as well as the title of his father (1G32). By a clause in the deed he was bound to deliver two Lidian arrows every year to the king, and a fifth of all the gold and silver mined in the colony. 70. Xothing was said in the deed, or charter, by which the people of one religion were to be favored more than those of another. " Christianity, as professed by the Church of England, was protected, but be- yond this, silence left room for equality in religious rights not less than in civil freedom.'' The proprietor, it was well 69. Who was Sir George Calvert? What did King James agree to do for him? What was hin object ? Why did he not receive the grant ? Who did receive it ? 70. What is said of the charter ? What name was given to the province, and why ? 6 LORD BALTIMORE (2d). 82 Colonial Period, kiiowii;, was a zealous Catholic, and it was not to be supposed that persons of the same faith would not find a welcome in the new colony. The province was called Maryland, in honor of Queen Mary, as the j^eoj^le called Henrietta Maria, the king's wife. 71. The young Lord Baltimore faithfully carried out the plans of his father. In two ships, the Ark and the Dove, the first party of emigrants embarked. Among them were two brothers of the proprietor, one of whom, Leonard Calvert, was to be the governor Maryland's First Settlement. of the colony. There were several Catholic missionaries, ^''twenty gentlemen of good fashion, and two or three hun- dred laborers. ''' 1\\ February, 1634, they arrived in Chesa- peake Bay. Ascending the Potomac, they came to an Indian village, nearly opposite to what was, more than a hundred years later, the home of George Washington, Mount Vernon. There they found an English trader, who was living with the Indians and could speak their language. 72. On the banks of a small stream they came to another Indian village which its inhabitants were about to abandon because of the hostility of a licighboring tribe. This favora- ble state of things made it easy ^^by presents of cloth and axes, of hoes and knives, to purchase the Indian right to the soil.'' The new-comers at once occupied the village, to which, with jnous ceremony, they gave the name St. Mary's. A large wigwam was assigned to the ijiissionaries, who conse- crated it as a church. Thus we see that the first chapel in Maryland was built by Indians. No person was molested on account of his religion, and all were equally jirotected. " The Indian women taught the wives of the new-comers to make bread of maize ; and the warriors of the tribe joined the huntsmen in the chase." The deserted fields of the Indians were planted with corn, and of the abundant crop in the 71. Oivu an account of the first emigration to jVIaryland (map 7). 72. Of the settlement of St. Mary's. Its church. Its location. Maryland. 83 autumn^ a cargo was sent to Massachusetts to be exclianged for fish. 73. Were the settlers happy ? Their beautiful country, with its mild climate and fertile soil, and the friendly dis- position of the Indians, gave them much cause for contentment ; but at their very door, it may be said, was an enemy that vexed and annoyed Troubles with Clayborne. them terribly. On one of their islands in Chesapeake Bay was a man named Clayborne {kid' -hum) , " a rebel " they called him, who was carrying on a brisk trade with the Indians. He would not acknowledge the authority of Mary- land's governor, for he had come first, and in his pocket he carried a license from the king, addressed to '^our truly and well-beloved William Clayborne, '' which made him the owner of land in Maryland and gave him permission to trade. 74. The claims of Clayborne, it was evident, conflicted with the rights of Lord Baltimore, and the rebel was ordered to leave. He refused. One of his boats being seized, a skirmish followed in which two of his men were killed. He made his escape to England, but returning at the head of ^'a band of rebels,'"' he drove Governor Calvert out of Maryland. Aided by Virginia's governor, Calvert expelled the mischief- maker, and j)eace was restored. 75. It was a ^^eace of short duration. The liberal offers of Lord Baltimore drew many Puritans to the colony. In- stead of showing gratitude, these, incited by Clayborne, turned against their host, gained con- Civil War. trol of public affairs, and deprived the Catholics of their rights. Not a single Catholic could vote or hold an office. A civil war ensued (1654). What would it profit us to con- tinue the unhappy story ? Do we ask why the king did not put a stop to the trouble ? He, unfortunately, had trouble 73- What ri<:;ht!i had Clayborne. How were they procured ? 74. Give ail account of the war that followed. 75. Give an account of the civil war. What was the fate of Charles I. ? What fol- lowed in England ? 84 Colonial Period, enough of his own at home. Believing that the wishes of kings are above all law, he quarrelled with his Parliaments. He was driven from his throne by the Puritans, captured, tried on a charge of treason, pronounced guilty, and beheaded (10-1:9). The Puritans, being now masters, would not let the dead king^s son, the second Charles, occupy the throne. Oliver Cromwell, with the title of Lord Protector, became the head of the government. He was not a king in name, but he had all the authority of a king. 76. This revolution in England had its effect in the colonies. Large numbers of Episcopalians flocked to Vir- ginia, wdiere the people, with few exceptions, were " Church- men," like themselves, or, as they were often called. Cavaliers. The Puritans were as often called Eoundheads, a name given to them in derision because of their custom of wearing their hair cropped short. The Cavaliers were true royalists. They were ever faithful alike to king and Church. Cromwell, in their eyes, as well as in the eyes of the Catholics, was a rank rebel. That sturdy ruler was wise enough to keep his hands olf Virginia, but not from Maryland.* New Exglajs^d (See § G8). 77. Upon the Puritans of New England Cromwell smiled. Union of I They were his devoted friends, believing that New England 1 "' liis battles Were the battles of the Lord.''' In many ways did he favor them ; and, while he Colonies. ruled, they were, except in name, a free and indei^endent * With the exceptions of brief intervals of quietness, the civil Avar in Mary- land lasted about seven years, when the authority of Lord Baltimore was fully restored. In 1691 King AVilliam made Sir Lionel Copley governor. Maryland was then said to be a "crown colony." Finally, in 1715, King George I. returned to the fifth Lord Baltimore all the rights which had been granted by Charles 1. to the head of his line eighty-three years before. 76. now did the revolution affect Virginia and Maryland ? 77- How did New England fare at Uie hands of Cromwell ? What is said of the union of New England colonies ? Why was not Khode Island included ? Ans. Be- cause her settlers differed in religious opinions from those of the other colonies. Npm England. 85 people. Four of their coloriien, MaHKacliuHettH, Plymoutlj, Connecticut, and Xe\v^ Jlaven, had formed a union for pro- tection against their Dutch neigliljors on the went, the i-'rencli on the east, and the Indians in their midst (104.'i). What now could tlierc be to njar their ]>eace an