D 9 H45 186T £p: HAYDN'S DICTIONARY OF DATES COMPREHENDING REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES, ANCIENT AND MODERN, HE FOUNDATION, LAWS, AND GOVERNMENTS OF COUNTRIES THEIR PROGRESS IN ARTS, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS IN ARMS — AND THEIR CIVIL, MILITARY, RELIGIOUS, AND PHILANTHROPIC INSTITUTIONS. With American Supplement and Biographical Index, by G. P. PUTNAM, A. M. NOW READY. The Twelfth Thousand, revised, enlarged, and brought down to the present time — {Aug. 1867.) THE WORLD'S PROGRESS: A Manual of Dates connected with the History of Every Age and Nation, and the Progress of Society in Knowledge and Arts. Both alphi- betieally and synchronistically arranged ; continued to August, 1867. With a colored chart. Designed for the the counting-room, for teachers, students, and for universal reference. By G. P. Putnam, A.M. In one vol., large 12mo, cloth, $3.50. Half calf, $5. Notices of former Editions. A more convenient literary labor-saving machine than this excellent compilation can scarcely be found in any language. — New York Tribune. It has been planned so as to facilitato access to the largest amount of useful information in the smallest possible compass —Buffalo Courier. The best manual of the kind that has yet appeared in the English language. — Boston Courier. An exceedingly valuable book ; well nigh indispensable to a very large portion of the community.— New York, Courier and Inquirer. Also, — {Sold Separately, .) THE AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT TO HAYDN'S DICTIONARY OF DATES. Including a Copious Biographical Index. By G. P. Putnam. 8to. $1.50, *<■ 3o5eph ono' HAYDN'S Dictionary of Dates RELATING TO ALL AGES AND NATIONS : UNIVERSAL REFERENCE. Bv BENJAMIN VINCENT, A68ISTANT SECRETARY AND KEEPER OP THE LIBRARY OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN. Authorized American Edition, with Supplement relating chiefly to American topics, and a Copious Biographical Index, By G. P. Putnam, A.M. , AfV Of '-. ■ -<>' G- NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM & SON, 66 1 BROADWAY. 1867. A Entered, according to aot of Congress, in the year 186T, by G. P. PUTNAM, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. NOTE TO AMERICAN EDITION. This edition comprises the whole of the last English edition of Haydn's valuable compilation, edited by Mr. B. Vincent of the British Museum, and imported in its original shape,* — with the addition of a Supplement relating chiefly to American affairs, and giving dates of recent events in Europe and the East. To this is added a Biographical Index, which will probably be found sufficiently copious and convenient for ordinary reference. Mr. Vincent's edition of Haydn is wonderful for its comprehensiveness and accuracy, even on American topics ; and this is a gratifying surprise to those who have had occasion to refer to other English works which have attempted to give American statistics. Bat the paragraphs which have been added in the American Supplement will be found in some cases to be essential to the usefulness of the volume as a book of reference in this country. Absolute completeness in such a work is, of course, unattainable. The difficulty of obtaining accurately the details and dates of recent occurrences can only be appreciated by actual trial. But the reader will find in these pages all that can be reasonably expected in a single volume so compact and portable as this. a. p. p. New York, Aug. 24, 1867. * By the courtesy of Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. DICTIONARY OF DATES AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. BY G. P. PUTNAM, A. M. ADMINISTRATIONS op the United States, since I860.- the death of President Taylor, July 9, 1850— -See World's Progress. Od Millard Fillmore, of New York (Vice-President), became President. He appointed, soon after, the following Cabinet, viz. : Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, Secretary of State. Thomas Corwin, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury. Charles M. Conrad, Louisiana, Secretary of War. William A. Graham, North Carolina, Secretary of Navy. A. H. H. Stepheus, Virginia, Secretary of Interior. Nathan K. Hall, New York, Postmaster-General. John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, Attorney-General. William K. King, Alabama, was elected President of the Senate, and became Acting Vice-President of TJ. 8. Howell Cobb, Georgia, (continued in office), I at ,„ „ Linn Boyd, Kentucky, December, 1851. f Speakers of H. Reps. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, inau^ura.ed March 4, 185i, President. Vice-President — vacant, by death of Hon. Wm. R. King, April 18, 1853 — William L. Marcy, James Guthrie, Robert M'Clelland, James C. Dobbin, Jefferson Davis, James Campbell, Caleb Cusliing, James L. Orr, James Buchanan, of John C. BRECKiNiiiD Lewis Cass, John Black, Isaac Toncey, John B. Floyd, Joseph Holt, Howell Cobb, Philip Thomas, John A. Dix, Jacob Thompson, Joseph Holt, Horatio King, Jo^n Black, E. M. Stanton, Nathl. P. Banks, Wm. Pennington, THE CABINET. New York, Kentucky, Michigan, North'Carolina. Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, South Carolina, Secretary of State. Secretary of Treasury. Secretary of Interior. Secretary of Navy. Secretary of War. Postmaster-General. Attorney-General. Speaker of H. Reps. Pennsylvania, inaugurated March 4, 1857, President ge, of Kentucky, Vice-President. Michigan, Appointed Dec. 1860. Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Virginia, Kentucky, Georgia, Maryland, New York, Mississippi, Kentucky, Muine, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Jersey, ', Secretary of State. Secretary of Navy. Appointed Jan. 1861. Appointed Dec. 1860. Appointed Jan. 1861. Jan. 1861. Dec. 1860. 1856. 1869. £ Secretary of War. > Secretary of Treasury. > Secretary of Interior. Postmaster-General. £ Attorney-General. < Speaker of IE Reps. Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, inaugurated March 4, 1861, President. Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, Vice-President. Wm. H. Seward, New York, Secretary of State. DICTIONARY OF DATES. [A DM Salmon P. Chase, Wm. P. Fessenden, Hugh McCulloch, Simon Cameron, Edwin M. Stanton, Gideon Welles, Caleb B. Smith, John P. Usher, Montgomery Blair, Wm. Dennison, Edward Bates, James Speed, Galusha A. Grow, Salmon P. Cliase, Ohio, Maine, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Indiana, Indiana, Maryland, Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Appointed July, 1804. Appointed March, lSt'5. Appointed Jan. 1862. Appointed Jan. 1S"3. Appointed Sept. 1864. Appointed Sept. 1864. 1861-2. Appointed Dec. 1864. Secretary of Treasury. ', Secretary of War. Secretary of Navy. ( Secretaiy of Interior ( Postmaster-General ( Attorney-General. Speaker H. Reps. Chief Justice. Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, inaugurated March 4, 1865, President. Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Vice-Presidenr. [President Lincoln was assassinated at Washington by Wilkes Booth, April 14, 1865.] Andrew Johnson became President. April 15, 1S65. Lafayette S. Poster, of Connecticut, elected President of the Senate. [Succeeded by Ben. P. "Wade, of Ohio, 1867.] "Wm. H. Seward, Hugh. McCulloch, Edwin M. Stanton, Gideon Welles, John P. Usher, James Harlan, Oiville H. Browning, W. Dennison, Alex. W. Randall, James Speed, Henry Stanbexy, Schuyler Colfax, New York, (con.H71.ued in office), Indiana, do Pennsylvania, do Connecticut, do Indiana, do Iowa, Appointed March, 1865. Illinois, Appointed June, 1866. Ohio, (continued in offi(e), Wisconsin, Appointed June, 18C6. Kentucky, (continued in office), Ohio, Appointed June. 1866. Indiana, 1863-'65-'67 Secretary of State. Secretary of Treasury. Secretary of War. Secretary of Navy. Secretary of Interior. I s ( Postmaster-General. i Attorney-General. Speaker H. of Reps. The salary of each member of the Cabinet was raised in 1S53 from $6,000 to $8,000. ADMINISTRATIONS of GREAT BRITAIN. [Palmerston dies, Oct. 1865.] Earl Rdssell's Ministry — With Gladstone Chancellor of the Ex- chequer; Lord Cranworth, Lord Chancellor ; Earl Granville, &c. Dec. 18C5. Derby Administration — Earl of Derby, First Lord, &c.; D'IsraeJi, Chancellor of Exchequer; Lord Stanley. Sec. for Foreign Affairs, &c. ' June 19, 1866 ADMIRALTY. There is no separate court of admiralty in the IT. S. By Statute Jointly 1&06 William Pinckney, Mass. \ in 1806. 1808 William Pickney, do. alone, min. plen. 1815 John Qui ey Adams, Mass. do. 1817 Richard Rush, Pa. do. 1826 Albert Gallatin, N. Y. do. 128 James Barbour, Va. do. 1830 Louis MoLane, Del. do. 1831 M. Van Buren, N. Y. do. I 32 Aaron Vail, charge d'affaires. T.^36 And. Stevenson, Va. miniater plen. 1341 Edward Everett, Mass. do. 1S45 Louis McLane, Md. do. France. 1776 B. Franklin, S. Deane, and A. Lee, com'rs. 1790 Wm. Short, of Va., charge d'affaires. 1792 Gouv. Morris, N. J., minister plen, 1799 James Monme, Va. do, 1796 C. C. Pinckney, S. C. ( do. 1797 E. Gerry and J. Marshall, \ do. 1799 01. Ellsw..rth, P. Henry. } , andW VansMurrav, $ ao ' 1801 James A. Bayard, Del. do. 1801 It. U. Livingston, N.Y. do. 1804 John Armstrong, do. do. 1811 .loel Barlow, Conn. do, 1813 "Wm. H. Crawford, Geo. do. 1815 Albert Gallatin. Pa. do. 1823 James Brown, La. do. 1830 Wm. C. Rives. Va, do. 1833 Edward Livingston, La, do. 1836 Lewis Cass, Mich, do. 22 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [dip 3846 George Bancroft, Mass. min. plcn. 1849 Abbott Lawrence, do. do. 1852 JarnesBuchanan, Pa. do. 1653 James K. Ingersoll do. do. 1856 George M. Dallas, do. do. 1861 CIib. Francis Adams, Mass. do. 1844 Wm. It. King, Ala. min. plen. 1849 W.C. Rives, Va. do. 1853 James Y. Mason, Va. do. 1S57 Charles J. Faulkner, Va. do. 1S61 Wm. L. Dayton, N. J. do. 1865 John Higelow, N. Y. do. 1866 John A. Dix, do. do. DIPHTHERIA, U. S. The number of deaths by this disease in New York State, from Dec. 1864 to June 1865, was 2942. DIRECTORY, New York City. The earliest published was in 1*786 : a small volume of eighty-two pages, printed by Shepherd Kollock, Wall street. The names of the individuals and firms include about 900, and occupy thirty-three pages, the remainder being filled with general statistics of the city, United States Government, Post Office Regulations, &c. In his address, the editor states it was the "first directory ever attempted in this country." The New York Historical Society possesses a complete set from its first publication. The Direct- ory of 1866-7 contains 176,511 names; increase of 10,367 over 1865-6. The volume for 1867-8 contains 177,317 names; a further increase of 806 only. DISPENSARIES, U. S. There are eleven in New York City. The oldest was founded in 1795. The poor receive treatment and medicine in them free of charge. DISTILLATION, U. S. The number of Distilleries in the U. S. in 1860 was 1,138, em- ploying a capital of $24,253,000. Number in New York State in 1865, 67. The consump- tion of distilled spirits in U. S. in 1865 was about 40,000,000 gallons. It appeared in that year that for every three gallons that paid the revenue tax, five evaded the payment. The revenue amounted to $29,198,000. DIVORCE for adultery. In this country adultery is a ground of divorce in all the States. In Massachusetts, Maine, and New Jersey, wilful desertion for five years, and in some other States desertion for two and three years, and some other causes, are ground for divorce. Divorce has been granted most frequently in Vermont, Connecticut, and Indiana. In Connecticut cruel treatment is a ground of absolute divorce. The Ministers of the Gos- pel in that State have called the attention of the Legislature to the laxity of its Divorce Laws (1867). DOGS, laws about, U. S. In New York dogs are required to be muzzled during June, July, and August. A reward of fifty cents is given for every dog brought to the pound un- muzzled. Unless redeemed in 24 hours they are drowned. In 1866, 4,819 dogs were drown- ed in New York City, at an expense of $3,000. DUELLING. The most noted American duels were these: two during the Revolution, viz., Gen. Charles Lee and Col. John Laurens; and Gen. Cadwallader and Conway (1778). Gen. Greene was challenged by a Capt. Gunn of Georgia, but refused to fight, and his refu- sal was approved by Washington. Gen. Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr, July 11, 1804. Com. Decatur killed by Com. Barron, March 22, 1820. Henry Clay encountered John Ran- dolph, April 8, 1826. Gen. Jackson killed Mr. Dickinson, and had other duels. Col. Benton killed a Mr. Lucas, and had other duels. Cilley, of Maine, killed by Graves, of Kentucky, both mem. of Cong.), 1838. Dewitt Clinton exchanged five shots with John Swartwout, 1802. See Millingen's Hist, of Duelling, and Sabine's Notes on Duels, 1855. E EDUCATION in the U. S. has been largely promoted and systematized since 1835 by the efforts and publications of Horace Mann, Henry Barnard, Dan P. Page, Alonzo Potter, Barnas Sears, and others. Am. Inst, of Instruction organized at Boston Aug. 19, 1830, and has held annual meetings since. During the last two years of the war, 1864-5, the very large sum of $848,000 was donated to New England colleges. The New England seminaries for young ladies meanwhile received less than a fiftieth part of the above noble subsidy. The munificent donation of George Peabody ($2,000,000) to promote education in the Southern States was confided to a Board of Trustees, Robert C. Winthrop of Boston, President, 1867 ; and Barnas Sears, President of Brown University, accepted the general agency of this Trust. See Colleges and Schools. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. Prof. Morse's services to the world as the originator of the practical application of electro-magnetism to telegraphing, were acknowledged by the French Government in 1859, by the voluntary presentation to him of $80,000 (?); and by public honors and rewards from other governments of Europe in 1860. ELECTRIC Telegraph Lines. In 1860, in America, 45,000 miles; in England, 10,000; esib] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 23 in France, 8,000 ; in Germany and Austria, 10,000 ; in Prussia, 4,000 ; in Russia, 5,000 ; in the rest of Europe, 7,650; in India, 5,000; in Australia, 12,000; elsewhere, 500. Total in 1858, 96,350. Over all the lines in the United States the number of messages per year is estimated at 4,000,000. It is supposed that a telegraph could be laid around the globe for less than half the cost of the Erie railroad. See Submarine Telegraph. In the United States the overland line from Missouri to California was completed Oct. 22, 1861. A cable was laid across Chesapeake Bay from Fortress Monroe in 1861. Ninety-five lines of telegraph are laid under American rivers. EMBARGO in the United States. Embargo on all vessels in the ports of the United States, passed by Congress with reference to the quarrel with Great Britain after the attack on the U. S. frigate Chesapeake, 180*7. Repealed, and non-intercourse act passed, 1809. Embargo again laid for 90 days, April, 1812. War declared June 19, 1812. EMIGRATION to the United States. The total number of alien emigrants who arrived in the U. S. from 1819 to 1856, was 4,212,624. From 1784 to 1819, the number did not probably exceed 150,000 ; in all, say 5,000,000 arrived from 1784 up to January, 1859. Of this number about 2,600,000 came from Great Britain and Ireland ; 1,600,000 from Germany ; 200,000 from France ; 50,000 from Sweden and Norway ; 40,000 from Switzer- land, and 18,000 from Holland. {Appleton's Cyclo.) The commission for receiving emigrants at Castle Garden, N. Y. City, was established in 1847. From that time to 1867, 3,658,800 emigrants have landed there. See Aliens. ENCYCLOPEDIA. Tlie Iconographic Cyclopedia, 6 vols., based on a German work, pub- lished at New York, 1853-4. The English Cyclopedia (Charles Knight), based on the Penny Cyclopedia, 1855-60. The 8th edition of Encyclop. Britannica completed 1860. Appleton's Cyclopedia, 1857-62, 16 vols. (N. York). Appleton's " Annual Cyclopedia," begins with the year 1861, and is a complete review of the great events in the world, of each year. The volumes, 1861-5, contain a valuable history of the war. ENLISTMENT, U. S. The following is a list of the various " calls" for troops by the Government during the war: — Date of Call. April 15, 1862 May to June 25, 1862 . . July 2, 1862 Aug. 4, 1862 Oct. 17, 1863 Feb. 1, 1864 March 14,1864 July 18, 1864 Dec. 19, 1864 There were other calls for 30 and 100 days' men. The whole number called for was 2,759,049; total obtained, 2,656,553. By Act of March 3, 1863, called the "Conscription Act," the President was authorized to draft troops. The act provided for an enrollment, a draft, the reception of substitutes, and arrest of deserters. About 3,000,000 men between the ages of 20 and 45 were enrolled. The calls from Oct. 17, 1863, were orders for drafts. But probably not more than 50,000 drafted men performed personal service. Substitutes were obtained. " The Substitute Fund" of the Government, consisting of money paid in as a release from service, and which was used as a " Bounty Fund " for volunteers, amounted to $25,902,029. See Army of U. S. EPISCOPAL CHURCH in the United States. Episcopacy established in New York by law, 1693 ; introduced into Connecticut, 1706. The first bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America were Bishops White of Pennsylvania and Provost of New York, consecrated inLondon, 1787. First Episcopal convention, 1789. Bishops of Vermont, New Jersey, Kentucky, and Ohio consecrated at New York, Nov. 2, 1832. EQUITY COURTS op U. S. In New England, New York, and several other States, the same Judge may try cases of Equity as well as of Law. There are no Chancellors in these States. In New York the distinction between " actions at law and suits in equity," was abolished in 1849. In New Jersey, Delaware, and other States, the English form of Chancery Courts and practice is still preserved (1867). ESQUIRE, title of, U. S. A title applied by courtesy to officers of almost every des- cription, to members of the bar, and others. No one is entitled to it by law, and, therefore, it confers no distinction in law. — Bouvier. ETHNOLOGY. The study of the relations of the different divisions of mankind to each other. It is of recent origin. Balbi's Ethnographic Atlas was published in 1826, and Dr. Number of 3fsn. Term of Service. Number obtained. 530,000 300,000 714,213 431,958 300,000 374,807 500,000 300,000 .... 1-2-3" years , . . . 1-2-3 years 384,882 204,568 24 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [exc Prichnrd's great work, Researches on the Physical History of Mankind, 1841-7. Tlie London Ethnological Society, established in 1843, publishes its transactions. Dr. R. S. Latham's works, on the Ethnology of the British Empire, appeared in 1861-2. The American Ethnolo- gical Society was founded in New York in 184-. Albert Gallatin was its first president. It, has published 3 or 4 vols, of " Transactions." The works of Schoolcraft on the history of American Indians are copious and valuable. The belief in the original unity of the human race has been opposed in the works of Nott and Gliddon (Ethnological Researches), Agassiz and others, 1854-9. Mr. George Peabody, in 1S66, donated to Yale College $160,000 to maintain a museum and Professorship of Archaeology and Ethnology, also a like amount for the same purpose to Harvard College. EXCISE LAW, U. S. See Internal Revenue. EXCHANGE (Merchants') in New York. The present, building, on the site of the one destroyed in the great fire of 1835, was commenced in 1836, and finished in 1840. It is of blue granite, and cost $1,800,000. In 1864 it was purchased by the U. S. government for use as the Custom House. That of Boston, also of Quincy granite, finished in 1846. EXPLORING EXPEDITION (U. S.), consisting of the Vincennes, sloop of war ; Peacock, ditto ; Porpoise, brig ; Relief, Hying Fish, and Sea Gull, smaller vessels, under Lieut. Wilkes, U. S. N., sailed from Hampton Roads, Va., Aug. 19th, 1838. Antaitic continent dis- covered, July 19, 1839. Attack on the Eejees for murdering two of the officers, July 25, 1846. The Peacock lost on the bar of Columbia river, July, 1S41. The Vincennes (flag- ship) returned to New York, after an absence of nearly lour jears, June 11, 1842. Captain Wilkes's Narrative of the Expedition, in 6 vols. imp. 8vo. and quarto, was published in 1845. The scientific reports of the expedition form about 20 quarto and folio volumes. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS of the U. S. Exports of Produce. oj Manufactures. Tnial. Imports. ^t 31 millions 16 mill.ons 147 millions 147 millions. 15 " 140 " 178 " 1849 $131 1850 104 1860 316 1861 204 1862 182 lS6i 249 1S64 '217 1865 254 1866 466 .48 " 364 " 362 .43 " 247 " 2&6 .83 " 215 " 275 .50 " 299 " 252 .45 " '-'«2 " 3.9 .64 " 318 " 234 .61 " 530 " 437 FENIANS (See p. 297). A society of Irishmen in the U. S. and in Ireland, pledged to work for the liberation of Iieland. Organized in 1867. First attracted notice in the V. S. in 1863. In that year, Nov., a Fenian Congress met in Chicago, composed oi 2C0 dele- gates. In 1865 the regular members of the order numbered 80,(00. " Head Centre " Stephens figured conspicuously as the leader. In 1866, Fenian meetings were held all over the country. In the Spring considerable numbers assembled at Buffalo, N. Y., and St. Albans, Vermont, apparently with hostile intentions towards Canada. June 1, 1866, a body of Ihem crossed over and engaged in a skirmish with Canadian troops. They were compelled to re-cross with slight loss. The Fenian officers were arrested by the U. S. government, and the men sent to the'ir homes. In 1867, the excitement over this organization had greatly sub- sided. Attempts to create a revolt in Ireland proved unsuccessful. Several of the leaders were arrested and tried and condemned to death, but the sentences were commuted to im- prisonment for life. This movement was unquestionably originated and carried on by men of Irish birth and immediate descent, and was not an American movement, as indicated by Haydn, p. 297. FIRES in the U. S. The losses by fire from 1855 to 1865 inclusive were $214,588,000. In 1865 there were 354 fires, where the loss was upwards of $20,000, at which property was destroyed to the amount of $43,139,000. The largest fire of late years was at Portland, burned, May 21, 1866. Pike's Opera House, Cincinnati, March 23, 1866. The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, partially burned Jan. 24, 1865. The Meteorological Department suffered heavily. FIRE DEPARTMENTS, with steam engines and paid employees. In 1867, the following cities had introduced the new system : — fir] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 25 Steamers. Men. Cost. Steamers. Men. Cost. Baltimore, * 7 114 $73,000 Chicago, 13 110 $245,500 Boston, 11 281 162,098 Cincinnati, 12 140 141,000 Buffalo, 7 189 46,470 New York, 34 564 869,957 Cleveland, 5 56 39,000 FIREARMS, U. S. The Sharp's Rifle was the first breech-loader used in this country. During the war, great improvements were made in this branch of ordnance. The Spencer Repeating RiQe, patented in 1860, carries seven cartridges. The Henry Rifle can be fired 15 times before reloading; patented 1861. 120 shots have been fired from it in 5\ minutes, in- cluding the time for re-loading. The standard musket used in the U. S. Army, is the Spring- field Rifle, muzzle-loader. They are being converted into breech-loaders at the arsenal (1866-7). FLORIDA, now one of the United States, was discovered by Sebastian Cabot, sailing under the English flag, in 1497. Ponce de Leon, a Spanish adventurer from Hispaniola, explored the country 1512 and 1516. In 1539, Hernando de Soto, who had been an officer under Pizarro, overran the peninsula with an armed force, but most of his followers were cut off a few years after. In 1763, Florida was ceded to Great Britain by Spain, in exchange for Havana. The Spanish reconquered it in 1781, and ceded it to the United States in 1819. It was admitted into the Union in 1845. First war with the Seminoles in Florida in ]818, when General Jackson subdued them. Another protracted and expensive warfare then commenced and continued until 1842. General Jessup, General Taylor, and others, were engaged in it. The Seminole chief, Osceola, was captured, 1837. Population in 1830, 34,723 ; in 1840, 54,477, including 25,717 slaves. Passed an ordinance of secession from the U. S., Jan. 11, 1861, and seized the U. S. Navv Yard atPensacola. Population, 1850, 87,445. In 1860. 81.885 free, and 63,S00 slaves. Population in 1866, 77,747 white; colored, 62,677, total, 140,424. Wm. Marvin appointed Provisional Governor of the State, July 13, 1865. FRANKING PRIVILEGE, U. S. This privilege was granted to the widows of Presidents Madison and Harrison. An act granting the same privilege to Mrs. Lincoln, passed Feb. 10, 1866. FRENCH WAR in North America. The first war between France and England, which was carried on also by the American colonies, 1689. The French destroyed Schenectady, N. Y., Casco, Me., &c, 1690; but were defeated by Schuyler at La Prairie, 1691. Peace of Ryswick, 1697. "Queen Anne's war," 1702. French and Indians ravaged Maine, 1703. French and Spanish invade Carolina, 1706. Expedition from New England against the French in Port Royal, 1707; and against Canada, 1710; both failed. Peace of Utrecht, 1713. Another war declared by England, 1744 ; Louisbonrg and Cape Breton taken by the En- glish colonists, 1745. Peace, 1749. French encroachment on English colonics, 1750, leads to the noted French war, 1752-3. "Washington's mission, 1754. Braddock's defeat, 1755. Oswego, &c, taken by French, 1756, and Fort William Henry, 1757. Louisbourg taken by the English General Amherst, and Fort Du Quesne by General Forbes, 1758. Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec, taken by the English (Sir W. Johnson and General Wolfe), 1759. Canada surrendered to Great Britain, Sept. 8, 1760, and secured to her by the peace of Paris, 1763. French alliance with the United States, in the war of the revolution, Feb. 6, 177S. French revolution and politics, caused dissensions in the United States, 1793-6. French spoliations on American commerce, 1797. FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL, introduced in the U. S. Senate by Mr. Mason of Va., and passed, Sept. 1850. It imposed a fine of $1,000 and 6 mos. imprisonment on any person harboring fugitive slaves or aiding their escape. It was declared by the Sup. Court of Wisconsin to be unconstitutional, Feb. 3, 1855. This law was repealed by Congress, June 23, 1864. G GEOGRAPHY, U. S. The N. Y. Geographical and Statistical Society was incorporated April 3, 1852. It publishes occasionally a Journal chiefly of original papers. GEOLOGY, Works on, U. S. "Geology of the Globe" by Prof. E. Hitchcock, 1853. Prof. St. John's Elements of Geology, 1855. " Text book of Geology," Prof. Dana, 1863. Be- sides these text books there are many treatises and reports on Geology which are to be found in most of the large libraries in the country, such as Prof. Hall's Geology of New York; Owen's, of Indiana ; Percival's, of Wisconsin; Hitchcock's, of Massachusetts; each in quarto volumes. GEORGIA, one of the United States, was granted by George II. to Gen. Oglethorpe, who with forty followers founded Savannah, Feb. 1, 1733. Savannah taken by the British in the 26 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [get revolutionary war, Dec. 29, 1778 ; the town and State evacuated by them in July 1782. The State unanimously adopted the Federal Constitution, Jan. 2, 1788. Population in 1790, S2,584; in 1840, 691,392, including 280,944 slaves. Staple commodities, cotton and rice. Population in 1860 (including 462,198 slaves) 1,057,286. Act of " Secession " passed Jan. 19, 1861. Debt of the State in Oct. 1866, $5,706,500. GETTYSBURG, Battle of, U. S. Fought July 1, 2, 3, 1863, at Gettysburg, Penn. near the Maryland line. Union forces 60,000 and 200 guns ; Confederate about 80,000. On the first day the 1st and 11th corps (U. S. forces) were attacked and beaten by the superior numbers of the enemy : Mnj. Gen. Reynolds (U. S. A.) killed. On the second day, the 12th, 3d and 2d corps came up, and the whole under command of General Meade formed line on Cemetery Ridge. No fighting until 4. P. M. when a terrible artillery fire was opened by the Rebels, and fierce assaults made on the left and then on the right of the Union Army. The contest was heavy and doubtful until evening, when the enemy retired. On the third day the same furious charging and stubborn resistance was continued. The Union army bravely held its ground, and at night the enemy retreated. Union loss 2,834 killed, 13,709 -wounded, 6,643 missing. In the brief campaign which ended with this battle, the Rebels lost 3 guns, 41 stand- ards, 13,621 prisoners, besides an enormous number of killed and wounded. Over 6000 men, loyal and rebel, were buried on the field. The Union victory was of immense importance to the country at that critical period. GOLD AND SILVER. The exports of gold from the U. S. in recent years were as follows (stated in millions of dollars.) 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1S63. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1h . 29£ . 42J. 27§. 41. 56. 45. 69. 53. 64. 66*. 28. 36. 63. 69. 54. 86. " GREENBACKS," U. S. A term given to legal tender notes issued by the U. S. Treas- ury, in 1862. So called on account of the green print on their backs. All national bank notes are known by this name. The merit of the green tint is that it cannot be photograph- ed or in any way counterfeited. It was first discovered by a Canadian. The " American Bank Note Company" print the notes. GUTTA PERCHA is procured from the sap of the Isonandra Gutta, a large forest tree, growing in the Malayan Peninsula, and on the islands near it. Previous to 1844, the very name of gutta percha was unknown to European commerce. In that year two cwt. were shipped experimentally from Singapore. The exportation of gutta percha from that port rose in 1845 to 169 pieuls (the picul is 1,330 lbs.) ; in 1846, to 5,364 ; in 1847, to 9,292 ; and in the first seven months of 18J8, to 6,768 pieuls. In the first four and a half years of the trade, 21,598 pieuls of gutta percha, valued at $274,190, were shipped at Singapore, the whole of which were sent to England, with the exception of 15 pieuls to Mauritius, 470 to the continent of Europe, and 922 to the United States. The great variety of articles for domestic use, the ornamental arts, &c., to which this material has been applied, has given employment to thousands, not only in the factories of our own and other countries, but also to the gatherers in the Indian Archipelago, with whom it at present constitutes one of their most profitable articles of export. In 1848, S. T. Armstrong, of Brooklyn, N. Y., first applied it for coating telegraph wires. J. J. Craven, of Newark, N. J., claims to have ap- plied it thus at the same time or before. Charles Goodyear used it, in connection with caoutchouc, for various articles of common use ; a large boat made of gutta percha was exhibited in New York, 1858. II HABEAS CORPUS. The constitution of the U. S. provides that this law (adopted from that of England) "shall not be suspended unless when in case of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it," 1787. President Lincoln authorized Gen. Scott to suspend the privilege if it became necessary, April 27, 1861. In Sept., 1862, it was not allowed to re- lieve persons arrested by military authority for disloyal practices. The President (authorized by express Act of Congress) proclaimed a general suspension of the privilege of habeas cor- pses, to " continue throughout the duration of the rebellion," Sept. 15, 1863. C. L. Vallan- digham, ex-member of Congress, being arrested for disloyal utterances, was refused the privilege of the writ, and sent into the rebel lines, May, 1863. Great excitement among his friends and sympathisers in the country. HANOVER. Population in 1864, 1,923,492, of whom 1,584,700 belonged to the Lutheran church, and 226,000 to the Catholic. The army numbered 26,900 men. 3,618 vessels of all kinds composed the merchant navy. This State was annexed to Prussia, Aug., 1866, against its will. har] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 27 HARPER'S FERRY, Va. A village at the junction of the Potomac and Shenandoah. Population irt 1860, about 5,000. The scene of "John Brown's raid." On Oct. 17, 1859, he with 16 white and 5 colored men seized the U. S. arsenal at this point, took 60 citizens prisoners, and gave out as his object " to free the slaves." The insurgents were overcome on the morning of the 18th. Those who did not escape or were not killed, were executed. This affair created intense excitement throughout the country. At the breaking out of the rebellion, Lieut. Jones evacuated and blew up the arsenal, April 18, 1861. Sept. 16, 1862, Col. Miles and 11,000 U. S. troops surrender to "Stonewall Jackson," at Harper's Ferry. In 1867 it was decided not to re-establish the arsenal there. HARVARD COLLEGE, IT. S. Established 1638, at Cambridge, Mass. Denomination, Unitarian. In 1863, it had 44 instructors ; 814 students in all departments ; 7,440 alumni, of whom 2,679 were living. Value of its buildings and endowments, over $2,000,000. Annual expenses of the University, $130,000. Its commencement occurs the third Wed- nesday of July. President : Rev. Thomas Hill, D.D. HEALTH, BOARD OF, N. Y. Act passed by the Legislature of New York, Feb. 26, 1866, establishing a "Board of Health and Sanitary District for the preservation of life, and health, and to prevent the spread of disease." It was organized March 5, 1866 ; Dr. E. B. Dalton, Superintendent. The district includes the counties of New York, King, Westchester, Rich- mond, and part of Queens. First report, Nov. 1, 1866. It issued 22,592 orders requiring nuisances to be removed. Death rate in New York City, 1 in 33.33; in London, 1 in 45. HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, U. S. The one in New York City was organized Dec. 10, 1804, aud incorporated Feb. 10, 1809. It now numbers nearly 2,000 members. After occu- pying rooms many years in the New York University Buildings, it was removed in 1857 to a new fire proof building on 2d avenue, corner of 11th street, which was dedicated Nov. 17 of that year. The Society possesses a library of over 30,000 volumes particularly rich in historical works and manuscripts, a choice gallery of paintings, and a collection of an- tiquities, coins, medals, and charts. Among its collections are a series of large tablets of Assyrian sculpture, the gift of James Lenox, Esq. The Massachusetts Historical Society, founded 1791, is limited to fifty members. This Society has a valuable library, including a very choice collection of books in English literature, bequeathed to it by the late Thomas Dowse, of Cambridgeport, a leather-dresser, whose library was one of the best of its kind in the country. The Massachusetts Historical Society has published about 30 vols, of transactions and historical collections. There are historical societies also in nearly every State in the Union, several of which have valuable collections, and have published transactions. HOMOEOPATHY. This science — the essential characteristic of which consists in the use of such remedies against any disease as, in a healthy person, would produce a similar but not precisely the same disease its fundamental principle being similia similibus curantur — was introduced by Samuel Hahnemann, a native of Meissen, in Saxony (born April 10, 1755, died at Paris, 1843). The first periodical organ of the system was established 1822. Al- though violently attacked and ridiculed by "allopathic" practitioners, the system was prac- tised in 1860 by about 1,200 physicians in Europe, and 2,500 in the United States. It has 3 hospitals, 3 colleges, and 3 journals, and about 30 societies in the U. S., and all these are numerous in England, France, and Germany (1861). An attempt to establish a State Homoeopathic Hospital, in Connecticut, was strenuously opposed (1866). The matter was compromised, the Legislature allowing the Homoeopathists certain rights in the hospitals. HYDROPATHY. Hydropathic Society formed in London, 1842. First Hydro, estab- lishment in U. S., at 63 Barclav st., N. Y., 1844. Those at New Lebanon, N. Y., and Brattleboro, Vt., opened 1845. I ICE TRADE, the, in the United States, was commenced by Frederick Tudor, of Boston, in 1805, who shipped the first cargo to Martinique and the first to Calcutta, in 1833. The ice-houses of the dealers near Boston at present are capable of containing 141,332 tons. In 1854, Boston shipped 156,540 tons. In New York in 1855, 305,000 tons were stored up. The exports of Ice from 1860 to 1866, averaged about 48,000 tons. During the four years ending June 30, 1861, $712,000 worth was exported from the U. S. In 1856, $8,000,000 were in- vested in the ice trade, giving employment to 8,000 or 10,000 men. Ice is not subject to duty in the U. S. 600,000 tons were provided for the consumption of N. Y. City in 1867. IDAHO, U. S. Organized as a territory March 3, 1863. Area, 326,373 square miles. Population in 1864 about 24,000. This territory has been settled rapidly by adventurers and 28 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ UL gold seekers, within the past few years (1867). Boise City is the capital. Estimated prod- uct of gold and silver in 1865, $7,000,000. ILLINOIS. One of the United States, first settled on the Kaskaskia and Cahokia by the French from Canada. Ceded to Great Britain at the peace of 1763. Chiefly settled by emi- grants from other States since 1800. In 1789 it was part of the Northwest territory. Iu 1809 it was made a separate territory, and 1818 admitted into the Union, being the 23d State. Population in 1810, 12,282; in 1830, 157,575; in 1840,476,183. It is a free State, and ha always been so. The chief products are grain and Indian corn; it las inexhaustible lead- mines. New constitution adopted August 31, 1847. Population in IS 50, 851,470; in 1860, 1,691,233. Increase 1840-50, 80 per cent. ; 1850-60, 99 per cent. Population in 1865, 2,151,007 ; gain since 1860 of 459,774. Assessed valuation of property in 1865, $391,683,- 284. From April 1861 to Jan. 1863 the State placed in the field 119,400 men. Amount expended for school purposes in 1862, $2,007,000. Number of schools 9,811. There are in the State 1 institution for deaf-mutes, 1 for the insane, 1 for the blind. IMPORTS, U. S. The value of imports during the war greatly decreased. In 1860 the! amounted to $362,000,000; in 1862, $205,000,000; in 1865, $234,000,000; in 1866,$437,OoO 000. See Exports. INCOME TAX, U. S. Levied by act of Congress July 1, 1862. Tax on incomes froi $600 to $10,000, 3 per cent; over $10,000, 5 per cent. Receipts from this source in 186! $155,741 ; in 1864, $14,919,2S0 ; in 1865, $20,740,451 ; in 1866, $61,071,932. In 1866 a single merchant of New York paid the sum of $407,125 as a tax on his income for 186! the income being stated by himself as amounting to $4,071,250 ; probably the largest person: ' tax of the kind ever paid. The law of 1866 taxed all incomes over $1,00;), 5 per cent. INDTANA. One of the western United Stales, first settled at Vincennes by the French i ceded to England at the peace of 1763, but no settlement made by them until 1787. Was part of the N. W. Territory in 1801. Suffered much during the war of 1812. See battle of Tippecanoe. Admitted into the Union in 1816. Population in 1800, 5,641 ; in 1S20, 147,- 178; in 1840. 685,866 ; in 1860, 1,350,428. Number of public schools 6,098 in 1862. Com- mon school fund $4,991,202. The State sent 195,147 men to the war. In 1865 the Lcgi- lature voted that negroes could be competent witnesses in courts. The " fillibuster " Gen. Morgan invaded the State, July 9, 1863. In 24 hours 60,000 men offered their services to drive him out. He effected no damage and retreated rapidly. INDIANS, U. S. According to the best data in the possession of the Indian Department at Washington, there are now (1867) between 320,000 and 350,000 Indians within the limits of the U. S. comprised in about seventy-five tribes and occupying about one hundred localities. INDIAN WARS, U. S. In the war of the rebellion, the Choctaws, Chicasaws, and Cherokees, took sides with the Confederates. They furnished three regiments. The war upon the plains commenced in April, 1864, in Colorado. It was inaugurated by apparently too hasty action of the U. S troops towards the Cheyennes. An Indian village was soon destroyed and 40 warriors killed. Fearful massacre of Indians near Fort Lyon, Nov. 28, 1S64, by forces under command of Col. Clivington. After this several Indian tribes forme i an alliance and committed murders and depredations on the lines of travel. On Dec. 21, 1805, the Sioux massacred a company of soldiers at Fort Kearny. A general Indian War fairly begun in May, 1867. Gen. Sherman takes the management of it into his hands. Gen. Meagher declares war against the Indians of Montana Territory, April 24, 1867. INSOLVENCY in the U. S. In May, 1837, a « commercial crisis ' was at its height, The 'heavy failures' in two months in New York alone amounted to 260, besides countlos smal- ler ones. Failures in New Orleans to the amount of $27,000,000 in two days. In Boston 168 failures from Nov. 1, 1836. to May 12, 1837. New York city Banks all suspended specie payments May 10, 1837. The New England Banks generally, immediately after. See Bankruptcy. INSURANCE. The marine risks assumed by Insurance Companies of New York alone, in 1860, amounted to $80,379,892 ; in 1866, thev were $378,880,003. The fire risks in 1S60, were $1,049,551,594; in 1866, $2,753,493,107. The losses paid in 1866 were $15,312,750. INSURRECTIONS in the United States. Shay's Insurrection in Massachusetts, (caused by the scarcity of money and heavy taxes), 1786. Insurrection in Pennsylvania, caused by- duties on spirits, 1794. See the accounts of Conspiracies, Massacres, Rebellions, Riots, Ccc. INTEREST of Monet in the United States. The rates vary in different States, viz :— In La. fire per cent., in Maine, N. H., Vt., Mass., R. L, Conn., N. J., Pa., Del, Md., Va., N. jnt] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 29 Ca Tenn. Ky., Ohio, Ind., 111., Mo., Ark., and the United States government claims, the late is six per cent. In N. Y., S. Ca., Mich., and Wis., seven per cent. In Geo., Ala., Miss., nd Flor! ei°ht per cent. Laws against usury, with penalty of forfeiting the whole debt, in Maine Conn? N. Y., N. J., Penn., Del. Forfeit of the usury and double, treble the usury in 14 other States." Usurious contracts void in Md., N. Ca., Geo., Tenn., Ohio, Ark. INTERNAL REVENUE, U. S. See Revenue. IOWA now one of the United States, once formed part of the French possessions, and was included in the vast tract of country purchased in 1803 under the general name of Lou- isiana. First purchase of land from the Indians in Iowa was made in 1832. Iowa separated <'rom Wisconsin as a territory, 1838. Admitted into the Union as a State, Dec. 28, 1846. Population in 1840, 42,924; in 1850, 191,881 ; in 1856, 519,148, and 271 colored; in 1860, ii82 000. In 1863 she had 800 miles of railroad completed. Value of the exports from her river ports in 1862, $8,200,000. Population in 1865, 754, 732, of whom 3,607 were black. The State furnished 72,300 men for the war. In 1865 the women of Iowa made 14,538,216 pounds of butter, and 1,000,738 of cheese. There are institutions for the insane and blind in the State. IRON. The value of the annual product of the U. S. in 1860, was about $7,000,000, or about 1,200,000 tons. The quantity of pig iron produced in the U. S. in 1866, was 939,956 tons. 339,764 tons were manufactured into new and re-rolled rails ; 129,858 in nails ; 946,613 in castings over 10 pounds weight. The mountains of Missouri, it is computed, would yield 1,000,000 tons of wrought iron yearly for 400 years. JAPAN. U. S. exped. under Com. Perry (7 ships of war), entered the Bay of Yeddo, Feb. 1854, to demand protection for American seamen and ships wrecked on the coast, and to effect a treaty of commerce, which was agreed upon, March 31. A British squadron for the same purpose reached Nagasaki, Sept. 1854, and effected a treaty. The Russians fol- lowed ; and the Dutch made a new treaty, Nov. 9, 1855. Mr. Townsend Harris, consul-gen- eral for the U. S., made a new treaty, June 17, 1857, by which Nagasaki, Simoda, and Hakodadi were opened to American trade. Harris was received in Yeddo in 1858, and effected another treaty. Lord Elgin's treaty opening several ports to British trade, Aug. 26, 1858. Death of the Tycoon, August, 18-58. Japanese embassy to the U. S. (with attendants, 70 persons), reaches San Francisco, March 28, 1860; Washington, May 14; Philadelphia, June 9 ; New York, where they were received with a great military display, June 16 ; em- barked for home ill U. S. frigate Niagara, July 1 ; reached Yeddo, Nov. 10, 1860. A troup of Japanese jugglers arrived in the U. S. in 1866. In the spring of 1867, their performances in N. Y. city excited much sensation. Their proprietor is under bonds to return them to Japan in two years. Commissioners from Japan again visited Washington in 1867, and made purchases of large quantities of school books for public schools in Yeddo, and also bought from the government the iron-clad frigate Stonewall, for the sum of $400,000. Ministers of the U. S., England, France, &c, notified May, 1867, that Yeddo and other ports would be opened to foreign nations in Jan., 1868. JOCKEY CLUBS, U. S. One was organized in N. Y. city in the summer of 1866, by Messrs. Jerome, Belmont, and others. Its object is to improve the breed of horses, and es- tablish a better system of races. A park and course have been laid out at Fordham, near the city, at the expense of Mr. Jerome. The races were inaugurated Sept. 25, 1866. The celebrated horse "Kentucky" won the 4 mile heat in 7.25. JUDGES in the United States. Those of the Supreme Court, eight in number, are ap- pointed for life or during good conduct, by the President and Senate. The chief justices of the Supreme Court of the United States have been John Jay, appointed 1789; William dish- ing of Mass., 1796; Oliver Ellsworth, 1796; John Marshall, 1801; Roger B. Taney, 1836; Salmon P. Chase, 1864. U. S. Circuit Judges were first appointed 1801. The judges of the several States are thus appointed : — f By the Governor and Legislature, or Senate, or Council, in Maine, New Hampshire, Massa- chusetts, Louisiana, Missouri, Indiana, and Michigan. By the Legislature alone, in Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Tennessee, Ohio, and Illinois. By the Governor alone, in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Kentucky. By popular vote, in Mississippi and in New York, and Maryland The term of office of the superior judges is for life (or "during good behavior ") in Massa- chusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Kentucky, and Illinois. Until seventy years of age, in Maine, New Hampshire, 30 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ KAN Connecticut. Until sixty-five years of age, in Missouri. For periods varying from two to twelve years, in New Jersey, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Ohio, In- diana, Michigan; and for one year in Rhode Island and Vermont. They are removable By impeachment in fourteen States. By conviction of misconduct in a court of law, in Maryland. By joint resolution of Senate and two-thirds of Assembly, in New York. KANSAS. One of the United States (the 34th), organized as a territorv, May, 1854, and by the same act the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was declared "inoperative and void" in both Kansas and Nebraska. Emigrant companies from Mass. began to arrive in Julv and founded the town of Lawrence. An association formed in Missouri, July 29 to "remove all emigrants " coming " under the auspices of northern emigrant aid societies ; " another form- ed Aug. 12 to introduce slavery. A. H. Reeder of Pa., app. governor, arrived Oct. 6. Elec- tion for delegate to Cong., Nov. 29 ; the polls mobbed by armed bands from Missouri ; of 2,S71 votes cast 1,729 were estimated illegal. Another election March 20, 1855, similarly controlled. Reeder removed July 26. Wilson Shannon of Ohio, his successor, assumed of- fice Sept. 1. Topeka ("free State") Convention promulgates a Constitution Nov. 11. Col- lisions with bloodshed between the "free State" and " pro-slavery " people commenced at this time, and continued more or less for many months. Topeka Const, accepted by the people Dec. 15, and under it Charles Robinson chosen governor, Jan. 15, 1856. Armed men from Geo., Alabama, &c, arrived in the territory April, 1856. Report of H. Repres. of U. S. on Kansas affairs, proving fraud and violence of pro-slavery invaders. Robinson arrested for treason, May 5, and imprisoned four months for taking office under Topeka Constitution. Raid of pro-slavery men on the town of Lawrence, May 21. Fight at Potawatamie, May 26, and several other collisions for several months. Free State legislature at Topeka dispersed by U. S. troops under Col. Sumner, July 4. Shannon removed, and John W. Geary of Pa. appointed in his stead Aug. A party led by Ex-Senator Atchison of Mo. repulsed in an at- tack on Osawatomie Aug. 29. Free State men driven by Missourians from Leavenworth Sept. 1. Robinson and others released on bail Sept. 8, and Geary promising protection to free State men they gave up their arms. Topeka legislature met Jan. 6, 185V ; the Speaker and others arrested by U. S. Marshal. Pro-slavery legislature at Lecompton provides for a convention. Geary resigned in consequence of illegal acts of Lecompte, U. S. judge, 1857. Robert J. Walker appointed governor, and F. P. Stanton of Tenn,, secretary, June. M. J. Parrott elected delegate to Cong. Lecompton Constitution promulgated, and caused great excitement Dec, 1857. Walker denounces it as a fraud, and resigns because the Const, is approved by the President. J. W. Denver of Calif, app. governor Dec, 1857. Lecompton Const, submitted to the people and repudiated by 10,226 votes. Convention at Wyandot adopts a Const, prohibiting slavery, July 27, which is ratified by the people (4,000 majority), Oct. 4. Under it Charles Robinson chosen governor Dec 6. A famine and great suffering prevails in the territory 1860, relieved by contributions from many Stntes. Kansas admit- ted into the Union under the Wyandot Constitution Jan. 29, 1861. Population in 1859, 69,950; in 1860, 143,645. Act establishing an "Agricultural College" passed Jan., 1863. The State furnished 19,500 men to the war. Efforts to advance the internal condition of the State are being made by the legislature every year. Asylums for the deaf, blind, and insane, have been organized. KENTUCKY, one of the United States, was first explored by Daniel Boone, an enter- prising hunter, in 1770. First white settlement near Lexington, 1775. Was a part of Vir- ginia until 1782, when it was made a separate district. Admitted into the Union 1792. Population in 1790,73,677 ; in 1810, 406,511 ; in 1830, 688,844; in 1840, 779,828, including 182,258 slaves. Population in 1850, 771,424 and 210,981 slaves. Iu 1860, 933,707, and 225,902 slaves. Increase of free persons in 10 years 19 per cent., inc. of slaves 7 per cent. There was a slight decrease of the population, caused by the war, in 1865. The State sent 63,995 white and 20,400 colored soldiers (Union) to the war. Population in 1865, 1,155,668. LANGUAGE. Hon. George P. Marsh, in a lecture, stated that there were nearly 100,000 English words found in use by good writers, but that no single writer employed more than a very small proportion of thewhole. Few scholars used as many as 10,000 English words, and ordinarv people not more than 3,000. In all Shakespeare there were not 15,000 words, and in all Milton but 8,000. There were but 800 of the Egyptian hieroglyphics. law] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 31 LAW. The number of lawyers in the United States, in March, 1851, was 21,9*79, or about one to every fifteen hundred inhabitants. Monthly Law Magazine. Estimating their average receipts at $1,000 per annum, their aggregate income would reach within a fraction of twenty-two millions of dollars. In 1851 there were in New York, 4,740 lawyers ; in Pennsylvania, 1,848 ; in Ohio, 2,031 ; in Massachusetts, 1,132 ; iu Kentucky, 1,066 ; and in Georgia, 908. Livingston's Law Register. See Attorneys. LECTURES, Popular, in the U. S. They are a prominent source of entertainment and information among the American people. Lectures on all subjects, and by persons of every degree of ability, are delivered in the winter season throughout the country. Prof. Agassiz, of Harvard College, lectured on Geology for $500 a night (1867). LEGACY DUTY, Internal Revenue, U. S. By the Revenue laws of 1861-62-63, Legacies were included on the taxable list. A tax of 75 cents to $5 is imposed on " every hundred dollars of the clear value of interest in such property." In 1863, the revenue from legacies to parent, child, &c, was $25,869, to nephew, niece, &c, $11,333, to uncle, &c, $921, to corporations, strangers, &c, $18,470. Total Revenue from legacies and successions in 1864, $310,836 ; in 1865, $546,703 ; in 1866, $1,170,979. LEXINGTON, Battle of. This battle, or rather skirmish, claims distinction as being the first between Great Britain and the American colonies in the war of Independence. The British troops, under Major Pitcairn, sent from Boston to destroy the American stores at Lexington, were attacked by the Americans and 273 of them killed and wounded, April 19, 1775. LIBEL LAW op the U. S. Action for libel lies against the proprietor of a newspaper, edited by another, though the publication was made without the knowledge of such proprietor. LIBERIA. The number of American Africans in 1860 was about 10,000 ; natives under jurisdiction of the republic about 250,000. In 1856 the sugar-cane was introduced, and in May, 1860, a cargo of sugar was sent to N. Y. Palm oil reported in 1859, $500,000. A college, several schools, 2 newspapers, and several churches had been established (1859). Population in 1863, 422,000, of whom 16,000 were born in the U. S., and 6,000 rescued from slave-ships. The government is Republican. Capital, Monrovia. Revenue of the Re- public in 1861, $149,550. LIBRARIES in the U. S. The number of volumes in the chief public and college libraries in the United States in 1849, was stated to be 1,294,000. The number of libraries is 182. Of these, 43 contain over 10,000 volumes each ; 9 over 20,000 ; and only 2 over 50,000. In 1849, the precedence of the largest as to numbers stood thus: Vols. | Vols. 1 Harvard College, including Divinity and Law Schools 72,000 2 Philadelphia and Loganian Lib., 60,000 3 Boston Athenteum, 50,000 4 Library of Congress, 50,000 5 New York Society Library, 32,000 6 Mercantile Library, New York 30,000* 7 Georgetown College, D. C, 25,000 8 Brown University 24,000 9 New York State Library, 24,000 10 Yale College, 21,000 11 Astor Library, New York, 20,000t The number of volumes in the School District libraries of the State of New York, in 1849, was 1,338,848. There were 10,621 school districts, and 1,785 incorporated or private schools. The mercantile libraries, chiefly for merchants' clerks, in the large cities, are of comparatively recent date and of great utility. That in New York was founded in 1820, and contains 30,000 volumes ; iu Boston, founded 1820, contains 7,637 volumes ; in Philadel- phia, founded 1822, contains 12,200 volumes. There are similar ones in Baltimore, Cincin- nati, St. Louis, Troy, &c. The public libraries containing over 5,000 volumes, were dis- tributed (according to evidence in the British Museum Report in 1849) thus : Vols. 1 Alabama had 1 Public Library, 6,000 2 Columbia, Dist. of, had 2 53,000 3 Connecticut, " 6, 81,449 4 Georgia, " 1, 13,000 5 Kentucky, " 1, 7,000 6 Louisiana, " 1, 5,500 7 Maine, " 3, 38,860 8 Maryland, " 1, 12,000 9 Massachusetts, " 14, 200,000 10 Missouri, " 2.. 14,300 11 New Hampshire, " 2, 22,500 34 453,609 Vols. Brought up, 34, 453,609 12 New Jersey, had 3, 28,500 13 New York, " 12, 157,411 14 North Carolina, " 1, 10,000 15 Ohio, " 1, 30,497 16 Pennsylvania, " 14 159,200 17 Rhode Island, " 3 - , 37,185 18 South Carolina, " 2, 30,000 19Tennessee, " 2, 16,000 20 Vermont, " 2, 16,254 21 Virginia, " 4, 41,000 Total 72 979,656 The above estimate is perhaps below the mark, and does not include school, parish, and * In 1867, 86,000 vols. t In 1860, 120,000 vols. 32 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ UB tow.n libraries, which are numerous, but of moderate extent. The city of Paris alone has 1,474,000 volumes, in large public libraries ; i. e. half as many again as the whole of the United States. See Pari. Rep. Brit. Mus. ; Prof. Jewetfs Rep. 'Smithsonian Inst. ; G. Liver- more in N. Amer. Rev., July 1850, &c. LIBRARIES. The Astor Library, founded by the late J. J. Astor, -who left, by will §400,000 " for the establishment of a public library in New York," " which should be open at all reasonable hours, free of expense, to persons resorting thereto." The original building opened to the public Jan. 9, 1854. Another building of similar style and extent was added by W. B. Astor, 1860. The whole contained in I860 about 12o,000 volumes, including the most valuable, rare, and costly works purchasable. The free Public Library in Boston, opened Sept. 17, 1858, is a noble institution of a similar kind founded at a similar expense by several munificent citizens. It is wholly free to the public, and about 30,000 volumes are provided, which may be taken Irom the library by any resident of Boston. It is a remark- able fact that these 30,000 volumes had thus been freely loaned to all comers without loss or damage to the amount of $100 in 2 years. In 1864 there were 104 libraries in the U. S. of over 100,000 volumes distributed among 23 of the States and containing 2,404,000 books, or a.bout £ the total number in all the public libraries of the country. The Church and Sunday School libraries were estimated to contain from 5 to 6 million volumes. In the work en- titled "Private Libraries of New Yoik " (Dr. Wynne) are found notices of over 40 collections of 4000 and 12 with 10,000 volumes (1864). In" 1859 the following statistics were compiled : Number of Libraries in the U. S. with volumes reported, 1,297, estimated, 1,593 ; libraries of common schools, 18,000; Sunday Schools, 30,000; total, 50,890 libraries, number of vol- umes, 12,720,686. See Circulating Libraries. LICENSE TAX, U. S. Levied by act of Congress, July 1, 1862. Total receipts from this source in 1863, $6,824,178 ; in 1864, $7,145.389 ; in 1865, $12,613,478 ; in 1866, $18,038,098. In 1865, the largest amount was received from wholesale dealers, $5,428,345. Retail dealers in liquors paid $2,807,225. Receipts from bowling alleys were the smallest $19,749. LIGHTHOUSES. In 1859, there were 491 light stations on the coasts of the U. S. inclu- ding the Pacific and the lakes, the annual cost to gov. being $932,000. The No. of buoys and beacons was about 5000. A large number of the lighthouses from Cape Henry to the Rio Grande were destroyed by the Confederates in the late war. LITERATURE, American. See Books. LOANS, U. S. The following are the principal loans of the Government in support of the war against the Rebellion. Name of Loan. Length oj Loan. Amount Lsmed. Loanof Feb 8,1861 20 years $18,415,000 7.30 notes 3 " 139 969,750 Five Twenties 5 or 20 years 514,780,000 Ten Forties 10 or 40 " 172,770.100 Five Twenties 5 or 20 " 91,789^000 Treasury Notes 3 years 178,756.000 7.30 Notes " " 234,400,000 " " " " " 437,210,400 See Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1865. Finances. LONGEVITY, in the U. S. In 1860 there were 2960 persons over 100 years of age. In the State ofN. Y. (1865) there were 108. LOTTERIES. In N. Y. and Pa. Lotteries have been declared by law to be " public nuisances," and to be indictable as such. The Am. Art Union was pronounced illegal, as a lottery, 1851. About 1820 there was a lottery at Natchez for building a Presbyterian church. At other times colleges, roads, ferries, hospitals, &c. have been aided by lotteries. They were still tolerated in Maryland, Georgia, and perhaps other States (1861) The "Crosby Opera House" Association, in 1866, was a lottery, in which the "opera house" at Chicago was the principal prize. All who invested received a prize equivalent to their amount im- mediately on payment. The proprietors made large profits, as subscriptions came in from all parts of the country. LOUISIANA. One of the U. S. first explored by the French, and received its name in 1862, from M. La Salle, in honor of Louis XIY., and a settlement was attempted in 1684, but failed. In 1699 a more successful attempt was made by M. Iberville, who entered the Miss., and founded a colony. His efforts were followed up by one Crozat, a man of wealth, who held the exclusive trade of the country for a number of years. About the year 1717, he transferred his interest in the province to a chartered company, at the head of which was the notorious John Law, whose national bank and Mississippi speculation involved the ruin of half LUN ] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 33 the French nobility. In 1*731, the company resigned the concern to the crown, who, in 1762, ceded the whole of Louisiana to Spain. In 1800, Spain reconveyed the province to the French, of whom it was purchased by the United States, in 1803, for $15,000,000. The pur- chase included the territory of the United States W. of the Mississippi. In 1812 the present State of Louisiana formed a constitution, and was admitted into the Union. Population in 1810, 76,556 ; in 1820, 153, 407 ; in 1830, 215, 575 ; in 1840, 352,411, including 168, 452 slaves. Population in 1850, 517,762. In 1855, by state census, 587,774, including 244.000 slaves. In 1860, 666,413, including 312,186 slaves. Ordinance of secession from the U. S. passed by Convention, Jan. 26, 1861. Motion to submit the question to the people was defeated by a large majority. The principal portion of the State came under the authority of the Govern- ment before the close of the war. Number of men furnished to the Union army, mostly blacks, 40,000. Debt of the State in 1867, $13,358,000. LUNATICS, U. S. The number of asylums in 1860 was 47; number of insane persons, 24,000 ; number of idiots, 18,865. Only about one half could be accommodated in the public institutions. LYNCH LAW, U. S. " A common phrase used to express the vengeance of a mob, inflicting an injury, and committing an outrage upon a person suspected of some offence. In England this is called Lidford Law." — Bouvier. M MAGAZINES, U. S. See Periodicals, Reviews, and Magazines. MAINE, one of the United States ; first permanent settlement in, at Bristol. The district was "ranted in 1635 to Sir Ferdinand Gorges, who appointed a governor and council. It was purchased of the heirs of Gorges in 1652, by the State of Massachusetts, for $5,334; annexed to Massachusetts, under charter from William and Mary, in ] 691 ; became a separate State in 1820. Population in 1790 was 96,540; in 1810, 228,705; in 1840, 501,793; in 1850, 5S3,169 — increase in 10 years, 16 per cent. ; in 1860, 619,958 — increase in 10 years, 6-J- per cent. The State sent 71,558 men to the war in 1861-5. MARRIAGE, Laws of, IT. S. The common law requires no particular ceremony to the valid celebration of marriage. Only the consent of the parties is necessary. In the State of New York marriage is valid if declared before witnesses. In Maine, Connecticut, Massa- chusetts, and other States, the marriage must be made in the presence of a magistrate or minister. MARYLAND, one of the middle United States, was originally included in the patent of Virginia, granted under charter to Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632; named in honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. ; first colony were Catholics who settled at St. Mary's, on the Potomac, 1634 ; free toleration of all religions and creeds granted by Lord Baltimore ; Constitution settled in 1650, and again in 1776 ; the State bore an active part in the Revo- lution; adopted the Federal Constitution April 28, 1788, by 63 to 12. Population in 1790 was 319,728; in 1810, 380,546; in 1840, 469,232, including 89,485 slaves ; in 1850, 583,034, including 74,723 free colored, and 90,368 slaves. Increase in ten years, 24 per cent. In 1860, the population was 646,183, and 85,382 slaves. Increase of free persons in ten years, 11 per cent.; decrease of slaves, 6 per cent In 1865 the Legislature passed an act refusing all who fought against the Union the right to vote. MASSACHUSETTS, one of the United States. First settled at Plymouth by a colony of English Puritans from Holland, who landed Dec. 22, 1620. This was called the Plymouth colony. The Massachusetts colony at Salem and Charlestown, in 1628, and Boston, 1630. These colonies united in 1692. The American Revolution originated here, at Boston and vicinity, and this State bore an important and honorable part in the contest. See Boston, Banker Hill, Lexington, &c. Present State Constitution formed in 1780 ; revised and altered in 1820; slavery abolished in 1783; Shay's rebellion in this State in 1786; Federal Consti- tution adopted Feb. 6, 1788, by 187 against 168. Population in 1721, 94,000; in 1790, 388,727; in 1810. 472,040; in 1820, 523,287; in 1840, 737,699; in 1850, 994,514; increase in 10 years, 34 percent. Population in 1855 (state census), 1,132,369, increase in 5 years, 16 per cent. These returns placed Mass. the 6th in the Union in popu- lation. In 1860 the population was 1,231,494. Increase in 10 years, 24 per cent. Total industrial production in 1855, 295 millions of dollars. Exports, 1859, 18 millions. Rail- roads, 1,602 miles, which cost 63 millions. Number of troops sent to the war in 1861-5, 159,165, of whom about 6,500 were blacks. Population in 1865, 1,267,329. 34 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [mat MATCHES, U. S. The tax on matches, imposed Aug. 1864, is one cent per hundred. The revenue from this source, in 1865, was about $1,000,000. MEDICAL COLLEGES, U. S. There were 54 medical schools and colleges in the U. S. in 1862. The oldest is the University of Penn. at Phila., 1765. MERCHANTS' EXCHANGES, U. S. Organizations of business men established in the prin- cipal cities of the country, for mutual acquaintance and discussion. METHODISTS. The first Methodist organization in the U. S. was at Baltimore, 1784, Wesley sanctioning it as the "Meth. Episcopal Church of America." Introduced in S. Caro- lina and Georgia, 1785. Secession of Anti-Episcopal branch, 1830. Secession (on account of the slavery question), of the "Methodist Episcopal Church South," 1844. The northern branch had, in 1860, 956,555 members, and 13,000 preachers, under 51 "annual conferences," 24 colleges, 2 biblical institutes, and 120 seminaries. The "M. E. Church South," in 1845, had 6 bishops, 24 conferences, 330,710 white members, 124,811 colored members, 2,978 In- dians. In 1859, the total membership was 721,023, with 21 colleges for males, 28 colleges and 27 high schools for females ; and a publishing house at Nashville, which issued 600 mil- lion pages in 5 years. The Meth. Prot. Church, in 1858, had 90,000 members, and 2,000 ministers. Number of Methodists in the U. S. in 1863, 1,650,000; number of churches 11,638; ministers, 10,911. MEXICO. In July, 1863, an assembly of notables in the city of Mexico declared Mexico a moderated monarchy, and offered the crown to Maximilian, arch-duke of Austria, who accepted it ; entered the city of Mexico June, 1864 ; defeated the liberals in several engagements. In the spring of 1867, the Erench troops who had been sent in 1861, to enforce certain claims made by France, and by whose assistance Maximilian had established himself in Mexico, were withdrawn. The liberals after this regained their lost ground, besieged Maximilian in Quere- taro, and compelled his surrender. The Juarez government declared him to be a usurper, and sentenced him to be shot. His execution took place against the protest of all foreign ministers, June 19, 1867. Miramon and Mejia executed as traitors at the same time. A state of anarchy has existed in Mexico for years, and Maximilian's object was to reduce the country to order under a monarchy. The contest was waged with great bitterness and cruelty. City of Mexico surrendered to the Republicans, June, 1867. MICHIGAN, one of the United States, first settled by the French at Detroit in 1647. Many of the Hurons, a native tribe in this region, were converted to the Catholic faith by the Jesuits. The territory ceded to England by the peace of 1763 ; made a separate territory of the United States in 1805; admitted into the Union as a State in 1836. During the war of 1812-13, the territory was gained for a time by the British, but it was recovered by General Harrison. Population in 1810 was 4,528 ; in 1820, 9,048 ; in 1830, 31,639; in 1840, 212,267. Population in 1850, 399,654; in 1860, 754,291. Increase in 1840-50, 87 per cent.; 1850-60, 89 per cent. Population in 1864, 803,745. 600,000,000 feet of timber were sawed in the State in 1864. Number of men sent to the army in 1861-5, 90,119. MILITIA, U.S. The militia force of the United States in 1860, as near as can be ascertained from official reports, consisted of 53,589 commissioned officers, and 2,036,520 non-commission- ed officers, musicians, artificers, and privates; a total of 2,090,109 men. Since the late war, most of the States have organized their militia into a more efficient system than formerly. Volunteers in the war are exempt from duty for a certain period ; in Conn, for 3 years. MINES, U. S. The famous Hayward gold mine, in Amadon county, California, extends 1200 feet below the surface of the earth. In thirteen years, $7,000,000 have been produced from it. The greatest silver mine is known as the " Comstock lode," in Nevada, discovered in 1860. It is owned by about 100 different companies. The length of mining shafts in the West varies from 500 to 1000 feet. The annual yield of gold and silver mines in the U. S. in 1860 was nearly $150,000,000. MINNESOTA, U. S. Made a territory, 1849 ; admitted into the Union as a State, 1857. Population, 1850, 6,077 ; I860. 176,535 ; *1865, 248,848. A terrible Indian massacre occur- red in this State in August, 1862. The Sioux rose in a body, and commenced a series of fiendish outrages. 500 whites were murdered in cold blood, and millions worth of property destroyed. Their depredations extended over an area of 20,000 square miles in the western part of the State. Gen. Libbey finally checked and defeated them; 2,000 prisoners were taken, of whom 38 were hung as murderers. In Sept. 1862 over 8,000 fugitive whites were receiving aid in Eastern Minnesota. MINT of the United States established at Philadelphia, 1792. Branch at New mis] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. Orleans, 1838; at Charleston, N. C, 1837; at Dahlonega, 1838; at San Francisco, 1854; Assay office at New York, 1854. See Coining. MISSIONS, Protestant. The number of Protestant missionaries in the world in 1860 was 1369, who are distributed as follows: North America, 125; South America, 11; the Antilles and Guiana, 218 ; Northern Africa, 6 ; West Africa, 107 ; South Africa, 152; West- ern Asia, 74; India and Ceylon, 419 ; Burmah and Siam, 39 ; China, 72 ; Oceanica, 146. To the above must be added 934 assistant missionaries, and 2737 native helpers (1860). Modern missionary effort has given to 20 millions of people the benefits of a written language. 20 dialects of Africa have been thus supplied, and 500,000 persons enjoy oral teaching. See Benevolent Societies. MISSISSIPPI, one of the United States. First settled by the French at Natchez, and claimed as part of Louisiana, 1716. Colony destroyed by the Indians. The country ceded to Great Britain by the peace of 1753. Part of it belonged to Georgia, and the southern part to Florida. The territory, together with Alabama, constituted the " Mississippi Terri- tory "until 1817, when it was admitted into the Union as a State. Population in 1816, 45,929 ; in 1830, 136,806 ; in 1840, 375,651, including 195,211 slaves. This State repudiated $5,000,000 of its bonds in 1839 (?). Populaton 1850, 606,325; 1860, 791,303 ; increase from 1840 to 1850, 61 per cent. " Ordinance of Secession " from the U. S. passed Jan. 9, 1861. Win. D. Sharkey appointed Provisional Governor, June 13, 1865. The delegates of the State Convention petition for the pardon of Jefferson Davis Aug. 1865. MISSOURI, one of the United States. Was included with Louisiana in the purchase from the French in 1803. Town of St. Louis settled by the French in 1764, but was little more than a trading post until 1804, when the territorial government was formed. Missouri admit- ted into the Union as a State in 1821, after a long debate on slavery, ending in the Missouri Compromise, which prohibits slavery north and west of Arkansas, but tolerates it in Missouri. Population in 1810, 19,833; in 1830, 140,074; in 1840, 383,702, including 58,240 slaves. In 1850, 682,044, including 87,422 slaves. In 1856, 911,001, including 101,605 slaves. In- crease in 10 years, 77 per cent. From 1830 to 1840 it was 133 per cent. Pop. 1860, 1,201,214, including 115,619 slaves. Desperate attempts were made by rebels in this State to effect secession, but they were defeated. Tins State was the scene of numerous minor conflicts and some important battles, during the slaveholder's war 1861-5. See United States and Battles. War debt, $7,546,575 ; Common School fund in 1865, $678,660. MORAVIANS, U. S. In 1863 they numbered 32 ministers, 46 churches, and 5,760 members. MORMONS. The pretended revelation of the Mormon Scriptures to " Joe Smith," is said to have been made in the State of New York, about 1835. Surrender of a body of 700 Mormons under arms, with their leaders, Joe Smith, Rigdon, &c, to the Missouri militia, un- der Gen. Atchison, Oct. 28, 1838. Joe Smith and his brother murdered in jail by a mob, June 27, 1844. The Mormon temple at Nauvoo, Illinois, sold to the Icarians, or Socialists, and the Mormons emigrated to Deseret and California, 1848-9. In Utah, their chief settle- ment, Brigham Young, their leader, was made Governor by Pres. Fillmore in 1S50. The U. S. chief justice being repudiated by Young, and the U. S. laws disowned, Col. Steptoe, U. S. A., was appointed governor in place of Young, and sent with a battalion to enforce the U. S. authority, Aug., 1854. His authority being defied he resigned. Alfred Cummings appointed gov. by Pres. Buchanan, and arrived with 2,500 U. S. troops, Oct. 5. His trains were attacked and open rebellion proclaimed ; but in March, 1858, the Mormon lead- ers submitted and order was restored. Army withdrawn May, 1860. In April, 1851, their elders and preachers were gathering converts to their principles in Italy and Switzerland, and especially among the Waldenses ; also in Paris. Their celebrated " Bible," professed to have been delivered to Joe Smith, was really written by Rev. Sol. Spaulding, about 1812, as a supposed history of some ancient mounds in Ashtabula Co., Ohio. The MS. is said to have been borrowed by one of the Mormons, who copied it, and subsequently printed it. In Europe the number of Mormons has been estimated as high as 100,000; and some are re- ported in Asia, Africa, and Polynesia. Their number in Utah was estimated at 50,000, in 1862, and composed the greater part of the white population. They denominate themselves the " Church of Jesus of the Latter Day Saints." Their church organization is composed of a series of hierarchies, the highest being the First Presidency, consisting of their chief prophet Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and Daniel H. Wells ; next the Twelve Apostles ; then the quorums of Seventies, of which there are said to be 62 organized in the territories, each having seven presidents and 63 members ; then follow quorums of High- 36 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [mor Priests, Elders, Priests, Teachers, and Deacons. A somewhat anomalous office is that of patriarch, which has been conferred on John Smith (son of Hyrum and nephew of their first prophet, Joseph Smith) and on a few others. There is also in each settlement a High-Coun- cil, composed of 12 members, and a bishop for each ward, the wards containing from 500 to 1,000 persons. {National Almanac.) Reported schism among the Mormons, 1867. MORTALITY IN WAR. The Provost-Marshal-General has compiled a complete list of all the deaths in battle and from wounds and disease, of every regiment from all the Northern States during the war. This record shows that 280,751 officers and men lost their lives in the service; of whom, 5,221 commissioned officers and 90,886 enlisted men were killed in action or died of wounds, and 2,321 commissioned officers and 182,329 men died of disease. MOUNT VERNON. The home of Washington, on the Potomac ; purchased for the nation for the sum of $200,000, raised by ladies' associations, originated by Miss Pamela Cunningham, of South Carolina, 1858-60. During the war this place was protected and was undisturbed by the conflict. MUSIC, U. S. Music seems to have engaged public attention first through the theatre. There was one established at the Capital during Washington's administration ; also after- wards at New Orleans. About 1825 an opera troupe appeared in New York, under Signer Garcia, a fine artist. Madame Malibran, his daughter, met with great success as an opera singer. Other Italian troupes followed. Large Opera Houses are at Boston, Brooklyn, New York, New Orleans, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati. Miss Kellogg, the American Prima Donna, first appeared on the stage early in 1861. Her success has been complete. Philharmonic and musical societies are to be found in all large towns of the U. S., and musical concerts are greatly encouraged. The excellence of American Pianos is acknowledg- ed. Among eminent players are Gottschalk, Mason, Mills. About $15,000,000 worth of Pianos are manufactured yearly. See Pianos. N NASHVILLE, U. S. The capital of Tenn., occupied by the Union forces, Feb. 23, 1862. Great battle fought here Dec. 15, 1864, between the forces of Gen. Thomas (Union) and Hood (Confederate). The former had been besieged for several days, when he marched out and attacked Hood, taking 16 guns. On the 16th he completely routed him, taking 20 guns. This was the last campaign of the Southern army of the West. NATIONAL DEBT, U. S. At different times : — See Loans, U. S. In 1791 the debt was $"75,463,476 In 1830 the debt was $4S,565,4 I In 1800 " " 82,976,294 In 1835 " " 37,788 In 1810 '• " 53,173,217 In 1839 " " ^IVr^ In 1815 " » 99,833,660 In 1845 " " 16^01,64< In IsFo " " 127,334,934 In 1848 " " 65,804,450 In 1820 " " 91,015,566 Jan 1, 1861. it was $66,243,7211 Aug. 31, 1865 it was 2,757, 6S9,571 Deo 1 1861 " 267,654,153 (It reached its highest figure at this date.) Jui'l'lS63 " 764,535,854 1 Jan. 1, 1866 it was 2716,581,5* Dec 1 1863 •' 1,293,243,544] Nov. 1, 1866 " 2,551,310,005 Feb! 13,1865 " 2,279,582,484 | May 1, 1867 " 2,520,7S6,0Pij NATIONAL DEBTS. Mr. Gladstone's estimate in 1866 :— England $3,995,000,000, or $125 per head Spain $725,000,000, or $46 per head. United States 3,000,000,000, or 100 " Holland 425,01^,000, or 12L ; Prance 2,400,000,000, or 53 " Turkey 25o,000 000, or 115 Anstria.. 1,580,000,000, or 45 " Prussia 215,000,000, or 12 Russia:...".. 1,395,000,000 or 43 " Portugal 175,000,000, or 40 " Italy 760,000,000 or 34 " Great Britain's revenue has never exceeded $370,000,000 per year ; but the United States government are now raising $540,000,000 per year. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF DESIGN (at New York), founded 1826 ; the first President was Samuel F B Morse, who was succeeded by A. B. Durand in 1845, and he by D. Huntington in 1861. Corner stone of new Academy building laid Oct. 21, 1863. Building opened and inaugurated Ap. 17, 1865. vAV] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 1776 1778 1S03 1S04 1S04 1S07 1811 1813 1813 1813 1813 1813 1814 1814 NAVAL BATTLES of the United States. Paul Jones, in the Providence privateer, takes 16 prizes »""V His descent on Whitehaven April, He captures the British frigate Serapis, F Sept. 23, Frigate Philadelphia taken by the Tri- poiitans •"••" Pvocaptured by Decatur b eb. 1, Kripoli bombarded by Commodore Preble Aug. Private Chesapeake tired upon by the "British ship Leopard, for refusing to be searched Frigate President vs. British sloop Litile Belt May 16, [Delaware and Chesapeake Bays block- aded by the British.] Frigate CIk sapeake surrendered to the "British frigate Sham on Juno 1, Sloop Argus captured by Br.tisli sloop Pelican Aug. 14, Brig Enterprise captures the British brig Boxer • Aug. Fleet o.i Lake Erie, Commodore Perry, captures the British fleet Sept. 10, flotilla, Commodore Chaun-ey, captures British flotil a on Lake Ontario,... Oct. 5, Frigate Essex, Commodore Poiaer, cap- tured by frigate Pnoebe and sloop Chi-rub March 28, Sloop Frolic, Commodore Bainbr dge, sur- rendered to British frigate Orpheus, April 21, In the war of Secession : — The Confederate forts at Hatteras Inlet, N C, bombarded by fleet of Com. Str'ngham, and taken by land forces of Gen. Butler Aug. 28, 29, 1S01 Fort Henry, Tenn., taken by Com. Foote. Feb. 6, 1802 Great naval action in Hampton Roads, ( Va., March 8, 9, lf«2. The Eebel ram Merrimae from Norfolk, att.cks theU. S, frigates " Cumberland" and " Co 'gress," and sinks them. On the following day the U. S. "Monitor" (battery of 2 guns), arrived in time to save the frigate M nnesota, and finally forced the Merrimae to withdraw in a disabled condition. Com. Farragut, with a fleet of 50 vessels and 286 guns, passes forts Jackson and Philips, destro3's the enemy's rams, and takes New Orleans, April 18, 2(3, 1802 Grand military and naval expedition, un- der Dupont, captures forts at Hilton Head, 8. C Nov. 7,1861 ' ieree action at Port Hudson, M ; ss. Ad- miral Farragut, in attempting to pass the batteries, loses his flag ship "Mississippi," March 14, 1863 Constitution captures British frigate Guerriere Aug. 13, Captain Elliott captures two British frig- ates on Lake Eric Oct. 8, Sloop "Wasp captures British sloop Frolic, Oct. 18 ; both vessels captured by British 74, Poictiers Oct. 20, Frigate United States, Captain Decatur, captures Brit sh frigate Macedonian Constitution, Captain Bainbridge, cap- tures British frigate Java Oct. 29, Hornet, Captain Lawrence, captures British ship Peacock, Captain Peake, Feb. 23, Sloop Peacock, Captain 'Warrington, cap- tures British brig Epervier April 29, Sloop Wasp, Captain Blakeley, captures British brig Reindeer, June 28, Flotilla, Commodore Macdonouuii, victori- ous over the British on Lake Cham- plain. Sept. 11, Frigate President surrendered to the British frigate Endymion Jan. 15, Frigate Constitut on, captures British brigs Cyane and Levant, off Madeira, Feb. Sloop Hornet, Commodore Biddle, cap- tures British brig Penguin, oft' Brazil, Feb. 23, U. 8. naval force under Commodore Con- ner bombards Vera Cruz, (jointly with the land force under General Scott,) , 37 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1813 1814 1S14 1814 1815 1815 1815 ,1847 Combined attack of iron-clads upon Fort Sumter, S. C, five disabled, the fort receiving no great injury April 7, 1833 The Rebel ram Albemarle attacks U. S. gunboats at Plymouth, N. C, sinks one and disperses the rest April 19, 1884 Brilliant engagement off Cherbourg, France, between L T . S. gunboat " Kearsarge," and Rebel privateer "Alabama." The latter sunk in 2 hours June 19, 1884 Admiral Farragut, with 32 vessels and 231 guns, enters Mobile Bay, silencing the forts and capturing two heavy iron-clads One U. S. Monitor sunk by a torpedo Aug. 5, 1864 Gunboat light near Memphis, Tenn. The Union fleet completely routed the enemy's, capturing 3 and disabling 4 of their vessels June 6, 1864 Formidable fleetof ironcladsand frigates with 300 guns, under Admiral Porter, attack Fort Fisher, N. C. Under cover of the terrible fire, land forces storm and capture the fort Jan. 15, 1865 For list of minor engagements, see Gree- ley's Amer. Conflict, Vol. II. NAVY of the United States. The first ship of war of the United States was built un- der the superintendence of the celebrated John Paul Jones, at Portsmouth, N. H., 1781; but the regular navy was commenced by act of Congress, authorizing the building of six frigates, March 30, 1794. The Constitution launched at Boston, Constellation at Baltimore, 1797. In 1860, consisted of 10 ships of the line, 10 frigates, 21 sloops of war, 3 brigs, 8 steamers first class, 6 screw do. 2d class, 15 do. 3d class, 9 side-wheel steamers, 3 store ships, 6 receiv- ing ships. Total, 91 vessels. At the opening of the war in 1861, there wore 58 serviceable vessels, with 1,110 guns. The home squadron consisted of but 12 ships, with 187 guns. In 1862 there were 427 vessels and 3,268 guns; in 1863, 588 vessels, 4,443 guns; in 1864, 671 vessels, 4,610 guns. At the close of 1864, there were 62 "iron-clads" completed or on the docks. Total number of seamen in 1861, 7,600; in 1865, 51,500. Since 1861, 208' vessels were commenced, and 418 bought, of which 313 were steamers, costing $18,366,681. Total^ expenses of Navy department from March 4, 1861, to June 3D, 1865, $314,170,960. The first "iron-clad" was the "Monitor," built by Capt. Ericsson at N, Y, in 100 days, com* 38 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [nav pleted March 5, 1862. la 1866, the navy was reduced to 278 vessels, 2,351 guns. In com- mission, US vessels, 1,029 guns. Number of seamen in the naval and coast survey service in 1866, 13,600. _ NAVAL ACADEMY (IT. S.) at Annapolis, Md., founded during the presidency of Mr. Polk, chiefly at the instance of Geo. Bancroft, sec. of the Navy. During the war it was removed to Newport, R. I. It has since been re-established at Annapolis. NATURALIZATION, Laws, U. S. By the constitution, Congress has power to establish " one uniform rule of naturalization." Over fifteen different acts have been passed since 1787 on the subject. In 1860, the law required a residence of five years in the country to entitle any one to citizenship. In the city of New York, between 1850 and 1860, about 60,000 persons were naturalized. NEBRASKA, IT. S. Organized as a territory 1854. Capital, Omaha City. Area, about 100,000 square miles. Population in 1860, 28,841; also 5,000 Indians. Admitted into the Union March 1st, 1867. NEVADA, U. S. Organized as a territory, March 2, 1861. Capital, Carson City. Area about 80,000 square miles. Population, 1860, 50,568, of whom 16,260 were Indians on res- ervations, and 7,550 tribal Indians. Admitted as a State, Oct. 31, 1864. It is one of the richest mineral States in the Union. NEW HAMPSHIRE. One of the United States ; was first granted toEerdinando Gorges in 1662, first settled at Dover and Portsmouth in 1623. It came voluntarily under the ju- risdiction of Massachusetts in 1641 ; but was made a separate province by an act of Charles I. in 1679. It was several times afterwards connected with Massachusetts until 1741, since which it has remained a separate Slate. Constitution formed in 1784, and amended, 1792. Population in 1790 was 141, 8S5 ; in 1800, 138,858; in 1830, 269,328; in 1840, 284,574; in 1850, 317,976; increase in 10 years, 11 per cent. In 1860, 326,072, increase, 3 per cent. Number of troops furnished to the army in 1861-5, 33,427. NEW JERSEY. One of the United States ; first settled by the Dutch from New York, at Bergen, 1614-20. A Colony of Swedes and Finns on the Delaware, 1627. The province included with New York in the grant by Charles II. to the duke of York in 1664; granted by the duke to lord Berkley and sir George Cartaret, who established a government in 1695. Subdued by the Dutch in 1672, but surrendered by them, 1674 ; purchased by a company of English emigrants, who formed the first English settlement at Salem, 1674 ; government sur- rendered to the crown (in consequence of difficulties about titles, &c.,) and accepted by queen Anne, 1702; continued under royal instead of proprietary government until 1776. This State suffered much in the Revolution, and acted an important part. Adopted the Federal Constitution by unanimous vote in 1787. Population in 1732, 47,000 ; in 1790, 184,189; in 1830, 320,779 ; in 1840, 373,306 ; in 1850, 488,552, including 22,269 colored persons; in 1860, 676,084. Increase in 10 vears, 35 per cent. Number of troops furnished to the army, (1861-5,) 79,348. Population in "l865, 773,700. NEW MEXICO, U. S. Ceded to the U. S. in 1848. Organized as a territory, 1850. Capital, Santa Fe. Population in 1860, 83,000 ; besides 55,100 tribal Indians. NEW ORLEANS, U. S. The chief city of Louisiana, called the " Crescent City " on account of the circular bend of the river on which it stands. Founded by the French, in 1718. Ceded to the U.S. in 1803. Population then, 8,000; in 1840, 102,000; in 1860, 168,800, of whom 13,300 were slaves. In the war for the Union, New Orleans surrendered to the U. S. forces, — the naval commanded by Admiral Farragut, and the land forces com- manded by Gen. B. F. Butler, April 26, 1862. The misrepresentations as to Butler's "brutal tyranny, especially towards females," as recorded by Haydn, (p. 513), and believed in England, have been long since exploded. Butler superseded in the command of the city and the Depart- ment of the Gulf by Gen. N. P. Banks, 1863. Gen. Canby appointed to the post,— 1864. Rebel riots against the negroes and their friends, in the " Radical Convention," July, 1S66. NEWPORT, R. I. One of the principal places of summer resort in the U. S. In 1861 the Naval Academy was removed from Annapolis to this place. In 1865 it was re-estab- lished at Annapolis. NEWSPAPERS, &c, in the United States. The first was the " Boston Kews-Letter," m 1704, which was continued till 1774; the second was the Boston Gazette, 1719; the third the American Weekly Mercurv, at Philadelphia, started one day after the last. First .New York Gazette, in 1125; first newspaper in the Carolinas at Charleston, 1731-2; first Rhode Island Gazette, at Newport, 1732 ; first Virginia Gazette, at Williamsburgh, in 1736. In 1775 new] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 39 there were in all the colonies 37 newspapers ; in 1810, in the United States, 358 ; in 1828, 802; in 1839, 1,555. In 1860 there were 3,364 newspapers published in the U. S., of which 613 were in New York; 419 in Pennsylvania ; 382 in Ohio; 221 in Illinois; and 219 in Mass. In England and Wales there were 272; in France, about 600; in Germany, 1,500; in Russia, 100. In 1866, number of newspapers in U. S. about 4,000; circulation 928,000,000 copies. In 1865, number in State of New York, 623 ; circulation 412,591,900. NEW YORK. One of the United States. The river Hudson and the island of Manhat- tan, where New York City now stands, ware discovered by Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the service of the Dutch, 1609. First permanently settled on Manhattan Island by the Dutch in 1621 ; surrendered to the English, under Richard Nichols, for the duke of York, in 1664; confirmed to England by the peace of Breda, 1667 ; retaken by a Dutch expedition in 1673 ; restored to the duke of York with a new patent, 1674; first legislative assembly, 1683; Jacob Leisler's revolution, 1689; episcopacy established by law, 1693; negro conspiracy, 1741 ; colony took an active part in French war, 1756, and the war of Independence ; city captured by English, 1776 ; who evacuated it Nov. 25, 1783 ; State adopted the Federal Con- stitution by 30 to 35, 1788 ; adopted new State Constitution, 1846. Population in 1732, 65,000; in 1790, 340,820; in 1810,959,049; in 1820, 1,372,812; in 1840, 2,428,921; in 1850, 3,097,394; increase in ten years, 26 percent.; in 1860, 3,851,563; increase in ten years, 24 per cent. No. of school districts, 11,621. Pupils in public schools, 851,533. Vol- umes in school libraries, 1,360,507(1860). Population in 1865, 3,831,777; decrease of 2 per cent. No. of voters in 1865, 823,484, of whom 583,611 were natives. The number of widows in the State — principally a result of the war — was 137,980. It sent 473,443 troops to the war. Number of convicts in State Prisons in 1865, 1,873. NEW YORK, City of. Founded by the Dutch, 1614; fort built by them at S. point of the island, 1623 ; surrendered to the English, 1664; assessed value of all the property in the town in 1668 was £78,231; city taken by the British, 1776; evacuated Nov. 25, 1783; meeting of first United States Congress here, 1785; Washington inaugurated President of the United States, at the City Hall in Wall street, April 30, 1789; yellow fever prevailed here in 1795 and 1805 ; cholera in 1832, 1834, and 1849. Great fire in the business part of the city, swept over 40 acres, and destroyed property valued at about $20,000,000, Dec. 16, 1835 ; another in same neighborhood, 1845 ; the whole district rebuilt and improved shortly after ; celebration of the completion of Croton Aqueduct, Oct. 14, 1842. Population in 1790, 33,131; in 1810, 96,373; in 1830, 202,589; in 1840, 312,710; in 1850, 514,547; in 1860, 805,651 ; in 1865, 726,386. The density of the population is about 32,000 to the square mile, including 1,100 acres of parks. Debt of the city in 1867, $51,000,000. Value of real and personal property in 1865, $608,784,355. On the eleven street railroads in the city of New York there were carried, during the year ending Sept. 30, 1864, the enormous num- ber of 60,328,795 passengers, exceeding that of the previous year by nearly 20,000,000. The earnings of the roads for the same period were $4,623,583, and the expenses $2,821,625. NORTH CAROLINA. One of the United States. First permanent settlement at Albe- marle, by emigrants from Virginia, who fled from religious persecution about 1660. The district granted to Lord Clarendon, who induced the celebrated John Locke to prepare a constitution for it, 1663. The chief magistrate was called the palatine, and there was an hereditary nobility. This constitution abolished, as defective, 1693. The two Carolinas pur- chased by the crown for £17,500, and divided into North and South, in 1720. The popula- tion was as follows : — Whites. Slaves. Free-Col. Total. 1840 484,870 245,817 22,732 753,419 1850 , 553,028 288,548 27,463 862,039 1860 679,965 328,377 1,008,342 It was at Mecklenburgh, in this State, that the first declaration of independence of the British crown was made as early as May, 1775. Ordinance of "secession" passed May 21, 1861. Loss by the State in the war, $250,000,000. Gen. Sherman marched across the State in the spring of 1865. May 29, W. W. Holden was appointed provisional governor. Legis- lature declared the ordinance of secession " null and void " Oct. 7, 1865. O OBSERVATORIES, U. S. The first one was established in the country in 1834 at Washington, for the Naval Depot of Charts. It was equipped with a three and three- quarter inch transit-instrument. In 1835, a five-inch telescope was placed in a tower at Yale College. In 1838, a small observatory was established at Hudson, Ohio, through the exer- 40 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ohi lions of Prof. E. Loomis. In 1840, one at Philadelphia for the "High School." In 1841, one at West Point, for the U. S. Military Academy. Bill to provide lor a U. S. Naval Obser- vatory passed Congress, Aug., 1842. In 1844, under the superintendence of Lieut. Gilliss, D. S. N., a building was completed at Camp Hill, Washington, and furnished with Euro- pean instruments. Lieut. Maury assigned to its charge, Oct., 1844. Capt. Gilliss appointed in 18G1, vice Maury absconded. First volume of astronomical observations appeared in 1842, compiled by Lieut. Gilliss. The Dudley Observatory, Albany, N. Y., founded by Mrs. B. Dudley, 1858. The one at Cincinnati founded by Prof. Mitch'el, 1843. Cambridge Ob- servatory, 1845. Ann Arbor Observatory, 1854. The Chicago Observatory has the largest telescope in the country. The Yale " Scientific School " has a revolving turret for observa- tions. Telescopes have been mounted at various places by private individuals; the princi- pal one at Nantucket, Mass., under the charge of Miss Mitchel. OHIO. One of the United States. First permanently settled at Marietta, April 178S; second settlement was Symmes's purchase, 6 miles below Cincinnati, 1*789; third by French emigrants at Gallipolis, 1791 ; fourth by New Englanders, at Cleveland and Conneaut, 1796. First territorial legislature met at Cincinnati, 1799. The Western Reserve, under jurisdiction of Connecticut, was sold by that State for the benefit of her "School fund" in 1800. Ohio formed her State Constitution and was admitted into the Union, 1802. Population in 1790 was 3,000 ; in 1800, 45,365 ; in 1810, 230,760 ; in 1SS0, 937,637 ; in 1840, 1,519,467. The total population of this State in 1850, was 1,980,408, viz. white, 1,956,000 ; colored, 24,800. Farms in cultivation, 143,887 ; manufacturing establishments producing annually over $500,- 110,550 ; houses, 836,098. Census Returns. In 1850 the wheat crop of Ohio amounted to 80,01)0,000 bushels. April, 1851, completed 62 years since the first band of white settlers entered Ohio. Population in 1860, 2,377,917 ; increase in ten years about 20 per cent. Num- ber of men sent to the war in 1861-5, 317,133. In 1866 there were erected in Ohio, at a cost of $4,889,900, 4,850 houses, 1,158 barns, 78 mills, 311 factories. OIL WELLS, which supply a good burning oil, were discovered at Titusville, Pa., 1859. The first was through 29 feet of earth, and 80 feet of rock. There were in 1861 numerous wells in that vicinity yielding about 15 barrels per day. In August, 1861, the excitement on petroleum increased wonderfully by the discovery of wells which threw up immense quanti- ties of oil in the valley of Oil Creek, Pa. 30(0 barrels were obtained from a single well in one day. Wells were discovered later in Ohio, California, Kentucky, and West Virginhi. FromPenn. in 1860, 2,000,000 galls, were sent to market; in 1861, 20,000,000. In 1862, $60,000,000 worth was exported to foreign countries from the U. S. The yield from the wells of the Oil Creek region was stated to be 5,717 barrels per day in 1862. From 1861-65, Petroleum was the subject of numberless speculations, and fortunes were daily made and lost. In Jan.lS62, the price of refined oil was 40 cer.ts in New York ; in Nov. it rose as high as $1 10 ; in Dec. it fell to 40 cents again. In 1866-7 the petroleum fever had greatly dimin- ished. OMNIBUSES, U. S. In New York City, in 1866, there were 8 lines of omnibuses with 204 vehicles. Their average number of trips a day is 10 up and 10 down the city. OREGON. Territory of the United States, on the N. W. coast of America. First visited by the Spaniards under Juan de Fuca, 1592 ; by Sir Francis Drake, 1578 ; by Vancouver, 1792. The Columbia river discovered and entered by Capt. Gray, of merchant ship Colum- bia, of Boston, United States, May 7, 1792 ; overland expedition of Lewis and Clarke, sent out by Jefferson, 1804-5-6. Missouri Fur Company established at St. Louis, 1808 ; Pacific Fur Company (J. J. Astor) at New York, 1810 ; Astoria founded at the mouth of the Colum- bia, by Astor's colony, 1811 ; sold to the N. W. Company, 1813 ; occupied by the British until restored by treaty of Ghent, 1815 ; operations of the Hudson's Bay Company (Eng- lish) commenced 1821 ; the territory divided at the 49th parallel of lat., leaving all north of that line, with the whole of Vancouver's island, to Great Britain, remainder to the United States, by Mr. McLane's treaty, signed at London, ratified by the Senate, 41 to 14, June 18, 1846. Population at that time about 20,000. Territorial government established by the U. S. Congress. Aug. 2-13, 1848. Admitted into the Union 1859. Capital, Salem. Popula- tion in 1860, 52,566 ; in 1865, about 70,000. OPERA, U. S. See Music. OPIUM. The Custom-house returns state that in 1858, 800,000 lbs. of opium were im- ported in the United States, and it is calculated from reliable data that not more than one- tenth of this is used for medicinal purposes. Druggists and physicians say that the habit of taking opiates is very prevalent, and extending every year. The duty on opium is $2.50 per lb. ; on opium prepared for smoking, 100 per cent, (acts of Congress, 1864-5). org] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 41 ORGANS. The largest organ in the IT. S. is that in the Music Hall at Boston, Mass., completed 1862. The next largest in H. W. Beecher's church at Brooklyn, 1866. OYSTER TRADE, U. S. The oyster product of the Chesapeake Bay in 1858 was valued nt $20,000,000. From Baltimore, in 1860, $3,500,000 worth was distributed through the country. The trade of the town of Fair Haven, Conn., is almost exclusively devoted to the cultivation and export of oysters. PAINTING, in the U. S. The first practising artist of celebrity was John Watson (born in Scotland, 1685), who commenced painting portraits in New Jersey, 1715. Nathaniel Smy- bert, of Edinburgh, began in Boston, 1728. Benjamin West was the first native American artist; born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1708 ; painted his first portrait in Lancaster, Pa., 1753. John Singleton Copley, born in Boston, 1738 ; first painted in 1760; he was the father of lord Lyndhurst, lord chancellor of Great Britain. Chas. W. Peale (born in Mary- land, 1741), Gilbert Charles Stuart (Rhode Island, 1754), John Trumbull (Connecticut, 1756), William Dunlap (New Jersey, 1766), E. G. Malbone (Rhode Island, 1777), Allston of S. C. and Boston, Morse of New York, historical painters. More recently, Cole, Doughty, and Durand, in landscape, and Inman, Sully, Harding, and Elliot in portrait. In landscape paint- ing during the last 20 years great advances have been made ; and the works of Church, Bierstadt, Gifford, and others have won fame and honor beside the best European works. See List of Painters in Biographical Index, also Tuckerman's Book of the Artists, Spooner's Biog. Hint, of Fine Arts, J. J. Jarves, Works, etc. . PALAEONTOLOGY. Prof. James Hall of Albany is the author of an elaborate work on the Palaeontology of New York. A Professorship of Palaeontology established at Yale Col- lege in 1866. It was endowed by Geo. Peabody, Esq. PAPER. The manufacture of printing and writing papers in the United States has been greatly advanced in the last 20 years. Printing paper is now made, especially in Conn., Mass., Maine, N. J., and Pa., fully equal in quality to the best in England. The amount of capital employed in this business is estimated at $20,000,000. The quantity produced can- not be precisely calculated, but it is now (1867) probably greater than the product of Great Britain. Mass. manufactures more paper than any other State. Number of mills in 1865, 77 rvalue of stock $5,381,671 ; capital $3,875,000. The materials for making paper in the U. S. are various, such as rags, flax, worn out bagging, cable-rope, straw, hay, hemlock, corn- husks, mulberry leaves and bark, canes and reeds. In 1855 there were in the U. S. 750 paper mills, 3,000 engines, producing 280,000,000 lbs., which at 10 cts. per lb. would amount to $28,- 000,000. The manufacture of printing and stationery papers in 1860 was 153,766,000 lbs. An examination of the returns of the incomes paid by persons and firms interested in the manu- facture of paper, in a single collection district of the United States, for the years 1865-'66, gives the following results: Total income of ninety-nine persons, firms, and corporations, $948,988. Of these, one corporation reported an income of $178,000, and ten individuals an aggregate of $314,000 ; being an average of $31,400 each. The annual value of paper produced in the U. S. is estimated at $17,500,000, nearly as large as in England. PAPER CURRENCY. In 1857 the Bank of England had $98,800,000, other banks in England, $89,585,000, total, $188,385,000; France, $121,070,000; United States, $148,- 929,000. In 1863 the circulation of the 1466 Banks in the U. S. was $238,677,218. PARKS. The great " Central Park," N. Y. city, originated 1851 by the suggestions of the late A. J. Downing, and first officially recommended by A. C. Kingslaud, then mayor. It was authorized both by the Common Council and by the Legislature, within 100 days after ; the award of the commissioners of Assessments, made July 2, 1855. The park came into possession of the city, Feb., 1856. It originally extended from 59th to 106th St. : in 1859 it was extended to 110th St., and then included in all 843 acres; being 2-J miles long, -J mile wide. The cost before extension was $5,444,369, of which $1,657,590 was assessed on ad- joining property ; the net cost being greater than was ever before known to be expended on a public park. It is now more than twice the size of Hyde Park in London ; but of its area 142 acres is occupied by the two Croton reservoirs. Preliminary surveys by Mr. Viele (1856) wore followed by the adoption of plans by Olmsted and Vaux, April 28, 1858, and the ap- pointment of Mr. F. L. Olmsted as Superintendent and " Architect-in-chief." Work on this plan commenced June 1, 1858, since which from 500 to 3500 persons have been employed to this time (1867) under the general direction of commissioners appointed by the Legislature. A park of about equal extent to the " Central Park," is projected but not yet (1867) com- pleted for the city of Brooklvn. 42 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [pat PATENTS, U. S. The Patent Office of the U. S. at Washington, an extensive and impo- sing edifice, was completed 1858. The number of Patents issued has rapidly increased during the last seventeen years, being nearly nine times as great in 1856 as in 1843. The numbers in some of these years are thus stated : Years. Applied for. 1843 819 1850 2193 ]855 4435 1856 4960 lted. 531 Yenrs. 1857 Applied for. 477] G ranted. 2710 995 3710 2024 1859 4538 2910 The receipts of the office increased from $35,315, in 1843, to $245,942, in 1859. Of the patents granted in 1859, 4,491 were to citizens of the U. S. (1,237 being from N. Y.), 23 to British subjects, 16 to French, and 8 to other foreign applicants. Number of patents issued in 1863, 3,887; receipts of the office, $179,378; expenditure, $189,803. PEABODY FUND, U. S. Mr. George Peabody, the great American banker at London, during a visit to theU. S., donated in 1866-7 the sum of $2,000,000, to be used as an educa- tional fund for the benefit of the Southern States. It was committed to a Board of Trustees, who have absolute discretion as to the manner of its distribution. Dr. Sears, of Brown University, appointed General Agent. The promotion of Primary and Normal School education is to be the leading object. Mr. Peabody delivered over bonds, covering the amount of his gift, March 4, 1867. PENNSYLVANIA, one of the United States. Granted by James II. to William Penn, of the Society of Friends, in 1681. (Previously settled by Swedes and Finns, and conquered by the Dutch in 1654.) A tract of 20,000 acres sold by Penn for £400 to a colony which formed a settlement at Philadelphia. The colony governed by proprietors until the revolution of 1776, when the legislature purchased it, paying the proprietors £130,000 in lieu of quit-rents. Battles of Brandy wine and Germantown, and other important actions in this State in the war of independence. See Philadelphia. Federal Constitution adopted in convention, Dec. 13, 1787, by 46 to 23. Continental Congress at Philadelphia, in 1774. United States Congress, 1790 to 1800, when it was removed to Washington. Population of State in 1732, 30,000; 1790, 434,373; in 1800, 602,545; in 1820, 1,049,13; in 1840, 1,724,033; in 1S60, 2,906,115. Number of common schools in the State in 1865, 12,980. The State furnished 362,284 soldiers for the war. It had under its care (1866), about 1200 soldiers' orphans, appropriation having been made by the legislature to support such. PENSIONERS, U. S. The whole number of pensioners of all classes on the rolls in 1860, was 11,585 ; and the aggregate amount required per annum for their payment, $1,183,141. Of revolutionary soldiers, 165 were on the rolls in 1860. In 1S66, only 5 were on the rolls. Congress granted in 1866, to each of these, $300 annuity, in addition to the $100 pension. The war of the rebellion produced a new list of pensioners. The entire number on the rolls, July 1, 1866, was 126,722. The amount paid to them, including expenses of disbursement, was $13,459,996. The Naval Pension Fund amounts to $11,750,000 (1866). PERIODICAL LITERATURE, U. S. See Reviews and Magazines. PHILADELPHIA, City of. First surveyed and regulated by the English colony under Penn's grant, in 1682. [The Swedes had settled on Delaware bay in 1627]. Named after a city in Asia Minor, and first laid out with a view to rival ancient Babylon in extent ; but the plan was restricted to its present limits by the charter of 1701. First or " Continental" Congress at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774. The Declaration of Independence adopted, July 4, 1776, in the State House, still standing in Chestnut street. The city taken by the British, Sept. 26, 1777 ; evacuated by them, June 18, 1778. Convention met here, May 17, 1787, and on 17th of Sept. following, agreed on a constitution for the United States. Yellow fever raged, 1793 and 1798. Congress removed to Philadelphia, 1800. United States Bank established here, 1816. United States Mint, in 1792. Girard College opened, 1846. Population in 1732, 12,000; in 1790, 42,000; in 1810, 96,664; in 1830, 167,811 ; in 1840, 220,423 ; in 1850, 340,045; in 1860, 585,529. During the war for the Union, 1861-5, Philadelphia was dis- tinguished for its enthusiastic patriotism and benevolence. Northern troops going to the field were most hospitably entertained by her citizens, and a very liberal and efficient provision was made for the sick and wounded in hospitals, &c. See Clubs. PHOTOGRAPHY in the U. S. M. Gourard, of Paris, first introduced Photography in the U. S. in 1839, exhibiting some daguerreotype views in the course of a lecture at the Broad- way Tabernacle, early in that year. Professors Morse, Draper, and Wollcott, simultaneously, before the end of the year, improved Daguerre's process, and during 1840 applied it to por- traiture. Ambrotypes were introduced in 1853, and paper photographs in 1851 ; although pho] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 43 very little was done in the business-way until 1854. Early in 1855, Mr. C. D. Fredricks made the first successful life-sized photographs, with an apparatus invented by Mr. H. H. Snelling ; and it is mainly to the introduction of this apparatus by Mr. Fredricks, that pho- tography owes its rapid progress and popularity in this country, almost entirely superseding the earlier daguerreotypes. Stereographs were introduced in 1852, but commanded no atten- tion until 1857. Professor Bond, of Cambridge, Mass., first exhibited a photograph of the moon in 1851. Photographs of rapidly moving objects are taken in a fractional part of a second. Ingenious counterfeits of bank notes have been effected by photography. PHOTO-SCULPTURE has been introduced in New York in 1867, by Messrs. McKaye & Co. ; among the earliest specimens are statuettes of Grant, Farragut, Greeley, and others. PIANO-FORTES. Those made by Steinway of New York, and Chickering of Boston, re- ceived the highest award (gold medal), at the Paris Exposition of 1867, July 1. This manu- facture has advanced very largely in the last 15 years, and is one of the most important branches of American industry. There are in New York city alone 113 piano-makers (1867). POLICE. The " Metropolitan Police" law for the city of New York and suburbs, passed 1857, resisted by the mayor (Wood), and a serious collision resulted between the old and new police force, June 16, 1857. The new law pronounced to be constitutional by the Court of Appeals, July 2, and the old force is disbanded next day. The present police force of New York (1867), is unquestionably the most effective and the most perfect that has ever been organized on this continent. In 1866 the police force consisted of 26 captains, 105 sergeants, 42 roundsmen, 60 detailments, 1,250 patrolmen, 56 doormen. There are 26 Po- lice districts. Expense to the city for supporting this force in 1866, $1,836,120. POLITICAL ECONOMY. In the U. S. the most elaborate works on this subject, are those of Mr. Henry C. Carey, of Phila., who has published (as a protectionist), several vol- umes which are highly esteemed also in Europe. Works favoring free trade have also been issued here by Opdyke and others. See Free Trade. POPULATION of the U. S. In 1850, 23,191,000; in 1860, 31,429,000. In 1860, the following cities had over 100,000 : New York, 805,651 ; Philadelphia, 585,529 ; Brooklyn, 268,661 ; Baltimore, 212,418; Boston, 177,812; New Orleans, 168,675; Cincinnati, 161,044; St. Louis, 160,773 ; Chicago, 109,260. By an unofficial but accurate census taken by an offi- cer of the government in Dec. 1866, the total population of the U. S. was found to be 34,505,882. POST-OFFICE in the United States. The first post-office in the colonies was established in 1710, by act of Parliament for establishing a general post-office for all her majesty's do- minions. During the Revolution this department was, of course, controlled by Congress, and the Constitution of the United States, 1789, provided for the continuance of this control — the Postmaster-general being appointed by the President and Senate, as one of the cabinet. For successive Postmasters-General, see Administrations. The following table gives the statistics of the post-offices in the United States' at different times since 1790 : — Year. No. of Post Amount of Net Revenue. Extent in miles Office. Postage.. of Post Roads. 1790 75 $37,935 $5,795 1,875 3800. 903 280,804 6G,S10 20 817 1810 2,300 551,684 55,715 36 400 1820 4,500 1,111.927 . . V492 1830 8,000. 1.850,583 "il5,'oOO 1840 13,468 4.539,265 155 739 1845 14,183 4,289,842 143 940 1846 14,601 3,487,199 152>-65 1847 15,146 3,955,893 153,818 1848 16,159 4,371,077 44,227 163,208 HP 7 millions loss 1-i- millions 1855 7J do 1856 7* do 1857 8" do 1858 8 do 1859 Si do I860 8f do Number of post-offices in 1863, 29,047 ; mail routes, 139,598 miles ; revenue, $11,163,000 ; expenditures, $11,314,000. In 1865 $12,099,7S7 worth of postage stamps were sold; $724,135 worth of stamped envelopes; $23,315 worth of stamped wrappers. 467,500,000 letters were conveyed in the mails, of which 2,352,000 were lost or destroyed; number of dead letters, 22 do 3 do 3i do 4't do 7t do 5f do 44 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ P0R 4,308,000. There were 74,277 money orders issued, of the value of $1,860,122. The revenues of the year 18(35 exceeded the highest annual receipts from all the States previous to the re- bellion by $6,038,090. Length of postal routes in 1867, 180,900 miles. The revenue of the department for the year ending June 30, 1865, was $14,556,158, audits expenditures §13,694 - 728; the rate of increase being 17 per cent., and of expenditure 8 per cent., compared' with the previous year. Postage stamps to the value of $12,099,787 were sold, also $724,135 worth of stamped envelopes, and $23,815 of stamped wrappers. The average annual increase of the revenue for the last four years over the preceding four years was $3,353,845. The Postmaster-General thinks that in a few years letter postage may be reduced to the rat: adopted by Great Britain. POSTAL MONEY ORDERS. On Aug. 2, 1866, 300 new money-order offices were adde. making 700 such post-offices. The largest amount that can be sent by any one order is no* $50. The fees also have been changed — the charge now being 10 cents on any order from $i up to $20 ; and 25 cents ou any order over $20. PRESBYTERIANS. The Presbyterian church in the United States was divided into the " Old School," and the New School, 183- In 1850, the aggregate No. of churches was 4,584, accommodating 2,040,000 persons. The Presbyterians of the Southern States formed an in- dependent organization, Dec. 1861. The New School assembly in May, 1863, at Phila.. passed resolutions "that to support the President and the Government of the U. S. is relig- iously the duty of all good citizens" in the present crisis. Number of "Old School" Presby- terians May, 1865, who were communicants, 232,450 ; ministers, 2,301 ; churches, 2,629. "New School" communicants, 143,645 ; ministers, 1,694; churches, 1,479. Aggregate in other "schools "in 1862, 200,000. Contributions of "Old School" in 1865, $2,400 000; " New School," $2,200,000. PRESS, freedom of the, U. S. Several papers were mobbed in the North in 1861, f >r expressing Southern sentiments. The N. Y. "Journal of Commerce," " News," "Day Baok," " Freeman's Journal," were complained of by a Grand Jury of the U. S. District Coui E at New York, as treasonable in their declarations; the Government accordingly refused them the privilege of the mails, Aug. 1861. Orders from the War Department prohibiting the publication of military movements, Feb, 1862. In June, 1S63, Gen. Burnside suppressed the " Chicago Times." In 1864, about 35 newspapers were mobbed or suppressed for disloy- alty in the Northern States. In 1863 the editors of the N. Y. papers passed resolutions that the restrictions on them were dangerous in their tendency. During the war the Press w r as free, so long as it did not express treason or give information to the enemy. PRINTING. In the United States this important art has made great advances during the last 15 years (1867). The best presses of Boston and Cambridge, Mass., of New York, and of Philadelphia, have produced specimens, nearly or perhaps fully equal to the best in England or France. Excellence has been especially aimed at of late in this country, while economy and cheapness have been more studied in England. PRINTING PRESSES. The largest presses more recently constructed by Hoe & Co., of New York, will throw off 25,000 impressions per hour. These are the " ten-cylinder typs- revolving printing machines." Two of these have been supplied to print the London Times, and a similiar one is used by four daily newspapers in New York. The cost of each press is about $30,000. Of the eight and six cylinder machines Hoe & Co. have supplied 20 in Great Britain, 4 in Paris, and 2 in Australia! The Adams printing presses are now manufactured by Hoe & Co. Sir Morton Peto, in his book on "American Resources," declares that in Printing Presses, Americans have excelled every European nation. See Type-setting Machines, PRISONERS during the "Rebellion," U. S. At the close of the war, 174,223 were si r- rendered by the Confederates to the Union Armies. The Government also had in prisons in the North, 98,800. In 1863 there was a general exchange of prisoners, the U. S. giving up 121,900 in return for 110,800 Union soldiers. During 1863 the Confederates held an excess of prisoners. From 1861 to 1864, 225,000 Union soldiers passed the doors of Libby Prison, Richmond ; 35,000 were at one time at Andersonville, Geo. Capt. Wirz (Confederate) tried at Washington, D. C. for inhuman treatment to U. S. prisoners at the latter place, and executed Nov. 10, 1865. Union officers (prisoners) placed under fire of Federal guns at Charleston S. C. in retaliation for bombarding the city, 1864. PRISONS, U. S. Number of state prisons in 21 Northern States,in 1865,_ 25. No two are alike in their general construction. Average number of prisoners in them in 1865, 6,650. The Auburn silent system, inaugurated in 1821,"is in practice in most of the States. The Amer- P R i] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 45 lean Prison Discipline Society was founded at Boston, 18-. The Prison Association at New- York was founded chiefly by the efforts of Isaac T. Hopper, about 1850. PRIVATEER. A vessel belonging to one or more private individuals, sailing with a license from Government in time of war, to seize and plunder the ships of the enemy. The practice first became general during the war between Spain and the Netherlands, about the end of the seventeenth century, and was very general during the last French war. Priva- teering was abolished by the great sovereigns of Europe by treaty, March 30, 1856 ; but the U. S. government declined to join in this treaty. During the war of 1812 there were 250 priva- >eers commissioned by the U. S. of which 58 were from Baltimore, 55 from New York, 40 from rfalcm, and 31 from Boston. During that war 2,000 British vessels were captured by the Americans, a large portion being by privateers. About 500 American vessels were captured or destroyed by the British. See CoggeshaWs Hist, of Am. Privateers. The thirty -seventh Congress (1863) passed a Letter of Marque Bill enabling the President to cover every sea with Privateers. None were commissioned, the regular navy being sufficiently effective. The Southern Confederacy fitted out about 30 vessels as Privateers. Seven of them proved for- midable. They captured 275 vessels of American merchants, 100,000 tons in all, and valued at many millious. The fleetest of these Privateers were of French and British build, and some of them manned by seamen from those nations. PRIZE MONEY, U. S. From May 1, 1861, to the close of the war in 1865, 1149 Rebel blockade-runners and privateers were captured. Net proceeds for distribution among sea- men, $20,501,927. The crew of the Kearsarge which sunk the Alabama (Rebel) in the Eng- lish Channel, received $300 a piece. . PROPERTY in the U. S, In 1856, the real and personal property of the U. S. was esti- mated by Mr. Guthrie, Sec. of the Treasury, at $11,317,611,672 (more than 11,000 millions). By the census of 1860, this had increased to $14,282,726,088, but this estimate is probably too low. The value of similar property of Great Britain at the same time was about $31,000 millions. PRUSSIA. War was declared by Prussia and Italy against Austria June, 1866. Bavaria, Saxony, and Hanover sided with Austria. The Prussian army occupied Hanover and Saxony June 17 and 18, 1866. (Sea Battles, Austrian and Prussian.) Negotiations for an armistice commenced July 12, 1866. Prussian advance in sight of Vienna, July 22. Treaty of I'eace signed Aug. 30, 1866. Prussia acquired Hanover, Schleswig-Holstein, Hesse- Cassel, Nassau, Frankfort, p irts of Bavaria, and Hesse-Darmstadt. By these annexations her population became 23,583,000. The strength of Austria remained united, but she paid Prussia $28,000,000. Venetian Province ceded to Italy, Oct. 19, 1866. A vote on the question of annexation of Venetia to Italy was had in that province, resulting in 641,758 affirmative, 68 negative. The King of Italy entered Venice Nov. 7, 1866, amid great dem- onstrations of joy. PUBLIC LANDS, U. S. From 1838 to 1860 the sales of public lands reached 122,038,290 acres, which produced $136,401,302 (1860). In Sept. 1863, the amount of surveyed public lands undisposed of was 133,487,495 acres ; the quantity disposed of in 1863 was 2,966,690 acres, of which 91,354 were sold for cash, the remainder granted for bounties, railroads, &c. PUBLIC WORKS, American. The Croton Aqueduct carries more water than any other in the world, and is but two miles shorter than the Julian Aqueduct at Rome, the longest in the world. The stone arch over Cabin John's Creek, in the Washington Aqueduct, is about 50 feet longer span than any stone arch in the world. The suspension bridge at Lewiston, and the railroad suspension bridge, both over the Niagara river, have each the largest span in the world. The United States Dry Dock at Brooklyn is not equalled in dimensions, nor surpassed in workmanship, by any of the kind anywhere, R RAGGED SCHOOLS. In New York, and other large cities of the United States, "Rag- ged Schools" have been established by benevolent individuals to the great benefit of many thousand destitute children, who would otherwise have received no instruction. " Mission Schools" also have gathered in thousands from the cellars and gutters, who have been pro- vided not only with oral teaching, but with lodging, food, and raiment. The "Howard Mis- sion" in the Fourth Ward and "Five Points" Missions are of this character. RAILROADS in the United States. The first railway in the United States was the Quincy and Boston, to convey granite for Bunker Hill Monument, 1827 ; Boston and Provi- 46 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [ KAI dence Railroad, opened June 2, 18.35 ; Boston and Lowell, June 27, and Boston and Worces- ter, July 6, same year; Utiea and Schenectady, opened Aug. 1, ]836; Baltimore to Wil- mington, July 19, 1837 ; Providence and Stonington, Nov. 10, 1837 ; Worcester and Spring- field, Mass., Oct. 1, 1839; Housatonic, Feb. 12, 1840. In June, 1859, the length of railways in operation in the United States was stated to be 27,857 miles; cost, $961,047,304. In- crease since 1847, 24,057 miles. In 1865, the length of completed railroads was 35,935 miles; cost, $1,432,649,000; cost per mile, $40,000. Pennsylvania had 3,967 miles; Ohio, 3,393 ; Illinois, 3,206 ; New York, 2,956. Railway accidents in 1866, 183, in which 335 persons were killed. RAILWAYS in Cities. On the eleven street railroads in the city of New York there were carried, during the year ending Sept. 30, 1864, the enormous number of 60,328,795 passengers, exceeding that of the previous year by nearly 20,000,000. The earnings of the roads for the same period were $4,623,583, and the expense $2,821,625. RAPE, Punishment of, U. S. In New York state the extreme penalty is ten years im- prisonment. Military laws impose death on the guilty party. During the rebellion, death was inflicted in several instances, on soldiers convicted of rape. RECIPROCITY TREATY with Canada. Ratified at Washington, June 5, 1854. It allowed certain privileges of trade to both parties, and either could withdraw from it upon notice of one year. In Dec. 1864, the President was authorized to terminate the treaty. It expired March, 17, 1866. It was argued against the treaty, that under its operation, the balance of trade proved to be against the U. S. One great advantage of it was, that American fishermen could have the same rights as the English in the bays and inlets of Canada and the British Provinces. REPUBLICAN PARTY, U. S. first appeared as a distinct organization in 1854. The whig party dissolved when the south united on the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and the repudiation of the Missouri Compromise. All who opposed the bill were called "anti-Ne- braska," and afterwards "Republicans." In 1S54, they carried most" of the free state elec- tions. (Greeley's History.) Their first presidential convention was held at Philadelphia, 1856. Gen. Fremont was nominated for president but was defeated. In 1860, Republican Convention at Chicago nominated Abraham Lincoln for president, .who was elected. The south considered this a cause for seceding from the Union, In 1864, the vote of the country was overwhelmingly "Republican." REVENUE of the United States, The, up to 1863, was derived chiefly from customs and sales of public lands. The aggregate revenue was, in 1840 $16,993,858 1845 29,769,134 1850 4:i,000,000 1855 65,000.000 1859 53,000^000 1860 56,054,599 1861 41,476,299 1862 51,935,720 1790 $4,399,473 1800 10,624,997 1805 13.520,312 lHlO 9,299,737 1815 15,411,634 1820 16,779,331 1825 21,"42,9I16 1-30 24,2-0,888 1835 34,163,135 | Revenue of the U. S. for years ending July 1, (exclusive of loans): Year. Internal. Customs. Total. Expenditures. 1863 $37,640,787 $69,059,642 $112,687,290 $895,796,630 1864 109,741,134 102,316,152 264,626,771 1,298,144,656 1865 209,464,215 84,928,260 333,714,605 1,897,074,224 1866 309,226,813 179,046,651 558,032,620 1,141,072,666 REVENUE, Internal, U. S. The aggregate revenue from 1789 to 1861, was $1,800,000,000. Between 1817 and 1861 no internal taxes were imposed on the people of the U. S. by the general government. During the years 1.861-2-3, Congress passed laws for increased rev- enue to maintain the war. The Excise law of July 1, 1862, levied a heavy tax on about 500 different articles. The revenue from this source in 1862 to 1866 is stated in above table. REVIEWS and MAGAZINES in the United States. Before the American revolution, va- rious attempts were made to establish religious and literary journals in several places in this country, particularly Boston, New York, and Philadelphia; but no one of them obtained a liberal support, or had a long duration. The following are some of the leading literary and religious reviews and magazines : Boston. Founded. American Monthly Magazine, (the first) estab- lished by Jeremy Gridley, continued 3 years, about 1745 Massachusetts Magazine, (lasted to 1795) 1784 Monthly Anthologv, Prof. Ticknor, A. H. Eve- rett, Buekminster, &e. (to 1811) 1803 Goneral Repertory and Review, (1st Araer. quarterly), edited at Cambridge by An- drews Korton 1812-13 ret] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 47 North American Review, commenced by W. Tudor 1815 Christian Examiner, (quarterly), Charming, Dewey, Ware, nied Commander-in- chief. (See flatties and Naval Buttle*). The war opposed in New England, and levies of troops refused by Mass., Conn., and ft. I. Treaty of peace ratified June 17, 1815 First difficulty respecting the search of Amer- ican vessels 1806 Chesapeake United States frgate tired on 1807 Non-intercourse act passed 1S09 United States frigate President, engaged the British sloopof-war Little Belt, ...".May 16, 1811. President Madison's war inessiige to Congress, June 1,1812. WAR against Algiers, to punish piracies, etc., declared by the United States, 1815. Commodores Decatur and Bainbridge captured two Algerine vessels and "conquered a peace," July 4. WAR between the United States and Mexico. (The annexation of Texas to the United States having been completed by the vote of the Senate of Texas, Dec. 22, 1845). See Battles. American army of occupation, (3,500) under Gen. Taylor, took post on the Rio Grande, op- . posite Matamoras March 28, 1846 Treaty of peace ratified at Queretaro, by the Hon. A. H. Sevier and N. Clifford, for the | U. S., and the foreign Mexican Minister. S'g- nor De la Rosa May 30, 1848 American troops finally withdrawn from the city of Mexico June 12, 1S48 WAR in the U. S. The war of the rebellion commenced April 12, 1861, by the firing of South Carolina forces on Port Sumter, in Charleston harbor. The battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21, adverse to the Union army, was decisive of a prolonged conflict. Until the summer of 1863, the Confederates maintained their ground successfully. But after the fall of Vicks- burg, and the battle of Gettysburg, the National army was almost uniformly victorious until the final surrender of the rebels. See Army, Battles, Volunteers, &c. WASHINGTON, D. C. The Capital of the United States, founded in 1791, and first made the seat of the Government in 1800. The House of Representatives was opened for the first time, May 30, 1808. Washington was taken in the late war by the British forces under Gen. Ross, when the Capitol and the President's house were consumed by a general conflagration, the troops not sparing even the National Library, Aug. 24, 1814. Gen. Ross was soon afterwards killed in a desperate engagement at Baltimore, Sept. 12, following. See United States, and Dist. Columbia. WAS ] AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. 57 WASHINGTON, GEORGE. Born Feb. 22, 1732 ; in the expedition of Braddock against Fort Duquesne, 1755 ; appointed commander-in-chief of the American army, 1775; elected president of the Convention for forming constitution 1787 ; elected President of the United States, 1789 ; again in 1793 ; died 1799. Washington monument at New York, corner stone laid July 4, 1848 ; oration by Robert C. Winthrop. Virginia monument to Washington, cor- ner stone laid by President Taylor, February 22, 1849. WEST VIRGINIA. On Oct. 24, 1861, the western counties of Virginia voted to separate themselves from the old state and form a new state, called West Virginia; admitted to the Union, June 20, 1863 ; capital, Wheeling; area, 23,000 square miles. Population by census of I860, 393,200. The new state sent 31,880 men to the Union army. WINE, U. S. In 1866, California produced 1,252,700 gallons of wine ; Kentucky, 180, 000 ■ Indiana, 88,000; New York, 61,000; N. Carolina, 54,000; Illinois, 47,000; Connnecti- cut, 46,000; Virginia, 40,000; Pennsylvania,38,000. During the year ending June 30, 1866, 9,476,814 gallons were imported into the U. S. WHALE FISHERY of the United States. In 1845 this trade employed 650 vessels aggregate tonnage, 200,000 tons; cost, $20,000,000; manned by 17,500 officers and seamen. " Commercial history furnishes no parallel to this whaling fleet. It is larger than those of all other nations combined." — Speech of Mr. Grinnell. But in recent years, by the introduction of petroleum and other burning fluids, and of gas, the whaling business has become reduced to much smaller dimensions. WHEAT AND FLOUR. The amount exported by the United States, from 1790 to 1838 was 10,283,471 bushels, average, 209,666 bushels per annum. In 1845 the amount exported •was valued at $5,735,372 ; in 1846, $13,350,644. This was exclusive of corn, rye, &c. The amount was greatly increased by the scarcity in Europe, especially in Ireland. See Agri- culture. WHITEPLAINS, Battle or, U. S. Fought Oct. 28, 1776. Washington was attacked here by the British and Hessians, under Howe. The loss on both sides was considerable. The Americans retained iheir ground until the 30th, when Lord Percy arriving with British reinforcements, the former withdrew to North Castle and Fort Lee, on the Hudson. WISCONSIN. Population in 1850, 305,391 ; increase in 10 years, 900 per cent. : in 1860, 768,485 ; increase in 10 years, 152 per cent. Debt in 1866, $2,664,550. The state sent 96,100 soldiers to the army, 1861-5. Number of miles of railroad, 1,631 in 1865. Number of school-houses, 4,338; scholars, 241,590. YORKTOWN. A village in Virginia, memorable for the surrender of the British army under Lord Cornwallis, consisting of 7,000 men, to the Americans and their allies under Washington and Count Rochambeau, Oct. 19, 1781. This event decided the contest for independence in favor of the Americans. This place was fortified by the rebels, and with- stood the siege of Gen. McClellan, from April 4 to May 5, 1862, when it was evacuated ; 71 spiked guns were found in the works. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS, U. S. First one under this name founded in Boston, Jan. 10, 1852; in N. Y. city, June 30, 1852. They are now (1867) es- tablished in many of the principal cities. At a general convention of Young Men's Christian Associations, at Montreal, in June, 1867, 215 associations in the United States and Canada were represented. WRECKS. Arctic, U. S. mail steamer, by collision in a fog, with the Vesta, French steamer, off Newfoundland ; above 300 lives lost, Sept. 27 1854. Philadelphia, Liverpool to Philadelphia, Sept. 17, 1854. U. S. sloop of war Albany, from Aspinwall, Sept. 28, 1854, never heard from. Lyonnais, French steamer, New York to Havre, collision with barque Adriatic, 134 lives lost, Nov. 2, 1856. Steamer Niagara, burned on Lake Michigan ; 60 lives lost, Sept. 24, 1856. Central America, steamer, Lieut. Herndon, Aspinwall to New York, founders, 427 lives lost, and $2,000,000 in gold, Sept. 8, 1857. Russian line of battle ship in the Baltic, founders, all on board (825) lost, Sept., 1857. The total number of American sea- going vessels reported during 1859, as lost or missing, was 402, valued at $5,599,000, being an increase over the previous year of 114 vessels, and $1,128,000 in value. Of the whole number 8 were steamers, 84 ships, 48 barks, 64 brigs, and 198 schooners. YACHT. The ancient thalamegus or navis lusorice was a vessel for pleasure, like the modern yacht. The English are very fond of yachting. Their yachts are commonly cutter- 58 DICTIONARY OF DATES. [tan rigged, and with one mast. Yachting has come into vogue in the United States only since about 1830. The American yachts are sloops or schooners. The yacht America, modelled and built by a young ship-builder, George Steers, of New York (died 1856, aged 35), beat all the English yachts in a regatta at Cowes, Aug. 22, 1851. She was a schooner, with her greatest breadth abaft the beam, and with " hollow lines " forward. A yacht race from New York to Cowes, Isle of Wight, Dec, 1865, between three New York yachts, Henrietta, Vesta, and Flcetwing ; Henrietta winner by seven (?) hours. YANKEE. The derivation of the word is generally accredited to the Indian pronuncia- tion of the word English, which they render Yengeese. In New York it is applied to the New Englanders ; in the south to all northerners; and in Europe to all Anglo-Americans. In a curious book on the Round Towers of Ireland, published some years ago, the origin of the term Yankee Doodle, was said to have been traced to the Persian phrase Yanki douniah, or "Inhabitants of the New World." Layard, in his "Nineveh," also mentions Yankhidunia as the Persian name of America. BUREAU OF STATISTICS, U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT. [For the following statistics we are indebted to the courtesy of Hon. Alexander Dulmar, Director of the Bureau.] CUSTOMS Duties Received in 1866. * During the Quarter ending March 31, 1866 $46,645,597.83 * " " June 30, " 46,175,132.33 * " " Sept. 30, " 50,843,774.24 f " " Dec. 31, " 37,803,027.54 $181,467,531.94 * Official. t Commercial and Financial Chronicle, March 30, 1867. Total. Tonnage. 6,363,868 6,539,813 6,112,165 5,126,081 4,986,401 3,516,787 1,579,994 942,299 3.368,479 EXPORTS OF GOLD AND SILVER from New York during the year ending June 30, 1867: Domestic. Foreign. Total. In Am. Vessels. In For. Vessels. In Am. Vessels. In For. Vessels. Gold Bullion,... 298,854 8,425,227 none. none 8 724 081 Gold Coin, 1,500,041 15,800,152 1,183,580 1,418,853 19,'902,'626 Silver Bullion,. 706,081 8,186,837 none. 18,939 8 911857 Silver Coin, 248,,978 1,581,753 307,181 1,521,062 3,'658,974 Total, 2,753,954 33,993,969 1,490,761 2,958,854 41,797^538 hippi: tfG Statistics : Tonnage of the United Stat i IS. Registered. Enrolled and Licensed. Year. Sail. Steam. Sail. Steam. 1860, 2,448,941 97,296 2,036,990 770,641 1861, 2,540,020 102,608 2,122,589 774,596 1862, 2,177,253 113,998 2,224,449 596,465 1863, 1,892,899 133,215 2,660,212 439,755 1364, 1,475,376 106,519 2,550,690 853,816 1865, <) old, 1,031,465 60,539 1,794,372 630,411 1865, I new, 482,110 28,469 730,695 338,720 1866, S 1866, 1 old, 341,619 42,776 443,635 114,269 new , 953,018 155,513 1,489,194 770,754 COFFEE Statistics. Statement exhibiting the consumption of coffee in the United States during the years ending December 31, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, and 1866 : Year. Founds. Tear. Pounds. 1861, 187,046,000 1864, 109,087,000 1862, 88,990,000 1865, 128,146,000 1863, 79,720,000 1866, 159,915,840 (59) (30 UNITED STATES TREASURY STATISTICS. See page 63, Reports of Revenue Commission, 1865-06. The quantities given for the first five years are substantially those named in the Annual Report of the Neio York Chamber of Commerce for 1865-66. The quantity for 1866 is taken from the Supplement to H. E. Moriug's Monthly Coffee Circular, 1867. CON Statistics. 1'roduclion. Kxported. Average Price Year. Bales. Pounds. Dales. per pound. 1S60-61, 3,656,086 3,120,622 17.42 cents. 1801-62, est. 4,800,000 5,064,564 = say 12,000 42.15 1862-63, est. 1.500,000 11,384,986 = say 26,000 71 08 1863-64, est. '500,000 10,830,534 = say 25,000 $111.14 " 1864-65, est. 300,000 6,607,186 = saf- 15,000 75.75 " 1865-66, 2,214,476 1,554,744 44. " 1866-67, est. 1,900,000 est. 1,500,000 32.5 " The figures relative to production, except for 1866-67, were derived from Neil Bros. & Co.'s Cotton Circular for October 16, 1866. The receipts at all ports from September 1, 1866, to July 6, 1867, are given as 1,863,000 bales, and the total exports for the same period as 1,463,000 bales. Messrs. Cornwall & Zerega in their Circular give the receipts from September 1, 1866, to July 12, 1867, as 1,809,500 bales. The number of pounds exported are taken from Table 19, page 349, Finance Report, 1866. The same table gives the exports for 1860-61, as only 307,528,- 489 pounds, or say 720,000 bales. The Rev. Com. (see Report, p. 74), gives the exports for 1860-61, including stock on hand, as 2,812,346 bales. TEA Statistics. States during and 1866 : Year. Statement exhibiting the consumption of tea in the United the years ending December 31, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, Green, Japan. Pounds. 7,485,000 13,871,600 14,490,680 13,564,295 18,874,199 Black. Pounds. Total. Pounds. 18,035,000 25,520,001 13,597,000 27,468,600 12,415,685 26,906,365 9,573,251 23,137,546 10,979,234 29,853,433 29,643,187 See Reports of Revenue Commission, 1865-66, pp. 53, 55. The above are estimates made from data furnished the Commission by parties in the trade in New York, except for 1866, which is taken from Messrs. Montgomery's Tea Cir- cular. The Commission estimated the consumption for 1866 at 30,000,000 pounds. The Pacific States are not included in the above, except for 1866, nor is any allowance made for smuggling. The estimated consumption in 1860, was one pound per capita. Year. 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, est. CKt, LTISTICS. Production. Exported. Average price Pounds. Leaf, pounds. Manuf'd, lbs. Total. per lb., Leaf 200,000,000 est. 160,000,000 14,783,363 174,783,363 9. cents. 136,736,596 est. 107,000,000 4,071,963 111,071,963 11.9 " 276,850,870 est. 112,000,000 7,025,248 119,025,248 14.9 " 197,460,229 est. 110,000,000 8,586,494 118,586,494 14.85 " 185,316,953 est. 149,000,000 7,294,165 156.294,165 12.6 " 330,501,500 190,826,248 6,515,709 197,341,957 13. " THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 61 The production for 1862, 1863, 1864 and 1865 is given as found in the Re- ports of the Department pf Agriculture. The estimated production for 1866 is taken from ihe Tobacco Circular of M. Ruder & Son. The quantities of leaf tobacco exported are estimated from the returns of commerce and navigation for the years 1861, 1862, 186:-!, 1884, and 1S65. The quantities of leaf for 1866, and of manufactured tobacco lor each year specified, are taken from the returns of commerce and navigation for those years. In 1862, tl.o production of only twenty-one Slates is given, Kentucky and the disloyal States being omitted. In 1863, 1864, and 1865 Kentucky is included, and ia 1866 all the States. WHEAT Statistics. Tear S. Production. Exported. Av. Price per bu Bushels. yPlieat, busfiels. Flour, bbls. at A'ew York. 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 180,993,500 191,068,239 171,695,823 159,522 827 ldl,999,906 31,238,057 37,289,572 36,160,414 23,681,712 9,937,152 i, 579,103 4,323,756 4,882,0:;3 4,390,055 3,557,347 2,604,542 2,183,050 $1,18 to $1.45 1.30 to 1.50 1.33 to 1.53 1.48 to 1.83 2.22 to 2.70 1.85 to 2.75 No returns of the production of 1861 are to be had, although inquiry was made at the Department of Agriculture. The figures relative to production in 1862, 1S63 1864, 1865, and 1866 are taken from the Monthly and Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, and embrace 22 States and Nebraska Territory, ext-ept 1S66, which embraces 29 States and Nebraska Territory. There being no returns from California' in 1864 and 1865, the crop for each year is estimated at 11,000,000 bushels, which is believed to be a low estimate, the crop for 1863 being 11,664,203 bushels. A barrel of flour is considered as equal to 5 bushels of wheat. BIOGEAPHIOAL IISTDEX TO UNIVERSAL HISTORY. N. B. This list of remarkable persons, from the earliest period, is not, of course, intended to include every name mentioned in history, but merely the most important in their several departments. The names of Sovereigns are referred to occasionally only, as full lists are given in their proper place. This list may be useful in two ways, viz. . First, as an Index to the names mentioned in the Chronological Tables in the " World's Progress ; " and Secondly, to indicate, by reference to those tables, the chief political events and con- temporary public characters during the life of each person in the list. Thus : Socrates, the Greek philosopher, was born 470, and died 400 b. c. The tables on page 20 to 24 show who lived, and what happened, during the seventy years of Socrates' life. Milton was born a. r>. 1608, one year after the first settlement at Jamestown, Virginia : six years after the East India Company was founded : five years after .Tames I. ascended the throne ; the same year that the Protestant Union was formed in Germany ; one year before Gustavus Adolphus became king of Sweden ; two years before Louis XIII. became king of France. He was 12 years old when the Pur. tans first landed al Plymouth ; he was 17 when Charles L succeeded James, and he was 41 years old when Charles was be- headed. Among his contemporaries were Lord Bacon, Inigo Jones, Jeremy Taylor, Algernon Sydney, Sir C. Wren, Butler, Waller, Dryden, Henry More, Baxter, and B >y!e, in England ; Peter Stuyvesant, Winthrop, Cotton.and Eliot, in America ; Richelieu, Mazarine, Colbert, Rubens, Kepler, Descartes, Moliore, Cornei.le, Racine, Pascal, on the Contiieiit. He died A. d. 1674, nine years after the great plague in London, 14 years after Charles II. was restored, and 7 years after New York was ceded to the E: g ish. And thus, of any person mentioned in the Index, a great variety of particulars may he found at a glance, on referring to the tables. Abbreviations. — See list in the Introduction. Bar. {Barbarian) includes several different nations, some not entirely civilized, f. is used for flourished. The dates before Christ are indicated by b. c. ; all-olhers are A. d. In some cases the dates are necessarily left blank. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Dan. Aagesend, Svind, historian .... Jew. Aaron, the first high-priest Gr. Aaron, of Alexandria, physician Egypt. Abbas, pasha, viceroy of Egypt (grandson of Mehemet-Ali) Eng. Abbot, George, archbishop of Canterbury and author . Amer. Abbott, Benjamin, distinguished educationist Amer. Abbott Jacob, author of biographical and religious works . Amer. Abbott, Jno. S. C, historian and biographer Arab. Abd'el Kader, distinguished warrior Turk. Abdul Medjid, sultan of Turkey . , . Eng. A'Becket, Gilbert A., comic writer . . Amer. Abeel, David, missionary and author of travels Nor. Abel, Nicholas H., mathematician • . , 1 BORN. DIED. . f. 1188 b. c. 1570 1453 . f. 622 1813 1854 1562 1623 1763 1849 1803 1805 1806 1866 1822 1810 1856 1804 1846 1802 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. Sp. Eng. Scot. Eng. Eng. Fr. Fr. Jew. Fr. Dan. Ara. Syr. Horn. Ital. Ger. Pruss. Gr. Gr. Ital. Gr. Eng. Eag. Amer, Amur. Amer, Eng. Ger. Eng. Ire. Rom. Eng. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Gr. Rom. Rom. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. Abcnczra, an astronomer, philosopher, poet, philologist, &o. . 1119 Aberdeen, E.vri of, statesman and antiquary . . 1784 Abercrombie, John, author of ' IntellectualPowers ' . . 1781 Aborcromby, Sir Ralph, ji.htary commander . . 1738 Abernethy, John, eminent physician and medical writer . 1764 Ablaneourt, N. P. D., translator of the Glassies . . 1606 Aboul, Edmo..d, novelist, traveller, &c. . . . Abraham, the great progenitor of the Jewish nation . n. c. 1905 B. Abrantos, dueho=s d', biographer .... 1784 Absalom (real name Axeel) archbishop of Dim., Sw., and Nor. 1128 Abubeker, father-in-law and successor of Mahomet . . 561 Abulfeda, the geographer .... 1273 Acclus, or Atiius, a tragic poet (works not extant) . b. o. 171 Accursius, or Accorso, an cm ucut critic Aooum, Fred., operative chemist (in England) . . . 1769 Ackerni.m, Rudolph, introduced gas-lighting and lithog. in London 1764 Achilles, one of the leaders .n the Trojan war . f. u. c. 1100 Achilles Tatius (of Alexandria), Christian bishop and author Achilli, Giovanni G., protestant preacher Acropohta, of Constantinople, s.a.esman and historian Adam, Alexander, schoolmaster and author . . Adam, Robert, an architectural author Adams, John, patriot and statesman, 2d Pres. U. S. . , John Quincy, diplumati.it, poet, Pros. U. S. ) Samuel, one of the patriotic lounders of the republic Addison, Joseph, one of the ornaments of English literature Adeiuug, John C, philologist and lexicographer . , Adolphus, John, author of history of England, &c. . Adrain, Robert, mathematician (at Now York, &c.) Adrian, the 15lh emp. (born in Spain) yElfric, archbishop of Canterbury, author of Anglo-Saxon works ^lian, the historian and rhetorician jEneas, son of Priam, king of Troy yEschines, of Athens, philosopher, disciple of Socrates , orator DIED. 1174 1860 1844 1801 1831 1664 3. 1S21 1838 1203 624 1345 1229 1838 1834 3d cent. 1803 1220 1741 1728 1735 1767 1726 1672 1732 1766 1775 76 160 f. B. c. Ilt3 1282 1809 1794 1826 1848 1818 1719 1SC6 1845 843 1S8 1005 yEsop, of Phrygia, the prince of fabulists . ^Etius, military commander (defeated Attila) Africanus, Julius, historian Sp.Moor , Leo, author of travels in Africa B. c. f. B. C. 393 b. c. 600 Agamemnon, " the king of kings" . . Agathius, historian and poet . . . . f Agassiz, Louis, naturalist .... Agesilaus II., king of Sparta (defeats the Per., Egypt., and Greeks) Aginhard or Egiuhard, Hist, of Charlemagne Agis IV., the greatest of the Spartan kings Aglionby, one of the translators of the Bible Agricola, Cneius Julius, military commander . . . Agricola, John, a divine, founder of the Antinomians . . Agrippa, military commander, governor of Judea . . , Cornelius, philosopher, <&c. 1487 1807 771 40 1490 40 1486 1S16 f. 323 4f4 232 1526 l. 904 565 !. 361 S39 . 251 1010 93 1566 94 1535 1847 . 456 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Eng. Aikin, John, M. D., an elegant writer, editor of poets, r 1802 1805 1741 1825 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 35 G NATION. Amer. Amer. Eng. Fr. Fr. Fr. NAME AND PROFESSION. Gadsden, Christopher, revolutionary statesman , James, statesman and negotiator Gage, Thomas, last royal governor of Massachusetts . . Gagnier, John, an orientalist and author . . . Gail, J. B., philologist ..... Gaillard, Gabriel Henry, miscellaneous writer and historian Amer. Gaines, Major-General E. P., military commander . . Rom. Gaius, or Caius, jurist and legal writer . . . Gr. Galen, Claudius, a celebrated physician . . . EnAm. Gales, Joseph, founder of ' National Intelligencer ' . Ital. Galileo, an illustrious philosopher and astronomer Gall, John Joseph, a celebrated physiologist, and founder of the science of phrenology .... Gallagher, William D., journalist and poet Gallatin, Albert, statesman, diplomatist, philologist, and ethnol. Amer. Gallaudet, Thomas H., founder of the first American asylum for deaf and dumb ..... Gallitzin, the name of several distinguished princes , Demetrius Aug., a noble missionary priest Ger. Amer. S. Am Buss. Russ. Scot. Ital. Gait, John, novelist ...... Galvani, Louis, a physician and experimental philosopher, dis coverer of galvanic electricity .... Port. Gama, Vasco, navigator, first who doubled the Cape of Good Hope Jew. Gamaliel, a Pharisee, doctor of the law . . Ger. Gans, Edward, jurist Span. Garcia, Manuel, musical composer Span. Garcias- Lasso de la Vega, the prince of Spanish poetry Spau. Garcilasso de la Vega, one of the conquerors of Peru Eng. Gardiner, Stephen, Roman Catholic prelate Ital. Garibaldi, Giuseppe, patriotic general and leader Pr. Garnier, Count Germain, jurist . Eng. Garrick, David, a celebrated actor and dramatist . Amer. Garrison, William Lloyd, abolitionist politician . . 1805 Eng. Garth, Sir Samuel, physician and poet . . . 1718 Eng. Gascoigne, Sir William, the judge who imprisoned Henry, Prince of Wales, for a misdemeanor .... Eng. Gaskell, Eiizabeth C, novelist ..... Fr. Gassendi, Peter, a celebrated philosopher . . . Gaston de Foix, duke of Nemours, general, Amer. Gates, Horatio, a distinguished oflicer in the Revolution Fr. " Gavarni," real name Sulpice Paul Chevalier, caricaturist . Eng. Gay, John, a popular poet ..... Fr. Gay-Lussac, N. F. chemist .... Span. Gayangos, Pascal de, Oriental scholar and historian . . Amer. Gayarre, Charles A., historian .... Eng. Gell, Sir William, scholar and antiquary (Pompeii and Rome) Ger. Gellert, Chrisiian Furchtegott, a poet and miscellaneous writer Rom. Gellius, Aulius, grammarian .... Fr. Genest, or Genet, Edward C, diplomatist BOSN. DIED. 1724 1805 1788 1858 1787 1670 1740 1755 1829 1728 1806 1777 1819 1st cent. 131 1786 1564 1642 1758 18'J8 1808 1761 1S49 1787 1851 16th to 17th cent. 1770 1840 1779 1839 1737 1798 ie 1524 88 1798 1841 1779 1832 1503 15"36 1559 1483 1555 1806 1754 1821 1716 1779 1350 1413 1820 1865 1592 1655 1489 1512 1723 1806 1801 1688 1732 1778 1850 1809 1805 1777 1836 1715 1769 A. D. 2d oent. 1765 1834 36 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION, Bar. Fr. Eng. Fr. Fr. Fr. Rom. Amer. Fr. Amer. Ger. Gor. Swiss. Ger. Ital. Amer Ens. NAME AND PROFESSION. Genghis-Khan, a celebrated conqueror Genlis, Stephania Folicite, Countess de, miscellaneous writer Geoffrey of Monmouth, an historian of the 12th century Geoffroy-Saint Hilaire Etienne, zoologist . Gerando, Baron de, writer on education, &c. . Gerard, Etienne Maurice, count, marshal of France Germanicus, Tiberius Drusus Caesar, military commander Gerry, Elbridge, a distinguished patriot, vice-president U. 8 Gerson, John Charlier de, an ecclesiastic and author Gerstacker, Fried, novelist and traveller Gervinus, George Gottfried, historian and politician Gesenius, Fred. Hein. William, orientalist and biblical critic Gessner, Conrad, an eminent naturalist . . , John Matthias, a philologist Giannone, Peter, an historian Gibbee, Robert Wilson, physician and author Gibbon, Edward, one of the greatest of England's historians Amer. Gibbs, Josiah "W., philologist Amer. Gibson, Colonel John and Col. George, both officers in the T lution ...... Eng. , Thomas Milner, statesman . . Amer. Giddings, Joshua Reed, statesman . . . Eng. Gifford, William, a critic and poet . . , John, an historical and political writer . Gieseler, John K. L., church historian Gilbert, James W., writer on banking , Sir Humphrey, one of the earliest adventurers in Amer. Eng. Ger. Eng. Eng. Scot. Eng. Gilfillan, George, clergyman and author Gill, John, a divine, oriental scholar and author Amer. Gillespie, Wm. M., professor and author on engineering Scot. Gillies, John, ' History of Greece,' &c. Gilman, John T., noted governor of New Hampshire . , Samuel, Unitarian clergyman and author . Amer Amer, Eng. Eng. Eng. Ital. Ital. Gilpin, Bernard, ' apostle of the North ' . . , Wm., writer on the picturesque Gilray, James, engraver and caricaturist Gioberti, Vincenzo, philosopher, priest, and statesman Gioja, Melchior, writer on economical sciences Sw. Am. Girard, Charles, naturalist Fr.Am. , Stephen, merchant, banker, millionaire . Fr. Girardin, Emil de, journalist Eng. Gladstone, Wm. Ewart, statesman and author . Eng. Glanvill, Joseph, divine, philosopher, and author . Eng. Gleig, Geo. Robt., clergyman and author Welsh Glendower, Owen, chieftain Eng. Gliddon, Geo. Robins, Egyptologist and author Ger. Gluck, Cliristop W. von, musical composer Swe. Gmelin, John Frederick, chemist Fr. Godfrey, of Bouillon, or Boulogne, a celebrated leader in th Crusades Amer. Godman, John, M. I)., a distinguished naturalist, &c. Eng. Godolphin, Sidney, earl of, statesman BORN. 1164 1746 1772 1770 1773 1814 1363 1816 1805 1786 1516 1691 1676 1809 1737 1790 1807 1795 1757 1T58 1792 1794 1S13 1697 1816 1747 1759 1731 1517 1724 1757 1801 17o7 1822 1750 1802 1809 1636 1796 1349 1809 1714 1748 1794 1640 DIED. 1227 1830 1844 1842 1852 19 1429 1842 1565 1761 1758 1794 1865 1826 1818 1854 1863 1583 1771 1836 1828 1858 1583 1804 1815 1852 1829 1831 1680 1415 1857 1787 1805 1100 1830 1712 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 37 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Span. Godoy, Manuel de, statesman, ' prince of the peace ' . Amer. Godwin, Parke, journalist and historian . . Eng. , "William, novelist and metaphysician . . Ger. Goethe, John Wolfgang, poet and novelist Ital. Goldoni, Charles, the Italian Moliere Irish. Goldsmith, Oliver, celebrated poet and miscellaneous writer Dutch. Golius, James, orientalist and lexicographer Span. Gonsalvo, of Cordova, a celebrated warrior Eng. Good, John Mason, physician and author . . . Amer. Goodrich, Chauncey A., scholar and divine Amer. , Frank B., (son of Samuel G.,) author Amer. , Samuel Griswold, ' Peter Parley,' voluminous author Amer. Goodyear, Charles, inventor and India-rubber patentee Scot. Gordon, ' lord George,' political agitator Eng. , Win., author of History of the United States Eng. Gore, Catharine G., novelist Eng. Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, ' lord proprietor of Maine' Hung. Gorgey, Arthur, general in the Revolution, (supposed traitor) Gr. Gorgias, an orator and sophist .... Russ. Gortchakoff, Michael, prince, general in Crimea, «fcc. . Russ. , Alexander, prince, diplomatist . . Amer. Gorton, Samuel, enthusiast and author . . En.Am. Gough, John B., lecturer on temperance . . . Irish. , Hugh, viscount, general in India. &c. . . Amer. Gould, Augustus A., naturalist and physician . , Amer. , Hannah F., poet . . . ( Eng. , John, naturalist and author . , . Fr. Gourgaud, Gaspard, baron, one of Napoleon's generals Eng. Gower, John, one of the earliest English poets Rom. Graochus, Tiberius Sempronius, a celebrated democrat Rom. , Caius Sempronius .... Ger. Graefe, or Graevius, an erudite classio writer . Scot, Grahame, John, viscount of Dundee, lord Grahame of Claver house, general ..... Scot. , James, a poet ..... Scot. , James, author of ' History of the United States ' Fr. Grammont, Count Philibert, licentious author of Memoirs' Fr. Grandville, J. S. G, caricaturist and artist Fr. Granier, Adolphe, journalist and historian Scot. Grant, Anne, (of Laggan,) novelist, essayist, &c. Scot. — , James, journalist and author . . . Scot. , James, novelist .... Span. Granvelle, Ant. Pierre, cardinal de, statesman . . Eng. Granville, G. G. Leweson Gower, 2d earl of, statesman Eng. , John Carteret, earl, statesman Ital. Gratian, a monk, compiler of the canon law . , Irish. Grattan, Henry, a distinguished orator and statesman . , Thomas Colley, novelist . . , Dutch. Gravesande, ¥m. Jacob, a geometrician and philosopher Amer. Gray, Asa, botanist, prof, in Harvard, author of ' Flora,' &c. Amer. -, Henry Peters, painter. Eng. , John Edward, naturalist .... BORN. DIED. 1767 1851 1816 1755 1836 1749 1S31 1707 1793 1731 1774 1596 1667 1443 1515 1761 IS'27 1790 1S00 1826 1793 1863 1800 I860 1750 1793 1730 1807 1799 1647 1818 f. B. C. 5th cent 1792 1861 1800 1600 1677 1817 1779 1805 abl.) 1800 1S65 1804 17S3 1852 1402 b. c. 183 B. c. 121 1632 1703 164-3 1689 1765 1811 1770 1842 1621 1707 1803 1847 1805 1755 1838 1806 1822 1517 1586 1816 1690 1793 f. 12th cent. 1750 1821 1796 1864 1688 1742 1810 1819 abt.) 1800 38 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION Eng. Amer. Amei. Fr. Ital. Scot. Irish. Scot. Eng. Fr. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Ger. Amer. Irish. Amer. Ger. Amer. Amer. Amer. Dutch. Eng. Amer. Eng. Ger. Dutch. Fr. Amer Ger. Ital. Ger. Ital. Ital. Fr. Fr. Fr. Fr. Fr. NAME AND PROFESSION. Gray, Thomas, poet ..... Graydon, Alex., author of ' Revolutionary Memoirs ' . Greeley, Horace, journalist and politician Gregory I., the Great, pope, author , VII., the Great, pope Hildehrand, celebrated deBpot . , David, philosopher and mathematician , George, D. D., miscellaneous writer . , James, philosopher and mathematician . . , Nazianzen, St. Christian, writer . . ■ — ofNyssa, St. Christian, writer . . . -, Olinthus, mathematician and religious writer of Tours, historian Green, Ashbel D. D., clergyman and author , Horace, physician, author of medical works . Greene, Chas. G., journalist and politician . . , Geo. Washington, scholar and critic . . , Matthew, poet .... , Nathaniel, maj. gen., distinguished in the Revolution , Nathaniel, author and journalist , Robt., dramatist .... Greenhow, Robert, historical writer . . Greenleaf, Simon, jurist and author . . . Greenough, Horatio, sculptor and author . . Greville, Sir Fulke, (Lord Brooke), statesman and author Grey, Earl, statesman, whig premier for "William IV. , Lady Jane, the accomplished victim of another's ambition Griesbach, John James, an eminent theologian and philologist Griffin, Edward D., D. D., theologian , , Gerald, novelist .... Grimke, Thomas S., jurist .... Grimm, J. M. C, miscellaneous writer . . Griscom, John, educator, philanthropist . Griswold, Alex, V., bishop Prot. Epis. Church, New England , Rufus Wilmot, author and critic Gronovius, James, an erudite critic Grose, Francis, antiquary and author Gross, Samuel D., physician, surgeon, and author Grote, George, author of History of Greece . . Grotefend, G. F., philologist Grotius or DeGroot, Hugh, an eminent scholar Grouchy, Emanuel, count, marshal of France Grundy, Felix, senator of the U. S. Gryph, Andrew, a dramatist , Guarini, John Baptist, a poet .... Guericke, Otto, experimental philos., inventor of the air-pump Guerrazi, Francesco D., author and politician Guiccardini, Francis, an historian Guillotin, Joseph T.. benevolent physician, inventor of the guillotine 1738 Guise, Charles of, cardinal, a bigoted and ambitious statesman 1525 , Francis of Lorraine, duke of, celebrated warrior . 1519 , Henry of Lorraine, duke of, an ambitious warrior . 1550 Guizot, Francis, statesman, historian, and metaphysician . 1787 BOBN. 1716 1752 1811 514 16G1 1754 1648 328 331 1774 544 1762 1802 1804 1811 1696 1741 1797 1560 1800 1783 1805 1554 1764 1537 1745 1770 1S03 1786 1785 1774 1766 1815 1645 1731 1805 1794 1775 1583 1776 (Tenn.) 1777 1616 1537 1602 1805 1482 DIED. 1771 1818 604 1085 1710 1808 1685 3S9 396 1841 593 1848 1866 1737 1786 1592 1854 1858 1852 1628 1845 1554 1812 1837 1840 1834 1S63 1852 1843 1857 1716 1791 1836 1645 1847 1840 1664 1612 1686 1540 1814 1574 1563 1588 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 39 NATION Nor. Eng. Eng. Pol. Eng. Swe. Swe. Swe. SWe Amer. Scot. Ger. Pruss. Er. Eng. NAME AND PROFESSION. Guiscord, Eobert, a Norman warrior . . . Gunter, Edmund, a mathematician, inventor of the Gunter scale Gurney, Joseph John, philanthropist . (Soc Gurowsky, Adam de, count, publicist and author Gurwood, John, Col., editor ofWellington's Despatches Gustavus 1., (Gustavus Vasa) king of Sweden II., Adolphus, king of Sweden ; able warrior III., king of Sweden , . , IV., Adolphus, king of Sweden Guthrie, James, secretary of the treasury to Pierce , William, author of a history of England, Scotland, &c Guttenberg, John, one of the inventors of printing Gutzlaff, Charles, traveller and historian of China Guyon, Jeanne M, B., de la Motte, mystical teacher and writer , Richard D., general in the service cf Hungary, &c. Sw.Am.Guyot, Arnold H., writer on physical geography Eng. Gwynn, Eleanor, (' Nell Gwynn ') mistress of Charles II. Hg. AvuGyulai, Erancis, count, commander of Austrian army in Italy Eng. Habington, Wm„ poet .... Amer. Hackett, Horatio B,, biblical critic , , , Amer. , James H., actor , , Pers. Hafiz, Mohammed, the Anacreon of Persia , , Ger. Hagenbach, Karl L,, ecclesiastical historian , , Ger. Hahn, August, theological writer , , , , Ger, , Simon Frederick, an historian . , , Ger, Hahneman, founder of 'Homeopathy ' in medicine Ger. Hahn-Hahn, Ida, countess of, traveller and novelist Eng. Hakluyt, Richard, author of voyages, &c, of the English , Scot. Haldane, Robert, philanthropist and theologian , Scot. Haldeman, S, S., naturalist and philologist , , Amer, Hale, Benj,, D.D., educator and author , , Amer. ~, David, journalist, founder of N. Y, Journal of Commerce Amer, -, Nathan, revolutionary patriot, executed as a spy Amer, -, Nathan, journalist, Boston Daily Advertiser Amer, , Sarah J., poet and prose writer , . , Eng. -, Sir Matthew, eminent and incorruptible judge Fr. Halevy, J. F, C,, musical composer Eng. Halford, Sir Henry, physician and medical writer Eng. Haliburton, Thos. C, , humorous writer, ' Sam Siick ' Eng. Hall, Capt, Basil, author of Travels, &c. Amer. — — , Gordon, first American missionary in Bombay . Amer. — — , James, jurist and author . , , Amer. — — -, James, geologist and palaeontologist . , , Eng. , Joseph, bishop of Norwich, theological author , Eng. — — , Rev, Robert, theologian and pulpit orator . , Eng. Hallam, Henry, historian , , Amer, Halleck, Fitz Greene, poet . , , Swiss. Haller, Albert von, miscellaneous writer , , Eng. Halley, Edmund, an eminent astronomer and mathematician Eng. Halliwell, James Orchard, archaeologist and author Scot. Halyburton, Thomas, theological writer . • Carth. Hamilcar Barca, a Carthaginian general . , BOKN. DIED. 1015 1085 e 1581 1619 nds) 1788 1S47 1805 1866 1791 1845 1496 1560 1594 1633 1746 1792 1778 1837 1793 1708 1770 1400 1463 1803 1851 1648 1717 1813 1856 1807 1650 1687 1798 1866 1605 1645 1808 1800 1389 1801 1807 1857 1692 1729 1755 1843 1805 1553 1616 1764 1842 1812 1797 e 1791 1849 1758 1776 1784 1863 1795 1609 1676 1799 18C2 1766 1S44 1803 1865 1788 1844 1784 1826 1793 1811 3574 1656 1764 1831 . 1777 1859 1795 1708 1777 1656 1741 1820 1674 1712 B. c. 229 40 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION Amer. Irish. Amer. Scot. Scot. Irish. Scot. Eng. Ger. Eng. Amer. Eng. Amer. Amer. Ger. Carth. Carth. Nor. Amer. Ger. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Sar. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Amer Amer. Eng. Ger. Ger. Ger. Eng. Eng. Eng. Ger. Fr. Eng. Er. Eng. Amer. En. A. NAME AND PROFESSION. Hamilton, Alexander, statesman, first secretary of treasury, U. S. — - , Elizabeth, a talented miscellaneous writer , James, statesman, U. S. senator from South Carolina , Sir "YVm., diplomatist and antiquary , Sir Wm., metaphysician .... , Sir Wm. Rowan, mathematician and philosopher , Thos., C.tpt., novelist, ' Men and Manners in America' , William Richard, archaeologist . , Hammer, Baron von, historian and orientalist . Hammond, James, poet ..... , James II., U. S. senator from South Carolina Hampden, John, a celebrated patriotic statesman . Hampton, Wade, general in revolution Hancock, John, a distinguished patriot, president of Congress Handel, Geo. Frederick, one of the greatest musical composers Hannibal, or Annibal, general against Rome Hanno, navigator ..... , the Great, general and statesman . . Hanstein, G„ mathematician and astronomer . , Harbaugh, Henry, author of religious works , Hardenbergh, Karl A. von, statesman Harding, Chester, portrait painter , James D., artist and author on art Hardinge, Henry, viscount, general and governor-general of India Hardwicke, Charles, theological writer Hare, Julius Charles, archdeacon, theological writer , Robert, chemist and physicist Harlan, Richard, M. D., naturalist Harley, Robert, earl of Oxford, celebrated statesman Haroun Al Raschid, caliph, a patron of learning Harper, James, John, J. Wesley, and Fletcher, publishers, born Harrington, James, political writer .... Harriott, Thos., mathematician and voyager to Virginia , Harris, James, compiler of the first Cyclopedia, &c. — . , John, theological writer , , Thaddeus Wm„ naturalist . Harrison, Gen. Wm. H., military commander and president U. S. Harvard, John, founder of Harvard College Harvey, William, discoverer of the circulation of the blood Hase, Henry, classical antiquary .... , Karl Aug., theological author . , . Hassenclever, John Peter, painter (Dusseldorf school) . Haslam, John, writer on insanity .... Hastings, marquis of, military commander , , Warren, governor-general of British India . Hauser, Casper, a mysterious " wild boy " . , Haussez, Baron, minister of Charles X., traveller , , Hatton, Sir Christopher, lord chancellor Hauy. Rene Just, mineralogist . . . , Havelock, Henry, general in India . . , Haven, Alice B., author of juvenile books . , , Haviland, John, architect . . , • BORN. 1757 1758 1786 1730 1788 1805 J7S9 1777 1774 1710 1807 1594 1755 1737 1684 C. 247 B. C. 1784 1817 1750 1792 1798 1785 1821 1795 1781 1796 1661 17-95, 1611 1560 1670 1804 1795 1773 1569 1789 1800 1810 1764 1754 1733 1778 1742 1795 1828 1792 DIED. 1804 1816 1857 1803 1856 1842 1859 1856 1742 1643 1835 1793 1758 b. c. 183 5th cent. B. c. 202 1822 1866 .1863 1856 1859 1S55 1858 1S43 1724 808 7, 1801 ,'4 1677 1621 1719 1858 1856 1841 1688 1658 1842 1853 18-14 1825 1818 1S33 1591 1822 1857 1866 1852 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 41 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Amer. Hawes, Joel, Congregational clergyman and author . . Eng. Hawke, Edward, lord, a lorave and successful admiral . Eng. Hawksworth, Dr. Joan, miscellaneous writer . Eng. Hawkins, Sir John, a navigator, originator of the slave trade Eng. , Sir John, author of ' History of Music,' &c. . . Ainer. Hawks, Francis Lister, Episcopal divine and historian . Amer. Hawthorne, Nathaniel, novelist .... Ger. Haydn, Joseph, a celebrated musical composer . . Eng. Haydon, Beuj. A., historical painter .... Amer. Hayes, Isaac, Arctic navigator and author . Eng. Hayley, "William, a poet and miscellaneous writer Amer. Hayne, Robert Y., governor of South Carolina and senator IT. S. Amer. Haynes, Lemuel, colored preacher and patriot Eng. Haywood, Abraham, translator of ' Eaust ' Eng. Hazlitt, William, essayist and critic .... Eng. Head, Sir Erancis B., author of Travels, &c. Eng. , Sir George, author of ' Rome,' &c. Amer. Headley, Joel T., author of biographies and histories Amer. Heath, Win., major-general in the revolution, author of Memoirs Eng. Heber, Reginald, a divine and poet Eng. , Richard, bibliomaniac and book collector Ger. Hecker, Fred. K. F., politician Amer. , Isaac F., Roman Catholic clergyman and author Eng. Heckwelder, John, Moravian missionary and author Ger. Hederick, Benjamin, a lexicographer . . . Amer. Hedge, Fred. H., clergyman and author Ger. Hcdwig, John, a physician and botanist Ger. Heeren, A. H. L., historian .... Ger. Hegel, G. W. F., metaphysician .... Ger. Heine, Henry, poet and litterateur . . . Ger. Heineocius, Jno. G.. juridical author Rom. Helena, St., wife of Constantius Chlorus, emperor . Gr. Heliodorus (of Emessa) the first romance writer . fl. Fr. Heloise, abbess of the Paraclete, famed for intrigue with Abelard Eng. Helps, Arthur, essayist and dramatist Fr. Helvetius, Claude A., philosopher Ger. Helvicus, Christopher, a chronologist Eng. Hemans, Felicia D., poetess .... Eng. Henfey, Arthur, botanist ... , Ger. Hengstenberg, E. W., metaphysician, antiquary and theologian Eng. Henley, John, clergyman and author, 'orator Henley' Flem. Hennepin, Louis, missionary and explorer of N. A. Eng. Henningsen, Chas. Fred., author and soldier . Fr. Henry IV., an able and popular monarch . ■ Amer. , Caleb S., clergyman and author Amer. , Joseph, physicist, director of Smithsonian Institute Amer. ■ , Matthew, author of ' Comment, on the Bible ' Port. , the Navigator, prince, 3d son of John I. Scot. , Robert, an historian Amer. , Patrick, an orator and patriot Amer. Hentz, Caroline Lee, novelist Rom. Heraclius (horn in Cappadocia). emperor of the East BOBN. DIED. 17S9 1867 1713 1781 1715 1773 1520 1595 1719 1789 1798 1866 1804 1862 1732 1809 1786 1846 1745 1820 1791 1835 1758 1834 1800 1778 1830 1793 1782 1855 1814 1737 1814 1783 1826 1773 1833 1811 1819 1743 1823 1675 U748 1805 1730 1799 1760 1842 i770 1831 1799 1856 1681 1741 247 327 4th cent. 1101 1164 1817 1715 1771 1581 1617 1794 1835 1800 1802 1692 1756 1640 1699 1815 1553 1610 1804 1797 1662 1714 1394 1463 1718 1790 1736 1799 1856' 575 641 42 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Gr. Heraclitus, a philosopher .... Eng. Herbert, Edward, Lord of Cherbury, diplomatist andphilosophe Eng. Herbert, George, clergyman and poet Eug.Am , Henry Wm. novelist and miscellaneous author Eng. , Sidney, statesman Eng. -. , Wm., (3rd Earl of Pembroke) poet . , Wm., dean of Manchester, poet and philosopher Herder, John Godfrey, a philosophical writer Heriot, George, goldsmith, founder of school Hermann, Ch. F., philologist, ' History of Philosophy' &c , J. G. J., philologist Eng, Gel-. Scot Ger. Ger. Gr. Hermogenes, a rhetorician .... Amer. Herndon, Win. L., naval commander and explorer Herod, Agrippa I, King of Judea, (grandson of Herod the Great) b , the Great, King of the Jews Gr. Herodian, an historian .... Gr. Herodotus, the earliest of the Greek historians whose works ar extant ...... Herold, L. G. P., musical composer . . . Herrera, Anthony, an historian . . . , Jose J. de, president of Mexico ... Herriek, Robert, poet .... Herschel, Caroline L., astronomer . . . , Sir William, one of the greatest of astronomers Herschell, Dr. Solomon, chief rabbi of the Jews in England , Sir J. F. W., astronomer and natural philosopher Fr. Span. Mex. Eng. Eng. Eng. Jew. Eng. Eng. Eng. Russ. Gr. Ger. Eng. Eng. Hervey, James, a pious and amiable divine and writer ■ -, Thomas K., poet and prose writer Herzen, Alexander, publicist, editor and author . Hesiod, a poet, contemporary of Homer . . Heyne, C. G., a learned critic and writer . . Heywood, Thomas, humorist and dramatist . . Ilickes, George, a theologian and philologist Amer. Hickok, Laurens P., metaphysical author Amer. Hicks, Elias, preacher of the Society of Friends Amer. Hildreth, Richard, author of History of the United States Fr. Hilaire, Geoff. St., naturalist . , Eng. Hill, Rowland, author of cheap postage in England Eng. Hill, Rowland, Rev., eccentric clergyman . Eng. , Rowland, viscount, general in Spain and at "Waterloo Eng. , Sir John, a botanist and multifarious writer . Amer. Hillard, George S., author and journalist Jew. Hillel, the elder, compiler of the Talmud . . Amer. Hillhouse, James A., poet .... Eng. Hind, John Russell, astronomer Eng. Hinton, John Howard, author of History of United States Gr. Hipparchus, astronomer . '. . . Gr. Hippocrates, the father of medicine . . . Hippolytus, Saint, ecclesiastical writer Amer. Hitchcock, Edward, D. D., theologian and geologist . , Roswell D., theologian, orator, and patriot Eng. Hoadley, "Williarn, a celebrated prelate and author BORN. DIED. B. c. 504 ir 1581 1648 1593 1632 1807 1858 1810 1580 1630 1778 1847 1744 1803 1563 1624 1804 1772 1848 . f. 180 1S13 1859 ) B. c. 7 A. D. 44 B. c. 71 4 . f. 230 b. c. 484 1792 1833 1659 1625 1851 1591 1674 1750 1848 1738 1822 1760 1842 1713 1758 1799 1859 1812 b. c. 907 1729 1812 1650 1642 1715 1798 1748 1830 1807 1863 1772 1844 1795 1744 1833 1772 1842 1716 1775 1808 B. c. 112 1789 1841 1823 1800 B. C. 2d cent. b, c. 460 A. D 3d cent. 1793 1761 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 43 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Amer. Hobart, John Henry, bishop of New York . Eng. Hobbes, Thomas, a philosopher and translator. Eng. Hobhouse, John Cam., Lord Broughton, author and statesman Fr. Hoche, Lazarus, a military commander Amer. Hodge, Charles. Rev., theological writer . . Amer. Hoe, Richard M., an inventor of printing presses . Swiss. Hofer, Andrew, a Tyrolian patriot . . . Eng. Holland, Barbara, novelist . . , Eng. Hoffman, David, lawyer and author . . , Amer. Hoffman, Charles Fenno, poet and novelist . Scot. Hogg, James, ' the Ettrick Shepherd,' poet Hung. Hohenlohe, prince of, prelate, and alleged miracle worker Dan. Holberg, Louis, baron de, an historian Amer. Holbrook, John E., naturalist Eng. Holcroft, Thomas, a dramatist and miscellaneous writer Eng. Hole, Matthew, writer on the Liturgy Eng. Holingshed, chronicler . . . Amer. Holland, JosiahG-., journalist, poet and essayist Eng. , Lord, statesman and litterateur . , Eng. , Philemon, a translator . . , Amer. Hollis, Thomas, benefactor of Harvard College . Amer. , Thomas, philanthropist (life, 2 vols., 4to) . Eng. Holman, James, a blind traveller and author . . Amer. Holmes, Abiel, D. D., 'Annals of America' Amer. , Oliver Wendell, physician, poet and essayist . Eng. Holt, Sir John, lord chief justice Amer. Holyoke, Edward Aug., physician and naturalist . Scot. Home, Henry, Lord Kaimes, ' Criticism' . Scot. , John, a divine, dramatist and historian Gr. Homer, the greatest of poets, supposed to have flourished Eng. Hone, Wm., author of ' Every Day Book,' aDd political works Eng. Hood, Samuel, viscount, a naval officer Eng. , Thomas, poet and humorist . . . Dutch. Hoogvliet, Arnold, a poet . . . Eng. Hook, Robert, a mathematician . . , , Theo. E., novelist and humorist . . Hooke, Nathaniel, author of a Roman history . Hooker, Joseph D., physician and botanist . , Richard, an eminent divine . . , Sir W. J., botanist . , Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer, Hoole, John, a poet and translator Hooper, John, one of the first Protestant martyrs . Hope, Thomas, a miscellaneous writer, " Anastasius " Hopital, Michel de 1', chancellor of France Amer. Hopkins, Ezek., first commodore U. S. Navy i John H., protestant episcopal bishop of Vt. and author — , Mark, clergyman and author — , Samuel, an eminent divine and author Amer, Amer. Amer, Amer. , Stephen, signer of the Declaration of Independence Amer. Hopkinson, Francis, signer of the Dec. of Independence and author 1737 Amer. , Joseph, jurist and statesman Rom. Horace, Quintus Flaccus, eminent poet BORN. 1776 1588 17S6 1768 1797 1812 1765 1770 1784 1806 1772 1793 1685 1795 1744 1640 1819 1773 1551 1659 1720 1787 1763 1809 1642 1728 1696 1724 b. c. 907 1779 1724 1798 1687 1635 1788 1690 1816 1553 1785 1717 1495 1770 1505 1718 1792 1802 1721 1707 1770 b. c. 65 DIED. 1830 1797 1797 1810 1844 1S54 1835 1849 1754 1809 1730 1582 1840 1636 1731 1774 1857 1837 1709 1829 1782 1808 1842 1836 1845 1763 1702 1841 1763 1600 1865 1803 1555 1831 1573 1802 1803 1785 1791 1842 44 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION Flem. Eng. ling. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Kom. NAME AND PROFESSION. Horn, Philip de Mont, count of, soldier and statesman Home, George, a learned prelate, bishop of Norwich , Richard H., poet and essayist , Thomas Hartwell, biblical critic and historian Horner, Francis, statesman and essayist , Leonard, geological writer Horsley, Samuel, a prelate and mathematician Hortensius, Quintus, orator Amer. Hosack, David, M. D., medical and scientific writer Hcb. Hosea, prophet ..... Fr. Houdin, Robert, conjurer . . . Fr. Houdon, Jean Antoine, sculptor . . , Fr. Houssaye, Ars6ne, miscellaneous writer Amer. House, Samuel G, physician and philanthropist Amer. Houston, Sam., general, governor, and ex-governor of Texas Eng. Howard, John, a celebrated philanthropist Amer. , John Eager, l evolutionary soldier and statesman Amer. Howe, Elias, jr., inventor of sewing machines Eng. , Geo. Aug., general in colonial war . . Eng. , Richard, lord, earl, admiral . Eng. , Sir Win., commander-in-chief in America . Eng. Howell, James, author of 'Letters' . . . Eng. Howitt, Mary (wife of "Vv"m.), novelist and poet Eng. , "William, traveller, essayist, . ■ i Lawrenoe, Abbott, merchant and diplomatist . Ahum-. , Ainu;, merohanl and philanthropist Aini'i-. , James, oaptain in \7i S. Navy Bug, Layord, Austen 11., traveller and explorer of n Inevoh Aiin-r. Lea, Isaac, naturalist and publisher . . . Ens;, Leake, Wm> M., traveller and philhellenist A.mer. Leer, Tobias, secretary to Washington, diplomatist li'r. l,i'linm, PontlUS D. 10., pOQt . . Swiss. Loolero, John, eminent orltlo . . \ih.-i. Le Oonto, John, naturalist . . . a hum-. , iiniin L. m. D.| naturalist, (son of preceding) Ami'i. .John, M. D., naturalist, (Georgia) Kr. Lodru>Rollin, Alex (V.., jurist and politician . . \nii -r. Ledy&rd, John, Intrepid and enterprising statesman Anu'i Leo, Arthur, M.D., statesman Amor, — , Oharles, officer in the Revolution . • \ni.r. , Ellsa R. miscellaneous wilier . . . Amor. , Prnnols Llghtlbot, signer Deo. Independence . Eng, — , Harriot, Miss, (sister of Sophia), novelist . Ani(-r. ' — , Henry, general Is Revolutionary V^ar . Amor. , Robert E., oommandor In ohlef of rebel armies Amer, — , Richard Henry, pros, of Congress Kni*. — , Samuel, D. iv, oriental soholar . Bag, , Sophia, Miss, novelist . . • Eng, Leeoh, John, humorous artist in Punoh, Ac, . . Kr. LofVbvro, Franco t Joseph, duke of Dantatok, marshal of Pi Amer. Logare, Hu«li S., jurist, statesman nod litterateur Kr. Logontlro, Ailrlnu M., iiiiil-hematlotan Amer, Loggett, William, polltioal and tnisoellaneons writer (!,, r . Lelbnlta, Godfrey William, able :><»>i learned philosopher B k Leloestor, Robert Dudley, earl of, favorite of Queen Elisabeth Eng, Loiooster, T. W. Coke, earl of, agrlouKurlst Soitioh, Lotghton, Robert, able prolate Amer. Lolslvr, Jacob, .polltioal adventurer . \ ,ii,i Leland, Uharlos Qt, t essayist and humorist . Kiih. , John, emlnenl divine and author . . Irish, , Thonjas, eminent divine and author . . Pol, Lelowol, Joachim, historian . . . Kr. LemattrOi Fred., aotor .... Engi Lemon, Mark, humorist, editor of ' Punoh ' Kug. Lemprlero, John, biographer and lexicographer . Fr. L'Euolos, Ninon, denoted courtesan IIOItN, iiii-n. H.7:t 1646 1784 ISIS 1768 1782 1724 L782 1760 1880 1614 17IO 17-11 1SII1 1748 1794 1U71 17'^.t 1686 176] 17!>2 1866 1788 I B69 1781 1818 1SI7 17!>2 1777 1860 1700 1820 172B 1807 1667 1730 1784 LS36 ISIS 1SOS 17.M 1788 17111 1789 1780(7) 1782 aht.) 1800 1784 17!>7 ITflO 1894 1700 1SHS 1808 1732 1701 17S3 1869 17. Ml 1894 1S17 ISO! e 17M> 1890 17!'7 IS It 17M 1888 ISO?, 1840 1646 1710 IS3I 1688 1789 1649 1618 1634 169] IBM 1691 1700 1770 178,'. 17SC. 17DS 1809 1894 1616 103S BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. NATION. NAMK ANI> I'lloKKMHlON. Dutch. Lonnop, David J. van, jurist nud poot . . , Dutch. , Jan van, poot and, novelist . . , Hiin. Lennox, Charlotte, authoress, (born in N. Y.) . . Fr. Lenormand, Marie A., fortune toller and biographer Leo, the name of twelve popes and hIx Byzantine emperors j tul. Leo X, pope (John do Medlol), a patron ofinjustloe and the arts. Gor. Leo, Henry, historian ..... Or. Leonldas I., king of Sparta, the hoiH) of Thermopylae . f. n (icr. Leopold I, king of the Belgians , Gor. — — I, emperor of Germany .... Ger. Vl, " " Ger. J I, " Rom, Lepldus, noted Roman family . . , u, Gor. Lepalus, Karl Rich., traveller and Egyptologist . Rush. Lermontoif, Michael, poet ..... Kr. Leroux, Pierre, philosopher and soolallst . Kr. Leroy do Hi. Aruqudj Ji a., marshal of EVanoe, ^onurai in chief Kr. LoHu^o, Aiuin Bene, novelist and dramatist, 'Gil Bias' . ling, Leslie, Charles Robt,, artist and author . . , Hoot. , John, bishop, theologioaj writer . , , Hoot. , John, mathematician and natural phiioHophor , Fr. Lesseps, Ferdinand do, diplomatist , . , , Ger. Lessingi Gotthbld E,, oritio and author . . , Amor. Lester, Charles E., miscellaneous author . , . Eng. L'Estrange, Sir Roger, politioal writer . •, , I'r. Louret, Frauds, anatomist .... Fr. Le Vulllant, Frano, tnivollor and ornithologist . . Irish. Lever Cbas, JaSi, novcllHt ..... Amur. Levorett, Fred. I*., classical soholar and author . . Fr. Leverrier, Urbain J. J., astronomer . . , Amor. Lo Vert, Octavia W., authoress .... Scot. Lovlssac, Hlr John, mathematician and natural phlloHophcr Eng. Law6s, George Henry, miscellaneous author . . Amor. Lewis, Francis, signer of the Declaration of [ndependenoe Amor. , Mnjor-Oon. Morgan, military commander, Jurist, A&o, Eng. , Matthew Gregory, mlscollaueous writer, Monk Lewis Amcr, , Meriwether, soldier, explorer, and author . Amor. , Hainuel, educationist .... Eng. , Hir George Cornwall, author and statesman Amcr. , Taylor, classical scholar and author Scot. Ley don, John, author . . . Kr. LMIopltal, Michel do, chancellor of France Gor. Llehtenberg, George 0., experimental philosopher Amor. Lleber, Franeis, publicist, political philosopher (born In Berlin) Ger. Lleblg, Justus, baron, ohemist Rush. Lleven, Dorothea, princess of, diplomatist Eng. Llghtfoot, John, learned divine and author Dutch. Ligne, Charles Joseph, military officer and author . Ital. Liguori, AlfonsM, de, saint and theological writer , Eng. Lilly, George, dramatist . . Eng, , John, the Euphulst dramatic writer Eng, , William, astrologer . . 58 BORN. DIED. 1771 1802 1710 ISM 1772 L848 1478 1,1 ! 1 LTOfl 0, 401 litii) 180- HMD 1705 11.17 1702 17!)7 :. 200 86 1811 1811 1841 IT08 1801 1854 teas 1717 1704 I860 1,70 1(171 1700 1682 L800 1720 1781 1810 leia 1704 1797 I8S1 1768 1824 1800 1803 1880 ifsi l 1820 1813 1817 1718 1808 1751 1832 1778 1818 1771 1701) 1854 1800 1802 1775 1811 l.Mi.l 1678 1742 1700 1800 1808 1784 18,17 17115 1814 1 7:;:, IKIl 1006 17S7 1608 17:.!) 1688 1600 1602 lost 54 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. MATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. Dutch. Limborch, Philip, theologian and author . . . 1683 Amer. Lincoln, Abraham, statesman, 16th president of the U. S. . 1809 Amer. , Benjamin, major-general in the Revolutionary War . 1733 Amer. , Levi, attorney-general of the U. S. (from Mass.) . 1749 Amer. , Levi, governor of Massachusetts . . , 1782 Swe. Lind, (Goldscbmidt) Jenny, vocalist , . . 1821 Eng. Lindley, John, botanist ..... 1799 Eng. Lindsay, Alexander W. Crawford, lord, author of Travels, &c. 1812 Scot. , Sir David, poet .... (abt) 1490 Swe. Ling, Peter E., physiologist and poet . . . 1776 Eng. Lingard, John, author of ' History of England' . . 1771 Fr. Linguet Simon N. H., political writer and historian . . 1736 Swe. Linnasus, Charles von, the most celebrated of naturalists . 1707 Lipsius, Justus, critic ..... 1547 Eng. Lister, Thomas Henry, novelist and biographer of Clarendon 1801 Eng. Liston, John, comic actor . .... 1776 Hung. Liszt, Francis, performer on piano . . . 1811 Eng. Littleton, Sir Thomas, jurist , . Ger. Littrow, John J., writer on mathematics and astronomy 1781 Amer. Livermore, Abiel A., clergyman, journalist and author . 1811 Eng. Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, earl of, premier . 1770 Amer. Livingston, Erockholst, soldier and jurist , . . 1757 Amer. , Edward, jurist, diplomatist, and statesman . 1764 Amer. , Philip, signer of the Declaration of Independence . 1716 Amer. , Robert R., statesman and jurist . . 1747 Amer, , William, governor of New Jersey and poet . 1723 Scot. Livingstone, David, traveller and missionary in Africa . 1816 Rom. Livius, or Livy, Titus, celebrated historian . , . b. c. 59 Span. Llorente, Don Juan, antiquary, historian, &c. , , 1756 Eng. Lloyd, Henry, soldier and author .... 1729 Fr. Lobau, count, marshal of France . . • . 1770 Eng. Locke, John, eminent philosopher and metaphysician . . 1632 Scot. Lockhart, J. G., critic and novelist, editor of Quarterly' . 1794 Eng. Lodge, Edmund, herald and antiquary, ' Portraits' . . 1756 Ind. Logan, English name of a famous Indian chief Amer. , James, colonial statesman and author . . . 1674 Amer. , John A, major-general in Sherman's campaign, M. C. Eng. Lofft, Capel, author ...... 1751 Irish. Lola-Montez, Maria, countess of Lansfeldt, adventurer , 1824 Lollard, Walter, Protestant martyr at Cologne . . Buss. Lomonozoff, Michael V., poet and historian . . 1711 Irish. Londonderry, Robert Stewart, marquis of, statesman . . 1769 Amer. Long, Stephen H., engineer, traveller, and author , 1784 Amer. Longfellow, Henry W., poet and novelist . , . 1807 Gt. Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, critic and philosopher , f. B. c. 250 Eng. Longman, Thomas, founder of the publishing house . . 1699 Amer. Longstreet, Aug. B., jurist and author , . . 1790 Amer. , James, rebel general .... Fr. Longueville, Anne G., duchess, politician . . ♦ 1619 Amer. Longworth, Nicholas, extensive wine manufacturer . , 1782 Amer. Loomis, Elias, physicist, astronomer . . , 1811 Span. Lope de Vega, Carpio Felix, poet and dramatist , . 1562 DIED. 1712 1865 1810 1820 1555 1839 1851 1794 1778 1606 1S42 1846 1481 1840 1828 1823 1836 1778 1813 1790 1866 ).. 17 1823 1783 1838 1704 1854 1839 1780 1751 1824 1861 1S22 1765 1£22 1679 1865 1635 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Fr. Lorraine, Charles de, cardinal and politician Atner. Lossing, Benson J., historian and artist Scot. Loudon, J. C, voluminous writer on horticulture and architecture Eug_ , Mrs. Jane "W\, horticultural writer . French.LOUIS, the name of eighteen kings of France Louis I., the Debonnaire . . . " IX., Saint " XL, 6th of house of Valois " XII., 8th " " " XIII., 2d Bourbon . . . " XIV., 3d " " XV., 4th " " XVI. " XVII. .... " XVIII. .... Fr. Louis, baron, eminent surgeon . . . Tr. Phi. ippe, king of the French . Fr. Napoleon. See Bonaparte. Scot. Lovat, Simon Fraser, lord, executed for treason Amer. Lovejoy, Owen, statesman and abolitionist . Amer. , Rev. E. P., abortionist journalist Irish. Lover, Samuel, novelist and song writer Irish. Lowe, Sir Hudson, general, jailor of Napoleon Amer. Lowell, Charles, clergyman and author Amer. , James Russell, poet and critic Amer. , John, lawyer and philanthrop'st . Amer. , John, jr., founder of Lowell Institute Amer. -, Mary, Mrs. Putnam, of Boston, learned writer Amer. Lowndes, Rawlins, statesman, opposed the Union Amer. , "William J , statesman Eng. , William Thomas, 'Biblio-Manual' . Eng. Lowth, Robert, eminent divine and author Span Loyola, Saint Ignatius de, founder of the Jesuits Eng. Lucan, G-. C. Bingham, earl of, general in Crimea Rom. , Marcus Annseus, Latin poet . . Gr. Lucian, celebrated writer . . Rom. Lucilius, the earliest Roman satirist . . Ger. Lucke, Gott 0. F., theologian . . Rom. Lucretius, Caius Titus, eminent poet Rom. Lucullus, wealthy warrior . Eng. Ludlow, Edmund, republican judge of Charles L Span. Lully, Raimond, ' the enlightened doctor' Amer. Lundy, Benjamin, abolit'onist . . Amer. Lunt, George, poet, essayist, and journalist Ger. Luther, Martin, the parent of the Protestant reformation Irish. Luttrell, Henry, poet Fr. Luxemburg, duke of, military officer . Gr. Lycurgus, the Spartan legislator . Eng. Lydgate, John, poet (Benedictine monk) Scot. Lyell, Sir Charles, geologist and traveller Amer. Lynch, Thomas J., signer of the Declaration of Independence 55 BORN. DIED. 1524 1574 1813 , agriculture, 1783 1813 1800 1858 77S 840 1215 1270 1423 14S3 1462 1515 1601 1643 1638 1715 1710 1774 1754 1793 1785 1795 1755 1824 . . 1837 1773 1850 1667 1747 1811 1864 1802 1837 1797 1769 1844 1782 1861 1819 1769 1840 1799 1836 iter . .1810 1722 1800 1782 1861 . . 1843 1710 1787 1491 1556 1800 , , 37 120 210 b. c. 148 B. c. 191 1792 1855 b. c. 95 B. C. 115 b. c. 49 1620 1693 1235 1315 1789 1839 mation . 14S4 1546 1851 1628 1695 . . b. c. 898 1375 1461 1797 dependence . 1749 1779 56 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Amer. Lynch, 'William P., captain U. S. navy, author of ' Dead Sea,' &o Eng. Lyndhurst, lord, statesman and jurist (born in Boston) Amer. Lyon, Mary, teacher and philanthropist Amer. , Matthew, politician Amer. Gr. Gr. Gr. Eng. -, Nathaniel, Union general, fell at Wilson's Creek Lysander, famous Spartan general Lysias, orator . . Lysimachus, one of Alexander's generals Lyttleton, George, lord, poet and historian BORN. DIED. ,' &0. 1805 1772 1797 1849 , 1746 1822 1819 1861 b. c. 395 B. c. 459 B c. 360 b. c. 2S1 1709 17C3 m. Fr. Mabillon, Jean, ecclesiastical author .... Scot. Macadam, John, originator of Macadamized roads . . Irish. Macartney, Geo., earl of, diplomatist .... Eng. Macaulay, T., Babington, essayist, historian, critic and statesman Eng. Macaulay, Zschary, anti-slavery statesman Eng. Macauley, Catherine, miscellaneous writer Scot. Macbeth, chieftain of the 11th century . . Irish. MacClintock, Sir F. L., Arctic navigator Irish. MacClure, Sir R. J., discoverer of North-west passage Amer. Macconnell, John L., novelist Amer. Maccorst, David J., political writer Scot. Maccosh, James, clergyman and author Scot. Macculloch, J. R., political economist and statistician Amer. McClellan, Geo. B.,commandeivin-chief Union armies . Amer. McCook, father and three sons from Ohio, generals in Union Army Eng. McCulloch, John, M. D., geologist, &c. Scot. Macdiarmid, John, author .... Scot. Macdonald, Flora, adventurous heroine Fr. Macdona'd, S. T. A,, marshal of France Amer. Macdonougb, Thos., commodore in U. S. Navy, victor on Lake Champlain . Amer. McDowell, Irwin, commander Union Army Amer. Macduffie, Geo., U. S. senator from South Carolina . Scot. Macgillivray. "Wm., naturalist . , , Scot. Macgregor, John, statistical and political author Ital. Machiavel, Nicholas, celebrated writer on politics Scot. Mackay, Charles, poet and miscellaneous writer Amer. Mackean, Thos., jurist, statesman, signer of Dec. of Ind. Amer. Mackenzie, A. Slidell, naval commander, author of travels Scot. Mackenzie, Henry, the Addison of the North . Irish. Mackenzie, Robt. S., journalist, &c. Amer. Mackintosh, Maria J., novelist . . . (abt.) Scot. Mackintosh, Sir James, celebrated literary character . , Irish. Macklin, Charles, actor and dramatist , , Scot. Macknight, James, divine and author . Aust. Mack von Liebenich, Karl, baron, general , Amer. MacLane, Louis, statesman and diplomatist Scot. Maclaurin, Colin, mathematician . Amer. Maclean, John, statesman, judge of U. S. Supreme Court Eng. MacLean, L. E. L., (Miss Landon), poet and novelist 1632 1707 1756 1836 1737 1806 1800 1859 1768 1838 1733 1791 1819 1807 1826 1797 1855 1810 1789 1864 1826 1773 1835 1779 1808 1720 1790 1765 1840 1783 1825 1818 178S 1851 1796 1852 1797 1S57 1469 1527 1812 1734 1817 1803 1849 1745 1S31 1S09 1S10 1766 1S32 1690 1796 1721 1800 1752 1S2S 1786 1857 1698 1748 1785 1804 1S33 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 57 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Irish. Maclise, Daniel, historical painter .... Amer. Macleod, Alex., clergyman and author . . Amer. Macleod, Xavier Donald, miscellaneous writer . . Scot. Maclure, William, geologist, &c . , Fr. MacMiihon, M. E. P., duke of Magenta, marshal . Scot. MacNab, Sir Allan, Canadian Statesman . Irish. MacNeven, Wm. J., patriot and physician, (died at 1ST. Y.) Amer. Macomb, Major-General Alex., military commander Amer. Macon, Nathaniel, member of Congress for N. Carolina 37 years Scot. Macpherson, James, miscellaneous writer . Amer. Macpherson, Jas. B., Union general in rebellion Eng. Macready, "Wm. Chas., tragedian .... Scot. Macrie, Thomas, D.D., clergyman and author, biographer of Knox 1772 Eng. Madden, Sir Fred., antiquarian author Ger. Maddler, Johani! Henry, astronomer .... Amer. Madison, James, 4th president of United States "Welsh. Madoc, prince, said to have discovered America Span. Madoz, Pascuale, statesman and author . . . Rom. Mascenas, Caius C, minister of Augustus and patron of literature Ital. Maft'ei, Franc S., marquis, author of 21 vols. Amer. Maffitt, John Newland, noted Methodist preacher . Irish. Magee, "Wm., arcnbishop Dublin, (on Atonement) . . Port. Magellan, Ferdinand, celebrated navigator . . Fr. Magendie, Francis, physiologist .... Irish. Maginn, William, classical and miscellaneous writer and critic Fr. Magnan, Bernard Pierre, marshal of France Amer. Magoon, Elisha L., clergyman and author Sar. Mahomet, or Mohammed, founder of the religion which bears his name ...... Turk. Mahomet II., 7th Turkish Sultan, conqueror of Constantinople Fr. Maimbourg, Louis, historian .... Jew. Maimonides, Moses, celebrated rabbi . . . Fr. Maintenon, Frances d'Aubigne, queen Ital. Maio, Angelo, discoverer and editor of Latin classics Ital. Maistre, Joseph de, statesman and author . . . Eng. Maittaire, Michael, bibliographer, Thos. Rev., history of Hindustan, &c. Maurieius, Flavius Tib., Byzantine emperor Maury, Matthew F., naval officer, astronomer, rebel, &c. , John Sift'rein, cardinal and statesman Mavor, Rev. Wm., writer and compiler, voyages, &c. Mavrocordato, statesman . . . Mawe, Joseph, mineralogist and conchologist . Maximilian I., emperor of Germany , prince, emperor of Mexico Maximums, Caius J. V., emperor of Rome Maxwell, Wm. E., 'Life of Wellington,' &c. . Mayer, Brantz, lawyer and historical writer Mayer, Johann T., astronomer Mayhew, Henry, Edward, Thomas, and Horace, brothers morous and miscellaneous writers , Jonathan, clergyman and author Ital. Mazarin, Julius, cardinal, able statesman Mazeppa, John, prince of the Cossacks Mazzini, Giuseppe, democratic politician (Genoa) . Amer. Meade, Geo. G., commander army of Potomac Amer. , Wm., episcopal bishop of Virginia and author I.Amer.Meagher, Thos. F, gen. in Union armies, gov. Idaho Eng. Medhurst, Walter H., oriental scholar and missionary Medici, Hippolytus, cardinal ... , Cosmo de, the Great, first Gd Duke Tuscany ' pater patriae,' Florence Ital. Ital. Ital. Ital. Ital. Turk. Ger. Ger. Eng. Amer, Eng. Eng. Eng. Melville, Andrew, religious reformer Amer. , Herman, author of travels, romances Scot. Gr. Ger. Gcr. Port. Span. Ger. Ger. Russ. Buss. Ger. Ger. , Lorenzo de, poet, gov of Florence, and patron of arts , Pietro, successor of Cosmo, patron of arts Mehemet-Ali, pasha of Egypt Meiners, Christopher, historian Melanchthon, Philip, celebrated reformer Melbourne, Wm. Lamb, Viscount de, statesman Me lien, Grenville, poet . Melmoth, Wm., 'Letters,' translation of Cicero, &c ' Religious Life ' -, Sir Jas., soldier, statesman, and author Menander, comic poet ... Mendelssohn, Bartholdy Felix, musical composer » Moses, Jewish scholar and philosopher Mendez-Pinto, Fernam, adventurer, unjustly famed for lying Mendoza, Diego H. de, scholar, author, and statesman Mengs, Anton Rafael, painter and writer on art Meninski, Francis M., learned orientalist . Mentchikoft; Alex., prince, statesman -, Alex., S., admiral Menno-Simonis, reformer, founder of 'Mennonites' Menzel, Wolfgang, critic and historian Dutch. Mercator, Gerard, geographer Amer. Mercer, Hugh, general in the Revolutionary war BORN. DIED. 1805 . 1755 1821 539 602 . 1806 1740 1817 1758 1S37 1790 1755 1829 1459 1519 (shot) 1834 1867 238 1795 1851 1809 1723 1762* a, hu- . (abt) 1812 1720 1766 1602 1661 1709 1809 . 1815 1789 1S67 1796 1857 1511 1535 1519 1574 1389 1464 ts 1448 1492 1469 1769 1849 1747 1810 1497 1560 . 1779 1848 1799 1841 1710 1799 1666 1743 1545 1622 1819 1535 1607 . B. 342 B. c. 290 1809 1847- 1729 1786 lg . 1510 1580 1503 1575 1728 1779 1623 1698 1672 1769 1789 1561 1798 . 1512 1594 1720 1777 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 61 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Amer. Meigs, Return J., revol. officer Amer. Meriam, Eben, statistician and meteorologist Fr. Merimee, Prosper, novelist Eng. Merivale, Charles, historian . . Eng. , John Herman, poet Swiss. Merle d'Aubigne, J. H,, D. D., historian Fr. MerovtEUs, founder Merovingian dynasty Fr. Mery, Joseph, poet and novelist Ger. Mesmer, Fred. A., founder of ' Mesmerism ' Ital. Metastasio, Peter B., celebrated poet . , Eng. Metcalfe, Charles T., baron, gov. in India and Canada Rom. Metellus, the name of several famous plebeians Aust. Metternich, Prince, statesman, and diplomatist Dutch. Meursius, John, erudite critic . . . Ger. Meyerbeer, musical composer Eng. Meyrick, Sir Saml. R., antiquarian author Fr. Mezerai, Francis de, historian Ital. Mezzofanti, Cardinal, celebrated linguist . Gr. Miaulis, naval commander . . Heb. Micah, the Prophet . . Ital. Micari, Guiseppe, historian . . Ger. Michaelis, John David, learned orientalist and critic Fr. . Michaud, Joseph, historian Fr. Michaux, Andre, botanist, (' Sylva Americana ') Fr. Michel, Francisque, archaeologist Fr. Michelet, Jules, historian . , Ger. Michelet, Karl Ludwig, philosophical -writer Pol. Mickiewicz. Adam, poet .... Eng. Mickle, William J. poet, translator of ' Lusiad,' &c. Eng. Middleton, Conyers, divine and elegant writer Amer. , Arthur, patriot and statesman Eng. , Thomas, dramatist .... Amer. Mifflin, Thomas, general in Revolutionary war , Fr. Mignet, F. A., historian ..... Port. Miguel Don, rival of Don Carlos to the throne of Portugal Amer. Milburn, "William Henry, ' blind preacher ' and author Scot. Mill, James, historian of British India and political econom Eng. , John Stuart, political philosopher Eng. Millais, John Everett, ' pre-Raphaelite ' painter Amer. Miller, James, general at Chippewa, &c,, (' Pll try, sir') Eng. , Joseph, comic actor, putative parent of jests Scot. , Hugh, geologist Amer. , William, .founder of the ' Millerites,' or second adventist Fr. Milleroye, Charles Hubert, poet .... F/r. Millin, Aubin Louis, naturalist, &c Eng. Millman, Henry Hart, Rev., poet and historian Fr. Millot, Claude Francis Xavier, historian Eng. Mills, Charles, historian Fr. Milne-Edward, Henri, naturalist .... Eng. Milnes, Richard Monckton, poet and statesman . . Eng. Milner, Joseph, author of 'Church History ' . Amer. Milnor, James, D. D., episcopal clergyman . . BORN. DIED. 1740 1S23 1794 1864 1800 1779 1794 411 1798 1734 169S 1783 250 1773 1579 1791 1783 1610 1774 1772 457 1815 1782 1846 09 1859 16i9 1717 1767 1740 1809 1798 1801 17t»> 1734 1683 174o 1744 nr> 1802 1823 1775 1806 1829 1776 1684 1802 1781 1782 1759 1791 1726 1788 1800 1809 1744 1773 1848 1682 1849 1835 f. b. o. 750 1839 1791 1839 1802 1855 1788 1750 1787 1627 1800 1851 1738 1856 1849 1S16 1785 1826 1797 1844 62 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION, Gr. Eng. Fr. Amer, Rom. Mex. Span. ex. Fr. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Ger. Ger. Turk. Bar. Ger. Ger. Scot. Fr. Hoi. Eng. Fr. Fr. Span. Scot. Eng. Eng. Swiss Amer. Ger. Fr. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Fr. Fr. Fr. Fr. Ger. Fr. Fr. NAME AND PROFESSION. BOEN. Miltiades, illustrious Athenian general ... b. Milton, John, the Homer of Britain .... 1608 Minie, Claude E., inventor of the Minie rifle-bullet . . 1810 Minot, George R., historian ...... 1758 Minutius-Felix, Marcus, christian writer ... 3d cent, Miramon, Miguel, military leader .... (abt.) 1830 Miranda, Francis, revolutionary general . . . 1750 Miiabeau, H. G. Riquetti, count de, celebrated character in the Revolution and author ..... 1749 Mirbel, Charles F. B. de, naturalist .... 1776 Mitchel, Ormsby M., astronomer and patriotic general Mitchell, Donald G., essayist , Maria, astronomer .... , Samuel L., celebrated physician and naturalist -, Thomas, classical scholar and critic . Mitford, Mary "Russell, novelist and essayist , Rev. John, editor of poets, .... , William, historian and philologist . Mithridates, king of Pontus, warrior .... Mitscherlich, E., chemist ..... Mittermaier, Karl J. A., jurist and statesman Mohammed-Ali, Pasha of Egypt, (See Mahomet and Mehemet) Ben Abd Al Wab, sheik, founder sect "Wahabites Mohler, Johann Adam E., catholic theologian Mohs, Frederick, mineralogist .... Moir, David Macbeth, miscellaneous writer . . Molle, M. L., comte, statesman .... Molescbott, Jacob, physiologist and naturalist . . Molesworth, Sir William, statesman and author Moleville, Anthony F. de Bertrand, count de, historian Moliere, John Baptist, celebrated dramatist Molina, Luis, Jesuit theologian and author Monboddo, lord, judge and philologist . . . Montfort, Simon de, earl of Leicester, statesman . . Monk, George, duke of Albemarle, military officer . Monod, Adolphe, ' reformed pastor' and author . . , Dr. Frederick, 'reformed pastor 'at Paris . . Monroe, James, statesman, 5th president United States Monse, Gaspar, eminent geometrician Monstrelet, Enguerrand de, chronicler . . . Montagu, Basil, lawyer and author , Elizabeth, author of ' dialogues,' &c. . Lady Mary Wortley, elegant writer Montague, Charles, earl of Halifax, statesman and poet Montaigne, Michel de, eminent essayist Montalembert, Charles F., count, statesman and author Montcalm, Louis, marquis de, general in Canada Montebello, John Lannes, duke of, marshal . . . Montecuculi, Raimond, warrior .... Montespan, Franc, marquise de, mistress Louis XIV. . Montesqieu, Charles baron de, able writer . . Montez, Lola, female adventurer . . . 1810 1822 1818 1763 1783 1786 1781 1734 c, 123 1794 1787 1769 f. 1650 1796 1774 1798 1781 1822 1810 1754 1622 1585 1714 1608 1802 1794 1759 1746 1390 1770 1720 1690 1661 1533 1810 1712 1769 1609 1641 1689 1824 DIED. C. 489 1674 1802 1867 1816 1791 1854 186- 1831 1845 1855 1859 1827 !. 64 1863 1850 1839 1851 1855 1855 1817 1673 1600 1799 1265 1670 1856 1863 1831 1818 1453 1851 1802 1762 1715 1592 1759 1809 1681 1707 1755 1861 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 63 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Hex. Montezuma I, tie greatest of Mexican sovereigns . Mex. II, last Atzec emperor . . . Fr. Montfaucon, Bern, de, archaeologist and author Eng. Montgomery, James, poet .... Ainer. , Richard, intrepid military officer Eng. , Robert, poet .... Fr. Montholon, comte, secretary and biographer of Napoleon Fr. Montmorenci, Anne de, constable of France . Ital. Monte, Vincent, poet .... Fr. Montmorency, noble family of France . , . Fr. Montpensir, Madame, author of Memoirs &c Scot. Montrose, Jas. Grahame, marquis of, military leader , Amer. Moore, Geo, H., author .... Amer. , Frank H , author . . . Amer. , Clement C., writer of verses, &c. , , Amer. , Jacob Bailey, journalist and author . Scot. — , John, miscellaneous author Scot. , Sir John (son of above,) general, killed at Corunna Ital. Morata, Olympia, Prot. writer Eng. More, Hannah, poet, essayist and moralist, . , Eng. . , Henry, mystical divine and philosopher Fr. Moreau, John Victor, celebrated general , , Amer. Morfit, Campbell, chemist and author Amer. Morgan, Daniel, brig, gen., in revolutionary war - , Amer. , Jno. Henry, rebel fillibuster general Eng. , Lady Charles, author of novels, travels 1826 . 1756 1792 1777 1842 1797 1840 1752 1809 1801 1858 1720 1797 1758 1832 1771 1S15 1672 1750 1727 1805 , 1775 1813 1779 1846 1531 1570 X778 1843 . 1745 1826 1761 1803 0. 1243 1810 1857 Pers. Heb. Irish. Scot. Eng. Fr. Fr. Fr. Eng. Eng. Pers. Span. Eng. Dutch, Pers. Span. Eng. Amer. Amer. Ger. Gr. Chald. Fr. Swiss. N. Nabonassar, first king of the Chaldeans , , Nabopolassar, king of Babylon , , Nadir Shah, or Thainas Kouli Kahn, warrior and king . Nahum, prophet .... Napier, Chas. Jas., general in India, &c, , . -, John, baron, inventor of logarithms , , Sir Charles, admiral . . , , Napoleon I., (Bonaparte) , , , , II., king of Rome, (see Bonaparte) , , — , III,, (Louis Napoleon), emperor . N ares, James, musical doctor, composer , , , Rev. Edmund, ' Thinks I to myself Narses, warrior in the service of Justinian I., the emperor Narvaez, don Ramon, duke of Valentia, statesman . Nash, Richard, styled ' Beau Nash ' , . . Nassau, prince Maurice of, able general , . Nassir Eddyn, celebrated astronomer . , . Navarrete, Martin F. de, ' Collect of Voyages ' Neal, Daniel, author of the ' History of the Puritans,' &c , John, novelist .... , Joseph C, litterateur , Neander, J. W. Augustus, ecclesiastical historian . Nearchus, admiral and voyager . . . Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon . . . Necker, James, eminent financier and statesman , , Madame J. C, wife of James, essayist , fl. B. c r 747 . fi, b. c. 626 1688 1747 , f. B, c. 7th cent. , 1782 1853 1550 1617 1786 1860 1769 1821 1811 1832 1808 1715 1783 1762 1841 567 1795 1674 1761 , 1567 1625 t 1201 1274 , 1765 1844 . 1678 1743 1794 1S07 1848 1789 1850 . B. C. 4th cent, B. c, 462 1732 1804 1739 1794 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 65 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Eng. Neele, Henry, poet and miscellaneous writer . . Neff, Felix, apostle of the Alps . . . . Nehemiah, governor of Judea .... Nelson, Horatio, viscount, celebrated admiral Nepos, Cornelius, historian .... Nero, infamous emperor .... Nerva, emperor ..... Nesselrode, Charles E., count, statesman and diplomatist . Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople, founder of Nestorians Neukomm, Sigism. chevalier, composer Neuwied, Maximilian, prince of, traveller in North America, &c, Newton, John, Calvinistic divine and writer , Sir Isaac, the greatest of philosophers , Thomas, learned prelate, (on Prophecies) . Ney, Michael, marshal, ' the bravest of the brave ' Nicephorus, Greg., Byzantine historian Nicholas I., emperor, (1825-55) Nichols, John Bowyer, printer and archaeologist . Nicholson, Peter, architect and political mechanic -, William, writer on natural philosophy and chemistry Heb. Eng. Bom. Rom. Bom. Russ. Gr. Ger. Ger. Eng. Eng. Eng. Fr. Gr. Buss. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Nicklin, P. H., bookseller and miscellaneous writer Ger. Nicolai, Chris. Fred., bookseller and author Nicolas, Sir Harris, antiquary Niebhur, B. G., statesman and historian , Carsten, celebrated traveller Eng. Ger. Ger. Pol. Eng. Niemcewiez, Julius U., military commander and author Nightingale, Florence, practical philanthropist Amer. Niles, Hezekiah, journalist 'Register ' Swe. Nilston, Sven, zoologist ..... Amer. Noah, Mordecai M., journalist, politician and author . Ger. Noehden, G. H., grammarian and miscellaneous writer Fr. Nodier, Charles, novelist .... Ger. Am. Nordheimer, Hebrew scholar and author Eng. Normanby, C. G. Phipps, marquis of, novelist and statesman Eng. North, Francis, 1st lord Guilford, ' lord keeper ' Eng. , Frederick, lord, prime minister of George III. . Eng. Northcote, James, artist and biographer . Amer. Norton, Andrews theological, Unitarian author Eng. , Hon. Mrs., poetess .... Amer. Nott, Abner Kingman, remarkable Baptist preacher . Amer; , Eliphalet, D. D., president of Union College and author Eng. , John, poet and translator Ger. Novalis, or Fred, von Hardenberg, author Eng. Novello, Vincent, musician (life by Mrs. Clarke) Amer. Noyes, Wm. Curtis, jurist and patriot Irish. Nugent, lord, author of ' Life of Hampden,' &c. Rom. Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome . . f . Span. Nunez, Alva C. de Vaca, explorer . . . O. Eng. Oates, Titus, infamous pretender of the ' Popish plot ' . Fr. Oberlin, John Fred., philanthropist 5 BORN. DIED. 1798 1828 1798 1829 b. c. 444 1758 1805 B. c. 30 37 68 32 98 1780 1862 439 1778 1857 c. 1782 1725 1807 1642 1727 1704 1782 1769 1815 14th cent. 1796 1855 1807 1863 y 1753 1815 1786 1842 , 1733 1811 1799 1848 1776 1830 1733 1815 1756 1841 1777 1839 1787 1851 1770 1826 1783 1844 1797 1863 1637 1685 1732 1792 1746 1837 1790 1835 1834 1859 1773 1866 1751 1826 1772 ' 1801 1781 1861 1805 1864 1850 b. c. 714 1564 1619 1705 1740 1826 66 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION, Irish. Irish. Irish. Irish. Eng. Arab. Fr. Bar. Dan. .Eng. Irish. Ger. Ger. Eng. Amer, Span. Amer. Ger. Arab. Irish. Eng. Eng. Gr. Dutch. Dutch. Dutch. Span. Fr. Fr. Eusb. Eng. Eng. Gr. Irish. Irish. Eng. Amer. Amer. Port. Scot. Egypt. Amer. Amer. Ger. Eng. Eng. Fr. Eng. Ger. Eng. Rom. NAME AND PROFESSION. O'Brien, Fitz-James, poet .... , Wm, Smith, political agitator . , O'Connell, Daniel, political agitator . . . O'Connor, Fergus, chartist orator . Ockley, Simon, orientalist Odenatus, warrior, husband of Zenobia Odilon-Barrot, C. H., statesman . . Odoacer, Gothic king of Italy Oersted, Hans Ch., discoverer of electro-magnetism Oglethorpe, J. E., founder of Georgia O'Keefe, John, dramatist Oken, Louis, naturalist .... Olbers, H. W. M., astronomer Oldcastle, Sir John, Lord Cobham Olin, Stephen, D. D, Methodist theologian and author Olivan, don Aless., publicist .... Olmsted, Denison, professor, astronomer, &c. Olshausen, Hermann, protestant theologian . . Omar I., caliph, captor of Jerusalem . . O'Meara, Barry, surgeon to Napoleon and author Onslow, Arthur, speaker House Commons Opie, Mrs. Amelia, writer on morals and education Oppian, poet ..... Orange, "William I., of Nassau, prince of, founder of Dutch republic 1533 ■, William II., prince of, stadtholder . , William III., prince of, stadtholder, and king of England Orfila, M. J. B., chemist and toxicologist . . Origen, one of the fathers of the church . . Orleans, L. J. P., duke of ' Egalite,' guillotined , Fer. P. L., duke of, heir of Louis Philippe Orloff, Gregory, count, favorite Catherine II. . . Orme, Robert, historian of India .... Ormond, James Butler, duke of, statesman Orpheus, poet, sometimes styled the ' father of poetry ' Orrery, Charles, 4th earl of, natural philosophy , Roger Boyle, 1st earl of, statesman and author Orton, Job, dissenting divine and author . . Osgood, Frances, poetess . . . . , Samuel, D. D, Unitarian divine and author Osorio, Jerome, philosopher, historian, and theological writer Os6ian, Gaelic bard, supposed to have lived in the 3d century Osymandias, king of Egypt .... Otis, James, patriot and statesman . . , Harrison Gray, statesman and jurist . . Otho I., king of Greece (born in Bavaria) Ottley, "Wm. Young, writer on art . . Otway, celebrated dramatist, ' Venice Preserved ' Oudinot, Charles N., marshal of France ... Ouseley, Sir Gore, diplomatist . . . Overbeck, Fred., founder of modern religious school of art Overbury, Sir Thos., (poisoned in the Tower) . Ovid, Publius Naso, poet .... BORN. DIED. 1863 1806 186- . 1775 1847 1795 1855 1678 1720 267 1791 493 1777 1851 1698 1785- 1748 1833 1778 1S51 1S40 1360 1417 1797 1851 1791 1859 1796 1839 581 644 1778 1836 1691 1768 1771 1853 f. 150 public 1533 15S4 1626 1650 dand 1650 1702 1787 185 253 1747 1793 1810 1842 1734 1783 1728 1801 1610 16SS 1676 1731 1621 1679 1717 1783 1812 1850 1812 1502 1580 (abt.) 1500 1725 1772 1767 1848 1815 1867 '1771 1836 1651 1685 1767 1847 1769 1844 1780 1581 1C13 b. c. 43 17 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 67 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Span. Oviedo, J. G., bishop of, author of ' Voyages in the West Indies ' Amer. Owen, David Dale, geologist .... Eng. . , John, independent theologian . • Eng. •, Richard, surgeon and naturalist . , . Welsh. ■ , Robert, political theorist . . . . Amer. , Robert Dale, statesman and author . Eng. Oxford, Horace Walpole, earl of, author . P. Amer. Paine, Elijah, jurist ..... Amer. , Elijah (son of above), jurist . . Amer. , John Howard, dramatist, ' Home, Sweet Home ' Amer. , Robert Treat, lawyer and patriot . Amer. , Robert Treat, son, poet, . . . Eng. , Thomas, political and deistical writer . . Fr. Paixhan, general, inventor of guns bearing his name Ven. Paez, military commander and president Venezuela . Ital. Paganini, Nicolo, famous Violinist . , . Eng. Paley, William, eminent divine and author . Eng. Palgrave, Sir Francis, antiquarian author . . Fr. Palisset de Montenoy, Charles, satirist . . . Fr. Palissy, Bernard, 'the Potter' . ... Ital. Pall adio, Andrew, architect .... Pruss. Pallas, Peter Simon, traveller and naturalist . . Eng. Palmerston, Henry Temple, viscount, statesman . . Ger. Panzer, G. W. F., bibliographer . . • . Ital. Paoli, Pascal, Corsican patriot and general . . Can. Papineau, L. J., politician and patriot . . Rom. Papinian, jEmilius, civil lawyer .... Swiss. Paracelsus, A. P. T. B. de H., alchemist ,. . Eng. Pardoe, Julia, Miss, novelist ' Fr. Paris, count of, Louis Ph. Al., grandson of Louis Philippe Eng. , Matthew, historian .... Scot. Park, Mungo, celebrated traveller Amer. Parker, Theodore, Unitarian preacher and oriental scholar . Eng. Parkes, Samuel, chemist and author . Ital. Parma, Alexender Farnese, duke of, regent of the Netherlands Irish. Parnell, Thps., poet and divine . . Eng. Parr, Samuel, learned divine and philologist , . Eng. , Thomas, lived 152 years . , Eng. Parry, Capt. Edward, Arctic navigator . . . Amer. Parsons, Theophilus, jurist .... Amer. — , Theophilus (son), jurist .... Amer. Parton, James, biographer, historian, and essayist . Amer. , Mrs. Sarah, ' Fanny Fern,' authoress . . Fr. Pascal, Blaise, eminent geometrician and writer . Rusa. Paskewitsch, Ivan F., prince of "Warsaw, general . , Eng. Pasley, Gen. Sir Chas. "W., engineer . . . Fr. Pasquier, Etienne D., count, chancellor of France . Ger. Passow, Francis L. C. F., philologist and lexicographer (Greek lex.) 1786 Rom. Paterculus, Caius Velleius, historian . . (abt.) b. c. 20 ORN. DIED. 1540 1807 1860 1616 1683 1771 1S60 1717 1797 1757 1842 1796 1853 1791 1851 1731 1814 1773 1811 1736 1809 1782 1854 1787 1784 1835 1745 1805 1788 1861 1730 1815 1510 1590 1518 1580 1741 1811 1784 1865 1729 1812 1726 1806 1789 145 212 1493 1541 1812 1862 1838 1259 1771 1804 1810 1860 1759 1829 1546 1592 1679 1717 1746 1S25 1483 1635 1790 1855 1750 1813 1811 1623 1662 1782 1856 1781 1861 1767 1862 1786 1833 68 THE "WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Eng. Patmore, Coventry, poet .... Irish. Patrick, St., apostle of Ireland . . . Eng. , Simon, bishop of Chichester, Bible commentary Paul, Father, (see Sarpi) Ileb. , St., Apostle to the Gentiles Fr. , St. Vincent do, Catholic missionary . Amer. Paulding, James Kirke, novelist and essayist . . Rom. Paulus-^Emilius, Lucius, fell at Cannas . . Gr. Pausanias, spartan commander Gr. , topographical writer Eng. Paxton, Sir Joseph, horticulturist and architect Eng. Payne, Roger, noted book-binder . . . Amer. Payson, Edward, D. D., congregational divine . Amer. Peabody, Eliz P., educational writer Amer. , O. W. B., reviewer and biographer , Eng. Peacock, George, dean of Ely, mathematician Eng. Pearson, John, bishop of Chester, ' On the Creed ' Port. Pedro, V., king of Portugal, (son of Donna Maria II.) Port. , don, claimant to the throne of Portugal Eng. Peel, Sir Kobert, 1st baronet, cotton manufacturer Eng. , Sir Robert, 3d baronet, statesman Eng. Peele, George, poet, (Life by Dyce) . Brit. Pelagous, monk, founder of a sect . Span. Pelayo, first king of Asturias Fr. Pelissier, A. J. J., duke of Malakoff, marshal Ital. Pellico, Silvio, poet and patriot Gr. Pclopidas, illustrious Theban general Pr. Pelouze, Theodore Jules, chemist Eng. Pembroke, Mary Sidney, countess of Eng. Penn, Granville, author Eng. , "William, admiral, father of founder of Pennsylvania Eng. , "William, founder and legislator of Pennsylvania Eng. Pennant, Thomas, naturalist and antiquary Ital. Pepe, "William Florestan, general . . . Amer. Pepperell, Sir William, general . . Ital. Pepoli, Charles, litterateur .... Eng. Pepys, Samuel, secretary to Admiralty, author of ' Diary' Eng. Perceval, Spencer, prime minister, assassinated Amer. Percival, James Gates, poet, geologist and critic Eng. Percy, Thomas, bishop of Dromore, ' Religious Ant, Poetry' Fr. Perefixe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, historian Eng. Pereirea, Jonathan, M. D., 'Materia Medica' . . Ital. Pergolese, John B., musical composer . . Gr. Pericles, able Athenian orator and statesman Amer. Perit, Pelatiah, merchant and philanthropist Eng. Perkins, Hugh, eccentric preacher and roundhead (executed) Amer. , Jacob, inventor of steam-gun, &c. Eng. , Thomas H., eminent merchant and philanthropist Fr. Perouse, John F. Galaup, circumnavigator . . Fr. Penier, M. Casimir, statesman . . . Amer. Perry, Matthew G., commodore, ('Japan') Amer. , Oliver Hazard, commodore U. S. navy . BORN. DIED. 1823 372 493 1626 1707 1552 1623 65? 1576 1669 1779 1860 B c. 216 B. o. 470 f. (abt.) 120 1802 1865 1739 1797 1783 1827 1S02 1799 1848 1858 1613 1686 1837 186- 1834 1750 1830 1850 1552 1598 S54 757 1794 1864 1789 1854 B c. 364 1807 1621 1T61 1844 1621 1670 1644 1718 1726 1798 1780 1855 1697 1759 1S01 1632 1703 1762 1812 1795 1857 1728 1811 1605 1670 1804 1853 1710 1736 b. c. 490 B. C. 429 1785 1864 1599 1660 1766 1849 1764 1854 1741 1788 1777 1832 1795 1858 1785 1S19 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 69 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Fr. Persigny, Jean G. V., politician and diplomatist . . Bom. Persius, Flaccus Aulus, satirist . - . Ger. Perthes, Christian Frederick, bookseller, (life by son) , Rom. Pertinax, emperor ..... Swiss. Pestalozzi, Henry, introducer of a new system of education Russ. Peter I., the great, statesman and warrior Fr. the Hermit, first mover of the crusades , , Eng. Peters, Hugh, ' fanatic ' , , Eng. Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, earl of, warrior . , Ger. Petermann, August H., geographer , . , Amer. Petigrew, James Louis, of S. C, Union statesman , , Petion, Alexander, mulatto, president Hayti Ital. Petrarch, Francis, one of the four greatest of Italian poets , Fr. Peyronnet, Pierre D., count de, minister of CharleB X. and his Ger. Pfeiffer, Ida, traveller and author . , Rom. Phsedrus, fabulist , , Fr. Philidor, Andrew, writer on chess . • Philip II., king of Macedon, warrior . . , St., of Neri, founder of the Oratory . , Eng. Phillimore, John G, author on law , , Eng. Phillips, Ambrose, poet and dramatist , . , Eng. ————, John, poet ' Splendid Shilling ' , , Eng. , Sir Richard, bookseller and compiler , , Jew. Philo-JudaauB, learned Jewish writer of Alexandria , Gr. Philopcemen, celebrated general . . , Eng. Phipps, Sir William, colonial governor Massachusetts Gr. Phocion, eminent Athenian general , , , Photius, learned patriarch of Constantinople . Amer. Physic, Philip Syng, M. D. . . . , Ital. Piazzi, Joseph, astronomer . . , Fr. Pioard, Louis Benedict, dramatist and novelist . . Fr. Pichegru, Charles, eminent general . Amer. Pickering, Timothy, distinguished statesman Amer. — . — <■ — , John, philologist . . • . Swiss. Pictet, Benedict, theological and historical writer , Eng. Pictou, Sir Thomas, general . , , Amer. Pierce, Franklin, general, 14th president U, S. , Rom. Pilate, Pontius, Roman governor of Judea Amer. Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, general and diplomatist Amer. — ■ , William, distinguished orator and diplomatist Gr, Pindar, the greatest of lyric poets Scot. Pinkerton, John, fertile and eccentric author , Span. Pinzon, Vincent Tanez, navigator, discovered Brazil Amer. Piozzi, HeBter L., miscellaneous writer, friend of Dr. Johnson Fr. Piron, Alexis, poet dramatist, and wit , , Gr. Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens Amer. Pitkin, Timothy, historian and statistician Eng. Pitt, Christopher, poet and translator Eng. , William, 1st earl of Chatham, statesman En g- i William, celebrated statesman, son of Lord Chatham Gr. Pittacus, of Mitylene, one of the seven sages Ital, Pius IX., pope, (Giov. Mastai Ferretti) BOEN. DIED. 1808 34 62 1772- 1843 126 193 1745 1827 167'2 1725 1050? 1115 1599 1600 160S 1735 1789 1803 1770 1818 1304 1374 storian 1778 1854 1795 1858 . f. 30 1726 1795 B, c. 383 B. c. 336 1515 1595 1809 1865 1749 167G 1708 1768 1840 f. A. d. 40 , b. c, 253 b, c. 183 1651 1695 B. c. 400 b. C. 318 ,815 891 1768 1837 1746 1826 1769 1824 1761 1804 1746 1829 1772 184Q 16.35 1724 , 1815 1804 . 3S? 1825 1765 1822 b. c. 522 b. c, 442 1758 1826 f. 1500 1789 1821 1689 1773 . B. C. 527 1765 1S47 1699 1743 1708 1778 1759 1S06 B. c. 650 B. C.570 1792 10 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Span. Pizarro, Francis, conqueror of Peru . , Eng. Platoche, James R., dramatist and miscellaneous 'writer Or. Plato, illustrious philosopher, founder of the Academic sect Rom, Plautus, comic poet .... Eng. Playfair, John, eminent mathematician and natural philosopher Eng. , Lyon, chemist, (born in Bengal) . Eom, Pliny, the elder, or C. P. Secundus, author of natural history Rom. , the younger, warrior and author Egypt. Plotinus, Platonic philosopher .... Irish. Plunket, "W. C, lord chancellor of Ireland . . Gr. Plutarch, celebrated biographer . . . Ind. Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, of Va. , . Eng, Pocock, D. E., learned critic and commentator . . Eng. — — — , D. R., learned prelate and traveller . , Amer. Poe, Edgar A., poet, critic and novelist . . . Ger. Poggendorf, John Chris., physicist and chemist Amer. Poinsett, Joel R., statesman, diplomatist, and author . Fr, Poisson, D. S., mathematician , . . Eng. Pole, Reginald, cardinal archbishop of Canterbury . Fr. Polignac, J. A. M,, prince, minister of Charles X. * Fr, , Melchior de, cardinal and statesman . . Amer. Polk, Jas. Knox, president U. S. , . Amer. . Leonidas, Bp. of La., and rebel general . , Eng. Pollok, Robt., poet, « Course of Time ' . , Ital. Polo, Marco, celebrated Venetian traveller , . Gr. Polybius, eminent historian Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, Christian martyr and author . Port. Pombal, Seb., marquis of, statesman . Eng. Pomfret, John, poet . . . . Fr. Pompadour, J. A. P., Marchioness of . Rom. Pompey, Cneus, statesman and warrior . (' The Great.') Span. Ponce de Leon, discoverer of America Pol. Poniatowski, Joseph, prince, general, marshal of France , Pol. , Stanislaus Aug., last king of Poland Ind. Pontiac, Indian chief ..... Eng. Poole, John, author of ' Paul Pry,' &c. . , Eng. , Matthew, able divine and author . , . Eng. Pope, Alexander, celebrated poet Amer. J John, Union general, com. army Potomac aud 4th mil. dist. Porphyry, Platonic philosopher , . • Eng. Porson, Richard, eminent hellenist and critic . Ital. Porta, John Baptist, natural philosopher . . Eng. Porter, Anna Maria, novelist . . . Amer. , David, commodore, U. S. Navy . • Amer. , David D., rear-admiral , . . . Eng. , Jane, novelist, .... Eng. , Sir Robert Ker, author of ' Travels,' &c. . Eng. Porteus, Beilby, eminent prelate Amer. Potter, Alonzo, D. D., epis. bp. of Pennsylvania, and educa- tional author ..... 1800 18G2 Amer. , Horatio, D. D., episc. bishop of New York . . Eng. , John, archbishop of Canterbury. ' Gr. Antiq.' , 1674 1747 BORN. DIED. 1475 1541 1796 B. o. 430 b. c. 347 b. c. 227 B. C. 184 r 1749 1819 1819 23 79 61 115 203 270 1765 1854 50 120 , 1617 1604 1691 1704 1765 1811 1856 1796 1773 1851 1781 1840 15C0 1558 1780 1817 1611 1741 1795 1849 1S06 1864 1799 1827 1250 1323 b, c. 205 b. o. 123 169 1699 1782 1667 1703 1772 1704 B. C. 106 B. C. 48 1460 1521 1763 1813 1732 1798 1712 1769 1624 1779 1688 1744 1823 233 304 1759 1808 1540 1616 17S1 1832 1780 1843 1776 1850 17S0 1842 1731 1808 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 11 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Eng. Potter, Robert, divine, poet, aud translator . Eng. Pottenger, Sir Henry, diplomatist Irish. Power, Tyrone, comic actor . . . Russ. Pozzo di Borgo, diplomatist Eng. Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, poet . . Amer. Pradt, Abbe Dominique de, political writer Amer. Preble, Edward, commodore in the U. S. Navy Amor. Prentiss, Sargent S , lawyer and politician, famed for eloqu Amer. Prescott, Wm. Hickling, historian Amer. Preston, Wm. C, U. 8. senator for South Carolina Eng. Price, Dr. R., writer on civil liberty Eng. ■ , Sir Uvedale, writer on the Picturesque Eng. Prideanx, Humphrey, learned divine, Ger. Priessnitz, Vincent, founder of Hydropathy Eng. Priestley, Joseph, eminent philosopher and writer Amer. Prince, Rev. Thos., historian of N. England Eng. Pringle, Thos., poet and traveller . , Eng. Piinsep, Chas. R., political economist , Eug. Prior, Mathew, poet and statesman Eng. Pritchard, J. C„ ethnologist, * Natural History of Man Rom. Pro-bus, Marcus Aurelius, emperor Ital. Procida, John of, patriot . . , Gr. Proclus, a Platonic philosopher „ . Procopius, historian . . , , Rom. , Anthemius, emperor . , Eng. Proctor, Miss Ade aide A„ poetess . . Eng. , Bryan W, (' Barry Cornwall '), poet and critic Rom. Propertius, Sextus Aurelius, poet , Fr. Proudhon, Pierre Jos., political theorist and socialist Eng. Prynne, learned lawyer, political writer, and antiquary Fr. Psalmanazar, George, literary impostor Egypt. Ptolemy, Claudius, eminent astronomer and geographer Ger. Puckler-Muskau, H. E. H., prince of, author of Travels, &c Ger. Puffendorf, Samuel, baron de, publicist and historian. Eng. Pugin, Augs. Welby, architectural writer Pole. Pulaski, Casimir, count, genl. in the U. S. service . Ital. Pulci, Louis, poet .... nung. Pulszky, Franz, politician and author . . Eng. Purcell, Henry, musical composer . . Eng. , Thos., musical composer . Eng. Purchas, divine, editor of "Voyages and Pilgrimage Amer. Pursh, Fred., botanist .... Eng. Pusey, Edward Bour, D.D., founder of ' Puseyites ' Amer. Putnam, Israel, distinguished officer in the Revolution Amer. , Rufus, pioneer settler of Ohio Eng. Puttenham, George, poet and critic, ' Art of Eng. Poesie Eng. Pye, Henry James, poet laureate Eng. Pym, John, republican politician . Amer. Pynchon, Wm., founder of Springfield, Maps. Gr. Pyrrho, philosopher, founder of Sceptic Sect Pyrrhus, king of Epirus . . . Gr. Pythagoras, celebrated philosopher BORN. DIED. 1721 1804 1T87 1856 1795 1841 1768 1842 1802 1839 1759 1837 1761 1807 1810 1850 1796 1859 1794 1860 1728 1791 1747 1829 1648 1724 1799 1851 1733 1804 1687 1758 1789 1834 1788 1864 1664 1721 1785 1848 232 282 1225 1303 410 487 410 487 472 1864 1787 . C. 52 b C. 12 1809 1865 1609 1669 1679 1763 70 1785 1632 1794 1811 1852 1747 1779 1432 14S7 1814 1658 1695 1682 1577 1628 1774 1820 1800 1718 1790 1738 1824 1600 1745 1813 1584 1643 1591? 1662 c. 300 B. c. 272 0. 586 B. c. 497 12 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. B Eng. Quain, Jones, M. D., anatomist • • . . Eng. Quarles, Francis, poet, author of 'Emblems' , . Fr. Quatremere, E. M., orientalist .... Quekett, John, microseopist .... Fr. Quesne, Abraham du, admiral .... Quesnel, Peter, 'History of Jesuits' . . Belg. Quetelet, L. A., mathematician and statistician . . Span. Quevedo de Villegas, Francis, poet . . , Eng. Quin, James, actor ...... Fr. Quinault, Philip, lyrical dramatist . . , Amer. Quincy, Josiah ex-pres. Harvard Univ., and author . . Amcr. . , Josiah, Jr., ex-mayor of Boston, and financier . Fr. Quinet, Edgar, litterateur ... Span. Quintana, Jose Manuel de, poet and historian , , Rom. Quintilian, Marcus Fabius, celebrated orator . , Rom. Quintus-Curtius, historian . . , f, time Vespasian Amer. Quitman, John A., general and gov, of Mississsipi , R Fr. Rabelais, Francis, wit and satirist . , Fr. Racine, John, eminent dramatist . Fr Rachel, Eliza Rachel Felix, actress . . Eng. Radeliffe, Anne, romance writer, ' Mysteries of Udolpho Aust. Radetzky, Joseph, count, commander in Italy Eng. Raffles, Rev. Thos., independent minister and collector Eng. — — , Sir Thos. Stamford, author of ' History of Java Amer. Rafinesque, S. C. J, botanist Dan. Rafn, C. C, historian and antiquary . Eng. Raglan, J. H. Fitzroy Somerset, lord, general in Crimea Amer. Raguet, Condy, political economist . Eng. Raikes, Robt, printer, founder of ' Sunday schools ' Eng. Raleigh or Ralegb, Sir Walter, ' a man illustrious in literature' ... . . Hind. Rammohun, Roy, philanthropist . . Scot. Ramsay, Allan, poet .... Amer. — ■ ■, David, historian . . . Span. Ramusio, John Bapt, ' Collect, of Voyages' Amer. Randolph, John, of Roanoke, eccentric statesman Amer. — ■ , Peyton, first president of Congress , Ger. Ranke, Leopold, historian . . , Fr. Raoul, Rochette, archaeologist and traveller , Heb. Raphall, Morris J., learned rabbi and preacher Fr. Rapin de Thoyras, author of ' History of England' Rapp, Geo., founder of ' Sect of Harmonists , Dan. Rask, E. C, philologist and lexicographer . Fr. Raspail, F. V., chemist and radical statesman Pruss. Rauch, Fred. A., metaphysician , Ger. Raumer, Fred. B. G. von, historian , . Amer. Rawle, William, jurist .... &c and OEN. DIED. 1865 1592 1644 1782 1857 1815 1861 1G10 1688 1099 1774 1796 1580 1645 1G93 1766 1635 1668 1772 1864 1802 1803 1772 1857 42 122 1st Cent. 1799 1858 1483 1553 1589 1699 1820 1858 1764 1823 1766 1858 1788 1863 1781 1826 1784 1842 1795 1788 1855 1784 1842 1785 1811 1552 1618 1776 1833 1685 1758 1749 1812 1485 1557 J773 18S3 1723 1775 1795 1790 1798 1661 1725 1770 1847 1784 1832 1794 1806 1841 1781 1759 1836 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. IS NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Eng. Rawlinson, Sir Henry C, geographer and orientalist Eng. Ray, John, naturalist and author Fr. Raynal, "William Thomas Francis, historian and philosopher Soot. Reach, Angus B., journalist and author Amer. Read, Geo. Campbell, admiral Eng. Reade, Charles, novelist . . Fr. Recamier, Mme Jane F. A. . ' Eng. Redding, Cyrus, journalist and author Amer. Redfield, William C, meteorologist Red Jacket, Thayendanega, Indian Chief . Amer. Reed, Henry, metaphysician and essayist Eng. , Isaac, critic and editor . , Amer. , Joseph, general in revolution . Amer. — — , "Wm. B., politician and author . Eng. Rees, Dr. Abraham, editor of an encyclopedia &c. Eng. Reeve, Clara, novelist, 'Old English Baron' , Eng. , John, comic actor Eng. , Lovell A., conchologist and publisher Fr. Regnard, John Francis, comic writer Fr. Reguault, Henry Vict., chemist . . Ger. Reichenbach, Charles, baron de, naturalist Irish. Reid, Capt. Mayne, novelist Scot. , Col., Sir Wm., engineer andmetereologist, ' Use of Storms Amer. — ^— *, Samuel C, naval commander Scot. -^—- , Thomas, celebrated metaphysician . Ger. Reinhard, Francis V., (founder of Christ.) Fr. Remusat, J. P. A., historian and linguist . Fr. Rene> duke of Anjou, king of Sicily . Eng. Rennel, Major J., geographer and traveller Scot. Rennie, John, eminent engineer and architect Amer. Reno, Jesse In, general in Union army Eng. Repton, Humphrey, landscape gardener Turk. Reschid Pasha, statesman, premier of Turkey Fr. Retz, John F. P., de Gondi, cardinal de, minister of Louis XV. Ger. Retzsch, Fred., A. M., printer and designer Amer. Reynolds, John F., Union general, killed at Gettysburg Eng. Ricardo, David, •writer on political economy and finance ■ — , Joseph Lewis, (on International law) . Fr. Ricaut, Sir Paul, traveller and historian . Eng. Rich, Obadiah, bibliographer . . . Eng. Richard I, Coeur de Lion, king of England . Eng. III, king, killed at Bosworth Eng. Richardson, Charles, philologist (Eng. Diet.) Scot. , James, traveller in Africa Eng. , Samuel, eminent novelist Scot. , Sir John, naturalist and Arctic explorer Fr. Richelieu, A. J., du Plessis, cardinal and duke, statesman Ger. Richter, John Paul Frederick, novelist &c. Eng. Ridley, Nicholas, bishop and prot. martyr . . Span. Riego y Nunez, Raphael de, patriot . . Ital. Rienzi, Nicholas Gabrino de, political reformer . Ital. Ristori, Adelaide, actress . . . 1810 DLL', LI. 1628 1705 1713 1796 1821 1862 1777 1849 1785 1789 1857 1759? 1830 1808 1854 1742 1807 1748 1785 1743 1825 1723 1803 1799 1838 1814 1865 1647 1709 1810 1788 1818 1791 1858 1783 1861 1710 1796 1753 1812 1788 1832 1409 1480 1742 1S30 1761 1821 1825 1862 1752 1818 1802 1858 1614 1679 1779 1859 1820 1863 1772 1823 1812 1862 1700 1850 1157 1199 1450 1485 1775 1865 1851 1689 1761 1787 1865 1585 1642 1763 1825 1500 1555 1783 1825 1313 1354 1821 u THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Eng. Ritchie, Leitch, journalist and author . , Amer. Ritchie, Thomas, journalist, * Richmond Enquirer ' Eng. Ritson, Joseph, lawyer, antiquary and critic . Amer. Rittenhouse, David, philosopher and astronomer . Ger. Ritter, Aug. H., 'History of Philosophy' . . Ger. , Charles, geographer Span. Rivas, Angel de Saavedra, duke of, soldier, statesman, poet Amer. Rives, M. C. (of Va.) statesman and diplomatist Amer. Rives, John C, journalist, ' "Washington Globe ' Amer. Riviugton, Jas., royalist printer of N. T. . Scot. Roberts, David, landscape painter and author . Scot Kobertson, William, celebrated historian Fr. Robespierre, F. M. J. L., ' the terrorist' of the revolution Amer. Robinson, Edward D. D., biblical geographer and philologist Scot. Rob Roy (Robert Macgregor) highland freebooter . (abt) Fr. Rochambeau. J. B. D., count de, marshal Fr. Rochefoucauld-Li ancourt, F. A. F., duke de la . Fr . Eochejacquelin, H. de la, royalist leader . Amer. Rodgers, John, commodore U. S. navy Eng. Rodney, Geo. Brydges, lord, able admiral . Eng. Roebuck, John Arthur, statesman . . . Eng. Rogers, Henry, theologian and critic Amer. , Henry Darwin, naturalist, professor in Glasgow Eng. , Samuel, poet .... Eng. Roget, Peter Mark, physiologist and philologist Fr. Roland de la Platriere, J. M., revolutionist and author Fr. , M.J. P., Madame, martyr of the revolution Fr. Rollin, Charles, celebrated historian . Eng. Romaine, "William, divine and author . . Eng. Romilly, Sir Samuel, jurist and statesman . Rom. Romulus, founder and first king of Rome . . Ger. Ronge, Johannes, educational and religious reformer Eng. Rooke, Sir George, admiral .... Span. Rosa, don Francisco Martinez do la, statesman, poet, historian &c, Span. Rosas, don Juan, Manuel de, ruler of Buenos Ayres Rom. Roscius Quintus, actor of proverbial talent Eng. Roscoe, Henry, biographer .... Eng. — , William, "biographer and miscellaneous writer Eng. Roscommon, Dillon Wentworth, earl of, poet . Ger. Rose, Gustave, chemist .... Eng. , Hugh James, ' Biograph. Diet.' . Eng. , Wm. Stuart, translator of Ariosto . . Ital. Rosellini, Hypolito, author of ' Monuments of Egypt,' &c, Amer. Rosecrans, W. S., gen. in Union army . Ger. Rosenkranz, Jonas K. F., metaphysician and professor of phil osophy ..... Ger. Rosenmuller, E. F. G, orientalist . . Ital. Rosetti, Gabriele, poet, artist and critic . Eng. Ross, Admiral Sir John, Arctic navigator . Eng. , Sir James Clark, Arctic explorer . . Eng. Rosse, Wm. Parsons, earl of, astronomer . Ital. Rossini, Joachim, musical composer . . >ORN. DIED. 1800 1865 1778 1854 1752 1803 1731 1796 1791 1779 1859 1791 1796 1864 1724 1802 1796 1864 1721 1793 1759 1794 1794 1864 1763 1725 1807 1747 1827 1773 1794 1771 1838 1717 1792 1802 1806 1763 1855 1779 1733 1793 1754 1793 1661 1741 1714 1795 1757 1818 B o. 716 1813 1650 1708 1789 1793 B. c. CI 1800 1836 1751 1831 1633 1684 1795 1795 1838 1775 1843 1800 1843 1819 1805 1768 1835 17S3 1854 1777 1856 1800 1862 1800 1792 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 15 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Ger.Jw.Rothschild, Meyer Anselm, founder of the great banking-house , Anselm at Frankfort, Nathan at London (d 1836) and SolomoD, sons of Meyer Anselm Rothschild Ger. Rotteck, Chas. "W". R. von, historian . Fr. Rousseau, John Baptist, poet . . . . Fr. , John James, eloquent and paradoxical writer Eng. Rowe, Nicholas, poet laureate and dramatist . . Ital. Rubini, Jno. Baptist, tenor vocalist . Ger. Ruckert, Frederick, poet .... Amer. Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, count, officer (in foreign service philosopher ..... Amer. Rumsey, James, inventor . Ger. Rupert, prince, warrior . . . . Amer. Ruschenberger, W. S. W., author of voyages and scientific wor Amer. Rush, Richard, diplomatist .... Eng. Rushworth John, ' Historical Collections ' . . Amer. Busk, Thos, J., U. S. senator from Texas . . Eng. Ruskin, John, writer on art .... Eng. Eussel, Lady Rachel (wife of lord Wm.), author of ' Letters Eng. , Tjord "William, one of the martyrs of liberty Scot. Russell, John Scott, engineer, builder of ' Great Eastern ' . Eng. , Lord John, now Earl Russell, statesman and author Scot. , William, historian of modern Europe Irish. , William H., Times correspondent and author . Amer. Rutledge, Edward, statesman .... Amer. , John (brother of above), statesman . . Dutch. Ruyter, M. A. de, admiral .... Eng. Rymer, Thomas, antiquary, ' Federa ' . . S. Eng. Sabine, Major-General Edward, physicist . Eng. Sacheverell, Henry, tory divine, impeached for sedition . Fr. Sacy, Louis Isaac, Jansenist, translator of Bible Fr. , Sylvester, baron de, orientalist . . . Pers. Sadi, or Saadi, poet ..... Eng. Sadler, Sir Ralph, diplomatist and historian Turk. Said Pasha Mohammed, viceroy of Egypt . Fr. Saint- Arnaud, J. A. Leroy de, marshal . . Amer. St. Clair, Arthur, general in Revolution Fr. St. Hilaire, Auguste de, botanist , Fr. , Geoff. S., naturalist and anatomist Fr. St. Pierre, Bernardin de, author of 'Paul and Virginia,' &c. Ital. St. Real, Caesar Vichard abbi de, historian Fr. St. Simon, Claudius, count de, philosopher . Eng. St. Vincent, John Jervis, earl of, admiral . . Fr. Saintine, Xavier B., writer of tales Eng. Sala, Geo. Augustus, journalist and author Sar. Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria, celebrated warrior Eng. Sales, George, historian and translator of the Koran Eng. Salisbury, Robert Cecil, earl of, statesman Rom. Sallust, Caius Crispus, historian . . . f. b. c BORN. DIED. 3 1780 L 1821 1775 1840 1670 1741 1712 1778 1673 1718 1795 1854 1789 land 1753 1814 1743 1792 1619 1682 •ks 1807 1780 1607 1690 1803 1857 1819 1636 1723 1641 1683 1808 1792 1746 1794 1821 1749 1800 1739 1800 1607 1679 1713 1790 1672 1724 1613 1684 1758 1838 1175 1296 1567 1587 1822 1863 1798 1854 1735 1813 1799 1861 1772 1844 1736 1814 1639 16S3 1760 1823 1734 1823 1790 1827 1137 1193 1680 1736 1550 1612 . 86 b. O. 35 16 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Fr. Salmasius, Claudius, scholar and author . . ' Fr. Salvandy, N, A., comte de, statesman ... Fr. Salverte, miscellaneous writer . , • Heb. Samson, judge of Israel .... Heb. Samuel, last judge of Israel . . . Phoe. Sanconiatho, philosopher and historian . . Fr. Sand, George (Madame Dudevant), novelist . Amer. Sanderson, John, litterateur . . • . Amor. Sands, Robt. C, poet and litterateur . . Eng. Sandwich, Edward Montague, earl of, naval officer Fr. Sanson, Nicholas, geographer and engineer . Mex. Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, general and ex-president Gr. Sappho, poetess ..... Chald. Sardanapalus, king of Nineveh Ital. Sarpi, Peter, better known as Father Paul, patriot and historian Heb. Saul, 1st king of Israel .... Fr. Sauley, Louis F. J., count de, antiquarian . Fr. Saumarez, James, lord de, admiral . . . Fr. Saurin, divine and sermon-writer . . . Fr. Saussure, H. B. de, naturalist and traveller . . Fr. , Nich. Theo. de, chemist, geologist, &c. . Eng. Savage, Richard, poet .... Fr. Savary, Nicholas, ' Life of Mahomet,' ' Letters on Egypt ' Ger. Savigny, Fred. C. von, historian of Roman law Ital. Savonarola, Jerome, monk, famed for zeal and eloquence Pole-Fr. Saxe, Maurice, count de, celebrated general in the French service 1696 Ger. Saxe-Weimar, Bernard, duke of, warrior . . Dan. Saxo-Grammaticus, historian Fr. Say, Horace Emile, political economist, son of J. B. Say Fr. — , Jean Baptiste, writer on political economy Amer. — , Thomas, naturalist .... Ital. Scaliger, Joseph Justus, critic and historian Ital. , Julius Caesar, learned critic . . . Scandenberg (real name Geo. Castriot), Albanian prince and warrior 1404 Ger. Scapula, John, lexicographer Eng. Scarlett, James, 1st lord Abinger, jurist . Fr. Scarron, P., comic poet and satirist . . . Ger. Schadow, Julien Gottfried, sculptor . . . Swe. Scheele, Charles "Wm., eminent chemist . • Ger. Schelling, Fred. Augs., novelist .... Ger. , Fred. "W. J., philosopher . . . Amer. Schenck, Robert C. statesman and general, (Ohio) . Pruss. Schill, Ferdinand von, intrepid and patriotic officer Ger. Schiller, John Frederic C, eminent historian and dramatist Schimmelpenninck, Mary A., ' Mem. Port Royal' Ger. Schlegel, A. W. von, critic and essayist Ger. , Fred. C. W. von, critic and historian Ger. Schliermacher, F. D. E., classical philologist and theologian Ger. Schlosser, M. S. F., historian . . . Ger. Schmidt, Michael Ignatius, historian Amer. SchoikOd, major-general and governor Virginia . . Ger. Scholl, historian ...... 1766 1833 BORN. DIED. 1588 1653 1795 1856 1771 1839 . b. c. 12th Cent. B. c. 11th Cent. f. B. C. 760 1804 1785 1844 1790 1832 1623 1672 1600 1667 1798 f. B. C. 606 B. C . 876? rian 1522 1623 B. c. 1055 1807 • . 1757 1836 1677 1730 1740 1799 1767 1845 . 1697 1743 1750 1788 1779 1861 1452 1498 ervice 1696 1750 1600 1639 1134 1208 1794 1767 1832 . 1787 1834 1540 1609 1484 1558 varrior 1404 1467 1540 1600 1769 1844 1610 1660 1764 1742 1786 1766 1839 1775 1854 1773 1809 1759 1805 1778 1856 1767 1845 1772 1829 1768 1834 1776 1861 1736 1794 BORN. DIED 1619 1690 1804 1865 1793 18G4 1770 1838 1615 1667 1661 1747 1780 1S50 1747 1731 1804 1771 1820 1800 1852 1576 1649 BIOGEAPHICAL INDEX. 17 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Dutch. Schomberg, Armand Frederick, warrior .' . Ger. Schomburgk, Sir Robert H., naturalist and traveller Amer. Schoolcraft, Henry R., traveller and historian of the Indians Ger. Schopenhauer, J. F., novelist . . Dutch. Schrevelius, Cornelius, lexicographer . . , Ger. Schullembourg, John Matthias, warrior , , Dutch. Schumacher, H. C, astronomer , Ger. Schutz, C. G., critic and litterateur . . . Amer. Schuyler, Philip, general officer in Revolution . Ger. Schwartzenberg, Chas. Ph., prince, general . , Ger. , prince F., premier of Austria , Ger. Scioppius, Gaspar, philologist and grammarian , Rom. Scipio, jEmilianus Publius, able warrior, (minor) . b. c. 188 Rom. , Publius Cornelius, surnamed Africanus, able warrior, (major) b. c. 189 Scot. Scott, Michael, philosopher, supposed magician , , 1291 Eng. , Thomas, divine and bible commentator , . . 1747 1821 Scot. , Sir "Walter, one of the most eminent, voluminous and popular writers of modern times , . , Amer. , "Winfield, lieutenant general commander.in.chief U, S. Fr. Scribe, Eugene, dramatist , , . , Fr. Sebastian, count Horate, marshal of France, statesman Eng. Seeker, Thomas, eminent prelate . , Dutch. Secundus, John, Latin poet , , - , Amer. Sedgewick, Catharine M., Miss, novelist and philanthropist Amer. , John, (of Conn.) Union general , Amer. 1 Theodore, statesman and political economist Amer. ■ > Theodore, (son) lawyer and writer , . Eng. Sedley, Sir Charles, poet . , , Fr. Segur, count Louis de, diplomatist and writer Eng. Selden, John, antiquary and historian « . , Scot. Selkirk, Alexander, seaman and adventurer , Scot. Selwyn, George Augustus, (Life by Jesse) . , Chald. Semiramis, queen of Assyria ... Rom. Seneca, Lucius Annaaus, philosopher, statesman and moralist Eng. Senior, Nassau W., political economist , , Ger. Sennefelder, Aloys, of Munich, inventor of lithography Span. Sepulveda, John Ginez de, historian . , Amer. Sergeant, John, jurist and statesman . , Rom. Sertorus, Quintus, warrior and naval commander , Span, Servetus, Michael, polemical writer against Calvin Egypt. Sesostris, king of Egypt .... Fr, Sevigne, Mary de, marchioness of, epistolary writer Eng. Seward, Anna, poetess, (Letters) . . , Amer. — , William H., statesman, U. S. senator from N. Y., s< Eng. Shadwell, T., poet laureate Eng. Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, earl of, statesman Eng. -, Anthony A. Cooper, 3d earl, ' Characteristics ' Eng. Shakespeare, John, orientalist Eng. — ■ , William, the greatest of dramatic poets Eng. Sharp, Granville, philanthropist . , , Scot. , James, archt. St. Andrews, assassinated . Eng. Shaw, George, naturalist , , 1771 1832 army 1786 1866 1791 1861 1775 1851 1693 1768 1511 1536 1790 1867 1815 1864 1780 1839 1811 1859 1639 1701 1753 1830 1584 1654 • 1723 f. b. o. 1250 t a. c. 2 63 1790 1864 1771 1834 1490 1572 1779 1852 , B. c. 73 1509 1553 f. B, o, 1500 1627 1696 1747 1809 of state 1801 1640 1692 1621 1683 1671 1713 1774 1858 1564 1616 1734 1813 1618 1679 1751 1813 18 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PEOFESSION. Amer. Shays, Daniel, leader in Shay's rebellion . . Amer. Shedd, "W. G„ D. D., theologian, historian, and critic Eng. Sheepshanks, John, founder of picture gallery . . Eng. Shelley, Mary W. widow of P. B., the poet, novelist . Eng. , Percy Bysshe, eminent poet and atheist Eng. Shenstone, "William, poet .... Amer. Sheridan, Philip H. general, and governor military department Eng. , Richard Brinsley, dramatist and orator Eng. —, Thomas, actor, and author Eng. Sherlock, Thomas, bishop of London ' . Amer. Sherman, Roger, patriot and self-taught statesman . . Amer. , John, U. S senator from Ohio . . , Amer. ■ — , "William T., general . . . Eng. Sherwood Mrs., novelist .... Irish. Shiel, Richard Lalor, statesman and dramatist , . Eng. Shirley, James, dramatist . . , Eng. Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, able naval officer . . Amer. Shubrick, John Templar, naval officer . . Amer. , William B., rear admiral Eng. Shuckford, Rev. Samuel, ' Connect. Oldand New Tesament 1 Eng. Sibbes, Richard, theologian, 'Bruised Reed' Eng. Siddons, Sarah, the most eminent of tragic actresses Eng. Sidmouth, viscount, (H. Addington) statesman . Eng. Sidney, Algernon, martyr of liberty and author . . Eng. -, Sir Philip, accomplished officer and author . Ger. Siebold, Ph. F. Von, naturalist and botanist . . Amer. Sigel, Franz, general in Union army, war 1861-65 . Amer. Sigourney, Lydia H., poet and essayist . . . Amer. Silliman, Benjamin, chemist and geologist . , Amer. , Benjamin (son), chemist and geologist Eng. Simeon, Rev. Charles, theological writer and editor .■ , Simon Stylites, Syrian Ascetic Amer. Simms, William Gilmore, novelist and poet . . Gr. Sim onides, of Amorgus, Iambic poet . . Gr. , of Eos, lyric poet .... Scot. Simpson, Robert, mathematician . . . Eng. , Thomas, " . . • Eng. Sinclair, Catharine, authoress Hind. Sing, M, rajah Runjeet, chief of Lahore and Cashmere . Swiss. Sismondi, J. C. L., historian . . . Eng. Skelton, John, poet laureate to Henry VIII Ger. Sleidan John Philipson, historian Eng. Sloane, Sir Hans, eminent naturalist Scot. Smith, Adam, celebrated writer on morals and political economy Scot. , Alex, poet ..... Eng. , Charlotte, poet .... Amer. j General Samuel, military commander and statesman Eng. , Horace, poet, 'Rejected Addresses,' &e. . Eng. , James, poet, " " . . Eng. , John, ' History Viginia' , . Eng. , John Pye, theological writer ... Amer. , Joseph , Mormon prophet . . . BOEN. DIED. 1740 1825 1787 1863 1798 1851 1792 1822 1714 1763 1751 1816 1722 178a 1678 1761 1721 1793 1775 1S52 1792 1851 1594 1666 1650 1705 1778 1815 1754 1577 1635 1755 1831 1757 1844 1620 1683 1554 1586 1796 1824 1791 1865 1779 1864 1759 1836 S92? 461? 1806 B. C. 660 P 550? 1687 1768 1710 1761 1800 1864 1779 1839 1773 1842 1450 P 1529 1506 1556 1660 1752 y 1723 1790 1830 1749 1806 1752 1839 1779 1849 1775 1839 1579 1631 1774 1851 1805 1844 NATION Eng. Eng. Eng, Eng. Eng. Eng. Scot. Eng. Eng. Eng. Pol. Ital. Gr. Gr. Span. Heb. Gr. Eng. Eng. Eng. Ger. Gr. Fr. Amer. Fr. Fr. Eng. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Fr. Fr. Gr. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Amer. Eng. Eng. Span. Dutch. Ger. Amer. Ger. Eng. BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. NAME AND PROFESSION. Smith, Rev. Sidney, essayist, critic and moralist . . , Sir James E., botanist and naturalist . . , Sir William Sidney, military commander . , , T. South-worth, -writer on sanitary reform , William, classical scholar and author Smithson, James, founder of the Smithsonian Institute (U. S.) Smollett, Dr. Tobias, novelist and historian Smyth, Wm., Pr. of History at Cambridge, author, lecturer , Wm. Henry, admiral, scientific -writer . , Soane, Sir John, architect and virtuoso Sobieski, John III., king of Poland, warrior Socinus, Faustus, founder of the Socinian sect . Socrates, one of the greatest of ancient philosophers . , ecciesiastical historian . . . Solis, Antonio de, historian of Mexico . , ., Solomon, king of Israel and author of Proverbs . Solon, the illustrious legislator of Athens . . . Somers, Lord John, chancellor and political writer . Somerville, Mrs. Mary, astronomer . . . , Wm., poet, 'The Chase' . Sontag, Henrietta, countess de Rossi, vocalist . , Sophocles, eminent tragic poet , . . Sorbonne, R. de, theologian, founder of the S. College at Paris. Soule, Pierre, U. S. senator from Louisiana, and diplomatist Soulie, Frederick, novelist and dramatist . Soulouque, Eaustin, ex-emperor of Hayti . Soult, Nicholas J. de D., duke of Dalmatia, marshal of France and statesman .... South, Robert, eminent divine Southard, Samuel L., sec. navy, and senator TJ. S., N. Y, Southcott, Joanna, fanatic, (her sect not yet extinct) Southerne, J., dramatic writer and poet . . Southey, Mrs. Kobt., (Caroline Bowles), poet . . , Robert, poet, historian, biographer , Souvestre, Emile, essayist .... Soyer, Alexis, famous cook and writer on Cookery . Sozomen, ecclesiastical historian Sparks, Jared, historian and biographer . . Speke, Capt. John H., explorer, discov. source of Nile . Spelman, Sir Henry, historian and antiquary Spence, "Wm., entomologist Spencer, Ambrose, chief-justice of New York , earl of, statesman . , John C, jurist and sec. navy -, "Wm. R, translator . Spenser, Edmund, eminent poet . Spinola, Ambrose, marquis de, warrior Spinoza, Bened., metaphysician, (atheist?) . Spohr, Louis, musical composer Spooner, Shearjashub, {Diet of Painters) . Sprengel, Kent, botanist Spurgeon, Rev. Charles, popular Baptist clergyman 19 BORN. DIED. 1768 1845 1759 1828 1764 1840 1790 1861 1814 1835 1721 1771 1764 1849 17S8 1865 1753 1837 1629 1696 1539 1594 B. c. 470 B c.400 5th cent , A. D. 1610 1686 • B. 0. 975 f. B. c. 598 1650 1716 1790 1692 1743 1804 1854 B. c. 495 B. c.404 1201 1274 1800 1847 1789 1769 1851 1638 1716 1787 1842 1750 1814 1662 1746 1787 1854 1775 1843 1806 1854 1800 1858 450 abt.) 1794 1866 1S27 1864 1561 1643 1783 1860 1765 1848 1758 1835 1788 1855 1770 1S34 1553 1598 1571 1630 1633 1677 1783 1766 1833 1834 80 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Ger. Spurzheim, Dr., celebrated phrenologist, (died at Boston) Amer. Sprague, Charles, poet ..... Amer. • , Wm. B., D. D,, Presbyterian clergyman and historian . Amer. Squier, E. Geo., traveller and antiquary Eng. Stackhouse, Thomas, divine and author, ' Hist, Bible ' , Fr. Stael-Holstein, Anne L. G., baroness de, authoress , Er. , Madame, talented writer .... Eng. Standish, Miles, military leader Pilgrims in N. E. . . Eng. Stanfleld, Clarkson, marine painter .... Eng. Stanhope, Charles, earl, politician and inventor Eng. Stanhope, Lady Esther, eccentric traveller Eng. ■ , Phil., Hon., earl of, known as Lord Mahon, historian Amer. Stanton, Edwin M., secretary of war .... Amer. Stark, John, distinguished officer in the Revolution Rom. Statius, Publius Pepinus, poet .... Eng. Staunton, Sir Geo. L. ' Embassy to China ' . . , Irish. Steele, Sir Richard, essayist and dramatist , , Eng. Steevens, Geo., ' Comment, on Shakespeare ' , , Eng. Stephen, Henry, Prof. Hist., statesman and author , Fr. Stephens, Anthony, Charles, Robert and Henry, printers Amer. , John L., traveller and author . , , Eng. Stephenson, George, engineer .... Eng. , Robert, « , . . . , Scot. Sterling, "Wm., M. P., bibliographer and critic . , Ger, Sternberg, Alex., baron von, miscellaneous author . . Irish. Sterne, Lawrence, miscellaneous writer , , , Eng. Sternhold, Thos., versifier of Psalms , , , Pruss. Steuben, Fred. W. A , baron, who generously aided the American cause ...... Amer. Stevens, Robt. Livingston, inventor . , , , Amer. Stevenson, Andrew, of Va., minister to England Amer. Stewart, Charles S., Rev., chaplain in the U. S. Navy and author Scot. ^, Dugald, eminent philosopher and writer . . Amer. Stiles, Ezra, theologian and historian . . . Eng. Stillingfleet, Dr. E., hishop of "Worcester and author Amer. Stone, Wm. L., historian of ' Six Nations,' ' Brandt,' and ' Red Jacket' . . ... Russ. Storch, Henry F., political economist , , Amer. Story, Joseph, jurist and writer on jurisprudence , Eng. Stow, John, antiquary and historian , , Amer. Stowe, Calvin E., biblical critic . . , Amer. — ■ — , Harriet Beecher, Mrs., novelist , Eng. Stowell, lord, jurist . . . , Gr. Strabo, eminent geographer .... Eng. Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, earl of, statesman . Eng. Stratford do Redcliffe, viscount, diplomatist , Ger. Strauss, Dav. Fred., author of sceptical « Life of Jesus ' (}er. ■ — ■ , Ger. Fred. Alb., prof, of theology and author Eng. Strickland, Agnes, historian of ' Queens of England' Eng. Strype, John, theologian, biographer and historian Russ. Struve, Fred. Geo. "Wm., astronomer , . Scot. Stuart, Gilbert, historian . , , BOEN. DIED. 1776 1832 1791 1795 ' 1820 1680 1752 1766 1S17 1693 1750 1584 ? 1656 1798 1867 - 1758 1S16 1776 1839 1805 1728 1822 61? 96? 1737 1801 1671 1729 1736 1800 1789 1859 16th cent. 1805 1S52 1788 1848 1803 1S59 1806 1S44 1806 1713 1768 1549 1794 1749 J 838 1784 1857 1798 1753 1828 1727 1795 1633 1699 1793 1S44 1766 1835 1779 1845 1525 1605 1S14 1746 • 1836 19 1593 1641 1788 1808 1786 1806 1643 1737 1793 1864 1742 1786 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 81 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Eng. Stuart, James, architect and author . . Amer. , James E. B., Confederate general . Amer. , Moses, theologian and philologist . Eng. Sturge, Joseph, philanthropist Ger. Sturm, Christopher C, theol. writer, ' Reflections,' &c. Dutch-Amer. Stuyvesant, Peter, last Dutch gov. N. Netherlands Fr. Suchet, Louis Gahriel, celebrated marshal . Eng. Suckling, Sir John, poet and dramatist . . Er. Sue, Eugene, novelist .... Rom. Suetonius, Paulinus, warrior .... Rom. , Tranquillus Caius, historian . . Dan. Suhm, Peter Fred., eminent historian . . Gr. Suidas, Greek lexicographer . . Amer. Sullivan, Jas., gov. Mass., political writer . Amer. , John, revolutionary general Amer. , Wm. LL. D., political writer Er. Sully, Maximilian de Bethune, duke of warrior and statesman Amer. , Thomas, portrait painter Amer. Summerfield, John, eloquent Methodist preacher Amer. Sumner, Charles, U. S. sen. from Mass., orator and philanthropist Amer. Edwin Vose, Union general . Eng. John Bird, archbishop of Canterbury and author Amer. Sumter, Thomas, Revolutionary gen. of S. C. Eng. Sunderland, Robt. Spencer, 2d earl, statesman . Eng. Surrey, Henry Howard, earl of, poet ■ . . Eng. Surtees, Robt., antiquary aud poet . , Eng. Sussex, Aug. Fred., duke of, son of Geo. III. . Eng. Sutton, Chas. Manners, arch, of Canterbury Russ. Suvaroff, or Suwarow, prince Alexander, celebrated and cruel war- rior .... , . Eng. Swain, Charles, poet .... Dutch. Swammerdam, John, naturalist and anatomist . , Swe. Swedenborg, Emanuel, founder of a sect , . Irish. Swift, Jonathan, celebrated satirist . . . Eng. Swinburne, Algernon, poet , Amer. Swinton, Win,, critic and historian, ' Army of Potomac' Eng. Sydenham, C. "W. Poulett, lord, gov. gen. of Canada, &c. Rom. Sylla, Lucius Cornelius, warrior and brutal usurper Eng. Syms, Michael Col., ' Embassy to Ava ' , Afric. Syphax, Numidian prince .... Rom. Tacitus, Caius Cornelius, eminent historian Rom. , Marcus Claudius, emperor Swe. Taglioni, Marie, dansuese . • . Eng. Talbot, Jno., 1st earl of Shrewsbury, gen. in France . Amer. , Silas, mil. and naval officer in Revolution . Eng. Talfourd, Thomas Noon, jurist, dramatist, and essayist Fr. Talleyrand, prince, statesman, and diplomatist Eng. Tallis, Thos., musical composer Amer. Tallmadge, Benj., RevoL officer . Fr. Talma, Francis Joseph, one of the greatest of actors 6 BORN. DIED. 1713 1788 1832 ? 1864 1780 1851 . 1859 1740 1786 1602 1682 1772 1826 1613 1641 1S08 1857 37 f. 100 1728 1798 f. abt. 1000 1744 1808 1740 1795 1774 1839 in 1560 1641 1783 1798 1825 opist 1811 1796 1863 1780 1862 1734 1832 1641 1702 1515 1547 1779 1834 1773 1843 1755 1828 ruel war- 1730 1800 1803 1637 1681 1689 1772 1667 1745 1793 1841 B. 0. 137 B. 0. 78 1809 B. C. 201 56 135 200 ? 276 1804 1373 1453 1750 1813 1795 1854 1754 183S 1529 1585 1754 1835 1763 1826 82 THE WOKLD'S PROGRESS. NATION Tartar. Amer. Scot. Span. Eng. Ital. Ital. Ger. Ger. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Swiss. Eng. Amer. Amer. Eng. Ger. Eng. Eng. Bom. Amer. Eng. Ger. Ger. Ger. Gr. Fr. Gr. Eng. Gr. Rom. Gr. Span. Eng. Gr. Fr. Fr. Fr. NAME AND PROFESSION. Tamerlane, Timur Beg or Timoor, celebrated Tartar prince and conqueror . . , . Taney, Roger B., chief-justice U. S. . . Tannahill, Robt., poet .... Tapia, Eugenio, miscellaneous writer . Tarleton, Bannastre, royalist officer in America Tasso, Bamardo, poet, author of Amadis de Gaul , Torquato, one of the greatest of Italian poets Tauchnitz, Bernard, publisher at Leipsic , Karl, eminent publisher at Leipsic . Taylor, Bayard, traveller, poet, and lecturer . , Isaac, essayist .... , Jeremy, prelate and eloquent 'writer . , John, ' the Water Poet ' . . . -, Sir Robert, sculptor and architect -, Thomas, editor of Plato and other classics . -, Tom, dramatist -, Wm., miscellaneous writer. — , Zachary, major-general U. S. Army, victor in Mexico pres. U. S. . Tecumseh, Indian chief (k. at Tippecanoe) Telford, Thomas, civil engineer . . . Tell, William, one of the champions of Swiss liberty Temple, Sir "William, statesman and writer Tennent, Gilbert, clergyman and writer . — — — , Rev. Wm., famous for ' France ' . . , Sir Jas. Emerson, statesman and writer Tennyman, William T., ' Hist, of Philosophy' Tennyson, Alfted, poet laureate Tenterden, Chas. Abbott, lord, jurist, chief-justice K. B Terence, or Terrentius, comic writer . Tertullian, Q. S. F., one of the most learned of the Fathers of the Church ..... Terry, Alfred H., of Ct., Union general, victor at Fort Fisher Thackeray, Wm. Makepeace, writer and essayist . Thaer, Albert, writer on agriculture . Thalberg, Sigismund, pianist .... Thales, one of the seven sages, founder of the Tonic school of Philosophy .... Themistocles, eminent Athenian . . Thenard, chemist and statesman . . Theocritus, pastoral poet . . . . . f. b. Theobald, Lewis, comment, on Shakspeare . Theodoret, ecclesiastical historian . Theodosius, Flavius, Roman emperor and warrior Theophrastus, celebrated philosopher . . Theresa, St., Carmelite nun and mystical writer Thesiger, Sir Fred., attorney-general of England . Thespis, poet, said to be the inventor of tragedy Thibaudeau, A. C, count, historian . . Thierry, Jas. Nich. Augustine, historian . . , Am6d6e S. D., historian . . 1777 1864 1774 1810 1754 1833 1493 1569 1544 1595 1836 1825 1787 1865 1613 1667 1580 1654 1714 1788 1758 1835 1817 1800 1849 1784 1850 1813 1757 1834 1354 1628 1698 1703 1764 1705 1777 1804 1761 1S19 1810 1866 1762 1832 0. 192 160 245 1811 1863 1752 1828 1812 C. 639 b. c. 513 C. 535 b. c. 470 c. 285 1744 386 457 346 395 c. 371 1515 1582 1794 c. 576 1795 1856 1797 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 83 NATION Fr. Ger. Ger. Ger. Amer. Soot. Amer. Scot. Scot. Amer. Dan. Gr. Gr. Eng. Rom. Rom. Eng. Amer. Ger. Eng. Ger. Gr. Tart. Hind. Swiss. Rom. Eng.. Fr. Eng. Russ. Eng. Amer. Irish. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Span. Irish. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Fr. Eng. Rom. NAME AND PROFESSION. Thiers, Adolphe, historian and statesman . Thiersch, F. "W"., Greek philologist, &c. . . Thirwall, Dr. Oonop, bishop of St. David's, historian Tholuck, Fred. Aug., theologian Thompson, Benj. See Rumford . . , Col. Thos. Peyronnet, political reformer and. author Thomson, Anthony T., medical and misc. writer , Chas., president of Congress , Dr. Thomas, chemist . . . , James, popular poet Thoreau, Henry D., naturalist, geologist and essayist . Thorwaldsen, Albert, sculptor . . . Thrasybulus, Athenian general Thucydides, historian .... Thurlow, Edward, lord, lord chancellor Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nero, warrior and emperor Tibullus, Aulus Albius, elegiac poet . Tickell, Thomas, poet and essayist in Spectator Ticknor, George, historian of Spanish literature . Tieck, Ludwig, poet and essayist . Tighe, Mrs. Mary, poetess, ' Psyche' . Tillotson, John, eminent prelate and archb. Canterbury Tilly, John F., count de, military commander . Timoleon, of Corinth, liberator of Syracuse Timour Beg. See Tamerlane . . . Tippoo-Saib, sultan of Mysore, Indian warrior . Tissot, Simon A., medical writer Titus, Sabinus Vespasianus Flavius, emperor, father of his people Tobin, John, dramatist, ' Honey Moon ' . Tocqueville, Alexis de, publicist and statesman Todd, Robt. B., ' Medical Cyclopaedia ' &c. ' . Todleben, Fr.Edw., gen. of engineers . . Tomline, Geo., prelate and writer, bishop of "Winchester Tompkins, Daniel D., vice-pres. U. S. . Tone, Theobald "Wolfe, gen. in Irish rebellion Tooke, John Home, politician and philologist . . , Thos., ' History of Prices ' . . , Wm,, miscellaneous writer . . . Toplady, Augustus M., eminent divine Torquemada, Thos. de, Inquisitor general Torrens, colonel, novelist and political economist Torrey, John, botanist and chemist Torricelli, Evangelista, mathematician, inv. of barometer Totila, king of the Ostrogoths, captor of Rome . Totten, Joseph G, military engineer Touro, Judah, Hebrew philanthropist Toussaint l'Ouverture, negro, pres. of Hayti Townsend, Geo., prebendary, ' Comment, on Bible ' Tracy, A. L. C. Dectutt, comte de, writer on Education and Phi- losophy ..... Traill, Thos. J., editor 'Encyclo. Britannica' . Trajan, Marcus U. C, able emperor and warrior BOB.N. SIED. 1798 . 1784 1860 1797 1799 r 1783 1778 1849 1729 1824 1773 1852 1700 1748 1817 1862 1771 1844 B. o. 389 b. c. 469 b c. 400 1732 1806 b. c. 84 37 B. c. 30 1686 1740 1791 1773 1853 1774 1810 1630 1694 1559 1632 B C. 337 1739 1799 1728 1797 pie 40 81 1770 1804 1805 1859 1810 .1866 1818 1750 1787 . 1774 1825 1763 1798 1736 1812 1774 1858 . 1744 1820 1740 1778 1498 1783 1840 1608 1647 . 352 1788 1776 1854 1745 1803 1857 1754 1836 1781 1862 52 117 84 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Eng. Tredgold, Thos., civil engineer and author Eng. Trench, Rev. Rich. Ohenevix, poet, philologist and theologian Ger. Trenck, Fred., baron de, celebrated for his adventures . Eng. Trimmer, Mrs. Sarah, misc. writer Fr Tristan, 1'Hermite, Francis, poet Eng. Trollope, Mrs. Frances, novelist and traveller , Dutch. Tromp, Martin H. van, celebrated admiral . , Amer. Troost, Gerard, chemist and geologist Amer. Trumbull, Col. John, statesman and hist, painter Amer. , lienj., historian of Connecticut . . Amer. ■ , Jonathan, statesman, gov. Connecticut . Amer. ■ , John, poet, born in Ot. Eng. Truro, Thos., baron (Sir T. Wilde), ex-lord-chancellor . Amer. Truxton, Thos., naval commander Eng. Tucker, Abraham, metaphysical writer Amer. • , Beverley, lawyer and novelist . . Amer. Tuckerman, Henry T., critic and essayist Amer. , Jos., writer and philanthropist Amer. Tudor, "Wm., editor N. Amer. Rev. and biographer Eng. Tupper, Martin Farquhar, poet and essayist Fr. Turenne, Viscount de, eminent warrior Fr. Turgot, Anne Robt. Jas., statesman . . Eng. Turner, Dawson, botanist and antiquary . . Eng. , Edward, 'Elements of Chemistry ' . Amer. , Samuel H., Rev., theologian and critic Eng. , Sharon, 'History of England' Amer. , "Wm. W., printer and philologist Turretin, Benedict, theologian, (Prof, at Geneva) . , Francis, (son) " " " , John A. (son) " " " Eng. Tusser, Thos., author of ' 500 points of Good Husbandry ' Amer. Twiggs, David E., rebel general . Eng. Twining, Rev. Thos., translator of Aristotle . Amer. Tyler, John, ex-pres. U. S., and rebel Eng. Tyndale, Wm., reformer and first translator of the Bible English . . . • ■ • Amer. Tyng, Stephen H., D. D., epis. divine and author . Eng. Tyrrell, James, historian .... Gr. TyrtaeuB, poet .... Scot. Tytler, Alex. Fraser, historical and misc. writer g co t } Patrick Fraser, historian, ' Life Mary Queen of Scots' y co t. j Wm., historical and misc. writer . HJ Ger. TJhland, Ludwig, poet .... Span. Ulloa, Don Anthony de, navigator and author Uncas, North American Indian chief (Mohegans) Eng. Upcott, William, autograph collector and historian Amer. Upshur, Abel P., of Va., judge and secretaiy of state . Scot. Ure, Andrew, M. D., chemist and author . . Dish. Usher, James, learned divine and historian BORN. 1788 1807 1726 1741 1601 1778 1597 1776 1756 1735 1740 1750 1782 1755 1705 1784 1778 1779 1810 1611 1727 1798 1791 1768 1810 1588 1623 1671 1500 1790 1734 1790 1500 1800 1642 . c. 668 1747 1790 1711 DIED. 182D 1794 1810 1655 1863 1652 1850 1843 1820 1809 1831 1853 1822 1774 1851 1840 1830 1675 17S1 1858 1839 1861 1847 1859 1631 1687 1737 1536 1862 1804 1862 1536 1718 1813 1849 1792 1787 1716 1795 1680 1779 1845 1844 1778 1857 1580 1656 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 85 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Fr. Vailliant, Sebastian, eminent botanist , , , Dutch. "Valcknenaer, Louis Gaspar, able philologist and critic , Fr. Valdo, Peter, founder of the sect of Waldenses , Valentia, George A., viscount, ' Voyages and Travels ' Bom. Valerian, emperor , Horn. Valerius Flaccus, poet .... Bom. — Maximus, historian .... Ital. Valla, Laurence, eminent philologist Amer. Van Buren, Martin, president of the United States , Eng. Vancouver, George, navigator Eng. Vandenhoff, John, actor , , , • Amer. Vanderlyn, John, historical painter . . Dutch. Van Diemen, Anthony, governor of India , , Amer. Van Dorn, Earl, confederate general Eng. Vane, Sir Henry, advocate of republicanism . Amer. Van Ness, Cornelius P., jurist and diplomatist Amer. Van Bensselaer, Stephen, ' the Patroon 1 , , Bom. Varro, Marcus T., the most learned of the Romans Ital. Vasari, George, architect and biog., ' Lives of the Painters ' Ger. Vater, John Severinus, eminent physiologist Fr. Vattel, F. de, jurist, author of Law of Nations . Fr. Vaughan, S. le P. de, marshal, military engineer Eng. Vauban, Bev. Bobert, D. D., ' dissenting' divine and historian Span. Vega, Garcilasso de, poet .... Span. — =-=, Lopez de, dramatic poet ■ , Fr. Velpeau, Alfred A. L. M., eminent surgeon , Fr. Vendome, Louis Joseph, duke of, warrior , - Eng. Venn, Bev. Henry, ' Whole Duty of Man * , , Ital. Verdi, Giuseppe, musical composer . , Eng. Vere, Sir Aubrey de, dramatic poet , , , Fr. Vernet, Horace, historical painter . , Eng. Vernon, Edward, admiral .... Eng. — — . — , Robert, founder of Vernon Gallery . Fr. Venra, Louis D6sire, author and journalist . , Amer. Verplanek, Gulian C, scholar and critic . Fr. Vertot, Ben6 Hubert, abbe de, historian . Eng. Vertue, George, engraver and antiquary Bom. Vespasian, Titus Flavius, warrior and emperor Ital. Vespucius, Americus, navigator, whose name was unjustly given to the new world .... Eng. Vestris, Madame (Mrs. Mathews), actress Ital. Victor Emanuel II., king of Italy Eng. Victoria Alexandrina, queen of Great Britain , Eng. Vicars, Hedley H., capt. , Ital, Vida, Mark Jerome, Latin poet . , , Fr. Vidocq, Eugene, French chief detective police Fr, Vieuxtemps, Henri, violinist . . , Fr. Vigny, Alfred, count de, poet and critio , , Fr. Villars, Louis Hector, duke of, able general Fr, Villemain, Abel, Fr. politician and author , BORN. DIED 1C69 1722 1715 1785 f. 12th cent. 1770 1844 2i;o? ss? f, 30 1406 1457 1782 1864 1750 1798 1790 1776 1852 1593 1645 1823 1863 1612 1662 1781 1852 1764 1839 B.C. 116 b, c. 27 1512 1574 1771 1826 1714 1767 1633 1707 1503 1536 1562 1635 1795 1G54 1712 1725 1797 1814 1S46 17S9 1864 1684 1759 1774 1849 1798 1655 1735 1684 1756 79 1451 1516 1797 1858 1820 1819 1826 1855 1490 1566 1775 1850 1820 1799 1633 1734 . 1791 86 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Eng. Vince, Samuel, eminent mathematician and astronomer Fr. Vinet, Ales. R., theologian Rom. Virgi I, or Publius Virgilius Maro, the greatest of Roman poets Ital. Visconti, Phil. Aur,, antiquary . Ital. Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus, architect . i Ital. Vittoria Colouna, scholar . . Russ. Vladimir the Great, grand duke . . Dutch. Voet, John, jurist at Leydcn . , Dutch. , Paul, jurist at Utrecht , . Ger. Vogel, Dr. Edward, botanist . , Fr. Volney, count, celebrated writer . . Ital. Volta, Alexander, natural philosopher (Battery) Fr. Voltaire, Francis Marie Arouet, celebrated poet, and historian , , Gcr. Voss, J. G., historical painter . . >mer BOEN. DIED. 1821 1797 1847 oman poets b. c. 70 B. c. 19 1831 f B. c. 27 • 1490 1547 1015 . . 1647 1714 . . 1619 1667 , , 1829 1856 . , 1757 1820 , 1745 1826 philosopher, , , 1694 1778 . . 1577 1649 w Ger. Waagen, Gustave Fried., art critic , . Amer. Wadsworth, James, wealthy philanthropist Amer. , James S. (son), patriotic general Ger. "Wagner, Rudolph, physiologist Amer. Wainwright, Jon. M., epis. bishop of New York . Eng. Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, political economist Eng. . Gilbert, scholar and critic . . Amer. Waldo, Daniel, rev., centenarian . , Fr. Walewski, Florian, count, statesman . . Eng. Walker, John, lexicographer Amer. , Robert J., politician, ex-secretary of treasury Amer. , William, ' filibustering' adventurer Amer. Wallace, Horace Binney, scholar and essayist Scot. , William, patriot and hero Irish. , William Vincent, musical composer . Ger. Wallenstein, A. E. V., celebrated general . Eng. Waller, Edward, elegant poet . Eng. , Sir William, parliamentary general . Eng. Walpole, Horace, earl of Oxford, author . Eng. , Robert, earl of Oxford, statesman . Amer. Walsh, Robert, author and journalist Eng. Walsingham, Sir Francis, statesman . Amer. Walworth, Reuben H., jurist, ex-chancellor of New York Eng. Walton, Brian, divine and orientalist . . Eng. , Izaak, angler and biographer Amer. Walworth, Reuben H., jurist, ex-chancellor of N. Y. Eng. Warburton, "William, eminent prelate and writer . Amer. Ward, Artemas, officer in the Revolution Scot. Wardlaw, Rev. Ralph, theologian Amer. Ware, Henry, rev., Unitarian theologian and author Amer. , Henry, rev., jr., Unitarian theologian and author Amer. , William, novelist, ' Zenobia,' &c. Amer. Warren, John Collins, eminent surgeon Amer. , Joseph, patriotic general, fell at Bunker Hill 1794 1768 1844 1807 1864 1805 1792 1854 1796 1862 1756 1801 1762 1864 1810 1732 1807 1801 1824 1860 1817 1852 1276 1305 1815 1865 1583 1634 1603 1687 1597 1688 1718 1797 1676 1745 1784 1858 1586 1590 1815 1865 1600 1661 1593 1683 1789 1698 1779 1748 1800 1780 1853 1764 1845 1794 1843 1797 1852 1778 1856 1741 1775 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 87 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Amer. "Warren, Mrs. Mercy, historian, ' American Review* Eng. , Samuel, jurist and novelist, ' 10,000 a Year * Sir John Borlase, naval officer Warton, Joseph, poet and critic , Thomas, poet and critic Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. "Warwick, R. Neville, earl of, general and statesman, ' king Amer. Washington, Bushrod, justice of supreme court of U. S. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Scot. Eng. Scot. Scot. Eng. Eng. George, the father of his country Wm. Aug. officer in the Revolution "Waterland, Rev. Dr., theological and polemical writer "Watson, Elkanah, merchant, agriculturist, and historian Robert, historian , Richard, eminent prelate and writer . . Watt, James, celebrated natural philosopher and engineer , Robert, bibliographer Watts, Alaric Alex,, poet and journalist , , Dr. Isaac, divine, poet, and miscellaneous writer Amer. Wayland, Francis, D. D,, metaphysician, theol. and polit. econ Amer. Wayne, Anthony, distinguished officer in Revolution Eng. Weale, John, publisher and editor, engineering, &c, Amer. Webber, Charles W., naturalist and author Ger. Weber, Carl Maria von, eminent composer , Weber, Henry William, antiquary and critic Webster, John, dramatic poet , , , Daniel, statesman . , , Noah, author of English Dictionary Eng. Eng, Amer. Amer. Scot. Eng. Amer, Wedderburn, Alex,, earl Rosslyn, lord chancellor , Wedgewood, J., scientific manufacturer of porcelain , Weems, Rev, Mason L., author of school biographies Amer. Welby, Amelia B., of Kentucky, poetess , Irish. "Wellesley, marquis of, governor-general of India, and lord-lieut, of Ireland • , , . , Eng. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, duke of, mil , com. and statesman Amer. "Wells, David A,, editor, statistician, and author . Eng. , Edward, theologian and scholar , , Amer. , Horace, dentist, discoverer of anaesthesia Scot, Welsh, David, D, D,, founder of North British Review BORN. 1728 1807 1754 1720 1728 1759 1732 1752 1683 1758 1730 1737 1736 1771 1799 1674 1796 1745 1792 18i9 1786 1783 17th 1782 1758 1733 1731 1821 17G0 1769 1663 1815 1794 Eng- Am. Wentworth, Sir John, gov. of N. Hamp., also gov. of Nova Scotia 1736 Eng. Ger. Ger. Eng, Eng, Eng Eng. -, Sir Thomas, Earl of Stafford Werner, Abraham Theophilus, mineralogist , Fred. L, Z., poet and dramatist Wesley, Rev, Charles, ' Hymns ' — — , John, founder of Methodist society 1593 1750 1768 1708 1703 1765 Westall, Richard, historical painter Whateley, Richard, archbishop of Dublin, theological and edu- cational writer ...... 1787 Amer. Wheatley, Phillis, negro poetess . . . , 1753 Eng. — , Rev. Charles, on ' Book of Common Prayer • , 1686 Amer. Wheaton, Henry, jurist, diplomatist and law commentator , 1785 Eng. Wheatstone, Charles, electrician .... 1802 Amer. Wheelock, Eleazar, D. D, founder of Dartmouth College , 1711 Eng. Whewell, Rev. William, theol., scientific and educational writer 1795 DIED. 1S14 1822 1800 1790 1471 1829 1709 1810 1740 1842 1780 1816 1819 1819 1864 1748 1865 1796 1862 1856 1826 1813 cent, 1852 1843 1805 1795 1825 1852 1842 1852' 1727 1848 1845 1820 1641 1817 1823 1788 1791 1837 1863 1794 1742 1848 1779 1866 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Amer. Whipple, Edwin P., critic and essayist Amer. "Whistler, George Wm., engineer of Russian railways Whiston, "Wm., divine, mathematician and translator . "Whitby, David, learned divine, commentator of New Testament "White, Henry Kirke, poet .... , Rev. Joseph Blanco, priest and English author , William, one of the two first bishops of the P. E, church in United States .... Whitefield, George, founder of the Calvanistic Methodists . Whitney, Eli, inventor of cotton gin . . . Whittier, John Greenleaf, poet and essayist Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Whittingham, Wm. E., epis. bp. of Maryland and author Eng. Whittington, Sir Richard, lord mayor of London. . " Eng. Wickliffe, or Wicklif, John, the morning star of the Reformation Ger. "Wieland, Christopher, able and fertile writer . . Eng. Wiffen, J. H., poet and historian . . . Eng. Wilberforce, Samuel, bp. of Oxford and author . , Eng. , William, statesman and philanthropist Amer. Wilde, Richard Henry, poet and litterateur . . Eng. Wilkes, John, celebrated political character . . Scot. Wilkie, Sir David, historical painter . . , Eng. Wilkins, John, bp. of Chester, mathematician and theologian Eng. , Sir Charles, oriental philologist , . Amer. Wilkinson, James, general in Revolution and author , Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. , Sir John Gardner, Egyptologist Williams of Wykeham, arch-ecclesiast and statesman Williams, Eleazar, rev., alleged to be Louis XVII. , Helen Maria, miscellaneous writer . , John, missionary and author . . , Major-gen. Sir Fen wick, defender of Kars , Otho H., general En.Am. -, Roger, colonizer of Rhode Island . Amer. Williamson, Hugh, physician and historian of N. Carolina Amer. Willis, Nath. Parker, poet, novelist, essayist, critic and jour nalist . ..... Scot. Wilson, Alex., celebrated naturalist Eng. , Daniel, bishop of Calcutta . , . Eng. , Horace H., orientalist, professor of Sanscrit Scot. , John (Christopher North), poet, critic and essayist Eng. , Mrs. Cornwall Barron, author Ger. Winckelman, John Joachim, ' History of Art ' Aust. Windischgratz, Charles Alfred, prince de, generalissimo Eng. Windham, William, statesman Ger. Winer, George Bened., prot. theologian . . Swiss. Winkelried, Arnold von, patriot , . . En.Am. Winslow, Edward, governor of Plymouth colony . Eng. , Forbes, physician and writer on insanity . A mer . , , Hubbard, D.D,, editor and author Amer. ■ , Miron, D. D., missionary and orientalist . Eng. Winterhalter, Franz Xavier, ' court painter' En.Am. Winthrop, John, governor of colony of Mass. . , En.Am. , John (son), governor of Connecticut . BOB.N. DIED. 1819 1800 1849 1667 1752 1638 1726 1785 1806 1775 1841 1747 1836 1714 1770 1765 1825 1S08 1805 1419 )n 1324 1384 1733 1813 1792 1836 1805 1759 1853 1789 1847 1717 1797 1785 1841 1614 1672 1836 1757 1825 1797 1321 1404 1787? 1858 1762 1827 1796 1839 1800 1748 1794 1606 1683 1735 1819 1807 1S67 1766 1813 1778 1858 1808 1860 17S5 1854 1846 1717 1768 1787 1862 1750 1810 1789 1S58 1386 1595 1655 , 1S10 1800 1S64 1789 1864 1803 , 1588 1649 1606 1676 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 89 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Winthrop, Major Theodore, novelist and patriot Amer. Wirt, William, attorney-general U. S. and biographer Eng. Wiseman, Nicholas, cardinal, Roman catholic theol. and author Amer. Wistar, Caspar, eminent physician and anatomist Eng. Withers, George, poet .... Amer. "Witherspoon, John, able divine and patriot . Dutch. Witzius, Herman, theologian .... Scot. Wodrow, Robert, ecclesiastical historian Irish. Woffington, Margaret (Peg W.), actress . Eng. Wolcott, John, known as Peter Pindar, poet . Amer. , Oliver, patriot, signer of Declaration of Independence Amer. , Roger, colonial governor of Conn. Eng. Jew. Wolf, Dr. Joseph, missionary and traveller Ger. , Ered. Aug., classical author and critic . Eng. Wolfe, James, distinguished general . . Eng. , Rev. Charles, poet, ' Sir John Moore ' . . Ger. Wolff, John Christian, philosopher aud mathematician Eng. Wollaston, William Hyde, experimental philos. . ■ Eng. "Wolsey, Thomas, cardinal, celebrated statesman Eng. "Wollstonccroft, Mary (Mrs. Godwin), author . Eng. "Wood, Anthony, antiquary and biographer Eng. , Robert, archasologist and secretary of state . . Amer. Woodbury, Levi, statesman and jurist Eng. Woodfall, "William, newspaper publisher (Junius) Eng. Woodhouse, Robert, mathematician and astronomer . Scot. Woodhouselee, Alex. Fraser Tytler (see Tytler) historian Amer. Woods, Leonard, theologian .... Eng. Woodville, Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV. . . Amer. Woodworth, Samuel, poet, 'Oaken Bucket ' Amer. Wool, John E., major-general TJ. S. army . Amer. Woolman, John (Quaker), philanthropist . . Amer. Wooster, David, Revolutionary general . . Eng. Worcester, Edward J., marquis of, ' Century of Inventions ' Eng. , Joseph E., geographer and lexicographer • Eng. Wordsworth, Rev. Christ., ' Ancient Greece ' . . Erig. —— , William, poet laureate . Amer. Worth, William J., major-general U. 8. army Eng. Wortley, Lady Emeline C. E., traveller and author Wotton, Sir Henry, statesman and poet Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel W., traveller and historian Wren, Sir Christopher, celebrated architect Wright, Fanny (Madame Darusmont), ' Social Reformer' , Silas, governor of New York and senator TJ. S. , Thomas, antiquarian author . . Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Atist. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Wurmser, D. S., field-marshal in Austrian army . « Wyatt, Matthew Digby, architect and author . , Sir Thomas, poet and statesman . . . "Wycherley, William, dramatic poet . "Wycliffe, see Wickliffe, reformer . . , Wykeham, M., bishop of Winchester, statesman and philanth. Wyndham, Sir William, statesman BORN. DIED. 1828 1861 1772 1835 r 1802 1865 1761 1818 1590 1667 1722 1794 1636 1708 1679 1734 1T19 1760 1738 1818 1727 1797 1679 1767 1795 1862 1759 1824 1726 1759 1791 1823 1679 1754 1766 1828 1471 1530 1759 1797 1632 1695 1716 1771 1789 1851 1745 1822 1773 ' 1827 1747 1813 1770 1851 1486? 1785 1842 1789 1720 1773 1710 1777 1667 1784 1865 1770 1850 1770 1850 1794 1849 1806 1855 1568 1689 1751 1831 1632 1723 1796 1853 1795 1847 1810 1717 1797 1820 1503 1540 1640 1715 1324 1404 1324 1404 1687 1740 90 THE WORLD'S PEOGEESS. NATION. NAME AND PHOFESSION. Eng. "Wyse, Sir Thomas, M. P., writer on education Amcr. Wythe, George, eminent lawyer, statesman and patriot 180S Fr. Xavier, St. Francis, 'Apostle to the Indies' Gr. Xenocrates, philosopher . . . Gr. Xenophanes, philosopher, founder of the Eleatics Gr. Xenophon, celebrated philosopher, historian and genera Pers. Xerxes I., king of Persia Pers. II., king of Persia Span. Ximenes, Francis, cardinal, eminent statesman Amer. Tale, Elihu, early patron of Tale College Eng. Tarrell, William, naturalist and author. . Eng. Touatt, William, author of works on the horse Amer. Toung, Alex., D. D., historian of Pilgrims . Eng. , Arthur, agricultural writer Amer. , Brigham, leader of the Mormons . . Eng. , Charles, actor Eng. , Edward, poet and miscellaneous writer Eng. , Thomas, physician and philosopher Gr. Tpsilanti, prince Alexander, leader in the Greek modern Span. T riarte, don Thomas de, eminent poet Ital. Zaccaria, Francis A., voluminous writer . Heb. Zechariah, the prophet ...» Ital. Zeno, Apostolo, eminent writer . . . Gr. Zeno of Elea, philosopher Gr. , founder of the sect of Stoics Zenobia, Septimia, queen of Palmyra, conqueror, and pa the arts .... Heb. Zephaniah, the prophet .... Ger. Zimmerman, E. A. W. von, naturalist Swiss. , John George, miscellaneous writer Ger. Zinzendorf, N. L., count, chief of the Moravians Swiss. Zolikofer, G. J., theologian . . . Zoroaster, famous Eastern philosopher Eng. Zonch, Thomas, theologian and biographer Gr. Zozimus, historian .... Ger. Zschokke, John Henry D., miscellaneous writer, ' Tales Swiss. Zuinglius, Ulric, enlightened reformer Ger. Zumpt, Karl, author of Latin Grammar . • 1506 1552 b. c. 406 b. c. 314 f. B. c. 540 b. c. 446 b. c. 360 b c. 465 b. c. 425 1457 1517 f. B. 1648 1784 1777 1800 1741 1801 1777 1681 1774 1792 1750 1714 C. 520 1668 , c. 463 o. 362 o. 520 1743 1728 1700 1730 1737 f. 400 1771 1484 1792 1721 1856 1847 1854 1820 1856 1765 1829 1828 1790 1795 1750 C. 264 300 1815 1795 1760 1788 1815 1848 1531 1858 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. — ARTISTS. 91 A E T I S T S. PAINTERS— ENGRAVERS— SCULPTORS— ARCHITECTS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. B G-r. Agatharcus, inventor of perspective scenery in theatres. Painter. Gr. Ageldas ..... Sculptor, f. Gr. Agesander, sculptor of ' Laocoon and his Children ' Sculptor. Ital. Albano, Francis, ' the painter of the Graces ' . Painter. Ital. Alberti, Leo Baptist, a Florentine . Pa., Sc, and Archit. Ital. Albertinelli, Mariotto .... Painter. Gr. Alcarmenes (pupil of Phidias) . . Sculptor. Scot. Allan, Sir William . . . . Painter. Amer. Allston, Washington . . Port, and Histor. Painter. Ital. Andrea del Sarto .... Painter. Ital. Angelo, Michael (Buonarotti), a pre-eminent Pa., Sc, and Arch. Ital. Angelo, Michael (Caravaggio) . . . Painter. Gr. Apelles, the most celebrated of ancient painters . Painter. Gr. Apollodorus, an Athenian . . . Painter. Ital. Appiani, of Milan .... Painter. Gr. Aristides, of Thebes .... Painter. Fr. Audran, Gerard, celebrated . . Histor. Engraver. (Eight painters and engravers named Audran nearly contemporary.) ;ORN. DIED. B. c. 480 b. C. 6th Cent. b. c. 5th Cent. 1578 1660 1400 1490 1520 f. B. c. 450 1781 1850 1779 1843 1488 1530 1471 1563 1569 1609 f. B. c. 380 f. B. c. 408 1754 1817 f. B. C. 240 1640 1703 B Ital. Baccio-Della Porta, known as San Marco (Fra Bartolo- meo) . . . Eng. Bacon, John . ... Amer. Baker, Geo. A. (N". T.) Flem. Balen, Henry van . . Ital. Bandinelli, Baccio . . . Eng. Banks, Thomas Dutch. Barents, Dietrich Irish. Barker, Bobert, inventor of panoramas Irish. Barry, James . . . Eng. Barry, Sir Chas. Ital. Bartolini, Lorenzo . . Ital. Bartolozzi, Francesco . . Ital. Bartolomeo, Fra di San Marco Ital. Bassanio, Jas., Fran., Jerome, John, and Leander Ital. Batoni, Pompey . . . Ger. Bauer, Ferdinand. . . , Eng. Beechy, Sir William Amer. Beard, Wm. H. (N. T.) Eng. Beaumont, Sir George H. Ital. Bella, Stefano Delia, Florentine Painter. 1469 1517 Sculptor. 1740 1799 Port. Painter. Painter. 1560 1632 . Sculptor. 1489 1559 Sculptor. 1745 1805 Histor. Painter. 1534 1582 Painter. 1740 1806 . Painter. 1741 1805 Architect. 1795 1860 Sculptor. 1777 1850 . Engraver. 1730 1813 Painter. 1469 1517 lander Painters. 16th Century. Painter. 1708 1787 Botanical Painter. 1826 Landscape Painter. 1753 1839 . Painter. Painter. 1753 1827 . Engraver. 1610 1684 92 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED. Ital. Bellini, Giov., founder of the Venetian school . Painter. 1462 1512 Ital. Bellini, Gentine .... Portrait Painter. 1421 1501 Ital. Btnini, Giovanni L. . . Painter, Sculp'r, and Arch't. 1598 1680 Flem. Berchem, Nicholas . . . Engraver. 1624 16S9 Eng. Bewick, John, publisher of various works with, wood- cuts .... Wood Engraver. 1760 1795 Amer. Bierstadt, Albert (N. Y.) . . Landscape Painter. Eng. Bird, Edward ..... Painter. 1772 1819 Eng. Blake, William . . . Painter and Engraver. 1757 1826 Flem. Bologna, John of (in Italy) . Sculptor and Architect. 1524 1608 Eng. Bone, Henry . , . Enamel Painter. 1755 1834 Ital. Bordone, Paris . . . . Painter. 1503 1588 Dutch. Both, John and Andrew . . . Painters. 1610 1650, '56 Fr. Bourdon, Sebastian . . Painter and Engraver. 1616 1671 Swiss. Bourgeoise, Sir Francis (born in London). . Painter. 1756 1811 Eng. Boydell, Jno. (printseller and lord mayor of London) Engraver. 1719 1804 Dutch. Brentel, Francis .... Painter, f. 1635 Ital. Bramanfe D'TTrbino, Francis I., (1st of St. Peter's Church) . . . . Architect 1444 1514 Amer. Brevooit, J. B. (N. Y.) . . Landscape Painter. Dutch. Brill, Matthew . . . . Painter. 1550 1584 Dutch. Brill, Paul . . . Landscape Painter. 1556 1626 Amer. Brown, Geo. L. . . . . Painter. Amer. Brown, Henry Kirke .... Sculptor. 1814 Flem. Bruges, John of, or John Van Eyck . . Painter. 1370 1441 Ital. Brunelleschi, Ph., Pitti Palace at Florence . Architect. 1377 1444 Ital. Buonarotti, see Angelo Eng. Burnett, James . . . Landscape Painter. 1788 1816 C Ital. Oagliari, Paul, known as Paul Veronese, celebrated Painter. 1532 1588 Ital. Cagliari, Benedict, Carlotto, and Gabriel, brothers and sons of Paul Eng. Calcott, Sir A. W. . Landscape Painter. ItaL Caldara, or Polydore Caravaggio . . . Painter. Gr. Calimachus . . . Sculptor and Architect. Ital. Cambiaso, Lucus, a Genoese . . . Painter. Ital. Canaletto, or Canale, Anthony, a Venetian Lands. Painter. Ital. Canova, Antonio .... Sculptor. Ital. Caracci, Ludovico , , . . Painter. Ital. Caracci, Agostino .... . . Painter. Ital. Caracci, Annibale t . . . . Painter. Ital. Caracci, Anthony .... Painter. Ital. Caravaggio, see Angelo . .. . Ital. Carpi, Ugo da, discoverer of the art of printing in Chiaro-oscuro with three plates to imitate drawings . . Fr. Casas, Louis Francis . . . Painter and Architect. Amer. Casilear, John W. (N. Y.) . . Lands. Painter. Span. Castilio y Saavedra, Anthony . . Painter. Ital. Cavendone, James ... . Fresco-Painter. Ital. Cellini, Benvenuto, Plorentino artist, author of auto- biography ..... Painter. 1500 1570 1779 1844 1495 1543 f. B. C. 540 1527 1587 1697 1768 1757 1822 1555 1619 1558 1601 1560 1609 1583 1618 1486 1530 1756 1827 1603 1667 1577 1508 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. — ARTISTS. 93 NATION NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED. Span, Cespedes.Paulde Painter, Sculptor, Architect. 15S8 1608 Flem. Champagne, Philip de . . . Painter. 1604 1674 , John Baptist ... Painter. 1643 168S Eng. Chantry, Sir Francis . . . Sculptor. 1781 1841 Amer. Chapman, John G. . Hist. Painter. Gr. Chares . ... . Painter. f. B, c. 300 Fr. Chaudet, Anthony Denis . . Painter and Sculptor, 1763 1810 Amer. Church, Fred. E. Lands. Painter. Ital. Cignani, Carlo ... Painter. 1628 1719 Ital. Cimabue, Giov., Florentine . . . . Painter. 1240 1300 Ital. Claude Gelee— called Claude Lorraine . . Painter. 1600 1682 Gr. Cleomenes, an Athenian, (the Medicean Venus) . Sculptor. f. B. c. 180 Amer. Clevenger, Shobal Vail Sculptor, 1812 1844 Amer. Cole, Thomas . , Lands, and Hist. Painter. 1802 1848 Eng. Collins, William Lands, and Fam. life Painter. 1788 1847 Amer. Colman, Saml. (N\ Y.) , . Lands. Painter. Eng. Constable, John Painter. 1776 1837 Eng. Cooper, Samuel . . Miniature Painter. 1689 1776 Amer. Copley, John Singleton (born in Boston) , Painter. 1737 1815 Ger. Cornelius, Peter von . Painter. 1787 Ital. Correggio, Ant,, founder of the Lombard school Painter. 1493 1534 Dntch. Cort, Cornelius . , Engraver, 1536 1578 Ital. Cortona, Pietro da, Tuscan . Painter. 1596 1669 Eng. Cosway, Richard . . , Painter. 1740 1828 Fr. Courtois, James, known as H Borgognone . Painter. 1621 1673 Fr. Painter. 1628 1679 Fr. Couture Painter. Fr. Couston, Nicholas (also his brother William) . Sculptor. 1658 1731 Fr. , William Sculptor and Architect. 1716 1777 Fr. Cousin, John , Paint., Sculp., etc. 1500 1590 Eng. Cox, David. , . Lands. Painter. 1T23 1859 Ger. Cranach, Lucas Engraver. 1470 1553 Amer. Cranch, Christr. P. ... . Painter, Amer. Crawford, Thomas . , Sculptor. 1814 1857 Amer. Cropsey, Jasper F. (N. T.) , . Lands. Painter. Dutch, Cuyp, Jacob G. . Lands, and Cattle Painter. 1568 1649 Dutch. , Albert (son of Jacob) , Lands, and Cattle Painter. 1606 1667 Dutch. , Benjamin .... Hist. Painter. 1650 Eng. Danby, Francis . . . . . . Painter. 1793 1861 Eng. Daniel, Thomas . ... . Lands. Painter. 1749 1840 Eng. , Wm. ... . . Lands. Painter. 1769 1837 Ger. Dannecker, John Henry, ' Adriadne,' . Painter. . . Painter. • Sculptor. . Painter. . Painter. . Painter. . Painter. • Sculptor. Painter. Rowlandson, Th. (caricature— Dr. Syntax, &c.) Paint, and Eng. Rubens, Peter Paul .... Painter. Runciman, Alexander . . . Painter. Ruysdael, Jacob . . Landscape Painter. Ruysdael, Solomon .... Painter. Eyckaert, David .... Painter. Ryckaert, Martin . . Landscape Painter. Rysbraeck, Jeter . . . Landscape Painter. Rysbrach, John M. (works in Westminster Abbey) Sculptor. BORN'. 14S3 1552 1781 1606 1779 1723 1665 1695 1797 1796 1746 1734 1655 1614 1695 1630 1756 1577 1736 1636 1616 1615 1591 1657 1694 DIED. 1520 15S0 1S59 1669 1859 1792 1745 1767 1864 1816 1802 1705 1673 1762 1693 1S27 1646 1785 1684 1670 1677 1636 1716 1770 S Ital. Salvi, John Baptist (Sassoferrato) . Ital. Salvi, Nicholas . . Ital. Sanmicheli, Michael . . Ital. Sarto, Andrea del, see Vanucchi Eng. Savage, James Ital. Seamozzi, "Vincent Pruss. Schadow, J. G-. Ger. Schadow, Godenhaus F. W. . Ger. Schadow, Rudolf . . . Dutch. Schalken, Godfrey (Candlelight Scenes) Ger. Scheffer, Ary Ital. Schidone, Bartolomeo ' . Gr. Scopas .... Eng. Sharp, William ... Amer. Shattuck, Aaron D. Eng. Shee, Sir M. A., president Royal Academy Eng. Sherwin, John Keyse . . . Amer. Smillie, James ... Amer. -, George H. . , . Amer. , James D. Painter. 1605 16S5 Architect. 1699 1752 Architect. 1484 1559 . Architect. 1778 1852 Architect. 1550 1616 . Sculptor. 1764 1850 . Painter. 1789 . Sculptor. 1786 1S22 Painter. 1643 1706 . Painter. 1795 1S58 Painter. 1560 1616 . Sculptor, b C.460 B. C. 353 . Engraver. 1740 1824 . Painter. . Painter. 1795 1S50 . Engraver. 1751 1790 Engraver. . Painter. . Painter. iORN. DIED. 1684 1751 ]579 1657 1714 17S1 1746 1822 1589 1656 1636 1689 1721 1792? 1854 1749 1802 1713 178S 1756 1828 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. — ARTISTS. 99 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Amer. Smybert, John (b. in Scotland) . . . Painter. Flem. Snyders, Francis . Landscape and Animal Painter. Fr. Soufflot, J. G-. (church of St. Genevieve at Paris) Architect. Dutch. Spaendonck, Gerradvan . . • Flower Painter. Span. Spagnoletto, Giuseppe Ribera la . . Painter. Dutch. Steen, Jan . ... Painter. Amer. Stone, William O. . , . Portrait Painter. Scot. Strange, Robert .... Engraver. Amer. Strickland, William . . . Architect. Eng. Stratt, Joseph, .... Author and Painter. Eng. Stuart, James, author of the Antiquities of Athens Architect. Amer. Stuart, Gilbert, pupil of Benjamin West . Port. Painter. Ger. Sunder, Lucas (see Cranach) . . , Engraver. Ital. Tenerani, Pietro Flem. Teniers, David, the elder (pupil of Rubens) Flem. Teniers, David, the younger (pupil of Rubens) Scot. Thorn, Jas. (Tarn O'Shanter, &c.) Eng. Thornhill, Sir Jas. . . . Dan. Thorwaldsen, Albert Ger. Tieck, Christ Fried . Gr. Timanthes (contemporary "with Parrhasius) Ital. Tintoretto (Venetian — pupil of Titian) Ital. , II (James Robusti) Ital. Titian, the greatest of the Venetian school Fr. Troyon, Constantino . . . Amer. Trumbull, John . . . Eng. Turner, J. W. M. . Eng. TJwins, Thomas, R. A. . . . Painter. 1783 1857 Amer. Van Beest (b. in Holland p) . . Marine Painter. Eng. Vanbrugh, Sir John (Blenheim and Castle Howard) Arch't. 1672 1726 Amer. Vanderlyn, John . . . Historical Painter. 1776 1852 Dutch. Vander Neer, Arnold . . Landscape Painter. 1619 1683 Dutch. Vandervelde, Adrian . . . Landscape Painter. 1639 1672 Dutch. , the younger .... Painter. 1633 1707 Dutch. , "Wm., marine and battle . . Painter. 1610 1693 Dutch. Vanderwerf, Adrian . . Historical Painter. 1654 1718 Flem. Vandyke, Sir Anthony, the greatest of portrait Painter. 1598 1646 Dutch. Vaneyck, Hubert .... Painter. 1366 1426 Dutch. Vaneyck, John, brothers (John of Bruges) . Painter. 1370 1441 Ital. Vannucchi, or Andrea del Sarto . . . Painter. 1488 1530 Ital. Van Vitelli, Louis, a Neapolitan . . Architect. 1700 1773 Ital. Vasari, George, biographer of artists Architect and Painter. 1512 1574 Sic. Vasi, Joseph . . Designer and Engraver. 1710 1782 . Sculptor. 1789 . . Painter.! 1582 1649 ) . Painter. 1610 1694 Sculptor. 1790 1850 Historical Painter. 1676 1732 Sculptor. 1772 1844 Sculptor. 1776 1851 Painter. f. B. c. 240 Painter. 1480 1579 Painter. 1512 1594 . Painter. 1480 1579 Painter. 1813 1865 Historical Painter. 1756 1843 . Painter. 1775 1851 a 100 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Span. Velasquez, Jas. R. de Sylvia y • . . . Painter. Flem. Verboeekhoven, Eugene . . Painter of animals. Amer. Ver Bryck, O. . . . . . Landscape Painter. Fr. Vemet, Horace . . Historical Fainter. Fr. Vernet, Joseph ..... Painter. Ital. Veronese, Paul (see Cagliari) Ital. Verrochio, Andrew, inventor of the method of taking features in a plaster mould . . Sculptor. Eng. Vertue, George (500 plates) . . . Engraver. Ital. Vignola, Jas., Caprarola palace and St. Peter's Architect. Ital. Vinci, Leonardo da . . . Painter. Gr. Vitruvius, contemporary of Augustus . . Architect. Ital. Volpato, John ..... Engraver. Fr. Vouet, Simon, founder of French school, contempora- ry of Charles I. BORN. DIED. 1599 1660 1799 1813 1844 1789 1863 1714 1789 1422 1488 1684 175G 1507 1575 1452 1519 f b. c. 30 1733 1802 Painter. 1582 1649 W Fr. Amer. Eng. Fr. Amer. Amer. Dan. Amer. Eng. Eng. Amer. Amer. Scot. Eng. Eng. Dutch. Eng. Eng. Eng. "Wailly, Charles de Ward, J. Quincy A. "Warren, Charles, perfector of engravi Watteau, Antoine "Weir, Eoht. W. . , James F. "Wertmuller, (?) (painted in America) "West, Benjamin Westall, Richard . , William R. A. br. White, Edwin "Whittredge, Worthington . Wilkie, David Wilson, Richard Woollett, William Wouverman, Philip Wren, Sir Christopher (St. Paul's, &c.) Wyatt, James (Pantheon, Kew Palace, Wyatt, R. J. . Architect. Sculptor. ng on steel Engraver. Painter. . Painter. Painter. Port. Painter. Painter. Historical Painter. Designer. . . Painter. Landscape Painter. . Familiar Life Painter. Landscape Painter. Engraver. Painter. Architect. &c.) . Architect. Sculptor. 1684 1803 1738 17S1 17S1 17S5 1713 1735 1620 1632 1743 1795 1798 1823 1721 1820 1836 1856 1841 17S2 17S5 1668 1723 1S13 1850 Span. Ximenes, Fran. Painter. 1666 Flem. Yples, Charles de 1563 Ital. Zablia, Nicholas Gr. Zeuxis, celebrated ancient . Gor. Zincke Ital. Zuccaro, or Zucchero, Frederigo Ital. Zuccaro, or Zncchero, Taddeo Ital. Zuccarelli . Architect. 1674 1650 . Painter, b. c. 490 b. c. 410 Enamel Portrait Painter. 1684 1769 . Painter. 1539 1639 Painter. 1529 1566 Painter. 1710 1788 /^^a^w^?^^