FSGt Class _ .A-isr ^^^^S^UTED Hlsro^^ ACRAIENTO CoUNTy] CALIFORNIA. Containing a History of Sacramento County from the Earliest Period of its Occupancy to the Present Time, together with Glimpses of its Prospective Future; with Profuse Illustrations of its Beautiful Scenery, Full-Page Portraits of Some of its most Eminent Men, and Biographical Mention of Many of its Pioneers and also of Prominent Citizens of To-dav. i ;,i. BY GENERAL CHAPTERS HON. Win. J. Dams. CHICAGO: THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY. 18 9 0. lo^^% O-' ^^ nj\ ^■^ ^-#-i-#-« CHAPTER I. Topography, Soil, Climate, Etc.— Derivation of name " Sacramento " 1 Latitude and Longitude J Height above Sealevel | Surface of tlie Land 1 Water and Soil ~ Productions and Olimale *> Mines and Minerals 5 Indians ° CHAPTER IL John A. Sutter and nis Fort 7, 806 CHAPTER in. The Califorkia Revolution and the Bear-Flag Party 13 CHAPTER IV. Discovert of Gold— Discoveries Pr.or to 1818 15 Marshall's Discovery H Sketch of Marshall 17 CHAPTER V. P-UNDiNQ OF Sacramento City— The " Embarcadero " and Sutterville 18 Hoboken 19 George McDougal 19 First Election 20 Other •■ First " Things 20 Prison Brig 31 CHAPTER VI. The Squatter Riots— Dr. Morse's History '23 Sutter's Notice lo the Squatters 33 Claims of the Squatters 'id Squatters' Association 24 Judge Willis' Adverse Decision 25 Squatters Declare Resistance 2.") Riotous Meeting 2<) The Shooting 28 Letter Found in Dr. Robinson's Tent 2i> Subsequent Events, and Peace Restored 30 Sketches of McCulloch and Caulfield 34 Gen. A M. Winn 800 CHAPTER VII. County Government — First Attempt 3ft First Election 37 Subsequent Elections, and List of Officers to Date 39-4S CHAPTER VIII. Sacramento County Legislators- Senators 43, 806 Assemblymen 46, 806 CHAPTER IX. The Bench and the Bar^ The Bench 52 The Atfornevs of the Past 54, 806 The Present' Bar 59 CHAPTER X. Criminals— Early Ruffianism 61 Lynching 61 Sketches of Principal Cases .63-71,807 CHAPTER XI. Political — Double-headed Convention at the Baptist Church. 72 " Spittoon " Convention .... 74 Sketch of H. S. Foote 75 CHAPTER XII. The Military 76 CHAPTER XIII. Sketch of all the Periodicals 80, 807 CHAPTER XIV. Educational — City Schools 98 Offlcersof the Board 99-104,807 The High School 104 The Country Schools 105 CHAPTER XV. Navigation — First Sailing on the Sacramento 107 First Steamboat lOS Steamboat Explosions 110 CHAPTER XVI. Uailroads — The Sacramento Valley Kailroad 113, 119 Central Pacific 113 Western Pacific 118 California Central 110 Freeport Railroad 120 Railroad Shops at Sacramento liO CHAPTER XVII. Business Associations — Agricultural Society 133 A Successful Experiment 133 Sacramento Board of Trade 133 The Improvement Association 120 CHAPTER XVIII. Chakitable Institutions — Distress During the Early G Id-Mining Period ... 127 Cholera 139 Early Hospitals 133 The County Hospital 132 Railroad Hospital 133 Protestant Orphan Asylum 133 Marguerite Home 134 Water Cures .' . 135 CHAPTER XIX. Sacramento City — Pioneer Business Men 138 Flouring-Mills 1+2 Other Enterprises 143 Mills' Bank 807 Museum and Art Gallery 146 Business Colleges 147 Public Libraries 159 Municipal 151 First Charter 152 Consolidation with the County 154 Present City Charter 1^4 First Mayor Elected 154 Mayors to Date 1 55 Other Cily Officers • 156 Fires and Fire Department .160 Exempt Firemen's Association 1(>4 Waterworks 164 Gas Works 1«6 Yolo Bridge .167 Cemeteries 168 Churches I'iS Societies 179 CHAPTER XX. M ISCELLAN EOUS — Postoffices 200 Other Points 300 County Nomenclature 200 Census 203 Court-House 2U3 State Capital 203 Floods 204 Levees 205 CHAPTER XXI. The Townships — Alabama 207 American 208 Brighton 210 Center 213 Cosumnes 215 Dry Creek 218 Franklin 223 Georgiana 235 Granite 227 Lee 234 Mississippi 287 Natoma 240 San Joaquin 242 Sutter 245 Addenda 806 BIOGRAPF^ICAL SKETCHES. Adams, C. E 4W3 AddiDgton. A. M 487 Aiken, E. F 579 Alexander, D. E 798 Alexander, John Kihg 799 Allen, Robert 485 Alltucker, Henry 488 Al vord, Harvey 486 Anderson, James 708 Anderson, W. A 291 Andrews, John N 526 Armstrong, John W 274 Armstrong, Mrs. Julia 537 Aull, Challes 386 Azevedo, M.J 769 Bailey, J. D 461 Bailey, Joseph 709 Bailey, Joshua J . . .493 Bainbridge, J C 269 Barber, Manville 408 Barnett, Robert 491 Barry, John T 492 Barton, H. E 770 Bassett, L. F 755 Bates, B. F 3!-3 Bates, G. O 710 Bauer, John J 312 Bauquier, Joseph 313 Baxter, M. A 735 Beals, H.S 792 Beans, B. F 458 Beatty, H. 254 Beatty, William H 571 Beckley, Lucius R 422 Beckley, P. R 422 Bellmer, John 791 Benedix, C. W. T. . . 309 Bennett, Mrs. M 390 Besagno, A 712 Biewener, F 734 Birch, Williiim A 493 Hilcbell, James 538 Black, John 510 Blanch ard, George A 374 Bloom, Andrew C 711 Liohl, Peter 712 Bonte, C. C 401 Booth, Newion 287 Bowers, VV. O 795 Bowles, J. S 713 Bradford, J. B 714 Bradley, William H 714 Branscombe, S. A 491 Breeding. William 490 Briggs, Alfred 716 Briggs, William Ellery 367 Brison, W. W 384 Broder, Jacob 387 Broder, Oswald 387 Bronner, George F 768 Brown, Alexander 488 Brown, J. B 494 Brundage. N. .1 410 [ Bruner, Eiwood 369 Brusie, Jud. C 366 Bivan, William E 5S0 | Bnaii, W. F 7l3 liii.klHV. John J 294 BiiHll, i)aniel 11 467 Biillalo Brewing Company 773 Buike, FT 773 Buike, F. A 455 Buruliam, James H 389 Burns, A. B 691 Burns, Peter 705 Burr, A. E 413 Butterfield, Kufus 708 Caffaro, Louis 754 Calderwood, J.F 7^8 Calio, J. B 704 Callahan, G.W 453 Camp, J. E 584 Campbell, Chas. M 765 Campbell. Mrs. Polly 700 Cantrell, D. H 800 Caples, James 700 Carle, Silas 702 Carr, George T 529 Carrington, S. E 83 Carroll, Edgar B 144 Carroll, H. W 80: Carroll, John H 801 Carroll, William 719 Caselli, Vincent 710 Casey, Thomas G 391 Caswell, W. A 3^5 Castro, Manuel 306 Callin, A. P 249 Cave, J. B 316 Chamberlain, W. E 4--'5 Champlin, Nelson 406 Chandler, L.C 361 Chase, Hiram 718 Cheslcy,G. W ■;33 Chinnick, James T 484 Chipman, H. C 353 Chrislesen, Robert 601 Church. W. S 376 Clark, Howell 273 Clark, J. Frank 367 Clark, Palmer 548 Clark, Robert C 799 Clarke, George L 544 Clarke, J. W 303 Clayton, M. F, 135 Clayton, Mrs. S. E 136 Clow, G. B 576 Cluness, W. R 475 Coffraan, Alfred 469 Cohn, Simon 690 Colebaker, A 391 Coleman, JO 464 Coleman, W. P 569 Colton, G.M 536 Comslock, Elijah 687 Corastock, W. D -'89 Conner, George D 688 Connor, F. E 468 Cook, A, A 789 Cook, Henry 690 Cook, Thomas H 790 Coons, David 392 Core, A. F 474 Cornelius, H. P 478 Cosby, G. B 769 Costello, J. H 718 Cox, Frederick 575 Cox, John H 699 Coy, Zenas L 698 Coy I e,James 696 Crouch, H. R 697 Crolev,E. J 703 Cross; John F 696 Cummings, C. H 255^ Cunningham, J. A 793" Cunningham, William 695" Curtis, William 424 Dalton, DennJK 697 Daly,Elisha 511 Daniel, Bartiu 292 Danis, Alexis J 728 Darling. George W 694 Dart, George 510 Dart, Martin 693 Davies, Owen T 694 Davis. A. B 692 Davis, D. L, 467 Davis, L. R 420 Davis, George G 553 Davis, Win. J 95 De Kay, Seely 630 Denson, S. C 286 Deterding, H. F. W 421 Devin. A. R 6SH Dickey, Sanford 760 Dickinson, Mrs. Mary 759 Dickson, Charles 683 Dierssen, D. & Co 726 Dierssen, G. E. A 727 Dingley, N 323 Divine", J. B 785 Dixon, G.M 405 Dixon, William E 45s Dodgd, P. H 669 Dolan, John.H- 315 Dolson, John C 511 Douglas, Philip 307 Dray, F. R 254 Drew, M. M 688 Duden, George E 667 Duffey, John 398 Dunn, Chauncey H 290 Dwyer, Thomas 663 Eagle, Thomas B 699 Eastman, W.E 509 Eberhardt, William 337 Ebner.F. X 744 Eckhardt, Henry 340 Ecklon,C. L 390 Eckman, H. L 743 Ehrhardt, Henry 412 Ehrhaidt, John 419 Eilers, D W 790 Eldred, Sidney 331 Ellis, William H 549 Enos, James E 5-17 Everson. Julius 674 Ewing, G. V 494 Ewing, Mjs. Elizabeth W 494 Fassett,L.H 675 Fay, Franklin G 258 Fay, M 452 Felch, W.C 407 Feldhusen, C 308 Fiel, Isaac 674 Figg,E.P 363 Fisher, George S 743 Fisher, H. & Co 679 Fitch, W.C 309 Flaherty, Peter 347 Fortman, Henry 729 Foster, Albert 465 Foster, E. W 673 Fountain, Joshua 670 Fountain, W. A 796 Fraley, James M 513 Frazer, Wm. F 681 Freeman, Isaac F 637 Frees, Jacob 748 Freitas, John Soto 681 Frey, Henry 6s0 Fritsch, John 328 Frost, A. L 545 Frye, Wm. H 437 Fuchs, Peter 325 Gabrielli, P 748 Galgaui, P. A 749 Gardiner, P. H 523 Gardner, Charles F 365 Gardner, Zebulon 365 Garfield, S. H 683 Garrett, Samuel 682 Gebert, Jacob 748 Gehring, Fred 330 Gerber, L 650 Gerrish, Sam'l H 457 Gett, W. A, Jr 609 Gill, Noah B 540 Gilmore. J. A 463 Glann Family 653 Glaun, Peter 655 Glann, Daniel 655 Glann, Vincent 655 Goldberg, A • ■ • - 653 Goodell, N. D 270 Goodrich, O. 4--9 Goslin.John 653 Grace, Thos 6 9 Graf, Markus 560 Graf, Paul 7.59 GiiitV. W. (' 758 Gr;.li:ini .1 .\ 518 Green.l l.ri. 664 Green, E. H 756 Green, MS 5s7 Green, P. B 541 Greene, Geo. B 617 Greer, Erskin 480 Gregory, A. () 771 Gregory, Eugene J 433 Gribble, Hiram 333 Griesel, Jacob 337 Griffltts, John T 580 Grim, Otho Shaw 455 Grimshaw, W. R 616 Grimshaw, W. Robinson 616 Grondona, Joseph 644 Gruhler, Christian 793 Gruhler, Elias 758 Gruhler, Jacob 320 Gruhler, John 567 Gunler, A. M 643 Gutenberger, Wm 415 Haase, Peter 389 Hack, Geo. W 376 Hale Bros. & Co 781 Hall, I. (T.- 651 CONTENTS. .049 Hull, H. B HamiUon, E. R Hamilton, J. H HamiltoD, W. B JlamiUon, W. II Hammer, L. K Hancock, Geo. W Hanlon, Joseph Hanson, Peter •■ Harkins, James Harlow, G. W Hart, A Hart,E.C i.arvey, C. W Harvey, Obed Harvie, N Hasman, Josepb HatcU, F. W Haub, John lIaytien,JohnH.... Hayion, George Healey, Edward Heard, John Heath, Geo. W Heath, John W Heinrich, Charles Henderson, J. M Henry, W. A Heringa, John Herrick, A. C Hertzel, A Herzos, Philip Hill, H. S Hinkson, Add. C Hite, J. G Hoev. Peter Hoiit, IiaU Holder, Thos Hollister, Dwight Holmes, Henry Hoover, S. M Hopkins, A. S Hopkins, E. C Hornlein Bros Howe, E. P ^30 Hubbard.C.H 684 Hubbard, I. M ^'|2 Huber, Herman 4-» IIughson,W. A 2(,6 Hull, C. A !.'80 Hull, Joseph ■•1« Humbert, P. A «'J Hunt, D. K ■>^] Huntoon. J. L -bl Hyman, Jacob <>'» .623 Irvine, W.J Jackson, H. J Jackson, M. C Jean, Adolph Jenkins, C. A. . . Johnson, A Johnson, (irove L. Johnson, G. A.... Johnston, I) Jolinston, Wm Jolly, C. H Jordan, James Joseph, Isaac. . . . Keefe, Michael 516 Kellogg, f,\ Kelly, Edward ^•^4 Kercheval. Reuben ■>'i Kerr, Geo. H ■^|; Kerr J H '''' Kertii, Wen'dalV.' 4U!) Kestler, Martin ^^» Kewen. Perrie Kilgore, J. W Kinross, W. H Klebitz, Edward Klenk, C Knauer, F. C Kreeger, S KruU, A. A Kunz, Frank Kunz, Peter ...51- .841 Lages, Christopher.. Lages, Herman Laliue, H. M . . • Laul kolter, J. A . . Lnuiipe, Uoudalph. iwson, Powell S. . .35!) Mclntyre, Mary E 493 McKee, E. H ^^? McKinslry, J. K McKune. J. H McLanahan, D McLaughlin, Wm.. .. McManus, Altred G. McMitchell, Wyman McMulIen, Geo. C. McNamee, Frank... McNeal, A McNeill, John.... Mealand.Ciiarles .. Meckfessel, Frank . Meierdierks, C. H. . Meisler, A Meister, Jacob Meister, John Melvin, H. G Melvin,Wm Mend is, Anton .476 .670 .495 Kane, J. O 6*5 Kane, Newell ^H Karcher, Matt ^S'^ Lawson Lawlon, John Lea, Charles Lea, Isaac Lee, Jlrs. Mary Lee, Timothy Leimbacli, H Leitch, EM Lemay, Victor Lewis, L. L Light, W. W Lincoln, L. M Lindley, T. M Little, George Liltlefield, Thomas Loch, Louis Lockelt, R. S Logan, A !^^.' Lolhharamer, Fred ''-l Lovdal,0. 0..._ ^ Lowell, Amo Luce, Israel *; ' Luckett, E. M 413 Lufkin, D. T ';ii Lufkin, H.T <•'• Luther, W. 11 f'Jb Lyman, F.T <^'« Mahin, Mrs. Jane :]«<> Mahon, John *'} Manlove, W. S 4.J3 Manogue, Patrick -51 Maringo,A *^y Martin. E. M 367 Maslin, E. W l'° Maxfield, Mrs. M. E f, Mayhew, H.A "jS? Mazzini Bros -^;> McAnally, Thomas ]bO McCleery, James 497 McConnell, Thaddeus C 684 McConnell, Thos ... . - ••jS^ McClatchy, James, and hons. . . .8-;-J McCraken, W. F ^^i! McCreary,W. P '4o McCueBros •>»" McDonell, G. A 49" McFarland, John '>'>^ McFarland, Thaddeus J _;|' McGuire, James B •>^'l ..766 ...659 ..50i . . .461 ...75!J ...257 . .618 ...664 ...364 ...2nl ...733 ...335 ...836 ...598 .. 789 . . .735 . . .734 ..599 Menke, Anton 416 Merwin, S. H 503 Meyers. Frederick 500 Middlemass, J. H 316 Milgate, Wm 543 Miller, A. D 618 Miller, Jacob 5.4 Miller, John ^40 .'.■■.". '.;..' ."433 617 Miller, John S Miller, P. A Miller, W. A Millikin, John M I\User, Mrs. Isabella W.. Mitchell, Wm Montague, Alex Morgan, Henry O Morse, G. W Mor.-e, ST Morton, EG Molt, F. N Munger, Carl O-f Murphy, R. J 6"; Myers, Henry W bl'-" Nagele.J.J 635 Neal, Charles A 623 Neal, John 623 Neary, Fred 348 Need, George 381 Neely, Wm. F 469 Nelson, Clarence N 3o8 Nesche, George 547 Nicholas, John 6^4 Nichols, H. L 4.' Nichols, Mrs. M 50b Nichols, Wm H 631 Nicolaus, Louis ■"it% Nielsen, Chris ]5^ Nielsen, H.B 334 Nielsen, J. M '^4 Neubourg & Lages 35» Neumann, Geo |>1° Newman, Peter 3.vi .761 .574 .377 .50 J .614 ..501 615 ..500 Oakley, A. D Ochsner, John Odell, M. F O'Meara, Michael O'Neil, James Oppenheim, R Orton, H. H Osbain, David . . . 0'Toole,Thos 462 572 787 414 Overmeyer, J. M 283 Owen, Eben 541 Painter, Levi 279 Parker, Wm. F 325 Parvin, E. R 456 Patterson, A. D 486 Pendery, B. P 406 Perkins, T. C 438 Peters, George 627 Peterson, AV. F 751 Petrie, W. M 253 Pettit, K. H 737 Phelps, P. F 378 Pierson, J. C 358 Pike, M. C 640 Planalp, Peter 637 Plummer, Oliver-. 435 Pollock, Mrs. Priscilla 277 Pond, J. H 785 Popert, James 329 Presbury, E. H 296 Prouty, Simon 220 Pugh, S. H 661 Putnam, Geo. A 780 Putney, H. S 379 Pyburn, George 556 Pyne, J. G . . . .,, 632 Randolph, Alfred 631 Rave, C. H 630 Ray, Don 221 Ray, Ephraim 632 Raymond, A. F 536 Reese, David 587 Reese, U. M 442 Reid, James 649 Restaurant de France 772 Rheil, Philip G ....573 Rhoads,A.J 285 Rhoads, J. P 641 Rich, George T 439 Richards, John 608 Richmond, J. W 528 Ritter, William 585 Robinson, James 648 Robinson, W. H 444 Rodegerdts, August 754 Roden, Daniel 649 Rohr, John 531 Rooney, John G45 Ross, Andrew 584 Ross, Mrs. Frances M 475 Ross, H. C 722 Routier, Joseph 705 Roth, Simon 342 Ruedy, John 747 Ruhstaller, F 334 Ruman, C. A 525 Runyon, O. R 636 Runyon, Solomon 437 Russell, F. H 635 Russell, Peyton 524 Russell, R.'B 289 Rutter, James .443 Ryan, Frank D 321 Ryan, John 783 Sacramento Home School 475 Sanders, Oliver ■. . . .278 Sawyer, J. H 383 Schaden, Arend 355 Schaden, J. (' 741 Schadt, N 355 Schaper, Mrs. C. H 414 Scheld, Phillip 350 Schell, John 454 ScUindler, C 740 Schmitt, Charles 94 Schmitt, Jacob 315 Schneider, Josef 777 Schreiner, Charles 610 Schroth, George 568 Schuch, Adolph 535 Snbuler, Frank D 593 Schultz, Jacob 534 Schulze, William J 451 Schwartz, Charles 319 Scott, R.T 282 Scott, William A 611 Scroggs, A 763 Senatz, A. J 351 Sermonet, George 303 Shaver, Nelson 397 Shaw, IraG 407 Sheldon, J. D 588 Sheldon, W.C 588 Sherwood„J. 398 Shields, John 281 Shirley, J. H 405 Siebenthaler, P 747 Siller, J. L. & L. G 787 Silveisa, Manuel F 593 Silva, Joe 591 Simmons, G.L 268 Simoni, August 329 Simons, John A 531 Sims, Joseph 601 Skelton, John 349 Slawson, S. S 599 Slawson, W. H 600 Slayback, C. M 388 Small, H. J 460 Smith, Brainard F 385 Smith, Edwin F 611 Smith, George." 731 Smith, Halsey G 402 Smith, L.E 782 Smith, M. L 397 Smith, A. P and Sidney 473 Smith, S. Prentis 601 Spooner, Alfred = .280 Sprague, Moses 553 Stafford, James 788 Starr, Henry - 368 Steffens Joseph 446 Steinauer, Ben 330 Stephens, R. D 557 Stevens, Mrs. A. J 797 Stevenson, A 448 Stewart, J. H 459 Stewart, Norman 1 458 Still, J. F 606 Stoddard, George A 551 Stoll, JohnT 603 Strong, W. R 564 Stuart, A. W 762 Studarus, John B 445 Sturges, J. H 539 Sullivan, J. H 554 Suter, C 311 Swanson, E. J 411 Sweetser, A. C 566 Tash, Joe 287 Taverner, George 621 Taverner, Thos. M 620 Taylor, D.W 608 Taylor, Ed. F 598 Taylor, J. B 449 Taylor, Leroy S 260 Terry, W.E 345 Thisby, George 480 Thompson, T. J 613 Tietjens, Peter 529 Tomlinson, Joseph 597 Tomlinson, Lewis 597 Tooker, R. W 763 Towle, Cyrus 479 Townsend, E. B 388 Trainor.H.C 482 Trask, C. F 530 Traver, Charles 720 Treat, Sullivan 481 Triechler, Henry 453 Tryon, A. G 264 Tryon, John 452 Tryon,. Sylvester 263 Upson, Lauren 304 Upson, L. A 3'^5 Uren, Stephen 307 VanPleet, W. C 450 Van Loben Sels, P. J 226 VanMaren, N - 601 Van Vorhies, A. A 767 Vogel, Charles 732 Von Herrlich, John F 545 Von Tillow, Alma 418 Wachhorst, H 775 Wachtel, V 39.5 Wackman, A. K •'593 Wahl, Christ 733 Wahl, Gustav 321 Walsh, John 287 Warnock, A. M '64 Watermann, R. W 583 Watson, Henry 504 Watson, J. R 784 Weber, F.H. L 594 Weil, John 744 Weinrich, Henry. 348 Weinstock, Lubin & Co 581 Weir, James 417 Weisel, Chris "■''> Welch, James 595 Welch, Benj 393 Wells, Eli 595 Welty, James B 507 Werner, Fred 340 West, C. M 295 White, G. A 450 White, Wm.W 7.^0 Wickstrom, Chas. A 464 Wilcox, Nelson 590 Wild, John 591 Wilke, Charles 725 Williams, E. H 293 Williams, John B 459 Williamson, Geo. S 508 Willis, E. B 84 Wilson, George 50j Wise, Joseph 506 Wise, M. L 55.) Withington, R. H 3o9 Wolf, Philip 793 Woodard, Abram 591 Woodson, Joseph A 83 Woodward, E. F 507 Wright, Willis 380 Wriston, S. E 377 Young, J.D -95 CONTENTS. Zeh, Chria. M 803 Zimmermiin, Cliiislian 804 Zimmerman, Clias 804 Zimmeinuin, Clias. W 803 Zoller, Leopold 803 PORTRAITS. Catlin, A. P 24!) Clark, Howell 272 Clark, Mrs. Howell 273 Foster, Albert 4G5 Qett, W. A. Jr GOO Hancock, G. W 77(i Hollister, Dwight 489 llnnt, D. a 5;i Jolinsou. G. A 297 Keweu, E.J. C 369 La Hue, H. M 577 Lincoln, L M 441 Mayhew, H. A 65(i Majliew, Mrs. H. A 657 Koutier, .Joseph 705 Terry, W. E 345 Von Herrlich, J. F 545 Weiir, James 417 Welch, Benj 393 ILLUSTRATIONS. Mount Shasta 1 Sutler's Fort 6 Marguerite Home 134 Slate Printing Offlce 13t E. B. Crocker Art Gallery 14:> Cathedral of the Holy Sacrament..l69 Capitol 204 Residence of Howell Clark 274 HISTUHY UF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ^ ^ TOPOGRAPHY, SOIL, CLIMATE, ETC. ^J^^^^^Ora^ fr^fn r'f S^C lfZ'd 3pia f=ih=ir=JpiiJlli ^ CHAPTER I. fACRAMENTO COUNTY is named aiter the river upon which it is situated, and the latter was named by the Spanish Mexicans, Catholics, in honorof aChristian insti- tution. The word differs from its English cor- respondent only in the addition of one letter. It would have been a graceful compliment to General Sutter if his own name, or the name New Helvetia, which he had bestowed upon this locality, had been given to the city. Hel- vetia is the classic name of Switzerland, Sut- ter's native country. Sacramento City is 38° 35' north latitude and 121° 30' west longitude from Greenwich. The depot at Sacramento is thirty-one feet above sea level. From the city the most promi- nent mountains and mountain ranges visible arc: 1. The Sierra Nevada, snow-capped during lialt' the year or a little more. The most visi- ble portion of this range, to whose snow-line the distance is about seventy-live miles, east- ward, is the head of the American River. The most conspicuous peaks there are: Pyramid, 10,052 feet high; Alpine, 10,426; Round Top, 9,624; Tell, 9,042; Ralston, 9,140; Robb's, 6,746. 2. To the southwest fifty-three miles, rises Mt. Diablo, 3,856 feet high. 3. Toward tlie west thirty or forty miles arises an eastern spur of the Coast Range, while toward the northwest about ninety miles, in the same range, are Mt. John's, 8,000 feet high, Mt. Snow and Sheet Iron Mount, on the west- ern border of Colusa County. 4. The Marysville Buttes, forty to fifty miles north, are about 2,000 feet liigh and cover an area of fifty-five square miles. THE SURFACE of the Sacramento Valley presents three dis- tinct features. As the mountains descend into the valley, they are fringed by a range of low foot-hills, which gradually disappear in a broad, level plain, which must have been at some time long past the bottom of a large body of water. Through the center of this plain runs the Sacra- mento River, fringed by the low bottom lands always found with such geological formations. Thus the foot-hills, the plain, and the bottoms present three distinct tracts of land, each with peculiarities fitting it for special use. It may be said in a general way, that on the foot-hills and the plain lands near them are the great fruit-raising districts, while the plain proper is most suitable for grains and grasses, and on the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. rich alluvial bottom lands any fruit or vegetable suitable for a temperate or semi-tropical climate will grow to full perfection. At the southern end of Sacramento Valley, in the very richest portion of the State, and very near its geographical center, lies Sacraniento County, with an area of 640,1)00 acres, 200,000 of which are under the highest cultivation, while about 320,000 more are in use for stock- raising, pasturage, etc. It is watered its entire length from north to south by the Sacramento Rivtr, and by the American, Cosuinnes and Mokelumne from east to west. The surface of tlie county is generally level, a section along the eastern side rising into low hills and rolling prairies. Along the east side of the Sacramento Eiver extends a belt of tule land, which toward the southern boundary of the county expands to a width of fifteen miles. Parallel with the Cosumnes is Dry Creek, form- ing part of the county boundary. Sycamore and Cottonwood abound along the water-courses. JSear the center of Sacramento County, and on the east bank of the Sacramento River, at the point of its confluence with the American, is the city of Sacramento, the capital of the State, a thriving, wealthy and beautiful city. Here is the railroad center of the State. To the east, the Central Pacific stretches its iron arm across tlie continent. To the north, the California and Oregon reaches out to connect with the Northern Pacific, and so furnish another route to Eastern markets; to the west the California Pacific makes possible almost hourly communication with San Francisco and the commerce of the Pacific Ocean, while the Western Pacific connecting at Oakland with the Southern Pacific system opens up another roiite to seaports east and west. In addition numer- ous branch roads and feeders make this city the best connecting and distributing point fn the State. WATF.K. The average rain-fall has been 19.4 inches. This, with the moisture incident to the prox- imity of so many rivers and running streains, and the almost annual os'erflow of the bottom lands, renders the county so well watered that but little irrigation is necessary. Still there are some small sections lyings comparatively high, and away from the streams, where the natural water supply is insufllcient. They are, however, small, and in nearly all cases abundant water is obtained by sinking wells and raising the water by windmills or other power. A total failure of crops for want of water has never been known. Still, as an abundant supply of water renders many things possible which are not so without it, a company has been formed to offer an abun- dant supply of water to all who desire to irri- gate any of the plain lands, in raising crops that need more water than the usual rain-fall affords, or where the availability of water may insure against the danger of injury to valuable plants, which might be seriously affected by even an occasional year of unusual drought. An application has been made for 2,000 inches of water from the American River. All fruits do well without the aid of artificial watering, but in some of the high lying irriga- tion is said to increase the lusciousness of the fruit. Vegetables require irrigation, especially for the second and third crops. As stated, the soil of the county offers every variety requisite for a large and varied produc- tion. The foot-hills and their washings form a fringe, from five to eight miles wide, entirely around the Sacramento Valley. The soil here varies from a red, sandy loam to a cool, gravelly soil, all especially adapted to fruits. For many years the foot-hill lands were regarded as almost valueless, but experience has shown that their soil is perhaps better adapted to a full develop- ment of the best qualities of strength and flavor in fruit, especially in grapes, than the lower ly- ing lands, which are of more clay or alluvial character, and so warmer soils. And it is now claimed that the question of securing fine flavor HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. for California grapes and wines, as well as abun- dant quantity, will find its best solution among the cool, gravelly soils of the foot-hills. The soil of the plain lands varies from red loam and a rich clay, to a rich allnviuni mixed with sand. This varies in localities, but affords such a vari- ety that the productions of this portion of the county cover a range from those of the cereals of the middle temperate climate to the fruits of the serai-tropical. They afford, however, mostly soil for grains and grasses. Wheat, oats, hay, alfalfa, barley, corn, hops, besides grapes and fruits ilonrish when planted in suitable loca- tions. But the richest lands are the bottom lands, which fringe the rivers and larger streams for a distance of from one to three miles. These are covered with a deep, rich alluvium, upon which may be raised any kind of vegetables, and temperate and semi-tropical fruits are reaching tull perfection in size, quantity and q uality. These lands are almost aimually overflown, and the deposit left by the receding waters is said almost to equal guano in its fertilizing effects. Many of these lands are now protected, so that the rising waters may be controlled and utilized with judgment. Upon such lands, so watered, and in such a climate, almost anything will grow. Owing to the fact that the country is traversed by so many rivers, it contains an unusual amount of this exceedingly rich land, which is nearly all under the highest cultivation. I'KODUCTIONS. The productions of Sacramento County cora- priisc all the grains, vegetables, fruits, trees and flowers grown in the temperate and serai-tropi- cal climates. Everything in the way of grain, bread-stuffs, vegetables, and fruits needed for man's comfort and support may be successfully cultivated here. The soil is rich and varied, water is abundant, and the climate is propitious. Here is no winter, in the common acceptation of the word, nor any rainy season as it is under- stood in the tropics. The winter months are called the "rainy season," not that it then rains incessantly or severely, but because the rainfall comes almost exclusively in those months. In the summer it rarely rains. The grain is sel- dom housed when harvested, but is left in the fields until ready for the market, the husband- man feeling little fear of trouble from the ele- ments. Perhaps no feature of California has been more powerful in inducing immigration than its mild and equable climate. The north Atlantic States have their cold, damp east winds, which blow from the ocean at times for days in succes- sion, and whose power of penetration is such that neither woolen underwear nor rubber top- coats seem able to keep them from " searching the marrow of one's bones." The borders of the Great Lakes are visited with winds so cold and so charged with moisture, that they clothe all nature in coats of ice, and often jeopardize the lives of the domestic animals. On the northern shores of the lakes, the jingling sleigh- bells for fully Ave months in the year strive by their merry music to direct attention from the chill of death that lays over the land, and from these sections thousands longingly turn their faces from the cold and ice to the sunny land where each may sit in the shade of " his own vine and fig tree." In this regard Sacramento County ofi'ors temptations that are not exceeded in attractive- ness by those of any portion of the State. The following data, culled from the published re- ports of the United States Government observ- ers will give a fair idea of the charming climate, which has enabled the city of Sacramento to win for itself the delightfully suggestive sobriquet of the "City of Roses." During the ten years just passed, the highest temperature recorded is 105°, which was reached once, and the lowest is 21°, also reached but once. A better idea of the range of tempera- ture may be had from the fact that during the same period the average number of days in each year upon which the theraiometer reached 90°, HISTORY OF SACIiAMENTO COUNTY. was but thirty-six, wliile the average number upuii wliidi it sank below 32° w-as but eleven. W ith no severity in winter, the warmth of snin- iner is rendered enjoyable by the winds from the sea, which reach this region of the country modified and tempered, so that with scarcely an exception the warmth of a light blanket is de- sirable at niglil. Here the heat has never the offensive and enervating eflFect which renders summer so depressing in some sections. The atmosi)here is never over-charged with moisture, and never entirely dry, so the open air is always invigorating and the breezes refreshing. The lung, mild, summer day renders the cultivation of the lands easy and profitable, while the cool nights so refresh the workman that he is not enervated, but all mental and physical force is strengthened, and life is vigorous and enjoy- able. It is usual to compare such climates with that of Italy, so famous as the resort during past centuries for those seeking the relief and pleasure found beneath her skies. So it may not be out of place to simply state a comparison between Kome, the capital and center of Italy, and Sacramento, the capital and center of Cali- fornia. The statistics from official sources on either hand are stated below. Averages for past ten years: Spring. Suni'r 72.3 ulunin. Wiuter 61..i 48.3 64.0 48.9 Year. f)it,.5 60 7 In the face of these facts, the claim must not longer be made for fair Italy alone, that it is a land where "perpetual summer exists, skies are blue, and the sun ever shines." As to the healthfulness of Sacramento, Judge J. W. Armstrong has ascertained that but one other city in the world shows a cleaner bill of health, and that is the capital of the Basque Province, in the northern part of Spain. How often such a remark is made as, This is the coldest, or warmest, month or season, we have had for years; or wettest or driest month or season we have ever had! etc. The following tables, kindly furnished us by Ser- geant James A. Barwick, Observer of the Sig- nal Corps of the United States Army and Mete- orologist to the State Board of Agriculture, will show how correct all such statements are. Although they are compiled from observations made at the Signal Station at Sacramento, they will practically serve as well for all other parts of the county, as the differences are too small to mention. Year. i g = 2 '1 i g|s J lit less 62.6 59.5 59.5 60.1 60.7 59.5 58.7 59.0 60.1 (i2.2 60 3 62.8 61.0 63.1 59.9 60.1 60.4 59.6 59.6 60.4 60.7 59.8 62.5 61.7 61.2 61.3 60.3 57.7 59.3 58.5 5t..8 58.8 61.2 58.8 59.9 58!3 57.7 59.9 61.7 59.6 57.2 56,5 59.8 57.6 61.4 62.2 61.0 59.7 58.3 59.8 58.9 57.0 58.9 (0.5 61.6 59.0 63.3 59.9 61.2 60.5 59.3 55.0 60.4 57.5 58.5 57.9 61.8 56.5 59.7 74 3 72.4 72.3 71.9 71.5 70 3 70.4 70.8 69.8 72.5 71.8 73'. 1 74.8 7l'.5 72.1 71.2 70.8 71.6 70.4 a.3 73.1 74.6 73.5 72.9 72.9 69.1 68.5 71.1 72.4 70.1 70.9 69.5 69.0 60.0 60.5 60.4 60."9 60.9 61.1 U0.3 60.4 63.7 61.5 62.6 62.9 63.7 62.1 61.4 62.3 61.7 59.9 59.6 6-.'.9 62.1 60.8 62.3 63.4 62 5 60.9 59.9 58 5 58.8 60.1 60.0 62.8 58.5 63.9 '4V. 3 1855 1856 18.«>7 48.0 48.9 47.5 48.2 1859 46.6 1)>60 1861 1862 .... 46.5 49.5 483 47.1 49.8 1865 . . . . 48.9 1866 51.4 48.7 1868 48.1 1869 48.3 48.7 47.7 1873 50.2 50.0 1874 47.6 49.0 1877 49.9 1880 1881 49.2 44.5 51.Q 1882 45.9 1883 1884 45.4 45.9 1885 50.0 49.4 1887 47.4 Year. Highest Temperature. Lowest Temperature. 1877 loa 10( 103 98 99 100 104 100 105 105 100 108 ;,July.. ', Angus °, Augus % July. °,July.. °, Augus \ July... °, Augus °, Augus \ July... °, June iS •, Augus K Sept 3 2 2 H 2 3 2 2 1°, December. 1°, December. 1880 . . . )°, January. r, December. 1881 1883 , "', December. 1883 J°, Jan. & Feb. 1884 ".February. 1°, January. B°, January. i°, November. 1886 1887 . . . 1888 J°, January. HISTOBT OF SACBAMENrO COUNTY. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1853. 1853. 185i. 1855. 1856. 1857. 185S. 1859. ISOO. 1861. 1803. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1870. 1871. 1873. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 18S3. 1884. 1885. 1886. 18:57. Averages . 6.40 7.00 3.35 4.30 140 .68 3.88 1.64 5.11 3.33 I 2.86 I .74 .46 2.25 .01 .27 .65 .27 .76 .28 none .37 sprin .76 sprin sprin .07 sprin .40 none none none none none none spun spnn .31 none .01 none .03 none .35 none .10 .01 none none .02 .63 .14 .55 .01 none none noae .09 none none spnn .10 .02 none none spna none .01 noae spnn spnn sprin none none sprin .U2 spnn spnn 1.10 none none .21 .01 spnn none noae .13 spnn none spnn .50 sprin .10 spnn none none 1.45 none .11 sprin none none none none .08 spnn .12 .04 spnn none none sprin sprin none none none sprin 1.00 sprin sprin sprin sprin spnn .02 .06 none none sprin sprin .08 none .01 none sprin none sprin sprin none none .30 ..57 .90 .60 none i none sprin .03 sprin .55 1.50 none .18 none sprin l.Ol none .->0 .66 3.01 none .91 sprin .48 sprin 6.00 1..50 .65 .75 .65 3.41 .15 6.48 .18 2.17 sprin 1.49 6.72 2.43 2.43 3.81 .77 .85 .58 1.23 1.93 1.21 3.80 6.20 12.50 sprin 7.07 1.96 .97 10.99 5.39 10.01 .44 5.53 none 1.43 .47 8.41 11.81 3.27 1.13 .44 10.45 5.76 2.31 2.09 14.30 4.58 1849-'50i3ij.00 1 -.-.I I'll 4.71 18.63 13.76 10.46 15.00 16.03 19.S3 lv>4- '5.1 18.56 18.5.5- '56 14.36 1856- '57 12.91 18.57- '58 16.80 18.5H- 16.86 1859- '(to 19.19 ISfiO- '61 2i:is ISCl- 27 11 ■''.\ 11.15 30.'03 19.50 18.19 10.21 19.33 la.17 18.20 17.92 23.31 18.12 8.40 28.45 22.37 31.99 20.71 18.0J 18.48 34.92 20.73 18.17 13.43 18.46 18()5-'6ii 18H6-'(i7 18rt7-'6S 1868-'69 18(i9-'7il 1870-'71 ■'73 1873-'74 1874-'75 1875-'76 1876-'77 1877-'78 1878-'79 1879-'80 1880-81 1881-',S2 1883-'83 1883-'84 l884-'85 1885-'86 1886-'87 1887-'88 1888-'39 2i.09 16.10 3,5.56 11.58 7..87 :.'2.51 17.93 25.30 32.79 16.64 13.57 ^.47 24.05 14.21 30.90 17.70 3653 8.96 24.86 17.85 26.47 36.57 16.51 18.11 34 78 16.58 83.30 13 97 11..56 19.70 MINES AND MINERALS. In the early days of mining a great deal of gold dust was taken from the placers in this county — Mormon Island, Michigan Ear and several other localities having afforded good diggings of this kind. In the low hills on the east a considerable extent of shallow placers have also been worked, some of these until quite re- cently. The most uf tlie gold now produced in Sacra- mento is taken out in the vicinity of Folsom, chiefly along Alder Gulch, by the Portuguese and Chinamen. The deep deposits are worked by shafts and drifting, the shallow by hutid sluicing in the dry season and ground sluicing in the wet, when there is free water. There are gold-bearing quartz veins in the east-lying hills, but they are mostly small, and have been but little worked. In these hills occurs a belt of serpentine containing chromic iron in small bunches and pockets. GRANITE. In the neighborhood of Folsom occurs an ex- tensive bed of excellent granite, which for many years has been largely worked. At the quarry of David Blower, two miles cast of Folsom, opened ten years ago, there is exposed a thirty-foot face, twenty feet above and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ten below the surface. About fifteen tons of roughly dressed stone are shipped from this quarry' weekly, the most of it being used for cemetery work and street curbs. Thirteen men are employed here at wages ranging from $2.50 to $4 per day. In the quarry on the State Prison grounds at Folsom, a large force of convicts are employed getting out stone for the dam being built by the State on the American River. Most of the cobblestones used for paving the streets of San Francisco were taken from the banks of the American River, in the vicinity of Folsom. At Michigan Bar, on the Cosumnes River, occurs an extensive bed of potter's clay. Being a good article, and easily obtained, large quan- tities of this clay are taken out and shipped to the potteries at Sacramento, San Francisco, and elsewhere in the State. Great quantities of oricks are made from the more common clays found abundantly in this county. From Dr. M. F. Clayton we learn the follow- ing particulars concerning the Digger Indians of this region, in early day. They obtain their English name from the fact that they procured much of their food by dig- ging, in search of roots, reptiles, etc. Acorns, grasshoppers, fish and other animals were also comprised in their menu. Their habits were those of laziness and filth, and they scarcely had energy enough to steal. They were in stature low and stocky. The few attempts tiiat have been made to civilize (?) them have generally resulted in shortening their lives. They did not follow a tent life, but wandered about like tramps, occasionally, however, having SLrancheree, which was a rude hut constructed of bark, pieces of board, sticks and brush. After the discovery of gold they picked up a little of the shining metal occasionally, which they exchanged for a few articles luriiished by the whites only. Some- times, too, they would bring forth a few speci- mens of fnr and hides from wild animals, for barter with the whites. They were incessant and intolerable beggars. The squaws dia about all the menial labor. Their dances and funerals were often wit- nessed by the early immigrants. The former were performed within enclosures surrounded by a rude fence, made of bark, pieces of board, shakes, etc., where several tribes would gather, feast, dance, yell and make many hideous noises. They burned their dead. With bark or leath- ern thongs they would tie the arms and legs of the corpse up about the body so as to make as solid a ball as possible, tying also about it the blankets, clothing and other articles which the subject had possessed, and in a heap of dry bark, brush, etc., burn the corpse into a small charred mass. Meanwhile the men and women, bared to the waist, danced around the pile, yelling, moaning, sweating and violently exercising un- til nearly exhausted. Great drops of sweat, rolling down, made conspicuous streaks over the dirty surfaces of their bodies. The crema- tion completed, they would pulverize the charred mass upon a flat stone, mix gum or pitch with it and then daub the mixture upon their fore- heads, noses, chins, and in spots and streaks elsewhere upon their bodies. Whence they were often called "Tar-heads." SUTTER'S FORT IN 1849. THE HriLniNGS. SuiterJoTt ^ J — ) i Sfile in p SUTTER'S FORT IN 1849. THE GROUNDS. The above cuts are kiiuUy fnrnislieil this work by the proprietors of "Themi HlSrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 1^. JOHN A. SUTTER AND HIS FORT, jl -^ "irS-t* CllAl'TEU II. fllE first penn;ineut settler within the limits of what is now Sacramento County, who is known to history, and who initiated European civilization, was Captain John A. Sutter. The following sketch of his life we con- dense from a lecture delivered in New York, April 6, 1866, by General Dunbar in Sutter's presence, and published in the Sacramento Union of May 10 following: Sutter was born of Swiss paren ts, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, February 28, 1803. Reared and educated in Baden, young Sutter entered the military service of France as Cap- tain under Charles X., and remained there until he was thirty years of age. At this period, yielding to liis pioneer impulses, he embarked for New York, and arrived there in July, 1834. His object in coming to the New World was to select a place and prepare the way for a colony of his countrymen in the West. He first located at St. Charles, Missouri; but the vessel containing his effects was sunk, his property lost, and he abandoned the place of his first choice. After sojourning in St. Louis for a time, he made a journey of e.xploration to New Mexico, where he met hunters and trappers, who had traversed Upper California, and they described to him the beautiful sunJit valleys, the verdure- covered hills and the magnificent mountains of that remarkable land. These accounts resolved him to make California the field of his future operations. The only way of reaching the Pacific Coast at that time was to accompany trapping expe- ditions of the English and American fur com- panies. On the 1st of April, 1836, Sutter joined Captain Tripp, of the American Fur Company, and traveled with his party to their rendezvous in the Rocky Mountain region. Thence, witli six horsemen, he crossed the mountains, and after encountering many dangers, arrived at Fort Vancouver. Not finding it practicable to go south from Vancouver by land, he embarked on a vessel bound for the Sand- wich Islands, hoping to find an opportunity of sailing thence to the California coast. He sailed from the Islands in a vessel bound for Sitka, and from there down the coast. The vessel was driven by gales into the Bay of San Fran- cisco, on July 2, 1839. (The point at which San Francisco now stands was then called Yerba Buena.) The vessel was boarded by a Govern- mental officer, with an armed force, who ordered Sutter to leave, saying that Monterey, ninety miles southward, was the port of entry. Per- mission, however, was obtained to remain forty- eight hours for supplies. On reaching Monterey, Sutter told the Gov- ernor, General Alvarado, that he desired to occupy and colonize a section of country in HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Upper California, on the Sacramento River. Tlie Governor warmly approved liis plan, as he was desirous that the upper country should be subdued and settled. He informed Sutter that the Indians in that country were hostile, that they would not permit the whites to settle there, and that they had robbed the inhabitants of San Jose and the lower settlements of their cattle, etc; but he readily gave Sutter a passport with authority to explore and occupy any territory which he should consider profitable for his colony, and requested him to return in one year, when he should have his citizenshipacknowledged and receive a grant of such lands as he might desire. Sutter returned to Yerba Buena, then con- taining scai'cely fifty inhabitants, engaged a schooner and several small boats, and with a company of ten whites started to ascend the river with no guide, as no one could be found in Yerba Buena who had ever ascended the Sacra- mento River. After eight days' search he found the mouth of the Sacramento. Reaching a point about ten miles below the present site of Sacra- mento City, he encountered a party of 200 Indian warriors, who exibited evei-y indication of hos- tility. Fortunately, two or three of the Indians understood Spanish, and Sutter soon soothed them by an assurance that there were no Span- iards in his party, — against whom the Indians were particularly hostile, — and explained to them that he caineonly to be a peaceable citizen. Guided by two Indians, who could speak Spanish, Sutter made his way up the Sacra- mento to the Feather River, and ascended the latter stream some distance; but, on account of the alarm of some of his men, returned down the Sacramento River to the mouth of the American, and on August 16, 1839, landed his effects upon the south bank of that stream, a little above the mouth and near where the city of Sacramento is now located. Here he informed the disappointed whites that they might leave 'him if they wished, but that the Kanakas were willing to remain. Three of the whites left, with the schooner, for Yei'ba Rneiia. Three weeks later Sutter removed to where he built the fort which has since become famotis. But little did he think then that he was to be the most important instrumentality in the found- ing of a magnificent empire. His companions were six wandering whites of various nativities and eight Kanakas, who were ever faithful to him, and who constituted his "colony " and his army. By their aid he was to hold his ground, subdue and colonize a district of country en- tirely unknown, and inhabited only by wild and roving tribes of hostile Indians. This portion of Upper California, though fair to look upon, was peculiarly solitary and uninviting. It was isolated and remote from civilization. The nearest white settlement was a small one at Martinez. The Indians were of that class known as " Diggers." Born and reared in the atmosphere of royalty and the refined society of Europe, with a liberal military education, gentle and polished in man- ners, and of unbounded generosity of heart, we find Sutter successfully planting his little colony in the midst of the wild Digger Indians of the Sacramento country. At length a few pioneers came stealingover the border, then the solid tramp of masses was heard, and then came a human deluge, that overwhelmed our bold Swiss pio- neer. The first tide of immigration was entirely from Oregon. In the fall of 1839 there was an accession of eight white men, and in August, 1840, five of those who had crossed the Rocky Mountains with Sutter, and whom he had left in Oregon, joined him. During the fall of that year the Mokelumne Indians, with other tribes, became so troublesome that open war was made against them; and after a severe but short cam- paign they were sul)dued, and an enduring peace established. Other bands of Indians or- ganized secret expeditions to destroy the colony, but by force and strict vigilance their machi- nations were defeated, and Sutter conquered the entire Sacramento Valley, bringing ii.to willing subjection many of those wlio had been his fiercest enemies. In time he made them culti- BlJSTOHr OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. vate the soil, build his fort, care for the stock, and make themselves generally useful. In the subsequent military history of California, Sutter and his Indians were a power. Traffic increased apace. He sent hides to San Francisco, furnished the trappers with supplies, and received in ex- change or by purchase their furs. The me- chanics and laborers who came he employed, or procured them work. In June, 1841, Sutter visited Montere}', then tiie capital of the country, was declared a Mexi- can citizen, and received froiri Governor Alva- rado a grant of the _land upon which he had located — eleven " leagues " — under the title of " New Helvetia." The Governor also gave him a commission. Returning to his colony, he was shortly afterward visited by Captain Ilinggold, of the United States Exploring Expedition, under Commodore Wilkes, with ofiicers and men. About the same time Alexander Kotchkoff, Governor of the Russian Possessions in Cali- fornia, visited Sutter and offered to sell him all the possessions of his Government known as Ross and Bodega. Accepting the bargain, Sut- ter came into possession of a vast extent of real estate, besides 2,000 cattle, 1,000 horses, fifty mules and 2,500 sheep, most of which were transferred to New Helvetia. In 1844 Sutter's improvements were exten- sive, and the amount of his stock was large. During that year he petitioned Governor Michel- torena for the grant or purchase of the surplus over the first eleven leagues of land within the bounds of the survey accompanying the Alva- rado grant, and this petition was granted Febru- ary 5, 1845, in consideration of Sutter's valuable services and his expenditure of $8,000 in the suppression of the Castro rebellion. About 1844 small bodies of emigrants began to find their way to California direct from the States, striking Sutter's Fort, the first settlement after crossing the mountains. Year by year these parties of immigrants increased in size, until after the gold discovery, when they could be counted by thousands and tens of thousands. It was then that the value of Sutter's settle- ment and the generous qualities of the man be- came strikingly apparent. No weary, destitute immigrant reached his fort who was not sup- plied with all that he needed and sent on his way rejoicing. Frequently he even sent sup- plies in advance to those coming through tlio Sierras. Year after year he did this, without thinking of any return. On one occasion a solitary immigrant was just able to reach the fort and reported that his companions were at some distance back dying of starvation. Sutter immediately caused seven mules to be packed with siipplies, and, attended by two Indian boys, started with the immigrant for the scene of dis- tress. On arriving, everything was seized by the crazed wretches and devoured. Other starving immigrants arriving, they killed the Sutter's seven mules and ate them. Then they killed the two Indian boys and ate them. Said Sutter, referring to the circumstance afterward with much feeling, " They ate my Indian boys all up." During the war between the United States and Mexico, Sutter was a Mexican citizen, and the representative of the Mexican Government on the frontier; but his sympathies were natu- rally with the United States. Whenever any party of American citizens, civil or military, visited him, his unbounded hospitalities were uniformly and cordially extended to them. When the country surrendered to the United States forces, with joy he raised the American flag, July 10, 1846, and fired a salute from the guns of his fort. In 1849 he was a member of the Constitutional Convention; at the first State election was a candidate for Governor, and was afterward a Brigadier-General in the State mi- litia. But the day on which gold was discovered was an evil one for him. His mechanics and laborers deserted him, even the Kanakas and Indians. He could not hire laborers to plant or harvest his crops. Neither could he run his mills. For a time after the immense flood of immigration poured in, his rights were re- spected; but it was not for long. When men HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. found that money could be made in other ways thau by mining, many forcibly entered upon his lands and cut his wood, under the plea that they were vacant and unappropriated lands of the United States. By the 1st of January, 1852, the settlers had occnpied his lands capable of settlement or appropriation, and others had stolen all his horses, mules, cattle, sheep and hogs, save a small portion used and sold by him- self. One party of five, during the high waters of 1849-'50, when his cattle were partly sur- rounded by water near the Sacramento lliver, killed and sold enough to amount to $60,000. Sutter, broken in purse, dislieartened, robbed and powerless to help himself, removed to Snt- ter County and took up his residence at Hock Farm, then a beautiful piece of property, but now a waste of sand and debris. For some years he led the quiet life of a farmer there, but afterward was a continual haunter of Congress at Washington, where he sought to obtain re- dress from the general Government for the bare- faced robberies that had been practiced upon him. In 1873 he removed to Litiz, Pennsylva- nia, and on the 18th day of June, 1880, died at Washington, District of Columbia. Sutter was a generous man. His manners were polished, and the impression he made on every one was favorable. In figure he was of medium height, rather stout but well made. His head was round, features regular, with smiling and agreeable expression, while his complexion was healthy and roseate. He wore his hair cut close, and his moustache trimmed short, a la miiitaire. He dressed very neatly in frock coat, pantaloons and cape of blue. Such was the man to whom California owes so much, and upon whom she bestowed so little. Captain John C. Fremont, the " Pathfinder," arrived in this country in March, 1844, and in his narrative thus describes the situation of Sut- ter and his fort: "Captain Sutter emigrated to this country from the western part of Missouri in 1838-'39, and formed the first settlement in the vallev, on a large grant of land which he obtained from the Mexican Government. He had at first some trouble with the Indians; but by the occasional exercise of well-timed authority, he has suc- ceeded in converting them into a peaceful and industrious people. The ditches around his ex- tensive wheat fields; the making of the sun- dried bricks of which his fort is constructed ; the plowing, harrowing and other agricultural oper- ations, are entirely the work of these Indians, for which they receive a very moderate com- pensation — principally in shirts, blankets and other articles of clothing. In the same manner, on application to the chief of a village, he read- ily obtains as many boys and girls as he has any use for. There were at this time a number of girls at the fort, in training for a future woolen factory; but they were now all busily engaged in constantly watering the gardens. Mr. Sutter was about making arrangements to irrigate his lands by means of the American River. He had this year sown, and altogether by Indian labor, 300 bushels of wheat. "A few years since, the neighboring Russian establishment of Ross, being about to withdraw from the country, sold to him a large number of stock, with agricultural and other stores, with a number of pieces of artillery and other muni- tions of war; for these, a regular yearly pay- ment is made in grain. " The fort is a quadrangular adobe structure, mounting twelve pieces of artillery (two of them brass), and capable of admitting a garrison of 1,000 men; this at present consists of forty In- dians, in uniform — one of whom is always found on duty at the gate. As might be expected, the pieces are not in very good order. The whites in the employ of Captain Sutter, Ameri- can, French and German, number thirty men. The inner wall is formed into buildings com- prising the common quarters, with blacksmith and other work-shops, the dwelling-house with a large distillery house, and other buildings oc- cupying more the center of the area. " It is built upon a pond-like stream, at times a running creek, communicating with the niSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. American River, which enters the Sacramento about two miles below. The latter is here a noble river, about 300 yards broad, deep and tranquil, with several fathoms of water in the channel, and its banks continuouslj timbered. There were two vessels belonging to Captain Sutter at anchor near the landing — one a large two-masted lighter, and the other a schooner, which was shortly to proceed on a voyage to Fort Vancouver for a cargo of goods." Nothing now remains of the fort excepting the main two-story building, which is still un- protected against the ravages of the elements and the vandalism of reckless boys. The south- ern end was many years ago replaced with fire- burned brick, and a new roof of shingles has supplanted the primitive Mexican tiling. The property is owned by a gentleman in the East. HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ^.||i The California I^evolution j^|;^ AND THE Bear Flag Party, CHAPTER III. T was evident in 1844-45 that hostilities could reasonably be expected between the United States and Mexico. Events which had oc- curred in Texas had aroused a feeling on the part of the Mexican people, and in the United States it was generally understood that the election of Polk in 1844 meant the annexation of Mexican territory. In California, about that time, feelings of animosity sprang up between the Mexican and American population. At first the settlement of Americans in this country had been encouraged by the local government; but in 1845 the American settlers apprehended that steps would be taken by the native population to drive them from the country, ^his was be- fore there had been any declaration of war be- tween the United States and Mexico. It was very evident, however, that both Governments were preparing for hostilities. Colonel Fremont reached California ostensibly on an exploring expedition. This was one of a series of expedi- tions led by him, for the exploration of the western portion of the continent. He had en- countered some little opposition from the exist- ing government in the lower portion of California, and proceeded on his way toward Oregon. In April or May, 1846, Lieutenant Gillespie, of the United States Army, arrived in California, and, after preparing himself for the journey, left Monterey in pursuit of Fremont's party, but he did not overtake them until the 9th of May. Fremont was then in Oregon. While the i)ur- port of Gillespie's dispatch to Fremont has never been made public, it has been reasonably surmised that it contained an intimation from the authorities at Washington that Fremont should return to California and be in readiness to assist in the conquest of this territory on the first intimation of the outbreak of war. Fre- mont immediately returned, and encamped at or near the site where Sacramento City is now lo- cated. At that time the population of Califor- nia was estimated at about 10,000, exclusive of Indians, and probably less than 2,000 of that number were foreigners. General Castro, the military conimandante of California, had issued several proclamations ordering the foreigners to leave the country, and the American settlers finally determined that the time had arrived that some decisive movement for defense should be made. The immediate occasion for this movement was an order from Castro to Lieutenant Francisco de Arce to proceed with fourteen men as a guard for some horses be- longing to the Government^ which were at the mission of San Eafael, and remove them to the mission of Santa (Jlara. The Lieutenant was under the necessity of passing up the Sacra- mento River as far as what was then called New Helvetia, — now the site of Sacramento City, — that being the first point at which the horses could swim across the river. The party of de Arce was observed by an Indian in their move- ment, who reported that he had seen two or three HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. hundred armed and mounted men advancing up the Sacramento River; and from his information the settlers believed that Castro, at the head of a large party, was marching to attack Fremont. The news traveled by couriers among the Americans, and they hastily gathered for the defense at Sutter's Fort. At the meeting there held it was proposed that a sufficient company should follow Lieutenant de Arce and seize the horses. This settlers' party overtook the Lieu- tenant and his command on the morning of June 10, 18-46, and surprised de Arce's party near the Cosunines River, where they were en- camped, and, without resistance, their horses and anus were seized, and the captured men were dismissed, each one being given a horse. This was the first overt act on the part of the foreigners which led .to the revolution; and it opened a breach which made it necessary that all should take ground on one or the other side. This act was immediately followed by the taking of the town and mission of Sonoma, which occurred on the morning of June 14. The party of Americans had been augmented to thirty-three, and were under the command of a man named Merritt. They were known as the iamous "Bear Flag party." It was composed mostly of hunters, and of men who could leave their homes at the shortest notice. They had not time to dress, even if they had good clothes; and as they entered the town they appeared about as rough looking as could well be imag- ined. The seizure of the town and mission was made without bloodshed, and General M. G. A^allejo, Lieutenant-Colonel Prudon, Don Sal- vador Vallejo and other gentlemen cf promi- nence were captured and carried to Sutter's Fort, where they were kept prisoners for sixty days or more. A garrison of about eighteen men, under the command of William B. Ide, was left at Sonoma. In a few days it was increased to about forty ; and on the 18th day of June, 1846, Ide issued a proclamation declaring that himself and com- panions had been invited to the country, and had been promised protection by the Govern- ment; but that they had been subjected to op- pression l)y the military despotism; that threats had been made, by proclamation, of extermina- tion if they did not depart from the country; that it simply meant that they had either to be compelled to abandon their property and be driven through deserts inhabited by hostile In- dians, or must defend themselves; and that they had been forced to inaugurate a revolution, with a view of establishing and perpetuating a re- publican government. The party adopted what has been called the "Bear Flag," and there was a partial organiza- tion under the name of the "Republic of Cali- fornia." The flag was made of a piece of cotton cloth, with one red strip on the bottom, and on the white portion the figure of a grizzly bear, with a single star in front of him. It was painted, or rather stained, with lamp-black and poke-berries. On the top were the words, " Re- public of California." Inasmuch as there has been considerable dis- pute regarding the causes which led to the rev- olution in California, the capture of Sonoma, the issuance of the Ide proclamation, and the raising of the " Bear Flag" and its design, we rely upon the accounts which were published in the Calif or nian newspaper in August and Sep- tember, 1846, a few months after the occurrence of the events, and which were written by Rob- ert Semple, the editor, who was an active par- ticipant in some of the scenes which he de- scribed. In his articles he distinctly stated that he wrote them as a matter of history and for the benefit of future historians. On the 7th of July, 1846, Commodore John D. Sloat arrived at Monterey with a United States frigate. Monterey was then the Mexican capita! of California. The Commodore took pos- session of the town, and hoisted over it the American flag From that day dates the pro- prietorship of the United States to California. Sloat's frigate had been lying at Mazatlan, under instructions to seize California on the first inti- mation of hostilities between his government and Mexico. The first American flag was hoisted HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. in the Sacramento Valley, where Sacramento City now stands. Colonel John C. Fremont was then encamped there, at the head of about 170 men. On the evening of July 10, William Scott arrived in the camp with the news of the hoisting of tlie flag at Monterey by Commodore Sloat, and brought witli him an American flag sent by Captain John B. Montgomery, of the United States ship Portsmouth. Speaking of the receipt of the news at Sacramento, the Cali- fornian, the first newspaper published in Cali- fornia, said: " It (the news) was received with universal sliouts by the men, and our gallant leader, sur- rounded by a number of oflicers and soldiers, partook of a cup of good brandy and sang some national airs. The ' Star Spangled Banner' was responded to witli warmth." Of course the flag of the United States sup- planted the flag of the Bear. Several engage- ments occurred between the United States and Mexican forces in the southern portion of the territory, but early in 1847 the Mexicans capitu- lated, and hostilities ceased upon the soil of California. The above are all the events of importance that occurred in this section in connection with the confjuest of the country. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTER IV. fHE first mention of gold in California was made in Hakluyt's account of the voyage ■Y- of Sir Francis Drake, who spent five or six weeks, in June and July, 1579, in a bay on the coast of California. It has always been a question and will remain a question, whether this bay was that of San Francisco or one further to the north. In the narrative of Hakluyt it is written: " There is no part of the earth here to be taken up wherein there is not a reasonable quantity of gold or silver." At this day we know that this statement must have been un- true, and was doubtless written for the purpose of attracting attention to the importance of the expedition of Sir I'^rancis Drake. California was then a comparatively unknown country. It had been visited only by early explorers, and its characteristics were merely conjectured. Wheti Hakluyt wrote there could hardly be a " hand- ful of soil taken up wherein there is not a rea- sonable quantity of gold or silver," in the light of the present the statement was absurd, for neither gold nor silver has ever been found in the vicinity of the point where Drake must have landed. Other early explorers stated that gold had been found long before the discovery by Mar- shall; and there is no doubt that a well-founded surmise prevailed that gold existed in California. The country had been explored at times since the sixteenth century, by Spanish, Russian and American parties. It was visited by Commo- dore Wilkes, who was in the service of the Uni- ted States on an extensive exploring expedition; and members of his party ascended the Sacra- mento River and visited Sutter at the fort, while others made explorations by land. James D. Dana, a celebrated author of several works on mineralogy, was the mineralogist of this expedition and passed by land through the upper portion of (California. In one of his works he says that gold rock and veins of quartz were observed by him in 1842 near the Umpqua River, in Southern Oregon; and again, that he found gold near the Sierra Nevada and on the Sacramento River; also, on the San Joaquin River and between those rivers. There is, in the reports of the Fremont exploring expedi- tion, an intitnation of the existence of gold. It has been said that in October and Novem- ber, 1845, a Mexican was shot at Yerba Buena (San Francisco) on account of having a bag of gold dust, and when dying pointed northward and said, " Legos! Legos!" (yonder), indicating where he had found the gold dust. It has been claimed, and with a considerable degree of probability, that the Mormons who arrived in San Francisco on the ship Brooklyn found gold before the famous discovery at Co- loma. The circumstances in connection with this discovery are somewhat romantic. The Mormon people had established themselves at Nauvoo, Illinois, a point where they believed themselves to be beyond the reach of perse- JIISTO/n- OF SAVUAMENTO COUNTY. cutioii. However, the coniitry there became populated by tliose not of tlieir faitl), and the antagonism against the Mormons resulted finally in bloodshed, and the founder of the church, Joseph Smith, was shot by a mob and killed. The Mormons then determined to remove farther west, and into a section of country beyond the reach of the Government of the United States. They selected California as tiieir future home. Their land expedition started across the plains, and a ship named the Brooklyn carried from the eastern side of the continent a number of the believers. Samuel Brannan, who was prominent in the early history of Sacramento, San Fran- cisco and the State, was one of their leading men who came with the sea voyagers. When the Brooklyn emigrants landed at Yerba Bueiia (San Francisco) they found that the United States forces had taken possession of California, and that they had landed upon soil possessed by the nation from which they were endeavoring to tloe. Couriers were sent overland to inter- cept the land party, and it is said that they found them at the place where Salt Lake City is now located. The overland party determined to locate at that place, although it was then sterile and unpromising. Those who came on the P>r()oklyn dispersed in California, and some of them located at Mormon Island, in Sacra- mento County; and it is claimed that they found gold long before the discovery at Coloma, but that tliey kept their discovery a secret. How- ever that may be, it is a fact that mining was prosecuted by them about the time of Marshall's discovery. At a banquet of the Associated Pioneei's of the territorial days of California, held in the city of New York, on January 18, 1878, Colonel T. B. Thorpe, a veteran of the Mexican War, who had been on the staii' of General Zachary Taylor, stated that while he had been employed as a journalist in New Orleans, several years before the discovery of gold at Coloma, a Swede, evidently far gone into consumption, called upon him and represented that he was what in his country was called a "kiiio;'.< orphan;" that he had been educated at a governmental institution, on condition that after he had received his edu- cation he should travel in foreign lands, observe and record what he had seen, and deposit his records with the Government. He stated that he had visited California, remained several days at Sutter's Fort, enjoying the hospitality of Sutter; that while there he closely examined the surrounding country and became convinced that it abounded richly in gold. Colonel Thorpe stated that the Swede gave him this opinion in writing. At that banquet General Sutter was present, and Colonel Thorpe called upon him to say whether he had any recollection concerning the Swedish visitor. Sutter replied that he did recollect the visit, which had occurred about thirty-four j'eats before; and he also remem- bered that the Swede expressed himself regard- ing the presence of mineral wealth in the neigh- boring hills; " but," added the Genera!, " I was too much occupied at the time with other con- cerns to devote any time or attention to it. My crops were ripe, and it was imperative that they should be gathered as quickly as possible, but I do recollect the scientific Swedish gentleman." The report of the remarks delivered at that banquet were published, and in it is contained a copy of the manuscript to which Colonel Thorpe referred, in which the "king's orphan " wrote: " The Califo.niias are rich in minerals. Gold, silver, lead, o.xide of iron, manganese and re are all met with throughout the netals being the most coppe country, the prei abundant." There is another account of an early gold dis- covery, which was published in the New Age, in San Francisco, the official organ of the Odd Fellows, in September, 1865. It purports to have been an extract written by the Paris cor- respondent of the London Star, who wrote that in the city of Paris he visited a private museum,, and that its owner exhibited to him a nugget of gold, and stated that twenty-eight years before a poor invalid had presented himself and took out of his tattered coat a block of quartz, and asked the proprietor of the museum if he would Jll.sruuy OF SAVllAMBNTO COUNTY. piu-cliase it, assuring iiiin that it w.as full of gold. Tlio sti-angLM- said: " I have come to you to apply to the Govei'iinient to give me a vessel and a crew of 100 men, and I will promise to return with a cargo of gold." The proprietor of the museum presumed that the man was mad,, and gave him a napoleon as a matter of charity, but retained a piece of the quartz. Afterward the quartz was analyzed, and it was proved to contain pure gold. Fifteen years elapsed, and a parcel and a letter were left at his door. The parcel was wrapped in a handkerchief, and was heavy. The letter was worn and almost illegi- ble. On deciphering it, it proved to be the dying statement of the poor traveler, which, through the neglect of the lodging-house keeper where he had died after the interview referred to, had never been delivered. The package contained a block of quartz, and the letter was thus worded: "You alone listened to me; vou alone stretched out a helping hand to me. Alas! it was too late! I am dying. I bequeath my secret to you. The country from whence I brought this gold is called California.'" The credit, however, for the practical discovery of gold in California isdue to James W.Marshall. It is true that a gold mine had been worked in 1841 in the lower part of the State, and that gold from that mine had been sent to the Phila- delphia mint for coinage as early as July, 1843. Tlie mine, however, proved unprofitable and was abandoned. The story of the discovery by Mar- shall at Coloma, in January, 1848, is confused, and the precise date upon which it was made cr.n perhaps never be settled. Marshall was em- ployed by Captain Sutter, and was in charge of a party of men erecting a saw-mill at the pres- ent site of Coloma, in El Dorado County. A raceway was dug and the water turned in. In examining the race afterward, Marshall's atten- tion was attracted by a shining object. He picked it up. It was gold. Other particles of the metal were collected, and Marsiiall came with them to Sutter's Fort and exhibited them to his employer, Sutter. They were tested in a crude way, and Sutter became convinced that the metal was gold. Afterward specimens were sent to Monterey, then the capital of the Terri- tory, and exhibited to General R. B. Mason, the military governor, and fo W. T. Sherman, at that time an obscure officer in the United States Army, but who has since risen to national noto- riety. The integrity of the metal was estab- lished, the news of the discovery sent forth, the world was electrilied, and immigration, poured in from every civilized country. James W. Marshall was born in Hope Town- ship, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, October 8, 1810. On arriving at man's estate he re- moved to Indiana, afterward to Illinois and Missouri, and arrived in California in 1844. In 1845 he came to Sutter's Fort, and was employed by Captain Sutter. He took an active part in the California revolution of 1846. After his discovery of gold the Legislature of the State pensioned him for a time. Subsequently he settled on a small piece of land at Coloma, near where he had discovered the gold, and made his living by farming. About 5 o'clock on the morning of August 10, 1885, he was found dead in his cabin, and was buried near the spot where gold was first found by him. He was never married. A tine statue of Marshall has roooutly been erected by the State at the point where he made his famous discovery. ^.•^..t..rS>t s HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUJSTT. W. I FOUNDING OF SACRAMENTO CITY. I CHAPTER V. fllE city of Sacramento is located on the east bank of the Sacramento River, im- mediately below the month of the Ameri- can River. The first settlement was made by John A. Sutter, in 1839, and long before there was any thought of establishing a city. The news of the gold discovery attracted to Sutter's Fort a large immigration from all portions of the civilized world, and this point, being prac- tically the head of inland navigation, became the first nucleus of a settlement. ■ At first a town of canvas tents was established, and after- ward the city was regularly laid out, the survey being made in December, 1848, by Captain William II. AVarner, of the United States Army, assisted by W. T. Sherman, now (reneral. In 1844, however, an efl'ort was made, under the patronage of Sutter and others, to lay out and build a town at a point three miles below the site of Sacramento City. A survey was made and a village commenced. The first house was erected by Sutter, the second by one Hadel, and the third by George Zins. The last men- tioned was a brick building, and the first of the kind erected in California. Zins afterward man- ufactured the bricks, in Sacramento, which were used in the first brick buildings erected in this city. He stamped each brick with his initials, and one of them is now preserved in the Crocker Art Gallery Museum of the city, and one in the Museum of the Pioneer Association. For a time, " Sutterville," as it was called, in honor of its projector, flourished; but after the gold dis- covery the population centered at Sacramento, or the " Embarcadero," the Spanish name. At the time or shortly after the discovery of gold, quite a number of stores were established at the fort, and indeed that was the practical business center in this portion of the Territory. The first store, an adobe building, was that of C. C. Smith &, Co., Samuel Erannan being the "Co." This was started two moatlis prior to the opening of the mines, and across its coutit- ers were made the first exchanges of American goods for California gold. Brannan subsequently became the sole proprietor. Hensley & Read- ing had a store afterward in the fort, and one of the clerks was James King of William, later editor of the San Francisco Bulletin^ who was killed by James P. Casey in the " Vigilance Committee" days of 1856. When the city of Sacramento was established Sutter owned its site. After the discovery o gold and the laying out of the city, Sutter con- veyed his entire interest in the plat to his son and on December 30, 1849, Sutter, Jr., em ployed Peter H. Burnett — afterward Governor — as his lawyer to manage his newly acquired in terests. Conveyances were made by Sutter and his son, which resulted in a confusion of titles that were not adjusted until after many years of litigation. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. After the establishment of Sacramento there was a steady improvement of the town. From a village of canvas tents it grew to be one of wood and brick structures, and the town of Sut- terville soon had an existence only on paper. After the flood of 1861-62, an ettbrt was made to revive the town of SiitterviUe, but it again failed. During the time that Sacramento was flooded, in January, 1853, all communication with the raining counties was cut off", and some of the enterprising merchants sought higher ground for the city site, where freight could be landed from vessels without danger from floods. The site they selected was on the south bank of the Amei'ican River, nearly due north from the point now called Brighton, and they named the new town " Hoboken." At that day the American River was navigable to that point. A large town was laid out there, with wide streets and a steamboat landing. Within ten days a place sprang up which promised to be a rival to Sac- ramento. Three steamers made daily trips be- tween the two places. An express office was established at Hoboken, besides many other fa- cilities for commercial business. Trade there flourished. Many of the business Arms of Sac- ramento removed to the new town, and the newspapers of the city devoted a page to the interests of Hoboken. But Hoboken declined as rapidly as it had sprung up, and to-day its site constitutes a portion of a farm. The city of " Boston " was laid out at the con- fluence of the American and Sacramento rivers, north of Sacramento. It, however, never " ma- terialized," and existed only on maps. The population of Sacrimento, prior to Janu- ary, 1848, was comparatively insigniticant; but with the influx which followed the discovery of gold its augmentation had been perhaps unpre- cedented in the history of the world. Tlie first census taken in the State — in 1851 — during the administration of President Fillmore, was under the Buperintendency of J. Neely Johnson, as Census Agent of this district. He was after- ward Governor of the State. In that enumera- tion Sacramento was credited with 11,000 in- habitants. The population of the State as then returned was about 120,000. The Federal cen- sus of 1860 credits the city with 12,800; of 1870, with 16,283; of 1880, with 21,420; and the present year, 1889, it has prohalily between 30,000 and 40,000. George McDougal, brother of " I John," the second Governor, was a prominent character in the founding of Sacramento City. He came here from Indiana in 1848, joined Fremont's battalion, and was with it in the memorable campaign in Southern California. Returning to San Francisco, he became distinguished there; and when the mines were discovered joined the gold-seekers and had some exciting experiences in the mines. Shortly after the survey of Sac- ramento City was made, he procured a lease of a ferry privilege from Captain Sutter at a point below the entrance of Sutter Lake, and opened the tirst store in the place, bringing up a store ship and locating it near the foot of I street. His partner was Judge Blackburn, of Santa Cruz. The arrival of the son of Captain Sutter eflTected an important change in the destiny of the new city. He received the interest of his father in the city, and immediately a question arose between him and McDougal in respect to the prerogatives of his lease. The question be- ing decided in favor of Sutter, McDougal became so disaflPected with the place that he determined to "extinguish the prospects" of the new city, and move to Sutterville. Transporting all his goods to that point, and leaving his brother John in charge of them, he went East. Joini then issued immense placards, declaring that the firm over which he presided iiad determined to take the lead in competition, and accordingly would sell goods at "cost and freight," with a verbal assurance that if they could not obtain patronage at that rate they would sell at the primary cost of their merchandise. But the merchants at the fort combined and McDoucral & Co. soon had to break up. George wandered into Utali, New Mexico, and adjacent Territories, and meanwhile reports HISTORY OF SACllAMENrO COUNTY. of his death were received on the coast. An Eastern brother administered on his estate. Trace of him was lost for years. Finally Cap- tain Eruv\ n, of the ram Stonewall, was going to Japan through the Straits of Magellan, when some Patagonian chiefs came aboard, among whom was a "hirsute, squalid, weather-tanned and very tattooed man," none other than " Colo- nel George McDougal!" He had journeyed through Central Aineiica and various South American countries, and was then prospecting at Sandy Point, a savage and solitary station in the straits. He was the chief of an Indian tribe! He was a giant in size, and so princely and handsome that he had been called " Lord George McDougal." Captain Brown says that after he had had him shaved, cleaned up and dressed in good clotlies, he was the handsomest and most distinguished looking man he had ever seen. McDougal sobbed and cried when told of his family; but all entreaty to keep him on board and get him back home was unavailing, as he had a valuable mine which lie was developing by aid of these Indians. However, he promised that as soon as possible he would proceed farther north and then make for home. Some time afterward Brown chanced to meet McDougal in Valparaiso, and succeeded in sending him home. FIRST ELECTION. Among the musty old papers on tile in the othce of the county clerk in San Francisco, is the original polling list of an election for magis- trate held in Sacramento District, Se])tember 28, 1846, and wiiich it is thought was the first election in the district. Following is the copy of the list of voters, furnished Themis by As- sistant Adjutant-General Perrie Kewen: Daniel Sill, William Potter, Ed. J. Minier, T. J. Shadden, David Dutton, Peter Cadel, William Johnson, I. Fuller, James Smith, Jas. Tylee, James McDowell, William Northgrave, James Gregson, Ben. Sena, Martin Murphy, Heling Downing, Jared Sheldon, Perry McCoon, Gardner T. Wyman, J. A. Sutter, Silas Hitch- cock, Edmund Bray, Tobias Cadel, John Kunye. The candidates and the number of votes were: John Sinclair, 15; Jared Sheldon, 8; J. A. Sut- ter, 1. The subscriliers certify that the above is a correct register and poll of votes for the election of a magistrate of the Sacramento District, held at Fort New Helvetia, on the 28th day of Sep- tember, A. D. 1846. J. A. Sdtter, Judge. G. T. Wyman, J. Tylee. first mail to SACRAMENTO. The schooner John Dunlap, owned jointly by Simmons, Hutchins & Co. and E. S. Marsh, left San Francisco on her first trip to Sacramento, May 18, 1849. The first mail was brought on her second trip, when she sailed June 25 and arrived here in forty-eight hours. the first directory of the city of Sacramento was published in 1851, by J. Horace Culver, and was printed by the Transcript press, then on K street, between Second and Third. It has ninety-six pages, with a vast amount of interesting information, the names of the citizens occupying not quite half the space. A copy of it is pieserved in the State Library. THE FIRST PUBLIC RECEPTION AND BANQUET IN SACRAMENTO. The following is an old-time reminiscence from the memory of AV. M. Siddons, of Sacra- mento: "In June, 1849, Hon. T. Butler King was sent out by the general Government to recon- noiter the Sacramento Valley, and report to Washington. He called on General P. F.Smith, who afterward was conspicuous in the army of the Rebellion, but who was then in command of the military of the Pacific; also upon Commo- dore Jones, in command of the navy, to whom he presented his credentials and orders, at Beni- cia. An expedition was made up at that point, consisting of two six-mule teams, one dingay UISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. cart, with supplies for the trip. A detachment of thirty dragoous was formed under command of Lieutenant Stonera an — afterward a famous war General, later Governor of California — to act as escort. " The expeditioTi started on the 4th day of July, 1849, the writer being one of the party. AVe reached a point at the mouth of the Feather River, called Fremont, crossed over to Yer- non, and set out for Sacramento, where we ar- rived on July 7. Lieutenant Stoneman was left iu charge of the camp about five miles from the city. General Smith, Commodore Jones, T. Butler King and myself came to the city, and were met by General Sutter, Sam Bran nan, E. F. Gillespie, J. G. Hyer, P. E. Cornwall, Colo- nel J. B. Starr, W. R. Grimshaw, and a large number of citizens. After congratulatory re- marks, a banquet was given the visitors by the citizens. General Sutter had a considerable quantity of English ale, which was the principal beverage for the occasion. Considering the scarcity of the commodities that usually appear at banquets, this early effort in that line was a success. It must be remembered that Sacra- mento City was composed then only of a few buildings and tents. " During the stay we visited Sutter's Fort; where we received additional courtesies from General Sutter. After making a tourof Marj's- ville, through the Yubas, we crossed the Ameri- can, Feather and Stanislaus Rivers, and stopped at Stockton, about August 1. We had a good reception and an improvised banquet at that place, which was comprised of but few houses. AVe moved on to the foot of Mount Diablo, wliere we found Dr. Marsh, who o\vned a large ranch, and who also entertained us handsomely. Our circuit was made in one month and eleven days." THE FIRST GE.^^ND BALL in Sacramento is so eloquently described by Dr. Morse that we must quote his language: "About the 4th of July [1849], a grand ball was given at the City Hotel, which building was not yut completed. An immense and vigorous effort was made to get up a ball upon a mag- nificent scale. To do this, it was essentially im- portant that every Caucasian descendant of Eve in this section of the State should be present. Accordingly a respectable number of gallant young gentlemen were commissioned to explore the country, with specific instructions to visit every ranch, tent or wagon bed where there was any indication of feminine divinity, and, irre- spective of age, cultivation or grace, to bring one and all to this ' aristocratic' festal occasion. These orders were admirably attended to, and at the o[)ening of the dance the hungry, rather voracious optics of about 200plain-lookinggen- tlemen were greeted with the absolute presence of some eigiiteen ladies, not Amazons all, but replete with all the adornments that belong to bold and enterprising pioneers of a new country. Such a sight in California at that time was almost a miraculous exhibition, and filled men with such an ebullition of sentiment as to make it impossible to breathe without inhaling the dying cadences of the most devoted and tenderly ex- pressed politeness. "Tickets of admission to this ball were $32. The supper was most sumptuously prepared, and champagne circulated so freely that identity became jeopardized, and the very illumination of the room converted into a grand magnifying medium for the revels of fancy and delights of illusion." PKISON BRIG. The first ship ever used in the State of Cali- fjrnia as a "prison brig" was the bark Straf- ford, which was moored in the Sacramento River opposite the foot of I street. It was brought here from New York in 1849. While lying at the foot of O street it was sold at auc- tion by J. B. Starr, and, though it had cost $50,000, it was knocked down to C. C. Hayden for $3,750! Immediately the latter sold three- quarters of his interest to Charles VIorrill, Cap- tain Isaac Derby and Mr. Wiiiting. In March, 1850, they rented the vessel to the county for a " prison brig." May 25, 1850, the otiiers sold out their interests to Cliarles Morrill, who in- HISTOBT OF BAG BAM EN TO COUNTY. tended the bark for a trader between San Fran- cisco and Panama. It was loaded at the levee, bnt in so poor a manner that she nearly capsized on reaching the Uay of San Francisco. It was readjusted and taken on to the sea, but was never brought back. The county soon afterward purchased the La Grange, which had arrived in California from Salem, Massachusetts. It was moored about op- posite li street. When the first freshet of thehigh water of 1861-'62 came on, the vessel pulled heavily at its moorings, and the water came in through the open seams so rapidly tliat it was only by great exertions the prisoners were safely removed to the city jail. The bark filled and sank right there at the anchors. Sand and sedi- ment filled the hold and cabin and collected in great quantities all about it. Being sold at auction, it was purchased by T. Talbert, who, at considerable profit, disposed of it to a company of Chinese. The Celestials went actively to work pegging away at the carcass of the old bark, which had so many times braved storm and tempest; and if any of its remains were not carried ofi" by them, they are in the deep bosom of the sand-bank buried. Since then the Sacramento County jail has never been afloat. HISTOHT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTER VI, JN our sketch of tlie life of Sutter, in a pre vious chapter, allusion is made to the fact that some unprincipled immigrants entered upon his lands, cut timber, and stole his cattle, horses, etc. In 1849 others, more honorable in their intentions, questioned Sutter's title to certain tracts, including the site of the city of Sacramento. Their settling npou lands claimed by Sutter soon led to litigation and ultimately to riot and bloodshed. Our account of this very delicate affair is the one given by Dr. John F. Morse, who compiled a history of the city soon after that tragic period, from official and other sources. Dr. Morse says: In the Placer Times of May 5, 1849, we find the following: " NOTICE TO SQUATTERS. " All persons are hereby cautioned not to settle, without my permission, on any land of mine in this Territory. Said land is bounded as follows: Commencing on the north, in lati- tude thirty-nine degrees, thirty-three minutes and forty-tive seconds, at a point on the east bank of the Sacramento River, running thence east three leagues beyond Feather River; thence south to latitude thirty-eight degrees, forty -one minutes and thirty-two seconds; thence west to said Sacramento River; thence up and along the course of said Sacramento River to its inter- section with Feather River; thence in a westerly direction up and along the course of the said Sacramento River to the place of beginning, excepting a certain tract, included in the above, lying on the east side of the said Sacramento River, bounded on the north by latitude thirty- nine degrees one minute and forty-tive seconds, and on the south by the American Fork, granted by the Republic of Mexico to one Elias Grimes. "John A. Suttee, Jk." On the 7th of December, following, H. A. Schoolcraft petitioned the City Council to re- move a house built by Charles Robinson upon property which he represented. Robinson, whose sketch appears in the chapter on the Legislators of this county, was among the first to contest Sutter's title. He settled upon and claimed a lot on the levee near I street and regarded by him as public ground. The city authorized the removal. The next day a suit was entered against the city because of the removal of the building, and it resulted in favor of the city. The claim that Sutter's title was no good, and that his grant was public land and subject to pre-emption, had been promulgated in the early part of the fall of 1849, but it was treated by the speculators in town lots and the owners of property with indifference. This treatment, while it suppressed for a short time the bold- ness of the squatters, did not extinguish their K]iirit. They intimated that they would receive UISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. a reinforcement, when tlie immigration arrived, to secure them in their possession of the prop- erty upon wiiich they had settled. This as- sumption was based on the arrival of immigrants across the plains. Worn out by a long journey, and without money or homes, they did not listen with indifference to the assurance that by the mere locating of their tents upon a city lot it be- came their property. Thus, in a very few weeks, the timid and esteemed insignificant sqnatterism, became a distinct party organization. Lots were staked off in many parts of the city, and the squatter title was boldly presented as a superior claim to that based upon conveyances and sub conveyances from Sutter. The latter claimed the land now embraced within theliraitsof thecity, through agrant from the Mexican Government and the guarantees of the treaty of the United States with Mexico. His claim was sustained by an actual settle- ment, by immense and most useful improve- ments, by the occupation of the present site of the city, and survey made by a person whom he supposed to be a competent engineer, and an accompanying map, both of which located him upon the land he claimed. Upon this claim, he conveyed the property to his son, John A. Sutter, Jr., from whoiTi it had been purchased and sold, and passed through the hands of thou- sands of individuals. Against this claim tlie squatters urged that the natural boundaries of the land claimed were not in keeping with the imaginary lines, or the boundaries by latitude and longitude given by the engineer; that Sutter had not complied with the requisitions of his grant, and especially that the site of the city could not be embraced within the land granted, as by the stipulations it would not be subjected to annual inundations, and that by the improvement of Hock Farm and New Helvetia he had overstepped the boundaries of his possessions under the grant, either to the north, or south; and as the engi- neer had given the soutliern boundary by lati- tudinal lines, and as those lines, when correctly taken, placed his southern limit considerably above this point, therefore this: the site of Sacramento was public land and subject to pre- emption by occupation and improvement. The first civil suit against the squatters was insti- tuted in November, 1849, by John A. Sutter et al. vs. George Chapman. A writ of restitu- tion was issued by Judge Thomas and served by Presley Dunlap of the sheriff's office. These were the leading issues that were first developed in the fall of 1849 between the squatters and the anti-squatters. The removals alluded to gave great umbrage to the squatters, and were not forgotten by them, although the incoming rainy season and the terrible flood gave a temporary buietus to the subject. During the summer of 1850, a Squatters' Association was formed in the city. The first meeting was called by John H. Keyser, at the house of Mr. Kelly, who kept a place of enter- tainment on Front street, above J. At this place meetings were frequently held prior to the flood. Sometimes these meetings would be very largely attended. The speakers at first were not only entirely uneducated, but also so poorly sus- tained by native talent as to incur the ridicule of all but their immediate associates. But very soon men of talent and tact succeeded them, and infused into their proceedings a degree of strength and popular pleading that made the purchasers of Sutter titles watch their move- ments with anxiety. This anxiety was produced by an attention to the speaking Squatters; for as a general thing their speeches were freighted with denunciations against "Grasping and de- signing men," "Speculators in lots and land monopolists." In the month of May the asso- ciation was ably sii stained by a most talented engineer. Colonel John Plum be, who was the regular surveyor and recorder of the organiza- tion. After the floods of January and March, a more thorough and complete organization of the party took place, and a deep feeling of hos- tility sprung up between the Squatters and the purchasers of the Sutter titles. The members of the association began to demonstrate their views by squatting upon lots in dift'erent parts niSTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNT F. of tbe city. Contests ensued and removals oc- casionally efiected. But on the lOth of May, the particular suit was commenced which resulted in the riots of August, 1850. John P. Rodgers and De Witt J. Burnett commenced action against John F. Madden, in the Recorder's Court, B. F. Wash- ington presiding, under the statute providing for "Unlawful entry and detainer.'" The lot settled upon and claimed by Madden was situ- ated on the southeast corner of N and Second streets. The case was sustained by E. J. C. Kewen and R. F. Morrison for the plaintiffs, and F. W. Thayer for the defendant. The lat- ter set forth the plea of no jurisdiction, and the plea was overruled. He then instituted the plea that the property was public land, the free hold of the Government, and therefore subject to a title by settlement and improvement; that about the 1st of March, 1850, he had peaceably en- tered upon the premises and made improve- ments thereon. A demurrer was interposed by plaintiffs upon the ground that the plea set Ibrth by defendant was insufficient in law. The plea was overruled. The defendant then filed an affidavit asking a change of venue upon the ground that the recorder was biased and that he could not have a fair trial in this city, the citizens also being prejudiced against him. The application was refused, and the case went to tiial. After argument, the recorder returned a judgment against defendant, fining him $300 and costs, and ordered the issuance of a writ of restitution. The defendant appealed from this decision to the County Court, and on the 8th of August, 1850, the case came up for hearing before Judge Willis, of that tribunal. At this trial the de- fendant was assisted by J. H. McKune, C. A Tweed and Lewis Aldrich. Defendants moved for a nonsuit, on the ground that the Recorder's Court had no jurisdiction, but finally by con- sent the ease was submitted upon its merits. The claim of title from Sutter being offered by plaintiffs, defendant objected, and the objection was overruled. The case was then argued, and the following day judgment was rendered sus- taining the decision of the Inferior Court. The defendant then asked to appeal to the Supreme Court, but there being no law to provide for such an appeal, the motion was overruled. Dur- ing the proceedings of this trial both parties became excited to the utmost degree, and the Squatters, as a body, declared against the resto- ration of the property pursuant to the judg- ments of the courts. Squatters and Anti-squat- ters held meetings almost every night, and the city was excited. Almost immediately after the decision of Judge Willis was pronounced, the Squatters issued the following poster: TO THE PEOPLE OF SACRAMENTO CITY. It is well known that a few individuals have seized upon nearly all the arable public lauds in this county, and the following are some of the means they have resorted to in order to retain the property thus taken: First, They have used brute force and torn down the buildings of the settlers and driven them from their homes by riotous mobs. Second, They have used threats of violence, even to the taking of life, if the occupant or settler persisted in defending his property, and thus extorted from the timid their rightful possessions. Third, they have passed or procured the pass- age of certain rules in the so-called Legislature of California, for the purpose, as their attorneys affirm, of protecting themselves and removing the settlers from the land they may occupy, whether right or wrong; thus settling the ques- tion of title in an assumed legislative body, which question can alone be settled by the Su- preme Government of the United States. Fourth, Under said legislative regulations, by them called laws, they have continually har- rassed the settler with suits, and in many in- stances" compelled him to abandon his home for want of the means to pay the costs of their courts. Many others have paid tiiese costs with the hope ol carrying their cause through these so-called courts to the proper tribunal for final decision, namely, the Supreme Court of the United States. But these hopes were vain; for Judge Willis, so-called, has decided that from bis decision there is no appeal. BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. And now, inasmuch as the so-called Legisla- ture is not recognized by Congress, and their rules and regulations not approved, and are therefore of no binding force upon the citizens of the United States, but simply advisory; and inasmuch as tiie co-called law of "Forcible Entry and Detainer," if passed for the purpose affirmed by their counsel, namely, to drive off settlers, with or without title, is unconstitu- tional, and would be in any State, the people in this community called settlers, and others who are friends of justice and humanity, in consid- eration of the above, have determined to disre- gard all decisions of our courts in land cases, and all summonses or executions by the sheriff, constable or other officer of the present county or city touching this matter. They will regard the said officers as private citizens, as in the eyes of the constitution they are, and hold them accountable accordingly. And, moreover, if there is no otiier appeal from Judge "Willis, the settlers and others, on the first show of violence to their persons or property, either by the sheriff or other person, under color of any execution or writ of restitution, based on any judgment or decree of any court in this county, in an action to recover possession of land, have deliherately resolved to appeal to arms and protect their sacred rights, if need be, with their lives. Should such be rendered necessary by the acts of the sheriff or others, the settlers will be governed by martial law. All property, and the persons of such as do not engage in the contest, will be sacredly regarded and protected by tbem, whether land-holders or otherwise, but the property and lives of those who take the field against them will share the fate of war. This card of the Squatters increased the ex- citement in the community to such an intensity as to make collision and blood-shed an inevita- ble result. It was pronounced to be a declara- tion of civil war, and enlisted many people against the Squatters who had previously favored them by a sort of passive approbation. August 11, the Squatters held a meeting upon the levee, which we find thus reported in the Transcript of the following day: "The meeting of the Squatters, at the foot of J street, on Saturday evening was largely at- tended. The proceedings were characterized by great excitement, with a mixture of mirth and sparkling wit, which made the meeting decid- edly 'rich and racy.' When we arrived Dr. Kobinson, chairman of the meeting, was read- ing a series of resolutions declarative of the sentiments of the Squatters. Among others was a resolution to resist decisions made by Judge Willis, of the County Court. "A motion was adopted that the resolutions be taken up separately. At this stage of the proceedings loud calls were made for different speakers — McKune, Kewen, Brannan, Barton Lee, McClatchy, etc. "Mr. McKune appeared on the stand, and had proceeded about three-quarters of an hour, in an exposition of the Sutter title and defenses of the Squatters, when he was interrupted by loud cries for 'a new speaker,' 'Brannan,' 'Kewen,' etc. "The chairman at length succeeded in re- storing order, assuring the audience that Mr. Brannan should be heard when Mr. McKune closed. During his speech McKune made a statement in regard to Mr. Sutter's place of residence, that if he had one any more than another it was at Hock Farm and not at the fort, which was promptly pronounced as 'false', by Mr. Brannan. This renewed the commotion, and amidst a goodly sprinkling of 'noise and confusion' Mr. McKune retired. " The cries for different speakers were both 'loud and long.' Mr. Brannan and Judge Wilson took the stand. The latter stated he had just returned to the city with a complete translation of the Mexican laws in relation to land titles, and proceeded to show that the Squatters were vastly mistaken in regard to one or two of the arguments they used in support of their rights and adverse to the validity of Captain Sutter's title. "Disorder again reigned supreme, until Mr. Brannan had gotten fully under headway. Mr. Brannan proceeded to show that he was justifi- able in pronouncing the statement made by Mr. McKune as being 'false, untrue.' Mr. Bran- nan also adverted to his agency in removing a Squatter from his land, ' Land that had been HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. paid for, with money lie had earned by hard work.' "Colonel E. J. C. Kewen was loudly called for. After considerable tumult, that gentleman took the stand, and was proceeding, when he was interrupted by cries of ' "Who's the speaker?' ' Give us your name! ' ' My name,' said Colo- nel Kewen, ' is Ed Kewen, a man who is not afraid to face any populace, or give expression to the honest convictions of his heart, at any time, or under any circumstances.' 'Are you a land holder?' 'Yes, I have a few acres of land, which I have honestly acquired — land which I bought and paid for.' Colonel Kewen remarked that many of those who were now here claiming land had been deluded by de- signing persons — that at heart they were hon- est men; and alluded to the general integrity of the Anglo Saxon race. Whilst indulging in this strain, he was interrupted with cries of ' soft soap.' ' Yes,' replied the speaker, ' I be- lieve there is a little too much lie in it, and I will forbear.' Colonel Kewen referred to the decision of Judge Willis, and controverted the position assumed by Mr. McKune. His re- marks were received with plaudits on one side and disapprobation on the other. " Dr. Robinson, the chairman, asked leave to address the meeting; at the same time James Queen applied for a similar favor. Mr. Queen was denied the privilege, whereupon he turned to the assemblage and put the question for per- mission for the chair, which was also refused. (Roars of laughter.) " Here there was a perfect ' war of words' and bandying of set phrases, between the Squatters and others. The reading of the resolutions was loudly called for, when Dr. Robinson proceeded to read the first, and then delivered a speech of considerable length in defense of the resolutions. Dr. Robinson closed with the remark, that, as for himself, he meant to defend the property he had settled upon, at all hazards." Madden retained possession of his premises for some time, being defended by members of the association. The house itself became a sort of garrison for the Squatters. In it they kept a variety of muskets, pistols and some very an- tiquated sabres and swords. The sheriff, Mc- Kinney, in his endeavors to execute the writ of restitution, discovered a number of individuals, whom he knew, among the party resisting his authority, and reported the names of James Mc- Clatchy, Charles Robinson and others, and war- rants for their arrest were issued by Justice Charles C. Sackett. The excitement continued to increase, and hasty and unwarrantable acts were committed on both sides for several days. McClatchy had in the meantime delivered him- self up, and was confined in jail during the sub- sequent conflicts. Madden was finally dispos- sessed of his house, but recovered it on the 14th of August. On the morning and through the day of the 14th, a crisis arrived, M'hich can be best appreciated by a re-poblication of the inci- dents as then recorded by the journals: From the Daily Tirnes of the 15th we quote: "At two o'clock a body of Squatters, number- ing about forty, proceeded to the foot of I street; on the levee, and undertook to regain possession of a lot of ground, which had been lately in the occupation of one of their party. They were fully armed, and a general understanding pre- vailed that their object included the liberation of the two men committed the day before to the prison ship, upon the charge of being concerned in a riotous assemblage on the morning of the 12tl), for the purpose of forcibly resisting the process of law. After the displacement of some of the lumber upon the ground, the party of Squatters were deterred from proceeding further in their intent. The Mayor, Hardin Biglow, had meantime requested all good citizens to aid in suppressing the threatened riot, and very large numbers had gathered about the spot — several citizens armed, proceeded also to the prison ship — but no demonstration was made in that direction. " The Squatters retreated in martial order, and passed up I street to Third, thence to J and up to Fourth followed by a crowd of persons. They were here met by the mayor, who ordered them HISTORY OF HAOIiAMENTO COUNTY. tu deliver up their arras aud disperse. This they refused to do, and immediately several shots were lired at him, four of which took effect. He fell from his horse, and was carried to his resi- dence, dangerously if not mortally wounded. J. W. Woodland, who, unarmed, stood near the mayor at the time, received a shot in the groin which he survived but a few moments. A man, named Jesse Morgan, said to be from Millers- ville, Ohio, lately arrived, and who was seen to aim at the mayor, next fell dead, from the ef- fects of a ball which passed through his neck. James Harper was very severely but not danger- ously wounded, in supporting the sheriff. It is difhcult to give an exact detail of the terrible incidents which followed in such rapid succes- sion. It appeared, from an examination before the coroner, that the party of Squatters drew up in regular order, on arriving at the corner of Fourth street, and that the sheriff was several times fired upon before he displayed any weap- ons. Testimony was also given as to the per- son who was seen to fire upon Woodland. The mounted leader of the- Squatters, an Irishman by the name of Maloney, had his horse shot under him; he endeavored to escape, was pur- sued a short distance up an alley and shot througii the head, falling dead. Dr. Robinson, one of the armed party under his command, was wounded in the lower part of his body. Mr. Hale, of the firm of Crowell, Hale & Co., was slightly wounded in the leg, A young boy, son of Mr. Rogers, was also wounded. We have heard of several others, but are not assured of the correctness of the reports. Upon oath of several gentlemen, that they saw Dr. Robinson deliberately aim at the mayor, he was arrested and placed in confinement. An Irishman, named Henry A. Caulfield, accused of a similar act with regard to both the mayor and Woodland, was arrested late in the afternoon. [A sketch of Caulfield is given at the close of this chapter.] " After these terrible scenes, which occupied less time than we have employed to describe them, liad passed, a meeting of the council was held, the citizens gathered at the corner of Second and J streets, and other places through- out the city, and proceeded to organize in parties to prevent further outrage. A body of mounted men under the command of the sheriff, hearing the report that the Squatters were reinforcing at the fort, proceeded thither. The lawless mob was nowhere to be found; scouts were dispatched in all directions, but no trace of them could be discovered; meanwhile several other parties had formed into rank, and proceeded to different parts of the city, establishing rendezvous at various points. Brigadier-General A. M. Winn issued a proclamation, declaring the city under martial law, and ordering all law-abiding citizens to form themselves into volunteer companies, and report their organization at headquarters as soon as possible. At evening, quiet was fully restored throughout the city. Lieutenant-Gov- ernor McDougal, who left upon the Senator, and expects to meet the Gold Hunter, will bring up this morning a detachment of troops from Benicia. An extraordinary police force of 500 was summoned for duty during tlie night." By the minutes of the council, we find that B. F. Washington was appointed marshal, and Captain J. Sherwood, assistant, to whom all per- sons desirous of making arrests were requested to apply for authority and aid. From the Placer Times E.ttra of the loth of August, the following few paragraphs are taken, as also a copy of the letter found in Dr. Robin- son's te it: "The night passed without the least disturb- ance. The companies of Captain Sherwood and Major Snyder, and the artillery under Major Fowler, were constantly on duty; also a police force of about 200. The greatest vigilance was observed, but no farther arrests were made, and quiet seems to be fully restored throughout the city. The public mind is composed, but reso- lute and fairly determined that the work shall be well done now. The few persons who were heard to promulgate opinions opposed to the action which the authorities have pursued, have prudently desisted from their course, and but one sentiment is known at this time among the HI STORY OF SACHAMENTO COUNTT. entire community. The Squatters have success- fully concealed themselves or fled. A proposi- tion is very generally supported to give notice to all occupying city property as Squatters to leave forthwith, and that their tenements be de- molished, and all vestiges of their presence be removed. An early action in this direction will probably ensue. The most important develop- ment of the day is the letter found in the tent of Dr. liobinson, which is in his own hand ■writing, as can be fnlly proved. It is a damn- ing evidence of the plans and purposes whicb governed the proceedings of tlie lawless mob of the 13tli. We have no expression for the enormity of guilt which is thus brought home to them and all that abetted their cause. " Lieutenant-Governor McDougal returned from Benica on the Gold Hunter this morning, bringing fifty stand of arms and 1,500 cartiidges. •' The arrangements for the funeral of J. W. Woodland are completed. " A general expression of admiration is awarded to the conduct of the sheriff, Joseph McKinney. Under the most critical circumstances, bravery and discretion have united to commend his every action. He has been placed in positions de- manding the exercise of the most exalted cour- age, and in the midst of the most intense excite- ment which surrounded him his perfect coolness and composure did not desert him. To these attributes, as well as the fortune which favors the brave, is the preservation of his life owing; and our community may rejoice that such a well-tried public officer continues to hold au- thority among them. He was, during the 7nelee the mark of many shots, but his vigilance and a kind Providence protected him. " AVe would allude in the same connection to the intrepid valor of Recorder Washington, upon whom the highest civic powers of com- mand have devolved by the action of the council, with the enthusiastic and \inanimous approbation of the entire community. " Sheriff McKinney, on returning from the fort yesterday, entered the house of the sur- veyor of the Settlers' Association, and took possession of all records, documents, etc., found therein." Following is a copy of the letter found in Dr. Robinson's tent: "August 12, 1850.— Although I have writ- ten one letter, yet, as I have been called upon by circumstances to remain in town, and as I have a little leisure, I will talk with you a little, my ever dear S. Since writing you, we have seen much and experienced much of a serious and important character, as well as much excite- ment. The county judge, before whom our cases were brought, decided against us, and on Satur- day morning declared that from his decisions there should be no appeal. The Squatters im mediately collected on the ground in dispute, and posted on large bills the following: ' Outrage! ! ! Shall Judge Willis be dictator? Squatters, and all other republicans, are invited to meet on the levee this evening, to hear the details.' It was responded to by both parties, and the speculators, as aforetime, attempted to talk against time, etc. On the passage of a series of resolutions presented by your humble servant, there w^ere about three ayes to one nay, although the Transcript said they were about equal. Sun- day morning I drew up a manifesto, carried it with me to thechurch, paid onedollarfor preach- ing, helped them sing, showed it to a lawyer, to see if my position was correct, legally, and pi'o- cured the printing of it in handbills and in the paper, after presenting it to a private meeting of citizens for their approval, which I addressed at some length. After a long talk for the pur- pose of consoling a gentleman just in from the plains, and who the day before had buried his wife whom he loved most tenderly, and a few days previous to that had lost his son, 1 threw my- self upon my blankets and ' seriously thought of the morrow.' " What will be the result? Shall I be borne out in my position? On whom can I depend? How many of those who are Squatters will come out if there is a prospect of a tight? Will the sheriff take possession, as he has jjromised, befoi-e 10 o'clock a. m? How many speculators IirsTOHY OF .SACRAMENTO COUNTY. will fight? Have I distinctly detined our posi- tion in the bill? AVill the world, the universe !ind God say it is just? — etc., etc., etc., Will you call me rash if I tell you that I took these steps to this point when I could get hut twenty- five itien to pledge themselves on paper to sus- tain me, and many of them, I felt, were timid? Such was tiie case. " Tills morning I was early on my feet, silently and quietly visiting my friends, collecting arms, etc. Our manifesto appeared in the paper and in bills early, and the wiiole town is aroused. Nothing is thought or talked of but war. About 200 men assembled on the disputed territory, and most of them sympathized with us. A few, however, were spies. We chose our com- mander, and enrolled such as were willing to lay down their lives, if need be, in the cause. About fifty names could be obtained. I managed by speeches, business, etc., to keep the spectators and fightt'rs mingled in the mass, all unarmed, so as to let no one know but all were men of valor, and ready to fight. While thus engaged, the mayor appeared and addressed us from his saddle — -not ordering us to disperse, but advis- ing us to do so. 1 replied, most respectfully, that we were assembled to injure no one, and to assail no one who left us alone. We were on our own property, with no hostile intentions while unmolested. After he left I, with others, was appointed a committee to wait upon him at his office, and state distinctly our position, etc., so that there could be no possibility of mistake. He said he should use iiis influence, as an indi- vidual, to keep anyone from destroying our property, and told us the sheriff" had just told him that the executions from the court had been postponed. We returned, and after reporting, and making some fyrtiier arrangements for an- other meeting, if necessary, we adjourned. I told the mayor we should remain together if no attempt was to be made to execute their war- rants, but I told iiim if in the meantime a sheriff' or any other jierson molested a Squatter, we should hold him responsible according to our proclamation. From this position we could not be driven, althougii we knew it was in violation of the regulations of the State. We were pre- pared to abide the result. "It is said tliat a writ is madi^ out for my ar- rest, as a rebel, etc. If so, it will not probably be served at present." From the IJaUy Times of the Kith, the fol- lowing paragraphs are taken: "Another day of gloom arrives in the dread succession which we are compelled to record. Scarcely had the funeral rites been rendered to one victim, ere a second is immolated upon the sacred altar of duty. The sherift'of this county, Joseph McKinney, was killed last evening. Ho had proceeded to Brighton in company with a party of about twenty, to make arrests of per- sons whom he had been advised w-ere concerned in the riotous outrages of the 14th. On reach- ing Pavilion, and being assured that the parlies sought for were at the hotel of one Allen in the neighborhood, it was arranged tiiat Mr. J\Ic- Dowell, of Mormon Island, well known at the house, should proceed there, make observations and return. They did not wait for him, how- ever, but soon after rode up to the door, when the sheriff" demanded of Allen that he and the others should surrender themselves. They re- fused to do this, and immediately several shots were fired, mortally wounding Mr. McKinney. lie expired in a few nioinents. Meanwhile, several of those with him liiid entered the bar- room, where about a dozen Squatters were as- sembled. Three of the latter were killed on the spot. Allen escaped, though wounded. Three prisoners were taken and brought into town. We have heard that a f"ourth and a negro Squat- ter were also taken. " At the time the first report of these pro- ceedings reached the city, the council was in session. Messrs. Tweed and Spaulding were ap- pointed to unite with Captain Sherwood in taking measures to meet the emergency. Num- bers of the citizens left immediately for the scene of disturbance. The greatest commotion pervaded the city, and the most contradictory and exaii'irerated I'umors were circulated. It was HI STOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 31 feared that in the excitement tlie protection of the city would be neglected. In the course of a few hours the facts became known, and quiet was restored. Messengers continued to arrive throughout the night. A strict patrol was kept- in the vicinity of Brighton and of the city. A man was arrested by Captain Sherwood, being identified by two or three persons as implicated in the riot of the 14th. We are denied room for comment. But a few hours ago, we had the satisfaction to give a just tribute of appreciation to the gallant conduct of the otticer whose sac- rifice we now relate. Every member in our community feels in his own person the enormity of the crime which has been committed against all the social and political rights prized by our countrymen. A similar outrage is almost un- precedented in the history of the American peo- ple, and every interest of this community de- mands that the retribution should be summary and complete." The following is the dispatch sent to General A. M. "Winn, by Governor Burnett, when he heard of the troubles at Sacramento: San Jose, Aug. 15, 1850. To Brig. Gen. A. If. Wmn, Second Brigade, First Division, California Militia: Sir: It having been made to appear to me that there is a riotous and nnlawful assembly, with intent to commit a felony at Sacramento City, in Sacramento County, yo>i will forthwith order out the whole of your command, to appear at Sacramento City on the 16th day of August, 1850, or as soon thereafter as practicable; and you will take command of the same, and give all the aid in your power lo the civil authorities, in suppressing violence and enforcing the laws. Should the force ordered out not be sufficient, you will forthwith iLform me accordingly. Your obedient servant, Peter II. Burnett, Governor of California and ComW-in-Chief. On the morning of the 16th, two military corapanies arrived by the steamer Senator, from San Francisco, under command of Captains Howard and McCormick, accompanied by Colo- nel J. W. Geary, Mayor of San Francisco, and afterward Governor of Pennsylvania, and they placed themselves under command of General Winn, who transmitted to the Common Council the following letter: Bku^ai.k Ili;,\iK,rAi;TEE9, Ang. 17,1850. To til, .\<-liinj Miii/nr ,ind CoriDiwib Council of Sarr.imintoCdy: I have the honor to inform you that the Sec- ond Brigade, First Division, California Militia, is now in readiness to give aid to the civil au- thorities in suppressing violence and enforcing law. Any orders emanating from your board shall be promptly attended to. With high respect, I subscribe myself your obedient servant, A. M. Winn, Bi'ig. Gen. By E. J. C. Kewen, Asst. Adj. Gen., Second Brig., First Div., Cat. Militia.. The Council then made the following I'cply : Council Chamukr, Sacramento City, August 17, 1850. Sir: Your communication of this ilaU^ is re- ceived, notifying me of the readiiirss i.if tlic Sec- ond Brigade, First Division, California Militia, under your command, to aid the civil authori- ties in suppressing violence and enforcing law, and stating that any orders emanating from this board shall be promptly attended to. In reply, I would state that immediately after the unex- pected riot of the 14th inst. a police force of 500 men was authorized to be raised, and B. F. Washington, Es(j., appointed as marshal to take command, aided b}' Ca])tain J. Sherwood. Thus far this force has proven itself capable of sus- taining our laws and protecting the property of onr citizens without resort to military aid; and from all the information which we now possess there is no great probability of such aid being needed. Should any emergency arise requiring it, rest assured we shall avail ourselves of your kind offer. By order of the board, D. Strong, Pres. Common Council and Acting Mayor. Two days afterward the mayor issued the following proclamation: Fellow Citizens: Peace, order and (juiet- ness have re-assumed their sway. Scouts have returned, after scouring the neighborhood, and report the absence of any appearance of hostili- ties. A heavy guard is constantly maintained. HISTORY OF SAURAMENFO GOUNTT. and the city is safe from aii attack. Reliable information has been received from the mines, assuring us of the falsity of the rumors of as- semblages to resist the law. An observance of the ordinance against discharging fire-arms in the city is commanded. Especially is it neces- sary at this time, after nightfall. Officers on duty will attend to this. No farther disturb- ance is apprehended, but our vigilance must not be relaxed. D. Strong, Pres. Common Council and Aciing 31a yor. August 19, 1850. Under the heading " Restoring of quiet,'' the TTanscript of August 19 had the following: " AYe are happy to see at last the dawning of a calmer state of things in our midst. Under the circumstances, the excitement of the past few days was perhaps unavoidable. It is a terrible step for men to take, to rise in armed opposi- tion to the laws and constitution of the State in which they reside; but when such a step is taken, it must be promptly met. Our citizens have aroused with determination; they have rushed in multitudes to the side of law and authority. The blow has been struck. The armed opposition has been crushed. The riot- ers are scattered, and the authority of our Gov- ernment is still maintained. In addition two telling moral blows have been struck whose effect will last long in our community. We allude to the funerals of Mr. Woodland and of Mr. McKinney. It almost seemed as if the en- tire city rose to perform over them the last duties which were left to be performed. " At present all is quiet in our midst; and we trust that until there is need of further excite- ment, our fellow citizens will do what lies in their power to allay the turmoil which has jos- tled our city from its course of prosperity. The remote evils resulting from such an excitement as we have passed through are much to be de- plored, and should be avoided if it is within the range of possibility. The utter stagnation of all business, the cessation of works of public im- provement, the stop placed upon private works of enterprise, the forgetfulness of the thousand and one subjects which should demand the im- mediate attention of the public, — these all call upon us to allay the excitement no longer called for, and to resume our former condition of quiet." The death of Woodland was tlie result of an exposure that was prompted by one of the no- blest impulses of the human heart. He was walking up the street, and near the corner of Fourth and J, in company with a friend, when the Squatters ranged themselves diagonally across Fourth and J, with their guns presented toward the approaching mayor and his party. The moment he saw the menacing attitude of these men he exclaimed to his friend, "Oh! it's too bad for these men to take such a stand, for tl: •^y will certainly be shot down; I will go up and advise them." In an attempt to execute this intention he went forward a couple of steps when he received a ball that killed him almost in- stantly. After Mayor Biglow had been disabled by his wounds received on the 14th, Demas Strong, now of New York City, became tlie acting mayor for the balance of the term. After the riot, Squatterism seetueJ for a time totally dead so far as concerned city property. A prominent citizen who lived here at the time of the riot furnishes the following ac- count of the death of Sheriff McKinney: "At the conclusion of the funeral ceremonies of Woodland, the sun hung low and red in the haze of the western horizon, and as the people were returning in irregular masses to the city, a squad of about forty mounted men, led by Sheriff* McKinney, were observed to tile out upon the plain, at a leisurely pace, in a north- easterly direction toward Brighton. To those who had the curiosity to inquire, it was whis- pered that the sheriff had intelligence of a meeting, in secret conclave that evening, of the band of Squatters who had been engaged in the fight the day before, in which Woodland had cost his life. "As the sheriff hoped to surprise his enemy, he proceeded slowly so as to time his arrival at the scene of action after dark. He reached the HISTOUY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. < Pavilion,' a large house of public resort on the main road about a mile short of the house where he supposed the party he sought would be congregated, and there rested to consult upon a plan of action and gain further intelli- gence. The sequel shows that his information was of a very uncertain sort. About a mile beyond the Pavilion was a small roadside inn, kept by one who was familiarly known as 'old man Allen,' and who was supposed to be one of the armed band, and this place was thought to be the rendezvous of the scattered Squatter leaders. " Among the sheriff's party was David Mc- Dowell, who had a trading post at McDowell Hill, a short distance above Mormon Island, and who was a frequent traveler on the road, and knew Allen and his house. McDowell volunteered to go up the road, make an appar- ently casual call at Allen's, reconnoitre the po- sition, and return in as short a time as possible. It was so arranged, and- it was understood that the sheriff should not leave the Pavilion until McDowell returned. The latter, taking with him Country McCloskey — at that time a well- known e.K-hero of the prize ring, but yet little per- sonally known in Sacramento — proceeded upon what his nervous companions thought a perilous undertaking. McDowell, however, had no fears; and if the agreement upon which he relied — that the sheriff should await his return — had been observed, the catastrophe which followed would have been avoided. McDowell and his companion tied their horses at Allen's door and entered the little bar-room of the house. They found Allen and two or three strangers there, bnt saw nothing unusual. A few guns stood in a corner. The strangers appeared like innocent travelers. A friendly conversation ensued, as well as a couple of drinks at the bar. The sub- ject of the Sacramento riot was not touched by either party. McDowell learned that Allen's wife was lying very ill of typhoid fever in an adjoining room. AVishing not to appear in too much haste nor to e.xcite Allen's suspicion as to the object of their call, the visitors, after some delay, were on the point of departing when the alert ear of McDowell caught the sound of rapidly approaching horses, and di- vined the truth. The impetuous and impa- tient young sheriff was thundering up the road. The minutes of McDowell's absence had seemed like hours, and he feared for the safety of his friend. McDowell and his companion hastened to their horses; and as the former was swinging into his saddle, and before his seat was secured, the sheriff, with five or six of his party (the others remaining behind at the Pavilion), came upon him in the dark, and with a cloud of dust which rendered every- thing invisible, with such sudden force as to overthrow him and his steed. It was but the work of an instant for the sheriff to dismount, announce himself at the door, and demand en- trance. At the same moment the lights in the bar-room were e.xtinguished, and Allen opened the door and discharged the contents of a rifle full in the bosom of the sheriff. Allen and others in the house continued firing, and several of the sherift''s party rushed in and fought an unknown enemy in the dark. "The result was terrible. McKinney was instantly killed ; another of the party was shot through the arm and fainted from loss of blood. Two men were killed in the bar-room; Allen was severely wounded and escaped in the dark- ness; Mrs. Allen died before morning. It is quite certain this lady's death was not caused or hastened by the sad events with which her last hours were attended; but it could not fail, under such circumstances, to be counted in the catalogue of that night's fearful tragedy. Dr. Wake Brierly, one of the sheriff's party, saw the patient as soon as lights were restored, and found her wholly unconscious and in the last hopeless condition of typhoid fever. "Thus perished the first executive officer of Sacramento County, in attempting to execute warrants placed in his hands for the arrest of Allen and others, charged with the violation of the law. He was only twenty-one years of age, and of quite youthful appearance. His i/isrour OF saorambnto county. ardor to discharge promptly his duty led liiin into an erior of judgment — an error into which the same causes might have led a cooler and more experienced man, and which was the im- mediate cause of a iatal issue. Tlie town had been terrorized by tlie 0]ien defiance of the Squatters, und the young sheriff probably felt tliat any over-cautions conduct, or any apparent reluctance on liis part, might be taken by the public as an indication of a want of courage. "Allen made his way to • Ilangtown,' as Placerville was then known, and there, among the miners, related the story of his wrongs witli such effect that it was feared, both in Sac- ramento and San Francisco, that there was danger that he would appear at the head of a sufficient force and take vengeance upon the people of Sacramento. The Squatters were en- couraged, and it was thought they were secretly organizing and expecting aid from the miners, whom the excited Sacramentans imagined would be led by Allen against them. The wildest rumors prevailed. The people armed and formed a mil- itary guard. The city of San Francisco sent Mayor Geary with two military companies, one in command of Captain W. D. M. Howard, and the other in the command of Captain McCor- niick, to aid in the defense of the city." Ben McCuIloch, the successor to the murdered McKinney, in the office of the sheriffalty, after- ward became a man of considerable note. He was born in Eutherford County, Tennessee, in 1814; as he grew to manhood he evinced a great fondness for hunting and adventure, and desired to accompany exploring and trapping expedi- tions to the mountainous regions of the West; but, failing to find such an opportunity, he went with David Crockett to Texas, to take part in the Revolution. Sickness prevented him from par- ticipation in the earlier engagements, but in 1836 he joined the Texan Army under General Sam Houston, and was assigned to the artillery. He served gallantly at the battle of San Ja- cinto, and afterward was employed on the front- ier, surveying and locating lands in Texas. Upon the breaking out of the Mexican War, he raised a company of Texan " Rangers," which was accepted by General Taylor, won great honor at the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista, and rendered gallant service in the taking of the city of Mexico. He was appointed United States Marshal of Texas by President Pierce. In 1857 he was appointed, in conjunction witli ex-Governor Powell, a commissioner to Utah. At the time of the inauguration of President Lincoln, he was in Washington, it was believed, making arrangements, at the head of a body of secessionists, to take possession of the city; but, owing to the precautions of General Scott, the idea was abandoned. He was subsequently made Brigadier-General in the Confederate Army and assigned the command of the Arkan- sas forces. In June, 1861, he issued a procla- mation to the people of that State to assemble at Fayetteville to defend the State against inva- sion from Missouri. He commanded at the bat- tle of Wilson's Creek, where General Nathaniel Lyon was killed; and, it was said, having some misunderstanding with General Sterling Price, he surrendered the command to him. At the battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, he led a corps of troops from that State and from Louisiana and Texas, and fell on the second day of the en- gagement, March 7, 1862. Henry A. Caulfield was born in Ireland, in 1827, and early in life came to the United States. In 1844: he was a member of the Em- met Guards at Albany, New York, and during the anti-rent troubles in that State his company was ordered to Columbia County to assist the authorities in suppressing the anti-renters, who had committed various outrages, killing an un- der-sheriff, tarring and feathering several other officers, etc. He arrived in California in 1849, via Cape Horn, and settled in Sacramento, where for a time he was a carpenter and joiner, and was act- ive in Democratic politics. Fleeing with others at the time of the riot just described, he was arrested by John G. Cleal somewhere between this city and Brighton and brought back to the city strapped on the back of a horse and lodged HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. on boarJ the prison brig. Tiie next Grand Jury indicted liini and several others for murder and conspiracy to murder. A nolle prosequi was subsequently entered, as Governor McDougal had declared that he would pardon them if con- victed. After his release Caulfield was active in the Squatter troubles that followed. About 1851 he settled on a farm on the mound north of the American River, about half a mile above its mouth, and lived there until the flood of 1852, when he sold the place to Patrick IJan- non, and removed to a ranch south of the II street levee, out of which arose most of his subsequent troubles. June 19, 1851, he had a disagreement with George Wilson, a justice of the peace and an associate judge of the Court of Sessions. Wil- son had made some oifensive remark about an attorney, and on the day mentioned the attorney came into the court-room and demanded that Wilson retract, which the latter declined to do. The attorney struck at him and the next instant received a stab from the sword which Wilson drew from his cane. Caulfield entjred the room at this juncture and with his revolver fired several sliots at Wilson, without hitting him. Wilson then seized Caulfield around the neck, with his head in front of him, presented a large revol- ver at his head, and was on the point of sending a bullet through his brain when R. P. Jacobs, a policeman, rushed in and saved Caulfield's lii'e. At another time Caulfield had a difiiculty with Thomas O. Shelby over land matters; and a? he was coming out of the hall of Reed's building at Third and J streets, Shelby shot him several times, wounding him dangerously; half of the bullets were not extracted. On that occasion Caulfield was unarmed, and the assault was unprovoked on his part. While he was lying at death's door a priest called to see him, saying, " I am told you have been a very bad man." "It's a doni lie, and you are no doi;tor; git out of here! " About 1856, Caulfield had a difficulty with a uuxn named Miller, about i)olitics and some mules. Being in Miller's house, on the second floor, at night he attempted to strike Miller with a flat-iron during a quarrel, when Miller seized a heavy cane and broke it in pieces by repeated blows upon Caulfield's head, Caul- field was forced partly out of the window, when Mrs. Miller interfered, and Miller let go, and Caulfield fell to the ground. Miller sent word to the coroner that he had killed Caulfield. The sherift" and coroner went out with the dead-wagon for the remains, which, however, they found had recovered sufficiently to walk to the county hospital. On another occasion, about 1856, he was stabbed severely by Frank Nolan on Front street. So severely was he hurt this time that for several days he breathed through the knife holes in his back! During the encounter, Caulfield caught the blade of the knife and wrenched the instru- ment from Nolan's grasp, which of course cut his hand fearfully. August 15, 1878, Caulfield shot William G. Englisli on a disputed lot south of R street, causing his death two days later. For this he was sent to State prison for six years. Besides the foregoing, Caulfield was involved in many other ugly scrapes, nearly killing some one or being killed himself; but finally, on July 2, 1888, as the evening train from Folsom was approaching Fourth street, it struck him with a death blow. It seems that he did not notice the " familiar alarm " 'of the whistle. lllHTOItr OF SACJtAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTER VI T. fR. JOHN F. MORSE, in liis "History of Sacrainento," published in 1853, makes this allusion to what was probably the tirst election held in Sacramento District: "In the fall of 1848 an election was held at the fort (Sutter's) for first and second alcaldes, and re- sulted in tiie selection of Frank Bates and John S. Fowler. Fowler resigned in the spring fol- lowing, and II. A. Schoolcraft was elected to fill the vacancy. In the spring of 1849, Bran- nan, Snyder, Slater, Ilensley, Iving, Cheever, McCarver, McDoiigall, Barton Lee, Slater, Br. Carpenter, Southard and Fowler were elected a Board of Commissioners to frame a code of laws for the district. I'ursiiant to the wish of this legislating committee, the people convened to- gether under a broad-spreading oak at, the foot of I street. The report, which was then otK- cially submitted and which was duly accepted by the sovereigns assembled, provided tlie following officers of a jurisdiction extending from the Coast Range to the Sierra Nevada, and through- out the length of the Sacramento Valley, to-wit: One alcalde and a sheriif. II. A. Schoolcraft was then elected alcalde and A'. M. Turner, sheriff. This constituted the judiciary of North- ern California up to the time that those changes took place in very rapid succession after the immigration of 1849 began to concentrate at Sacramento." In 1S71 a history of Sacramento was pub- lished in Crocker's Directory, written by D. J. Thomas, and we make the following extract from it, which in part relates to the same event that Morse alluded to: "The first attempt to establish a civil govern- ment under American ideas of government was made on April 30, 1849, when a mass meeting of the then residents of Sacramento City and other portions of Sacramento District was held at the Embarcadero to devise a means for the government of the city and district. At this meeting Henry A. Schoolcraft presided, Peter Slater was Vice-President and James King of William and E. J. Brooks, Secretaries. Samuel Brannan explained the object of the meeting, and it was resolved that a Legislature of eleven members should be elected, 'with full powers to enact laws for the government of the city and district.' It was also determined to hold the election forthwith, and Henry Bates, M. D., M. T. McClellan, Mark Stewart, Ed. II. Von Plister and Eugene F. Gillespie were appointed judges. The vote resulted in the election of John McDougall, Peter Slater, Barton Lee, John S. Fowler, j'. S. Robb, Wm. Pettit, Wm. M. Carpenter, M. D., Chas. G. Southard, M. M. McCarver, James King of William and Samuel Brannan, but upon the announcement of the re- sult Robl) declined to accept, and Henry Cheever HISTORY OF SAGBAMENTO COUNTY. 37 was chosen to fill the vacancy. [Whether the list given by Morse or this one is correct we cannot decide.] The eleven were immediately sworn in, and some time afterward adopted a code that no laws were wanted and that all the officers necessary for ' the District of Sacra- mento, bounded on the north and west by the Sacramento River, on the east by the Sierra Nevadas, and on the south by the Cosiimnes Iliver, were one alcalde and one sheriff. They then submitted the code to the people for adop- tion or rejection, and asked them at the same time to vote for officers. The code was adopted. " Nothinu; further toward forming a local gov- ernment was attempted until after the proclama- tion of General Riley (the military Governor) was issued at Monterey on June 3. In fact nothing seemed nee 'ssary, if theft was, by com- mon consent, punished, as the Times says, ' by giving the offender thirty or forty rawhide lashes, and then ordering him ofl", not to return under penalty of death.' " General B. Riley, the military Governor of California, issued a proclamation for an election to be held August 1, 1849, to elect delegates to a general convention and for filling several nec- essary offices. On July 5, a meeting was held and a committee was appointed to organize the district into precincts, apportion the representa- tion, and nominate the candidates to be voted for. The committee consisted of P. B. Corn- wall, C. E. Pickett, Wm. M. Carpenter, Samuel Brannan, John McDougall, W. Blackburn, J. S. Robb, Samuel J. Hensley, Mark Stewart, M. M. McCarver, John S. Fowler and A. M. Winn. On the 14th the committee reported, recom- mending the places for polls, etc. At the elec- tion that followed the vote was as follows: For delegates to the Constitutional Convention: Jacob R. Snyder, 469; John A. Sutter, 468; John Bidwell, 462; W. E. Shannon, 458; L. W. Hastings, 450; W. S. Sherwood, 446; M. M. McCarver, 290; John S. B^owler, 289; John McDougall, 281; Chas. E. Pickett, 193; W. P,lackburn, 192; E. O. Crosby, 189; R. M. Jones, 179; W. Lacey, 123; James Queen, 130. For local offices — Wm. Stout, Henry E. Robin- son, P. B. Cornwall, Eugene F. Gillespie, T. L. Chapman, Berryman Jennings, John P. Rodg- ers, A. M. Winn and M. T. McClellan were elected a City Council without opposition, and by an average vote of 424. J as. S. Thomas was elected First Magistrate by 393 votes, against twenty-two for S. S. White, and live for J. S. Fowler. J. C. Zabriskie was elected Second Magistrate; H. A. Schoolcraft, Recorder; and D. B. Hanner, Sherifi". Under the call for the C-onstitutional Conven- tion, the district was entitled to but four dele- gates, and J. R. Snyder, W. E. Shannon, W. S. Sherwood and J. A. Sutter were the representa- tives, but afterward the representation was in- creased to fifteen, and in addition to the original four, the following were appointed: L. W. Hast- ings, John Bidwell, John 8. Fowler, M. M. Mc- Carver, John McDougall, E. O. Crosby, W. Blackburn, James Queen, R. M. Jones, W. Lacey and C. E. Pickett. In October the convention adjourned, and an election was called for Tuesday, November 18, 1849, to vote on the constitution, for State offi- cers, and for representatives in the Legislature. At that election the vote of Sacramento District stood as follows: For the Constitution, 4,317; against it, 643. For Governor — P. II. Burnett, 2,409; J. A. Sutter, 856; Thomas McDowell, 87; W. S. Sherwood, 1,929; William M. Stew- art, 448. For State Senators — John Bidwell, 3,474; Thomas J. Green, 2,516; Elisha O. Crosby, 2,610; Henry E. Robinson, 2,328; Murray Morrison, 2,171; Hardin Biglow, 1,407; Gilbert A. Grant, 1,687; Charles E. Pickett, 905. The first four were elected. The county was formally organized when the Legislature passed " an act subdividing the State into counties and establishing the seats of jus- tice therein," February 18, 1850, and Section 17 of it defined the boundaries of Sacramento County as follows: •' Beginning at a point ten miles due north of the mouth of the American River, and running thence in an easterly direc- tion to the junction of t!ie north and soutli forks HISrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. of said river; thence up the middle of the prin cipal channel of the south fork to a point one mile above the head of Alonnon Island, so as to include said island in Sacramento County; thence in a southerly direction to a point on the Co- sumnes River eight miles above the house of William .Daylor; thence due south to Dry Creek; thence down the middle of said creek to its entrance into the Moquelumne Eiver, or into a large slough in the tule marsh; thence down the middle of said slough to its junction with the San Joaquin lliver; thence down the mid- dle of said river to the mouth of the Sacra- mento River, at the head of Suisun Bay; thence up the middle of the Sacramento to the mouth of Merritt's Slough; thence up the middle of said slough to its head; tlience up the middle of the Sacramento River to a point due west of the place of beginning, and tlience east to the place of beginning. The seat of justice shall be at Sacramento City. The first election law appointed tlie first Monday in October the day for holding the election for State oiiicers, and denominated that the general election. The first Monday in April was designated as the day for the election of county officers and was called the county elec- tion. The Legislature of 1851 repealed the clause relating to the county election and pro- vided that it should be held the same time with the State election, and the time for holding the general election was changed from the first Monday in October to the firs-t Wednesday in September, and it has since remained that way. The terms of the county officers commenced originally on the first Monday in May, 1850, but the Legislature of 1851 changed it so that the term commenced on the first Monday in Oc- tober following the election. In 1863 the Legislature changed the law again so that the official terms comtnenced on the first Monday in March following the election, and it remains so now. These were the first county officers, and they were elected April 1, 1850, to serve from April, 1850, to April, 1852; County Judge, E. J. "Willis; SheriflP, Joseph McKinney; Clerk, Pres- ley Dunlap; Recorder, L. A. Birdsall; District Attorney, William C. Wallace; County Attor- ney, John H. McKune; Treasurer, Wm. Glas- kin; Assessor, David AV. Thorpe; Surveyor, J. G. Cleal; Coroner, P. F. Ewer. J. S. Thomas was elected District Judge by the Legislature of 1849-'50, and he resigned January 1, 1851. Tod Robinson, lately deceased, was appointed January 2, 1851, and served till the first part of August, when Ferris Forman, who was Sec- retary of State during the administration of John P. Weller, succeeded him on the 14th of August, 1851, and presided one month. On the 15th of September, 1851, Lewis Aldrich becanie District Judge. The sheriff, Joseph McKinney, was killed near Brighton on tlie evening of August 15, 1850, the day after the Squatter riot, and at a special election held the first Monday. in September, Ben McCullough was elected to fill the vacancy. The Legislature of 1851 abolished the office of county attorney, and assigned the duties of the office to the district attorney. In the meantime Wallace resigned, and Milton S. Latham, afterward Gov- ernor, succeeded to the office of district attor- ney, October 18, 1850. Wm. Glaskin resigned the office of treasurer August 22, 1850, and John W. Peyton was appointed to fill the va- cancy. Peyton resigned November. 29, 1850, and Charles 11. Swift was appointed treasurer and collector by the Court of Sessions, of whicli he was a member, to fill the vacancy. The court of criminal jurisdiction was termed the Court of Sessions, and it was composed of the county judge and two associates. These as- sociates were elected by a convention of justices of the peace, held the first Monday in October, in each year, except the first convention, which was held May 20, 1850, and then C. C. Sackett and Charles II. Swift were elected associates. This court filled vacancies in office in the county and attended to the financial affairs of the county in early times. When Swift was elected county treasurer, James Brown was elected associate in his stead, and assumed the duties of his office IIISrORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. February 7, 1851. August 14, following, D. D. Bullock succeeded Brown. The following county officers were elected September 3, 1851, and served from October, 1851, to October 5, 1853: County Judge, E. J. Willis; Sheriff, A. D. Patterson; Clerk, L. B. Harris; Recorder and Auditor, W. S. Long; District Attorney, Geo. H. Oartter; Treasurer, Cyrus Rowe; Assessor, "W. A. Selkirk; Sur- veyor, John G. Cleal; Coroner, S. J. May; Pub- lic Administrator, John Q. Brown; Associate Justices, George Wilson and James B. Gates. The Legislature of 1852 provided for a Board of Supervisors in the different counties to trans- act the financial business. On the 14th of June, 1852, a special election was had, and John Noyes, Louis Z. Hagen, James S. Meredith, James Martin and E. M. Pitcher were elected. Meredith was elected chairman when the board organized. The last meeting of the Court of Sessions was held July 6, 1852. At the general election, held September, 1852, these members were elected : William McNulty, Luther Curtis, John A. Watson, H. H. Lewis and H. B. Wad- dilove. Watson was elected chairman, and the board did the county business till May 16, 1853, after which time the Court of Sessions assumed control of the civil affairs of the county. These county officers were elected September 7, 1853, and served from October of that year to October, 1855: County Judge, John Heard; Sheriff, D. N. Hunt; Clerk, Abner C. Hunter; Recorder and Auditor, John L. Craig; District Attorney, James H. Hardy; Treasurer, G. Gris- wold; Assessor, H. J. Bidleman; Surveyor, W. L. DeWitt; Coroner, Ephriam Smith; Public Administrator, James B. Mitchel. In 1855 the Legislature passed another act relative to Boards of Supervisors, and as the Su- preme Court had decided that the constitution contemplated that the business concerns of the different counties should be managed by the boards, the Court of Sessions could not act, and the counties again elected Boards of Super- visors. The first election under the act of 1885 was held A])ril 2, and the board then elected commenced its sessions early in May. J. L. Howard, L. P. Ormsby and F. S. Mum- ford constituted the board, and Howard was the chairman. In September, 1855, L. R. Beckley, Josiah Johnson and S. R. Caldwell were elected the hoard, and Joimsoii was chosen chairman. On the 5th of September, 1855, the following county officers were elected, and they served from October, 1855, to October 1, 1857 ; County Judge, John Heard; Sheriff, W. S.White; Clerk, C. H. Bradford ; Recorderand Auditor, John Q. Brown ; District Attorney, Frank Hereford; Treas- urer, David Maddux; Assessor, J. F. Turner; Surveyor,- E. A. Sherman; Coroner, R. Bell; Public Administrator, Gordon Backus; Super- intendent of Common Schools, F. W. Hatch. Hatch was the first school superintendent elected by the people. Previous to the time he went into office the county assessor performed the duties of that office. The Board of Supervisors of 1856 was composed of L. R. Beckley, A Spinks and Julius Wetzler, and Beckley was chairman. In 1857 the members were Jared Irwin, C. C. Harrington and Frank Hastings, and the latter was chairman. The following ounty officers were elected September 2, 1857, and served from October 5, 1857, to October 5, 1859: County Judge, R. Robinson; Sheriff, W. S. Manlove; Clerk, J. B. Dayton; Recorder and Auditor, Jerome Madden; District Attorney, Robert F. Morrison; Treas- urer, Morgan Miller; Assessor, E. Black Ryan; Surveyor, John G. Cleal; Coroner, J. P. Counts; Public Administrator, L. R. Beckley; School Superintendent, N. Slater. The Legislature of 1858 consolidated the government of the city and county and increased the Board of Supervisors five members, making the president of the board a separate office. In April a special election was held, when H. L. Nichols was elected Presi- dent, and Mark Hopkins, J. A. Carroll, S. C. Fogus, E. Stockton and W. K. Lindsey the new members. These, with the old members, met May 8, 1858. In September, 1858, at the general election, a board was elected consisting of the 40 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. following: E. Granger, John Leavitt, Sylvester Marshall, H. T. Holmes, I. N. BaLcock, John B. Taylor, L. C. Goodman and W. K. Lindsey. The president was continued another year. Au- gust 4, 1859, B. H. Hereford was elected a mem- ber in place of Lindsey, resigned. These were the members of 1859: President, Wm. Shat- tuck; members, E. Granger, John Leavitt, K. L. Robertson, A. Henley, L N. Babcock, A. M. Green, L. C. Goodman and Larkin Lamb. S. Marshall served until October 11, when he was succeeded by Mr. Robertson. Thomas Letsoii was the Clerk, he being the first elected under the consolidation act. On the 12th of October, 1859, Thomas Hunt was elected a nietnber, in place of Goodman, resigned. The following were the county officers that were elected September 7, 1859, and served from October, 1859, to October, 1861: County Judge, Robert Robinson; Sherilf, Sylvester Marshall; Clerk and Recorder, Jerome Madden; District Attorney, Cornelius Cole; Treasurer, C. L. Bird; Assessor, E. B. Ryan; Surveyor, J. G. Cleal; Coroner, D. Murray; Public Administrator, Jared Irwin; School Superintendent, F. W. Hatch; Clerk Board of Supervisors and Auditor, Thomas Letson. Len Harris was elected County Warden in 1861, but the office was abolished. The Board of Supervisors in 1860 was composed of E. Granger, Thomas Hausbrow, P. H. Russell, A. Henley, J. S. Woods, A. M. Green, S. Waterman and Larkin Lamb. The president, Shattuck, was continued. These were the mem- bers of the board in 1861: President, William Shattuck; E. Granger, Thomas Hansbrow, P. H. Russell, S. Hite, J. S. AVoods, Jacob Dickerson, S. Waterman, and John Hall. On the 4:th of September, 1861, an election was held for county officers, and the following were elected, who served from October 7, 1861, to March 7, 1864: County Judge, Robert C. Clark; Sheriff, Benjamin N. Bugbey; Clerk and Recorder, Jared Irwin; District Attorney, W. W. Upton; Treasurer, C. L. Bird; Assessor, E. B. Kyan ; Surveyor, G. W. Colby ; Coroner, J. W. Reeves; Public Administrator, F. McComber; School Superintendent, F. W. Hatch; Clerk Board of Supervisors and Auditor, Josiah Howell. Bird absconded and James C. McDon- ough was appointed Treasurer by the Board of Supervisors. The Board of Supervisors in 1862 was composed bi E. Granger, N. L. Drew, Thomas Ross, S. Hite, J. L. Graves, Jacob Dickerson, D. L. Williams and J. Hall. Shat- tuck continued to be President. In 1863 the Legislature divided the city and county govern- ments and reduced the Board of Supervisors for the county to five members. In the spring the new organization was effected, and the board was composed of the following: A. C. Bidwell, Thomas Ross, Joseph Hull, H. A. Thompson and Dwight Hollister — Ross, Chairman. At the same election (September 2, 1863), the following county officers were elected, and they served from March, 1864, to March, 1866: County Judge, R. C. Clark; Sherifl", James Mc- Clatchy; Clerk and Recorder, A. C. Bidwell; District Attorney, M. M. Estee; Treasurer, F. S. Lardner; Assessor, P. R. Beckley; Surveyor, G. W. Colby; Coroner, J. W. Reeves; Public Administrator, J. E. Miller; School Superin- tendent, Sparrow Smith; Clerk of Board of Su- pervisors and Auditor, Josiah Howell At the general election in September, 1863, the follow- ing were elected members of the Board of Su- pervisors: D. W. Clark, Thomas Ross, Joseph Hull, II. A. Thompson and Dwight Hollister. Thompson failed to serve, and on the 16th of November Jesse Couch was elected in his place. These were elected for a term of two years, and they took their seats the first Monday in Octo- ber, 1863. An election was held September 6, 1865. The following were elected to fill the various county offices, and they served from March 5, 1866, to March, 1868: County Judge, Robert C. Clark ; Sheriff, James Lansing; Clerk and Recorder, E. D. Shirland; District Attorney, James C. Goods; Treasurer, Ezra Woolson; Assessor, E. Black Ryan; Surveyor, A. G. Winn; Coroner, Joseph A. Conboie; Public Administrator, Findley R. Dray; School Superintendent, F. W. Hatch; UliiTOIiY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Clerk of Board of Supervisors and Auditor, "W. A. Anderson; members of the Board of Super- visors, D. W. Clark, M. McMaiius, Joseph Hull, Jesse Couch, William Beckman — Hull, Chairman. On the 4th of September, 1867, an election was held, and the following were elected to the county offices, and they served from March, 1868, to March, 1870: Sheriff, Edward F. White (contested by Hugh M. Larue); Clerk, W. B. C. Brown; District Attorney, James C. Goods; Treasurer, A. Spinks; Assessor, F. li. Dray; Surveyor, John Doherty; Coroner, J. P. Counts; Public Administrator, William Shattuck; School Superintendent, Augustus Trafton; Clerk Board of Supervisors and ex-officio Auditor, W. A. McWilliams; Board of Supervisors, John Do- raingos, C. H. Ross, Benjamin Bailey, James S. Meredith, William Beckman. Meredith was President. These members were elected for two years, and under the provisions of the statute in force at the time of their election their term of office would expire in October, 1869, but the Legislature of 1867-'68 extended the term of the members from the Third, Fourth and Fifth districts — Bailey, Meredith, Beckman — to 1871, making the term four years. An election was held September 1, 1869, and the following were elected to the county offices, and served from March, 1870, to March, 1872: Sheriff, J. S. Wood; Clerk, W. B. C. Brown; Treasurer, Alfred Spinks; Recorder and ex- officio Auditor, W. A. McWilliams; Assessor, F. R. Dray; District Attornej', John Iv. Alex- ander; Surveyor, A. C Winn; Coroner, J. P. Counts; School Superintendent, Augustus Traf- ton; Public Administrator, William Shattuck; Board of Supervisors, John Domingos, James H. Groth, J^eujamin Bailey, James S. Meredith and William Beckman. At the general election held September 6, 1871, the following were elected to fill the Cuunty offices from March, 1872, till March, 1874: Sheriff, Mike Bryte; Clerk, Lauren Up- son; Treasurer, John Bellmer; Recorder and Auditor, Jesse A. Stewart; .\ssessor, F. R. Dray; District Attorney, Henry Starr; Surveyor, John Prentice; Coronei-, J.. W. Wilson; School Su- perintendent, S. H. Jackman; Public Adminis- trator, N. G. Feldheim; Board of Supervisors, John Domingos, James H. Groth, James S. Meredith, S. B. Moore and J. V. Sims. Sep- tember 3, 1873, there were elected Daniel Brown, J. J. Bauer, L. Elkus and H. O. Sey- mour. At the same election the following were elected county officers: Sheriff", Hugh M. La Rue; Collector of Taxes, Joseph W. Houston; Clerk, Ham. C. Harrison; Treasurer, John Bell- mer; District Attorney, Charles T. Jones; Re- corder, Matthew darken; Auditor, Jesse A. Stewart; Public Administrator, H. S. Beals; Superintendent of Schools, G. R. Kelly; Sur- veyor, Ed. Murray; Coroner, J. P. Counts; Com- missioner of Highways, S. D. Johnson. The Supervisors serving in 1874-'75 were, James S. Meredith, S. B. Moore, Daniel Brown, J. V. Sims, H. O. Seymour, L. Elkus, J. A. Mason. The September election of 1875 resulted in the following list: Sheriff, M. M. Drew; Clerk, A. A. Wood; District Attorney, C. T. Jones; Assessor, James Lansing; Treasurer, D. E. Callahan; Auditor, R. C. Lowell; Public Ad- ministrator, G. F. Brenner; Surveyor, A. G. Winn; Coroner, R. K. Wick; Superintendent of Schools, F. L. Landes; Supervisors, S. B. Moore, Edward Christy, P. R. Beckley; those holding over were, L. Elkus, Daniel Brown, H. O. Seymour, J. A. Mason. A. S. Hopkins and F. R. Dray served to till the vacancies caused by the deaths of Seymour and Mason. In September, 1877, the officers elected were: Sheriff, M. M. Drew; Clerk, Thomas H. Berkey; Treasurer, D. E. Callahan; Auditor, William E. Gerber; District Attorney, George A. Blanch- ard; Superintendent of Schools, F. L. Landes; Public Administrator, Troy Dye; Surveyor, John Prentice; Coroner, A. J. Vermilya. The Supervisors serving during the year, October, 1877, to October, 1878, were, S. B. Moore, J. W. Wilson, J. J. Bauer, P. R. Beckley, Samuel Blair, Daniel Brown, Edward Christy. In HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 1878-'79 Benjamin Bailey served in the place of Mr. Moore. The county officers elected in September, 1879, were: Sheriff, Adolph Heilbron; Clerk, Thomas II. Berkley; Assessor, Joseph W. Houston; Auditor, William E. Gerber; Treasurer, Ezra Woolson; Public Administrator, George F. Bronner; District Attorney, Henry L. Buckley; Superintendent of Schools, Charles E. Bishop; Coroner, A. J. Vermilya; Surveyor, James C. Pearson; Supervisors, 1879-'80, J. W. Wil- son, Benjamin Bailey, P. R. Beckley, Edward Christy, S. W. Butler, Samuel Blair and John F. D re man. By an act of the Legislature of 1882, the time of election was changed to November, making the day correspond with that for the election of President of the United States. In November of that year, the following were chosen as county officers: Sheriff, A. H. Estill; Clerk, C. M. Coglan; Assessor, John T.Grifiitts; Treasurer, A. S. Greenlaw; District Attorney, John T. Carey; Auditor and Recorder, W. E. Gerber; Public Administrator, George F. Bron- ner; Coroner, J. Frank Clark; Surveyor, J. C. Pierson; Supervisors, J. F. Dreraan, J. W. Wilson, Samuel Blair, S. W. Butler, Edward Christy, P. R. Beckley, Benjaman Bailey. At the election held November 4, 1884, the following county officers were elected: Sheriff, J. W. Wilson; Clerk, W. B. Hamilton; Audi- tor and Recorder, J. Henry Miller; District At- torney, Henry L. Buckley; Treasurer, George E. Kuchler; Public Administrator, F. H. Rus- sel; Coroner, J. Frank Clark; Surveyor, J. C. Pierson; Supervisors, B. U. Steinman, George O. Bates, George C. McMuUen, S. J. Jackson, L. H. Fassett. November 2, 1886, the following were elected : Clerk, W. B. Hamilton; Sheriff, M. M. Drew; Assessor, A. L. Frost; Treasurer, John L. Hun- toon; District Attorney, Elwood Bruner; Audi- tor and Recorder, J. H. Miller; Superintendent of Schools, B. F. Howard; Public Administra- tor, S. B. Smith; Coroner, J. Frank Clark; Sur- veyor, J. C. Pierson; Supervisors, H. C. Ross and F. F. Tebbets. During the year. Miller resigned as Auditor and Recorder, and Frank T. Johnson was elected to succeed him. At the election held November 6, 1888, the following were chosen: Sheriff, George C. Mc- MuUen; Clerk, W. B. Hamilton; Auditor and Recorder, Frank T. Johnson ; District Attorney, Elwood Bruner; Treasurer, John L. Huntoon; Public Administrator, G. W. Harlow; Coroner, J. Frank Clark; Surveyor, J. C. Boyd; Super- visors, Andrew Black, George O. Bates, Erskine Greer. Ross and Tebbets held over. UISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTER VIII. ■E PRESENT below a list of the per- sons who have represented Sacramento County in the Legislature since the organization of the State Government, together with remarks as to their present residence, etc. At the first session the members represented Sacramento District, which included the entire northern portion of the State — there being at that time no county subdivisions. The consti- tution of 1849 provided tliat until the Legisla- ture should divide the State into counties, and into senatorial and assembly districts, the Dis- trict of Sacramento should be entitled to four senators and nine asseTublymen. It appears from the following list that the district had twelve assemblymen. This is accounted for by the fact that Cornwall resigned January 28, 1850, and was succeeded on March 4 by Deal; White resigned February 9, 1850, and was suc- ceeded on March 15 by Henley, and Dicken- son's seat was declared vacant December 18, 1849, and Bigler was seated in his place. The first Legislature, on April 4, 1850, made Sacra- mento County the Twelfth Senatorial District, and provided that it should be represented by one senator and three assemblymen. On May 1, 1851, the county was constituted the Eleventh Senatorial District, to be represented by two senators and four assemblymen. On May 18, 1861, in the reapportionment the county was made the Sixteenth Senatorial District, to be represented by two senators and five assembly- men. Tiiis apportionment was retained in the Political Code which was adopted March 2, 1872. On May 16, 1874, the county was made the Eighteenth Senatorial District, to be represented by two senators and three assemblymen. On March 8, 1883, in the present apportionment Sacramento County was constituted tiie Thir- teenth Senatorial District, to be represented by one senator; and by the act of March 13, 1883, the First and Third wards of the city were constituted the Eighteenth Assembly District; the Second 'and Fourth wards the Nineteenth District, and the balance of the county the Twentieth District, each of which is entitled to one assemblyman. The list is as follows: SENATORS. 1849-'50— John Bidwell, Elisha O. Crosby, Thomas J. Green and Henry E. Robinson. Bid- well is one of the very earliest pioneers who came to this State, having arrived here in 1841. He came by the overland route, and the journey occupied six months. He had charge of Forts Bodega and Ross, and also of General Sutter's Feather River possessions. During the war with Mexico he entered the army and rose to the rank of Major. He was the first man to find gold on the Feather River, in 1848. He was elected from Sacramento District to the first Constitutional Convention, but did not serve; and was a delegate to the Charleston (Demo- cratic) National Convention in 1860. He was BISTORT OF SAGRAMBNTO COUNTY. elected to Congress from tlie old Third District JMovember 8, 1864. He ran in the Republican Convention for the nomination for Governor in 1867, but was defeated bj George C. Gorham, who was beaten at the election by Henry H. Haight. In 1875 Bid well was nominated for Governor on the Independent ticket, but was defeated by William Irwin, the Democratic nominee. General Bidwell now lives at Chico, where he is extensively engaged in agriculture. Crosby arrived in California in December, 1848. He was a member of the first Constitutional Convention, and has lived at Alameda for many years, where he now serves as justice of the peace. Green was elected a Major-General by the Legislature April 11, 1850. He left here in early days, and died in Warren County, North Carolina, December 13, 1863. Robinson was a lawyer by education, but followed merchandis- ing. He arrived in San Francisco in March, 1849, in the California, the first steamer that ever entered that port. In his will he left some $40,000 to be used by the Board of Supervisors of San Francisco for the benefit of the poor of that city. He was a member of the first coun- cil of this city, and an early postmaster. For many years he resided in Alameda County, where he amassed a large fortune. He died in Nor- walk, Connecticut, January 9, 1880. 1851— Henry E. Robinson. 1852 — Henry E. Robinson and James II. Ralston. Ralston was for many years a leading lawyer in tiiis city. Ho went to Washoe at the breaking out of the mining excitement there, and afterward settled at Austin. When ram- bling over the county in search of mineral ledges in May, 1864, he lost his way, and after wander- ing many days and nights, succumbed to starva- tion. His body was discovered and buried by Indians, but was afterward disinterred and buried at Austin. 1853 — James H. Ralston and A. P. Catlin. A biography of Judge Catlin appears in another department of this work. 1854— A. P. Catlin and Gilbert W. Colby. Colby was a pioneer, and in early days ran a ferry across the Upper Sacramento at Colby's Landing. He was county surveyor liere from 1862 to 1866. He lived at Nord for many years, and then located at Martinez, and becaine interested in banking. He died at San Fran- cisco, August 20, 1881. 1855— Gilbert W. Colby and A. S. Gove. The latter, a merchant, returned to Vermont, and died there many years ago. He was a member of the City Council when he was elected to the Senate. 1856— A. S. Gove and W. I. Ferguson. Fer- guson, a native of Illinois, was shot in a duel with George Pen Johnston, and died September 14, 1858, at San Francisco, from the effects of his wound. He was a lawyer of ability, and an effective and popular speaker. He was nick- named "Ipse Doodle." He was a man of unusual courage, and it is said that when he received the wound that caused his death, he exclaimed, "I am a gone community," and fell. His remains are interred in the State plat of our city cemetery. George Pen Johnston died at San Francisco, March 4, 1884. 1857 — W. I. Ferguson and Josiah Johnson. Johnson was at one time a supervisor, and sub- sequently city trustee. He died in this city, December 10, 1888. 1858 — W. I. Ferguson and Josiah Johnson. 1859— J. M. McDonald and Dr. Johnson Price. McDonald removed to San Francisco years ago, and is now one of the prominent capitalists and mining men of that city. I'rice, who was elected at a special election to fill the Ferguson vacancy, was a Kentuckian. He had been a member of the convention to revise the constitution of his native State, and an officer during the Mexican war. He came to this State in 1849, and practiced medicine in this city. On January 10, 1860, he was appointed Secretary of State by Governor Latham, and held that office until the expiration of the terra of Governor Downey. He afterward was a stock-broker in San Francisco, and died there of consumption on February 8, 1868. 1860— J. M. McDonald and Robert C. Clark. niSTOUY UF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Judge Clark was a son of James Clark, an early Congressman, Snpre'ine Judge and Governor of Kentucky. He arrived in California in 1853, and settled here to practice law. lu 1861 he was elected count}' judge, and was continuously re-elected to that office until it was abolished by the new constitution. In 1879 he was elected a superior judge of the county, and filled that office until the time of his death — January 27, 1883. 1861— R. C. Clark and E. H. Heacock. The latter practiced law here for several years. He was city attorney from 1863 to 1867. He re- moved to Santa Cruz and was for many years county judge tiiere. He then located in Santa Barbara County, and on January 15, 1880, was appointed superior judge of that county by Governor Perkins, to succeed Eugene Faucett, deceased, who will be recollected as the judge who tried Sprague for the killing of More. Heacock at present represents the counties of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and Ventura in the State Senate. 1862— E. H. Heacock and Dr. A. B. Nixon. The latter has practiced medicine in this city many years, and is now in charge of the Rail- road Hospital. He was among the first in this State who espoused the principles of the Re- publican party. Latterly the Doctor has been prominently identified with the Prohibition movement, and in the spring of 1884 ran against J. Q. Brown for mayor on the Prohibi- tion ticket. He also ran as a St. John elector in 1884. 1863— Dr. A. B. Nixon and Newton Booth. A sketch of the latter will be found in the bio- graphical department of this volume. 1863-'64— J. E. Benton and E. H. Heacock. Benton was at that time a minister at Folsom. It is related of him that on one occasion in Sacramento he was so shocked by some irrever- ent remark he overheard a young rough make, that he gave him a reprimand. The young man, after hearing the reproof, asked iiim rather pointedly who he was, when Benton re- plied, " 1 am a follower of the meuk and lowly Jesus." "Well," was the rejoinder, "if I was the meek and lowly, and a fellow looking like you was following me, I would hit him in the nose." Benton built the first church that was erected in Folsom. He was afterward post- master of Oakland, and died there, February 18, 1888. 1865-'66— J. E. Benton and E. II. Heacock. 1867-'68— E. H. Heacock and N. Greene Curtis. Judge Curtis arrived in California in May, 1850, and was recorder or police judge of this city from 1853 to 1855. He has practiced law among us since the early days, and the reputation he has acquired as a criminal lawyer is second to that of no other practitioner in the State. Soon after his arrival in Sacramento he was appointed depnty postmaster, and shortly afterward his principal, Jonathan Tittle, went East on business, leaving Curtis in charge of the office. While Tittle was absent, Richard Eads came out with a notification that he had been appointed to that office. Curtis refused to give it up until Eads presented his commis- sion and filed his bond, and he retained the office until those necessary formalities were ar- ranged — some seven months. When Eads came in he retained Curtis until the latter was elected recorder. The Judge is a prominent Mason, and, although a Democrat, has been elected in this Republican county to the Legislature every time his party has been fortunate enough to in- duce him to run. 1869-'70 — N. Greene Curtis and A. Comte, Jr. The latter is now a lawyer in Sau Fran- cisco, but graduated from the public schools of Sacramento and from Harvard College, and was admitted to the bar from our law offices. 1871-'72 — A. Comte, Jr., and James A. Duffy. The latter resided in San Francisco for several years. For a long time he was chief clerk of the old California Steam Navigation Company here, and for a time was clerk in the office of the Secretary of State under Melone. He died in Lake County, in September, 1889. 1873-'74— James A. Duffy and Henry Edger- ton. The latter is a native of Vermont, and a HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. distingiiislied lawyer. He served for several terms as district attorney of Napa County, and as such conducted the prosecution of Edward McGowan for his connection with the killing of James King of William, the editor of the San Francisco Bulletin, out of which grew the vigilance committee of 1856. He was Senator from Napa County in 1800 and 1861; ran un- successfully for Congress in 1861 and 1882; was a member of the late Constitutional Con- vention; was the only Republican presidential elector elected in 1880, and was re-elected to that office in 1884. He died in San Francisco, November 4, 1887. 1875-'76 — Henry Edgerton and Creed liay- mond. The latter has a national reputation as a lawyer. He arrived in California from Vir- ginia in 1852, and practiced in Plumas County for many years, then removed to this city, and was appointed one of the commissioners to draft a code of laws for the State. He was a dele- gate to the last three National Republican Con- ventions. He now holds a prominent position in the law department of the Central Pacific Railroad Company at San Francisco. 1877-'78 — Creed Haymond and N. Greene Curtis. 1880 — Grove L. Johnson and William John- ston. Find Johnson's sketch elsewhere by the index. Johnston is a wealthy fruit-grower at Richland. He served for a time as a member of the State Board of Equalization, by appoint- ment from Governor Perkins, and was a dele- gate to the National Republican Convention of 1880. In 1886 he was a prominent candidate for the Republican nomination for Lieutenant- Governor. 1881 — Grove L. Johnson and William John- ston. 1883 — Frederick Cox and Joseph Routier. Cox is one of the most prominent land-owners and stock-raisers in the State, and has been for years a bank director. A sketch of Routier ap- pears elsewhere in this volume. 1885 — Frederick Cox and Joseph Routier. 18S7— Findley R. Dray. A full biogi-apliy of this gentleman may be found elsewhere by the index. 1889-Findley R. Dray. 1849-'50— H. C. Cardwell, P. B. Cornwall, Rev. W. Grove Deal, W. B. Dickenson, T. J. Henley, E. W. McKinstry, John Bigler, George B. Tingley, Madison Walthal, Dr. Thomas J. White, John T. Hughes and John F. Williams. Cardwell died at Los Angeles, July 4, 1859. Cornwall arrived in Sacramento in August, 1848, was a member of the first City Council, and has been for several years and is now a prominent business man in San Francisco. Cornwall, with Sam Brannan, foreseeing that a great city would very soon spring up at the head of navigation on the Sacramento River, came up from San Francisco to purchase a suit- able site. They perceived that Sntterville was the most eligible spot on which to locate the place, but were unable to effect satisfactory ar- rangements with L. W. Hastings, the owner of the land there. They had passed two launches loaded with supplies for the mines, on the way up the river, and after their failure to make terms with Hastings, returned and met them, and induced them to land their cargoes at the Sutter Embarcadero— Sacramento. From this little circumstance a trading post was estab- lished here, and before many months a city had grown up. They arranged with Sutter for an interest in the land, and had the city laid out. Had Hastings arranged with then:, there is no doubt that the city would have been located on his land. Henley, the father of Congressman Barclay Henley, was a native of Indiana, where he was born in 1807 In that State he served several terms in the Assembly, and was once speaker. He was a Congressman from Indiana for three terms, serving with President Lincoln. In 1840 he arrived in California, and engaged in bank- ing at Sacramento. He was elected presidential elector in 1852; chosen postmaster of San Fran- cisco in 1853; appointed Superintendent of UHSTOUY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Indian Aftairs in 1854, and defeated for presi- dential elector in 1868. He died on his farm at Round Valley, Mendocino County, on May 1, 1875. McKinstry is a native of Michigan, and arrived in California in March, 1819. He was elected judge of the Seventh District, No- vember 2, 1852; re-elected September 1, 1858; elected judge of the Twelfth District (San Fran- cisco) October 20, 1869, but resigned in the latter part of 1873, having been elected a jus- tice of the Supreme Court on October 15,1873. He was re-elected supreme justice on Septem- ber 3, 1879, and resigned October 1, 1888. Bigler was a Pennsylvanian, and a journalist and lawyer. He arrived in Sacramento in 1849, and employed himself as an auctioneer and a wood-chopper. He was for a time speaker of the first Assembly; was elected Governor September 3, 1851; re-elected September 7, 1853; defeated for that office in 1855; served as United States Minister to Chili from 1857 to 1861; defeated for Congress in 1863; served as a delegate to the National Democratic Conven- tions of 1864 and 1868; appointed Assessor of Internal Revenue for this district in 1866, and edited the State Capital Reporter from January, 1868, until his death, November 29, 1871. His remains repose in the city cemetery. Tingley was a native of Ohio. He was a brilliant law- yer. He removed to Indiana, and there served in the Legislature with Vice-President-elect T. A. Hendricks and T. J. Henley. He served as an officer in the Alexican war; came across the plains to California in 1849 with Henley; was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate; was defeated for Congress in 1851. He died at San Francisco, August 3, 1862. His daughter, Mrs. Lawrence (Ridinghood), is the talented lady correspondent to newspapers. White was speaker until February 6, when he resigned the office, and was succeeded by Bigler "White was once a city councilman, and died at Los Angeles in December, 1861. Deal was a Methodist minister, and was elected to succeed Cornwall, who resigned, and qualified March 4, 1850. He is now living in the East. 1851— John Bigler, D. J. Lisle and Dr. Chas. Robinson. Lisle built the Twelfth street bridge across the American River, and died in San Francisco, I'ebruary 8, 1855. He was elected at a special election on December 21, 1850, to fill a vacancy caused by the death of L. Dun- lap, who had been elected, but who died of cholera before the meeting of the Legislature. Robinson came here from Massachusetts, and was prominently identified with the Squatter element in this city in 1850. He was second in command of the forces of that party in the riot which occurred in August of that year, was wounded in the fight, and was arrested upon the oath of several citizens that he had been seen to deliberately aim at the mayor, who was shot four times in the melee. He was in confine- ment on the prison brig when he was elected to the Assembly. On October 30, 1850, the Set- lers' and Miners'' Trihxme, a daily new'spaper, was stationed here as the organ of the Squatters, and Robinson was the editor. The paper lived but a month. In 1854 he, with S. C. Pomeroy, led one of the many parties of Free State im- migrants into Kansas to offset similar coloniza- tion of pro-slavery men, and was prominently connected with the Free State party in the sub- sequent slavery agitation in that then proposed State. He was elected Governor of the Terri- tory by the Free State men under the Topeka Constitution on January 15, 1856. The troubles which then followed are familiar to every one. On May 5 the Grand Jury indicted Robinson and the other officers who had been elected, for high treason. Several of the parties so charged fled the Territory, but Robinson was arrested and imprisoned for four months. While he was in jail his residence was burned in the sack- ing of Lawrence. After a State Constitution was formally adopted he was, on December 6, 1859, elected the first Governor of the State. He is now a resident of and large real-estate owner of Leavenworth. 1852— Gilbert W. Colby, Alpheus Kip, G. N. McConaha and Dr. Joseph C. Tucker. Colby was also Senator at one time. McConaha, a lawyer, JIISTOHY OF t^AGRAMENTO COUNTY. was drowned by the upsetting of a boat at Seat- tle, Washington Territory, May 4, 1854. Kip lived on the farm near Brighton, where Siieriff McKinney was killed by Allen, its then owner, in 1850. The place is now occupied by John liooney. Kip left here years ago. Tucker has resided in San Francisco for a long time. 1853— J. W. Harrison, J. Neely Johnson, Robert Robinson and J. H. Estep. Robinson was afterward county judge, and was for many years connected with the law department of the Central Pacific Raiload Company. Estep re- moved hence and died at Lakeport on January 11, 1876. Harrison left here years ago. John- son was elected Governor on the Know-Nothing ticket in 1855. He afterward removed to Ne- vada, where he served as a member of the Con- stitutional Convention and as supreme justice. He died from the effects of a sunstroke at Salt Lake City, August 31, 1872. He was elected city attorney of Sacramento, April 1, 1850. 1854— J. M. McBrayer, Dr. F. A. Park, T. R. Davidson and J. W. Park. F. A. Park was a dentist, and at one time deputy sherif}'. He died in San Francisco, November 13, 1870. McBrayer, Davidson and J. W. Park went away years ago. 1855 — John G. Brewton, Philip L. Edwards, H. B. Meredith and James R. Vineyard. Ed- wards was a native of Kentucky. He visited San Francisco with a party of traders in July, 1836, and afterward returned to the East. lie was then admitted to the bar, elected to the Missouri Legislature in 1843, chosen a delegate to the "Whig National Convention in 1844, re- moved to Sacramento in 1850, defeated as the Whig candidate for Congress in 1852, and ran unsuccessfully for United States Senator in 1855. He died here May 1, 1869. Vineyard was a member of the City Council at the time of his election to the Assembly. He died at Los Angeles, August 30, 1863. Meredith is a brother of ex-Supervisor James H. Meredith, of Folsom. He left that town about 1864, and now lives in New York, where he is encracred as a broker. He practiced law while he lived at Folsom. Brewton now lives in San Fran- cisco. 1850 — George H. Cartter, George Cone, Geo. W. Leiliy and Dr. J. W. Pugh. Cone was for many years justice of the peace in Center Town- ship, and a few years ago was the unsuccessful nominee for county treasurer on the Democratic ticket. He died at Red Bluff, November 12, 1883. He was a brother of ex-Railroad Com- missioner Cone. Leihy was a farmer and miner. He was murdered byLidians in Arizona on No- vember 18, 1866. Cartter was district attorney in 1852 and 1853, and left this section of the country and located in Oregon many years ago, where he died. Pugh is living, but moved from the county years ago. 1857— A. P. Catlin, Robert C. Clark, L. W. Ferris and John H. McKune. Catlin and Clark were also Senators. A sketch at length is given of Judge McKune elsewhere. Ferris has not lived here for a long time. He was in business here in early days. 1858— R. D. Ferguson, Charles S. Howell, James E. Sheridan and Moses Stout. Ferguson for many years conducted a horse market in this city. He went to Nevada and was a member of the Legislature of that State in 1868. He then went to Arizona, and we believe died there a few years ago. Sheridan was a farmer near Georgetown, and died on his farm October 12, 1872. Howell was a farmer, living this side of Walnut Grove, and was killed by the explosion of the steamboat J. A. McClelland near Knight's Landing, August 25, 1861. Stout died on his farm in this county December 20, 1879. 1859— Dr. R. B. Ellis, A. R. Jackson, James E. Sheridan and Dr. Charles Duncombe. Jack- son was a prominent school teacher. He died at San Francisco, August 30, 1876. Ellis prac- ticed medicine here at that time. He removed to Nevada about 1861, and died at Carson about eleven years ago. His son, A. C. Ellis, who now resides at Carson, is second to no man in that State as a lawyer. He ran for Congress two times on the Democratic ticket, but was de- feated, the State being largely Republican. The IIISTOKY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. mother of the younger Ellis is a sister of At- torney-General Marshall. Duncoinbe was once a member of the City Couneil. His election gave rise to a novel contest in the Assembly, and one Mhich is often cited in the Legislature in election cases. The Doctor was born in Con- necticut, and about 1817 removed to Canada. A couple of months afterward he was elected to the Colonial Parliament, and took an oath of allegiance to the then English Kinj;. He was afterward denounced as a rebel and fled to the United States in 1837, but was never natural- ized here. His seat in the Assembly was con- tested on the ground that he was not a citizen, and on January 22, 1859, the House declared the seat vacant. A special election was called, and on February 19 Dunconibe was again elected by a large majority. On the 14th he had been admitted to citizenship under the act of 1795. His seat was again contested on the ground that he had not been a citizen for the constitutional period at the time of his election, and on March 8 the House again declared the seat vacant. Sacramento County, therefore, had but a partial representation during the session. Duncombe died at Hicksville, October 1, 1867. I860— Dr. K. B. Ellis, L. C. Goodman, Henry Starr and D. W". Welty. Goodman was once Supervisor and afterward removed from here. Starr is still a practicing attorney here. See sketch in full in the biographical department. Welty removed to Nevada, then returned and practiced law at Sacramento, and now resides in Oregon . 1861 — Amos Adams, Charles Crocker, N. Greene Curtis and Dr. Joseph Powell. Adams, then a farmer, afterward became prominently connected with the Granger Society, and is now a resident of San Francisco. Crocker, then a dry-goods merchant, afterward acquired a na- tional reputation as one of the builders of the Central Pacitic Railroad. He was at one time a cit}' councilman. His death occurred at Mon- terey, Angust 14, 1888. Powell then practiced medicine at Folsom. He died at that place November 27, 1869. 1862— "W. H. Barton, John E. Benton, James B. Saul, James H. Warwick and li. D. Fergu- son. Barton has been president of the New Liverpool Salt Company in San Francisco for many years. It is one of the largest enterprises on the coast. Benton was also a Senator. Saul removed to Yolo County, where he managed a large fruit ranch, and died at Davisville, Octo- ber 30, 1881. Warwick, an actor of ability, and a brilliant orator, has not l)eeti here for many years. 1863 — Amos Adams, W". H. Barton, Morris M. Estee, James H. Warwick and Dr. Charles Duncombe. Estee served here as district attor- ney in 1864-'65. He ran for Governor on the Republican ticket in 1882, and was defeated by Stoneman. He was chairman of the late Na tional Republican Cimveiition. He resides in Napa, and is engaged in grape-growing and the practice of law. 1863-'64— Alexander Badlam, William B. Hunt, John P. Rhodes, Francis Tukey and J. R. Watson. Badlam, in connection with John Simpson, M. M. Estee, H. C. Bidwell and others, published a newspaper called the Ei^ening Star for about three months, from May 25, 1864. He afterward removed to San Francisco, and was there elected assessor. He was defeated for reelection on a "cold day" in 1882. Hunt kept the French Hotel on Second street for many years, and was chief engineer of our Fire De- partment. Was an Assemblymen from San Francisco in 1885. When he represented this county he was known as " the Sacramento States- man." Rhodes was a farmer on the Cosumnes, and died on his farm December 20, 1866. Tukey was marshal of Boston at the time of the cele- brated Webster-Parkman murder. He was city school superintendent in 1853, and died on his farm near this city November 23, 1867. Watson was for many years purchasing agent of the Central Pacitic Railroad Company, and super- intendent of the Railroad Hospital, and lives here. 1865-'66— Thomas Ilansbrow, Dwight IIol- lister, Peter J. Hopper, William B. Hunt and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. J. B. Maholinb. Hansbrow was in business here for years; was at one time a supervisor, and died on August 31, 1868. Hollister is a farmer and fruit-grower near Courtland. lie was once supervisor. Hopper was a newspaper publisher and lawyer at Folsom, then moved here, where he died July 22, 1883. Maholmb was then a farmer on the Cosumnes, but now lives in San Francisco. 1867-'68— Marion Biggs, Pasclial Coggins, A. Conite, Jr., Bruce B. Lee and Charles Wol- leb. Biggs now lives in Butte County, at the town of Biggs, which was named after him. He was a member of the late Constitutional Con- vention, and is at present a member of Congress. Coggins was for many years local editor of the Union, and was a member of the City Board of Education, but drifted away from here, shot himself in the head in San Francisco, and died from the effects of the wound on November 18, 1883. Comte was also a Senator. Lee is a son of Barton Lee, one of our prominent pioneer merchants. He was subsequently harbor com- missioner, and now lives in Tehama County, where he is engaged in the insurance business. Wolleb was secretary of the Germania Building and Loan Association for years. He died at Fruitvale, Alameda County, December 21, 1883. 1869-'70— James A. Duffy, Isaac F. Free- man, M. S. Horan, John A. Odell and R. D. Stephens. Duffy was also a Senator. Freeman farms at Elk Grove. See his sketch elsewhere, found by the inde.x. Horan was afterward po- lice judge, and is now practicing law at San Francisco. Odell died at Folsom, May 29, 1881. Stephens is at present postmaster of this city, and was recently elected a trustee of the State Library by the Legislature. 1871-'72— C. G. W. French, Dr. Obed Har- vey, Peter J. Hopper, "William Johnston and E. B. Mott, Jr. French practiced law at Folsom and here for many years. President Hayes ap- pointed him Chief Justice of Arizona, and he held that oifice until a short time ago. Harvey formerly lived in Kl Dorado, and at one time was a State Senator from that county. Ho has resided at Gait for many years. Johnston was also a Senator. Mott was for many years a member of the firm of Gillig, Mott & Co., doing business here and in Virginia City. Afterward he was connected with the Pticific Mutual Life Insurance Company, and died here April 4, 1882. 1873-'74— James N. Barton, W. E. Bryan, Paschal Coggins, Reuben Kercheval and P. H. Russell. Barton removed to Humboldt County, and was a member of the last Constitutional Con- vention. Bryan is a farmer, still residing in this county. Kercheval owned a magnificent fruit ranch at the head of Grand Island, and there died on May 9, 1881. Russell for many years has been in the grocery business on J street, and at one time was a supervisor. 1875-'76 — Marion Biggs, Jr., Thomas J. Clunie and A. D. Patterson. Biggs is a son of the former Assemblyman of the same iiame, and is now a prominent fanner in Butte County. Clunie is a member of Congress from San Fran- cisco. He also represented that city in the State Senate. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1884. Patterson was sheriff in 1852 and 1853, aiid lived for many years at Patterson's Station, on the Sacramento Valley Railroad, where he died December 4, 1884. 1877-'78 — Grove L. Johnson, Renljen Ker- cheval and Joseph Routier. Johnson and Ron- tier were also Senators. 1880 — Elwood Bruner, Seymour Carr and John N. Young. Bruner and Young have both been members of the Board of Education. Bru- ner has been the State Grand Master of Odd Fellows, and is at present district attorney. Young is practicing law in San Francisco. Carr is a farmer near Clay Station. He has been a justice ot the peace. 1881— Joiin E. Baker, W. C. Van Fleet and J. N. Young. Baker served as a soldier during the war, was a farmer down the river, and died in this city May 2, 1881. See sketch of Judge I Van Fleet elsewhere. I 1883— Gillis Doty, Hugh M. La Rue and i Frank D. Ryan. Doty is a farmer near Elk HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Grove. La Rue came here in 1850, ran for sheriff in 1867 and was defeated; was elected to that office in 1873; was a member of the last Constitutional Convention; was speaker of the Tvventy-lifth A-Ssemblj'; was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1884, and has been for years a director of the State Agri- cultural Society. He is engaged in farming, but lives in the city. Ryan's sketch appears elsewhere. 1885— Wintield J. Davis, Charles T. Jones and Dwight Hollister. Davis has been the official reporter of the courts of this county since 1874. See the biographical department of this work for further particulars concerning his life. Jones served several terms as district attorney; was elected an alternate elector in 1888; and is now in law practice here. 1887— H. AV. Carroll, L. S. Taylor, and Sey- mour Carr. Find Carroll's and Taylor's sketches by the index. 1889— W. M. Petrie, E. C. Hart and L. H. Fassett. A biography of Petrie appears else- where. Hart has been city attorney; and Fas- sett has served as a member of the Board of Supervisors. HISTOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTER IX. THE BENCH. fNDER Mexican rule the Government of California was conducted under the laws of March 20 and May 23, 1887, and those laws were observed, on the acquisition of the country hy the United States, until the organi- zation of the State Government. Those laws provided for the selection of alcaldes, whose duties were to care for good order and public tranquillity, to see that police regulations, laws and decrees were enforced, to provide for the ap- prehension of criminals, and in come cases to impose fines and imprisonment upon malefac- tors. There were also justices of the peace, who served as municipal and judicial officers. There was in the Territory a Superior Tribunal, con- sisting of four judges and an Attorney-General, which had the general reviewing of cases tried before inferior courts. There were also Courts of " First Instance," in which cases, both crim- inal and civil, were originally brought. The tirst Legislature of the State, by an act passed March 16, 1850, divided the State into nine judicial districts, and constituted the counties of Sacramento and El Dorado the Sixth Judicial District. Afterward the counties of Sacramento and Yolo composed that district, and it so existed until the taking effect of the constitution of 1879, whicli abolished that court. The same Legislature, by an act passed on the 13th, 1850, created a County Court in each county, and by an act approved on the 11th of that month, the Court of Sessions was created, to be composed of the county judge and two justices of the peace, who weie to serve as as- sociate justices. The latter were chosen by the justices of the peace of the county. That court had jurisdiction in cases of misdemeanor, and also exercised functions now performed by the Board of Supervisors, such as the supervision of claims against the county, the management of roads, etc. Subsequently the Court of Ses- sions was abolished, and its jurisdiction vested in the County Court. Its legislative and super- vision powers were transferred to the Board of Supervisors. The present State constitution abolished all these courts, and provided for the organization of a Superior Court in the county with two departments, and two judges, with civil and criminal jurisdiction. In the latter part of August, 1849, Genei-al B. liiley, Acting Military Governor of Cali- fornia, appointed James S. Thonuis judge of the Court of First Instance, with civil jurisdic- tion. He appointed W. E. Shannon judge of the Court of the First Instance, with criminal jurisdiction. On tiie 2d of September, 1849, Thomas entered upon the duties of iiis office. A suit was instituted for the recovery of money. A summons was made returnable the same day UISTORT OF SAGBAMBNTO COUNTY. at 4 o'clock, at which time jadgnaeat was en- tered, and execution ordered. This gives some idea of the rapidity with which business, even of a judicial character, was transacted at that early period of Sacramento's history. On the 3d of September, Judge Thomas appointed J. P. Rogers clerk of his court. The latter gen- tleman served in that capacity till the 19th of November following, whereupon James R. Law- rence was appointed. He continued to the 27th of December, at which time Presley Dunlap was appointed to the position. Judge Shannon opened his court for criminal business in September, 1849. R. A. Wilson was appointed clerk, and S. C. Hastings — after- ward Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State and subsequently Attorney-General — acted as prosecuting attorney. D. B. Hanner, wlio had been elected sheriif by the people in their primary capacity, attended both the civil and criminal courts. The first case before Judge Shannon was a prosecution against a party for stealing a cow from Samuel Norris. During the trial, defendant's counsel objected to the proceedings because they were not in conformity with the constitutional provision guaranteeing to every party accused of high crime, that be- fore he can be put upon trial he must have been indicted by a grand jury of his countrymen. The court held that inasmuch as the defendant had not raised the question in the beginning of the case he was deemed as waiving his right, and that the trial must proceed. The defendant was found guilty and lined $200 and costs, which amounted to §515 — rather costly beef. About December 1, 1849. R. A. Wilson suc- ceeded to the bench, vice Shannon deceased. On January 11, 1850, ho appointed A. J. McCall clerk of his court for Sacramento, and on Janu- ary 26 he appointed Stephen J. Field — now a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States — clerk of his court, to reside at Marys- ville. During the time Sacramento was flooded that winter, Wilson held his court at Marys- ville. The two courts ulluded to did the judi- cial business of the district, both civil and crim- inal, until the organization of the Judiciary under the State constitution. May 20, 1850. The first district judges were elected by the Legislature March 30, 1850, and James S. Thomas was elected judge of the Sixth Ju- dicial District. He resigned November 9 fol- lowing. Tod Robinson was appointed by the Governor to succeed )iim on January 2, 1851, and assumed oflice on the 8tli. Ferris Forman succeeded Robinson by appointment on August 13, 1851; and on September 15, the same year, Lewis Aldrich assumed the oflice. He resigned November 19, 1852, and A. C. Mouson was appointed by Governor Bigler on November 2(j, 1852. He took office on the 1st of December of that year. Monson had been elected at the general election on November 2, 1852. He resigned August 17, 1857, and Governor John- son, on the 3d of September, appointed Charles T. Botts to succeed him. At the general elec- tion, held September 1, 1858, John H. McKune was elected, and was re-elected October 21, 1853. On October 20, 1869, Lewis Ramage was elected, and October 20, 1875, Samuel C. Denson was elected. He served until the new constitution, abolishing the court, took effect. Thomas, after his resignation, returned to the East, and died at St. Louis in 1857 or 1858. Robinson, who was a prominent mem- ber of the bar, and who belonged to a family of distinguished lawyers, died in San Mateo County, October 27, 1870. Forman was after- ward Secretary of State, and is now living in the East. Aldrich died at San Francisco, May 19, 1885. Monson removed East, and is still living. Botts was a brother of John Minor Botts. He had been a member of the first Constitutional Convention of the State, and was afterward State printer. He died in San Fran- cisco, October 4, 1884. McKune is still in the law practice here. Ramage removed to Kansas City and died there February 14, 1879. Danson was afterward elected superior judge of the county, and resigned that office and is now in law practice in this city. A sketch of his life ajipears nii a subse(|uc'nt page. IIISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. As we have stated, the Court of Sessions was composed of the county judge and two associates. The latter were elected by a con- vention of the justices of the peace, held on the first Monday of October of each year — except the first convention, which was held May 20, 1850. C. C. Sackett and Charles PI. Swift were then elected associates. The associates held office for two years. On November 27, 1850, the county treasurer resigned, and Swift was appointed to fill the vacancy. James Brown was elected associate in his stead, and assumed the duties of iiis office February 7, 1851. On August 14 following, D. D. Bullock succeeded Brown. The last meeting of the Court of Ses- sions was lield July 6, 1862. The following is a list of the subsequent judges of the court from October, 1851, to October, 1862: E. J. Willis, Judge; George Wilson and James K Gates Associates. 1852-'53— E. J. Willis, Judge; he resigned November 18, and John Heard was appointed. James li. Gates and J. T. Day were Associates. 1853-'54— John Heard, Judge; Gilbert M. Cole and D. H. Taft, Associates. 1854-'55— John Heard, Judge; H. Lock- wood and B. D. Fry, Associates. 1855-'56— John Heard, Judge; S. N. Baker and C. C. Jenks, Associates. 1856-'57— Same. 1857-'58— Robert Robinson, Judge; C. A. Hill and Peter Bross, Associates. 1858-'59 — Robert Robinson, Judge; James Coggins and W. B. Whitesides, Associates. 1859-'60 — Robert Jiobinson, Judge; James Coggins and Hodgkins, Associates. 1860-'61— Robert C. Clark, Judge; James Coggins and George Cone, Associates. 1861-'62— Robert C. Clark, Judge, George Cone and W. W. Crouse, Associates. After the abolishment of the Court of Ses- sions, Judge Clark continued county judge, successively elected to that office and occui)ied it until the abolishment of the County Court by tlie operation of the new constitution. The County Court also exercised the functions of a Probate Court. Willis left here and returned to the East in early days. AVilson died in one of the north- ern counties of this State a number of years ago. Day died recently. Heard still lives here. Jenks removed to Oakland, and has held public offices there. Robinson is still a resident of Sacramento. Coggins died a number of years ago. Cone was afterward a member of the State Legislature from this county. Clark had been a Senator and Assemblyman, and after the abolishment of the County Court was elected, with Denson, a judge of the Superior Court, and held the office until the time of his death. At the first election under the new constitu- tion, September 3, 1879, Samuel C. Denson and Robert C. Clark were elected judges of the Superior Court. Judge Denson resigned De- cember 16, 1882. and on the 18th Governor Perkins appointed Thomas B. McFarland to fill the vai.'ancy. The latter was elected by the people to succeed himself at the general election held November 4, 1884; and at the general . election held November 2, 1886, McFarland was elected one of the justices of the State Su- preme Court. He resigned the office of supe- rior judge, and Governor Stoneman, on Decem- ber 81, 1886, appointed John W. Armstrong to the office. At the general election held in No- vember, 1888, Armstrong was elected to suc- ceed himself, and is now serving on the bench. Judge Clark died January 27, 1883, and Governor Stoneman appointed John W. Arm- strong to succeed him. At the general election lield November 4, 1884, AV. C. Van Fleet was nipi, elected for the full term, and he still oc( the bench. THE ATTORNEYS OF THE PAST. James C. Zabriskie was the first city attor- ney. He was a native of New Jersey, of Polish stock, was Colonel of a regiment of New Jersey militia, and with his regiment participated in the inaugural ceremonies of President Jackson, and was warmly entertained by that stern old veteran. He was an intimate friend of Coin- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. tnodore R. F. Stpckton, after whom the city of Stockton was named, and was selected as master of ceremonies on the occasion of the inspection by the great peacemaker, on board the Commo- dore's frigate, Princeton, on tlie Potomac River, in 1844. Tlie inspection was witnessed by Presi- dent Tyler, members of the cabinet, foreign ministers, members of courts and the represen- tatives of the beanty and fashion of the national capital. The guns had been lired twice, satis- factorily, and the guests were about to retire to the banquet, when one of the cabinet officers begged Stockton to fire just once more. The Commodore complied, and it proved to be "three times and out," for the immense piece exploded with terrific force and scattered death and deso- lation about the deck! The Secretary of State and of the Navy and several other distinguished persons were instantly killed, while Thomas H. Benton, Commodore Stockton and many others wei"e more or less injured. The life of the Presi- dent was saved as by a miracle. Zabriskie arrived in Sacramento in 1849 and established a law office in a little shanty under an oak tree which stood near the intersection of Second and K streets. His library consisted of a single volume, " The New Jersey Justice." He had, however, a good business, and in a few months was elected second alcalde. In early days he was a Democrat and a fol- lower of David C. Broderick, and published a paper, called the Sacramento Register, in favor of Broderick. Afterward he became a Repub- lican, being one of the first to espouse the cause of that party in this county. In 1861 he re- moved to San Francisco and continued in law practice there until his death July 10, 1883. M. D. Reed and B. F. Ankeny were in part- nership; the latter was deputy clerk. James H. Hardy was elected district attorney; afterward, January 28, 1859, was appointed judge of the Sixteenth Judicial District by Gov- ernor Weller, and later he was elected by the people to that office. During the war he was impeached by the Assembly for treasonable ut- terances, and his trial lieforc thi; bar of the Sen- ate resulted in liis removal from office, May 14, 1862. He afterward removed to Virginia City and thence, in 1866, to San Francisco, where he died, June 11, 1874, at the age of forty-two years. Lewis Sanders, Jr., was city attoi-ney. Joseph W. Winans left New York City, his native place, with a party of young men who had formed a joint-stock company, and who had purchased and furnished a sailing vessel, and they came around by Cape Horn to this coast. Winans had no idea of making anything but a transient trip, and expected to pick up lumps of gold from the surface, enough to furnish a com- petence. He left his office practice in the care of a partner. The vessel arrived at San Fran- cisco, August 29, 1849, and was brought up the Sacramento River and anchored opposite Sutter- ville. At tliat point the members of the com- pany gathered their mining implements and started for the mountains, and Mr. Winans pur- chased from them a controlling interest in the bark. At the solicitation of R. N. Jessup — afterward a prominent citizen of California, he opened a law office in Sacramento and took charge of an important law case for Jessup. The profits from his law practice extended beyond his anticipations. In the great fire of 1852 his law library, one of the largest in the State, was destroyed, and the few books that were saved were deposited in an iron building for security; but that building also was burned. Mr. Winans went to San Francisco, purchased an extensive library and rented a primitive but high-priced office here, in which he did business during the day and slept at night; but the first great stormy winter demonstrated that the roof was decidedly " unseaworthy," and one uigiit his new library was ruined by the water which came in torrents tiirough the roof. In 1861 he removed to San Francisco and continued his practice until his death, Marcii 3, 1887. While in Sacramento he was prominently identified with the society of pioneers and the City Library Association, and was an early presi- dent of botii tliesc iiistitiilions. He was dele- inSTOItY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. gate at large to the last Coiiftitiitional Conven- tion, taking an active and important part in its proceedings, lie was also a writer of distinc- tion. Several of his poems have been exten- sively republished; and his prose writings in the Placar Times, the Sacramento Union and other journals have attracted wide attention. His private library was the best selected in the State. For several years lie was regent of the State University, and for a time was president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and also of the Society for the Preven- tion of Cruelty to Children. J. (t. Ilyer was in partnership with Winans for a time. John C. Eurch practiced law here and was a member of Congress. Was in favor of the es- tablishment of the " Pacific Republic," and wrote the remarkable " Cactus " letter. Edmund Eandolph, a descendant of the cele- brated John Eandolph, " of Roanoke," was a prominent man in this State. A. T. AVard was one of the pioneer lawyers. Edward J. C. Kewen was boin in Mississippi in 1825, and was thrown upon his own resources at the age of thirteen years. He studied law, and at the early age of nineteen years he entered politics and became a prominent orator. He came overland to California with Dr. T. J. White and family, and married a daughter of the Doctor's in this city, December 10, 1849; this was probahly the first marriage in Sacra- mento. Colonel Kewen was elected the first Attorney-Guieral of the State, by the first Leg- islature, soon after his arrival. In 1851 he was a Whig candidate for Congress, but was de- feated by a small majority. He left Sacramento in 1852, and established himself in law practice in San Francisco. He was, however, of a rest- less and daring disposition. One of his brothers was second in command under William Walker in the fillibuster e.xpedition to Nicaragua, and was shot and killed there, in June, 1855. Colonel Kewen was an intimate friend of Walker, went to Nicaragua and was at once commissioned by AValker as the financial agent of the embryo republic, and also became a mem- ber of the judicial tribunal. He took an active part in the subsequent military movements there, and at tlie close of Walker's rule returned to San Francisco. In January, 1858, he became a citizen of Los Angeles, where be died Novem- ber 25, 1879. He was several times a member of the Legislature, and in 1868 ran for Presi- dential elector on the Democratic ticket. Philip L. Edwards; see Chapter VIII., " Leg- islators." James L. English, who still resides here but is out of practice, served at one time as mayor of this city, and at another as State Treasurer. Horace Smith was a prominent lawyer and distinguished citizen, and died at Virginia City December 4, 1863. Murray Morrison was a brother of the late Chief Justice Robert F. Morrison, who in early days was district attorney of the county. He afterward served as district judge in the south- ern part of the State, and died at Los Angeles, December 18, 1871. Other men who have served as district attor- neys of Sacramento County have become mem- bers of the United States Senate; as, Milton S. Latham, who was first elected Governor, and a few days afterward United States Senator; Cor- nelius Cole; and Frank Hereford, who removed to the East and was elected from West Vir- ginia. W. H. McGrew's name appears in the Direct- ory of 1858 as a lawyer here. J. Neely Johnson was elected Governor by the Know-Nothing party in 1845, afterward re- moved to Nevada and served on the Supreme Bench there. He died at Salt Lake, August 31, 1872. Ferris Forman was appointed Secretary of State by Governor'Weller, January 9, 1858, and served for a while as judge of the Ninth Judi- cial District. He now resides in the East. Thomas Sunderland was a lawyer here in the early '50s. Robert C. Clark, who was on the bench for many years as county and superior judge, was HISTOBT OF SACUAUENrO COUNTY. the son of Governoi- James Clark, of Kentucky. He died in this State, January 27, 1883. James W. Coffroth represented the county of Tuolumne in the Assembly and Senate several terms, and unsuccessfully ran lor Congress sev- eral times on the Democratic ticket. He died in Sacramento, October 9, 1872. E. B. Crocker was appointed a justice of the State Supreme Court to succeed Stephen J. Field, on May 21, 1863. Field had been ap- pointed by President Lincoln as associate jus- tice of the National Supreme Court. Later Judge Crocker made extended visits to Europe and made one of the finest art collections to be found in America, which is now public property in this city. He died in this city, June 24, 1875, and his widow has distinguished herself in several magnificent gifts to the public. See sections on Crocker Art Gallery and Marguerite Home in this volume. W. R. Cantwell, a Western man, served one term as police judge and afterward moved to San Francisco, where he died. W. S. Long, a lawyer of note, practiced in this city twelve years; was police judge, and afterward represented Colusa County in the Legislature. Died at Shasta, February 21, 1871. Li partnership with Long for a time were Charles D. Judah and Presley Dunlap. Dunlap was born in Pennsylvania, in 1817; moved to Hlinois and then to Iowa, where, in 1842, he was elected clerk of Des Moines County, and was recorder of that county for two years. When a young man he was a warm and intimate friend of John C. Breckenridge. He arrived in Cali- fornia, August 16, 1849, and in October follow- ing was appointed deputy sheriff by the first sheriff of the district, there being then no State or county organization. In December, 1849, he was appointed clerk of the court, and at the first county election, in April, 1850, was elected county clerk. For a time he was surveyor, and afterward lawyer. In 1857 he was elected city police judge, and after that term expired he continued in the practice of law until his death in this city, September 23, 1883. In 1879 he represented this county in the Constitutional Convention. Tod Robinson was at one time the reporter of the State Supreme Coui't, and died in San Mateo County, October 27, 1870. Messrs. Botts and Sackett have already been mentioned. George R. Moore died here June 22, 1868. His son practiced law in connection with Judge N. Greene Curtis, and died here several years .ago. D. W. Welty, a partner of Moore, is noticed in Chapter VIII., having been a "Legislator." John B. Harmon and R. H. Stanley were partners of Thomas Sunderland. I. S. Brown figured prominently as a crimi- nal lawyer, being engaged in many important cases. He died in the spring of 1889, while holding the office of justice of the peace in this city. George Cadwallader arrived in California in 1849, engaged in merchandising, studied law, was admitted to the bar and rose to a position of prominence in his profession, having much to do with mining-debris litigation. He re- moved to San Francisco, where he died April 28, 1884, never having held any j^ublic office. A. Comte, Jr., represented the county in the Assembly and Senate. He is now a merchant in San Francisco. Samuel Cross, who died here a few years ago, was a searcher of records as well as a lawyer. Thomas C. Edwards, son of Philip L., died many years ago. C. G. W. French practiced law many years in Folsom, then in Sacramento, and while here was appointed by President Hayes Chief Jus- tice of Arizona. A. C. Freeman, who is a distinguished com- piler and writer of standard law books, and editor of "American Decisions," is now residing in San Francisco. A. LI. Lynch, his former partner here, was at one time a justice of the peace, and came to be a journalist of some note. Died a number of years ago. UlSTOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. L. H. Foote was a police judge. Is the author of a nuuiber of pucins and prose articles which have been published in magazines. He was for a time United States Consul at Corea. T. W. Gilmer served as police judge, and also as justice of the peace. Died a few years ago. James C. Goods was one of the most promi- nent criminal lawyers in the State; served several terms as district attorney, and was one of the leaders of the Democratic party. Died in this city November 23, 1877. Henry Hare Hartley occupied a foremost position in the bar of the State; was county judge of Yolo County, and in 1865 ran on the Democratic ticket for justice of the Supreme Court, but was defeated by Judge Sanderson. He died in this city March 12, 18G8. E. H. Heacock; see Chapter VIII. J. G. McCallum was once a State Senator from El Dorado County, and subsequently Regis- ter of the United States Land Office in Sacra- mento. Daniel J. Thomas, besides being a lawyer, was most conspicuous here for having been con- nected with some of the railroad enterprises. Died here several years ago. Gregory Yale, a prominent member of the bar here, moved to San Francisco, where lie died June 16, 1871. Thomas Conger was police judge and justice of the peace. Died several years ago. Henry Edgerton was one of the most brilliant men who have figured in the political and legal history of the State. He was a matchless orator. Served as district attorney of Napa County, and prosecuted the celebrated case of Edward McGowan, which grew out of the acts of the vigilance committee of San Francisco in 1856. He served in the State Senate from that county in the eleventh and twelfth sessions. He died at San Francisco, November 4, 1887. Thomas J. Clunie represented San Francisco in the State Senate during the twenty-fourth session, and November 6, 1888, was elected to Congress, which office he now holds. Jo Hamilton served two terms as Attorney- General of the State, and is now practicing law at Auburn. William C. Stratton was State Librarian. Creed Haymond and C. T. Jones; see Chap- ter YIII. J. T. Carey served one term as district attor- ney, and ran unsuccessfully for State Senator. He is now United States District Attorney, ap- pointed by President Cleveland. William Neely Johnson, brother of the former Governor, was at one time State Libra- rian. He afterward became blind, and tinally died in San Francisco in June, 1885. J. G. Severance was a prominent member of the bar of Amador County, as well as of tliis county at another time, and is now practicing in San Francisco. James E. Smith was a partner, at one time, of Henry Edgerton; has been dead several years. John K. Alexander was district attorney, and at present is superior judge of Monterey County. T. B. McFarland and R. C. Clark were judges; already noticed. Hamilton C. Harrison, a prominent Free- mason, was at one time county clerk, and is now deceased. Silas W. Sanderson represented El Dorado County in the Legislature, and in October, 1863, was elected justice of the State Supreme Court; in October, 1865, was re-elected, but resigned January 4, 1870, and became attorney for the Central Pacific Railroad Company, which position he held until his death, in San Francisco, June 24, 1886. W. B. C. Brown served as county clerk, and F^ebruary 6, 1876, was appointed controller of State, to fill the term made vacant by the death of James W. Mandeville. He was a prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi- nation for Governor in 1882, but he died April 12 of that year, in this city. Paschal H. Coggins was brought up in Sacra- mento, and served for a while as justice of the peace. He is now practicing law in Philadel- phia. HIHTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. James L. English, once mayor, died at Sacra- mento, May 29, 1889. Twenty or thirty other lawyers, of less note than those mentioned, have practiced in Sacra- mei:to. THp; PRESENT BAR. The last City Directory furnishes the follow- ing list of attorneys now practicing in Sacra- mento, extended sketches of some of whom appear in a subsequent portion of this work: D. E. Alexander, W. A. Anderson, C. W. Baker, JBeatty, Den son & Oat- man, William H. Beatty, George A. Blanchard, I. S. Brown, Jay R. Brown, Elwood Bruner, Jud C. Brusie, Alex. N. Buchanan, A. P. Catlin, Catlin & Blanchard, W. S. Church, Richard M. Clarkin, J. B. Counts, JM. Greene Curtis, George G. Davis, Robert T. Devlin, James B. Devine, Chauncey li. Dunn, Edward J. Dwyer, Wilber F. George, W. A. Gett, Jr., Gabriel Haines, George Haines, A. L. Hart, Elijah C. Hart, John Heard, William Henley, Wilson A. Henley, Add. C. Hinkson, Joseph W. Hughes, Albert M. Johnson, Grove L. Johnson, Matt. F. Johnson, Daniel Johnston, C. T. Jones, Isaac Joseph, Frank J. Lewis, W. S. Mesick, Ed. M. Martin, McKune & George, G. G. Pickett, Charles N. Post, John F. Ramage, Ed. I. Robinson, Frank D. Ryan, John Shannon, Peter J. Shields, Singer & Gardner, William Singer, Jr., Henry Starr, Horace Stevens, Taylor & Holl, Ed. F. Taylor, M. C. Tilden, John C. Tubbs, John West, Jr., Clinton L. White, Lincoln White, Young & Dunn. A QUEER CASE. A remarkable case of mistaken identity was recently related by Attorney Paschal H. Coggins before the Medical Jurisprudence Society in Pliiladel])hia, as having come under his personal observation. Two men — John A. Mason, of Boston, and John A. Mason, of Hlinois — left their respective homes and went to California in search of liealth and wealth. They were both wagon-makers. One left a wife and two sons in Boston, and tlie other a wife and two daughters in Illinois. The Boston wife heard nothing of her husband after three years' ab- sence, and twenty years later heard of the death of John A. Mason, a wagon-maker. She brought suit for his property, his photogi-aph was identified by twenty witnesses, but at the last moment the Illinois wife turned up and ]iroved that tlie man was her husband, and the later developments showed that the Boston pioneer died alone and friendless. — N. Y. Graphic. Upon this Theviis comments as follows: ''The Coggins referred to was a resident of this city, and at one time the law partner of Creed Haymond. He was also a justice of the peace here, married the daughter of one of our pio- neer citizens, and afterward removed with his family to Philadelphia, where he has since re- sided. He is a son of Paschal Coggins, at one time one of the editors of the Sacramento Union, and who represented this county two terms in the Assembly. Coggins, Sr., ran for Congress against H. F. Page in 1872, on the independent ticket. The case referred to was that of Supervisor John A. Mason, of this city. It was certainly one of the most remarkable cases that ever came up in court, but the state- ment in the Graphic is not strictly correct. The case was tried before the late Judge Clark. In the contest Hay ward & Coggins appeared for the lady contestant, and the late George Cadwalader and W. A. Anderson for the will. It was developed that there were two John A. Masons; that they followed the same trade — carriage-making; and that they came to Cali- fornia about the sairie time; one, however, by steamer, and the other overland. By a strange coincidence the Mr. Coggins referred to was a passenger on the same steamer with the Mason who came by sea, and he was referred to in the printed passenger list as an "infant." It fur- ther developed that the two Masons worked at their trades in the same block in Sacramento City — Third street between I and J. After the death of Supervisor Mason his sons, grown HISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. men, applied for letters on Lis estate; their issuance was contested by a lady and two grown daughters, who claimed to be the wife and offspring of Mason. There is no doubt that the contest was in good faith and that the lady believed that the deceased was her hus- band. The testimony, however, developed that there m.ust have been two John A. Masons, and that the husband of the lady contestant had. like many another of the California argonauts, disappeared long years ago. It was strange that photographs of Supervisor Mason were identified by his mother and other relatives in Massachusetts, and that the same pictures were identified by prominent citizens of Illinois as being the other Mason. Judge Clark held against the contestants, but said that there was no doubt of the good faith of their contest." HI STOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTER X. N Sacramento there have been twenty- four executions of criminals, sixteen of which were according to the forms of law. We have space here for a brief account of the prin- In 1850 robbery and murder became so fre- quent, while the law's delays were so characteris- tically slow, that the people became exasperated and arose in self-defense. The lirst victim of their vengeance was Frederick J. Roe, a professional gambler. While quarreling at a monte table in the Mansion House, corner of Front and J streets, he engaged in a tight witii an unknown man. The bystanders separated them and stopped the row several times, but it was as often renewed. At length a peaceable and industrious citizen named Charles Humphrey Myers, an immigrant from Columbus, Ohio, and a partner in the blacksmithing establishment of Joseph Prader & Co., again parted them, when Roe shot him for interfering. The ball entered Myers's head, but did not kill him instantly. He was carried to the blacksmith shop, where the wound was examined by surgeons and pro- nounced to be necessarily fatal. The excite- ment of the large crowd which had gathered became intense. Dr. Mackenzie, a member of the City Council, mounted a wagon and made a violent address, stating tliat crime had run ramp- ant long enough: that the courts and officers seemed powerless to prevent it; but that it must be stopped somehow, or all respectable and honest people must leave the city; that the remedy was now in tJie people's o.wn hands, and that it was a duty each of them owed to society to aid in applying it. He was followed by David B. Milne and Ross and Taplin in the same strain. The addresses were eiiective. A meeting was organized, of which Ross was appointed presi- dent. In the meantime Roe had been taken into custody by the officers, and news was brought that he was in the station-house, corner of Second and J streets. The meeting promptly and unanimously resolved to bring him out, and a large crowd proceeded to the prison, where a still larger body had assembled. One Everard addressed them, stating that if ever they in- tended to rid the city of the scoundrels that infested it, now was the time. He advised the appointment of a committee who should deter- mine what justice was in the case, and James Queen followed to the same effect, urging the selection of a jury for the immediate trial of the prisoner. These speeches were continually inter- rupted by loud and long cheers, mingled with cries of "Hang him,'' etc. The city marshal, N. C. Cunningham, next followed, stating that he had the prisoner in custody and that he should not escape; but in HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. tlie luime of God and Sacnimeuto let him be tried b}' the proper tribunal, the courts of the country. He was interrupted by cries of " No, no; they have proved useless to prevent crime and punish murder." lint he continued: " If he don't get justice in the courts, then I will help you get it; I pledge you my honor I'll re- sign my office and help you; but now I am a sworn officer and you cannot, you shall not, have him while I am such." fle attempted to continue further in the same strain, but his voice was drowned in cries of, " Let the peojile have a jury," etc. Queen tried it again. He was in favor of laws and of supporting them, but ours have proved inoperative; let us have a people's jury; let us imitate San Francisco." C. A. Tweed was then called to the chair, who said he believed the prisoner was a great scoun- drel and ought to be hanged, but he wanted the hanging to be done by law. He was con- sequently hustled out of the chair and Scranton forced in. Then Justice of the Peace Bullock attempted to speak in behalf of law and order, but his voice was immediately smothered be- neath tumultuous cries of "Jury! jury! appoint a jury." A jury was announced, all of whom accepted, except F. G. Ewer, who stated that he was a newspaper man, and that it was his duty to make an unbiased report of the proceedings, which he could not do if he participated in them. Dr. V. Spalding was appointed in his place. The jury retired to the Orleans, on Second street, and organized by appointing Levi Hermance foreman, and George G. Wright secretary. A committee was ap])ointed to guard the prisoner and see that the officers did not remove him. Some of the officers attempted at various times to address the assemblage, but were invariably shut off. The marshal again addressed the peo- ple, stating that the prisoner could not be taken from his custody until his own life had been taken; "If Roe escapes the courts you may have him; but now I call on all good citizens to aid me in his protection." Some four or live advanced, but the only notice the crowd took of the speech was to hoot those few, and to express, in most unmistakable terms, their nonconcur- rence with the marshal. The privilege of letting the prisoner have a lawyer was proposed and voted down. After a few further attempts at speech-making, and en- deavors by the marshal to preserve the prisoner, the deafening yells of 2,500 or more people goaded on the leaders to a determined effort to execute Lynch law. The jurj' was quite delib- erate, while the crowd was impatient. Com- mittees were sent to the jury to hurry them up. They reported that the jury were acting fairly, but needed the protection of the people to keep the lawyers out, as they (the jury) could elicit the testimony themselves. Simple facts did not require legal gloss. The lawyers were ordered out, and staid out. As Myers was not yet quite dead, Tweed un- dertook to make a point temporarily in the pris- oner's favor; but it was useless against the cries of, " But he will die, and you know it; the doc- tors say so, and so will the other man!" One stentorian voice, ringing above the rest, shouted, "Yes; the murder was deliberate and cold- blooded. The murderer has made a widow and four orphans. Blood for blood! He must die! Let those who are in favor of hanging him say Aye!" The whole street reverberated with the sound of the Ayes. Dr. Taylor hoped every man present was armed. If so, he wanted a picked body to go with him and take the prisoner; " if we have him in our custody we will know where he is." A large portion of the crowd stepped forward, but were stopped by a cry that the verdict had been rendered, which was read from the Orleans balcony at 8 p. m. amid perfect silence, as fol- lows: We, the committee of investigation appointed by our fellow-citizens to investigate the circum- stances of the unfortunate occurrence that took place this afternoon, report that after a full and impartial examination of the evidence we find that at about 2 o'clock p. m. this day, Frederick J. Roe and some other person, whose name is unknown, were engaged in an altercation which HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. oi-iginated in the Mansion House; and that after said parties had proceeded to the street, and where thej were lighting, Charles H. Myers, who was passing in the street, interfered with words reqiiesting tliem to desist lighting or show fair play ; and that immediately there- upon the said Koe called out, " What the devil have you to say?" and drew his pistol and with- out further provocation shot said Myers through the head. John II. Sceanton, John T. Bailey, W. F. Pekttyman, Edw. Ceonin, J. B. Staee, D. O. Mills, H. G. Langlet, F. B. Coenwall, Geoege G. Weight, A. M. AVinn, Haeeison Olmstead, L. Heemance. The above signers composed the entire jury, except Dr. Spalding, who, after participating for some time, withdrew in consequence of what he considered the undue influence of the people's committee sent to the jury. As soon as the verdict was read there was a general stampede for the station-house; and there Dr. Taylor, who had urged immediate action from the first, stated that he had visited the prisoner and found him penitent; and he thought the murder was with- out malice or deliberation and he hoped a com- mittee would be appointed to guard the prisoner until the next day, when a course of action might be determined. The Doctor was hooted and hissed off. A. D. Eightmire said the ver- dict had been rendered, and he now considered it the duty of all good citizens to see it carried out; he was ready, for his part; and he was thereupon appointed marshal, by acclamation. About 9 o'clock awning posts were pulled up and made into battering rams, with which the door of the station-house was assaulted, and under the blows from which it soon yielded. Deputy Sheriff Harris stood in the door-way, with a small posse in his rear, and held the place for some time, both by remonstrances and threats to fire; but the impatient multitude crowded those in front up against the door, and through it, against Harris and his aids, pushing them over and taking them prisoners. Roe was chained in an inner cell, and there was consid- erable difficulty in getting him unshackled; but as soon as that was accomplished he was in- formed that he was to be hanged forthwith, on one of the large oak trees that then stood on Sixth street, between K and L. A large por- tion of the crowd immediately rushed to the point, but a sufficient number remained to guard the escort of the prisoner. Arriving at the tragical spot, where a staging had been erected for the purpose, they placed the prisoner upon it, tied his hands and feet and sent for Rev. M. C. Briggs. Through this man, Roe said to the public that he committed the deed in a fit of passion, and had nothing more to say in self- defense; that he was an Englishman by birth, was twenty years of age, and had a mother and sister then living in the old country. After the minister had performed his duties, a rope con- taining a slip noose was placed around the pris- oner's neck, the other end thrown over one of the limbs of the tree, and this was seized by a multitude of strong hands, which launched the prisoner into eternity, in the presence of an estimated assemblage of 5,000 people. Myers, however, was not dead at the time the prisoner was executed. On July 9, 1851, William B. Robinson, James Gibson and John Thompson knocked down and robbed James Wilson on L street, between Fourth and Fifth, in broad daylight. They were seen and arrested, and before 4 o'clock p. M. more than 1.000 men surrounded the jail. Violent speeches were made, and a crowd organ- ized by electing a president and secretary. A jury was impaneled, but it could not agree; and it was decided that the parties should be indicted and tried on the following Monday, when a special term of court would meet. The court met at that time; but, to give the counsel for the defense time to prepare, it continued the case one week. The prisoners were tried se|)a- rately. On Tuesday Robinson was found guilty by the jury, and his punishment, death, was also designated by thein. On the 16th Gibson was likewise convicted, and on the 18th Thomp- son also. Under the first statutes of this State the crimes of robbery and grand larceny, as well inSTOUY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. as murder, were punishable by death, in the discretion of tiie jury. July 21st Judge Willis sentenced all three to be hanged August 22d; and accordingly Gibson and Thompson were ex- ecuted that day, on an old sycamore tree at Sixth and O streets; but Robinson was iirst re- prieved by the Governor and afterward hanged at the same place by the people. On the night of Sunday, February 20, 1853, John Carroll, alias " Bootjack," was murdered on the levee near Tenth and B streets. He was one of a gang of thieves, and was killed by his associates, who suspected that he was a traitor to them. One of the parties arrested for the murder, William Dunham, turned State's evidence, and Jack Thompson, Barney Ackerman and Charles Stewart were tried, con- victed, and sentenced to be hung. A gallows was erected about three or four hundred paces east of Sutter's Fort, on an open plain, where every person was afibrded an excellent oppor- tunity to witness the execution; and on the 29th of April, 1853, the men were hanged. Thomp- son was aged twenty-five, Stewart twenty, and Ackerman nineteen. Ah Chung, a Chinaman, was executed be- tween J and K streets, just below Sutter's Fort, May 9, 1856, for the murder of one of his country-women, named Ah Lei, February 8, 1856. The execution was public and was wit- nessed by a large number. The culprit claimed the murdered woman to be his wife and ac- cused her of intidelity. Samuel L. Garrett was hung near Sutter's Fort, June 27, 1856, for the murder uf Amiel Brickell, at the Golden Eagle Hotel, April 26, 1855. Brickell had had some difficulty with Garrett relative to the daughter of the former, whom the latter was accused of having seduced, and it ended in Garrett fatally shooting Brickell. On the 20th of November following he was tried for the murder before Judge Monson and convicted. He was sentenced to be executed January 9, 1856, but an appeal was taken to the Supreme Court, and May 5 the judgment of the court below was sustained and the convict was again sentenced to death, which sentence was executed. Garrett a native of Pennsylvania, born in 1833, was married to Miss Harriet L. Brickell, the daughter of the murdered man, by Justice C. C. Jenks on the prison brig the Sunday before the execution, in the presence of a large assembly. She attempted suicide by tak- ing poison a day or two before he was hanged. William S. Kelly was executed at the same moment, for the murder of Daniel C. Howe, at Lake Valley, El Dorado County. On the night of July 10, 1855, Mickey Free, George Wilson and this Kelly went into the cabin of Howe and Ruggles, traders, for the purpose of robbery. Free shot Howe dead, and Wilson shot Ruggles with a long rifle, but did not kill him. Rug- gles turned his side to them after receiving the wound and asked them to kill him, when Free said he would accommodate him and stabbed him several times with a bowie-knife. After Ruggles was dead Wilson declared that Kelly must have a hand in the murder also, and forced him to cut the throat of the murdered man. This is the version given by the crimi- nal himself. Free was executed October 26, 1855, at Co- loma, and in his confession substantiated Kelly's statement. Wilson was the principal witness against Kelly, and testified that Kelly cut Rug- gles's throat before the latter was dead. Kelly got a change of venue in November, 1855, to this county, and was tried and convicted before Judge Monson, December 20, 1855. The usual motions, in arrest of judgment, a new trial, etc., were made and overruled, and an appeal taken to the Supreme Court, but the judgment of the Lower Court was sustained and the orig- inal sentence was executed. Peter Lundberg, who murdered John Peter Ritz, was executed in the water-works building April 13, 1860. He was at work for a man named Palm, and. between his employer and Ritz there was an enmity, which grew out of a dispute concerning some money which the latter owed the former, and did not pay on account of failure iti business. Lundberg confessed that HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COdNTT. he was induced to commit tlie murder, and Mrs. Palm was arrested for the murder, but acquitted. One dark night Ritz walked out to call on a friend above the old gas-works, and when returning, about 9 o'clock, was shot dead. The ofticers suspected tliat Palm com- mitted the deed, and officer Burke went to Palm's house. Mrs. Palm was tiiere alone. Burke turned down the light and waited. In a short time Lundberg arrived, and the muddy appearance of his clotlies, etc., caused the officer to suspect him, and he was arrested. The case of William Wells, in 1860, was an extraordinarj' one. It seems that an old man named Matthias Wetzel had been murdered and robbed of a large amount of jewelry and pi'e- cious stones some time during that year. Wells had been arrested for this murder at Virginia City, Nevada, some of the spoils found in his possession, and was on his way frotn that place to Sacramento in charge of Deputy Sheriff Wliarton, of Sutter County, and George Arm- strong, a mountaineer of Virginia City. July 25 tiiey left Marysville for this city. Tlie stage reached Nicolaus with all safe on board and was about to continue the trip when Wharton went to the driver, Whipple, and told him that the driver of the up-stage, Whitney, reported that the morning stage from Marysville had been met on Lisle's bridge by a posse of men who had the appearance of a rescuing mob. AVhipple drove into town withi)ut his passen- gers, and reported to the police officers the state of affairs, and that Wharton e.xpected assistance, and would wait until the othcers came. Officer Deal and Whipple returned to Nicolaus, where they learned that Wharton had engaged a wagon, and a man named W. C. Stoddard to attend them; and that they had left Nicolaus at 10 r. M. by the river road, for the purpose of avoid- ing the supposed mob. At about 1:30 a. m. they arrived at a point about half a mile from Swift's bridge at the mouth of the American liiver. At this time Stoddard was driving, with Wharton sitting on the seat beside him. Beliind them, on the bottom of the wagon box. sat Wells; and stretched out on the bottom lay Armstrong fast asleep. Stoddard remarked to Wharton, "We are near to Sacramento; you had better wake Armstrong up." As Wharton turned to do so. Wells shot him in his right side, which had the effect of knocking him off the seat among the horses. The next instant Stoddard was shot and instantly killed; and a third discharge rendered Armstrong help- less. By this time Wharton had disengaged himself and fired on Wells, who was retreating and returned the iire, striking Wharton in the thigh. It appears that Wells felt entirely safe for a time, as he coolly started toward town, then went down to the river, took a row-boat and rowed back to the scene of the tragedy, where he robbed Armstrong of the money and jewelry stolen from Wetzel. Armstrong died that day, and Wharton the next. Wells evidently had taken the key to his handcuffs from Armstrong's pocket, and, after freeing his wrists, had snatched Armstrong's revolver from his belt and used it as above de- scribed. For several years lie was reported as having been seen, sometimes in one State, some- times in another. March 1, 1866, the officers brought a man whom they had arrested in Idaho, to Sacramento, under the impression that he was Wells; but it proved to be Donald McDonald, and he was released, and afterward presented with $600, by vote of the Legislature, to compensate him for loss of time and damage to reputation. The last we hear of Wells is in a letter received by the Union, from a man in Idaho, in which we are informed that Wells was killed in Washington Territory in 1864, by one of the party with whom he was traveling. But the theory generally accepted among the officers of Sacramento is that Wells did not dis- engage himself from the irons, and in attempt- ing to swim the Sicramento River was drowned. He had been known as a man of low character, frequently arrested for petty larceny, and as a lounger at Wetzel's saloon. Louis Kahl was executed at the old water- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. works building, November 29, 1861, for the murder of Catherine Gerkcn. On the night of January 4 preceding, the murdered woman was found at her residence on L street, near Second, at about midnight, strangled in her room. The deed had been committed evidently for the pur- pose of robbery. On the afternoon of the fol- lowing day, Officer Frank Hardy, with the aid of a convict called "Jimmy from Town," ar- rested Kahl at the Father Rhine house, on J street, opposite the Plaza. The watch of the murdered woman was found on his person, and he gave no very satisfactory account of it. He was tried, convicted and sentenced to be exe- cuted. His case was taken to the Supreme Court, and sent back to the District Court with directions to carry out tlie original sentence. He was a native of Germany, and twenty-three years of age. William Williams was hung May 20, 1864, for the murder of A. Blanchard. Williams was born in Wales in 1827, and came to California in 1854, settling in San Joaquin Township, this county, in partnership with Blanchard. They quarreled, had a lawsuit and dissolved partner- ship. Afterward they ranched as neighbors, but continually disagreed. They had a diffi- culty about the ownership of a horse, which was settled in Blanchard's favor. Williatns had in his employ a half-witted Englishman, named Joe Blake. On the night of August 3, 1860, Blanchard was returning home from Sacra- mento, when Williams and Blake lay in wait for him in a ditch. Williams had a pick- handle, and Blake a wagon-spoke. Next day Blanchard was found dead, with his head terri- bly mutilated. For this Williams was arrested, convicted, and hanged in the extreme outskirts of Washington, about a quarter of a mile from the river. George Nelson Symonds was hung in the old water-w'orks building, December 4, 1863, for the murder of B. F. Russell, on the night of July 11, 1860, near Benson's Ferry. Symonds and Monroe Crozier were arrested for a robbery committed in Placer County, immediately after the murder, and before it was known that it had been committed. On the 12th of July they crossed the ferry with four horSes, saddled and bridled. Their clothing was wet and their appearance suspicious. When arrested for the robbery they had a valise containing bloody clothing, a stencil plate with the name of B. F. Russell on it, and other articles of the murdered man. In October, 1860, Symonds turned State's evidence in the robbery case. Crozier soon after escaped, and on the night of October — two bodies were found in the slough near the ferry, which had evidently been murdered several months previ(jus and sunk. They were discovered when the water in the slough dried up, and proved to be those of Russell and Seli- zer, who had early in the season started for the Coso mines. The trial of Symonds, who was brought down from Placer after the bodies were found, commenced March 9, 1861, before Judge McKune. He was convicted, and sentenced to be hung May 10. The Supreme Court granted him a new trial, and it commenced June 2, 1862, and on the 6th he was again convicted, and sentenced to be hung July' 25. The case was again taken to the Supreme Court, and on September 18 the judgment of the District Court was affirmed, and he was sentenced ibr the third time. Frank Hudson, a Corporal in Company I, Second Cavalry, was executed at Camp Union (Agricultural Park), June 16, 1865, for the murder of Lieutenant Daniel Webster Lever- good, at Camp Bidwell, Butte County, on tiie 14th of April. Levergood had ordered Hudson on a double quick in the afternoon, for drunken- ness, and at 9 o'clock in the evening the officer was shot, and died in two days. He was cer- tain that Hudson shot hiin, and as the latter at once deserted, the evidence was very strong. He was captured, tried by court-martial, brought here and hanged. On the evening of June 17, 1870, a man named McLaughlin shot and killed Charles Lundholm, bar-keeper of the Railroad HISTORY OF SACRA\rENTO COUNTY. 67 Exchange Saloon. Tlie alleged cause was that Lundholm had written some slanderous articles about a relative of McLaughlin's, which was published in a disreputable sheet called the 3fa- zeppa. McLaughlin was indicted. The regular venire of jurors was soon exhausted, and a second one drawn, which, singularly enough, was almost entirely composed of the prisoner's friends. The prosecution exhausted all of their peremp- tory challenges and were obliged to go to trial. As expected, the jury failed to agree, and after being out threj days were discharged, though defendant objected. Shortly afterward, defend- ant's counsel applied for bail, which was refused by Judge Ramage. A writ of habeas corpus was issued by the Supreme Court providing for bail, which was granted in the sum of $10,000, the court holding that the fact of a disagreement of the jury indicated grave doubt about the of- fense being murder in the first degree. The second trial was held in October, and the jury gave a verdict of murder in the first degree. Defendant's counsel gave notice of a motion for a new trial. The judge then adjourned court until 9 o'clock the next morning. McLaugh- lin was not given in charge of the sheriff, and walked, out of the court-house. During the evening he was seen at several places in town, but did not appear for sentence the next morn- ing, and was next heard of in South America, where he died a few years ago. Judge Ramage held that the order of the Supreme Court ad- mitting McLaughlin to bail and the bail bond provided for the appearance of the defendant for judgment and the execution thereof, and that by issuing an order to take McLaughlin into custody, he would be placed in contempt. The case became subject of much comment. Charles Mortimer, whose true name was Charles J. Fliiin, was executed in the Sacra- mento County jail-yard. May 15, 1873, for the murder of Mary Gibson. On the morning of September 20, 1872, the citizens were startled by the announcement that Mary Gibson had been brutally murdered at her saloon and residence on "Jib-boom" street — now extinct — or near the Station-house on Front street. Her body was found in a rear room with her face badly lacerated by a blow from a broken tumbler, and her throat cut with a knife. A glass of beer was found which bj' analysis was ascertained to contain strychnine. The house had been ransacked, and it was believed that several hundred dollars in coin had been stolen. The hand of the dead woman grasped a portion of a man's whiskers, evidently torn from the face of her murderer in the death struo-gle. Officers Harris and Dole, having seen Mortimer drunk the evening before, suspected thfit he might be the murderer. Carrie Spencer, a com- panion of Mortimer, was arrested on suspicion, and Mortimer himself was soon afterward ar- rested. An examination of their room revealed the fact that the suspected parties had posses- sion of several of Mrs. Gibson's dresses. In Mortimer's pocket was found a paper of strych- nine. Altogether, the clues of the identity of Mortimer were as definite as could be desired. During the progress of the trial it was found that he had killed one Caroline Prenel in San Francisco, in May previous. He was convicted of murder in the first degree, and afterward he prepared a confession at length, which he gave to S. C. Denson and Cameron H. King,, his at- torneys, as the only means within his power to conjpensate them for their legal services in his defense. In this confession the convicted man admitted having murdered both Mrs. Gibson and Caroline Prenel; but, as is natural, he im- plicated Carrie more than himself According to his confession.it seems that he was naturally a very selfish man, willing at any time to prac- tice deception in order to get more than his share. On the night of April 16 a remarkable at- tempt was made to rescue him from the county jail. The sheriff and deputies had been informed that such an attempt might possibly be made. At 1:30 o'clock the yard bell was rung, and Deputy Sheriff Cross, on going cautiously into the yard, encountered a man with his face masked, without his boots, with his coat turned HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. wrong side out, and with a revolver in liishand. lie bad scaled the wall with a ladder. He at- tempted to enter the jail and Cross tired at him twice and killed him. It became evident from papers, etc., in his pockets that his name was William J. Flinn, and that he was a resident of Lynn, Masfacbusetts. Mortimer subsequently acknowledged that this was his brother, and that bis own name was Charles J. Flinn. He bad left home in 1858, since which time his family had known nothing of his career; but after bis arrest here be wrote to bis brothers, for tlie iirst time, soliciting their financial aid. An elaborate attempt was made to prove that Mortimer was insane during the past few weeks of bis confinement, but without avail. He feigned insanity by staring vacantly at the walls, refusing to speak, brushing away imaginary flies, etc. According to the sentence, the wretched convict was hanged at noon, Friday, May 15, 1873, in the presence of about 150 in- vited spectators. Many more were of course outside the wall desiring admission, among them a number of women. In the execution the fall was immediately fatal, not a quiver of muscle being noticeable. About midnight of April 7, 1874, the body of John Cruse, a German sailor, was found on Front, near N street. His death had evidently been caused by stabbing. Althongb there at first appeared to be literally no clue to the iden- tity of the murderers, yet the measures adopted by Chief Karcber and bis force were so ener- getic and conclusive that before dark of the day following the police had arrested the culprits and obtained the full particulars of their crime. A month afterward the Grand Jury presented indictments against Domingo Estrada and Filo- mena Cotta for murder in the first degree. May 15 they were arraigned, and pleaded not guilty. I. S. Brown appeared as counsel for Estrada, and James C. Goods, Jo Hamilton and Paschal H. Coggins for Cotta. June 6 Estrada was convicted with the determination by the jury that the punishment should be death; and July 9 Cotta was similarly convicted. Sentence upon both was pronounced July 28, and Sep- tember 18 was set for the day of execution. Appeal was taken to the Supreme Court, execu- tion stayed, and on final bearing the men were sentenced to be hanged February 19, 1875. Friends industriously circulated petitions to Governor Bootli for a commutation of sentence, but without avail, although they were signed by many prominent men. The sentence was ac- cordingly executed, in the presence of 200 in- vited citizens. For more than two hours previous to the moment fixed for the banging, the houses and trees in the vicinity of the jail yard were filled with men and boys hoping to witness the final scenes. Two days previously, Estrada's mother, on hearing that be was to be executed so soon, fainted, and raved all the succeeding night, being quieted only by the use of chloro- form; was in a comatose state all the next day, and subsequently had several fainting spells. Estrada's death seemed to be a painful one, as be had convulsive movements or an active pulse for twelve minutes after the fall; and Cotta's pulse continued fifteen minutes. On April 1, 1875, a horse-race was run near Itoseville. David Turley, a sheep- herder, was present as a spectator. He bad been drinking very freely, and was on horseback. "W. II. Shaw, a farm laborer, was also present, quite in- toxicated. He was on foot, and applied an epithet to Turley, who pulled a pistol and shot him dead. Turley rode to Roseville, surrendered himself, and was brought to the county jail in Sacramento; was tried for murder, and defended by Creed Haymond. The defense was made upon the ground that the accused was so intoxi- cated as to be irresponsible for his acts; and it was shown at the trial that he had drank an in- ordinate quantity of whisky. The law, however, provides that intoxication is no excuse for the commission of crime, but can be regarded only in mitigation of punishment. Turley was con- victed and suffered the penalty of death, Febru- ary 25, 1870. At about 8 o'clock on the evening of Decem- ber 7, 1878, a bright moonlight night, just back HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. on Seventeenth street, between 1 and J, a pistol shot was heard; but no investigation was made, and the result was not known until the next morning, when the body of a policeman, Joseph Scott, was found lying upon the sidewalk. He had been shot through the heart, and from the blood marks it was ascertained that he had passed across the street after having received the wound. For many years the murder remained a mys- tery. The only clue was that a citizen in the block, on hearing the shot, looked from his window and saw four men running, one of whom wore a long, white coat. Several years after- ward a convict named James Ivey, in the San Quentin State Prison, informed the authorities that three men then confined in the prison were the persons who had committed the crime, and that he had overheard them detail the particu- lars of it. On the expiration of the terms of these three men, they were brought to Sacra- mento, whf-re two of them made a full con- fession. They had been in former years inmates of the State Prison, and on the night of the kill- ing of Scott had, in company with another ex- convict named Edwards, arrived in the city on a freight train from Marysville. The ride was stolen, and as the train slowed up about Twen- tieth street they jumped off and started through the city, with the understanding that they would rob the first person whom they met. There had been a fire at the Protestant Orphan Asylum, at Nineteenth and L streets, earlier on that even- ing, and Otiicer Scott had been detailed to watch the ruins. He was passing through Seventeenth street when these four men overtook him, and in an attempt to rob him he resisted and Ed- wards drew a revolver and shot him, as de- scribed. The men did not stop to search the body, but ran away from the city and continued on to Stockton, and finally three of them arrived in Sonoma County. There they burglarized the house of Judge W. C. "Wallace, wlio apprehended them, and they were sent to the State Prison. While serving this sentence the autiiorities re- ceived the information of their complicity in tlio murder of Scott. They were put upon trial at Sacramento, be- fore Judge A. Van R. Paterson, then a superior judge, but now a justice of the State. Supreme Court. Two of the accused, as we have stated, made full confessions, and were permitted to plead guilty of murder in tiie first degree, with the understanding that their punishment should be life imprisonment. The third one stoutly refused to confess, and exhibited feelings of in- dignation because the other two had. Finally the authorities proposed to him to plead guilty as the others had. He accepted it and received a life sentence. Edwards, who fired the fatal shot, is now in an Eastern penitentiary, and will be brought here for trial as soon as his term expires. The case of Troy Dye and Edward Anderson was one of the most remarkable in the annals of crime. On the morning of August 2, 1878, A. M. TuUis, a wealthy fruit-raiser on Grand Island, in the lower part of the county, was found dead in his orchard, with a bullet-hole through his body. He was a bachelor, aged about fifty-five years, and had lived alone upon his ranch. There was apparently no motive for the murder, as no property had been taken, and for a time the officers were at sea to unravel the mystery. At length pieces of new redwood lumber were found in the tules on the opposite side of the river, a little lower down; and from the indica- tions they were portions of a duck-boat. Upon one of the pieces were figures used in calcula- tions of lumber measurement. These boards were secured by the officers, and tiie pieces con- taining figures were taken to the various lum- ber-yards in Sacramento, and a salesman at one of the yards identified them as having been made by himself. It was developed subse- quently that Anderson had purchased the lum- ber; that the salesman had figured the number of feet in the purchase upon the smooth side of a board; that Anderson's curiosity was aroused as to how the determination could be made in a manner so simple; tliat the salesman had re- peated the figuring upon one of the boards IIISrORY OF SACRAMENTO GOUNTT. wliich Anderson liad jnircliased. The officers tlien found the drayman who had taken the lumber from the yard, and discovered that he had delivered it at the house of Dye. The information from the neighbors showed that a boat was made in the basement of that house, and the expressman was found who iiad taken the boat to the river. Parties along the river had observed an unpainted boat contain- ing two men passing down, and their descrip- tions were obtained. Upon tliis information a clue was based which resulted in the arrest of Dye and Anderson, the third party being then unknown. They were confined in separate jails, and they confessed fully concerning the crime. Dye had been elected to, and was then hold- ing, the office of public administrator. It was ascertained from their confessions that soon after his election he had entered into an arrange- ment with Anderson and Tom Lawton] to kill certain wealthy persons who had no relatives in the State, to enable Dye to administer upon their estate and receive the comuiissions. He, of course, was to divide the spoils with those who killed for him. Tullis was the first victim selected. Anderson and Lawton went to Tul- lis's ranch in the duck-boat, and met Tullis in his orchard. They had never met him before, but he had been fully described to them by Dye. While in conversation with him, Ander- son struck him with a sand-bag, and Lawton shot him. They then rowed to the opposite side of the river, and started up the road. By appointment Dye met them on the way up in a buL'gy, the signal of his approach being that he should whistle the tune "Sweet Bye and Bye." They returned to the city and took oysters, and Anderson on the same night rode up to Sutter County, where he had been employed on a threshing-machine, and resumed his work there. It was understood between them that in case there should be danger a letter should be written to him, signed by a fictitious name, and that the name should be underscored with one line or Uiore, to indicate the degree of danger. On August 8, 1878, a letter was sent to An- derson from Sacramento, reading as follows: John A. Parker, Esq.: — Your child is very sick. You must come home at once. It would be well to come down in the night. It would be so mnch cooler for you. Call at the Doctor's new iionse. I will be there. Yours in haste, Chaklics Parker. The signature was doubly underscored. On the receipt of this note Anderson came down on horseback, and was arrested by officers who were watching his house. Lawton fled, and has never been captured. Dye was tried first, and An- derson next. Both were convicted of murder in the first degree, sentenced to be hanged, and were executed in the county jail-yard on March 28, 1879. A fourth party, named Clark, was tried for complicity in the murder, but was acquitted. The defense of Ti}'& was made upon the ground that he had years before received an injury which caused a lesion of his brain, and conse- quent insanity. There was a division of opin- ion among medical witnesses on the subject. After his conviction a sheriflF's jury was called to determine the question of his insanity, and the verdict was against him. That question at- tracted considerable attention in the medical world, and was elaborately discussed in quite a number of pamphlets subsequently issued. About 4 o'clock on the afternoon of April 10, 1882, a tragedy occurred in the city which created the wildest excitement. A Siberian named Simon Katan had some misunderstanding with a man which resulted in his being beaten. He applied for a warrant of arrest for the party, but was refused. He then procured a revolver, sought out the party and met him at the corner of Fourth and K streets. He shot at him, without effect, and ran away, pursued by a large number of people. Wliile passing through the alley between K and L and Third and Fourth streets, and as he reached the rear of the International Hotel, James Lansing, the proprietor, came out into the alley in front of Ratan and attempted to stop him. Ratan HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. leveled his revolver at Lansing and shot him in the stomacli. Lansing had been a sheriff of the poiinty and also assessor; his standing in the community was high and liis friends many, and the news of his being shot spread over the city like wild- fire, and tiie city prison in which Ratan had been lodged was surrounded by a large number of people, who threatened summary vengeance upon Ratan. Lansing died that evening, in great agony, and several thousand people im- mediately surrounded the prison. It seemed that a riot was imminent. The mayor of the city addressed the crowd, urging them to return to their homes and allow the law to deal with the offender. His appeal was of no avail. The military were summoned and they drove the mob from the immediate vicinity of the prison, and established a guard line about it. A Gat- ling gun was placed in the prison door, fully prepared for service in an emergency. A dis- persal was effected. A month later Ratan was placed on trial for his life, the jury convicted him, and he was sentenced to be hung. About the same time Joseph Hurtado shot and killed a man named Estuardo, at Front and I streets. He was subsequently convicted and sentenced to be hung. The attorneys for Ratan and Hurtado appealed their cases to the Supreme Court of the State, without avail. Then their cases were appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, upon the point that an informa- tion filed by a district attorney under the pro- visions of the State Constitution was void; and that no man could be put upon trial for a felony e.xcept after having been indicted by the grand jury. It was claimed that the State constitu- tion was repugnant to the United States con- stitution. The Federal Supreme Court, in an elaborate opinion, held that the point was not well taken, and the parties were re-sentenced to death. Subsequently doubts as to the sanity of Ratan were entertained, and the Governor com- muted his sentence to imprisonment for life. After confinement in the State Prison foratime, he proved to be insane, and is now in one of the asylums for the insane. Hurtado was consumptive, and he died of that disease in the county jail before the day ar- rived for his execution. He had been a hotel runner, but was a man of quarrelsome disposi- tion, although of sacriticingfidelity toliis friends. On one occasion he saved the life of a friend at the risk of his own. Some years ago he had a difficulty with a man named Denny, and the lat- ter was killed. He was put on trial for the mur- der of Denny, but was acquitted. The night before his trial he had married, and the defense for the killing of Estuardo was because of the infidelity of that wife. In March, 1888, John Lowell, a well-known rancher, left his home near Brighton to visit another ranch in El Dorado County, about seven miles from Folsom. He was missing for sev- eral weeks, and search was made for him, and on June 2 his remains were found buried in a cellar under his house. It was subsequently ascertained that three men, John Henry Myers, John Olsen and William Drager had borrowed a team at Sacramento, driven up to Lowell's ranch, ostensibly to engage in wood-cutting; and that while they were going out to look at the wood one of them shot and killed Lowell with a shot- gun, and disposed of his body as indicated. The motive for the crime was to steal a buggy and some horses and harnesses from Lowell. They returned with their plunder to Sacramento, and disposed of it openly. They were arrested, made full confession, taken to Piacerville, tried, con- victed and sentenced to death. Myers was exe- cuted November 30, 1888. The other two appealed their cases to the Supreme Court, and are (April, 1889), still awaiting the decision. Lowell, the murdered man, a few years before had a difficulty with some parties at Brighton, and he shot and killed Joseph Powers. He was placed upon trial for murder, and the jury ac- quitted him. UISTORY OF SAGHAMENTO GOUI^TY. - >tgg>^i?^';?a3f?7*inyi'?yi'yi->'^ v?F(*S'f^t*3(*^(*tr?'r^(^' S^\ ^Xfa^l^E^^^'^^'''^'SSF*'V^fcV:JISLSSSjS2SS:S |^^^a^^a^^i:«'u:;^^tV5*i r'^^p^^-^^'^^" 'c^'^u'f^fittei's?!' CHAPTER XI. IN 1S54, during the rapid decay of the old AVhig party and tlie uprising of the anti- , slavery party into prominence, and when the struggles in '-bleeding Kansas" constituted the most exciting topics of political discussion, a Democratic convention was held at the Fourth Street Baptist Church in Sacramento, at 3 o'clock i>. M., Tuesday, July 18. Some time before the hour for the meeting, the doors of the church were surrounded by a large assemblage of per- sons, many of whom were not delegates; and as soon as the doors were opened the church, which was estimated to afford accommodation for about 400 persons, was filled to its utmost capacity. D. C. Broderick, the chairman of the State Committee, ascended the platform, and was re- ceived with loud and continued cheering. On his calling the convention to order, several dele- gates instantly sprang to the floor for the pur- pose of nominating candidates for temporary chairman. Broderick recognized T. L. Vermule as having the floor; but before the announce- ment was made, John O'Meara proposed ex- Governor John McDougal for chairman pro tern. Vermule nominated Edward McGowan for the position. Broderick stated that he could not recognize O'Meara's motion, and put the question on McGowan's election, and declared that it had carried. McGowan instantly mounted the stand, closely followed by McDougal, whose friends insisted that he had been selected al- tliouirh his name had not been submitted to the convention in regular form. The two chairmen took seats side by side, and a scene of inde- scribable confusion and tumult ensued. When something like order was restored, McDougal read the names Major G. W. Hook and John Bidwell as vice-presidents; and McGowan an- nounced J. T. Hall and A. T. Laird as his ap- pointees for those offices. Again a scene of extreme confusion occurred; but the gentlemen named seated themselves with their respective leaders. Two sets of secretaries and commit- tees were then appointed, and reports were made to each side recommending tiiat the temporary officers be declared permanently elected. Mo- tions were made to adopt the reports, and amid the greatest excitement they were declared car- ried . This double-headed convention sat until about 9 o'clock in the night. No further business was transacted but each side tried to " sit " the other out. Two sickly candles, one in front of each president, lighted up the scene. The trustees of the church finally relieved both sides by stat- ing that they could not tolerate the riotous crowd longer in the building, and the delegates left without a formal adjournment. The session tliroughout waslike pandemonium let loose. Soon after the organization, a rush was made by the crowd to the stage. One of the officers was seized, and at that instant a pistol exploded in the densely crowded room. A mad rush was made for tiie doors, and a por- UISTORY OF SACBAMENTO COUNTY. tion of the delegates made a precipitate retreat through the windows to the ground — a distance of some fifteen feet. Toward night Governor Bigler was called to the stand and he made a conciliatory speech, but without effect. On the 19th, the wing presided over by Mc- Dougal, and wliich represented the ''chivalry," or Southern element, of the party, met at Musical Hall; and the McGowan or Tammany branch, representing the Northern element, met in Car- penter's building. The officers of the chivalry wing resigned, and Major Hook was elected President, and H. P. Barber, William A. Man- nerly, A.W. Taliaferro and J. G. Downey, Vice- Presidents. A communication was received from the other convention asking that a com- mittee of conference be appointed, with a view^ of settling the disagreement; but the language of the communication was regarded as offensive, and it was withdrawn for the purpose of chang- ing the phraseology. Afterward a second note, almost similar to the first, was sent in; but it was flatly rejected. After nominating candidates for Congress and for clerk of the Supreme Court, and passing resolutions favoring the construction of the At- lantic & Pacific Railroad under the auspices of Congress and indorsing the Nebraska bill, etc., they levied an assessment of $5.00 per delegate to repair the damages to the church building. The convention also appointed a State Central Committee. The McGowan wing met at 9:30 a. m. on the 19th, that gentleman continuing to act as the presiding officer. A committee of seven was appointed to invite the McDougal convention to attend, and the committee were empowered to arrange the difficulties. A recess was taken until 1 o'clock to give the committee time to act. On the re-assembling of the convention the committee reported that they had sent the following communication to the McDougal con- vention, and that the proposition therein con- tained had been rejected. "John McDodgal, Esq., Chairinan of Dem- ocratic Delefjates convened at Mtisleal Hall: Sir — The undersigned have been this morning constituted a committee, with full powers, by and on behalf of the Democratic State Conven- tion at Carpenter's Hall, for a conference with our fellow Democrats at Musical Hall, for the purpose of harmonizing and uniting the Democ- racy of California. You will be pleased to announce this to your body; and any commu- nication may be addressed to the chairman of this committee, at Jones's Hotel." The committee was dischai'ged, and the con- vention proceeded to nominate a ticket, different throughout from the one nominated by the other convention. They also adopted a series of reso- lutions alluding to the heterogeneous character of the Democratic party in this State and the subsequent differences of the convention in this city, and urged the people to adopt their ticket as the one most conciliatory. They also ap- pointed a State Central Committee. A collec- tion of $400 was taken up to I'epair the damages that had been, done to the Baptist church on the previous day, a committee having reported that the building had been injured to that extent. Directly after the adjournment of the conven- tions, several of the nominees withdrew from the ticket, and after the election the Tammany party ascribed tiieir defeat to the withdrawal of Milton S. Latham from the Congressional race. The first mass meeting of " Republicans " in California was held in Sacramento, April 19, 1856. E. B. Crocker was the leader of the new- party in this county, and opened the meeting with a speech which was listened to attentively. George C. Bates was then introduced, but the general disturbance raised by the "Americans" and Democrats present prevented his voice from being heard. Henry S. Foote, previously Gov- ernor of Mississippi, then took the stand and begged the disturbers to desist and allow the meeting to proceed; but he was not heeded. The Republican speakers again attempted to talk, when suddenly a rush was made for the stand by the crowd, and it was overturned and the meeting broken up. On the 30th of that ith tlie first State UISTOItY OF SACHAMENTO COUNTY. Convention of the Republicans met in the Con- gregational cliurcli in Sacramento. E. B.Crocker was temporary chairman. Only thirteen counties were represented, and of the 125 delegates pres- ent sixty-six were from San Francisco and Sac- ramento. Resolutions were adopted opposing the further extension of slave territory and of slave power, welcoming honest and industrious immigrants, deprecating all attempts to preju- dice immigrants against our free institutions, favoring the speedy construction of a trans-con- tinental railroad by aid from Congress, favoring the speedy settlement of land titles in this State and the election only of bona-lide permanent settlers to office. Early in May that year a public discussion was announced to take place at Sacramento be- tween George C. Bates, Republican, and J. C. Zabriskie, Democrat; but when the appointed time arrived no location could be procured on account of the anticipated disturbance, and the meeting was postponed until the evening of the lOtli of that month. When the time arrived the discussion was commenced. Rotten eggs were thrown and tire-crackers burned to create a disturbance, but the police made several ar- rests and order was restored. After the meet- ing closed, outsiders took possession of the stand, and a resolution was adopted declaring "that the people of this city have been out- raged by the discussion of treasonable doctrines by a public felon; and that we will not submit to such an outrage in the future." A few days later the Sacramento Tribune (American), referring to the meeting, said: "The fact that a public discussion was per- mitted to take place in a public street in the heart of our city, in the presence of a large con- course of citizens, almost all of whom disap- prove the doctiine advocated by the speakers, and this too when it is the firm conviction of a large majority of the persons assembled that the agitation of the slavery question as the basis of political party organization is against the true in- terest of the State and the Nation, speaks volumes in favor of the public morals of Sacramento." In 1865 a dissension occurred in the Union party. On the 25th of July that year it cul- minated at a county convention held at. Sacra- mento. The Low and the anti-Low delegates were about equally divided in numbers. Gov- ernor Frederick F. Low was a candidate for the United States Senate, and was £up])orted by one wing of the party. There was, however, a strong opposition to him. The convention met in the Assembly chamber in the then State capitol, now the court-house. The desks which had ordinaril}' occupied the floor had been removed, and a sufficient number of chairs had been placed in their stead to accommodate the 106 delegates who were expected to participate in the proceedings. As the room filled it was a noticeable fact that almost without exception the Low, or short-hair, delegates occupied the seats on the right of the speaker's chair, and the anti-Low, or long-hairs, those on the left. Ln- mediately after the convention was called to order, two persons were placed in nomination for temporary secretary, and voted for. The chairman of the county committee announced W. H. Barton, the long-hair candidate, elected to the position by a viva voce vote. The con- vention was at once thrown into confusion, and the Low delegates insisted on a count of the votes. Barton advanced from the left toward the secretary's table, when the delegates from the right made a general rush to the left side of the house. Then ensued an indescribable and a terrible scene, such as was never before witnessed in Sacramento at any political convention. Barton was intercepted before reaching the secretary's table, and told that he should not take his seat. The delegates on the left crowded up for the purjtose of supporting him, as those from the right forced a solid phalanx on the front to pre- vent him from advancing. In a moment the two parties were engaged in a hand-to-hand fight. Solid hickory canes, which appeared to be abundant on both sides, were plied with vigor. Spittoons flew from side to side like bomlj-shells on a battle-field. Ink-stands took HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the place of solid shot. Pistols were drawn and used as substitutes for clubs. The principal weapons, however, which were used by both sides, were the cane-bottomed arm-chairs, which were of couise within the reach of every one. These implements, though not very well adapted to purposes of warfare, were swung in the air by the dozen and broken over the heads of the contending parties. In some instances chairs were broken up for the purpose of procuring the legs to use as clubs. No fire-arms were discharged and no knives were used. The fight lasted probably five minutes. At the close the anti-Low men, or long-hairs, who had rallied to the support of Barton, were driven "from the field. Several jumped out through the win- dows; others who were badly hurt were assisted out of the building, while the greater portion passed into the ante-room and the main hall to find neutral ground. After the fight the long-hairs retired in a body and organized in another hall, while the short-hairs proceeded with business in the capi- tol. Each convention nominated a full local ticket, and elected a set of delegates to the State Convention. Newton Booth was nominated for State Senat-or by the long-hairs, and E. H. Hea- cock by the shorts. The shorts attributed the trouble to an alleged partial ruling by the chair- man of the committee in favor of Barton, and to the determination on the part of the longs to run the convention without regard to the rights or wishes of the opposition. The short-hair convention instructed its nominees for the Leg- islature to vote for Low for United States Sen- ator, but he afterward declined. His withdrawal, however, did not heal the breach in the Union party. The division continued until sometime in August, when the short-hairs generally trans- ferred their support to John B. Felton for United States Senator. The result of the election was that Cornelius Cole was elected to the United States Senate, December 16 following, as the agreed candidate of both parties. Ex-Governor H. S. Foote, referred to in this chapter, was born in Vii-ginia in 1800; graduated at Washington College in 1819; commenced the practice of law in 1822; edited a Democrati paper m xllabama in 1824:-'32, and then resided many years in Mississippi, by which State he was elected United States Senator. In 1852 he was elected Governor of that State, having re- signed his Senatorship. He came to California in 1854, joined the; Native American party, and was their candidate for United States Senator in 1856, being defeated by David C. Broderick. In 1858 he returned to Mississippi and took an active part in politics; represented Termessee in the Confederate Congress. One of his daugh- ters became the wife of William M. Stewart, United States Senator; the other two daughters married and reside in this State, and two of the sons are practicing lawyers on the Pacific Coast. During his life Foote became engaged in three duels, in two of which he was wounded. He possessed considerable literary ability. In 1866 he published "The War of the Rebell- ion" and "Scylla and Carybdis," and in 1871 a volume of reminiscences. He was also the author of "Texas and the Texans," published in 1847. He died near Nashville, Tennessee, at his residence, May 20, 1880. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTER XII., N the following synopsis, necessarily brief, of the military organizations in this city, many familiar names will be found, and many a train of thought and recollection awakened. There is an ample mine of good things to be had by research in every one of these organi- zations of "auld lang syne." The Sutter Rifle Corps was organized June 27, 1852, with B. D. Fry, Captain; M. D. Corse, First Lieutenant; John Q. Brown, Sec- ond Lieutenant; W. Bryerly, Third Lieutenant. This company was especially noted for its lib- erality on all public and private occasions. It paid $1,200 for choice of the first seat at Cath- erine Hayes's concert, in 1853, and presented the ticket to General Sutter. M. D. Corse, mentioned above, was afterward Captain of the company, and also held other offices in the city. He returned to the East in 1857, and finally graced the list of Sheridan's prisoners in 1865 as "General Corse." When the Governor called on the militia for duty against the Vigilance Committee of San Francisco, in 1856, the Sutter Rifles met on the 4th of June and voted to respond to the Governor's call. E. E. Eyre was then Lieuten- ant Commanding; H. S. Foushee, Second Lieu- tenant; and John C. Keenan, Orderly Sergeant. Soon afterward the company disbanded, but re- organized in 1857, with E. E. Eyre, Captain; Charles J. Torbert, First Lieutenant; Joseph H. Vigo, Second Lieutenant; W. R. Covey, Brevet Second Lieutenant. The company had but little vigor, however, and soon died. Sacramento Guards, Light Infantry, were or- ganized August 11, 1855. Henry Meredith, Captain; D. S. Woodward, First Lieutenant; R. W. Wilcox, Second Lieutenant; John Arnold, Brevet Second Lieutenant; Josiah Howell, En- sign; L. L. Baker, Orderly Sergeant. On De- cember 17, 1855, Baker was elected Captain, and among the subsequent otfioers of the com- pany were D. A. McMerritt, L. Powers, Isaac Lohniau and C. H. Cummings. The company numbered forty-five. During the excitement over the actions of tiie Vigilance Committee, in 1856, the Governor issued a proclamation calling out the militia of the State to suppress the disturbance. The Sacramento Guards met June 4, 1856, and dis- banded, giving their arms into tlie custody of the Sutter Rifles. Tiiey at once reorganized as the "Independent City Guards," and were fully equipped by the end of the year. In 1858 this was the only company in Sacramento. Young Men's Pioneer Guard. — Organized in 1856, it was composed of the leading young men in the city. John Talbot was Captain; A. R. Simons, First Lieutenant; Samuel Richard- son, Second Lieutenant; Charles Sinclair, Tiiird HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Lieutenant; Oliver H. Worden, Ensign; John, Foley, First Sergeant. Tiie Sacramento Cadets were organized May 17, 1856, with Edwin A. Sherman as Captain; C- II. Watson, First Lieutenant; George J. Pren- tice, Second Lieutenant. Independent (Sacramento) City Guard reor- ganized under the State law June 28, 1858. L. L. Baker, Captain; Josiah Howell, First Lieu- tenant; L. Powers, Second Lieutenant; I. Loh- man. Brevet Second Lieutenant. Among the subsequent officers were S. P. Ford, Benjamin Peart, Joseph I. Friend, Henry Starr, W. H. Ratenberry, C. L. Bird, I. B. Vanderburg. Among the privates were C. H. Cummings, H. S. Crocker, D. Giilis, P. J. Hopper and J. H. Lewis. During the llebellion this company furnished several officers and some thirty men tor the service of the United States. The Sacramento Hussars, a company of Ger- man cavalry, were organized August 4, 1859, and reorganized June 11, 1863, and attached to the State Militia. Tiiey were honorably discharged from the National Guard August 21, 1874 since wiiicli time they have continued an inde- pendent organization. At first there were twenty-six members, and the officers were: Fred Werner, Captain; Charles Heinrich, First Lieu- tenant; F. X. Ebner, Senior Second Lieutenant; Josepii Martzen, Junior Second Lieutenant. Other early members were L. Steudaman, A. Heilbron, E. Kraus, Charles Sellinger, A. Neu- bauer, D. Weimann, M. Arentz, C. Iser, G. Uhl, S. Gerber, John Batcher, M. Wetzel, James II. Groth, George Schroth, J. Korn, Julius Gregory, A. Meuke, M. Miller, A. Dennery, Andrew Ross, John B. Kohl, deceased, and Jacob Meistcr. Granite Guard, at Folsom, was organized May 27, 1861, with fifty-eight men; F. S. Mumford, Captain. The Washington Rifles were organized May 27, 1861, with eighty-one men. This company was organized under the militia laws of tlie State, and immediately tendered their services to the Governor, were accepted and mustered into the service of the United States. Thomas I. Roberts was Captain; W. A. Thompson, First Lieutenant; J. S. Hunter, Second Lieu- tenant; W. L. Ustick, Brevet Second Lieuten- ant; and Henry Kline and Cornelius V. Kel- logg were also officers. Sacramento Rangers, cavalry, organized Au- gust 27, 1861, with sixty-two men, and were mustered into the service of the United States. D. A. McMerritt was Captain ; J. M. Ropes, First Lieutenant; A. W. Starr, Second Lieutenant; H. A. Burnett, First Sergeant; James Contell, Second Sergeant; J. B. Slocum, Third Sergeant; Frank Jones, Fourth Sergeant; W. I. Camp- bell, P'ifth Sergeant. Siiirland's Cavalry. — E. D. Shirland raised, and was Captain of, a cavalry company, which was recruited principally about Folsom. They were mustered into the service of the United States, and arrived at Sacramento by rail Sep- tember 5, 1861, seventy-five strong. Here they were joined by about forty recruits from this city, and left for San Francisco on the Steamer Antelope. In two hours the citizens of Folsom raised $513 for the use of the company. The National Guard was organized October 7, 1862, with L. L. Baker as Captain; D. W. Welty, First Lieutenant; W. H. B. Morrill, Senior Second Lieutenant; Prescott Robinson, Junior Second Lieutenant. The Sergeants were John Talbot, John Foley, R. H. Daley, Paschal Coggins and M. L. Templeton. Among the privates were Newton Booth, M. M. Estee, Jus- tin Gates, S. S. HoU, James McClatchy, A. Badlam and S. Tryon. The Sacramento Sharp-Shooters organized June 6, 1863, with E. R. Hamilton as Captain; Thomas V. Cummings, First Lieutenant; W. M. Siddons, Senior Second Lieutenant. C. Wei- sel, J. A. Conboie and E. H. Heacock were Sergeants. Among the privates were L. Booth, E. M. Fry, A. Flolir, J. T. Glover, S. S. Holi, I. Luce, J. H. McKune, Robert Robinson, P. Stanton, O. H. Tubbs and G. K. Van Heusen. This company was mustered out in 1866. The Turner Rifles organized June 22, 1863, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. with forty-four men. Charles Wolleb was Cap- tain; A. Geisel, First Lieutenant; L. Lottham- mer, Senior Second Lieutenant; A. Nessell, Junior Second Lieutenant. Among the privates were Jolin Ballmer, A. Heilbron, Charles Pom- mer, C. Weil, C. Kleinsorge, L. B. Mohr and C. Weisel. The Walnut Grove Union Guard was organ- ized at Walnut Grove in August, 1863, and continued for several years as a portion of the State Militia. The Baker Guard, organized September 15, 1863, was composed of over iifty young men, generally under twenty-one years of age. W. T. Crowell was Captain; James Clunie, First Lieutenant; D. K. Zumwalt, Second Lieuten- ant; and Samuel Carlisle, Third Lieutenant. It was consolidated with Company D, JS'ational Guards, in June, 1866. The Sacramento Light Artillery, unattached, was organized September 24, 1864, with Edgar Mills as Captain; Wyman McMitchell, First Lieutenant; AV. M. Siddons, Senior Second Lieutenant; D. W. Earl, Junior Second Lieu- tenant; and A. J. Senatz was prominent in the organization. Among the subsequent Captains were S. S. Montague, Joseph Davis and J. L. Atwood. The First Battalion, Light Artillery, was organized in September, 1866, with Edgar Mills as Major; L. E. Crane, First Lieutenant and Adjutant; Paul Morrill, First Lieutenant and Quartermaster; W. R. Cluness, Assistant Ser- geant. The Emmet Guards organized March 19, 1864, with John Foley as Captain; F. A. Mo- ran, First Lieutenant; John F. Sheehan, Senior Second Lieutenant; John S. Barrett, Junior Second Lieutenant. The other officers were T. W. Sheehan, Owen Farrell and M. McManus. This company was mustered out of the State service June 11, 1872. The Sacramento Zouaves were an independent colored company, which had an existence for several years. Company G (Sarstield Guards) was organized in 1870, with William H. Ashton, Jr., Captain; Charles Brady, First Lieutenant; arid Thomas Nolan, Second Lieutenant. On April 10, 1850, the first Legislature passed an act providing for the organization of the State Militia into four divisions and eight brigades. The First Division was composed of the coun- ties of Trinity, Shasta, Butte, Yuba, Sutter, El Dorado and Sacramento. The Legislature was to elect the Generals. On the next day that body met in joint convention and elected as Major-Geiierals, Thomas J. Green, John E. Brackett, David F. Douglass and Joshua H. Bean; and as Brigadiers, J. H. Eastland, A. M. "Winn, Robert Semple, McDonald, John E. Addison, D. P. Baldwin, Thomas H. Bowen and J. M. Covarrubias. On May 1, 1852, a law was passed organizing the militia into seven districts, and the Seventh District was composed of Sacramento, Sutter, Placer and El Dorado counties. On April 25, 1855, a law was passed creating six divisions and twelve brigades. The Fourth Division comprised the counties of Amador, El Dorado, Sacramento, Placer, Nevada and Sierra. The First Brigade of that division comprised Amador, El Dorado and Sacramento. On May 9, 1861, another military law was passed, but it did not change the brigade position of Sacra- mento. On April 24, 1862, a law was passed organizing the militia into one division and six brigades. The Fourth Brigade was made to consist of the counties of Sacramento, Yolo, Sutter, El Dorado, Amador, Placer, Nevada, Yuba and Sierra. On April 12, 1866, Alpine was added to the Fourth Brigade, and since thennochange has been made. James Collins was appointed Brigadier-Gen- eral, commanding the Fourth Brigade, August 1, 1862, commissioned August 30. General Collins died in Nevada City, July 18, 1864. Josiah Howell was then appointed, receiving his commission July 25, 1864, and resigned November 14, 1874. Wm. L. Campbell was appointed to the posi- tion December 1, 1874, received his commission HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 79 01) the same day, and resigned I^ovember 19, 1875. Governor Pacheco appointed Wentworth T. Crowell to the position November 27, 1875. This appointment was not confirmed by the Democratic Senate, and General Crowell only held the office until his successor was appointed. J. G. Martine was appointed to the command April 4, 1876, and resigned April 8. This resignation was caused by severe attacks on the General by some of the newspapers in the dis- trict. Crowell continued in office till March 3, 1877, when he resigned. M. S. Horan was appointed March 3, 1877, was commissioned on March 5, and resigned November 4, 1878. T. J. Clunie was appointed to fill the vacancy by Governor Irwin, December 30, 1878, but was not confirmed by tlie Republican Senate. John F. Sheehan was appointed January 15i 1880, commissioned on the 17tli, and resigned May, 1882. Lewellyn Tozer was appointed May 19, 1882, but the subsequent Democratic Senate refused to confirm him. John T. Carey was commissioned February 10, 1883. T. W. Sheehan is the present in- cumbent. The Fourth Regiment of Infantry, N. G. C, was organized in 1864, with E. R. Hamilton as Colonel; B. Eilerman, Lieutenant-Colonel, and James Adams, Major. The regiment was re- organized in December, 1865, when L. L. Baker was elected Colonel, and the remaining officers continued the same. August 22, 1866, Ham- ilton was again elected Colonel; James Adams, Lieutenant-Colonel, and John F. Sheehan, Ma- jor. The regiment was mustered out of service in pursuance of Special Order No. 44, dated July 8, 1868, and the companies were ordered to remain unattached until further orders. The Fourth Regiment was reorganized under Special Order No. 7, dated February 19, 1872. March 7 following, C. V. Kellogg was elected Colonel; B. Eilerman, Lieutenant-Colonel, and H. F. Page, Major. Kellogg and Eilerman re- signed in July, 1874, when W. T. Cromwell was elected Colonel, and H. W. Thain, Lieu- tenant-Colonel. This regiment was disbanded and mustered out of service March 31, 1877. It was immediately reorganized as the First Bat- talion of Infantry, and Thomas J. Clunie was elected the Commander. Creed Haymond sub- sequently succeeded him, and when he resigned T. "W. Sheehan assumed the command. Shee- han became Brigadier-General, and J. W. Guth- rie was commissioned Colonel. He is the pres- ent incumbent. A respectable company of colored men has also existed in Sacramento for some time. J. W. Guthrie, plumber and gas-fitter near the foot of J street, has been so active and effi- cient in military matters, as a member of the First Artillery Regiment, Fourth Brigade, Na- tional Guard of California, that he has been promoted from the position of private in 1869 through diflferent grades to that of Colonel of the regiment, April 7, 1887. The superiority of his regiment is due to his efficiency. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTEE XIII. jOST of the following history is from an elaborate account published in the Rec- ord- Union hyiS. A. Woodson, the editor, in 1875. On the 28th of April, 1849, at Sutter's Fort, the first Sacramento newspaper, the Placer Times, was started - by E. C. Kemble & Co., as an oif-shoot of the AUa California, of Saii Fran- cisco. The merchants in the vicinity rallied about the pioneer publisher and subscribed lib- erally to secure him from loss. A lot of old type was picked up out of the AUa office, an old Eiimage press was repaired, a lot of Spanish foolscap secured in San Francisco, and the whole shipped to Sacramento on a vessel known as the Dice me Nana (says my mamma), the first craft to carry type and press to the interior of Cali- fornia, which trip she made in eight days. An office was built for the paper about 600 feet from the northeast corner of the bastion and near what is now the corner of Twenty-eighth and K streets. It was a strange mixture of adobe, wood and cotton cloth, but answered the purpose. The paper was 18x18 inches in size, with a title cut from wood with a pocket knife. All sorts of expedients were resorted to in cut- ting oflT and piecing out letters to make up a complement of " sorts " in the cases. The press had a wooden platen, which needed constant planing off to keep it level, and the rollers were anything but successes. The Times appeared on Saturdays until June, when chills and fever drove Mr. Kemble to " The Bay," and T. P. PerLee&Co. took charge. Per Lee ran the paper two weeks, but, being a tyro in the business, gave it up, and J. H. Giles took charge as agent for E. Gilbert & Co., own- ers of the AUa. In July the Times removed to Front street, where it flourished well for a time. Tiie subscription was $10 per annum. In No- vember, 1849, after a brief period of reduction in size, it resumed its old shape and was removed to Second street, between K and L. April 22, 1850, it began to appear as a tri- weekly, and J. E. Lawrence made his editorial bow. June 5 following, it appeared as a daily, and thus won the distinction of being the first daily paper of Sacramento. In July it was enlarged one-third. October 8, same year, it was purchased by Loring Pickering, J. E. Lawrence and L. Al- drich, the price paid being §16,000, which in- cluded the cost of the building and two lots. Aldrich soon sold out to the others. Tiie paper had been neutral, but in 1850 inclined toward Democracy. When the Squatter Riot excite- ment came on, it had been valiant in defense of the real-estate owners, but under its new man- agement was less partisan. Its last issue was dated June 15, 1851, during which month it was consolidated with its rival, the Sacramento Transcript. The latter had been started April 1, 1850, as HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTV. ■A tri-weekly, aud the size of the Times. It was the first paper in interior California to be issued oftener than once a week. The proprietors were G. K. Fitch, S. C. Upham, J. M. Julian, H. S. Warner, Theodore Russell and F. C. Ewer. Mr. Ewer had been a prominent minister of the Congregational Church elsewhere. After he loft here he went to New York, where he again maintained his pre-eminence as a minister. The Transcript was a good paper and aimed at literary excellence. Fifth interests in the paper sold during the first summer as high as 85,000. G. C. Weld bought the interest of U]5ham for $10,000 very shortly after the paper started. In July, that season, the paper was enlarged, and the rivalry between it and the Times became very warm. The Transcript was started as an independent sheet, but in Decem- ber, 1850, came out for the Democratic party and was thus the first interior Democratic paper. As before stated, the Times and Transcript were united June 16, 1851, and thus was the first double-headed paper printed in California. It was enlarged to a size slightly greater than the present Hecord- Union single sheet. G. K. Fitch had become State Printer, and L. Picker- ing had the city printing. These formed the basis of the fusion. Fitch retaining a half in- terest in the printing, aud Pickering & Law- rence holding the other half. The editors were Pickering, Fitch and Lawrence, The new pa- per found a rival in the State Jotirnal, and in June, 1852, the Times and Transcript left the field and went to San Francisco, where it was ])ublished by the old firm, and subsequently by George Kerr & Co., composed of George Kerr, P>. F. Washington, J. E. Lawrence and J. C. Haswell. It passed from them to Edwin Bell, and next to Vincent E. Geiger & Co. Picker- ing, Fitch & Co. meanwhile had acquired the Alta California, and December 17, 1854, they bought back their old Times~and Transcript, and the Alta at once absorbed it. October 30, 1850, the Squatter Association started an organ, styling it the Settlers' and Miners' Tvlhune. Dr. Charles Robinson, the editor, was noted for the active part he took in the Squatter Riots. He sitbsequently became the Free State Governor of Kansas; James Mc- Ciatchy and L. M. Booth were associate editors. Sirus. Rowe brought tlie type from Maine. The paper was daily, except Sundays, for a month, when it declined to a weekly, aud after another month quietly gave up the ghost and was laid to rest in the journalistic boneyard. December 23, 1850, tiie first weekly paper, the Sacramento Index, was started by Lynch, Davidson & Rolfe, practical " typos," with J. W. Winans, since a prominent lawyer of San Francisco, as editor. II. B. Livingstone was associate. It was nearly the size of the Record- Union, typographically neat, and was issued from the Times oitice, and was the first evening paper in Sacramento. Taking ground against the act of a vigilanc3 committee in hanging a gambler, it lost ground, and died March 17, 1851, after a life of three months. It was a paper of rare literary ability. The competition between the Times and tlie Transcript before their union became so warm that prices of advertising declined until they fell below the cost of composition. The print- ers in both offices rebelled, and the greater number quit. They held a meeting in a build- ing next to the T r'lnsurlpt office, which thereby acquired the name of "Sedition Half." They resolved to start a new paper and secured Dr. J. F. Morse as editor. They bought stock in San Francisco, and March 19, 1851, launched the Sacramento D^iily Union, at 21 J street, in rented rooms in Langloy's brick building. The proprietors were Alexander Clark, who subse- quently went to the Society Islands and has never been heard of since; W. J. Keating, who died a few years afterward in the insane asylum; Alexander C. C'ook; Joe Court, who was burned to death at the Western Hotel fire in this city, in the fall of 1874; E. G. Jeffries, Charles L. Hansicker, F. H. Harmon, AV. A. Davison and Samuel II. Dosh. The last named subsequently was editor of the Shasta Courier, and is now dead. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Nearly a year elapsed, however, before type could be had. A lot had been ordered, but failed to arrive; and J. W. Sirnonton, having made an appearance with a full printing office, intending to start a Whig paper, his stock was purchased by the Union men. Dr. John F. Morse, the editor, was later known throughout California as one of the chief leaders in Odd- fellowship; and his death iu 1874, in San Francisco, was the occasion of profound testi- monials of esteem being made at many places throughout the State. The size of the Union was 23x34 inches, with twenty-four columns, thirteen of which were tilled with advertisements. The daily edi- tion started with 500 copies, and rapidly in- creased. The paper was independent, outspoken and ably edited. ' Tlie issue for March 29, 1851, was entitled the Steamer Union, and was de- signed for reading in the Eastern States. April 29, 1851, the Union hoisted the Whig flag, but declined to be ranked as a subservient partisan. S. H. Dosh sold out at this time for $600, and in June Harmon sold for a like sum. April 23 the paper was enlarged about to the size it has since averaged, and appeared with the new type at tirst ordered. January, 1852, II. 13. Living- stone became associate editor, and Ilansecker sold out for $2,000, the firm now being E. G. Jetferis & Co. They ne.xt sold out to W. W. Kurtz for $2,100. January 10, 1852, the first WeeJdy Union was issued. February 13 Cook sold out to H. W. Larken,aiid April 3 Davidson to Paul Morrill. In May Dr. Morse retired a« editor, being succeeded by A. C. Russell, who remained until August, when Lauren Upson became editor, retiring for a time iu 1853; then John A. Collins filled the place. November 2, 1852, the Union was burned out in the great fire. A small press and a little type were saved, and the paper came out the second morning after the fire, foolscap size, and soon resumed its lormer dimensions. A brick building was erected for it on J street, near Second, the same now occupied by W. M. Lyon LtCo. May 16, 1853, Jefiieris & Kurtz sold to the other partners and to James Anthony, wlio had been in the business department of the paper since November, 1851. The firm was now James Anthony & Co. June 15, 1853, Keating sold to Morrill, Anthony, Clark and Larken, and in December Clark's interest passed to the firm. July 20, 1853, a steam engine was introduced to run the presses. May, 1858, Morrill sold his interest to J. Gray. Morrill went to New Hampshire and remained between one and two years, and re- turning, bought back Gray's interest. In Feb- ruary, 1875, the firm sold out to the Sacramento Publishing Company, which also purchased the Sacramento Daily and Weekly Record, and the two papers were issued under the joint title of the Sacramento Daily Record- Union. Besides the daily issue, the semi-weekly feature of the Record was retained, and this was issued on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Since then they have issued the daily on each day of the week (except Sundays nntil recently), with a double or eight-page sheet on Saturdays, besides a mammoth sheet on each New Year's day. Mr. Upson remained chief editor of the Union about twelve years. He was succeeded by H. C. Watson, who served until his death, in June, 18G7, and was succeeded by Samuel Seabongh, who served until the merging of the Union with the Record. Then George Fred- erick Parsons, Editor-in-chief of the Record, be- came editor-in-chief of the Record-Union, and continued as such until his removal to New York City in the winter of 1883. He was suc- ceeded by J. A. Woodson. The manager of the Record on its consolidation with the Union was William H. Mills, one of the proprietors of the Record, who remained in charge of the paper until January, 1883, when he removed to San Francisco, and C. E. Carrington was ap- pointed local managing editor, and T. W. Shee- han, business manager. Mr. Carrington retii'ed April 1, 1889, and E. B. Willis and T. W. Shee- han were appointed general managers of the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. paper, the former assuming the duties of man- aging editor, and the latter continuing in im- mediate charge of the business departtnent. On the 19th of May, 1889, the publication of the Sunday Union was commenced, and mailed to all subscribers to the Weehly Union, the ]iublication of the senii-weekly having been dis- continued. The fine three-story brick building which has for many years been occupied by this company is on the east side of Third street, between J and K streets, and was built for tlie Union in 1861. Joseph A. Woodson, Editor-in-chief of the Sacramento Daily Record- Union, was born in La Porte, Indiana, in 1837, and educated at the Wesleyan Seminary, Albion, Michigan. His parents early removed to Michigan City, Indi- ana, where his father was president of the State Bank of Indiana for many years. After two years' service as a clerk in mercantile business, Mr. Woodson, in 1858, came to California, set- tling at Santa Rosa, Sonoma County; i-ead law in the office of Jackson Temple, now one of the justices of the Supreme Court of the State; was admitted to the bar in 1860, before Judge Me- Kinstry, for the Seventii District Court, and moved to San Francisco in 1862, where he practiced law until 1872. In the meantime he founded, published and edited the Pacific Law Reporter, having for associate editors some of the first members of the San Francisco bar; also had charge of the law department of the Daily Spectator, San Francisco, for a portion of the time, and edited and published at different times society and philanthropic papers, and was a frequent contributor to the literary journals of that city. In July, 1872, lie became the San Francisco correspondent of the Sacramento Daily Record, and in November, tliat year, removed to this city, temporarily, and edited the first statistical number of the Daily Record. In January, 1873, he represented that paper, as correspond- ent, at the Legislature of the State of Nevada. Ileturning in March to Sacramento, he accepted the position of law and literary editor of the Record. On the union of the Record and tiie Union, under the title of the Record-Union in February, 1875, he became the literary ed- itor of that paper and '• general utility assistant " upon all the departments of the journal. Act- ing in this multiform capacity, he went to Bea- ver, Utah, and reported the first trial of John D. Lee, notorious as connected with the Mount- ain Meadow Massacre. His letters from Bea- ver, published over the signature of " Thad- deus," attracted wide attention and rendered his further sojourn in Utah at least " uncomfort- able." Ileturning to Sacramento, he resumed his position upon the Record-Union. Early in January, 1883, he became the editor-in-chief of the Daily Rtcord-U nion, a position he still holds. As to other positions, Mr. Woodson was deputy district attorney of Sonoma County for a time; was one of the founders of the Cali- fornia Museum Association, and for four con- secutive years a director; and by appointment is a member of the Board of Trustees of the State Mineral Cabinet. Mr. Woodson's chief function in the public welfare has been that of " an intellectual power behind the throne " rather than a mere figure-head in cons|>icuous positions. S. E. Caeeington was born in Ohio in 1840; received a public and Iligh-Sohool education, and engaged in the profession of teaching for a time, but joined the Union Array soon after commencement of the Rebellion of 1861-'65. Served in Army of Potomac until 1863, when he was transferred to the War Department and remained there until after close of the war. Studied law and graduated at the Law School at Columbia College, Washington, District of Co lumbia, in 1867. Entering the legal profession, he practiced before the departments at Washing- ton and in the courts of Ohio, until 1876, when from broken health he visited California, re- maining about a year, and again returned to the Golden State in the spring of 1879, with his family, and took up his permanent residence in Sacramento. In the fall of 1879 Mr. Carring- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ton was employed upon the Eecord- Union and so continued until January 1, 1883, when he became managing editor of tlie paper, and which position he occupied until April 1, 1889, when he resigned. In his religious relations he is connected with the Congregational Church in Saci'amento, ot which he is trustee; and in his society connec- tions he is a member of both the Masonic and Odd Fellows orders. In 1865 Mr. Carrington was married to Miss Rilla, daughter of William B. Stone, of York, Ohio. Their children are Eelle and Alice. EvANDEE Beery Willis, Managing Editor of the Sacramento Daily Record- Union, was born at the residence of Commodore Evander Berry, at the United States Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York, on August 19, 1847. Being well ad- vanced in his studies, at the age of thirteen he entered a printing office and learned the trade in all its branches. While working at his trade he mastered the art of stenography and soon had a position as official reporter in the Supreme Court circuit of New York. At the age of twenty he was editor and proprietor of the Mail, at Middletown, Orange County, New York. This field was too limited for him, and after publishing the paper for a little over a year he sold out and accepted a position on the New York Herald, l)eing sent for that paper all over the country. From this he acquired a roving disposition and subsequently held various edito- rial positions on leading newspapers in several States, among them the following: Assistant city editor New York Daily Democrat ("Brick" Pomeroy's paper); city editor Newburgh, New York, Daily Press; city editor Scranton, Penn- sylvania, Daily Democrat; telegraph editor Scranton Daily Republican; commercial editor San Francisco Chronicle; city editor Sacramento Daily Record; editor-in-chief of tlie Virginia City, Nevada, Chronicle; night city editor New York Daily Star, and others. Mr. Willis first came to California in August, 1871. lie has made several trips to the East since that time, visiting Europe and traveling through the United Kingdom and over the con- tinent. He was the official stenographer of the Constitutional Convention which framed the present constitution of the State of California, and with his partner, the late P. K. Stockton, transcribed the debates and proceedings of that body for publication by the State. He has re- ported in the California Legislature for the Record-Union at every session but two since 1871, and is consequently well known througii- out the State. Mr. Willis is a prominent mem- ber ot the Masonic order, being a member (Past Master) of Sacramento Lodge, No. 40, F. & A. M.; Sacramento Chapter, No. 3, Royal Arch Masons; Sacramento Council, No. 1, Royal and Select Masters, and Past Commander of Sacra- mento Cominandery, No. 2, Knights Templar. On April 1, 1889, E. B. Willis and General T. W. Sheehan were appointed general managers of the Sacramento Daily Record-Union and Sacra- mento Weekly Union, the former assuming the duties of managing editor, and tlie latter tliose of business manager. In the list of dead journals comes now the Democratic State Journvl. It was a morning paper of the size of the Record- Union, and ap- peared February 5, 1852. V. E. Geiger & Co. were the publishers, and Geiger and B. F. Wash- ington the editors. It was a valiant warrior for the Democratic party, supporting John Bigler in his political aspirations, while its contempo- rary, the Times and Transcript, was the advo- cate of AVilliam M. Gwin. AVashington, early in 1853, retired and went upon tlie Times and Transcript, and B. B. Redding, since land agent of the Central Pacific Railroad Company, be- came editor. The destruction of the office by the great fire of 1852 greatly retarded the paper, and finally in July, 1853, forced it into a coali- tion with the Californian, when a new firm was formed composed of B. B. Redding, P. C. John- son, S. J. May and James McClatchy. In April, 1854, Johnson sold to Colonel Snowden, and in June, May sold to Redding and Snowden. Snow- den and May have been dead many years. In the fall of 1854 William Walker, afterward HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. known as General Walker, of Nicaragua iillibus- ter fame, the " grey-eyed man of destiny," be- came editor. October, 1854, McClatcliy sold ont to D. J. Thomas. Walker retired in Feb- ruary, 1855, and McClatchy became editor, be- ing succeeded in a month by John White. In 18^6 Snovvden sold out to Kedding and Thomas, n June, 1857, the party failing to give adequate support to the journal, it was sold, under attach- ment, and bought in by the printers in the office. After a suspension of four weeks it re- sumed, with Henry Shipley & Co. as publishers, the company being made up by most of the printers in the office. H. Shipley and R. Rust were editors. April 24, 1858, P. W. S. Rayle bought up nearly all the interests and announced S. W. Raveley as editor. It so continued to June 24, 1858, when it expired. At one time it ran a column in French, and was the first and only daily paper issued in Sacramento with a department for any foreign tongue. In August, 1852, T. Alter began to publish a weekly Baptist paper, with O. C. Wheeler and E. J. Willis as editors. It continued about one year, and had its office in the court-house. It lost $3,000 to the publisher, and breathed its last so quietly that the exact date of its taking off is unknown. November 17, 1852, E. Williamson & Co., with James McClatchy and D. J. Thomas as editors, started a settler Democratic paper. It was issued every morning, super-royal in size. April, 1853, S. J. May bought a one-fourth in- terest and became editor. It was burned out once, and started again in a deserted kitchen, brought from the country for the pui-pose. On the 80th of July it fused with the State Jour- nal, as stated above. The California Statesman, a morning paper edited by Henry Meredith and published by J. W. Gish &, Co., was begun November 13, 1854. It was Democratic and supported W. M. Gwin for United States Senator against Broderick. March 1, 1855, Gish & Woodward, the pub- lishers, sned Gwin & Ilardenbergh on a claim tiiat they had agreed to ])ay $2,500 for the sup- port of Gwin by the paper. They alleged that Gwin also agreed to give the paper the public printing. They laid their damages at $20,000, but ihey were ousted from court on the ground that the agreement was contrary to public policy. Ilardenbergh then sned for the possession, and so the Statesman died. Tha California Farmer and Journal of Use- ful Science began a publication in Sacramento in May, 1855, having already appeared in San Francisco a year before. The publisiiers were Warren & Son, and J. K. Philips & Co. Dr. J. F. Morse was the editor for one month. It was a weekly paper. July 18, 185G, it was moved back to San Francisco, where it still ap- pears. In March, 1854, Dr. Morse and S. Col vi lie issued the first and only number of a monthly magazine entitled '■'■Illustrated Historical Sketches of California, with a minute history of Sacramento Valley." This number was a good one, but the business department was badly managed and a second number never appeared. The Pacific Recorder appeared July 15, 1854, edited by E. J. Willis, and was to be the organ of the Baptist Church. It was a neat semi- monthly; iu July, 1855, it became a weekly, but in March following it was discontinued. Jnne 8, 1855, a daily paper came to the sur- face called the State Tribune. It was edited and published by Parker H. French and S. J. May. It was the size of the other morning papers and professedly independent of politics, but inclined to the Democracy. In September French sold ont to May and left in the Nicara- gua expedition. August 1, J. M. Estill became editor of the Tribune and opposed John Bigler and the Democracy with such vigor as to draw it to the front rank of tiie opposition journals. French returning to the State bought into the paper again, but left some of the arrangements for payment so open that difHculty ensued. He sold to George W. 'rift, who had assigned to Monson and Valentine, who attached tiie paper. S. J. May and his three remaining partners set out these thinirs in a card and issued a new HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Irlhtne, so that on the IGtii of October, 1855, two Tribunes appeared, each claiming to be the genuine one. May & Co.'s issue was from the material of the defunct Stutesman. The other Tribune was publisiied by P'arwell & Co. Both papers were ardent American or Knovv-Nothing journals, and each was especially bitter on the other. The local war waged for two weeks, to the great amnsenient of the people. October 30 the Farwell & Co. Tribune gave up, and ihe other paper was satisfied. The Tribune came out with James Allen & Co. as publishers, still advocating Know-Nothingism. It lived until June 1, 1856, when it died. A new paper sprang from the ashes of the Tribune the day after the death of that paper. It was christened the California American and was as radically Know-Nothiug as its predeces- sor. The proprietors were James Allen, J. R. Ridge and S. J. May, with Allen as chief writer, but in January, 1857, he was succeeded by J. R. Ridge. Allen was at the time State Printer, and it is said lost about $15,000 in the new pa- per in the first six months. It died in Febru- ary, 1857, and never was a success at any period of its existence. The Water Fount and Home Journal, a weekly paper nearly the size of the Record- Union, was brought from San Francisco and issued here December 15, 1855, by Alexander Montgomery & Co., with Montgomery as editor. It was a temperance paper, and the official or- gan of the Sons of Temperance, and made a good appearance. It lived nine months only. December 6, 1855, George H. Baker, now of San Francisco, a lithographer, and J. A. Mitch- ell, now deceased, began an independent even- ing paper entitled The Spirit of the Age. In June, 1856, it changed its name to The Sacra- mento Age, and enlarged, witii A. A. Appleton & Co. (Baker withdrawing) as publishers. J. S. Robb, dying, was succeeded by W. Wright. In the summer of 1856 the paper was sold to the Know-Nothing party and fought its battles till the election was over. Early in 1857 it died. December 24, 1855, A. Badlam & Co. started the Daily Evening Times, a gratuitous adver- tising sheet, 10x18 inches. It was worked on a wooden press made by the publishers. It ran up from 200 to 700 circulation, and in March, 1856, breathed its last. For a time it was re- moved to the mountains to try the effect of change of air and diet, but it came back to Sac- ramento and died in good order. December 11, 1856, C. Babb and W. II. Harvey began a publication of a daily morning independent paper, of a small size, entitled the City Item. Paschal Coggins was the editor. It lived seven months. Cornelius Cole & Co., on the 15th of August, 1856, commenced the publication of the Daily Times, a morning paper. Republican in politics. It was very lively in the canvass for Fremont, and was edited with ability. In November it be- came an evening paper, and issued a weekly, be- ing then run by a joint-stock company, with Mr. Cole, subsequently United States Senator, as editor. In size it was 24 x 36 inches. Janu- ary 24, 1857, it succumbed to the winter weather and went into the newspaper charnel-house. The Chinese JVews began in December, 1856. It was printed of respectable size, and in the Chinese language. Ze Too Yune, alias Hung Tai, was editor and publisher, and exhibited much skill in the business. It was at first a daily, then a tri- weekly, then a weekly, lastly a monthly, and after two years' lease of life it went to earth and was heard of no more. The Temperance -Mirror was a quarto- monthly, commenced January, 1857, by O. B. Turrell, with "W. B. Taylor as editor. It issued one number here, and then took itself off to San Francisco, where it died in March of tlie same year. The Daily Morning Bee began its life Feb- ruary 3, 1857. It was independent in politics, and was edited by J. R. Ridge and S. J. May. The proprietors were L. C. Chandler, L. P. Davis, John Church and W. H. Tobey. It was much smaller than the present Bee, embracing but five columns to the page. It became an HISTORY OF SACUAUENTO COUNTY evenino; paper April 6, 1857. In the siiiiuiier following, Ridge retired and James McClatcliy succeeded him. In 1858 the firm was Y. S. Thompson, L. P. Davis and W. H. Tobey. It was enlarged during the first year to seven coluoins to the page. On April 8, 1860, J. O'Leary purchased the interest of S. F. Thomp- son, and the firm name was changed to L. P. Davis & Co. December 28, 1863, G. H. Win- terburn bought out Tobey, and in turn sold to James McClatchy, February 12, 1866. June 26, 1872, McClatchy bought the inter- est of Davis, and the firm name became James McClatchy & Co., as at present. August 1, 1872, J. F. Sheelian purchased one-third inter- est from Mr. McClatchy, since which time the paper has been still further enlarged and con- tinues to be one of the few profitable and pros- perous journals in Sacramento's history. November 1, 1879, James McClatchy ad- mitted his younger son, C. K., as a partner in the business, and the members of the firm were tiien J. F. Sheehan, James and C. K. Mc- Clatchy. October 23, 1883, James McClatchy died at Paraiso Springs, leaving all his title and interest in the Bee to his wife and two sons. January 29, 1884, the interest of J. F. Sheehan in the paper was purchased by the members of James McClatchy's family, the firm name remaining unchanged — James McClatchy & Co. Yrom that time to the present the paper has been conducted by the sons, C. K. as man- aging editor, and V. S. as business inanager. The Bee has steadily progressed in circula- tion, power and influence, and is now one of the two afternoon papers in California that receive the full Associated Press report. In the 'early part of 1888 the Bee put in a fast stereotyping press, it being the first afternoon paper on the Pacific Coast to do so. It has kept pace in other departments with the times, and is re- garded as one of the best pieces of newspaper property on the coast. James McClatchy, veteran and late editor of the Bee, was born near Lisburn, County An- trim, Ireland, in the year 1824, and died at Paraiso Springs, Monterey County, on Septem- ber 26, 1888, being then over fifty-nine years of age. He was but eighteen years of age when he left Ireland for the hospitable shores of the United States, his father and tnother having died previously. It was but a few years there- after when he sent for his sisters and brothers to come over and join him in this land of free- dom. He early formed the acquaintance of Horace Greeley in New York, and with him was a member of the Land Reform Association of that State, among whose members were many who afterward became nationally prominent. He departed for California in 1848, reaching Sacramento in the latter part of 1849. The ship on which a number had sailed from Pan- ama was wrecked near Mazatlan, and he and twenty-eight others walked to San Diego. He had orders from Horace Greeley to write as many letters to the Tribune as he desired at $5 per letter, good pay for those days with such an unlimited carte Uanche. His letters to the Tribune did much to populate this State with an intelligent and progressive class of men and women. He was connected with tiie Sacramento Legislature, reported the proceedings of the first Legislature for the Placer Tvmen, and was sub- sequently connected with the Ifiners" Tribune and other early and short lived papers. He first joined the late B. B. Redding in the publication of the State Journal, but as he believed in the principles of the Republican party, he left that paper and started the Times, in conjunction with the afterward United States Senator, Cor- nelius Cole. With the defeat of Fremont that newspaper venture died, and he joined the staff of the Bee, which was started in 1857. He soon succeeded John R. Ridge as chief editor, a position he ably and brilliantly filled with few interruptions, and those of his own seeking, until his death. He was a stanch Unionist during the days of the Rebellion, and was president of the Lincoln League of Sacramento. He was elected by the Republican party to the ofiice of sheriff in 1863, and re-elected in IIISTOHY OF SACliAMENTO COUNTY. 18(55, but was counted out. Proof of the latter fact was subsequently foinul whcMi workmen were engaged in altering a chininey in the ottice of the Board of Supervisors, then in what is now known as the Masonic r>iiilding, on the southwest corner of Sixth and K streets. The destroyed ballot-; were found, and ample e\ i- dence furnished to James McClatchy. It was then too late to bnietit him any, antl lie paid no attention to it, i hough it was subsequently written up as a roniiiiiscenco, in the San Fi'an- cisco Chroiuclt'. In 1866 he purchased an interest in the Bee, but went to San Fraticisco to manage tiie San Francisco Times. He remained there but a very short tim(\ however, as his independent spirit could not brook the conflicting orders of seven owners, Xjach of whom wanted tiie paper conducted to suit his own views. So he re- turned to the Bee, and never left it until his death. He was collector of the port of Sacramento, a meniber of the Board of Education, president of the Pioneers' Association, president of the Union Building and Loan Association, a director of the Capital Savings Bank and historian of tlie day at the Centennial Celebration in Sacra- mento. As a man, James JMcClatchy was a combina- tion of the stern and yet gentle qualities of the Scotch-Irish race. \n denunciation of a wrong he could be as severe a judge as any, but in the presence of sori'ow or grief he would be as gentle as a child. As an editor he was straightibrward and always to the ])oint. His one great and prominent trait was his manly in- dependence. He did not ask: "Is this thing politic?" but, " Is it right?" That question de- cided, he immediately proceeded to condemn or approve it in the simplest but most elegant English. He could get at the kernel of a ques- tion quicker and make a proposition plain to the readers more rapidly and in fewer words than any of his cotemporary journalists. He never "scattered," either in words or in reforms. When he had anything to say, he said it and stopped. He did not cloud the idea with a mass of verbiage. When he was battling for a principle, he paid his entire attention to that and that alone, lie was frequently asketl to strike good and heavy blows in this or in that cause. lie would say: "Gentlemen, one thing at a liiuu. You will have to slioot at one mark until you hit it, if yow want to succeed in this work. You can't be shooting at every tiling with any good prospects of success in anything." He was a leader in popular thought, not a fol- lower. He was brimful of new and good ideas; in fact, his originality was often very startling to the conservative mind. He was laughed at for his advocacy of a no-fence law, but suc^h a law is the law of the State to-day in many of the counties, and can be made so in all if the citizens properly petition and vote upon it. His anti-land monopoly principles were preached in season and out of season, in the face of sneers, but they are wonderfully popu- lar to-day. Henry George's " Progress and Poverty," which has made such a brilliant stir in the literary world, was the outcome ot the doctrines he had learned from James McClatchy, whose disciple he really was. In fact, George one day suggested that McClatchy should write a book embodying those principles, claiming that it would make a stir in tlie world. " JS'o," was the answer, " I am getting too old for the work, and have too much on hand. But why don't vou do it? Y'ou have little, if a; "y- thing, to do [George then had the easy position of inspector of gas meters], and you are just the man to do it." The result was that George commenced the work and submitted it, a few chapters at a time, to James McClatchy for suggestions and altera- tions, and continued so to do until the wonder- ful book was completed. Years before the people of the Sacramento Valley ever realized the danger menacing them from the destructive system of mining known as hydraulicking, James McClatchy began a crusade against it in the interest of the homes and cities of the valley, continuing it without HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. iiiterniption up to the time of his death. He had the satisfaction of seeing tiie people of tiie valley come to the standard of their own self- interest and preservation, and to read decisions of the courts, the highest as well as the lowest, all in favor of the valley people — to find, in fact, the power of this giant aggregation of wealth engaged in hydraulic mining brolien, and the system itself declared a nuisance. Many otiier reforms were inaugurated and carried to a successful issue by this enterprising, plodding, original and conscientious journalist. Above all, he was ever loyal and true to Sacra- mento, and the universal grief expressed at his death betokened the respect and love in which he was held by the citizens of his adopted home. Mrs. James McClatchy, one of the proprie- tors of the Bee, widow of its former veteran editor and mother of its present managers, was born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, on April 21, 1830. She came to Sacramento the day after the big fire of 1852 to join her first husband. Captain Feeny. The latter died not long after, and some years thereafter she was married to James McClatchy, then a tall, young reporter, working haj-d for a livelihood. Four of their children are living: A^'alentine, Charles, P'anuy and Emily. The young men are managers of the Bee, while tlio young ladies are well known in Sacramento, where all four were born. Mrs. McClatchy is well known in charitable circles, and is a life member of the (jalifornia Museum Association. V. S. McClatchy was born in Sacramento in 1857; educated at Santa Clara College, where he graduated in 1877; for the ensuing five years he was employed in the Oakland fjank at Oak- land, this State, and during the next two years was a clerk in the Sub-Treasury in San Fran- cisco. After the death of his father he came to Sacramento to assume the business management of the Bee. Besides his connection with this paper, which has been a successful one, Mr. McClatchy has been active in a number of local enterprises, as a director of the Placer County Citrus Colony, Orangevalc Colonization Com- pany, etc. In 1882 Mr. McClatchy married Miss Ilanifan, of Oakland, and they have four children. C. K. McClatchy is also a native of Sacra- mento, born in 1858; attended Santa Clara College three years, and, returning to this city before he was eighteen years of age, has since been employed upon the Bee, as has already been mentioned. He is now the editorial man- ager. Besides, he is a director in the Union Building and Loan Association of this city. He married Miss Ella Kelly, of Sacramento, in 1885 ; they have one child. In July, 1857, the Star of the Faclfc, a re- ligious journal, was removed from Marysville to this city. It was a quarto monthly. Its editor and proprietor was Rev. A. C. Edmonds, a Uni- versalist clergyman. In December, 1857, it suspended, revived in May, 1858, and died in the fall of that year. The Daily State Sentinel, a Republican pa- per, was issued July 27, 1857, by J. R. Atkins & Co., as a morning paper. It was small size. In October C. D. Hossack & Co. took the paper, and C. A. Sumner became its editor. It was a vigorous paper and bid fair to succeed, but early in 1858 it breathed its last. C. A. Sumner began the publication of a pam- phlet sheet dubbed the Eye-Glass, August 22, 1857. No other number ever appeared. It was peculiar and critical upon social matters. The Covenant and Odd Fellows' Magazine, a monthly of thirty-two pages, began August 31, 1857; J. D. Tilson, Publisher; A. C. Ed- monds, Editor. It died with the tenth number, June, 1858. The Temperance Register, II. Davidson & Co., a monthly, began September, 1857, in quarto form. In October it was in small semi-monthly parts. December 12 it became a monthly again, and then expired. December 20, 1857, the Herald of the Morn- ing ■,\\:>^&&v&d as a Sunday paper, J. C. McDonald &Co., Publishers; Calvin B. McDonald, Literary Editor. It was a spiritualistic paper, and lived four weeks. The Pha'nix, aftei-ward the Uhicuitous, was HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. a scurrilous sheet, fathered bj E. McGowan. It began as an occasional in the fall of 1857, issued as a weekly during the winter following, and died during the next summer. The Watch-Dog was started January 1, 1858; was similar in character to the last mentioned, and died in March following. During the same March began the Sacra- mento Visitor, by Brown, Ingham & Co.; J. Coggins, Editor. It was a daily evening paper of moderate size, independent in tone and lively in manner. It ceased to exist June 1, 1858. The Sacramento Mercury, a straight-out Democratic paper, was commenced March 28, 1858, by II. S. Foushee, Publisher, and W. S. Long, Editor. It was about half the size of the Record- Union. In the summer A. Montgomery became its associate editor. It died October 12, 185&. The California /Statesman, No. 2 of that name, took the place of the old journal in May, 1858; S. W. Ravely, Publisher, and A. C. Rus- sell, Editor. It was a Democratic daih', and died June 24, same year. The Californian, No. 2 of that name, also was a neutral daily of small size, edited by D. J. Thomas. It was born July 9, 1858, and de- parted this life July 15 following, aged one week. The Baptist Circular was the -result of the third efibrt of the Baptists to start a paper here. It began August, 1858, under the editorial management of Rev. J. L. Shuck; but it was discontinued the next spring. In" 1858-'59, the Democracy being double- headed, and known as the Lecompton and anti- Lecompton wings, the contest between limbs of the common body became very warm, and the anti-Lecompton, half spurred thereto by the as- saults of Charles T. Botts, from the Lecompton side, started a paper called the Daily Register. It was about the size of the Bee, and issued every morning except Monday. The money chiefly was furnished by Dr. Houghton, and the style of the tirm was Harvey, Houghton & Co., the editors, J. C. Zabriskie and William Bans- man, since a iournalist in San Francisco, hold- ing small interests. The paper was vigorous, but too scholarly, and not lively enough for the times. Bausman early got out of it. Hough- ton sunk money in the concern like water, and the second day before the general election, in the fall of that year, it peacefully died, and left the doctor to ruminate upon his ducats gone for- ever. The office of the Register was located at the corner of Fifth and J streets, and the outfit and dress of the paper was good. The rival of the Register, and far the better paper in a purely journalistic point of view, was the Daily Democratic Standard. It saw the light February 26, 1859, and J. R. Hardenbergh was its publisher, with Charles T. Botts, Editor. It was a morning paper, and about the size of the Record- Union. In July, 1859, C. T. Botts became sole proprietor. It was the advocate of the Lecompton ring of the Democracy, and a vigorous one. Its office was on Third street, between I and J. On the 2d of June, 1860, it ceased its daily issues. The seeds of death were already sown in its body. For a few months it appeared as a weekly, but was only a faint semblance of its old self. M. G. Upton and Hon. C. Gorham were for a time editors, and many tales were told of the shrewd passes these two used to make to get news for the Standard. Soon after the fall election in 1860 the Stand- ard was lowered — into the grave of journalism, and the earth over its remains has never been disturbed to this day. The proprietors lost money by the paper, and in the farewell article they growled over it fearfully. It was the death rattle — nothing more. In June, 1860, Henry Bidleman & Co. started the Daily Democrat. It was issued from the Standard office; M. G. Upson was its editor. It was a six-column paper and made a lively cam- paign effort, but died with the fall election, having failed in its mission for the Democracy. June 24, 1860, F. R. Folger & Co. issued the Daily Morning JVews, Douglas Democratic pa- per. The Folgers were its first editors. Sub- sequently George C. Gorham and Albert S. Evans were editors. Evans subsequently wen ^ HIIsrORT OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. to Mexico with the Steward party and wrote it up and gained some notoriety with his pen. He died a few years ago in San Francisco. The News continued to exist about nine months. The Evening Post, published by E. W. Lewis & Co., began October, 1860, as an inde- pendent paper, but subsequently became Re- publican in politics. It was half the size of the Record- Union at first, but latterly enlarged one- third. After five months of life W. S. Johnson & Co. undertook its publication. It had vari- ous editors — writers who wrote for it as occa- sion demanded. It was discontinued Septem- ber. 1861. The Rescue, organ of the Independent Order of Good Templars, began in San Francisco as a monthly about February, 1862, and ran about two months when it was removed to Stockton, where it was published five months. Its first editor was Edwin H. Bishop, then the State Grand Secretary; he was followed by William II. Mills, of San Quentin, also Grand Secretary)- 1864-'71; the next editor was Albert D. Wood, of Yallejo, who conducted the paper until 1876; then Rev. George Morris, of Dixon, had the charge of it i'or a time, when it was removed to San Francisco. In the fall of 1877 it was moved to Los Angeles, when Yarnell and Cay- stile became the editors and publishers. It was next returned to San Francisco, in the fall of 1880, when Albert D. Wood again became the editor. He served until December 13, 1883, when Rev. E. F. Dinsmore, of San Francisco, became editor. In October, 1885, the paper was again removed back to this city, since which time George B. Katzenstein, the Grand Secre- tary, has been the editor. The editors of this organ are elected by the Grand Lodge of the Order, or its, executive committee. The paper has been enlarged from time to time; it now has eight to sixteen quarto pages. Office, 328 J street. The Evening Star was a daily started May 25, 1864, by a company composed of J. J. Beebe, Alexander Badlam,G. I. Foster, J. Simpson, M. M. Estee and II. C. Bidwell. It was an inde- pendent journal and lived about three months and Slink under financial embarrassments. Bad- lam is now assessor of San Francisco; Estee was speaker of tiie last Assembly and practices law in San Francisco. Bidwell is dead, having committed suicide a tew years ago. He was once county clerk of Sacramento County. The Califorriian Repuhlican, a Democratic paper of the hard-shell stripe, appeared January 4, 1863. The publishers were Conley Patrick & Co., and the editor was Beriah Brown, after- ward of the Democratic Press, San Francisco, which was destroyed by a mob in the spring of 1865. Brown is still an editor, and resides in Oregon. The paper died in the fall of 1863. The Golden Gate, a spiritualistic weekly, was started by Ingham & McDonald in the spring of 1864, and lived but a few weeks. In the winter of 1860 Judd & McDonald started the Advertiser. It was a gratuitous sheet, and lived two or three months. The California Express was a Democratic journal, formerly published at Marysville under direction of Alexander Montgomery. He moved the paper to Sacramento and issued it December 23, 1866, expecting patronage from the then dominant party, but it did not come, and the paper died in July, 1867. It was issued as a morning paper. The Sacramento Daily Record first appeared as an independent evening paper, February 9, 1867. It was published by. an association of printers, composed of J. J. Keegan, John L. Sickler, J. P. Dray and R. E. Draper. Draper was the first editor, and in about a month was succeeded by W. S. Johnsoti, who remained about one year, and was succeeded by J. B. Mc- Quillan, who remained a few months and was succeeded by R. A. Bird. Subsequently it was purchased by W. H. Mills and A. D. Wood. Mr. Wood was afterward manager of the Record- Union, and a portion of the then and subse- quent 7?eco>'6? editorial staff, as also a portion of the Sacramento Union then and subsequent editorial staff, afterward composed the Record- Union staff". The Record became a morning paper December 2, 1867. In the beginning it UIsrOBT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. was a btiiall five-column sheet, but through suc- cessive enlargements soon grew to the present &\zQ o{ x\\e Record- Union. During the winter of 1871-'72 the Record distinguished itself by the fuJlest and most elaborate phonographic Legislative reports ever published in the United States, frequently printing morning after morn- ing nineteen columns of solid nonpareil of the proceedings of Senate and House. For several years the Sacramento Union had published an- nual or New Year statistical sheets. January 1, 1873, the Record entered the same field and eclipsed its rival by issuing the fullest and largest holiday statistical sheet ever published in the United States, and each year since has issued a similar mammoth sheet. It was the first daily paper to maintain a semi-weekly edi- tion. The Record was a rival to the Union, and the contest for patronage and public favor between them was very warm for years. In February, 1875, the Record and Union were consolidated as above stated, and appear under the joint title of the Record- Union. The Expositor was published by C. D. Sem- ple, first appearing July 23, 1867. It was a daily, and old-line Democratic. It lived until the 9tli of September, and died. Richard Bowden, February 26, 1864, published a youth's paper, the Young Amei'ican, as weekly. It lived about eleven weeks, ceasing on the deatli of the publisher, who was accidentally killed. Along about this time were published weekly papers of a local character, viz. : My Paper, Pio- neer, Blusterer, The Anti-Office Seeker, a lot of State Fair papers, Sunday Times, Hesperian, Students'' Repository, and others. In the winter of 1864, Charles De Young, now of the San Francisco Chronicle, began the publication of the Dramatic Chronicle as a daily gratuitous advertising sheet of S!nall dimensions. In about nine months he removed it to San Francisco, enlarged it and published it until the Daily San Francisco Chronicle grew out of it, the old Dramatic Chronicle being swallowed by the Figaro of San Fran- cisco, pnbli.shed by J. P. Bogardus. The Traveler''s Guide, an advertising sheet, published weekly by L. Samuels and N.Torres, in 1865. In the same year T. "W. Stanwell began the monthly Railroad Gazetteer, which is still published by II. S. Crocker & Co. January 12, 1868, the State Capital Re- porter, a daily Democratic sheet, began with a glowing announcement of its plans. It nomi- nated II. H. Haight for President of the United States. By Legislative enactment it became the litigant paper, in which all summonses had to be published. This gave it a good income, but made it obnoxious to the entire press of the State, and brought it into disfavor with the people. The act of February 21, 1872, repealed the litigant law, and took away the Reporter's bread. It then ceased to issue as a daily, send- ing out its last effort in that line May 7, 1872, when the law took effect, and thereafter issued a half sheet once a week, to run out legal ad- vertisements on hand. July 30, 1872, without a last word, it died. The Reporter was pub- lished by a joint stock company, and lost money for everybody who touched it. It was at first controlled by John Bigler. Its first editor was Henry George, afterward of the San Francisco Post, and now of national notoriety as the author of "Progress and Poverty," and chief promulgator of the land theory that is known by his name. The paper was edited with abil- ity, and for a long time was a periodical of much vigor. Mr. George was succeeded by J. F. Linthicum, an old editor, who kept up the tone of the paper and edited ably. John Big- ler, ex-Governor of California, then just re- turned from Chili, to which country he went as Minister, became editor of the Reporter some months before it died. He was noted for his vigorous attacks, his laborious compilation of statistics, liis political thunderbolts, and his dignified manner in editorial columns. Gov- ernor Bigler died some three years ago in this city. O. T. Shuck was its last editor. The Sacramento Democrat was a small daily paper which began August 3, 1871, under a publishing company, with Cameron II. King as HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. editor. Its ofKce was at the corner of Third and J streets. It lived until just after the election, dying September 5, 1871. The Locomotive was a good six-column weekly advertiser and local paper, which was begun by R. S. Lawrence in the early spring of 1873, with an office on J street, between Second and Third. It did a prosperous business for some months. T. F. Cane then bought a half inter- est, and subsequently the whole interest, selling half of it to Dr. A. P. Truesdell, who became editor, and the paper and the name were changed to that of the People's Champion. In the Slimmer of 1874 it went the way of the dead. With one exception, the only foreign paper ever published here prior to 1885 was the Semi- Weekly Sacramento Journal (German), published by K. F. Wiemeyer & Co., and edited by Mr. Wiemeyer. It was first issued June 6, 1868, and has had a successful career to the present. Lately Wiemeyer & Co. established an office in Oakland, and the Journal now ap- pears simultaneously in both places. It is ably edited, is Republican in tone, liberal in senti- ment and fearless in utterance. It receives good business management and appears to have a legitimate field of journalism, which it fully occupies. The Sacramento office is now at 314 J street. Early in 1873, H. B. Eddy, now deceased, started a small, neatly printed, critical paper, called the Valley World. It was issued weekly and aimed at literary excellence. Mr. Eddy dying in the fall, the Valley World was continued for a few weeks, Rev. J. H. C. Bonte editing it. The Evening News, a daily, Sundays ex- cepted, neutral, was started by B. F. Huntly & Co., March 26, 1869. Vincent Ryan, one of the firm, did most of the writing, with Frank Folger and W. S. Johnston in other departments. It lived three months. The Sunday Free Press was started by Beers & Co., in February, 1873, and appeared once. It was a lively number, particularly local and jolly, but its precoeiousness was too much for it, and it died a heavy loss to its proprietors. The Sacramento Valley Agriculturist began February, 1874, as a monthly, Davis & Stock- ton, Editors and Publishers. June, 1874, it changed to a weekly. July, 1874, it bought up the old Champion material, and enlarged con- siderably. April 15, 1875, Davis sold his in- terest to W. T. Crowell. It was devoted wholly to agricultural matters, with a city edition Sun- day mornings, with a few local references. The Occidental Star, devoted to the interest of the return of the Jews to Palestine — a weekly, four pages — began January, 1873, and ran about five months, with Mrs. L. I. L. Adams as pro- prietor. The Winning Way, edited and published by Mrs. Clark and Mrs. Potter, was a weekly paper devoted to the cause of woman and sociality. It began September, 1873, and lived till Febru- ary, 1874. Common Sense was begun by Dr. A. P. Truesdell as a weekly, four pages, January, 1873, and died March, 1874. It was afterward revived in San Francisco. The Mercantile Globe, an advertising sheet published by Byron & Co., August, 1872, changed October 18 to Sacramsnto Globe, pub- lished weekly by Kelley & Farland. After run- ning some months, suspended, and was again revived by Raye & Ford, 'December 5, continu- ing weekly until April 17, 1875, and was after- ward published at irregular intervals by B. V. R. Raye. The California Teacher was started by tJie State Board of Education about 1877, being pur- chased from the San Francisco Teachers' Asso- ciation. It is a monthly, and is now issued at San Francisco. The State Fair Gazette, by H. S. Crocker & Co., has been published for some years on the recurrence of each State Fair and still continues. It is an advertising sheet, and is circulated gra- tuitously. The Evening Herald was begun as a small evening paper, independent in character, March 8, 1875, by Gardner, Larkin, Fellows and Major E. A. Rockwell, a journalist of long experience HISTORT OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. and sound judgment, the editor. He was for- merly of the Morning Call, San Francisco, and served a term in tlie Legislature with credit. The Enterprise, a Sunday morning paper, was begun by Orites, Davis & Alexander, Au- gust 29, 1875. It exhibited much vigor and was well conducted; but the proprietors, not find- ing a business manager to their mind, closed up the paper with the ninth issue, and in time to save themselves from loss. The paper was printed from the old Reporter type. The Seminary Budget was an "occasional," issued by the young ladies of the Sacramento Seminary for a few years. It was a literary paper, doing credit to its student editors. The Biisiness College Journal is an "occa- sional," issued by the proprietors of the Sacra- mento Business College. The Sunday Leader was started in October, 1875, by J. N. Larkin, who is still the editor and proprietor. The office is at 305 J street. In 1884-'85 it was the official paper of the county. In politics it is straight Hepublican. The paper Is 28x42 inches in size and is neatly printed with large, clear type. The Daily Sun, organ of the Workingmen's party, was started immediately after the ad- journment of the Legislature of 1879, which provided for a State Constitutional Convention. This organ was established by a company of stockholders, with William H alley as manager. When the delegates to that convention were elected, and the editor of this paper was de- feated as a candidate for the same, he withdrew from its management, a new company was formed, and F. J. Clark was continued as editor for a few months, when it was discontinued. In 1883 the Sunday Capital was established by J. L. Robinette and C. C. Goode, a four- page folio, independent in politics and devoted to news and literature. It was run for about a year, when Robinette sold his interest to Will- iam Ellery, and six months afterward it was discontinued. The proprietors named were the editors. The Sacramento, now Occid.ental, Medical Times, a large octavo monthly, was launched forth in March, 1887, in this city, by five physi- cians, and it continues to grow in patronage, amount and quality of reading matter, etc. It now has fifty-six pages besides advertisements. Office, 429^ J street. J. H. Parkinson is the editor in chief, and his assistants are: W. A. Briggs, William Ellery Briggs, W. R. Cluness, Thomas A. Huntington and G. L. Simmons, Jr., of Sacramento; J. F. Morse, W. H. Mays, Albert Abrams, W. Watt Kerr and D. W. Montgomery, of San Francisco; and J. W. Rob- ertson, of Napa. The Daily Eoening Journal was commenced July 4, 1888, by H. A. Weaver, and was run until October 1 following. It was 28x42 inches in size, and devoted to general news and literature. The Nord California Herold, a large Ger- man weekly paper, published on Saturdays in the Record-Union Building, was started Sep- tember 5, 1885, by Charles Schmitt, the present editor and proprietor. Charles Schmitt, Proprietor of the Nord California Herold, is a native of Kaiserslaut- ern, Rhenish Bavaria, born October 9, 1836, a son of Nicholas and Rosina (Stubenraucli) Schmitt. His father, a lawyer and an active Republican, was a member of the Parliament at Frankfort, where the Revolutionary troubles came on. Mr. Schmitt had been a leader in his party, and from the prominent pai-t he had taken was compelled to leave Germany. He went to Switzerland, and in 1849 came to Amer- ica on a sailing vessel. He landed at New York and from there went to Philadelphia, where he iiad relatives living. There he lived until his death, which occurred in 1860. Charles Schmitt, whose name heads this sketch, was br.t thirteen years of age when he accompanied his parents to America, though his education had been pretty well advanced previous to leaving his native country. While the family were residents of Philadelphia, his father had founded a newspaper, and in the office Charles Schmitt learned his trade. Before he HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. bad reached his twentieth year he had deter- mined to come to California, and in September, 1856, his name was enrolled on the list of pas- sengers of the steamer Illinois, New York to As- jiinwall. Crossing the Isthmus of Panama, he took passage on the steamer John L. Stephens, bound for San Francisco, which port he reached September 25, 1856. He received work in the office of Mr. Lefontaine, the first job printer of San Francisco, and remained in the city about two years. He then went to the mines. His first experience with the pick and shovel was at the Tuolumne mines near Columbia, but two or three montlis later the scene of his labors was transferred to San Gabriel mines, Los Angeles (bounty. He next went to the Arizona mines, where he remained about two years. In 1860 he returned to San Francisco, where he became one of the founders of the Abend Post, the second German daily paper published in San Francisco. In May, 1868, he came to Sacra- mento and founded the Sacramento Journal, German, and followed its fortunes until 1881. On the 5th of September, 1885, he launched the Word Califurnia Ilerold, which has taken front rank among German papers. He also carries on, in connection with the newspaper publication, job printing to a considerable ex- tent, doing both German and English work, though principally the latter. His office en- joys a good reputation for the excellence of its work. M r. Schinitt is connected with Schiller Lodge, No. 5, I. O. O. F., and Sacramento Lodge, No. 80, A. 0. U. W. Pie is Fast Chief of Sacra- mento Stamm, No. 124, I. O. R. M. ; has passed through all the chairs in Sacramento Lodge, No. 11, O. D H. S. ; also in Sacramento Ver- ein-Eintracht. He is a member of ' the Sacra- mento Tura-Verein, and is one of the-directors of the Germania Loan and Building Associa- tion. Mr. Schmitt was married in San Fran- cisco, January 22, 1862, to Miss Elizabeth Denger, a native of New York. They have had twelve children, of whom eleven are yet living. Mr. Schmitt is a man of superior in- telligence, and wields a ready pen, and his pa- per has a powerful influence in his chosen field. Themis, an eight-page quarto Sunday paper, devoted to the material interests of Sacramento, dramatic and governmental criticism and mis- cellany, printed with large type upon the finest kind of paper at A. J. Johnston & Co.'s, was started in February, 1889, by Win. J. Davis, W. A. Anderson and George A. Blanchard, and at this date is flourishing. A few lesser papers have been published in past years in this city, which have not been named herein, exclusive of sheets issued in the interests of insurance companies and business houses, but their origin and death have been too obscure to warrant the necessary loss of time in searching out their history. Total number of deceased periodicals, about seventy-five; of living, eight. Hon. Winfielu J. Davis, Official Court Re- porter and Editor of the historical portion of this volume, and Editor of Themis, is of pure Welsh descent, both his parents being natives of Wales. His father, William Davis, died in this city, August 21, 1885; and his mother, whose maiden name was Elinor Parry, is still living, in Sacramento. Mr. Davis was born in Utica, Oneida County, New York, December 5, 1851. In 1862 the family came thence to California, by way of the Isthmus, arriving here while the marks of the great flood of 1861-'62 were still plainly visi- ble, the waters having just subsided. After arriving here, Mr. William Davis purchased a ranch near Lincoln, Placer County, where he resided until 1869, when the family removed to Sacramento. Until this time, therefore, the subject of this sketch was inured to farm labor. In 1867; however, he began the study of short- hand, from a small book entitled -"The Young Reportei-," and worked at considerable disad- vantage, for want of the proper elementary text-books; but, as one would suppose from the power of his genius, he went right along with it and ultimately attained a success which not as many as one in a thousand attain who commence HISTOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the study of this useful art. Entering the first grade of the grainiuar school of this city Sep- tember 19, 1869, in the midst of the school year, he graduated April 22, 1870, iu the first rank with ten others in a class of thirty-four. Among liis classmates were Ella Haskell, now Mrs. Cummins, the noted writer of juvenile lit- erature; P. E. Piatt, of the present firm of W. E. Strong & Co.; Colonel C. F. Crocker, now vice-president of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company; E. 13. Cushman, late sheriff of a county in Nevada; aiid Valentine S. McClatchy, now one of the proprietors of the Bee. After the graduation referred to, Mr. Davis entered the High School and remained there until Janu- ary, 1871. On the 2d of February, that win- ter, he went to the Bee ottice to learn the print- ing trade, and worked there until June, when he was employed in the oflice of the Daily Rec- ord, to set type and do short-hand reporting. In the line of reporting the first particular task he undertook was to report the proceedings of the llepublican State Convention, held in June, 1871, which nominated Newton Booth for Gov- ernor. In 1871-'72 he reported the proceed- ings of the State Assembly for the Sacramento Union. At the close of the session, in April, 1872, he was engaged as one of the local editors of that paper, under the direction of Captain J. D. Young, now State printer. He was ad- mitted to the bar of the Sixth District Court, April 7, 1879. On August 31, 1874, Mr. Davis was appointed, after a competitive examination, official short-hand reporter of the Sixth Dis- trict Court, by Judge Ramage. The district embraced the counties of Sacramento and Yolo. When Judge Denson succeeded Ramage Mr. Davis was retained in'the otiice, and he continued to hold until the abolition of the court by the new constitution. On the organization of the Supei'ior Court in its place, he was appointed official reporter of both departments of the Su- perior Court, and has held that office continu- ously since that time. In this capacity he has reported some of the most important cases tiiat have been tried in this State; for example, the prosecution against the proprietors of the San Francisco Chronicle Sit Placerville for libel upon United States Senator Sargent and Congress- man H. F. Page. The trial lasted about a month. Among the witnesses were many of the leading officials and politicians in the State. He also reported the trial of Troy Dye for the murder of Tullis, an account of which is given else- where in this volume; also the trials of Ciiarles Mortimer for the killing of Mrs. Gibson; of ex- State Senator J. H. Harlan, at Woodland, for the killing of E. L. CJraft; and the famous Gold Run Hydraulic Mining case, which occupied about two months. Mr. Davis has also had considerable political experience. For several years he was chairman of the Republican City Central Committee. During the Blaine campaign of 1884 and the Swift campaign of 1886 he was chairman of the Republican County Central Committee, having the general supervision of these cam- paigns throughout the county. In each cam- paign there was a loss to the Republicans of but one candidate on the city and county tickets. In 1884 the candidate lost was that for police judge, and in 1886 that for supervisor in one'of the country districts. On Saturday night, immediately before the Presidential election of 1884, it was discovered that the Hon. Frank D. Ryan, the Republican nominee for the State Assembly from the Eight- eenth District, was ineligible, by reason of the fact that he had not lived in that particular dis- trict for a year, although he had been born and raised in an adjoining district in the city. Mr. Ryan resigned his position on the ticket, and the nomination was tendered to Mr. Davis. The campaign was an extremely lively one. The result of the election, which was held No vember 4, was that Mr. Davis was chosen by a vote of 1,498, to 822 for Hon. II. M. La Rue, the Democratic candidate, who was a popular man, had filled important State positions, and at that time was speaker of the Assembly. During the ensuing session of the Legislature, Mr. Davis was chairman of the Committee on Pub. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. lie Buildings and Grounds, and a member of the Committee on Ways and Means, Claims, and Water Rights and Drainage. During that ses- sion large appropriations were secured for the improvement of public buildings and grounds in Sacramento County. It was in that Legisla- ture, also, that the exciting measures concerning irrigation were brought forward, to settle which two extra sessions were called. Mr. Davis has written extensively for the press, especially on historical and political sub- jects. For his connection with the various pe- riodicals he has aided in establishing see the chapter on the Press, under heads of Sacramento Valley Agriculturist, the Enterprise and The- mis. In the winter of 1888-'89 he compiled one-half of a large volume entitled '-The Gov- ernmental Koster of the State of California," of which 5,000 copies were issued by the Legisla- ture. In his library he has the largest collec- tion of books and documents relating to the history of California that can be found in the State outside of the State Library and a few in San Francisco. Mr. Davis is a member of the California His- torical Society, and historian of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers; also an honorary member of the Sacramento Typographical Union, No. 46. He was commissioned Major and En- gineer Officer of the National Guard of Califor- nia, November 16, 1881, and served on the staff's of Brigadier-Generals John F. Sheehan, Llewel- lyn Tozer and John T. Carey. Mr. Davis has a half-brother, W. H. Turnor; also a brother named Elmer L., and a sister named Nellie L. There is one newspaper published in Folsoin, the Telegraph, which is issued every Saturday morning. It was established in the early part of 1856 by Dr. Bradley, and was at that time known as the Granite Journal, Granite then being the name of the present Folsom City. The paper was conducted by Dr. Bradley for several years, and was one of the most widely circulated papers in the State in that day of few newspapers. When the name of the town was changed from Granite to Folsom City the Jour- nal changed its name to the Folsoin Telegraph. About this time the paper also changed hands, Wm. Penry, now treasurer of Amador County, becoming the editor and proprietor, continuing as such for several years, when Wm. Aveling became his successor. At Mr. Aveling's death, which occurred shortly afterward, Mrs. Avelino- took charge of the establishment, but after a short time sold it to Peter J. Hopper, now de- ceased, but for many years a well-known lawyer of this county. John F. Howe purchased the paper from Mr. Hopper about 1872, and pub- lished it up to the time of his death, which occurred ten years later, after which Mrs. Howe published it until July 19, 1884, when it passed into the hands of Weston P. Truesdell, who published it until August 1, 1888, when I. Fiel became associated with him, the paper beinw conducted by the two gentlemen until March 16, 1889, when Mr. Fiel purchased the entire paper, he in turn selling out to Thad. J. Mc- Farland, its present editor and proprietor. Thad. J. McFarland, the present editor of the Telegraph., was born in Benicia in 1854, and is a prominent member of the order of Native Sons of the Golden West. He was one of the founders of the Vallejo Daily Times, and also conducted the Biggs Recorder. For seven years he conducted the Wheatland Graphic, which ranks among the leading journals of Northern California. He is a practical printer, and a member of the Sacramento Typographical Union. Mr. McFarland's reputation as a news- paper man is such as to justify the prediction that the Telegraph will rank with the best, and Folsom be greatly benefited by his advent there. At Gait the Gazette is a sprightly journal, published by Meacham & Campbell. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. gsaazsa^ ,^ , ^ , ^ .. , , ^^ ,. , . ^ , ^_,^^^^^_,^^^^^^^^^^^^;^P i ^EDUCATIONAL* '^-^^^-^^^^^P^-:^fhT\-^^^^cif^^-: Public School. — The citizens of Sacramento are hereby notified that the school commission- ers for this city will open a public school on the southeast corner of Fifth and K streets, on Monday morning, February 20, 1854, at 9 o'clock. G. H. Peck will have charge of the male department, and Miss Griswold of tlie female department. By order of the Commis- sioners of Common Schools." On that day the school was opened. This was the first public school established in this city. Two rooms were occupied, one by the boys and one by the girls. The first day fifty boys and forty girls attended. Most of them were between seven and nine years of age, and tiie greater portion of them had never before attended school. Four days afterward there were ninety boys and seventy girls in attend- ance, and it was found tliat tliere was not suf- ficient room to accommodate all the scholars. Soon there were 200 altogether. As the buiid- L.ofC. ing was not large enough to accommodate so many, another schoul was opened in an old building known as the Indiana House, on I street, near Tenth, and A. R. Jackson was ap- pointed teacher. As this school also became too crowded, another building was leased, on the corner of Tenth and G streets, and to this place the girls of I slreet school were removed and placed in charge of M. E. Corby. June 19 a scliool for boys and girls was opened near tlie corner of Seventh and K streets, of which W. A. Murraj'had charge. Early in June, the first primary school was opened in the rear of the Fifth street schooJ, in a building formerly oc- cupied as a mechanic's shop. Miss A. E. Rob- erts was appointed teacher.. In July, 1854, it is said that there were 261 pupils in the public schools and 250 in private schools. October 2, 1854, an ordinance was passed by the City Council, which had been drafted b}"- N. A. H. Ball, providing for the election of a city superintendent of schools and a Board of Education. The board was to assume the con- trol of the city schools, which was at that time vested in the county assessor. The council elected Dr. H. W. Harkness, Superintendent, and N. A. H. Ball, George Wiggins and Dr. T. A. Thomas, Trustees, or members of the board, ■ which organized on the 1st of the following month. Harkness occupied the chair and Ball was secretary. At the first meeting they esti- mated tlie school income and expenses for the ensuing year at $22,000. December 7, after some controversy, County Superintendent Bidle- man and county commissioners surrendered to the City Board full control of the pub- lic schools established by them in the city, with all the property, on condition that the latter liquidate the outstanding- debts contracted for the schools. The indebtedness thus assumed amounted to $7,500. On the 11th the county superintendent and commissioners resigned their oflices, and the City Board assumed exclu- sive control of the schools of the city. The first common-school house in the city HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. was erected on the corner of Tenth and H streets, upon a lot tendered rent free by John H. Gass, and was dedicated January 2, 1855. The build- ing was erected by A. B. Asper, who contracted to build it within fifteen days, for $1,487. February 5, 1855, a primary school was es- tablished at the corner of Eleventh and I streets, and Mrs. Eliza A. Wright was elected teacher. At a meeting of the board, held the 13th of that month, the number of scholars allowed to each school was fixed at fifty to sixty. When the complement of scholars was made up the teachers were to register the applicants. If a pupil absented himself for one week without a good excuse, the teachers were to notify the board and the scholar's parents, erase the name from the roll, and notify the first on the list of applicants of the vacancy. Dr. H. W. Harkness, the city sujicrintendent, submitted his first quarterly report February 13, 1855. He reported six schools in success- ful operation, with accommodations for 4l4 pupils, but 578 have made application to enter the schools during the term. Average attend- ance, 463. The board adjourned sine die Ajiril 10, 1S55, their term of ofiice having expired. In March the method of electing members of the Board of Education had lieen changed by special legisla- tive enactment, taking from the City Council tin aiitlioriiy to cieate the board and giving it to the people, who would elect such ofiicers upon the fir^t Moiiday in April of each year. The nuniber of commissioners was also increased to six. At the election in April, 1S55, Francis Tnkey was chosen Superintendent, and R. P. Johnson, H. Houghton, F. A. Hatch, J. F. Morse, Geo. W. Woolleyand George Wiggins, Commission- ers. The new board organized on the 11th of the month, and Woolley was elicted secretary. At this time tlie moiiilily salaries of the teach- ers amounted in the aggregate to $1,350, and the rent hills for school-hoii.~es to $300. On the 15th, Lee & Marshall's circus gave a benefit for the schools, and the profits were $321. After- ward the same circus company gave other bene- fits to the schools. May 5 the board elected teachers. On the 25th it adopted a set of by-laws and rules of order. The by-laws provided that the board should consist of six members and one superin- tendent; that it should hold regular monthly meetings on the last Saturday of each month; and that special meetings may be called at any time by the superintendent or a majority of the members. The board was divided into three supervisory committees, who were to preside over the schools in their respective wards, and have special superintendence over them. On the 17th of June, Woolley resigned his position as secretary of the board and Dr. Hatch was elected to fill the vacancy. On the 19th a reso- lution was introduced that the Bible be adopted as a text book in the grammar schools, and that a portion of it be read by the teacher on open- ing each day. It was laid on the table, bat at a subsequent meeting it was taken up and passed, after striking out the part requiring its use as a text book. Se|)tember 8, 1855, a resolution was adopted abolishing corporal punishment in the schools, and providing that when a pupil shall prove incorrigible i;nder the ordinary modes of punishment the teacher should temporarily sus- pend him until a decision (jf the board should be obtained. February 12, 1850, A. R. Jackson, Principal of the Grammar School at the corner of Tenth and H streets, was dismissed from his position as a teacher, because he refused to collect an assess- ment from his scholars under the provision of the rate hill prescribed in the school law of 1855. In February, 1856, Tukey resigned his posi- ipen itendent, and Dr. F. W. Hatch was elected in his stead. William E. Chamber- lain was elected a commissioner in .the place of Hatch, and chosen secretary, which office Hatch resigned when he was elected superintendent. From the annual report submitted by the latter March 18, 1856, we learn that there were 466 scholars registered during the year; average at- tendance, 254. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Early in 1856 W. H. Watson succeeded Woollej as a member of the board. In April a superintendent and board were elected, and on the 11th of that month the new board met for tlie first time. It was composed of Hatch, re- elected superii\tendent; Dr. C. Burrell, David Maddux, John F. Dreman, J. F. Thompson, A. Montgomery and C. H. Bradford; the latter served until May 5, when lie left the State, and on May 12 the board devoted the sum of $25 per month to the support of the colored school, which was taught by J. B. Anderson. This was the first instance where they had received assist- ance from the city. In November, 1856, J. B. Harmon succeeded Burrell as a member of the board. On April 11, 1857, occurred the first meeting of a new board, consisting of J. G. Lawton, Superintendent, and Samuel Cross, R. A. Pearis, David Murray, H. J. Bidleman, P. W. S. Eayle and G. L. Simmons, Commissioners. The last mentioned was elected secretary. In the latter part of this year, the building of the Franklin Grammar School, at Sixth and L streets, was commenced. The corner-stone was laid Decem- ber 22, under the auspices of the Masons. The structure was completed the ensuing year, at a cost of §7,500. On May 4, 1858, the school directors, com- posed of the Board of Education appointed under the city and county " Consolidation Act," held their first meeting, ana elected Samuel Cross, President, and Dr. Simmons, Secretary. Daniel J. Thomas was appointed a director in place of Dr. R. A. Pearis, by the Board of Supervisors; but this appointment was declared illegal by the Board of School Directors. October 4, 1858, the Board of Education con- sisted of G. J. Phelan, A. G. Richardson, H. J. Bidleman, T. M. Morton, H. P. Osborne, G. I. N. Monell, John Hatch and G. L. Simmons. They elected Phelan, President, and Bidleman, Secretary. Hatch did not qualify and the Board of Supervisors elected David Meeker to fill the position. Simmons resigned in January, 1859, and C. A. Hill succeeded him. Early in 1859 a school-building was erected at Thirteenth and G streets, at a cost of about $3,800. It was named the Washington School-house. On May 9 Bidleman, the secretary of the board, was re- moved, and Monell elected to the office. October 3, 1859, a new board organized com- prised of Cyril Hawkins, 11. J. Bidleman, J. M. Frey, G. L. Simmons, J. J. Murphey, G. I. N. Monell, D. J. Thomas and Henry McCreary. They elected Dr. Frey, President, and Monell, Secretary. An attempt was made to establish a Normal School, to be taught two nights in the week, but the plan was not carried out. At the close of the year there were ten schools in the city, one High School, four grammar and the rest intermediate and primary. There were 1,031 scholars enrolled, with an average attend- ance of 790. Fifteen teachers were employed. The board adopted the monitorial system, which they thought increased the teaching force with- out additional expense. December 3, 1860, the new board consisted of G. Taylor, J. F. Crawford, Henry Miller, J. M. Frey, J. M. MiUiken, A. C. Sweetser, S. M. Mouser and J. Bithell. Miller was chosen President, and Sweetser, Secretary. This board discharged all the teachers and monitors, graded the schools, fixed the salaries of the teachers, decided that male teachers should be employed as principals of the High School and of the first grade of the grammar school. J. AV". Anderson was elected principal of the Franklin Grammar School, and Miss Doyle was appointed his assist- ant. June 7, 1861, Anderson was elected prin- cipal of the High School. January 6, 1862, the board comprised J. F. Dreman, D. J. Thomas, W. Bidwell, H. Miller, W. H. Hill, J. M. MiUiken, S. M. Mouser and Edward Collins. Hill was elected presi- dent. G. Taylor, the city superintendent of schools, acted as secretary. When this board assumed control they found the school-houses considerably damaged by the flood, but they were put in order in a short time and the schools commenced. The question of maintain- ing a colored school came up at various times UISTORT OF SACIIAMENTO COUJfiTY before the different boards, and it seemed that for many years tiiis school was not regarded in 'tlie same light as the schools for the white chil- dren. Part of the time no support whatever was given to the education of colored children. IJut in March, 1862, Mrs. Folger was elected teacher of the colored school, and the lioard voted to pay her salary whenever the building and furniture should be furnished by the parents interested. March 3 the schools were opened for the lirst time after the flood. Mouser resigned as amember of theboard July 28, and J. T. Peck was elected to till the vacancy. The school-house at Tenth and P streets was erected in the latter part of 1862, at a cost of about $2,500. A Board of Education, consisting of Edwin Collins, John J. Dreman, W. A. Hill, H. II. Hartley, Paul Morrill, D. J. Thomas, W. Bid- well and H. J. Bidleman, organized and elected Hill President in January, 1863. At the close of this year there were 1,093 names on the roll as pupils — thirty-two in the colored school. In the spring of this year a building for the colored school was erected at Fifth and O streets, but it was set on fire by an incendiary, and consumed with all its contents. During this year eleven schools were under the charge of the board. Total disbursements, $24,483.57. On January 4, 1864, the board was composed of W. Bidwell, M. C. Briggs, J. H. Carroll, J. F. Crawford, Henry H. Hartley, Paul Morrill, (). D. Lainbard and II. J. Bidleman. Briggs was president. At the close of this year tliere were thirteen public schools in the city. 1865.— The board comprised M. C. Briggs, W. E. Chamberlain, O. D. Lambard, Eugene Soule, J. W. Avery, J. H. Carroll, J. F. Craw- ford and Paul Morrill; Briggs, President. The Union school-house at Seventh and G streets was completed January 27. At the annual election of teachers, April 27, J. L. Fogg was elected principal of the grammar school. De- cember 25, W. H. Hill, who had been chosen city superintendent, submitted his annual re- port, showing the statistics in detail. 1866.— The board was composed of J. W. Avery, W. E. Chamberlain, Paschal Coggins, John F. Dreman, G. E. Moore, O. D. Lambard, Paul Morrill and Eugene Soule; Chamberlain, President. At the end of this year there were found ro be 1,524 children enrolled. E.xpenses, $32,136.43. 1867. — Same board as j-revious year; Mor- rill, President. The annual report shows the usual rate of increase, the usual branches pur- sued, etc. The proportion of native children becomes conspicuous, being 1,227 born in Cali- fornia to 457 elsewhere. In tlie early part of this year the Lincoln School Building, at Second and P streets, was erected at a cost of $8,049. In March $200 was set apart from the State apportionment for the purchase of a school library, as required by law. With this money about 250 volumes were purchased. Since then large additions have been made. Early in 1867 Lambard resigned as a member of the board, and John F. Crawford was elected to till the vacancy. Soule resigned in April, and David S. Ross was elected to fill his place. 1868.— The board consisted of Henry Miller, President; J. F. Crawford, Paschal Coggins, Joseph Davis, J. W. Avery, D. S. Ross, F. A. Gibbs and Horace Adams. 1869.— The board consisted of Henry Miller, President; J. F. Crawford, J. W. Avery, B. B. Redding, David S. Ross, F. A. Gibbs, W. L. Campbell and Henry McCreary. School attend- ance increased from si.\ty-six to seventy-two per cent. A wooden addition was built to the school- house at Thirteenth and G streets, but both it and the main building were burned by an in- cendiary within a fortnight afterward. On the same site the present Washington School-house, two-story brick, was erected the same year; cost, $13,720. Also a frame addition was made to the Franklin School-house, at an expense of $278. In November a petition signed by over 400 citizens was presented to the board, asking that German be added to the list of studies. During the month of January following Arnold Dulon was elected a teacher of German, and on HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the first day over 200 pupils began the study of that languajre. 1870.— The board consisted of Henry Miller, President; John F. Dreinan, J. W. Avery, David S. Ross, F. A. Gibbs, Daniel Brown, Dr. J. F. Montgomery and B. B. Redding. In May two new departments were added to tlie grammar school. Early in the summer a contract was made for the erection of a two-story brick school- house on the corner of Sixteenth and N streets, at a cost of $9,000; but within a day or two after the completion of the building it was set on tire by an incendiary and destroyed; loss.^ $8,000. Immediately a second building, on the same plan, was erected. 1871. — The board was composed of Dr. J. F. Montgomery, President; W. C. Stratton, J. W. Avery, E. T. Taylor, D. S. Ross, Henry Miller, Daniel Brown and Henry C. Kirk. These had the oversight of twenty schools. 1872. — The board was composed of Henry Miller, President; Henry C. Kirk, W. C. Strat- ton, E. T. Taylor, E. I. Robinson, John F. Dre- raan, C. H. Cummings and H. K. Snow. In April Judge E. B. Crocker effected a trade with the city for the land on which a school-house was located at Second and P streets, and a build- ing was removed to Fourth and Q streets. In May and June the board made strong efforts to obtain possession of the public square between 1 and J and Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets, and finally the city donated it to them, and on this they erected the present commodious brick Sacramento Grammar School-house. Stratton resigned and George Rowland was elected to fill the vacancy. Underwood resigned as prin- cipal of the grammar school, and A. H. Mc- Donald, the old teacher, was elected to the posi- tion. During this year also the night-school system was established. Since 1872 the boards have been constituted as follows: 1873. — C. H. Cummings, John F. Dreman, H. C. Kirk, Henry Miller, E. I. Robinson, H. K. Snow, George Rowland, E. T. Taylor. 1874. — John F. Dreman, George Rowland, George S. Wait, W. F. Knox, J. I. Felter, C. H. Cummings, Felix Tracy, D. W. AVelty. 1875.— John F. Dreman, W. F. Knox, George S. Wait, C. II. Cummings, J. F. Montgomery, Albert Hart, T. M. Lindley, Felix Tracy. 1876. — John F. Dreman, J. F. Montgomery, Albert Hart, T. M. Lindley, T. B. McFarland, Felix Tracy, J. F. Richardson, A. T. Nelson. 1877.— John F. Dreman, H. H. Liunell, John Stevens, J. I. Felter, T. B. McFarland, J. N. Toung, J. F. Richardson, A. T. Nelson. Nel- son died during the year, and Mattliew Cooke was elected to fill the vacancy. 1878.— H. H. Linnell, J. N. Young, J. F. Dreman, E. Greer, John Stevens, Matt. F. John- son, T. B. McFarland, J. I. Felter, President. 1879.— Matt. F. Johnson, S. W. Butler, E. Greer, J. F. Dreman, John T. Griflitts, F. A. Hornblower, James McClatchy, T. B. McFar- land, President. 1880.— John T. Griflitts, F. A. Hornblower, W. D. Stalker, James McClatchy, S. W. Butler, K. F. Wiemeyer, J. D. Lord, W. R. Knights. Knights resigned and Felix Tracy was appointed to succeed him. 1881.— K. F. Wiemeyer, W. D. Stalker, J. D. Lord, L. K. Hammer, S. W. Butler, Felix Tracy, Philip Herzog, W. S. Mesick. The last named resigned during the year, and C. H. Stevens was elected to succeed liim. 1882.— John F. Slater, Philip Herzog, C. H. Stevens, W. D. Stalker, S. W. Butler, Felix Tracy, Matthew Cooke, L. K. Hammer. G. W. Hancock was appointed to succeed Hammer, resigned. 1883.— John F. Slater, C. II. Stevens, Mat- thew C. Cooke, W. D. Stalker, O. P. Goodhue^ Felix Tracy, George Hancock, S. AV. Butler. Goodiiue died and Elwood Bruner was elected as his successor. 1884.— John F. Slater, C. H. Stevens, Matthew C. Cooke, J. L. Chadderdon, Richmond Davis, D. Johnson, Elwood Bruner, Frank Avery. 1885.— W. M. Petrie, John F. Slater, A. Conklin, J. L. Cliadderdon, Richmond Davis, Frank Avery, C. II. Stevens, E. K. Alsip. IlISTOUY OF SACltAMENTO COUNTY. 1886.-^A. Conklin, C. H. Stevens, J. W. Todd, W. M. Petrie, Kiclimond Davis, O. W. Erlewine, Joliii F. Slater, E. K. Alsip. Stevens resigned and JJ. F. Howard was ajjpoiiited to succeed him. 1887.— A. Conklin, AV. M. Petrie, J. W. Todd, Kiclunoiid Davis, John F. Slater, A. S. Hopkins, H. C. Ciiipinan, 0. W. Erlewine. 1888.— Richmond Davis, W. M. Petrie, E. M. Martin, A. Conklin, J. W. Todd, A. S. Hop- kins, H. C. Chipnian, John Skelton. 1889.— E. M. Martin, A. J. Senatz, J. W. Todd, Joseph Hopley, E. Davis, A. C. Tufts, H. C. Chipman, John Skelton. A Hot of the superintendents of city schools appears in the chapter on Municipal Govern- ment. THK HIGH SCHOOL. The inception of the iirst High School in Sacramento appears by the record to have been May 22, 1855, when Dr. Hatch proposed the studies of Willson's History, Astronomy, Book- keeping, Latin, French and Spanish. An order to add these studies to the course was then adopted, but was not executed until next year, when the classes pursuing these studies were taught in the school-house on M street, between Eighth and Ninth, by J. M. Howe. During the first year eighteen girls and twenty-one boys attended. The average attendance was remark- ably high, being 36.8 of the 39. May 8, 1857, Howe was succeeded by C. A. Hill, as the former declined to be examined in Greek. In August, 1857, Hill resigned and A- R. Jackson was chosen to succeed him. Early in 1858 the school was removed to Fifth and K streets, and J. P. Carleton elected teacher of French and Spanish. May 20, 1858, Charles A. Swift was elected principal, and his salary was fixed at .$200 a moi th. Professor Lefebre was employed to teach French and Spanish, in place of Carleton. ig was As soon as the Franklin School Buildi completed, the High School was moved into it. In June, 1859, Professor Lefebre left the State, and Professor Jofre was employed to succeed him. In November, 1859, the board added the natural sciences to the curriculum, electing A. R. Jackson the teacher. In October, 1800, Swift showed evidences of insanity, and his office was declared vacant, and Jackson was ap- pointed to succeed him. In April, 18G1, Jack- son refused to serve as principal any longer, because of insufficient salary, and J. W. Ander- son was appointed in his stead. September 18, 1862, the latter was succeeded by R. K. Marri- ner, who resigned March 27, 1865, and was succeeded by J. L. Fogg. April 29 the same spring. Mile L. Templeton was elected princi- pal. July 25, 1865, the school was removed to Seventh and G streets. In November, Alex- ander Goddard was appointed teacher of French. In April, 1871, Jourdon W. Roper was ap- pointed principal. In January, 1872, he re- signed, and H. H. Howe was elected to fill his place. In August, 1872, Max Straube was elected teacher of German, in place of Uulon. Early this year, Edward P. Howe was appointed to take the place of his brother as principal. His successors to date have been Oliver M. Adams, who resigned in June, 1884; W. W. Anderson, from that date to the close of the school year in July, 1888, since which time James II. Pond has been principal. The present enrollment of pupils Is 143. December, 1888, the present High School Building, at the northeast corner of Ninth and M streets, was completed Septem- ber 2, 1876, and the school was opened January 1, 1877. The building is 60x70 feet in size, consisting of two stories and basement, and cost $10,687. Of the Franklin Grammar School at Sixth and L streets, H. II. Howe was the principal until January 20, 1870, when he resigned, and was succeeded by A. H. McDonald, 1870-'71; J. G. Underwood, six weeks in 1871; A. II. McDonald, 1871-'80. In 1872, while the lat- ter was principal, the Sacramento Grammar School Building, of fifteen rooms, was erected at Fifteenth and J streets, at a cost of $62,000, and the Franklin School was transferred to it in the year following. E. P. Rowell was principal lIltiTOIlY OF tiACRAMENTO COUNTY. 105 here 1880 -'85; Madison Babcock,1885 to March I, 1888, since which time Mary J. Watson has been the principah Tiie enrollment of pupils in this school at present is about 650. During 1875 the Franklin Grammar School was re-organized at Sixth and L streets, with S. II. Jackman as principal. lie was succeeded in turn by F. L. Landes, Laura II. Wells and Joseph W. Johnson. Some years ago the prop- erty was sold, and a building of ten rooms was erected, at the corner of Tenth and Q streets; but the primary pupils so increased in number ihat another building was needed for them, and this was devoted to their use; and for the gram- mar school another structure, of ten rooms, was erected on the same block, at the corner of Tenth and P streets, in 1885, at a cost of $15,000, where Johnson continues as principal. The present eni-ollment is -124. This is termed the Capital Grammar School. At this writing the board is advertising for plans for another grammar-school building east of Twentieth street; also, for enlarging the High School Building and tlie school-house at Twenty-seventh and J streets. Tlie night school in the old Perry Seminary Building on I street, between Tenth and Elev- enth, is very successfully conducted, with about 115 pupils. The following table gives the statistics of the present condition of the city scliools: Sobool-houses 16 Grammar schools 24 Primary schools 56 Children of school age 6,193 Primary grade pupils enrolled 2,193 Grammar grade pupils enrolled 1,103 High School pupils enrolled 175 Male leachers 4 Female teachers 76 Total teachers' salaries ,f 65,406 Total rents, repairs and contingent expenses 16,546 Total valuation of school property 252,000 The present statistics of the public schools of Sacramento County, not including the city, are exhibited in the following table: School-houses, including joint districts 69 Grammar schools 43 Primary schools 28 New districts organized in 1887-'88 2 Children of school age 2,411 Per cent, of attendance on average number be- longing 92 Grammar grade pupils enrolled 610 Primary grade pupils enrolled 1,416 Average daily attendance 1,291 Male teachers 10 Female leachers 61 Teachers' rprlitirntps granted 188T-'8s* 37 Appli( Mills i,,i siiiiic rejected* 40 Total I.Mrli.Ms -:il:lM,-S $32,525 Total reiils, r.'paiis .nid contingent expenses B,9.s7 Cash paid for school libraries 1,490 Cash paid for apparatus 1,051 Total valuation of school property 97,034 COUNTRY SCHOOLS. The most iujportant details concerning the schools in the county outside of the city appear iu the following table: Townships and Counties. Arcade American River , Alabama Alder Creek Brighton Brautiau Brown Buckeye .... Capital Carroll Carson Creek CarsonCreek JoinI Center Courtland Davis Pry Creek, Joint.. Elder Creek Elk Grove Enterprise Excelsior Florin, Franklin Freeport Gait Georgiana Grand Island Granite Grant Hicksville Highland Highland Park... Howard Hutson, Joint Isleton Junction Kinney Laguna Lee Lincoln Lisbon Michigan Bar. . . . Mokelumne Nye Natoma, Joint Jranitp, Natoma. >rigl]ton Alabama Alabama,Cos Sutter San J., Franklin . . Lee,Cos., Gran. Nat, Cos., El Dor. Co. . . Center Franklin Dry Creek ( enter, Placer Co.. .Sut. Bright, Frank. .San Joaquin Brighton Brighton, San J.... Brighton, San J. ... Franklin, San J Franklin Dry Creek Georgiana Georgiana Granite, Natoma.. . Dry Creek Dry Creek Lee Sutter. Org. in 18S8, Granite, Brighton . Alabama, San J. Co. Georgiana Brighton Brighton Bright'n, Lee.Gran. Alabama Alabama, Lee American, Center.. Sutler, Franklin. . . Cosumnes Franklin Granite, Lee Natoma, El Dor. Co. $570 2,875 1,725 850 1,850 715 1,040 770 2,650 1,250 500 1,250 900 1,320 425 1.175 775 1,400 530 600 2',356 1,863 3,035 1,250 800 5,550 975 1,076 1,305 1,750 1,275 2,.325 1,700 550 1,500 ' Total of city and > ny. HISTORY OF 8AGSAMENT0 OOUNTT. DISTRICT. TOWNSUIPS ANl. Counties. i J 2 a 5 s ,11 It 1 34 31 36 48 33 39 30 4 34 39 33 1(5 3 7 11 37 3 23 5 6 15 13 33 32 18 13 18 13 Oak Grove Pacific Pleasant Grove. .. Point Pleasant American, Center... Suiter, FranlUiu... San Joaquin Franklin Franklin San Joaquin Franklin 650 1,400 3 200 900 1 3:10 Reese .. R'^.5 Kichland 850 Georgiana, Solano. 5 575 15' 5 3 4 11 16 19 11 1,335 990 Mississippi San Joaquin San Joaquin 1,300 1,380 570 Slough Stone House Sutler Cosumnes Sutter Center, Miss San Joaquin, Lee.. 36 98 40 9 33 13 13 35 30 10 1,000 3,5.50 Sylvan 795 600 ■S o hnl Jl. t DI.STRICT. TOWNSUirS AND Counties. 11 Is 2 a 5 a Iflf s M San Joaquin GeorfTiana 13 34 1 930 AValnut Grove.... 43 16 83 1,700 Wasbingtou Brighton 36 18 33 900 West Union Sutter, Franklin... 38 10 34 1,350 White Rock Natoma 15 3 11 435 Wilson Lee, Cosumnes.... 3t 8 32 700 The County Board of Education at present consists of the following: Term E.xpires. J. W. Johnson, 1736 O street, Sacramento July 1, 1889 J. E. Blanchard, Rocklin, Placer County July 1, 1891 Miss Josie Regan, Third and M streets, Sac- ramento July 1, 1889 Mrs. Jennie Kilgore, Mansion House, Sacra- mento July 1, 1891 B. F. Howard, 1526 Third street, Sacramento, Superin- tendent and ex-offlcio Secretary. UISrOliY OF SACUAMENTO COUNTT. CHAPTER XV. fllE uatiiral sequence of historical matter led us on uninterruptedly to the subject of education; now we can begin again with pioneer times on another series of topics, namely, those pertaining to material develop ment. Doubtless the first navigation on the Sacra- mento River was conducted by the Russians from Sitka Island, who were located at Ross and Bodega on the coast, and engaged in trade in furs, hides, tallow, etc. They were in this region prior to 1840, carrying on trade with the interior up to the time of their selling out to Captain Sutter; but the hostility of the Spanish Government and the expense of maintaining their position finally caused tliem to abandon the field. At that time also there was in this part of the country an agency for the Hudson Ray (Company. In 1841 Sutter purchased the property of the Russians, including a small schooner of forty tons burden, with which they had made short voyages along the coast. The first record we have of its appearance up the Sacramento River was in August of that year, though probably it had been upon its waters previously. This may be considered the date of the commencement of American commerce upon this stream. According to the terms of Sutter's bargain with the Russians, lie was to furnish a given quantity of grain eacli year for their set- tlement on the Northvvc.it coast, and the trans- portation of this product every fall t> the bay was a part of the regular trade upon which this vessel entered. She was manned and subse- quently commanded by Indians selected from Sutter's domesticated tribes, and for a long time was the only "regular packet" on the river. After performing a number of important offices during the war, she was taken down to San Francisco in the spring of 1848, to carry thither the tidings of the discovery of gold. She con- tinued to be the largest schooner on the river up to the period when the commerce with the mines began. The Brooklyn VIormons also owned a launch called the Comet, which made three trips to the settlement on the Stanislaus, and was the pio- neer at the San Joaquin. The voyage from San Francisco to New Hel- vetia, or Sutter's Fort, as this place was then called, and back to the city, occupied from two to four weeks. In the spring of 1848, when the rush for gold set in, the San Francisco Star (of May 20) thus ironically alludes to the first embarkations: " Fleet of launches left this place on Sunday and Monday last, bound 'up the Sacramento River,' closely stowed with human beings led by the I'C of filthy lucre to the pcrcnnial-yieldin gold th rth, when man can lii niSTORT OF SACBAMBNTO COUNTY. upward of two ounces a day,' and ' two thousand men can find their liands full' — of hard work." May 27 the same editor said: "Launches have plied without cessation between this place and New Helvetia during this time (since the dis- covery of gold). The Sacramento, a first-class craft, left here on Thursday last, thronged with passengers for the gold mines — a motley assem- blage, composed of lawyers, merchants, grocers, carpenters, cartmen and cooks, all possessed with the desire of suddenly becoming rich." He also stated that at that time over 300 men were engaged in washing gold, and parties were con- tinually arriving from every part of the country. San Francisco was soon made to present a deso- late appearance on account of the sudden de- parture of her principal citizens for the gold field. During the first eight weeks a quarter of a million dollars' worlh of gold was taken to that city, and during the second eight weeks $600,000 worth. By this time (September) the number of persons in the diggings was esti- mated at 6,000. "An export at last!" was the exclamation of the San Franciscan editor; "and it is gold." The first vessel whose tonnage exceeded that of the "launches" was the schooner Providence, Hinckley, Master, which ascended the Sacra- mento in April, 1849. P'or several years pre- vious she had been engaged between Tahiti and the Sandwich Islands. Her burden was less than 100 pounds. In March that year Samuel Brannan purchased the Eliodora, a Chilian ves- sel, filled it with goods and started up the river in April. The Joven Guipuzcoana, a Peruvian vessel, and other large sailing vessels of first- class dimensions, soon followed. At the date of their arrival about twelve stores and tenements graced this locality. Meanwhile several vessels of considerable size also ascended the San Joa- quin to Stockton. On the success of the Joven Guipuzcoana were founded the plans of the first steam navi- gation companies. Her trip to this point dem- onstrated the practicability of navigation by such large vessels as the McKim and the Sena- tor, which soon folloM'ed. In the month of May the crowning exploit in the history of sailing vessels was performed. This was the trip of the Bark Whiton, Gelston, Master, to this place in seventy-two hours from San Francisco, and 140 days from New York. She came up with her royal yards crossed, without meeting with a single detention, though she was a vessel of 241 tons burden and drew nine and a half feet of water. The first steamboat that ever plowed the waters of either the bay or the rivers of this State arrived at the port of San Francisco, Octo- ber 14, 1847, owned by Captain Leidesdorff, a man of remarkable enterprise, who was the chief instrumentality in laying the corner-stone of San Francisco's prosperity. She was packed on board a Russian bark from Sitka. Leidesdorff had carried on a trade with the Russians at their American settlement for seven years previous; and, hearing that a small steamboat was in use upon their waters, he sent up and purchased it for his hide and tallow commerce on the small streams leading from the inland embarcaderos to the bay. The vessel, not exceeding forty tons burden, was put together under the leeoF Yerba Buena Island, was named '■ Little Sitka," and on the loth of November, 1847, steamed out under the management of a Russian engineer who had superintended her construction. From a swivel gun mounted upon her bow was occa- sionally fired a salutation. She successfully rounded the island and arrived in port, hailed by the cheers of a multitude. This boat was long, low, and what the sailors termed very " crank." The weight of a single person on her guards would throw one of her wheels out of order. Her first trip for business was made down to Santa Clara, with indifferent success. Her next trip was up to Sacramento, in the latter part of November, 1847, and safely arrived at this em- barcadero. Nearly a month elapsed, however, before her return; and in the meantime various were the jokes and jibes " launch "-ed at her and on the proprietor, who nevertheless per- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. sisted that he would yet " make the smoke fly on the bay," and hand the name of his first steamboat "down to dexterity," as he pro- nounced the word. On the 12th of February following (18i8) this little steamer was swamped by a norther while lying at anchor at San Francisco Bay. It was raised, the engine taken out, and the hull converted into a sailing vessel which served well for years. The engine, after having rusted on the sandy beach for a long time, was finally made to do duty in a small domestic manufac- tory in San Francisco. The little steamboat en- terprise just described was, however, more a freak of will than the demand of business. But to whom belongs the having first pro- jected the running of good steamboats for trafiic after the great tide of gold emigration had set in, it is difiicult to say. The first vessel pro- pelled by steam entering the Bay of San B'ran- cisco was the California, February 28, 1849. Tlie excursion of the steamship Oregon from San Francisco to Benicia and back, April 21 of the same year, was the first trip of a steam ves- sel of any magnitude into any of the interior waters adjacent to tiie main bay. It was indeed a successful and magnificent excursion. Prior to this, however, announcements had been made that steamboats were on their way from the East to California, to ply on the rivers here. The first of these announcements was issued from the office of the old Placer Times, when that journal was first started at Sutterville, in April, 1849. It was printed in the form of a handbill, at the order of some of the proprietors of that place. May 19, the following advertisement appeared in the Times: " Ten thousand cords of wood. We wish to employ any number of men that may call, to cut wood at Sutterville for the use of the steamers. George McDougal 6c Co., Sutterville, May 15, 1859." Of course the wood was never cut. During the summer of 1849 a number of steamboat enterprises were on foot, and the keels of several small vessels, brought by some of the ships chartered by the gold hunters, were laid at different points on the river and bay. The first of this series of which we liave any record was one of about fifty tons burden, put together at Benicia, the material having been brought from the East by way of tlie Horn on board the Edward Everett. She made her first trip to Sacramento, August 17, 1849. About this period also were established the first regular express lines in the State, two com- mencing business between here and San Fran- cisco, to take the business of the regular mail, which was at that time the subject of bitter complaint and unsparing ridicule. August 25, another small steamboat from Philadelphia be- gan to ply the river, accommodating some thirty passengers and " running about seven knots an hour." About the first boat advertised for regular trips between this city and San Francisco ap- pears to have been the Sacramento, in Septem- ber, 1849, commanded by Captain John Van Pelt. She had two engines of sixteen horse- power, could carry about 100 passengers, besides freight. She was built about where Washing- ton now stands, opposite tiie northern portion of Sacramento City, and the captain, who be- came a sort of Pacific Vanderbilt, made suc- cessful and regular tripe with this vessel as far down as " New York of the Pacific," now where passengers and freight had to be transferred. About the same time a little steam dredge, brought out by the Yuba Company, was set up in a scow and started on a trip up the Feather River, carrying a quantity of bricks, at $1.00 each for freight (!), and lumber at !gl50 per 1,000 feet. Two months after iier arrival she was sold at auction for $40,000. The next boat was the Mint, also a small one, put up at San Francisco, which was really the first steamboat to make successful trips with passengers and freight all the way between that city and Sacramento, beginning in the middle of October, 1849. The propeller McKim was the first large ves- sel that ever navigatctl the Sacramento Iliver by steam. She had doubled Cape Horn a:id ai-rived IIISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTT. at San Francisco, October 3, and was immediately put in order by her San Francisco agents, Sim- mons, Hutchinson & Co., for the Sacramento trade. She drew eight feet of water, and many doubted whether she could ascend the river to this point; but she arrived here on the 27th of that month, amid the cheers of an iininense crowd lining the shore. The- fine old steamer Senator became her rival November 6, 1849. During these times the fare from Sacramento to San Francisco was $30. The little steamer called tlie Washington was the first that ascended as far as Vernon, at the month of Feather River, to which point she made regular trips. In April, 1850, the iEtna, a very small steamer, ascended the American as far as " Norristown," the first and probably the last time that point had ever been reached by a steamboat. May 8, 1850, the Jack Hays reached the town of Redding at the head waters of the Sacramento River, within forty-five miles of the Trinity Diggings. Among those who first took their place on the route between this point and Yuba City, at the mouth of the Yuba River, the early rival of Marysville, was the little steamboat Linda, in the fall of 1849. The steamer N"ew World was built at New York City, purposely for a trip to California, in the fall of 1849 and spring of 1850. It was 320 feet long, and of 530 tons burden. The proprietor, William H. Brown, becoming finan- cially embarrassed, had to take the sheriff' in as partner. The latter employed deputies to go and retnain on board during the launching, and to make assurance doubly sure he went upon board himself, but was unknown to the capt.ari, Ed. Wakeman. The vessel was held to the port of New York by law, and the launching was ostensibly for the only purpose of getting the boat ipto the watei-. Steam, however, was raised previous to the launching, and the sheriff, in- cognito, inquired what it meant. The reply was, " To wear the rust off the bearings and see that the engine worked well." But. the cap- tain, after steaming around the harbor awhile, put out to sea, against the protests of the siieriff. The captain and his crew, being more numer- ous than the sheriff" and his posse, put them ashore in row-boats, and came their way around Cape Horn to California! They made a fine voyage, and arrived at San Francisco, July 11, 1850. For a long time thereafter the New World and the Senator made alternate trips between Sacramento and Benicia. Afterward she was employed in the coasting and oceanic trade, and some years ago was overhauled at San Francisco and transformed into a magnificent ferry-boat, and as such is now employed on the bay. Captain Wakeman was, at last accounts, a resident of San Francisco, which he has made his home ever since coming to the coast. Many interesting particulars in addition to the foregoing concerning pioneer navigation are given in the biographies of Captains Foster and Dwyer in a subsequent portion of this work. Captain Fourat is another good historian of those items. stea:^iboat explosions. Steamboat explosions and other accidents on inland waters were very common in early days, previous to the many improvements that have iu our generation been made in engine machinery and the structure of vessels. During the firot several years after the gold discovery and the introduction of steam vessels in California, it was estimated that on San Francisco Bay alone, and its tributaries, there were no less than two or three accidents every week. Thus the}' were so common that t!ie newspapers did not detail the particulars of all of them, and our sources of information concerning many of them are correspondingly irieager. The first e.xplosion of which we have any ac- count was that of a steamer named the Fawn, occurring August 18, 1850. The Sagamore suffered a like accident Octo- ber 29, following. Major Tompkins, January 23, 1851. The steamer Jack Hays was overhauled and repaired during the earliest months of 1853, expressly for traffic between Sacramento and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT T Marysville, in opposition to the Governor Dana, and renamed R. K. Page. She started on her first trip up the river March 22, the same day her opponent was going up. Coming along- side, the crew and passengers began cheering, each one hurrahing for his own boat without thinking of consequences. The engineer of the Page heaved in a barrel of oil, and as they weie passing Nicolaus the boiler exploded, being driven ahead. Daniel Moore, the former cap- tain of the boat, Thomas Kirbej' and Lieutenant Henry Moore were standing on the hurricane deck at the time, and nothing was ever seen of them afterward. The Jennie Lind, April 11, 1853, suffered a like disaster on her way to Alviso, in San Fran- cisco Bay, killing or badly scalding between forty and fifty passengers, most of whom were at dinner at the time of the accident. October 18, the same year, there were two similar catastrophes within the limits of the waters described. One was the explosion of the boiler of the American Eagle on the San Joaquin Eiver, at a point known as the Three Sloughs, twenty-five miles below Stockton, which shivered the vessel to pieces, killing one of the crew and three passengers; others were injured. Cause of explosion, defective iron. There were fifty- three passengers altogether. Ilardison was captain. In the afternoon of the same day the steamer Stockton, while passing New York landing, burst a boiler, killing one person and severely scalding eight. One of the latter, Captain J. B. Sharp, died the following day. Cause of ac- cident unknown. January 8, 1854, the Ranger exploded on San Francisco Bay, with twelve persons on board, killing three and severely scalding five, and almost totally wrecking the vessel. The cause of this disaster was supposed to be the turning of cold water suddenly into a super-heated boiler. The engine was of the high-pressure style, of eighteen horse-power, and was carrying 120 pounds of steam when the crown or arcii sheet of the boiler gave way, and the .•pen. HISTOHT OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. <^Mi^^m^>-^ *i,. ^RAILROADS.* CEAPTER XVI. fHE following account, with some correc- tions, is mostly taken from Thompson & West's History, of 1880. The project of building a railroad across the plains and mountains was agitated by Asa Whitney, in 1846, in Congress and out of it, till 1850, and he was supported in his movement by such men as Senator Breese, of Illinois, and IJenton, of Missouri, the latter of whom intro- duced a bill into the Senate of the United States, for a Pacilic Railroad, February 7. 1849. This bill was really the first tangible effort made in this direction. The first effort made in Califor- nia toward the building of an overland road was the formation of a company by citizens of Nevada, Placer and Sacramento counties. There were filed in the office of the Secretary of State, August 17, 1852, articles of incorporation of the Sacramento, Auburn & Nevada Railroad Company, containing the names of twenty-six subscribers of twenty-eight shares each, at a value of $100 per share, and tiie names of the followingdirectors: S.W. Lovell, PlacerCounty; T. O. Dunn, John R. Coryell, Charles Marsh, Isaac Williamson and William II. Lyons, of Nevada County; John A. Read, J. B. Haggin and Lloyd Tevis, of Sacramento County. A line was surveyed from Sacramento City, through Folsom, Auburn, and Grass Valley, to Nevada City. This line was sixty-eight miles long, and the estimated cost of construction was $2,000,- 000. From Nevada City the survey was contin- ued through tiie Henness Pass. The enterprise was too gigantic for the means at the command of the incorporators, and they were compelled to abandon the project. During the month of March, 1853, Congress passed an act providing for a survey, by the topographical engineers of the army, of three routes for a transcontinental railway, the north- ern, southern and middle routes. These surveys were made, and reports submitted to Congress, and published, with elaborate engravings of the scenery along the routes, topographical maps, representations of the animals and plants dis- covered. These reports were, no doubt, im- mensely valuable, but they did not show that a route for a railway was practicable over the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas. The demonstration of the fact that such a route did exist was left to be made by Theodore D. Judah, the chief engineer of the first rail- road ever built in California — the Sacramento Valley Railroad. It was while engaged in building this road, from 1854 to 1856, that Mr. Judah became convinced of the practicability of a railroad over the Sierra Nevadas, which was the only mountain range that had before been deemed impracticable. He made trial surveys, or, more properl}', recounoisances over several of tlie supposed passes over tiie Sierras, at his own expense. These were simply barometrical sur- veys, but were sufficiently accurate to convince Mr. Judah that a road could be built, and, armed HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. with the data thus obtained, he lost no oppor- tunity in presenting liis views and aims when- ever and wherever it seemed toliim that it would advance the project of a Pacilic Railroad. lie succeeded, through a concurrent resolution of the California Legislature of 1858, in having a railroad convention called, to meet in San Fran- cisco, September 20, 1859. This convention was composed of many of the prominent men of California at that time; among them we note Hon. J. A. McDougall, lion. J. E. Crockett, Major John Bidwell, Hon. S. B. Axtell, Hon. James T. Farley, Sherman Day and others, of California, together with delegates from Oregon and adjoining Territories. Tiiey sent Mr. Judah to Washington, Dis- trict of Columbia, to endeavor to procure legis- lation on the subject of the railroad. lie pro- ceeded thither in time to be at the opening of the Thirty-sixth Congress. Arrived at "Wash- ington, he lost Tio time in visiting the different departments, and collecting from each all the information they had that could in any way aid him in presenting plainly to Congress the im- portance and practicability of the enterprise. Unfortunately, this Congress was so entirely oc- cupied with j)olitical matters that little could be done in the way of procuring legislation, but great good was effected by the personal inter- views that Mr. Judah had with the different members and other prominent nien. His knowl- edge of the subject was so thorough that he rarely failed to convince any one, with whom he talked, of the entire feasibility of the project. A bill was drawn up by himself and Hon. John C. Burch, then a Member of Congress from California. It contained nearly all the provis- ions of the bill as finally passed in 1862. It was printed at private expense, and a copy sent to each Senator and Member of Congress. Mr. Judah returned to California in 1860, and set about making a more thorough survey of the Sierras for a pass and approach thereto. He was accompanied on this survey by Dr. D. W. Strong, of Dutch Flat, who contributed largely froufl his private means to pay the expenses of the trip, in addition to assisting very materially the progress of the work by his intimate knowl- edge of the mountains. Dr. Strong was one of the first directors of the Central Paciiic Rail- road Company when formed. After completing these surveys, which were made with a barometer, Mr. Judah went to San Francisco to lay his plan before the capitalists of that place, and induce them, if possible, to form a company to take hold of the work and push it forward. His ideas were received very coldly, and he failed to get any financial support in San Francisco. Returning to his hotel one evening, convinced of the futility of any fur- ther trials in San Francisco, Mr. Judah re- marked: "The capitalists of San Francisco have refused this night to make an investment, for which, in less than three years, they shall have ample cause to blame their want of foresight. I shall return to Sacramento to-morrow, to in- terest merchants and others of that place in this great work, and this shall be my only other effort on this side of the continent." Previously Mr. Judah had placed his plans and estimates before a friend, James Bailey, of Sacramento, who, struck by the force of these calculations, introduced Mr. Judah to Governor Stanford, Mark Hopkins and E. B. and Charles Crocker; C. P. Huntington he knew before. A meeting of the business men of Sacra- mento was called and the preliminary steps were taken to organize a company. This or- ganization was perfected and articles of incor- poration filed with the Secretary of State, June 28, 1861. The company was named The Cen- tral Pacific Railroad Company of California, and the following officers were elected: Leland Stanford, President; C. P. Huntington, Vice- President; Mark Hopkins, Treasurer; Theodore D. Judah, Chief Engineer; Leland Stanford, Charles , Crocker, James Bailey, Theodore D. Judah, L. A. Booth, C. P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, D. W. Strong, of Dutch Flat, and Charles Marsh, of Nevada, Directors. All but the two last named were residents of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 113 Sacramento, showing conelnsively that to Sac- ramento and her citizens belongs tiie honor of inaugurating and carrying to a successful com- pletion the Pacific railroads; tor had not Judali spent his time and talents in proving that such an undertaking were possible, it is an open question if to-day the Pacific railroads would be in existence. His coadjutors, named in the foregoing list of officers, and some of whom are still the owners and officers of the road, de- serve full credit for their faith in the enter prise and the masterly manner in which they managed the financial difficulties encountered in the years that elapsed between the organiza- tion of the company and the completion of the road; but we cannot forget that for three or four years previous to the organization of the company Mr. Judah had spent all his time, money and energy in collecting data, without which no prudent man would be inclined to invest a dollar in the project which was so gen- erally believed to be chimerical. After the organization of the company, Mr. Judah was instructed to make a thorough instrumental survey of the route across the Sierras, which lie did. The previous surveys or reconuoisances had included three routes, one through E! Dorado County, via Georgetown, another via Illinois- town and Dutch Flat, and the third via Nevada and Henness Pass. The observations had proved the existence of a route across the Sierras by which the summit could be reached with max- imum grades of 105 feet per mile. The instru- mental survey developed a line with lighter grades, less distance and fewer obstacles than the previous observations had shown. The first report of the chief engineer to the officers of the company gave the following as the topo- graphical features of the Sierra Nevadas, which rendered them so formidable for railroad opera- tions: 1. "The great elevation to be overcome in crossiit^ its summit, and the want of uniformity in its western slope." The average length of the western slope of the Sierras is about seventy | miles, and in this distance the altitude increases 7,000 feet, making it necessary to maintain an even grade on the ascent to avoid creating some sections with excessive grades. 2. " From the impracticability of the river crossings." These rivers run through gorges in many places over 1,000 feet deep, with the banks of varying slopes from perpendicular to 45°. A railroad line, therefore, must avoid crossing these canons. The line, as established by the surveys of 1861, pursued its course along an unbroken ridge from the base to the summit of the Sierras, the only river crossing in the mountains being that of Little Bear River, about three miles above Dutch Flat. Another prominent feature of the location is the fact that it entirely avoids the second summit of the Sierras. The estimated cost of the road from Sacramento to the State Line was $88,000 per mile. October 9, 1861, the Board of Directors of the Central Pacific Railroad Conapany passed a resolution directing Mr. Judah, the chief en- gineer of the company, to immediately proceed to Washington on a steamer as their accredited agent, for the purpose of procuring appropria- tions of land and United States bonds from the Government, to aid in the construction of the road. Mr. Judah went East and this time ac- complished his purpose, as was evidenced by the bill which passed Congress in July, 1862. This bill granted to the roads a free right-of- way of 400 feet wide over all Government lands on their route. The Government also agreed to extinguish the Indian title to all the lands donated to the company, either for right-of-way or to the granted lands. The lands on either side of the route were to be withdrawn from settle- ment, by pre-emption or otherwise, for a dis- tance of fifteen miles, until the final location of the road should be made and the United States surveys had. determined the location of the section lines. This map of the route was made by Mr. Judah, filed in the office of the Secretary of the Interior, and the lands withdrawn in ac- cordance with the terms of the bill. UISrORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. This bill also provided for the issue to the coinpany of United States thirty- vear six per cent, bonds, to be issued to the coinpany as each forty-mile section of the road was coinpleted, at the rate of $16,000 per mile for the line west of the western base of the Sierra Nevadas, and at the rate of $48,000 per mile from the western base east to the eastern base of the Sierras, the latter subsidy to be paid on the completion of each twenty-mile section. To secure the Gov- ernment from loss, and insure the repayment of these bonds, they were made a first lien on the road. This was subsequently modiiied, by an act passed July, 1864, allowing the company to issue first-mortgage bonds, the United States assuming the position of second mortgagee. The land grant in the first bill was every alter- nate section for ten miles, each side of the track. This allowance was subsequently doubled, mak- ing twenty sections per mile. The State of California also donated $10,000 per mile to the road, by an act approved April 25, 1863. The engineering difSculties were great, and had been considered insurmountable, but the tiniUicial difKculties were also great, and un- doubtedly required more labor and thought than the engineering, though of a different kind. That these difficulties were surmounted, and the originators of the effort still retain the owner- ship and control of the road, and, in addition to the original line, have built thousands of miles of road in California and Arizona, proves the ability of the leaders in this movement. These men were merchants in what cannot be classed among the large cities, and consequently not largely known to the financial world; they had never been engaged in the railroad business, and were supposably ignorant of the immense undertaking in which they had embarked. Aside from the natural difficulty of the situation, they encountered opposition from the moneyed men of San Francisco and other places, who gave their enterprise the not very pleasant name of the " Dutch Flat Swindle." Mr. Huntington, Vice-President of the com- pany, was sent East, with full power of attorney to do any acts he might think best for the in- terest of the company. One of the main objects of this visit was to see that the bill which was then before Congress should not oblige the com- pany to pay interest on the bonds received of the Government for ten years, at least, from the date of their issue. After the passage of the bill, the books were opened for stock subscrip- tions, to the amount of $8,500,000, and for a long time the stock was disposed of very slowly. Huntington, on endeavoring to dispose of the bonds of the company in New York, was in- formed that they had no marketable value until some part of the road was built. Before he could dispose of them, he was obliged to give the personal guarantees of himself and four partners, Hopkins, Stanford, and the Crockers, for the money, until such time as they could be exchanged for United States bonds. The bonds so obtained, $1,500,000, bnilt thirty-one miles of the road. In 1862 the company was granted the right of way into the city of Sacramento, and also granted the Slough, or Sutter Lake. The first shovelful of dirt thrown in the construction of the Central Pacific Railroad was in Sacramento, January 8, 1863, by Governor Stanford, at the foot of K street, on the levee. The contract for building the road from this point to Grider's, on the California Central liailroad, was let to C. Crocker & Co., December 22, 1862. C. Crocker & Co. sub-let the con- tract to difi'erent parties. Twenty miles of road each yeai' were completed in 1863, 1864 and 1865, thirty miles in 1866, forty-six miles in 1867, 364 miles in 1868, 190J miles in 1869; making 690^ miles from Sacramento to Prom- ontory, where the roads met, May 10, 1869. All of the materials, except the cross-ties, for constructing this road, including a large portion of the men employed, had to be brought from the East, via Cape Horn. Toward the latter end of the work several thousand Chinamen were employed. In addition to this, it w%s war times, and marine insurance was very high; iron and railroad materials of all kinds were HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 117 held at enormous figures, and tlie price of the subsidy bonds was very low. AH of these facts tended to make the cost of the road large. The State of California ag'-eed to pay the in- terest on $1,500,000 of bonds for twenty years, in exchange for which tlie railroad company gave a vahiable stQne quarry. Several of the counties along the line of the road granted bonds of the counties in exchange for stock. Sacra- mento County gave her bonds to the amount of $300,000. These bonds were exchanged for money, and the work pushed forward. There was delay in obtaining the Government subsidy, and the money ran short. When Mr. Hunting- ton returned from New York he found the treasury almost depleted of coin, and the neces- sity of raising more means or stopping the work was evident. " Huntington and Hopkins can, out of their own means, pay 500 men during a year; how many can each of you keep on the line?" was tiie characteristic way in which this man met the emergency. Before the meeting adjourned these five men had resolved that they would maintain 800 men on the road during the year out of their own private fortunes. About this time (1863) Mr. Judaii had sold out his interest in the company and gone East. On the way he was stricken with the Panama fever, of which he died shortly after his arrival in New York, in 1863, at the age of only thirty- seven years. Dr. Strong, of Dutch Flat, though a sincere believer in the enterprise, was unable to furnish what was considered his share of the expenses necessary to be advanced, and retired from the Board of Directors. Bailey, Mr. Marsh and Mr. Booth we hear nothing of after the en- terprise was fairly under way, though we know they were all three earnest workers at the com- mencement. S. S. Montague succeeded Mr. Judah as chief engineer of the road, which position he still holds. The location surveys were made under Mr. Montague's directions. The road from Sacramento to Colfax, or Lower Illinoistown Gap, was located on the line run by Mr. Judah in 1861; from Colfax to Long Ravine the line was clianged materially; from Long Ravine to Alta the line rah on Judah's survey, and from Alta to the Summit on an entirely new line, located by Mr. L. M. Clement, engineer, in charge of second division from Colfax to the Summit. Tiiis final location gave a better grade line, and one more free from snow in the winter, two very desirable objects. Tiie value of these changes is plainly shown by the report of George E. Gray, formerly cldef engineer of the New York Central Railroad. Mr. Gray was requested by Leland Stanford, in a letter dated July 10, 1865, to inspect the line of road and surveys then made, and report to the Board of Directors of the company his opinion as to the quality of the work, and the economical location of that portion not then built. Mr. Gray's report gave as his opinion that the road already constructed would compare favorably with any road in the United States. Of that portion not constructed he reported that Mr. Judah's line had been materially altered, causing a saving in distance of nearly 5,000 feet, and also reducing the aggregate length of the tunnels about 5,000 feet, a saving in cost of construction of over $400,000 at least. The road progressed, as we have stated above, slowly at first, but more rapidly toward the close, until, on the 10th day of May, 1869, the last spike was driven, whicii completed the railroad connection between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. A large party were gathered on Promontory Point to see this ceremony. Telegraph wires had been connected with the different large cities of the Union, so that the exact moment of driving the last spike could be known in all at the same time. The hour designated having arrived, Leland Stan- ford, President of the Central Pacific, and other officers of the company came forward. T. C. Durant, Vice-President of the Union Pacific, accompanied by General Dodge and others of the same company, met them at the end of the rail, where they paused, while Rev. Dr. Todd, of Massachusetts, gave a short prayer. The last tie, made of California laurel, with silver plates bearing suitable inscriptions, was put in HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. place, and the last connecting rails were laid by parties fioin each company. The last spikes were made, one of gold from California, one of silver from Nevada, and one of gold and silver from Arizona. President Stanford then took the hammer of solid silver, to the handle of which, were attached the telegraph wires, hy which, at the lirst tap on the head of the gold spike, at 12 m., the news of the event was flashed over the American continent. A locomotive of the Cential Pacific Kailroad Company and another of the Union Pacilic Rail- road Company approached from each way, and rubbed their pilots together, while bottles of champagne were passed from one to the other. Dnriiig the building of this road the track- laying force of the Central Pacific laid ten miles and 200 feet of track in one day. This herculean feat was performed on the 20th of April, 1869, when only fourteen miles of track remained to be laid to connect with the Union Pacilic Rail- road, and was entirely finished by 7 r. m. By mutual agreement between the two roads Ogden was made the terminus of each. By this arrangement the Union Pacific sold fifty- three miles of road to the Central, making the length of road owned by the Central Pacific proper 743^ miles, from Sacramento to Ogden. August 20, 1870, the. Western Pacific, San Joaquin Valley, ("alifornia & Oregon, and San Francisco, Oakland & Alameda railroads were all consolidated under the name of the Central Pacific Railroad. The "Western Pacific Railroad Company" was incorporated December 13, 1862, for the purpose of constructing a railway from San Jose, through the counties of Alameda and San Joaquin, to the city of Sacramento. Its capital stock was $5,400,000. The road was 137^ miles in length, and made the whole length of the Central Pacific 881 miles. This road was not completed until 1870. The franchise had, we believe, passed into the hands of the Central Pacific Railroad Company a year before the above date of consolidation. The San Joaquin Valley Railroad is now the projjerty of the Southern Pacific. The California & Oregon Railroad leaves the Central Pacific at Roseville, and runs from thence to Redding, California. The "California Pacific Railroad Comjjany" was for some time an active competitor for the carrying trade of the State, and at one time it WHS thought that the intention of its owners was to construct a line of railroad to connect with the Union Pacific. Tiiis company bought the boats and franchises of the California Steam Navigation Company, and for some time really controlled the rates of freight between Sacra mento and San Francisco. It was incorporated January 10, 1865, with a capital stock of $3,500,000. Work was begun in Vallejo in 1867, and the road was finished to Washington, Yolo County, November 11, 1868, and to Marysville in November, 1869. In June, 1869, this company purchased the Napa Valley Railroad; the two railroads were consolidated in December, 1869, with a capital of $12,000,000. In 1869 and 1870 the Central Pacific and California Pacific railroads were at war with each other. The track of the Central Pacific being laid on the levee, it was impossible for the California Pacific road to cross the river, and secure depot and switch accommodations, without crossing this track. Various attempts were made to lay the track and form the cross- ing of the. two tracks, but these attempts were resisted; and at one time it appeared as if bloodshed would result. The crossing, however, was made, and passengers landed by the Cali- fornia Pacific in Sacramento, January 29, 1870. The train was received with a regular ovation; guns were fired, the fire department turned out, and intense enthusiasm was manifested on all sides. The war continued until August, 1871, during which time the rat^s of freight and travel were very low, and neither road could have made much profit. In August, however, these roads were consolidated, since which time, with the exception of competition by river for a short period, the Central Pacific Railroad Company has had a monopoly of the carrying trade from Sacramento. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. The California Pacific gave the "Yallejo route" to San Francisco. The trip was made to Vallejo by rail, and from thence to San Fran- cisco by boat. This was a very popular route, and monopolized the majority of the travel be- tween Sacramento and San Francisco. Decern ber 28, 1879, the new road via Beuicia was opened, and the trains have since been run through to Oakland, and the Vallejo route as a i line of travel to San Francisco was abandoned. The large ferry at Benicia will be superseded by a bridge in a few years. The " Sacramento Valley Railroad " was the first constructed in California. The company was organized August 4, 1852, when ten per cent, of the stock subscribed was paid in, amount- ing to $5,000. The company re-organized No- vember 9, 1854, and made immediate prejjara- tion for building the road. The first siiovelful of dirt was thrown in February', 1855, the first tie came in May, and the first vessel load of ma- terial and rolling stock arrived from Boston in June. The first work done on a railroad car in California was on this road, July 4, 1855. The first rail was laid August 9, 1855, and the first train was placed on the track August 14. The road had some little trouble with its finances, but was not impeded materially in its progress. November 13, 1855, an excursion train was run to Patterson's, ten miles from Sacramento, the round trip costing $1.00. By January 1, 1856, the road was completed to Alder Creek, and on February 22 was finished to Folsom. The length of the road was twenty-two and one- half miles, and cost $1,568,500. The capital stock was $800,000— $792,000 of which were issued. The road was a very profitable one from the date of its completion. Its efl'ect was to move the terminus of the stage and freight lines running to the nortliern mines to Folsom, build- ing upquite a town at that point. At one time twenty one diiferent stage lines were centered at Folsom, all leaving shortly after the arrival of the trains from Sacramento. In August, 1865, the Central Pacific Com- pany purchased the Sacramento Valley road. The purchase was made by George F. Bragg, on behalf of himself and others, of the entire stock held by L. L. Robinson and Pioclie and Bayer- que. The price paid for this stock was $800,- 000. Bragg, soon after coming into possession, transferred the stock to the owners of the Cen- tral Pacific. The latter coinp my was forced to do this in order ti) secure the whole of the Wa- shoe trade, which at this time was immense, amounting to several million dollars per annum. The short line of the Sacramento Valley road alone declared an annual profit of nearly half a million dollars the year previous to its purchase, most of which came from the freights going to the "Washoe and other mining districts. California Central Hailroad. — In the spring of 1857 a company was formed in Marysville, to build a railroad from that city to the ter- minus of the Sacramento Valley Railroad, at Fol- som. This company was entirely independent of the Sacramento Valley Compan3'. Colonel C. L. Wilson, who was one of the contractors on the Sacramento Valley road, was sent East to procure funds for building the road. This object he effected, and the construction com- menced forthwith. The road, however, never was finished to Marysville by the original com- pany. By 1861 the track was laid to Lincoln. The name was subsequently changed to the California & Oregon Railroad, atid is now known as the Oregon Division of the Central Pacific Railroad. Shortly after the completion of the Central Pacific Railroad to Roseville, the company purchased the California Central Rail- road; that portion of the road between Rose- ville and Folsom was abandoned; the bridge over the American River was condemned and sold in 1868. The Placerville c6 Sacramento Valley Rail- road commences at Folsom and runs to Shingle Springs, in El Dorado County, and is commonly known as the Shingle Springs road. It was constructed in 1864 or '65. The Amador Branch of the Central Pacific Railroad runs from Gait to lono, a distance of twenty-seven miles, and was built by the Central EISTORT Oi SACUAMBNTO COUNTY. Pacific Company in 1876, to gain access to some coal mines at or near lone. Freeport Railroad. — This originated in a scheme to divert the northern trade from Sacra- mento by building wharves, etc., at Freeport, and a railroad from there to some point on the Sacramento Valley road. Tlie road-bed was graded for a distance of nine miles from Free- port, and the track laid; but before its comple- tion, tljc Sacramento Valley road became the property of the Central Pacific, and the value of the Freeport road, never very large, became still smaller, until its decease. In addition to these roads, whicli at some time had a real existence, there have been a num- ber of other companies incorporated, some part of whose lines would touch Sacramento County. There are now sixty miles of railroad in Sac- ramento County. The depot building, in tlie northwest corner of the city of Sacramento, is up with the times in capacity, convenience and beauty. A portion of the building is a liotel. RAILROAD SHOPS. Small shops were established at the time of the first construction of the road, but it has only been in late years that the growth of the con- struction works here has led to such enlarge- ment of the shops. At the present time, the works, or as they are generally called, " The Railroad Shops," with the track room and yard room necessarily included, occupy about fifteen acres of ground, and each year finds a larger area in use. They comprise at present about twenty large buildings, and scores of small ones. Most of the large ones are of brick with slate roofs, or are of wood and corrugated iron. A statement of the principal buildings, and tlie use to which they are devoted, will convey a good idea of how completely the work of car and engine construction is carried on. The main buildings are: 1, General Foundry; 2, Wheel Foundry; 3, Brass Foundry; 4, Cop- per Shop; 5, Tin Shop; 6, Rolling-mill; 7, Boiler Shop; 8, Blacksmith Shop; 9, Round House; 10, Locomotive Machine Shop; 11, Car Machine Shop; 12, Car Repair Shop; 13, Car Erecting Shop; 14, Cabinet Shop; 15, Paint Shop; 16, Upholstery Shop; 17, Pattern Shop; 18, Pattern Lofts. Besides these, there have recencly been erected an addition to the paint shop, 80x100 feet; a large brick addition, two stories high, to the car machine shop, and a large brick addition to the car erecting shop. The great increase in the clerical force necessary to the operation of the works demands more room than is now available, and the erection of a large brick building, solely for office use, is in contemplation. The works are under the direc- tion of Mr. H. J. Small, Superintendent M. P. M.; Benj. AVelch, Master Car Builder, and Wm. McKenzie, Assistant General Master Machinist. To the thoughtful observer, the tour through the works is most interesting, as in much of what is going on in the construction in wood, and iron, and brass, and otherwise there are suggestions of new lines of manufacture that might well be developed in the city, to the great profit of those who should first intelligently un- dertake the work. Only a very general idea can be given here of the character of the woi-k, or of its uuignitude. There are employed own an aggregate of about 2,600 men. Work in many departments is carried on day and night, by different shifts of men, and the aid of numer- ous large electric lights. The shop and shed room is totally inadequate to the work to be done. The shops are called upon to do work of this class for the whole road, from Ogden to San Francisco, San Francisco to Ashland, and from here to El Paso; while the road from Ashland to Portland will eventually demand the same, and work for that road is already rapidly coming into the shops. The company of course buys its rails from the rail-mills in Europe and the East, but the rail trimmings for these thousands of miles of track are made here. Did but one foimdry have the manufacture of these chairs^ fish-bars and bolts, etc., it would be a handsome HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. addition to the industries of the city. But the company do more: they make their own car- wheels. They also make large quantities of bridge material of wood and iron, all used in fact, except in the case of iron bridges built by bridge-building companies of the East, who make and supply their own material. They en- tirely construct locomotives. The steel tires come mostly from Germany via New York, and the cast steel work is done in San Francisco, but otherwise the engine is entirely built here. So with cars; sleepers and fine passenger coaches are not generally built here, but in the great car shops of the East. But ordinary passenger, emigrant and freight cars are built throughout, as well as all the specially fine and elegant work, as Governor Stanford's private car, which was built in these shops. UISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTER XVII. AGEICULTUEAL SOCIETY. fHE first agricultural association in the State met here iu Sacramento, October 8, 1852, in the American Theater. C. I. Hutchinson was president, and Dr. J. F. Morse delivered tlie address. A fair was held a week or two on that occasion, under the supervision of Warren & Co. The " State Agricultural Society " was organized early in 1854, and on May 18, that year, was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature. The first officers were named in the charter and were as follows: F. W. Macondray, of San Francisco, President; Vice-Presidents, E. L. Beard of Alameda, J. K. Eose of San Francisco, D. W. C. Thompson of Sonoma, H. C. Malone of Santa Clara, W. H. Thompson of San Francisco, and C. I. Hutchin- son of Sacramento; Corresponding Secretary, J. L. L. Warren, of San Francisco; Recording Secretary, C. V. Gillespie, of San Francisco; Treasurer, David Chambers, of San Francisco. The same act appropriated $5,000 per annum for the first four years, for premiums. Under the new charter, the first fair was held in San Francisco, in October following; the second in Sacramento, September, 1855, when the general exhibition was held in the State House and the cattle show at the Louisiana race- track; the third in San Jose, in October, 1856; the fourth in Stockton, in 1857; the fifth in Marysville, in 1858, since which time all the fairs have been held at Sacramento. When the society, in 1860, voted to hold the next fair at Sacramento, — being the third time in succession at the same place, — it angered the competing points in the State, opposition agricultural so- cieties were formed, and the receipts fell from $28,639 in 1860, to $18,584 in 1861. In 1859 the Pavilion at the corner of Sixth and M streets was erected. It was a fine build- ing for the times, constructed upon plans de- signed by M. F. Butler. To defray the expenses, one-fourth of one per cent, was levied upon the property of the county, and the title was there- fore vested in the county. In 1860 the Sacramento Park Association was formed, which donated the ground bounded by E, H, Twentieth and Twenty-second streets, which was cleared and equipped for a trotting park. The Legislature also appropriated $15,000 for the improvements. A brick wall was built around the plat, stands, etc., erected, at a cost of $25,000. Early in 1862, a society styled the " Union Park Association," purchased the six blocks of land lying north of the society's cattle grounds, and thus enabled them to make an excellent mile track. These grounds are still used and kept in good condition. In 1863 the Legislature provided for the election of a " Board of Agriculture," to be en- trusted with the affairs of the State Agriculture Society. Under this arrangement the fairs were lield until the State Constitution of 1879 was UI STORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. adopted, which cut off all State assistance uuless the Board of Directors were appoiuted by State authority. The subsequent Legislature em- ])0wered the Governor to appoint the members uf this board, and also divided the State into '■ agricultural districts " of several counties each, placing in the Third District the counties of Sacramento, Sutter, Yuba, Butte, Colusa, Te- hama and Yolo; but at present, probably on account of the direct presence of the State in- stitution, Sacramento is not taking an active part in the district organization. In 1884 the present raagniiicent Pavilion, east of the Capitol, was erected. It is, in general, about 400 . feet square, and cost, with furnish- ings, in tlie neighborhood of $115,000. It is the largest public building in the State. For some years the fairs have occupied about two weeks' time. At the last exhibition, Sep- ttinber 3 to 15, over $20,000 was awarded in premiums. The annual membership fee is $5, which entitles one to exhibit in the Pavilion and to compete for premiums, and also to a sea- son ticket of admission for himself, an accom- panying lady, and children under fifteen years of age. The preisdent of the board tiiis year is Chris- topher Green, of Sacramento; and the other resident members are: G. W. Hancock, Superin- tendent of the Park; H. M. La Rue, Superin- tendent of the Pavilion; and Frederick Cox. The secretary of the board is Edwin F. Smith, whose office is in the Pavilion. A SDCCP:ssruL experiment. In the year 1884, A. A. Krull, about two and a half miles northeast of Florin, executed a novel but brilliantly successful experiment in horticulture. Having several acres of " hard- pan " upon his place, he devised the plan of breaking it up with blasts of powder. Em- ploying an expert, he bored holes in the ground, one for each tree, put down in each a pound of Huckley's No. 2 Giant Powder, and exploded it, with the result of giving to each tree a mass of rich, loose, moist earth, not needing irriga- tion. It is now as good as the best land for raising fruit. The cost was $27 per 100 charges. Occasionally a spot required a second charge. Other horticulturists are taking lessons. It seems that in time all the hard-pan iu the country, now considered nearly worthless, may be made the best of land. SACRAMENTO BOARD OF TRADE. "We are indebted to the kindness of Albert M. Johnson, Esq., Secretary of the board dur- ing the years 1885, 1886 and 1887, for the fol- lowing particulars: Although this city ever since the admission of California into the Union had been the second in the commonwealth in respect to commercial im- portance, no definite steps were taken until 1877 toward the organization of a business men's association whose mission should be the im- provement of the city and the establishment of commercial intercourse between it and the sur- rounding country. At that time, however, the growth of the city seemed to render it impera- tively necessary to form such an organization. Accordingly, on the 24th of October, that year, a few of the leading merchants here held an in- formal meeting in the office of W. P. Coleman, one of the oldest business men of Sacramento, and discussed the advisability of uniting them- selves into a commercial organization whose aim should be to supply the pressing needs referred to. Albert Gallatin was chairman of that meet- ing, which comprised Joseph Steffens, A. S. Hopkins, W. P. Coleman, Sparrow Smith, John McNeill, C. H. Hubbard, C. T. Wheeler and others. Preliminary steps were then taken. On the 21st of the next month a constitution and by-laws were adopted, and the officers elected December 11, 1877, for the first year were: Albert Gallatin, President; W. P. Coleman, Vice-President; H. G. Smith, Treasurer; C. T. Wheeler, A. S. Hopkins, Joseph Steffens, Wm. M. Lyons and James I. Felter, Directors. Starting with a membership of about twenty, the board has constantly increased iu numerical strength, as follows: 1878, thirty-four; 1879, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. thirty-five; 1880, forty-four; 1881, forty-nine; 1882,' fifty-seven; 1883, iifty-nine; Isk-'B?, sixty-two; 1888, sixty -five; 1889, about seventy. The only conditions of membership are signing the constitution and paying the monthly dues, it being the design of the founders to admit all persons and firms feeling an interest in the growth and welfare of tlie city. From the organ- ization to the present time the zeal and effi- ciency of the board have not flagged, and almost every improvement of the city and county owes its origin to their philanthropy and enter- prise. In 1878 their exertions procured the estab- lishment of a branch State Prison near Folsom. About that time they also began to agitate the question of having a Government building in Sacramento, wherein should be the postoffice, revenue offices, the land office, etc. This was a difficult undertaking, but, despite the opposition of a few and the indifference of many, they con- tinued to memorialize their Senators and Rep- resentatives in Congress until they succeeded in having a bill passed making the necessary ap})ropriation for such a purpose. Sufficient ground has been purchased on the north-east corner of Seventh and K streets— a central lo- cation — and the building will probably be com- pleted within two years. By the year 1879 the interests of its members had so increased that the board began to pay special attention to the matter of business fail- ures, attachments, etc. In the absence of a State insolvent act, the repeal by Congress of the United States bankrupt law had entailed severe losses upon the merchants of both Sac- ramento and San Francisco. The Boards of Trade of these cities therefore united their efforts to procure the passage of a State insolvent law. They also agreed during that year that all fail- ures thereafteraffectingtheir membership should be managed in common, and that all the recov- eries therein effected through the instrumen- tality of either board should be divided pro rata among all the members interested in both boards. This agreement has been in force ever since, and the operations of the two boards under it have been uniformly satisfactory. The Legislature of 1880 was cafled upon by the merchants throughout the State to pass the insolvent act prepared and recommended by the San Francisco and Sacramento Boards of Trade; and through the joint efforts of the two bodies the Legislature was prevailed upon to enact the law, which is yet upon the statute books and has since proved a great benefit, to debtors as well as creditors. In 1882, realizing the insufticiency of the accommodations afforded by the State Agricult- ural Society in the building then used as a pavilion during the annual State fairs, the Sacra- mento Board of Trade inaugurated a inovement for the procuring of a better building, to be erected by the State upon a part of the Capitol Park. The result was the erection of the State Exposition Building, the most beautiful and the largest public edifice in the State, described elsewhere under the head of "Agricultural In- terests." About this time the State began to feel the influence of Eastern immigration that had been pouring in for a year or two, principally to Southern California, and measures began to be taken in the northern and central portions of the State to induce a part at least of that im- migration to "move up this way." In this enterprise the Sacramento Board of Trade took a leading part, and has ever since sustained that position. The movement has been efiectual. Land has risen in some parts of Northern Cali- fornia to several times its former value, while population has almost doubled. In December, 1882, Hon. Joseph Steffens was elected presi- dent of the board, and filled the position so creditably, and gave such universal satisfaction, that he has ever since been re-elected without opposition to that ofBce. It was he who in- augurated, in pursuance of a long-forgotten by- law of the board, the custom of delivering an annual address which should not only give a summarized account of the work done by the association, but should also refer to many mat- in STOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ters of general interest in Sacramento and the surrounding territory. His addresses have been printed and widely circulated, and have aided very materially in attracting the attention of Eastern people to this community. It is also due to the untiring efforts of the Sacramento Board of Trade that appropriations were increased in 1885-'86 for the improvement of the rivers, and in the latter year the board saw that the numey was properly expended. In September, at the expense of the Board of Trade, the California Senators and Representatives in Congress, accompanied by representatives from the commercial organizations of San Francisco, as well as by a delegation from the Board of Trade and the city authorities, ascended the Sacramento River in a steamer chartered for the purpose by the board, to view for themselves the devastation caused by hydraulic mining. Since then more particular attention has been paid to the necessity of removing the obstruc- tions in the river and reclaiming the lands laid waste by mining debris. In 1884-'85 the board favored the proposed State poor law which has since been enacted. In 1885— '86 the approaching completion of the California & Oregon Railroad, connecting Sacramento directly by rail with Portland, Ore- gon, and the great Northwest, induced the board to memorialize Congress against the forfeiture of the land that had been granted in aid of the enterprise. Their efforts were not unsuccessful, and it may be said that to this movement, as much as to anything else, Sacramento owes her railroad connection with that rapidly developing portion of the Union. During this year the board began the investi gation of the much discussed city bond ques- tion, and by the appointment of committees and identifying itself generally with this compli- cated subject, has done as much perhaps as all other influences combined to put this vexed question in a fair way to a speedy and satisfac- tory settlement. In this year also the board took up the Ne- vada State law exacting a heavy license from representatives of California houses, which law had for years oppressed commercial travelers. Vigorous efforts had been made by wholesale merchants, both of Sacramento and San Fran- cisco, to have the law repealed; but not until the Sacramento Board of Trade took hold of the matter in earnest was any result accomplished. It co-operated with a few of the members of the San Francisco Board (that board, for some rea- son, having failed to lend its entire aid) in carry- ing up a case to test the constitutionality of the law, resulting in a complete victory for the wholesale merchants. California commercial travelers operating in Nevada are now free from the payment of unnecessary license fees. The members of the Sacramento Board of Trade were among the earliest to take measures for the holding of annual citrus fairs in the northern part of the State. The first fair of the kind was held in 1886, and since then they have been held regularly every year. In March, 1888, the long-talked-of railroad from Sacramento to Placerville was completed, thus adding greatly to the material welfare of the city, ae well as to that of Placerville and other points; and this enterprise was aided at all times by the influence of the Sacramento Board of Trade. These are but a few of the good works that owe their conception to the Sacramento Board of Trade. They suffice to show, however, that in all matters pertaining to the welfare of the city the members of its Board of Trade have been the foremost workers. This body meets annually in December, and at other times when called; but the details of the business arc attended to by the Board of Directors, whose meetings are held on the sec- ond Tuesday of every month. Place of meet- ing, in the secretary's office, over Wells, Fargo & Co.'s. The present officers of the board are: Hon. Joseph Steffens, President; P. E. Piatt, Vice- President; G. G. Pickett, Secretary; Edwin K. Alsip, Treasurer; Directors — Joseph Steffens, P. E. Piatt, Eugene J. Gregory, Herman Fisher, BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. William Ingram, Jr., D. A. Lindlej, L. L. Lewis and A. S. Hopkins. A "Business Men's Club" has also been re- cently formed for the purpose of entertaining visitors contemplating settlement upon the coast, and showing them the advantages of lo- cating in this vicinity. THE IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION of the city and county of Sacramento was or- ganized May 31, 1887, with about 200 members, for the purpose of advancing the interests of Sacramento and vicinity, and to prevent private jobbery with public funds. W. P. Coleman has the credit of being the foremost man in this or- ganization. At the preliminary meeting held May 25 preceding, resolutions were passed protesting against large land holdings, and urging ments to be raised upon them. Committees were appointed upon every subject relating to the im- provement of tlie locality. Ordinances have been submitted by them, especially relating to the improvement of the streets and sidewalks. This association built and still maintains that beauti- ful permanent exposition building near the de- pot, for the exhibition of the products of North- ern and Central California, and J. C. Medley is employed to keep the hall open every day from 7 A. M. to 6 p. M., for the accommodation of vis- itors. The building, designed by N. D. Good- ell, is an octagon in form and of very attractive finish. The present officers are: Hon. W. H. Beatty, President; Hon. F. R. Dray, Vice-President; C. H. Cummings, Treasurer, and C. W. Baker, Secretary. ' BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTER XVIII. tS introductory to this subject, it will be most convenient to notice here the epi- demics and indescribable suffering at the earliest period of the rush for gold, which led iirst to the establishment of private hospitals. Dr. Morse says: "At this time Sacramento was a nucleus of attraction to the world. It was the great start- ing point to the vast and glittering gold fields of California, with the tales of which the whole universe became astounded, and wiiich men of every clime and nation sought to reach without a moment's reflection upon the cost or hazard of such an adventure. The only consideration upon the part of a hundred thousand gold- seekers who were preparing for emigration to California, was dispatch. Time wasted on pru» dential outfits, upon the acquirement of means beyond the passage fee to San Francisco, and peradventure a little spending money to dissi- pate the impatience of delay, was as well wasted in any other way. What were a few dollars that required months to accumulate in the At- lantic States, to the gold-gleaming ounces that California gave weekly as compensation for the simplest labor? "All that men seemed to wish for was the means of setting foot upon California soil, and few were sufiiciently provident in their calcu- lations to provide anything beyond the mere landing at San Francisco. Out of the thou- sands who landed at the above place in the in- terval referred to, not one in a hundred arrived in the country with money enough to buy him a decent outfit for the mines. Such was the heedlessness with which people immigrated to this country during the incipient progress of the gold-seeking fever. In all parts of the world vessels of every size and condition were put up for the great El Dorado, and as soon as put up were filled to overflowing with men who had not the remotest conception of the terrible sufferings they were to encounter. Along the entire coast of the American continent, in every prominent port of Europe, in nearly every mari- time point of Asia, and in nearly all the islands of the world, were men struggling with reck- less determination for the means of coming to California. The earnings of years were in- stantly appropriated, goods and chattels sold at ruinous sacrifices, homesteads mortgaged for loans obtained upon destructive rates of interest, and jewelry, keepsakes and pension fees pledged for the reimbursement of a beggarly steerage passage for thousands of miles to the town of San Francisco. These are facts with which the world is now familiar; and this being the man- ner in which people embarked for the Eureka State, it can be easily imagined how those landed who survived the untcjld and unuttera- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ble sufferings endured from port to port. From the 1st of August, 1849, the deluging tides of immigration began to roll into the city of San Francisco their hundreds and thousands daily; not men made robust and hearty by a pleasant and comfortable sea voyage, but poor, miserable beings, so famished and filthy, so saturated with scorbutic diseases, or so depressed in spirits as to make them an easy prey of disease and death, where they had expected naught but health and fortune. " Thus did mining adventurers pour into San Francisco, nine- tenths of whom for a few months immediately took passage to Sacramento. How- ever debilitated they might be, however penni- less and destitute, still this, tlie great focus of mining news, the nearest trading point for miners situated upon a navigable stream, was the only place that men could think of stopping for recuperative purposes. Hence, froA Cape Horn, from all the Isthmus routes, from Asi- atic seaports, and from the islands of the Pacific, men in the most impoverished health were con- verging at Sacramento. But these were not the only resources of difficulty to Sacramento in 1849; for at the same time that the scurvy-rid- den subjects of the ocean began to concentrate among us, tiiere was another more terrible train of scorbutic sufferers coming in from the over- land roads, so exhausted in strength and so worn out with the calamities of the journey as to be but barely able to reach this, the Valley City. " From these sources, Sacramento became a perfect lazar house of disease, suffering and death, months before anything like an effective city government was organized. It must be recollected that in proportion as these scenes began to accumulate, men seemed to grow in- different to the appeals of suffering and to the dictates of benevolence. The more urgent and importunate the cries and beseeching miseries of the sick and destitute, the more obdurate, despotic and terrible became the reign of cupid- ity. Everything seemed vocal with the assur- ance that men came to California to make money, not to devote themselves to a useless waste of time in procuring bread and raiment for the de- pendent, in watching over and taking care of the sick, or in the burying of the dead. The common god (gold) of that day taught no such feminine virtues, and the king of the country, Cupidity, declared it worse than idle in his sub- jects to pay attention to the ties of consanguin- ity, or stultify their minds with any consider- ations of affection or appreciation of human sympathies. Fathers paid little attention to sons, and sons abandoned fathers when they re- quired a little troubles jme care. Brothers were fraternally bound to each other as long as each was equally independent of all assistance. But when sickness assailed and men became depend- ents upon men, then it was that the channels of benevolence were found to be dry, and the very fountains of human sympathy sealed by the most impenetrable selfishness. " Had this not been the condition, such scenes as were then witnessed could not have been ex- hibited. If men had not allowed themselves to become the temporary vassals of cupidity, an old gra3'-headed father, nearly famished by a tedious Cape Horn voyage, and landing upon our levee in the last stage of a disorganizing scurvy, could never have been abandoned by a son and other relatives who were dependent upon him for the means of coniing to the country. And yet such an old man was left alone upon the unfrequented banks of the slough, to await the coming of the only friends that could give him relief — death and the grave! The grave he was not sure of, but death was certa'n, and soon realized. " In the month of July, 1849, these subjects of distress and the appeals of misery became so common that men could not escape them; and if there had been the utmost attention paid to the exercise of charity and protection, it would have been impossible to have met the demands of the destitute, sick and dying as a commen- surate sympathy would have dictated. Such was the difficulty with which facilities for the care of the sick could be procured, that even the few who had money could not purchase those HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. coint'orts wliicli even the poorest in the Atlantic States can always enjoy. Dr. Craigan's hospi- tal at the Fort was the most comfortable place, but such were the necessary demands for board- ing and nursing that men could not avail them- selves of such care. Soon after the establish- ment of this hospital, Drs. Deal and Martin opened another hospital in one of the bastions of the old Fort. This led to a reduction of the cost of hospital board and attendance, but still it was too dear a comfort to be purchased by more than one in five of the accumulating in- valids of the town. The sick of the city were in consequence thrown upon the exclusive at- tention of a society which iiad become so mam- mon-ridden as to be almost insensible to the voice of want. Not only were the victims of scurvy evolving a general distress, but also those who supposed themselves acclimated were be- to feel the sweep ing; miasmatic fevers which were peculiarly severe during this first season. "Under such circumstances that was true benevolence which attempted to respond to the requirements of humanity. And now let us see where the first grand response to these touching appeals came from. The record of so much credit should not perisli. The first or- ganized efforts to relieve this suffering were made by the fraternity of Odd Fellows. Al- though denied the privilege of a complete organization, they yet came together, bound themselves by an informal association, and like a band of pure Samaritans devoted themselves with untiring zeal to the wants of suffering humanity. General A. M. Winn was elected president of the association, than whom no man could have been more active in his charity; Mr. McLaren was elected secretary, and Captain Gallup, treasurer. And every member of this body became one of a visiting committee whose duty it was to keep the society constantly ad- vised of every dependent subject of distress coining to their knowledge. "From this association, the history of whicii would fill the heart of every lover of humanity, an immense amount of relief was dispensed. But this was not sufficient to dissipate the in- creasing calamity. Men still sickened and died without assistance; men were still buried in the filth of an unattended sickness, and frequently without the benefit of being sewed up in a blanket for interment. Rough pine coffins ranged from $60 to $150, and it was not to be expected that in the midst of such distress and poverty coffins could always be procured. The association of Odd Fellows spent thousands of doUai-s for coffins alone; and when General Winn became the executive officer of the city government, no man was refused a coffin burial." CHOLERA IN SACRAMENTO. The cholera made its first appearance in Sacramento on the 20th of October, 1850, when an immigrant by sea was found on the levee, in the collapsing stage of the disease. The infec- tion was brouglit to San Francisco on the same steamer which conveyed the intelligence of Cali- fornia's admission to the Union, and reached Sacramento before the city had recovered from tlie demoralizing effects of the Squatter RiotS; As usual in such cases, the local papers en- deavored to conceal the extent of mortality, and their files of that date give no adequate idea of the fearful scourge. On the 21st of October the city physician reported seven cases of cholera to the council, five of w^hich were fatal. Some of the doctors attempted to quiet public appre- hension by the opinion that the malady was only a violent form of the cholera morbus, and the Times "felt confident that there was very little danger, and had not heard of a single case where the patient had not been previously re- duced by diarrhea." On the 27th six cases were reported, and the Times "lioped that some precautionary measures would be taken," etc. On the 29th twelve cases appeared; on the 30th, nineteen, and it was no longer possible to con- ceal the presence of the ghastly destroyer. A Sacramento correspondent of the Alta, Novem- ber 4, says: "This city presents an aspect truly terrible. Three of the large gambling niSTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. reeorts have been closed. The streets are de- serted, and frequented only by the hearse. Nearly all business is at a stand-still. There seems to be a deep sense of expectancy, mingled witli fear, pervading all classes. There is an expression of anxiety in every eye, and all sense of pecuniary loss is merged in a greater appre- hension of personal danger. The daily mortal- ity is about sixty. Many deaths are concealed, and many others are not reported. Deaths during the past week, so far as known, 188." On the 14th of November the daily mortality had decreased to twehe, and on the 17th the plague was reported as having entirely disap peai-ed. The precise number of deaths resulting from cholera can never be known, as many were re- turned as having died of dysentery, fevers, etc., for the purpose of quieting public apprehension, and no exact records of the event are accessible. The only reliable account extant was written by Dr. John F. Morse, ten years afterward, for Colville's Directory. Dr. Morse was one of the most active and humane physicians during the prevalence of the calamity, and pai'ts of his narrative are almost too shocking for transcrip- tion here; but no one who ever knew that good man will think of calling in question his credi- bility, now that he, too, has passed away. Having referred to the general rejoicing on the admission of ('alifornia to the Union, Dr. Morse continues: "But, alas! the exuberance of spirit thus enkindled, the joyous and buoyant feeling thus excited, were but the illusive precedents of one of the most appalling calamities that had ever yet set its seal of distress upon the destiny of the Valley City.. "Every successive day brought intelligence from the bay that the newly arrived passengers were still dying with cholera. In the feverish state of mind that existed in the community, there was no hope of escape. This alone, with the direction then given to fears, was sufficient to coerce the disease into a terrific development. It scarcely required an imported case to estab- lish a panic more to be dreaded than its cause. But the first case that occurred was a steerage passenger of the steamer which lirought the dis- ease. Early in the morning of the 20th of Oc- tober, a person was found on the levee in the collapsing stage of the malady. Medical aid was administered, but the disease had taken too deep a hold of its victim. I saw him at sun- rise; he was then expiring from the efiects of the disease. The indications presented by his death were not calculated to abridge the de- pressing fear in the community. The cholera was now indeed in our city, and from mouth to mouth the story was communicated, so im- proved in all the features of a horrible descrip- tion as to darken the city with the very pall of death in a few hours. The next day several fatal cases were reported, and as duly circulated through the magnifying minds of thousands, whose fear of the disease made them the almost certain subjects of it. "In six days from the time of its inception it was making such progress that regular burials were but slightly attended to, and nursing and attention were not unfrequently entirely over- looked. Money could scarcely buy the offices of common kindness, and affections were so neutralized by the conflicting elements of selfish- ness, that but little could be done to arrest the course of the disease. "The victims of the malady did not seem to be confined so much to those of intemperate and irregular habits, as had been the case in almost all previous manifestations of the dis- ease. People of the most industrious, careful and regular habits seemed alike vulnerable to the dreadl'ul enemy. In a few days many of our most substantial citizens were numbered among the victims of the sweeping epidemic. It was reported that 150 cases occurred in a single day; but such was the confusion and positive delirium of the community that no proper records were made, nor can any accurate data now be found in respect to the epidemic of 1850. As soon as the daily mortality became so great as to keep men constantly employed in in STORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. carrying away the dead, tlie citizens began to leave the town in every direction, and in such numbers as to soon diminish the ]>opula- tion to not more tliau ono-iifth of its ordinary standard. " In this pestilential reign of terror and dis- may, the most dreadful abandonments of rela- tives and friends took place. Those who were willing to forget self and become the visitants of mercy, constituted but a small and meagre proportion of the many, who, following the instincts of nature, sought only to preserve themselves. There were a few men, as there always will be, whose warm hearts throbbed with an uncontrollable anxiety to convey relief to the distressed and the dying, and who lin- gered around the death scenes of the epidemic, so spell-bound l)y sympathy, that they endured anything and everything as long as there re- mained a solitary hope of even palliating the agony of dissolving nature. These men are found by and are known to those who constitute the heroes of epidemics. They consisted of an occasional brother, whose inwrought feelings of fraternity were sustained by a maternal bias that made them as enduring as life. I will mention one name, my motive for which will be readily acknowledged more as the extortion of truth than the result of partisan partiality — that of John Bigler, the present Governor of California. This man, with strong impulses of sympathy! could be seen in every refuge of distress that concealed the miseries of the dying and the des- titute. With a lump of gum-camphor now in his pocket and anon at his nostrils, he braved every scene of danger that presented, and with his own hands administered relief to his suftor- ing and uncared-for fellow-beings. " The rapid spreading of the cpideinic gave to the physicians of the city no rest, day or night. As might be expected, they were falling like the foremost soldiers of a desperate charge, and ere the cholera had subsided, seventeen of their number were deposited in the ISandhill Cemetery of our city — a professional mortality never bcfoi-e known; an inroad of (hiath from which but a fraction more than two in three escaped with life, and not one in three from the disease! And yet, not a single educated phy- sician turned his back upon the city in its dis- tress and threatened destruction. " This awful calamity lasted in its malignant form only about twenty days; but, by the un- systematic records of the times, the number of deaths cannot be ascertained. Besides those who died in the city, many were overtaken by death in other places, and upon the road, in their des- perate efforts to escape by running from the enemy. In the latter part of the epidemic the- authorities procured the use of a large frame building on L street, where the destitute chcHera subjects' were taken and provided for. / The abatement of the disease was much longe/ than the period of its inception and increase, and commenced just as soon as the frequency of death had familiarized people with the frightful scenes around them, and rendered them loss defenseless from a paralyzing fear. By the time the disease had almost disappeared the city was nearly depopulated, and there were not a few who thought the Levee City was dead beyond the possibility of resurrection. " But those who supposed that Sacramento and Sacramentans could be so easily crushed had not learned their character. The very moment that mortality began an obvious retreat from the premises, that moment those who survived their flight returned. Those who abided by the city in its distress, reacted upon the calamities of the town with such an elastic and vigorous energy as to completely transform the appear- ance of the place in a few days. The conlidence of the people in the health of the city was almost immediately restored, and business communica- tions were reopened with the mines under the most encouraging circumstances. For a few weeks a good business was realized, and the broken and beautiful winter that followed im- parted a vitality to the town that could not have been anticipated by one who had contemplated its destiny through the gloomy scenes of Oc- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. HOSPITALS. In April, 1850, the Freemasons and Odd Fellows together established a hospital, the Board of Trustees being elected by both orders. A series of concerts was given for the benefit of the hospital, which were liberally patronized. The managers of the Tehama Theatre and Rowe's Olympic Circus also gave benefits for the same object. Dr. Dow liad a " Thompsoniaii Hospital and Botanic Medicine Store" on K street, between Second and Third. Price of admission per day, $5 to $25, "according to trouble and expense." Drs. T. J. White and C. D. Cleveland had an extensive liospital that would accommodate 100 patients, on tlie corner of Ninth and L streets. Drs. James S. Martin and B. R. Carman con- ducted the " Sutter's Fort Hospital," inside the fort. Drs. Morse and Stillman also had a hos- pital at the corner of Third and K streets. THE COUNTY HOSPITAL. Several physicians, first at Sutter's Fort and afterward in the city, received boarding pa- tients; but very few of the sick had the means to pay the prices asked. Very early, therefore, were the people led to establish a public hos- pital. The first was established aiiout 1851-'52, in the business part of the city, and among the early physicians to the institution were Drs. J. F. Montgomery, Johnson Price, Procter and George W. Williams. In the City Direc- tory of 1853 is the following entry: " Drs- Johnson Price and George W. Williams, Phy- sicians to the County Hospital, corner of I and Seventh streets." About the same time or shortly afterward. Price & Procter established a hospital on Second street, between I and J, with seventy-five or eighty beds. They entered into contract with the county for keeping the' poor, of whom they had about fifty, charging very high fees. Within three or fonr years the county endeavored to break the contract, in the meantime establishing a hospital on the corner of Tenth and L streets. Price & Procter sued the county and obtained judgment. This county building was on the northwest corner of the present Capitol Park, and was torn down and removed soon after it was vacated, some time after the war. In 1857 Dr. Montgomery was again the county physician; 1858- 59, Dr. G. L. Simmons; 1859- '60, Dr. Montgomery; 1861, from ISovember, Dr. J. G. Phelan; 1869, from September, Dr. Montgomery; 1870, Dr. A. C. Donaldson, with Dr. G. A. White as assistant. About this time the county purchased from James Lansing sixty acres of land on the upper Stockton road, about three miles southeast of the business center of the city, at a cost of about $11,000, and erected upon it a very fine build- ing, and moved into it the seventy-five patients that were in the old building. October 5, 1878, this new building was accidentally burned, and the patients were temporarily cared for in tlie " old Pavilion," at the corner of Sixth and M. streets, until the present structures were com- pleted, in the summer of 1879. The Board of Supervisors called for plans for a new building or buildings, and adopted those furnished by JSI. D. Goodell, of this city, which were offered in competition with a number of others. The de- sign is what is called the " pavilion plan," con- sisting of a central or main building, with four separated wings like the rays of a star, the set constituting a half circle. Thus arranged, a better protection against fire is provided for, as well as a greater abundance of air and light and a superior aspect of cheerfulness. These build- ings cost between $60,000 and $65,000. All the appointments in the various departments are superior in respect to convenience and neat- ness, and all the surrounding premises are at- tractive. The sewage system is that of Shone, which is operated upon the pneumatic principle, and the sewage is all utilized upon the grounds. Of these grounds there are four acres in vine- yard, five or six acres in garden, ten in pasture and the remainder in orchard, meadow and building site. There is now an average of 150 to 160 inmates, each costing the county about UISTOBT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. $l'i.50 a month. Monthly reports of the insti- tution are published in the city papers. In the spring of 1879 the medical superin- tendence of the county iiospital fell into the hands of tlie homeopathists, and for the first three months of this year Dr. George Pybnrn was the county physician, and for the succeeding four Dr. George M. Dixon; and tiien Dr. J. R- Laine, regular, served out the unexpired term. AVith the exception of this period, Dr. G. A. "White has been the county physician ever since March, 1872. CKNTKAL PACIFIC KAILKOAD HOSPITAL. Between the years 1864 (when the first train was run on the road) and 1868 most of the em- ployes were strangers, and new arrivals in Cali- fornia, and as the road passed for the most part through a country very sparsely inhabited, where little or no accommodations could be furnished for those who, by the vicissitudes of climate, exposure or accident, became sick and helpless, much suffering to the men on the line was caused ; added to this, as a rule, very few of the employes had relatives or friends to care for them, or money to carry them through a period of sickness, which necessitated a call for dona- tions from their comrades and the company. These calls became so fre(j[uent and onerous that tlie company concluded the wisest and most hu- mane proceeding would be to build a hospital in Sacramento, where all the employes might be taken care of and restored to health as soon as practicable, whether the patient had means or not. Before building, however, an old resi- dence was leased and put to use. The Central Pacific Railroad Hospital was built by the company at Sacramento in 1869, at a cost of §64,000. It consists of a main build- ing 60 X 35 feet, four stories and basement, with a wide verandah at each story, two wings 35 x 52 feet, and a kitchen twenty-four feet square, re- moved a few feet from the main building. The hospital has six wards, besides eight private rooms for patients, a library of some 1,500 vol- umes, well appointed executive and medical rooms, and will accommodate 125 patients. Every officer and employe of the company con- tributes mouthy 50 cents from his pay as "hospital dues," which constitutes a fund to pay the current expenses of the institution. The payment of this 50 cen''s, monthly, entitles the employe to free admission and medical at- tendance at the hospit d in case of sickness or injury while in the service of the company. Tlie fund from this source has been sufficient to defray the current expenses of the hospital and pay the interest on its cost. It is gratifying to know that the hospital is fully appreciated by the employes of the company, who, by casualty or sickness, have been inmates. No employe is entitled to medical treatment here whose sick- ness has been caused by any form of venerea! infection, intemperance, bad habits, vicious act or hereditary, constitutional or previous in- firmity. There are now (April, 1889) forty-two patients in the hospital — a lower number than they have had for a long time. Dr. S. P. Thomas was the first physician Dr. A. B. Nixon had the medical charge from February 1, 1870, wiien the new building was opened, until recently. The present officers are-. F. J. Huse, of San Francisco, Superintendent ; T. W. Huntington, Piiysician and Surgeon; G. B. Somers, Assistant Physician; R. Forbes, Dispenser and Steward; J. F. Daul, Clerk. PROTESTANT ORPHAN ASYLUM. An association for the care of orphans was organized as early as 1858, but it proved short- lived. In 1867 Mrs. Elvira Baldwin interested a number of citizens, including the Governor, in the care of a family of seven children left or- phans by the death of their mother, a poor woman; and this movement directly resulted in the organization of a society for the care of or- phans and destitute children throughout the county, and even the State. Mrs. I. E. Dwinell was the first president. The society immedi- ately rented and furnished a building on the corner of Seventh and D streets, where they ])!aced fourteen or fifteen children in the care of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Mrs. Cole, the first matron. The next year the association erected a building on the site of the present establishment on K street, between Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets. It was con- siderably damaged by fire December 7, 1878, but it was soon repaired, and another and a su- perior building added. Also, 1877, a neat school-house was built on the premises, where the school is made one of the " public schools " of the city, in the care of the City Board of Education. No child, however, but the proper inmates of the asylum, is admitted into this school. Anumg tl.e many noble women who have sac- rificed much of their time and money in sus- taining this institution, special mention may be made of Mrs. S. E. Clayton, who during the last fifteen years has traveled at least 4,500 miles, visited 110 children — some of them several times — and taken fifteen orphans and destitute children, who were afterward furnished homes under the management of the association. She was president of the society in 1887-'88. There are at present about 150 children cared for at the asylum. The officers of the associa- tion this year are: Mrs. N. D. Kideout, Presi- dent; Mrs. O. P. Goodhue, Vice-President; Mrs. C. E. Paine, Treasurer; Mrs. W. H. Hobby, Secretary. The remaining members of the Board of Management are: Mrs. T. B. McFar- land, Mrs. Edward Twitchell, Mrs. C. P. Massey, Jr., Kichard Irvine, E. A. Barr, A. C. Tufts, J. Frank Clark, T. D. Scriver. Mrs. A. E. Peck- ham is Matron; Mrs. Maggie "Warr, Assistant Matron, and Dr. W. A. Hughson, Physician. MARGUERITE HOME. This home for aged women is situated upon the one-half block of land. Seventh and Eighth P and Q streets, in the City of Sacramento. The main building and handsome grounds had for- merly been the residence property of Captain William Whitney, and the addition of another equally well-constructed building alongside, 36 X 78 feet in size, was made, in order to pro- cure twenty-eight large bed-rooms, with parlor. reception room, office, kitchen, laundry and dining room. The bed-rooms are all well lighted, perfectly ventilated and handsomely furnished, thus insuring the greatest possible comfort of the inmates. There is also a system of hot-air pipes throughout the house, and an abundance of ho.-e a, id hydrants for fire purposes. The pleasing and substantial character of the building and the spacious grounds, shaded by large trees and filled with choice shrubbery combine to make the place home-like and at- tractive. On February 25, 1884, the sixtieth anniver- sary of the birthday of the founder, the Mar- guerite Home was dedicated. The occasion was celebrated by a reception at the Home to the older citizens of the city. After the congratu- lations were over, Mrs. Margaret E. Crocker formally presented the institution to the Board of Trustees, with the following remarks: " Frank Miller, Albert Gallatin, John II. Carroll, Gustavus L. Simmons and Charles McCreary: " Gentlemen — Herewith I deliver into your possession a deed in trust for certain money, real and personal property, by means of which I propose to establish a home for aged and in- digent women in Sacramento, to be known as the 'Marguerite Home.' I have the honor, gentlemen, to solicit your acceptance of this trust. The deed, expresses my intentions with- out placing restrictions upon your mode of management. " Knowing your intelligence and ability, and having full faith in your character and in your disposition to aid in all benevolent purposes, and believing you to be in full accord with my views in respect to the especial objects of my regard in this gift, I have left, as you will see upon a careful examination of the deed, to your discre- tion and superior knowledge and to your kind and earnest efforts, which I most heartily in- voke, the success of this trust." Appropriate responses were made by Dr. G. L. Simmons, Hon. Joseph Steffens and Hon. John Q. Brown, the mayor. CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE. M-\J.(.i I I III H()\lt, FOR AGED WOMEN UIHTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 135 In addition to the property purchased for the Home, the deed above referred to bequeaths also the sum of §50,000 as an endowment fund, and the furtlier sum of §12,000 as additional aid. • While the income from Mrs. Crocker's large donation has already been apportioned for the support of the present inmates, thetrastees, anx- ious to give the benefits of the institution to such worthy and respectable aged women as may de- sire to enter, have arranged to take for life such as may be able to pay the expenses incident to their maintenance. At present there are twelve to fifteen women cared for at the Home. The Board of Trustees now consists of Dr. G. L. Simmons, Frank Miller, Charles Mc- Crear}', Liidwig Mebius and Cnarles F. Dill- man; and the Directresses are Mrs. Frank Mil- ler, Mrs. G.L.Simmons, Mrs. Charles McCreary, Mrs. Charles F. Dillman, Mrs. L. Mebius and Mrs. Frank L. Orcott. Mrs. Fanny Safford is matron and Wallace A. Briggs, M. D., the phy- sician. A brief history of this beautiful home, a copy of the deed of trust, by-laws of the Board of Trustees, forms of application, contract, bequest, etc., are published in a magnificent pamphlet, which can be obtained of any of the officers above mentioned. WATER CURKS. Although private hospitals, strictly speaking are not charitable institutions, yet, as they are truly hospitals, it seems most appropriate to place our mention of them here. All " water-cures " and " health institutes " are hospitals; and it appears almost wonderful how soon all Eastern institutions were repre- sented here, though generally in a small way of course, after the first tide of immigration dur- ing the gold excitement. How early the first water-cure was established in Sacramento we have not been able to learn, but it was probably earlyjin the '50s. In 1857 Dr. T. P. Zander ad- vertised in glowing terms a hydropathic insti- tution on the southwest corner of Fifth and K streets, Sacramento. Afterward a Dr. Burns established a similar institution, which is now the PACIFIC WATER CUKE AND ECLECTIC HEALTH IN- STITUTE. With SO much that is semi-tropical around it, Sacramento would not be complete unless fur- nished for all the luxury of the bath. The Pa. cific Water Cure and Eclectic Health Institute, on the northwest corner of Seventh and L streets, under the direction of Dr. M. F. Clayton, pro- vides all the requisites of the bath, and much more, in that it offers all the comforts and con- veniences of a well-equipped sanitarium. The building is large and commodious, centrally lo- cated, while yet somewhat removed from the noise and bustle of the crowded thoroughfares of the city; is surrounded by beautiful shade trees, and suggestive in every way of a pleasant and refined home. A portion of the building has recently been raised, and the departments entirely remodeled. There are luxurious par- lors, rich and elegant in all their appointments, for the exclusive use of the ladies patronizing this famous establishment. The institution is provided with all the neces- sary appliances for Turkish, Russian, electric or medicated water or vapor baths, which may be enjoyed at any time as a luxury or as a neces- sary means of medical treatment. On the second floor are comfortable, home-like rooms, full of sunshine, for the use of those who either require rest after bathing, or for patients coming from a distance in search of relief and cure. Even stables with horses and vehicles for their use are a part of the establishment. The whole is under the direction and super- vision of Dr. M. F. Clayton, a graduate of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, Ohio, who has been in the present location thirteen years, and whose large experience as a prac- titioner for thirty-three years renders him es- pecially fitted for such a charge. M. F. Clayton, M. D., Proprietor of the " Pacific Water Cure and Home for the Sick," northwest corner of Seventh and L streets. HISTORY OF SACIIAMBNTO COUNTY. Sacnimeiito, was horn in Knox County, Oliio, in 1S2G, and hroiiglit up in (jrawtbrd County, that State. Cnuluating in medicine at the Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, Oliio, in 1855, he practiced his prolession in the northeastern por- tion of Indiana lour years, and then, in 1859, came overland to California, with ox and horse teams, being ti\e and a half months on the way. Practicing medicine im the route made the jour- ney more tedious, but multiplied his experiences in such a manner as apparently to till up a whole life-time, and furnisli matter for endless anec- dote. That magnificent painting at tlie head of the north stairway in the Capitol- -the most interesting in all the West to early immigrants to tliis coast — fitly represents many a scene through which the Doctor passed on that long and indescribable journey. He saw his last hor.>;e die 200 miles from human habitation! Arriving at Placerville, September 15, barefoot and almost trouserless, he rolled up his sleeves and went to work in caring for the sick. His tirst task was the care of a man who had been shot, and who, under the Doctor's management, fully recovered. After practicing in Plaeerville eight years. Dr. Clayton moved to Sacramento and opened an office on J street, between Fifth and Sixth, remaining there two years. About that time his family, consisting of a wife and four children, came and joined him. After hav- ing an office on K street, between Fifth and Sixth, a year yr so, the Doctor, in 1876, pur- chased his present institution, fully described under the head of Hospitals in this work. He also owns a tract of partly improved land about sixty-five miles east and a little north of Sacra- mento, and in El Dorado County. The Doctor is one of the organizers of the State Eclectic Medical Society, of which he was vice-president the first term and president two terms; also a member of the State Eclectic Board of Medical Examiners three years, and chairman two years. In politics he is a zealous Prohibitionist. During the campaign of 1888 he was a member of the State Executive Com- mittee of the Prohibition party. He is an affa- ,pe ble gentleman, well calculated to insjii and a cheerful spirit in all his patients, and a jolly mood in all persons around him. Mrs. Sauah E. Clayton, Matron of the Pa- cific Water-Cure, was born in December, 182G, in Delaware. Iler father, Kev. John Davis, was of Welsh descent, and her mother's ances- tors were from England. The family emigrated from Maryland to Ohio in 1830, and after a brief stay at Mansfield and Plymouth, they set- tled in Pucyrus, Crawford County, Ohio, at which place Mrs. Clayton taught in the public schools from 184:6 to 1851. She then married Dr. M. F. Clayton. During the war of the Re- bellion they lived in Fostoria, that State; and while referring to that period we may mention that a brother of Mrs. Clayton, Dr. W. H. Davis, went out as Surgeon in one of the Iowa regiments, and died at Pittsburg Landing in 1862". Mrs. Clayton Avas secretary of the Sani- tary Commission five years at Fostoria, and the work which she did during that period she con- siders the most important of her life. It was, indeed, as important a duty as any on the field of battle, to be performed either by a private soldier or a General commanding armies. She came to California in 1870 with four children, the eldest of whom died in London, England, in 1881. Iler husband had preceded her; to this State a number of years. On going to the county hospital, then at Tenth and L streets, to visit the sick men, she found that the inmates were poorly supplied with reading matter. She asked the citizens to donate such books as they did not need for their own use, to the patients for their entertainment, and her anticipations were more than realized, and they had a valua- ble library to put in the new building when that was completed. Among the books was an old relic, a Greek Bible 200 years old. But, alas! they had the privilege of using that library but a short time, when it, with the nice, new build- ing, was burned. Probably the next in imjiortance of the works of her life is the part which she has taken in behalf of the orphans of that State. She was HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. elected oue of the managers of the Protestant Orphan Asylum of this city in 1873, where her first duty was to look after the interests of the children who had been sent out of the asylum on trial, to procure permanent homes. It proved to be a duty of embarrassing responsibility, and she had many difficulties to encounter until she had a thorough system established, so that when a family took a child she knew its interests would be looked after. She went before the Legislature and asked for a law by which the managers could be governed in placing children out for adoption in families who wished for them; and the law was adopted without a dis- senting voice. (See also our account of the Protestant Orphan Asylum, elsewhere in this volume.) The children of Dr. and Mrs. Clayton are: Hattie, wife of A. J. Gardner, residing in Sacra- mento; Mrs. Clara M. Byrne, residing with her parents; Frank W., in San Francisco, and Wil- lis M., deceased. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. SACEAMENTO CITY. CHAPTER XIX. nONEER BUSINESS MEN. N addition to the business men alluded to in our chapter on the foundinif of Sacramento, we mention the following who were here during the first three or four years after that event. History states that in May, 1849, there were about thirty buildings occupied by stores, and that on June 26 there were 100 houses in Sacra- mento. The following business and professional men are named about in the order in which we find their advertisements in the Placer Thnes: Whitloek & Gibson, auction and commission. Burnett & Rogers (Peter H. and John P.), exchange brokers and agents for the collection of debts. Burnett was afterward Governor of the State. Drs. L. P. & S. S. Crane, physicians and druggists. Dr. C. B. Zabriskie, physician. Orlando McKnight, proprietor of the Ameri- can House and Restaurant. Murray & Lappeus. Pickett & Co. Saget & Co. T. McDowell & Co., auction and commission. Gillespie, Gerald & Co., wholesale and retail grocers, provisions and mining goods. Brannan & Co. (Samuel Brannan, William Stout, and Melius, Howard & Co.), general mer- chandise. In August, 1849, Mr. Brannan was again alone. Brannan died May 5, 1889, at Escondido, San Diego County, California. Dr. B. Bryant, a graduate of the Botanico- Medical College of Memphis, established in Au- gust a hospital on L street; also sold medicines. Dr. W. H. PAnson, "late Surgeon of the United States Army," opened out in August, 1849, "opposite Prof. Sheppard's store." John Codlin, butcher and provision merchant. H. P. Merrifield, auction and real estate. James C. Zabriskie, law, conveyancing and surveying. Morse, Dunning & Co. (Charles E. G. Morse, of St. Louis, Missouri, and John Dunning, of New York City), provisions. J. P. Rittenhouse & Co. (Thomas C. D. 01m- stead and W. E. Keyes). Peyton, Cornet & McCarver. Dr. F. M. Rodrigues, from New Orleans. B. E. Watson, groceries. Dr. M. B. Angle. Massett & Brewster (Stephen C. and Charles O.), auction and commission. Dring, store at the Fort. Thomas A. Warbass, real estate. Robertson & Co. (G. M. R., Theodore Van Cott and Thomas King), meat market. Dr. W. G. Deal. Dr. Robert Wilson. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. C. G. & U. G. Cornell, meat market. Drs. McKenzie & Ames (J. M. and F. AV.). James N. Harding, law and real estate. ElisLa W. McKinstry, law. Jones, Prettyman, Barroll & Co. (Dr. W. G. Deal), commission, real estate and drngs. After- ward Prettyman, Barroll &Gwynn. Charles Lindley, lawyer and commissioner of deeds. Bailey, Mori'isiin & Co., merchants. Pearson & Baker (James P. and W. A. B.), real estate. Plume, Truman & Co. Cardwell, Brown & Co. (II. C. C, E. L. Brown, John Harris and John S. Fowler), after- ward Harris, Brown &. Co. Drs. J. L. Wydown and T. J. White. J. B. Starr & Co. (H. L. Barney), auction. McNulty & Co. (A. G. Hedrick), hardware. Dr. Benjamin R. Carman bought Dr. Deal's interest in the Martin & Deal hospital at tlie Fort, in December, 1849. Dr. Hardenstein, homeopathic. Barney, Brewster & Co. (B. B. Barney, R. E. Brewstei", Fred Ogden, J. H. Blossom and J. P. Hurley), afterward Barney, Blossom & Co. Suydam, Fletcher & Co. (John Suydam, War- ren Fletcher and J. E. Galloway), then Suydam & Galloway, auction and commission. Drs. R. M. Stanbury and J. W. H. Stettinius and Mr. Charles E. Abbott bought the hospital of Dr. Craigan and Mr. Abell at the Fort, during the winter of 1849-'50. Dr. S. P. Thomas.. B. F. Hastings & Co., exchange brokers, bank- ers and commission merchants. James Tate & Co., general merchandise. C. F. McClure & Co. (P. P. Slater). Covilland, Fajard & Co., general merchandise. R. Gelston & Co. (Simmons, Hutchinson &, Co.), general merchandise. Meconnekin &Co. (E. Meconnekin, A. Hadley and James A. Myer), auction and commission. William Montgomery, auction and commis- sion, groceries, etc. Andrew J. Binney, civil engineerandsnrveyor. Fowter & Fry, proprietors of the City Hotel. E. M. Hayes, jeweler. Offutt, Wales & Co. (M. H. Oflutt, C. P. Wales, Jacob P. Dunn and George Dunn), auc- tion and commission. Ilensley & Redding (Samuel J. Hensley, Peir- son B. Redding and Jacob R. Snyder), general merchants. Dissolved partnership February 10, 1850. Middlebrook & Christy (Charles M. and John M. C). Steele & Grummun (Seymour G. S. and Caleb G.). William R. Prince & Co., sheet iron, zinc, miners' supplies, etc. Demas Strong, dry goods. Tliis inan is a brother of W. R. Strong, and 'is still living, in the East. M. G. Leonard & Co. (Sheldon, Kibbe & Almy), groceries and miners' supplies. Gillespie & Monson (Eugenio G. and Alonzo M.), laad agents. L. Bartlett, Jr., bank and real-estate. E. D. Byrne & Co., dry goods. G. M. Robertson, commission agent and real- estate broker. Henley McKnight &Co. (S. C. Hastings), bank. Dr. Bryarly, in partnership with Dr. Deal. Wetzlar & Co. (Gustavus W., Julius Wetz- lar, Benj. Fenner, Cornelius Schermerhorn and Francis Stratton). Some of these afterward sold out to John A. Sutter, Jr., and C. Brandes. A. P. Petit, contractor and builder. Dr. C. Morrill and Mr. C. T. Whittier, drugs. Joseph Clough, real estate. John H. Dickerson, civil engineer and sur- veyor. Moran & Clark. J. Neely Johnson, lawyer, and afterward Gov- ernor, elected by the American party. Bailey, Morrison & Co. (Major 1!., John C. and E. M. Hayes). Smith, Keith & Co. (J. E. S., Matthew K. and Henry M. Spotswood). Lewis & Bailey (John H. L. and John T. !!.), general commission and merchandise. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Warbass & Co. (Tliomas A. W., WilUam S. Heyl and Jolin F. Morse), bankers and real estate. Barton Lee, successor to Priest, Lee & Co. G. B. Stevens, wholesale auction and commis- sion. Clienery & Hubbard, proprietors of the Globe Hotel. Ferris Forman, law. Hoope & L'Amoureux, general merchants. G. H. Johnson, daguerrean artist. John H. Spies, notions. Burnell, Stout &. Co., wholesale auction and commission. Spalding & McKinney (Volney S., M. D. and Joseph McK.), saloon. A. M. Winn, agent for Sutter. Dr. B. T. Kruse. J. D. B. Stillman, M. D. Left in 1862. L. A. Birdsall, M. D. J. A. Wadsworth, M. D., from Providence, Rhode Island, had the '< K Street Hospital." Boyd & Davis, real estate, now in San Fran- cisco, wealthy. Earl, McLitosh & Co , forwarding. Earl is now in San Francisco. John Hatch, jeweler, resided here in Sacra- mento until his death. Simmons, Hutchinson & Co., general mer- chandise. Simmons also dealt in real estate. J. L. F. Warren established the store now owned by Baker & Hamilton. For the last thirty years Warren has been conducting an ag- ricultural paper in San Francisco. D. O. Mills, dealer in gold dust and founder of the bank still known by his name. He is a resident of New York City. Brown, Henry & Co., wholesale clothing. James Lee kept the " Stinking Tent," the chief gaming establishment for a time. Z. Hub- bard soon started a large, neat gambling tent. Jacob Binninger built the first liotel in Sac- ramento. James King of William, various. Dr. Charles H. Craigan, from Washington City, established a hospital at the Fort in 1849; rates of board and treatment, $16 to $50 per day. H. Arents & Co., general merchandise. Burge & Ratclifie (Robert K. and Wm. M.), manufacturers of iron shutters and doors. M. T. McClellan, speculator in gold and sil- ver; " coin exchanged for dust, at $15 per ounce." Sagat & Southard (L. T. & Charles C), gen- eral merchandise and miners' supplies. Marshall & Santry, general merchandise. Von Ptister&Vaughan (Edward and William), general merchandise. H. A. Schoolcraft, real estate and magis- trate. Drs. Wm. M. Carpenter and T. L. Chapman. Dr. T. M. Ames, at Sutterville. Nevett & Co., hardware. Youmans was the "Co." C. C. Sackett, notary public and conveyancer. R. Chenery, flour. George H. Pettibone, proprietor of the El Dorado House. Yates Ferguson, general store. Ilaines, Webster & Co., hotel. Richard Berry, auction. Barton & Grim, real estate. Watson & Bern, hardware. C. P. Huntington & Co., hardware. J. B. Blanchard & Co., hardware. Bowstead & Woods, iron and brass foundry. Wesley Merritt, Moran & Clark, H. E. Rob- inson & Co., George H. Johnson, Thompson & Taylor, Cochran, Peifer, Samuel Gregg, S. C. Bruce, Montgomery & Co., Captain Gallop, A. C. Latson, John Van Houghton, Ames & Mc- Kenzie, Jesse Haycock, Dearbower, Caswell, Ingalls & Co., Hanna, Jennings & Co., Captain Northam, Geise & Son, J. J. Burge, Harden- bergh & Co., Morrill & Hamlin, Coats & Rivett, Cheeks, Pinkard, Prince, Scranton & Smith, T. S. Mitchell & Co., ileynolds & Co., P. B. Corn- wall, Paul, White & Co., etc. There were also numerous express companies, stage lines, etc., too tedious to mention in all their chanses. HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 141 GROCERIES AND PROVISIONS. The principal grocers in 1850 and following years were the following: The most extensive in operations were Pome- roy & Peebles, whose establishment was famil- iarly known as the " Missouri Store." Both those men are dead. Ilaynes & Co. were almost e.xchisively an importing house. Bullard, Figg & Co. did a large business. The former is deceased, and Mr. Figg is still living, in Sacramento. Cavert &, Hill also had a large trade, in a large frame building on Front street, where the McCreary flouring-mill now stands. Forshee, Booth & Co. enjoyed an extensive patronage. The members were John Forshee, Lucius A. Booth and Job F. Dye. Booth lives now at Pi.dniont, and Forshee is dead. Dye cauie to California as early as 1840. E. D. & W. T. Kennedy were Philadelphia men, who in the grocery trade accumulated a little fortune. The first mentioned resides in Philadelphia, and the other is deceased. J. W. Foard & Co. (George Cadwallader) are both dead. The latter became an eminent at- torney here. W. T. Grissim & Co. (Snyder) are also de- ceased. Curry & Co. and P. J. Brown ife Co. were burned out in the great tire of 1852, re-estab- lished themselves and finally went out of business in 1855. Tlie "Lady Adams Company," named after the ship that brought them to the coast, was one of the oldest firms in Sacramento, who brought a cargo of goods with them. Mebius & Co. are now their successors. Stanford Bros, (three brothers of Leiand Stan ford) were not burned out ia 1852, although their building was not so fire-proof as many others that were consumed. All other build- ings in their block were burned. llermance & Burton never resumed business after tlie fire of 1852. J. 11. Trowbridge & Co. and Carroll & Stearin soon after the fire succeeded the old house of Birdsall & Co., taking the name of Scudder, Carroll & Co. Taylor & Van Sickle were successful business men before the tire; after that event Van Sickle never resumed business. Louis Sloss had a successful trade here until about 1854; is now with the Alaska Fur Com- pany in San Francisco. Chamberlain & Patrick did business upon the Plaza. Chamberlain, now nearly ninety years of age, is still in active employment, in the banking house of D. O. Mills & Co. Dr. Pat- rick is deceased. Wilcoxson & Co. enjoyed a large trade up to 1852, then closed. Jackson "Wilcoxson is dead; but Jefferson, his brother, is still living here, and is now a capitalist. Maddux & Co. were from Arkansas. They built the present Maddux Block, corner of Third and K streets. Mills & Co. (James and D. O. Mills) retired from the grocery business probably in 1851. The latter established the bank which is still known by his name, and now resides in New York City. Bushnell & Co.'s establishment was one of the very few hou^es that were not burned out in the tire of 1852. Sneath & Arnold established a business here about 1851. The former is now a resident of San Francisco, having a large dairy in the country, and Juhn Arnold died in Connecticut about 1864. Tlieir successors are Adams, Mc- Neill & Co. Fry, Iloopes &, Co. comprised J. D. Fry and Thomas Iloopes. Fry is in San Francisco and Iloopes is dead. Their successors are Lindley & Co. Hopkins & Miller. The former, Mark Hop- kins, died at Yuma, March 29, 1878, and the latter, Ed. Miller, is now connected with the Central Pacitic Railroad. W. K. McCaull & Co. ( Moore) did a large business. MoCauU is dead, and Moore is in Louisville, Kentucky. 142 HISTORY OF SAOBAMENTO COUNTY. Smith & Booth, predecessors of the present lirra of Booth & Co. Charles Smith died in New York, and the other partner is ex-United States Senator Newton Booth, the senior mem- ber of the present firm. By the index, find in this vohime a biographical sketch of the latter. Hull & Lohman vvere also successful grocers. Hull is living in San Francisco, and Lohman died in that city five or six years ago. Lindley, Booth & Co. (T. M. Lindley, L. A. Booth) began in September, 1849. The next year Booth retired from the firm. After a time Lindley dropped that trade here and was in business elsewhere. February 1, 1853, he be- came a member of Fry, lioopes & Co., on the corner of Seventh and J streets; a year after- ward the name of the firm was Lindley & Hoopes, and in 1855 Mr. Lindley was alone. The firm is now Lindley & Co. (T. M. and D. A. Lindley), 214-218 K street. Other early grocery firms were: Birdsall & Co.; Ahrents & Tolger; Meeker & Co. (S. H. and David Meeker); Burton & McCarty; Wood & Kenyon; Kramer & Qui vey; Loveland &Co.; Kibbe, Almy &Co.; Thomas Bannister; Burton, Fibh & Culver; Peter Slater, etc. EARLY BANKERS. (From Old Directories.) 1851— Ilensley & Merrill (Samuel J. and Robert D.), 47 Second street between J and K; Sacramento City Bank (Rhodes, Sturges & Co.), 53 Second street, between J and K; B. F. Has- tings & Co., 51 J street, between Second and Third. 1853— Adams & Co., Granite Building, Sec- ond street between Orleans Hotel and J street; Grim & Rumler (A. K. and Fr.), 3 J street; D. O. Mills & Co., 58 J street; Francis W. Page, agent of Page, Bacon & Co., of St. Louis, Missouri. 1856— Wells, Fargo & Co.; John M. Rhodes, Second street between J and K. 1868 — Sacramento Savings Bank, 89 J street. 1871 — Capital Savings Bank, southwest cor- ner Fourth and J streets; Julius Wetzlar, Presi- dent; R. C. Woolworth, Secretary; Odd Fel- lows' Bank of Savings, St. George Building, Fourth and J streets. FLOURING MILLS. Lamhard Flouring Mills. — In 1853' these mills were established on the north side of I street, at the head of Second street, and for about two years were ran in connection with the Sacramento Iron Works. The original building was of brick, and only 20x40 feet in size. In 1856 it was enlarged, and a most substantial foundation placed under it, by James Kerr, a superior millwright from Boston. This man afterward lost his life on the ill-fated steamship Central America. Additions were made to the building, and the capacity increased to five run of stone. But this mill has long since been discontinued, and the building has for some years been used as a warehouse. Sacramento Flouring Mills. — In 1853 Dr. Carpenter, at that time a well-known and wealthy citizen of Sacramento, commenced tiie erection of the large brick building on Front street, between L and M, for the purpose of having it made the State Capitol. The latter "institution," however, was never located there. After its completion the first floor was occupied as grain stores, etc., by C. H. Swift, Campbell &, Sweeney, and others. In 1856-'57 it bore the dignity of being the county court-house. From Dr. Carpenter the property passed to C. K. Garrison, and in 1869 Charles and Byron McCreary bought tiie building and turned it into the Sacramento Flouring Mills. See sketch of these gentlemen in the biographical depart- ment of this work. Pioneer Flouring Mills. — R. D. Cary, in 1854, transformed what is known as the Boston Ice House into the Pioneer Flour Mills, situ- ated on First street, between Sacramento and broad, that is, in the vicinity of what is now known as " Jib-Boom " street. Carey failed in business and the property passed into the hands of E. P. Figg. Carey, it was said, afterward went to Philadelphia and accumulated consider- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. able wealth. In 1858 Setli Gariield and Aleclc Dyer purchased the mill from >'igg and thor- oughly remodeled it. In October, 1863, the property was destroyed by lire, the proprietors losing about $10,000 above insurance Up to the time of the fire the mill was running day and night, turning out 200 barrels of flour a day, at a net profit of $75. Dyer left the city, and Garfield and A. C. Bidwell went into partnership, and within four months the present Pioneer Mills were erected and in running order. Three days after the re- newal of business, Bidwell sold out to H. G. Smith, who, together with Garfield, ran the mill till the close of 1864. Then J. H. Carroll came in as a third partner, and the capacity of the mill was increased to 500 barrels a day, the sum of $70,000 having been expended for tliat purpose. These three partners conducted the mill for five years, and then Carroll and Garfield sold out their interests to Smith and G. W. Mowe. The " Pioneer Milling Company" now comprises H. G. Smith, President; L. Williams, Vice-President: and F. B. Smith, Secretary. For the Phwnix Mills, see sketch of George Schrodt, in the latter part of this work. OTHER ENTERPRISES. The first lumber yard for the sale of Califor- nia mountain lumber was established in the early part of 1852, by C. C. Hayden, at the northeast corner of Fourth and L streets, where tlie Figg residence now stands, and occupying nearly half of the block south of the alley and tlie lot oppc The iber was obtained principally from Nevada County and Grass Val- ley, and hauled by teams. The cost of this transportation was from. $15 to $20 per thousand feet, the lumber selling at that time at the rate of $80 per thousand. The reason the freight charges were so low was the fact that the teams were principally engaged in hauling supplies to the mines, and the drivers would rather haul back lumber at those rates than return empty. For several months after the great fire of No- vember, 1852, this mountain lumber sold for $300 a thousand, the freight having advanced to $100. In the summer of 1858, while the Figg house was in process of construction, Hayden closed his lumber business and turned his attention to conveyancing. He was a native of Boston, Massachusetts, where he was a member of the firm of Hayden & Whipple, booksellers and publishers. He arrived in California in Sep- tember, 1849, on the brig Ilodolph. Pottery. — The first pottery ever made in Sacramento was by Jacob Knauth, of the Sutter Floral Gardens, who, being in need of flower- pots that he could not otherwise supply, made them so successfully himself that in 1853 he established a small pottery. In 1857 Clark & Mahoney started the Sacramento Pottery, then on the north side of J street, near Twenty-sixth. They made only Rockingham ware, the dark- brown glazed earthenware, and soon failed for want of patronage. After the war period two Swede brothers, John and Martin Bergman, ex- pert potters, bought the property, then on the east side of Thirtieth street, between M and N. They first wisely prospected for the best clay in this part of the State, and, after an expenditure of $7,000, found at Cook's and Michigan bars, in this county, beds of clay equal in quality to the best in the world, thus enaljling themselves to produce yellow ware and terra cotta of the best quality. The Sacramento Sm.elting Company was incorporated February 18, 1874, with a capital stock of $50,000. The stock was held by promi- nent capitalists here, and the works, located north of the north levee at Twelfth street, were immediately erected and put in operation. Tlie enterprise proved unprofitable at the end of about three years and operations suspended. The building remained idle, and w;is destroyed by fire January 21, 1879, at 7:15 .v. m The first officers were: Julius Wetzlar, President; Samuel Poorman, Secretary; \l. C. Woolworth, Treasurer; and G. N. Gerrish HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Superintendent. The principal building was 60 X 200 feet. Capital Packing Company. — In the fall of 1881 two practical men came here from San Francisco, for the purpose of looking up the establishment of the fruit-packing interests. They enlisted the sympathies of John II. Carroll, now deceased, and in the spring of 1882 matters had progressed so far that operations commenced in two small stores on Front street, between K and L. Mr. Carroll was an enterprising man, had just been president of the Pacific Mutual Insurance Company, and he saw that there might be a prosperous future to the fruit business here. In 1883 they secured two additional stores adjoining and enlarged their business, and continued thei-e until the fall of 1886. Thus far, however, it preved unprofitable; and it was seen also that more room was needed to carry on the business, and it was decided to move out of their present location on the corner of Eleventh and B streets. They established them- selves there that fall. The next year Mr. Car- roll died, and the business management was thrown upon Edgar B. Carroll. It is now on a profitable and solid basis, the season of 1888 demonstrating that fact. A market for the prod- ucts is found all over the United States, Eng- land, Australia and China. When the cannery was started it was found that Sacramento was the best point in the State, and that fruit could be obtained by buying direct from the orchards. It was also learned later from experience that as San Francisco was a larger market, fruit drifted that way; and they found that they could buy in San Francisco and transport to this point cheaper than they could buy direct from the producers; hence the packers of San Francisco had the advantage, and, besides, the best fruits for their purpose are not grown in this vicinity. They have, however, now learned the localities where best to buy. They make a specialty of packing the best brands of fruit. Four hundred hands are employed during the busy season, when labor is scarce, too; and this fact in 1888 prevented the filling of some orders. In addition to the buildings originally on the site, they erected one 60x160, and afterward two others 50x160. They now occupy these buildings, with the adjacent. yard 160 feet square, and also a fire- proof warehouse 150 feet square. Edgae B. Carroll, the manager of this in- stitution, was born in Sacramento, September 15, 1862, commenced his school education at the age of six years in private schools, continu- ing the next ten years at Perry's Seminary, and afterward the grammar department of the city schools and the High School, graduating in 1880. His father desired him to go to the University, but he felt that the experience in business which he had determined to follow would be of more benefit than university education, having de- cided at the same time to study, which he did for two years. In business he started out in the wholesale liquor business for James I. Felter & Co. At the end of three years he was at the head of the institution. In 1884 his father de- sired him to enter the fruit-packing business with him; but, having served an apprenticeship in a business entirely different, he knew what it would be to start in again where he would require considerable time to reach the higher positions. His father was urgent, and he finally consented. Thus, he left a position of $125 a month to accept a foremanship in his father's? establishment at $2 a day. He passed through the different departments, working six montiis in the can shop, ])erfecting the workings of the different departments as he went along; and in the spring of 1887 he became assistant manager of the institution. In the meantime, when he went into business they wished him to imme- diately enter the office; he refused, but it was fortunate that it came along at that time; for before his father's death business became un- profitable and all were discouraged. Great pecuniary losses hastened his father's deatn. Edgar, however, thought he foresaw a fortune in the fruit-canning business, and he concluded to give it another year's trial, which indeed proved a success. Mr. Carroll is a member of Concord Lodge, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO UOUNTT. F & A. M., of the Sacramento Chapter, R. A. M. ; Sacramento Council, and Sacramento Comman- der}'; at present he is Senior Warden of Concord Lodge. He has been a member of Grand Lodge of the State, and refused the position of Master of that lodge on account of the pressure of busi- ness. He is also a member of Sunset Parlor, N. S. G. W., having held the different chairs in that boil y. In 1882 he was a private in. the State militia, and since then has been promoted through the different positions, until in 1884 he was elected Junior Second Lieutenant of Company B, and afterward Senior First Lieuten- ant; but in 1888 his business was so pressing that he had to leave the service. In his political principles he is a Republican, and takes con- siderable interest in the questions of the day. The first street cars in this city were started in August, 1870. The cars, only two in num- ber, were built by the Kimball Manufacturing Company, of San Francisco. Electric motor (strong battery) was first applied to the running of street cars here in 1888, but was soon tem- porarily suspended. BUSINESS COLLEGES. ^. 0. Atkinsoii's Business College is a fully equipped institution in Hale's Block, corner of Ninth and K streets. It was founded in 1873, and has graduated many competent pupils. Bainlridge Business College and Nornial School. — If the test of worth is to be found in genuine success, then truly the college whose name stands at the head of this article is one of the best. Founded October 3, 1887, less than two years ago at date of writing, it has grown from a beginning of only five scholars to an average attendance of about 140, and whereas the principal. Prof. J. C. Bainbridge, with his wife, Mrs. Belle 0. Bainbridge, were the only teach- ers, now there are si.x regular teachers and several specialists. This is but the beginning, too, of still further extensions, as will be noted further along. The situation of the college is good, being located in a spacious building on J street, in tiic heart of the city, where the fit- tings and arrangements are made with special reference to the requirements of such an insti- tution. As we learn from the last catalogue, the courses of study are so arranged and graded as to forward the student at the greatest speed commensurate with good work, and are of the modern and practical nature that commend themselves to the business feelings of this age. In fact, after a careful examination of the meth- ods adopted by the Bainbridge Business College, we are led to conclude that it is one of the best representatives of that most popular modern in- stitution, the business or commercial college. It goes farther than most, however, in supply- ing to its pupils tlie branches ordinarily taught in a normal school, in such a simple and practi- cal manner as to make them most serviceable. From the catalogue already referred to we learn that the names of the faculty are as fol- lows: Principal, J. C. Bainbridge, Teacher of Busi- ness Penmanship, Book-keeping, Commercial Law, Actual Business and General Superintend- ent of Courses of Study; G. E. Riley, Ph. D., Principal of Normal Department and Professor of Languages; M. N. Kimball, Assistant in Business and Normal Departments, and Teacher of Arithmetic and Business Penmanship; Mrs. Clara E. Bartholomew, Assistant in the Normal Department; Prof Christian Dahl (late Di- rector of St. Thomas Governmental College), Teacher of French, German, Spanish and the Ancient Languages; Miss Emma C. Ervin (late of Central College of Eclectic Short-Hand, Chi- cago), Teacher of Short-Hand, Type-writing and Correspondence; Mrs. J. C. Bainbridge, Teacher of Voice and Piano; Prof. Chas. Iley- wood, late of King's College, England, Vocal Music; F. O. Young, Expert Teacher of Plain and Ornamental Penmanship, Lettering and En- grossing; C. A. Neale, Teacher of Flute and Piccolo; Miss Louise Kaibel, Teacher of Violin, and Miss Mamie W. Bainbridge, Teacher of Elocution. The Business Course includes book-keeping, commercial arithmetic, commercial law, busi- 14(3 HISTORY OB SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ness writing, grammar, letter writing, spell- ing and defining, thus conbining both theory and practice. Then there is a course in actual business, in which one is carried through all the details and formalities of actual business life, to facilitate which elegant offices are placed in the department, each being furnished with a complete and costly set of books. These include real estate and insurance office, transportation office, bank, etc. In the Normal Department there is a two- years' course in the English branches and also a teachers' review course, to aid teachers in the preparation for their examinations. The Short- Hand Department is very complete, the system adopted— namely, EcleL-tic short-hand — being considered the best. A Telegraphy Depart- ment, under a competent instructor, has been recently added. The Musical Department is one of peculiar excellence. It is under the di- rect management and control of Mrs. Bain- bridge, assisted in the culture of the voice by Frof. Chas. Hey wood, who is well known as one of the most distinguished vocalists and musi- cians on the continent. This department is about to develop, in the hands of Mrs. Bainbridge, into the Bainbridge Conservatory of Music, modeled somewhat after the type of the cele- brated Boston Conservatory of Music. To conclude, we may say that the rates of tuition are very reasonable, and all the arrange- ments are carefully made. THE CALIFORNIA MUSEUM ASSOCIATION, THK E. B. CROCKER ART GALLERY, AND THE LADIEs' MUSEUM ASSOCIATION. Judge E. B. Crocker, who died in Sacramento, June, 1875, was one of the pioneers of Califor- nia; coming from the East in 1852, he located in Sacramento and entered upon tiie practice of the law. He became eminent in his profession, and was appointed to the chief justicesliip of the Supreme Bench, where he served with dis- tinction. There were born to him in Sacramento a large family of daughters. After his retiracy from the bencli he became attorney for the Central Pacific Railroad Com- pany. On giving up active work in his profes- sion, he, witii his family, made a tour of Europe. Possessed of artistic tastes and intense love of the beautiful, he had not the opportunities in California, of course, to cultivate them b}' ob- servation of the best masters of the established schools of art. Having amassed a fortune, he resolved to expend a goodly portion of it in works of art. ?le therefore purchased, while in Europe, a large collection of paintings, mainly of the German schools. Some, however, were of the Italian, and some of great value because of their age and tiie eminence of the artists. On his return to California he also patronized local artists liberally — both landsca])e and por- trait painters. He then proceeded, at the corner of Second and O streets, adjoining his beautiful residence, to erect an art gallery, whicli was completed after several years' labor and the ex- penditure of a very large sum of money. Just what the building cost, no one knows; but the lowest estimates place the expenditure — by the Judge, and after his death by his widow — at not less than $200,000. The building is fire-proof, splendidly lighted, and finished in the best style of modern architecture and embellishment. It occupies spacious grounds, terraced and set with semi-tropical plants and rare shrubs and flowers. It is a massive building, 122 feet in length by sixty-two feet in width. It has three floors. The basement was originally intended as a rec- reation room and hall; the second floor for offices, museum and library; and the third for the art gallery. The second and third floors are finished in the highest style of architecture, and frescoed with an elaborateness not to be found anywhere else in the State. All the wood-work is heavy, richly carved and French polished, while the glass is all cut, and delicately etched in tine designs; and the floors are laid in Roman tiling. That of the museum his widow subse- quently laid in fancy woods in ornamental de- signs. The art gallery consists of a vestibule, a main hall, and the east, west and south halls. In these halls are hung the collection of virtu. k.i ^JiJ i E. B. CROCKER ART GALLERY. HTSTOMY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. consisting of over 700 oil pastel paintings, including in their number Thomas Hill's cele- brated landscape of Yosemite, the largest ever executed, and works from those of Tintoretto, Gnido, Vandyke, etc., down to the floral color- ing of Charles Nahl. In the library, on the second floor. Judge Crocker collected 3,000 studies, from eminent artists in all parts of the world, and some of the finest examples of litho- graphic work and of the engraver's art. One great value of this gallery is its magnificent collection of portraits of men of California. By the death of Judge Crocker the property passed to his widow, Mrs. Margaret E. Crocker, who for many years held it as a sacred trust and a monument to his memory. It was the inten- tion of the Judge not to have seque.stered his valuable collection of paintings, which is esti- mated to be worth not less than $400,000, but to have made it a means of cultivating the art tastes of his fellow citizens. His widow con- ceived it to be her duty to promote the same object. It was alway.* open, therefore, at proper hours, to proper persons for inspection, and was very often thrown open to the general pulilic for charitable purposes. On December 5, 1884, a number of gentlemen met and formed an association of a scientific character, naming it " The California Museum Association," its purposes being to foster art, science, mechanics, literature, the development of the resources of the State and the encourage- ment of social intercourse among the patrons; also to establish a repository for the collection and exhibition of natural curiosities, scientific objects, antiquities, etc. The association was very modest in its beginning, having about twenty members and holding private meetings, at which papers were read for a few weeks. In January it had attained such courage and favor that it resolved to erect a hall for its own and public uses. To secure a fund as a nucleus, it proposed an art loan exhibition, and called a meeting of ladies to aid it to that end. Mrs. Margaret E. Crocker, the widow of Judge ('rocker, learning of the association and of its endeavors, and being foremost in all good works and charities in Sacramento — known indeed as " Sacramento's Lady Bountiful," her money be- ing represented in nearly every church, charity and local good work of the city — sent word to the association that, if it pleased, the E. B. Crocker Art Gallery was at its disposal for the purpose of holding the said exhibition. The proffer was accepted, and in March, 1885, the immense building was filled with the strangest collection of curiosities of the pioneer era, of art, science, antiquity, discovery and of handi- work, contributed by the citizens of Sacramento and of San Francisco. From the latter place, contributions were made by the Alaska Fur Company, Mr. Irving M. Scott, Alexander Bad- lam, and many ladies of the city. The exhibi- tion continued for more than two weeks, and was, from the outset, a financial and social suc- cess, attracting attention from all parts of the State. In its midst Mrs. Crocker called the president of the association, David Lubin, and stated that it was her desire to present the gal- lery and all its collection of paintings, furniture, etc., to the association. When the announce- ment was made to the public, it was received with universal expressions of gratitude and love toward the donor. The association, however, deemed it wise to accept the property only upon the self-imposed condition that the citizens would raise a fund of $100,000 to be perma- nently invested for the maintenance of the gal- lery. While this fund was being gathered, it was found to be difficult to accumulate the entire amount in so small a community, on short notice. The society therefore proposed to Mrs. Crocker that if she would transfer the property to the City of Sacramento and make the association a co-tenant with the city, it would not be neces- sary to raise the $100,000. To this she kindly acceded. The pulse of the people was felt, and they were found willing to accept the trust. The association thereupon incorporated, March 20, 1885, and Mrs. Crocker made a deed of the valuable property to the city, stipulating that it should be managed and controlled by a joint HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. board of the city and the association — the mayor representing the city, and the Board of Directors representing the association, each corporation liaving hut one vote. It was provided, also, that the association might forever use the prop- erty for the purposes of its work as heretofore outlined. The mnniticence of this gift and its unselfish character, together with the previous establish- ment of an Old Ladies' Home and its generous endowment by Mrs. Crocker, and her acts of benevolence in the community, led the people as by spontaneity to proffer her a testimonial. It took the fortn of a grand Floral Festival, held in May, 1885, at which 3,000 school children made floral offerincrs to Mrs. Crocker, and the great Pavilion of the State Agricultural Society — the largest public building in the State of California — was almost filled upon its lower floor with magnificent floral tributes. These ranged from a modest bouquet to spacious churches and towers and enormous allegorical designs, constructed entirely of flowers. Some of these structures cost as high as $500. The floral offerings came from all parts of the State, as far south as Los Angeles, and as far north as Shasta. Rich and poor, all churches, fraterni- ties and societies, all classes of people and of all creeds, thronged the hall; and on the evening of the festival the lowest estimate placed the number present at 15,000 people, who witnessed the ceremony of delivering the keys of the gal- lery and of acceptance of the trust. To no other female citizen in American history has such a rich tribute ever been paid. On that evening, after the mayor had received the keys of the Art Gallery, the citizens of Sacramento presented to Mrs. Crocker a beauti- ful oaken casket, made from timber taken from that historical relic, Sutter's Fort. Within it were two volumes, one bound in velvet and gold, and one in silver and velvet. The first contained pages reciting the history of her benefactions, the gift of the art gallery and the floral festival, executed in the finest style of fanciful typographic art. Each page was illumi- nated by hand decoration in water colors by various artists and amateurs. The second volume contained a full account of all the matters lead- ing up to the event, with copies and extracts of press expression, from journals all the way from New York to San Francisco. The Museum Association immediately entered upon its work in the Art Gallery. Its first step was to organize the Sacramento School of De- sign, Messrs. Weinstock & Lubin contributing |1,000 for the purchase of the necessary casts and paraphernalia. The school was opened in January, 1886, and has ever since continued. It is at once the pride of the city and a means of cultivating art and festhetic taste, and of de- veloping art genius. In the three years of its existence it has taught over 200 pupils. Its sessions continue during eight months of the year, and it draws its pupils from Northern and Central California and from Oregon. Of course such an institution could not be expected at first to be put upon a paying basis. All such efforts grow to maturity and do not spring into ex- istence. The measure of success with which the School of Design has met has fully realized expectation. The Museum Association, during the Loan Exhibition referred to, secured in Sacramento a large number of life members. Subsequently in San Francisco it secured a still larger num- ber. The revenue derived from these two sources and from the dues of a small number of dues-paying members, and from admission fees to the gallery on those days when a fee is re- quired, and voluntary contributions by the gen- erous and public-spirited, constitute the means of its support; but they have been inadequate, simply because the jnirposes of the association are so varied and far-reachins:, and in its infai cy so much needed to be done. The most of its activity has been absorbed by the School of De- sign. It has, however, not neglected its other purposes. It has given to the people several lecture courses, art exhibitions and general en- tertainments. It has made the beginning of a collection in natural history, and has already a UISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. very valuable herbarium. Its present purpose is to actively push the scientitic and natural history branches of its work. It has received some very valuable gifts of minerals and natural curiosities from Californians and from citizens of other States. It has spent nearly $1,000 in support of its School of Design in excess of the income of the school, and has now advanced it to a paying basis. In connection with the Board of Trustees of the City of Sacramento, it applied to the Legis- lature of 1887 for the custody of the State's Mineral Cabinet, heretofore located in the State Capitol. The Legislature passed an act author- izing the Governor to appoint three trustees to take possession of said cabinet and locate it in the E. B. Crocker Art Gallery, without expense to the State, that it might be more readily viewed by the people. Governor Bartlett ap- pointed three directors of the Museum Associa- tion for that purpose. The cabinet, in 1887, was therefore removed to the lower floor of the gallery. The State Mineralogist, Mr. Irelan, consented to his assistant, Dr. Schneider, being detailed to re-classify the cabinet. When that was done, its trustees, through their secretary, Dr. George Pyburn, began its arrangement in the cases, and the work was completed December 26, 1888, and thrown open to the public on Thursday, December 27. The State retains its property title in the cabinet, but its custody is as stated, and makes a valuable addition to the E. B. Crocker Art Gallery. The valuable col- lection of minerals and natural history exhibits and curiosities of an earlier association, known as the Agassiz Institute, has been given to the Museum Association, and is now in the Gallery. The School of Design occupies the middle floor of the building and the library room, and unquestionably its situation is the finest in the world devoted to such a purpose. The rooms are most richly embellished, and architecturally are a delight to the eye, while the outlook from the windows is upon beautiful foliage and flowers and grassy lawns and other pleasant views. The pupils also enjoy all the advantage of study and comparison afforded by tlie beautiful gallery above them. In September, 1888, the association was the happy recipient of five exquisite works in stat- uary purchased in Italy by Mr. David Lubin, and by him presented to tiie association. It will thus be seen that the society is gradually accumulating and progressing in the direction of its original purpose. The gallery is open to the public free on Wednesdays, Saturday afternoons and Sunday afternoons. On all other days an admission fee of ten cents is charged, but to the Mineral Cab- inet Department there is no admission fee. The city pays the cost of the necessary repairs, the watchman, the gardener and the custodian; but for the first two Mrs. Crocker, whose property adjoins, pays half the charge — another evidence of that lady's generosity. In October, 1888, the association conceived the idea — since it had never called upon the citizens of Sacramento to contribute to its aid, except in the exhibition of 1885 — of giving a second loan exhibition. The ladies of the city, prominent among whom were the wives and daughters of members of the association, re- solved to aid it. They therefore organized what is known as — The Ladies' Museum Association of Sacra- mento. — In two months' time the association, with Mrs. Mayor Gregory at its head, Mrs. William Ingram, Jr., Secretary, and Mrs. A. Bonheim as Treasurer, numbered 138 members, and offered to take hold of the enterprise for another loan exhibition, and this is now (Janu- ary, 1889,) under way. This auxiliary associa- tion is intended to be a permanent society, to interest the ladies in the work of the parent as- sociation, and also to foster social intercourse between the members and encourage such edu- cational work as comes within their scope. The officers of the California Museum Asso- ciation, at this writing (January, 1889), are: Hon. Christopher Green, President; J. A. Woodson, Vice-President; Fred E. Ray, Secre- tary; James I. Felter, Treasurer. Directors — HISTORY OF' SACRAMENTO UOUNTT. Mrs. Margaret E. Crocker (life), Hon. Newton Booth, C. E. Grunskj, Dr. George Pjbiirn, Joseph Steffens, David Liibin, with tlie above- named officers. The Board of Joint Control consists of the above named and His Honor, Eugene J. Gregory, the mayor, representing the municipality of Sacramento. The Board of Trustees of the State's Mineral Cabinet referred to are: Mayor Gregory, Cliairman; Dr. George Pjburn, Secretary, and J. A. Woodson; these are appointed by the State. The former presi- dents of the association have been David Lubin and Hon. Newton Booth. The custodian of the gallery and the chief art instructor in the School of Design is W. F. Jackson. THE STATE LIBRARY. The lirst active step toward the formation of a State library was taken by the Legislature of 1850, in directing that the scattered books be- longing to the State be collected and placed in the custody of the Secretary of State, who should also serve as State Librarian. No very considerable additions were made to this collec- tion until 1856, when 3,500 standard law books were purchased, at a cost of about $17,000; in 1860 the library comprised 20,000 volumes; in 1870, 25,000; in 1880, 50,000, and now there are about 70,000. The library consists of two departments, law and miscellaneous. The law library-room, 30x35 feet and 20 leet high, is chock-full of books from floor to ceiling, and much more space is needed. Complete sets of law reports, and almost complete sets of the statutes of England, Ireland and Scotland, and nearly all the colonial possessions of Great Britain, and also of the States and Territories of our own country, cover- ing a period of si.x centuries, are in this collec- tion. Thevolumes in this department now num- ber about 20,000. The main room, for miscellaneous books, is circular in form, being about sixty feet in diam- eter and two stories high. Many magnificent paintings are to be seen in this department. It is almost completely surrounded by alcoves. There is here also a medical library of consider- able proportions. Although this is not a circulating library, books may be taken from it by the members of the Legislature during session, and by State ivih officers at any time; and this pi Usually been e.\tended by the trustees also to the medical profession and the ch ■■gy in th i city. The State library is supported from two sources: P''irst, a system of exchanges with other libraries; and, secondly, the fees paid to the Secretary of State, amounting to several hundred dollars per month. It is under the control of a board of five trustees, elected by the Legislature in joint convention, and holding their office for a term of four years, serving without pay. They appoint a librarian who serves at a salary of $3,000 per annum, and is ex officio secretary of the board. He in turn may appoint two deputies. The State Libra- rians have been: W. C. Stratton, R. 0. Cravens, twelve years, and Talbot H. "Wallis since 1882; and the present deputies are G. T. Clark and F. F. Freeman. THE FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. As early as 1857 the Sacramento Libi-ary Association was organized, and under their auspices a good library was formed, which, not- withstanding losses by fire, increased in size. In 1872 a building on I street, between Seventh and Eighth, was erected and furnished at a total cost of about $17,500. Of this amount $11,- 500 was raised by a gift enterprise, and $(),000 borrowed on a mortgage. Notwithstanding the advantages ofl'ered by the association, its subsequent career was not as prosperous as was desirable, and in 1879 the directors ofl'ered the property to the city, to be maintained as a free library, the city assuming the debt. The question was submitted to the citizens at the March election, and was carried. As soon as possible the library was re-catalogued and arranged, and on June 15 following was opened as a free public library, with 6,067 vol- umes on its shelves. It now contains over 14,- HISrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 000 volumes, including many valuable and costly works. On the tables of the reading-rooms are to be'lbund the leading papers of the State and of the Union, besides representative foreign jour- nals and periodicals, the whole number taken being over 200. Books may be drawn free for home use by any resident of the city, upon obtaining the re- "Huired permit. Since the library became the property of the city it has been supported by public tax, and been under the control of a Board of Trustees elected by the people. The following have served as Library Trustees: Judge S. C. Den- son, William H. Mills, William C. Fitch, Sam- uel Howard Gerrish, Add. C. Hinkson, Mrs. G. W. Hancock, MiiS Georgiana Brewster, Albert Dart, Kirke White Brier, Francis Le Noir, A. S. Hopkins and L. E. Smith. Mrs. Hancock and Mr. Brier died while holding the office, and Messrs. Mills, Dart and Le Noir resigned while serving. The present board is composed of William C. Fitch, President; Add. C. Hinkson, Vice-President; A. S. Hopkins, L. E. Smith and S. H. Gerrish, Secretaries. The last two mentioned have served continuously from the date of the establishment of the Free Library to the present time. The executive staff consists of the librarian and the assistant librarian, who at present are Miss Caroline G. Hancock and Mr. Lauren W. Ripley. THE ODD fellows' LIBRARY, in their temple at Ninth and K streets, now contains about 5,000 volumes. It is a circulating library for all members of the order in good standing and their families, and is open from 7 to 9 o'clock every evening during the week, and from 2 to 4 p. m. every Sunday. On the ledger are enrolled 559 names, and an average of about 500 books are taken out per month. The library is supported from the proceeds of picnics, espe- cially the annual picnic, and by donations from most of the lodges. The room and alcoves are conveniently ar- ranged, and the spare places are adorned with appropriate paintings and photographs of past ofHcers. Helen A. Benteen has been the libra- rian since September, 1883. MUNICIPAL. During the month of July, 1849, the first movement was made toward the organization of a municipal governtnent for Sacramento. Of the movements in Territorial days looking to the formation of a city government, Dr. Morse, in his history of Sacramento — the first work of the kind written — gives the following account: PpiMAKY GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION. " The population was rapidly increasing, and a desire for some more fixmiliar or Americanized government began to receive considerable favor. Accordingly, in tiie latter part of July, 1849, an election for town councilmen was held at the St. Louis Exchange, on Second street, between 1 and J. The result was the election of John P. Rodgers, H. E. Robinson, P. B. Cornwall, William Stout, E. F. Gillespie, Thomas F. Chap- man, M. T. McClelland, A. M. Winn and B. Jennings. On the 2d day of August following, the first six gentlemen on the list met at the same place and organized by making William Stout, President, and J. H. Harper, Clerk. The first business coming before the council was the preparation of a constitution defining the duties of the council and for the general government of the city. On August 25, A. M. Winn was elected president of the body in place of Stout, who was absent. "On the 20th of September an election was held at the St. Louis Exchange, for the adoption or rejection of a city charter, which had been prepared by the forementioned council. Prior to the election of these councilmen, there was no law or government which was not merely nomi- nal in its character. The only tribunal was an alcalde's court, in which justice was dispensed with such dispatch and enormous costs that little attention was paid to litigation. Under this regime the people became eminently given to minding their own business and avoiding UISTOKY OF SAGRAMENTO COUNTY. those legal collisions that are so geiierall)' un- satisfjing in their results. Consequently, when this movement was inade to organize a city goveniment, a i-pirit of o|)])(ii-ition began to nianiicst itself iuuong those who took a little leisure lo think of niatttrs that were notdirectly connected with ihcir hiii^intv^s^. The opjjosition principally emanated Ironi tiie votaries ol gam- ing. Hence, when the election came on, the result was much different from what was antici- pated by the officials of the city. Upon can- vassing the votes it was discovered that the charter had been defeated by a majority of 116 Vl)tCS. ■• To the president of the council, who took a deep and lively interest in the new dispen- sation of things, this defeat was both unexpected and mortifying. lie had exerted himself with a martyr's zeal to imbue the people with a proper conception of their wants and the prospective benetit of a city government, and while reposing upon a platform of conjectured success, he could not seem to understand the capricious and sin- gular phenomenon which this election evolved. In demonstration of this we invite the attention of our readers to the following proclamation, which, emanating from the president of the council, makes a most pathetic yet most com- promising appeal to the sovereign people as to 'what they desire the council to do:' " Proclamation to the people of Sacramento City by order of the President and Council: " On the Ist day of August, 1849, we were elected councilmen of this city, and our powers or duties were not defined. On the 13th of September following we presented to you a charter for your consideration, which you have seen lit to reject by a majority of 146 votes. Since then we have been unable to determine what the good people of this city desire us to do, and l)eing Republicans in principle, and having every confidence in the ability of the people to govern tiiemselves, we again recpiest the residents of Saer:unontoCity tonieet at theSt. Louis I' Last Monday was a great day for Sacramento, so far as excitement and fun were concerned. Notwithstanding the conflicting interests and the multiplicity of candidates, there was little else manifested but good humor, and a disposi- tion to have a good time, whatever the result. Mr. Biglow was elected mayor by a handsome majority, considering the many organizations with which he had to contend. Without wish- ing to say anything detrimental to others, we must be allowed to express the opinion that Mr. B. will make an excellent officer. His interests are identified witli those of Sacramento, and to promote her advancement toward that impor- tance and greatness which she is destined to reach will be his constant aim. We should not speak so confidently did not our personal knowl- edge of the new mayor warrant us in so doing. The other city and county officers, we believe, are all good men, and we doubt not will attend to the duties of their respective offices with promptness and fidelity." The number of votes cast tor mayor was 2,576, of which Hardin Biglow had 1,521, Joseph Grant 432, Thomas J. Henley 511, P. K. Haight 112, and forty-six scattering. On the 3d Grant filed a protest against the officers qualifying, upon the ground that fraud and irregularity had entered into the election, but it does not appear that any action was taken on his protest. Big- low immediately assumed office, and sent in an able message to the council. In the Squatter Riots of that year he was severely wounded, and before recovering was seized with cholera, and died at San Francisco, Kovember 27, 1850, at the age of forty-one. He was a native of Michi- gan, and was a man of exceeding courage and fine executive ability. After his death, the president of the council temporarily acted as mayor. THE MAYORS. A special election was held December 14 1850, to choose a mayor. In the early part of the day of election there was no excitement, but as the day advanced, although the rain fell in torrents, the excitement became intense. Bands of music paraded the streets, and every effort was used by both parties to seciire the success of their candidate. Horace Smith (Whig) was elected by a vote of 933, to 805 for J. K. Ilar- denbergh (Democrat), 183 for James McCiatchy, 25 for Wesley Merritt and 19 for Joseph Grant, independent candidates. On May 5, 1851, J. li. Hardenbergh (Demo- crat) was elected mayor by a vote of 1,264, to 1,224 tor Joseph H. Xevett (Whig). On the day of election an extensive fire broke out in San Francisco, which destroyed §7,000,000 worth of property. The excitement consequent on the reception of this intelligence somewhat dampened the ardor of the voters. On April 5, 1852, C. I. Hutchinson (Whig) defeated Hardenbergh (D.) by a vote of 1,450, to 1,234. This election was particularly excit- ing. Mass meetings were held at dift'erent points in the city, and there was no end to the mud- throwing. Hardenbergh was again successful, however, at the election on April 4, 1853, defeating his Whig opponent, W. H. McGrew, by a vote of 2,046 to 1.382. On March 28 the Whig Con- vention had nominated Dr. Volney Spaulding for the office, but he declined, and on the 30th the nomination was given to McGrew. On April 3, 1854, R. P. Johnson (Whig) was elected by a vote of 1,798 over Colonel John P.. Hall (Dem.), who received 1,693. James L. English (American) was elected mayor on April 2, 1855, by a vote of 1,523, to 504 for Hiram Arentz (Anti-American) and 78 I for R. P. Johnson (Whig). The latter, a few days before the election, published a card of withdrawal. On April 7, 1856, B. B. Redding (Democrat) was chosen mayor by a vote of 1,743, to 1,654 for L. B. Harris (American). J. P. Dyer (Democrat) was elected to the of- fice April 6, 1857, by a vote of 1,955, to 788 for Dr. R. B. Ellis (People's Independent) and 501 for George liowland (Republican). Dyer HISTORF OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. lield the office nntil tLe succession by the presi- dent of the Board of Supervisors, under tlie Consolidation Act. On May 3, 1858, Dr. H. L. Nichols (People's Independent) was elected president of the Board of Supervisors, by a vote of 3,584, to 1,877 for J. L. Craig (Democrat). William Shattuck (Lecompton Democrat) was elected president, September 7, 1859, by a vote of 3,233, to 2,802 for B. B. Redding (A. L- Democrat), and 5 for George Rowland (Repub- lican). On September4, 1861, Shattuckwas re-elected on the Douglas Democratic and Settlers' tickets) by a vote of 3,633, to 3,258 for C. H. Grimm (Republican), 14 for E. P. Figg (Breckenridge Democrat). Since the adoption of the present city charter, mayors have been elected as follows: May 5, 1863, Charles H. Swift (Union) by a vole of 1,640, over William Shattuck (Democrat), who received 742. March 13, 1866, Charles H. Swift (Union) by a vote of 1,321, to 915 for William F. Knox (Democrat). March 9, 1869, Charles II. Swift (Republi- can), by a vote of 1,232, to 749 for Archibald Heidey (Independent), and 71 for P. H. Russell (Democrat). The latter withdrew on the morn- ing of election in favor of Henley. March 12, 1872, Christopher Green (Repub- lican), by a vote of 1,629, to 1,245 for John Q. Brown (Democrat). March 9, 1875, Christopher Green (Republi- can), by a vote of 1,815, to 1,271 for John Q. Brown (Democrat and Independent). March 12, 1878, Jabez E. Turner (Working man), by a vote of 1,203, to 1,063 for James I. Felter (Republican), 1,056 for Hugh M. LaRue (Democrat), and 726 for Ezra Pearson (Work- ingnian). March 8, 1881, John Q. Brown (Democrat), by a vote of 1,925, to 1,704 for Christopher Green (Republican). March 11, 1884, John Q. Brown (Democrat), by a vote of 1,912, to 1,871 for Joseph Steffens (Republican), and 344 for Dr. A. B. Nixon (Prohibition). March 8, 1887, Eugene J. Gregory (Republi- can), by a vote of 3,202, to 1,283 for John Q. Brown (Democrat), and 39 for F. II. L. Weber (Prohibition). The total number of votes cast in the city at elections where mayors have been chosen is as follows: 1850,2,576; 1850 (December special), 2,032; 1851,2,488; 1852,2,684; 1853,3,428; 1854, 3,549; 1855, 2,095; 1856, 3,397; 1857, 3,242; 1858, 3,344; 1859, 3,702; 1861, 4,150; 1863, 2,426; 1866, 2.240; 1869, 2,439; 1872, 2,960; 1875, 3,138; 1878, 4,060; 1881, 3,695; 1884, 4,147; 1887, 4,527. DEAD AND LIVING THIEF MAGISTRATES. Most of the men who have tilled the office of chief magistrate of the city are dead. General Winn was prominently identified with the Odd Fellows, and afterward founded the Order of Native Sons of the Golden West. He died in Sonoma County, August 26, 1883. Biglow died of cholera, as stated above. Smith died at Vir- ginia City, Nevada, December 4, 1863. Hard- enbergh afterward removed to San Francisco, and filled several Federal offices. He died at East Oakland, May 30, 1885. Hutchinson was for many years a member of the insurance firm of Hutchinson & Mann, of San Francisco, and died there September 22, 1884. Johnson died at the Bay, May 1, 1886. Redding was after- ward Secretary of State, and for many years land agent of the railroad company. He died at San Francisco, August 21, 1882. Shattuck died at Newcastle, October 10, 1885. Swift was for years president of the Sacramento Bank, and died at San Francisco, July 15, 1885. With the exception of Dyer all of the balance are now residents of Sacramento. CITY OFFICERS. Following is a list of the officers of the city of Sacramento, from 1849 to 1881, inclusive: 1849.— A. M. Winn, Mayor; the Alcalde, Re- corder; N. C. Cunningham, Marshal; William UISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. GlaBkin, City Clerk and Auditor; J. A. Tutt, Assessor; S. C. Hastings, Treasurer; B. Brown, Collector; Murray Morrison, City Attorney; R. J. Watson, Harbormaster. 1850. — *Hardin Biglow, Mayor; -j-Horace Smith, Mayor; B. F. Washington, Recorder; N. C. Cunningham, Marshal; J. B. Mitchell, City Clerk and Auditor; J. W. Woodland, As- sessor; Barton Lee, Treasurer; E. B. Pratt, Collector; J. Neely Johnson, City Attorney; George W. Hammersley, Harbormaster. 1851. — James R. Hardenbergh, Mayor; W. H. McGrew, Recorder; VV. S. White, Marshal; L. Curtis, Clerk and Auditor; Samuel McKee, Assessor; W. R. McCracken, Treasurer; W. S. White, Collector; J. Neely Johnson, City Attoi-- uey; John Requa, Harbormaster. 1852.— C. I. Hutchinson, Mayor; W. H. Mc- Grew, Recorder; David McDowell, Marshal; Washington Meeks, City Clerk and Auditor; William Lewis, Assessor; R. Chenery, Treas- urer; D. McDowell, Collector; John G. Hyer, City Attorney; John Requa, Harbormaster; AV. A. Selkirk, Superintendent of Schools. 1853. — J. R. Hardenbergh, Mayor; N.Greene Curtis, Recorder; W.S.White, Marshal; John A. Fowler, City Clerk and Auditor; Samuel T. Clymer, Assessor; C. J. Torbert, Treasurer; W. S. White, Collector; L. Landus, Jr., City Attorney; Gordon Backus, Harbormaster; LL J. Bidleman, Superintendent of Schools. 1854. — R. P. Johnson, Mayor; N. Greene Curtis, Recorder; W. S. White, Marshal; T. A. Thomas, City Clerk and Auditor; E. C. Win- chfell, Assessdr; W. E. Chamberlain, Treasurer; N. A. H. Ball, Collector; W. Cyrus Wallace, City Attorney; Frank Harney, Harbormaster; H. W. Harkness, Superintendent of Schools. 1855. — James L. English, Mayor; N. Greene Curtis, Recorder; James W. Haines, Marshal; W. E. Chamberlain, City Clerk and Auditor; Prescott Robinson, Assessor; John C. Barr, Treasurer; J. T. Knox, Collector; Horace Smith, City Attorney; James W. Haines, Harbormas- » Wounded in the Squatter Riots, and died of cholera before he re- covered from his injuries. t Elected to fill vacancy. ter; Frank Tukey (resigned), Superintendent of Schools; F. W. Hatch (to fill vacancy), Super- intendent of Schools. 1856.— B. B. Redding, Mayor; W.W.Price, Recorder; Thomas McAl pin. Marshal; John F. Madden, City Clerk and Auditor; W. C. Felch, Assessor; W. M. Brainard, Treasurei ; JohnH. Houseman, Collector; Henry Starr, City Attor- ney; George C. Haswell, Harbormaster; F. W. Hatch, Superintendent of Schools. 1857. — J. P. Dyer, Mayor; Presley Dunlap, Recorder; James Lansing, Marshal; John F. Madden, City Clerk and Auditor; Alex. Mont- gomery, Assessor; James H. Sullivan, Treas- urer; John H. Houseman, Collector; George R. Moore, City Attorney; George C. Haswell, Har- bormaster; J. G. Lawton, Superintendent of Schools. 1858.— H. L. Nichols, President of the Board ; *Justice of the Peace, Police Judge ; J. P. Hardy, Marshal; J. B. Dayton, City Clerk and Auditor; E. B. Ryan, Assessor; Morg. Miller, Treasurer; W. S. Manlove, Collector; R. F. Morrison, City Attorney; Dan. H. Whepley, Harbormaster; G. L. Simmons, Superintendent of Schools. 1859.— W. Shattuck, President of the Board; Justice of the Peace, Police Judge; J. J. Wat- son, Marshal; J. B. Dayton, City Clerk and Auditor; E. B. Ryan, Assessor; Morg. Miller, Treasurer; W. S. Manlove, Collector; R. F. Morrison, City Attorney; Dan. H. Whepley, Harbormaster; G. L. Simmons, Superintendent of Schools. I860.— W. Shattuck, President of the Board; Justice of the Peace, Police Judge; J. J. Wat- son, Marslial; Thomas Letson, City Clerk and Auditor; E. B. Ryan, Assessor; C. L. Bird, Treasurer; Sylvester Marshall, Collector; Cor- nelius Cole, City Attorney; Dan. H. Whepley, Harbormaster; F. W. Hatch, Superintendent of Schools. 1861.— W. Shattuck, President of the Board; Justice of the Peace, Police Judge; J. J. Wat- son, Marshal; Thomas Letson, City Clerk and ^"M^rom 1H58 to 186S the city and county wae coneolidnted, and man- agcd by ii Board of Supervisors, one of which was president of the board. During this period the three city justices of the peace were, iu rotation of a week each, police judge. nrSTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Auditor; E. B. Ryan, Assessor; V. L. Bird, Treasurer; Sylvester Marshall, CdlKrtor; Cor- nelius Cole, City Attorney; (). W. Whitney, Harbormaster; U. Taylor, Superintendent of Schools. 1862.— W. Shattnck, President of the Board; Thomas W. Gilmer, Police Judge; J. J. Wat- son, Marshal; Josiah Howell, City Clerk and Auditor; E. 13. liyan, Assessor; C. L. Bird, Treasurer; *James McDonald, Treasurer; B. N. Pugbey, Collector; *Samuel Smith, Collector; "W. W. Upton, City Attorney; G. W. Whitney, Harbormaster; (i. Taylor, Superintendent of Schools. 1863.— C. II. Swift, First Trustee and Mayor; n. T. Holmes, Second Trustee; Josiah Johnson, Third Trustee; S. S. Holl, Police Judge; f J. T. Clark, Chief of Police; Benjamin Peart, City Auditor and Clerk; James E. Smith, Assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, Treasurer; James E.Smith, Collector; E. H. Heacock, City Attorney; N. A. Kidder, Harbormaster; G.Taylor, Superintend- ent of Schools. 186-1:.— C. II. Swift, First Trustee and Mayor; H. T. Holmes, Second Trustee; Josiah Johnson, Third Trustee; S. S. Holl, Police Judge; F. T. Burke. Chief of Police; Benjamin Peart, City Auditor and Clerk; James E. Smith, Assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, Treasurer; James E. Smith, Collector; E. H. Heacock, City Attorney; N. A. Kidder, Harbormaster; W. II. Hill, Super- intendent of Schools. 1865.— C. H. Swift, First Trustee and iMayor; S. D. Smith, Second Trustee; Josiah Johnson, Third Trustee; S. S. Holl, Police Judge; V. T. Burke, Chief of Police; C. C. Jenks, City Au- ditor and Clerk; John C. Halley, Assessor; Har- vey Caswell, Treasurer; D. A. De Merrit, Col- lector; E. H. Heacock, City Attorney; S. C. Hall, Harbormaster; W. H. Hill, Superintend- ent of Schools. NoTi- Till- ritr ;rin-ernmont was chanped on tho SOth of .\pril, l^i'f >' • ■ " 1 ir,i MU't and held their flret seesion on the let of M > vrr since being Rovornod by three trnetoes— the In-' in.sidentof the ooard and mayor; tho si-cond trii~i: . , -1. .1 . ,.]Minisyiouer; and tho tliird trustee, Huperiutendenl 1866.— C. H. Swift, First Trustee and Mayor; S. D. Smith, Second Trustee; Josiah Johnson, Tliird Trustee; L. li. Foote, Police Judge; F. T. Burke, Chief of Police; C. C. Jenks, City Auditor and Clerk; John C. Halley, Assessor; Harvey Caswell, Treasurer; D. A. De Merrit, Collector; E. II. Heacock, City Attorney; N. A. Kidder, Harbormaster; W. H. Hill, Super- intendent of Schools. 1867.— C.H.Swift, First Trustee and Mayor; S. D. Smith, Second Trustee; David Kendall, Thii-d Trustee; L. II. Foote, Police Judge; F. T. P.urke, Chief of Police; John McClintock, City Auditor and Clerk; E. R. Hamilton, As- sessor; W. E. Chamberlain, Treasurer; D. A. De Merrit, Collector; M. C. Tilden, City At- torney; N. A. Kidder, Harbormaster; W. II. Hill, Superintendent of Schools. 1868.— C. II. Swift, First Trustee and Mayoi , John Rider, Second Trustee; David Kendall, Third Trustee; L. U. F'oote, Police Judge; B. W. Martz, Chief of Police; John McClintock, City Auditor and Clerk; E. R. Hamilton, As- sessor; W. E. Chamberlain, Treasurer; I). A. De Merrit, Collector; M. C. Tilden, City At- torney; William Young, Harbormaster; W. H. Hill, Superintendent of Schools. 1869.— C. II. Swift, First Trustee and Mayor; John Rider, Second Trustee; *David Kendall, Third Trustee; L. II. Foote, Police Judge; B. AV^. Martz, Chief of Police; John McClintock, City Auditor and Clerk; W. T. Crowell, As- sessor; W. E. Chamberlain, Treasurer; A.Leon- ard, Collector; S. S. IIoll, City Attorney; William Young, Harbormaster; W. II. Hill, Superintendent of Schools. 1870.— C. II. Swift, First Trustee and Mayor; John Rider, Second Trustee; James McCleery, Third Trustee; A. Henley, Police Judge; George Smith, Chief of Police; John McClintock, City Auditor and Clerk; W. T. Crowell, Assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, Treasurer; A. Leonard, Collector; J. K. Alexander, City Attorney; AVilliam Young, Harbormaster; W. II. Hill, Superintendent of Schools. •Died before the expiriition of his term. BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 1871.— C. H. Swift, First Trustee and Mayor; John Rider, Second Trustee; James McCleery, Third Trustee; A. Henlej, Police Judge; George Smith, Chief of Police; John McClintock, City 'Auditor and Clerk; S. S. Greenwood, Assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, Treasurer; H. Montfort, Collector; Charles T. Jones, City Attorney; William Youn^, Harbormaster; W. H. Bill, Superintendent of Schools. 1872. — Christopher Grten, First Trustee and Mayor; John Rider, Second Trustee; James McCleery, Third Trustee; T.W.Gilmer, Police Judge; Matt Karcher, Chief of Police; E. M. Stevens, Captain of Police; John McClintock, City Auditor and Clerk; S. S. Greenwood, As- sessor; W. E. Chamberlain, Treasurer; H. Mont- fort, Collector; M. C. Tilden, City Attorney; William Young, Harbormaster; S. C. Denson, Superintendent of Schools. 1873. — Christopher Green, First Trustee and Mayor; John Rider, Second Trustee; Horace Adams, Third Trustee; T. W. Gilmer, Police Judge; Matt Karcher, Chief of Police; E. M. Stevens, Captain of Police; John McClintock, City Auditor and Clerk; Fred. A. Shepherd, Assessor; W. T. Crowell, Collector; Samuel Poorman, Treasui'er; M. C. Tilden, City At- torney; William Young, Harbormaster; S. C. Denson, Superintendent of Schools. 1874. — Ciiristopher Green, First Trustee and Mayor; W. F. Knox, Second Trustee; Horace Adams, Third Trustee; W. R. Cantwell, Police Judge; Matt Karcher, Chief of Police; E. M. Stevens, Captain of Police; John McClintock, City Auditor and Clerk; Fred. A. Shepherd, Assessor; W. T. Crowell, Collector; Samuel Poorman, Treasurer; W. R. Hinkson, City At- torney; William Young, Harbormaster and Health Officer; Add. C. Hinkson, Superintend- ent of Schools. 1875. — Christopher Green, First Trustee and Mayor; W. F. Kno.x, Second Trustee; James McCleery, Third Trustee; M. S. Horan, Police Judge; E. M. Stevens, Chief of Police; P. L. Hickman, City Auditor and Clerk; Fred. A. Shepherd, Assessor; AV. T. Crowell, Collector; Samuel Poorman, Treasurer; W. A. Anderson, City Attorney; William Young, Harbormaster and Health Officer; A. C. Hinkson, Superin- tendent of Schools. 1876. — Christopher Green, First Trustee and Mayor; W. F. Knox, Second Trustee; James McCleery, Third Trustee: M. S. Hdnm, Police Judge; E. M. Stevens, Chief uf Police; P. L. Hickman, City Auditor and Clerk; Fred. A. Shepherd, Assessor; W. T. Crowell, Collector; J. N. Porter, Treasurer; W. A. Anderson, City Attorney; A. Brewer, Harbormaster; A. C. Hinkson, Superintendent of Schools. 1877. — Christopher Green, First Trustee and Mayor; W. F. Knox, Second Trustee; James McCleery, Third Trustee; Thomas Conger, Po- lice Judge; E. M. Stevens, Chief of Police; E. H. McKee, City Auditor and Clerk; Fred. A. Shepherd, Assessor; G. A. Putnam, Collector; J. N. Porter, Treasurer; W. A. Anderson, City Attorney; N. A. Kidder, Harbormaster; W. H. Baldwin, Health Officer; A. C. Hinkson, Super- intendent of Schools. 1878.— Jabez Turner, First Trustee and Mayor; AV. F. Knox, Second Trustee; James McCleery, Third Trustee; Thomas Conger, Po- lice Judge; E. M. Stevens, Chfef of Police; E. H. McKee, City Auditor and Clerk; Fred. A. Shepherd, Assessor; G. A. Putnam, Collector; J. N. Porter, Treasurer; H. L. Buckley, City Attorney; N. A. Kidder, Harbormaster; A. C. Hinkson, Superintendent of Schools. 1879.— Jabez Turner, First Trustee; W. F. Knox, Second Trustee; Josiah Johnson, Third Trustee; W. A. Henry, Police Judge; E. M. Stevens, Chief of Police; E. H. McKee, City Auditor and Clerk; Fred. A. Shepherd, Assessor; George A. Putnam, Collector: J. N. Porter, Treasurer; H. L. Buckley, City Attorney; N. A. Kidder, Harbormaster; William Young, Health OtHcer; F. L. Laiides, Superintendent of Schools. 1880.— Jabez Turner, First Trustee and Mayor; Jerome C. Davis, Second Trustee; Josiah Johnson, Third Trustee; AV. A. Henry, Police Judge; Matt Kaicher, Chief of Police; HISTOHT OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. E. H. McKee, City Auditor and Clerk; Fred. A. Siiepherd, Assessor; George A. Putnam, Col- lector; W. E. Chamberlain, Treasurer; W. A. Anderson, City Attorney; N. A. Kidder, Har- bormaster; F. T. Phillips, Health Officer; F. L. Landes, Superintendent of Schools. 1881. — John Q. Brown, First Trustee and Mayor; *Jerome C. Davis, Second Trustee; Jo- siah Johnson, Third Trustee; W. A. Henry, Po- lice Judge; Matt Karcher, Chief of Police; E. H. McKee, City Auditor and Clerk; Fred. A. Shepherd, Assessor; George A. Putnam, Col- lector; W. E. Chamberlain, Treasurer; "W. A. Anderson, City Attorney; N. A. Kidder, Har- bormaster; George R. Martin, Health Officer; F. L. Landes, Superintendent of Schools. 1882.— John Q. Brown, First Trustee and Mayor; John Ryan, Second Trustee; William Gutenberger, Third Trustee; W. A. Henry, Po- lice Judge; E. H. McKee, City Auditor and Clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, Assessor; George A. Putnam, Collector; W. A. Anderson, Attorney; J. R. Laine, Superintendent of Schools. 1883. — John Q. Brown, First Trustee and Mayor; John Ryan, Second Trustee; William Gutenberger, Third Trustee; W. A. Henry, Po- lice Judge; E. H. McKee, City Auditor and Clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, Assessor; George A. Putnam, Collector; Matthew Karcher, Chief of Police; W. A. Anderson, Attorney; J. R. Laine, Superintendent of Schools. 1884. — Same except that H. B. JSIeilson was Second Trustee and J. J. Buckley was Assessor. 1885. — John Q. Brown, First Trustee and Mayor; Win. Gutenberger, Third Trustee; E. H. McKee, City Auditor and Clerk; J. J. Buck- ley, Assessor; George A. Putnam, Collector; W. A. Henry, Police Judge; O. C. Jackson, Chief of Police; W. A. Anderson, City Attorney; J. R. Laine, Superintendent of Schools. 1886. — John Q. Brown, First Trustee and Mayor; H. B. Neilson, Second Trustee; W. R. Jones, Third Trustee; E. H. McKee, City Au- ditor and Clerk; J. J. Buckley, Assessor; Goo. A. Putnam, Collector; W. A. Henry, Police • Died October 5. H31, before expiratiou of term. Judge; O. C. Jackson, Chief of Police; E. C. Hart, City Attorney; M. R. Beard, Superin- tendent of Schools. 1887. — Eugene J. Gregory, First Trustee and Mayor; John Ryan, Second Trustee; W. R. Jones, Third Trustee; E. H. McKee, Auditor and Clerk; J. J. Buckley, Assessor; George A. Putnam, Collector; Henry S. Buckley, Police Judge; H. F. Dillman, Chief of Police; E. C. Hart, Attorney; M. R. Beard, Superintendent of Schools. 1888. — Eugene J. Gregory, First Trustee and Mayor; John Ryan, Second Trustee; H. C. Wolf, Third Trustee; E. H. McKee, City Auditor and Clerk; J. J. Buckley, Assessor; George A. Put- nam, Collector; Henry S. Buckley, Police Judge; Timothy Lee, Chief of Police; W. S. Church, City Attorney; M. R. Beard, Superintendent of Schools. 1889. — Eugene J. Gregory, First Trustee and Mayor; William McLaughlin, Second Trustee; H. C. Wolf, Third Trustee; E. H. McKee, Au- ditor and Clerk; J. J. Buckley, Assessor; Geo. A. Putnam, Collector; Henry S. Buckley, Po- lice Judge; Timothy Lee, Chief of Police; M. R. Beard, Superintendent of Schools. FIRES AND FIRE DEPARTMENT. The first fire of any considerable e.xtent oc- curring in the city of Sacramento was on the morning of April 4, 1850, on Front street, be- tween J and K streets, when eight or ten build ings were destroyed, with their contents, within the short space of thirty minutes. The loss was about $100,000. Immediately a fire depart- ment was organized. November 9, following, a fire destroyed the New York, Eagle, St. Fran- cis and the Galena hotels, Llomeof the Badger, Rowe's provision store and other buildings. The Tehama Theatre was burned August 18, 1851. On November 2, 1852, occurred the greatest fire that has ever afflicted this city, when fully seven-eighths of the place was destroyed and a good many lives were supposed to be lost. The total amount of loss was estimated at $10,000,- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 000. The Congregational Clmrchon Sixth street, although a frame structure, was the only one of many churches saved. Tliu fire did not e.xtend east of Ninth street or north of I street. A strong wind prevailing at the time of the out- break of the fire was doubtless tiie cause of the conflagration becoming so general. The second general conflagration in Sacra- mento's history took place on the afternoon of July 13, 1854, starting in a small frame build- ing in the rear of Newcomb's furniture store, near the center of the block bounded by J, K, Third and Fourth streets. It was caused by tlie upsetting of a spirit lamp used to warm a glue- pot. The flames almost immediately reached the Sacramento Hotel, and directly tiiere was an overawing blaze. Although the day was very hot, the tiiermometer being 100° in the coolest shade, the firemen turned out in force; but in spite of the most heroic efforts the terrible ele- ment proceeded to destroy the Oriental Hotel, American House, old Court-House, New Eng- land House, State House, Congregational Church, Sewanee House, Crescent City Hotel and No. ■4's Engine House. The water- works had just got into operation, and were found very effi- cient, else the loss would have been much greater. When the fire threatened the State Capitol with destruction, Governor Bigler, who had been working from the beginning of the fire wherever an efficient hand was most needed, asked several by-standers to assist him in saving the furniture. They objected to this on the ground that private parties could not aftbrd to lose their property so well as tiie State. A full-length portrait of Washington was standing against the southern wall, and pointing to it Bigler said, "See! there is the portrait of the father of your country; will you permit it to be destroyed? " A general rush was made and the picture was saved. The Golden Eagle Hotel, a substantial brick structure, checked the fire until it was controlled. The Monumental Eugine Company of San Fran- cisco did their utmost to reach S:icramento in time, but could not arrive until the next morn- ing. The citizens thanked them C'trdially. The next fire of importance occurred July 3, 1855, clearing the whole triangle between the levee, I and Sixth streets; but the buildings were generally' old rookeries, occupied mostly by Chinese. During the following nineteen years several fires occurred, each occasioning the loss of $10,- 000 to 820,000. September 15, 1874, about 5:30 o'clock a. m. the Capital Woolen Mills caught fire and were destroyed, the loss being between $75,000 and $100,000. Contracts were immediately let for a new building. On January 9, 1875, in the afternoon, a fire started in the lamp-room of the AVestern Hotel, and spread with fearful rapidity. The fire de- partment was promptly on hand and succeeded in confining the fire to the hotel building, which was totally destroyed. Three lives were lost; two of the ill-fated were compositors in the Union office. Money loss, about $90,000. Sacramento claims the honor of having or- ganized the first fire company in California. This was the Mutual Hookand Ladder Company, No. 1. The primary steps toward organizing were taken on February 5, 1850. The following officers were elected: Deinas Strong, Foreman; J. S. Fowler, First Assistant; M. D. Ejre, Sec- ond Assistant; T. A. Warbass, Treasurer; H. G. Langley, Secretary; J. O. Derby, Steward. This company turned out to the fire of April 4, 1850, using the fire engine belonging to Lewis & Bailey. They continued in active existence until October 30, 1859, when they were dis- banded by mutual consent, and their apparatus was turned over to the fire department. Com- panies 1 and 2 were supplied with hooks and ladders in the early part of 1853. The Mutuals occupied the same building with Confidence Engine Company, No. 1, and had twenty-six members when they disbanded. The Alert Hook and Ladder Company, No. 2, was organized September 27, 1852, by electing Thomas W. Noyes, Foreman; Charles W. Cook, Assistant Foreman; Alexander C. Folger, Sec- retary; W. B. H. Dodson, Trustee; John L. HISTOET OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Polheiniis and Joseph F. Cloutman, Delegates. The building of this company was located on Eighth street, between J and K, and was a two- story brick. Like the Mntnals, they received a new outfit of hooks and ladders in 1853. In 1860 they had twenty-nine njembers, with M. McManus, Foreman. Confidence Engine Company, JMo. 1, was or- ganized March G, 1851, with these officers: W. H. Eakins, Foreman; William B. Hunt, First Assistant; John J. Balentine, Second Assistant; H. E. Urner, Secretary; and Leander Culver, Treasurer. Their l)uilding was erected on the east side of Third street, between I and J. It is two stories high. The company maintained its organization until the introduction of the paid fire department, when its membership was sixty-five. Protection Engine Company, No. 2, was or- ganized on March 22, 1851, by the election of the following officers: William Arents, Fore- man; Francis R. Folger, Assistant; and H. Burdick, Secretary. They had sixty-five mem- bers, and their house was located on the west side of Eighth street, between J and K, and the building is now the Exempt Firemen's Hall. Sacramento Engine Company, No. 3, was organized March 27, 1851, by the election of J. K. Beard, Foreman; II. J. Beams, Assistant Foreman; F. McGil very, Secretary; J. C. Free- man, Assistant Secretary. Two years subse- quently, a fine house was erected for this company on the west side of Second street, between K and L. In 1860 they had a membership of fifty-nine. Eureka Engine Conijiany, No. 4, was organized August 15, 1853, with W. H. Jones, Foreman; John H. Burgess, Assistant; Jacob Greenebaum, Secretary; II. P. Osborn, Treasurer. Their building was also a two-story brick, on Fifth street, between J and K. In 1860 they were rated at sixty-five members. Knickerbocker Engine Company, No. 5, was organized July 21, 1854, by electing H. Policy, Foreman; James H. Calvyn, First Assistant; P. Holland, Second Assistant; John F. Hall, Secretary, and John C. Keenan, Treasurer. Their building, also a two-story brick, was on the east side of. Fourth street, between K and L. They numbered fifty-eight members. Young America, No. 6, organized by residents of the Third Ward, June 21, 1855, with Eobert Kobinson, Foreman; E.Kimball, First Assist- ant ; Sylvester Marshall, Second Assistant ; An- son Perry, Secretary; Charles S. White, Treas- urer. Their house, a two-story brick structure, located on the east side of Tenth street, between I and J, is now used by the paid fire depart- ment. Tehama Hose Company, No. 1, the first iiose company in this city, was organized April 21, 1853, but disbanded November 24, 1855. Neptune Hose Company, an independent or- ganization, was formed October 6, 1856, witli C. T. Ingham, President; P. Holland, Fore- man; Thomas Bartlett, Assistant Foreman; A. P. Norton, Treasurer; Alexander Badlam, Sec- retary. After considerable trouble, this com- pany was admitted into the department, and the city erected a building for it on the north side of I street, fronting Fourth street. Member- ship, twenty-five. Broderick Engine Company, No. 7, was or- ganized June 1, 1860, by electing Matthias Ault, Foreman; R. B. Bishop, First Assistant; Bernard Riley, Second Assistant; D. O. Brown, Secretary, and W. S. Iliggins, Treasurer. Mem- bership, sixty-five. This company, named after United States Senator Broderick, was a faithful company, attending all the fires; but it was not admitted into the department, and was disbanded immediately after the flood of 1861. Their house, a story-and-a-half building, was at the corner of Third and R streets, but it has since been removed to another place and converted into a dwelling. The engine, hose, etc., reverted to the department. Several other companies, of less note, were organized during the volunteer period. The following is a list of the chief engineers HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. of the valantear tiro department, fr(jin its in- ception to the date of its dissolution: Hiram Arents from Jan. 25, 1851, to Oct. 1, 1851 David McDowell.... " Nov. 5, 18.")1, " Aug. 2, 1853 R. M.Folger " Aug. 2, 1853, " Aug. 1, 1853 I.M.Hubbard " Aug. 1, 1853, " Aug. 7,1854 .1, H. Houseman*.... " Aug. 7, 1854, " Nov. 1,1854 J. B. Blauchardf " Nov. 1, 1854, " Dec. 15, 1854 Henry Pulley " Dec. 15, 1854, '■ Aug. 7, 1855 Hiram Arents " Aug. 7, 1855, " Aug. 4, 1857 Joseph S. Friend...*. " Aug. 4, 1857, " Aug. 3, 1853 Georsie H. Brickman " Aug. 3, 1858, " Aug. 7, 18()0 R. J. Graham " Aug 6, 18G0, " Aug. 3, ]8«3 Hugh Kelly* " Aug. 3, 1863, " Dec. 1,1863 George Schraeiser... " Deo. 14, 1863, " Aug. 1, 1864 David C. Wilson " Aug. 1, 1864, " Aug. 6, 1866 John Donnellan " Aug. 6, 1866, " Aug. 5, 1867 W. Gillan " Aug. 5, 1867, " Aug. .. 1868 Frank Johnson " Aug. .. 1868, " Aug. .. 1H69 A H Hapeman " Aug. .. 1869, " Aug. .. 1870 William D. Farrell.. " Aug. .. 1870, " Aug. .. 1871 George Schmeiser. . . " Aug. .. 1871, " Aug. .. 1873 Many interesting incidents, both pleasant and unpleasant, we would relate had we space. Tournaments, races, presentations of banners, gossip, etc., were numerous enough to fill a large volume. As one amusing feature we refer to the time when a great complaint was made against the tire department for some years by the papers, called forth mainly by tiie rivalry of tlie companies. Some of their members were accused of laying plans for get- ting ahead of tlieir rivals by ringing a false alarm, having previously warned enough of their own company to secure their engine get- ting to the place of the tire first, and of course obtaining credit therefor tbe next morning in the papers! April 1, 1872, the Legislature created a paid tire department in Sacramento, consisting of a board of three tire commissioners, tlie lirst members to be appointed by the Governor and their successors to be elected by the people of the city, one each year at the regular city elec- tion. The city was authorized to issue bonds for §50,000, payable twenty years after date, with interest at eight per cent, per annum. The first commissioners were Sylvester Tryon, George Rowland and W. C. Felch, the latter of whom was elected president of the board. Un- der the provisions of this law there are at pres- • Resi|;ni>(l. t Firr^t assistant iictin<; ns chief during vacancy. etit three engine companies, and one hook and ladder company. Engine Company No. 1 was organized Sep- tember 15, 1872, with H. Burnham, Foreman, and O. Collier, Engineer, and twelve other men; but only the engineer, firemen and drivers were permanently employed. Their house is situated on Second street, between K and L, and their apparatus comprises a second-class steam fire- engine of the Amoskeag manufacture, one hose cart with 1,000 feet of carbonized hose, and one extra hose cart with 1,000 feet of hose. Engine Company No. 2 was organized at the same time as the preceding, with J. W.Thomp- son as Foreman and E. H. Williams as Engi- neer. Their house is on Tenth street, between I and J, and equipments about the same as those of No. 1. Engine Comjiany No. 3 was organized and placed in service April 1, 1888, at Nineteenth and L streets, with a new Clapp & Jones en- gine and a new hose cart. Hose Companj^ No. 1, organized June 11, 1884, Jiad previously been located at tliat place and disbanded. Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 was organ - ized September 28, 1872, and at first employed four truckmen, who did duty only in case of fire. It now consists of a foreman, driver, steward and five extra men. The driver and steward are permanently employed. This com- pany occupies a new house, constructed for their purpose, on- Sixth street, between K and L. The present Board of Fire Commissioners comprises Messrs. W. D. Comstock, John Weil and J. F. Slater; and the officers of the fire department are: W. D. Comstock, President; H. I. Seymour, Secretary; M. O'Meara, Chief Engineer; H. A. Guthrie, Assistant Engineer. The chief engineers of the paid fire depart- ment since its organization have been: William B. Hunt lS72-'74. William H. H. Lee 1874-76. Harry Burnham 1876-'78. Wm.' H. H. Lee, four months 1878. Cornelius Sullivan 1878-'87. M. O'Meara, July, 1887, to the present. HISTORY OF SAGBAMENTO GOUNTT. EXEMPT FIREMEN S ASSOCIATION. The first organization of this kind was effected on August 14, 1865. At a meeting held on that day, twenty-two members of the association being present, the following officers were chosen: George Rowland, President; J. H. Houseman, Vice-President; J. J. Smith, Secretary; J. F. Crawford, Treasurer. This association had only a membership of si.xty-five in 1871, in which year it was abolished. This society was a chari- table one, but its charities were neither sys- tematic nor compulsory. The fund was under the control of the " Board of Delegates," which had been incorporated June 10, 18G8, and had a treasury of about $38,000 in 1872, which it turntd over to the new association. The latter, which is the present society, was organized in accordance with an act of the Legislature, approved in April, 1872, the exact date of its institution being December 4, 1872. The first officers were: W. L. Ilerndon, Presi- dent; A. H. Cwmniings, First Vice-President; Joseph Davis, Second Vice-President; John F. Crawford, Secretary; George A. Putnam, Treas- urer, besides a board of general trustees and of trustees of the charitable fund. Although there were but si.xty-five members in the old association in 1871, the new organi- zation began in 1872 with 324 members, and many others joined afterward. The objects of this organization are social and fraternal aid and pecuniary benefit. Tlie sum of $8 per week, in case of sickness or disability, $10 a month to widows of deceased members in case they are in need of it, and $100 for funeral expenses, are the pecuniary benefits given; and all additional friendly aid that the fraternity can bestow in case of sickness or distress is also cheerfully given. No one can obtain these benefits, how- ever, if his distress is the result of gross dissi- pation. By deaths and removals the number of members is nuw reduced to 151 — less than half the original number. The present officers are: James R. Crone, President; N. L. Drew, P'irst Vice-President; C. 11. Xrebs, Second Vice- President; George A. Putnam, Treasurer; Will- iam Avery, Secretary; Frank Swift, Janitor. The act creating the paid fire department of Sacramento provided that the Exempt Firemen's Association should have the privilege of select- ing one of the engine houses of the old volunteer department for its use. Accordingly, the old engine house on the west side of Eighth street, between J and K, was selected, and the property put up at auction, it being necessary that it should be sold. Of course no one would bid against the " Exempts," and the property was purchased by them for the sum of $100. The building was remodeled with suitable halls and stores, which have been advantageously rented. This change cost about $7,000, and the build- ing was occupied for the first time July 12, 1875. WATER WORKS. The first institution in Sacramento that coula be called water-works was the five horse-power pile-driver engine of William P. Henry, which, near the foot of 1 street, pumped water by suc- tion up into a reservoir. From this carts were loaded and the water peddled out by the gallon. Soon after this was started, " Uncle Billy" An- derson began a similar enterprise at the junction of Second street with the slough. These parties in competition ran a profitable business until they formed a combination with A. A. Bennett, and erected more elaborate works just south of Henry's engine. Their tank was much higher and more carefully constructed. In the fall of 1852, George Gordon and the " Sacramento Water Company" each presented plans for a system of water-works, both of which, in December, were rejected by a popular vote; but at the same time the people voted a tax of three-fourths of one per cent, for works of some kind, to be thereafter determined. The City Council advertised for plans and specifications, and those adopted were presented by Mr. Kirk. The specifications called for a brick building, 127x 50feetontheground,andthetopof the wall thirty-six and a half feet above the present grade HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. of J and Front streets. The floor of the second story was to be sixteen feet above said grade of J and Front streets. Tlie reservoir was to be 128x50 feet, and si.x and a half feet higii; the greatest depth of water, five feet. The pumping engine was to have a capacity of 20,000 gallons per hour. The price was to be §120,000, pay- able in city bonds, bearing ten per cent, interest per annum, payable in five, seven, ten and twelve years from January 1, 1854. Work commenced October 27, 1853; the building was completed, and the tank filled April 1, 1854. The occasion was celebrated by the citizens on the 6tb of April. This building is the same now known as the old water-works building. On August 12, 1853, the first bonds of the water loan were issued, the total issue under this loan being $284,495. The first superin- tendent of the new works was, appropriately enough, William P. Henry, the first man to introduce anything like pumping-works into the city. The first parties to take water from the new works were Adams & Co., who paid for fifteen days' supply at the rate of $12.22 per month. In April, 1854, there were seventy- eight customers; May, 155; June 260; and by November, 403. During the year 1855 there were laid two and one-fourth miles of water-pipes, which, with fifty hydrants and twenty-one stop-gates, cost $28,- 600. The capacity of reservoirs was 200,000 gallons; the pump capacity, 39,100 gallons per hour. The total length of pipe, March 1, 1856, was eight and one-fourth miles. A Worthing- ton pump was added to the works a few years later. As the system of pipes was extended, the pressure was decreased, until finally, during the summer season, the complaints from the citi- zens of the more remote portions of the city became both loud and deep of the scarcity of water. On April 6, 1870, the works suffered a bad break-down, shutting off for some time the supply of water. It now became evident that something must be done to better the condition of the works. On June 6, Superintendent Mc- Cleery presented to the Board of Trustees the plan of A. A. Bennett, architect, to raise the old buildings at a cost of §10,000. On June 22, 1870, Turton & Knox commenced to raise tlie tanks fifteen feet; a new stand pipg was also put up at a cost of §250. Tue remedy was but temporary, though for a time it silenced the more clamorous of the complainants; but they soon recovered, and, finally, so much was said concerning the inadequacy of the olil works, that it became evident that nothing but a new set of works, or system, with greatly increased capacity, would satisfy their demands. From 1858 to 1872 several schemes were pro- posed and abandoned, among them the Holly system. Also, water from the various wells and the river was analyzed. An analysis of the Sac- ramento River water gave the following result : One hundred and twenty ounces of water taken from the April freshet of 1870, and evaporated to dryness, by James Bell, of San Francisco, left a residuum of 2.59 grains, composed as follows: Gypsum, 1.27 grains; epsom salts, 0.70; salt, 0.21;silicateof potash, 0.13; silica, 0.25; iron, a suspicion only; loss, .03 grains. A special election was held July 20, 1872, by which it was decided to adopt one of the three plans offered by the Holly Company, namely, the one which would demand an outlay of $58,000. Then the west fifty feet of lot 4, between H and I streets, and First and Second streets, were purchased by the Capital Savings Bank and the National Gold Bank of D. O. Mills & Co., and the deed therefor pre- sented to the city. The trustees, on receiving this deed, passed a resolution to accept it, and to reserve from the bonds authorized to be issued $20,000, subject to such further legislation as might be had, for the purpose of paying said banks the money advanced by them, of which sum the Capital Savings Bank had advanced $8,000, and the National Gold Bank $7,000. Work on the n&vf building and works com- menced forthwith and was pushed with vigor, notwithstanding which the machinery was not in shape to receive its trial or test of capacity until July 17, 1873. The capacity was tested thoroughly, and proved to be fully up to the call 166 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. of tlie specifications, and, on the 28th, the works were accepted by the trustees. The amount of bonds authorized by the act, approved March 30, 1872, for tlie purpose of erecting these wurics was $191,307,50. The amount actually issued, $189,993.15. Time showed that the Holly rotary punips were nearly, or quite, worthless, and about nine years ago were taken out. The gang pumps put in by the Holly Company, but not claimed by thetn to be original, have done good service so far, and during the winter months supply the town with water. Early in 1878 a pump was built at the machine shops of the Central Pacific Railroad Company, and put into the Water- Works Building, on the west side. Tiiis pump is a double-acting piston pump, with large air chamber thirty-six inches in diameter by twenty- nine feet high, and, like the other pum])S, con- nects directly with the main, or water pipe. The engine is a high pressure, condensing, steam cylinder thirty-six iuches in diameter, water cylinders twenty-four inches in diameter, each having a stroke of eighty inches. The capacity of this pump alone is estimated to be over 0,000,000 gallons of water per twenty-four hours, and cost, completed, $30,004.48. This is now paid for, and the whole debt against the water- works was extinguished in August, 1880. Up to January 1, 1880, the water-works of Sacra- mento cost, exclusive of repairs and interest, $514,492. Since 1880 there has been no material change made in the works, which are still of sufficient capacity for the city were there no waste of the water by citizens. GAS-WOEKS. Early in 1854 a Scotchman named William Glen obtained the franchise to establish and manage gas-works in the city of Sacramento, lie did not attempt to build the works, but sold his right to a joint-stock association, which or- ganized as the "Sacramento (ras Company," on the 18th of August, 1854, by the election of Angus Frierson, President, and N. W. Chit- tenden, Secretary. The capital stock of the company amounted to $500,000, and, by May, 185G, $220,000 had been expended. The ini- tial step in the construction of the gas-works was taken by Mayor R. P.Johnson, who on the 20th of October, 1854, turned the first soil for tlie excavation in which was to be placed the gasometer tank. The construction was prose- cuted with energy till the 7th of March, 1855, when they were necessarily abandoned because of the rise of the American River and the con- sequent submerging of that part of the city. Slater's Addition. On the 4th of August, 1855, work was resumed and prosecuted with vigor to a successful issue. The city was lighted with gas, for the first time, on the evening of De- cember 17 in the same year. At that time the officers of the company were: R. P. Johnson, President and Superintendent; R. B. Norman, Engineer; W. H. Watson, Secretary; D. O. Mills, Treasurer; James Murray, W. F. Bab- cock, L. McLean, Jr., R. P. Johnson and W. H. Watson, Directors. The retort-house was fifty-four feet long, fifty-one feet wide and twenty-one feet high to the eaves, being cov- ered by an iron roof. The purifying-house, which adjoined the retort-house, was thirty -five feet long, twenty-five feet wide and eighteen feet high, in the clear, with a water-tight cellar, built on an arch. The lime-house was in size 25x14 feet and eighteen feet high. The meter, governor and offices occupied a building thirty- seven feet long, twenty-five feet wide and two stories higli, the lower story being fourteen and the upper twelve feet high, in the clear. The chimney was eighty-five feet high from the top of the foundation courses. In 1857 this company sold out, but most of the stock being bought by original stockholders, but few changes were made. In December, 1867, high water washed away so much of the land west of the works that it was feared that the structure would be undermined. Quantities of cobbles were thrown into the river against the walls, and in that way was the invader efl'ect- ually checked. A special train engaged in bringing stone from Rocklin for the above pur- HISrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. pose, while on its return trip, collided witli a wood-train near Antelope Station, severely iii- jiaring the engineer, Rodericli McRae, and Joseph Bryan, the collector of the Gas Com- pany. Tiiis accident claims tlie notoriety of having been the first collision on tiie Central Pacific Railroad. In 1872 tliere were filed the articles of incor- poration of the "Citizens Gas Light Company of Sacramento," with a capital stock of $200,- 000. Tiie trustees were: Joseph W. Stow, H. B. Williams, W. H. Montague, C. T. Hopkins, E. B. Mott, Jr., G. W. Mowe, Julius Wetzlar, G. Cadwalader and J. F. Houghton. It was stated in the articles of incorporation that its term of existence was to be twenty-five years, but it does not appear to have existed that num- ber of days. Early in October, 1872, there was organized, in Sacramento, the "Pacific Pneumatic Gas Company," whose pnrpose was to manufacture gas from petroleum. For $5,000 this company purchased from the Johnston Brandy and Wine Manufacturing Company a lot of land, in what is called Brannan's Addition, just south of the south line of S street, running back to Front street, and having a wharfage privilege of 120 feet. About the 10th of December last the property was sold to W. D. Knights. The articles of incorporation of the "Citizens Gas Light and Heat Company " were filed Jan- uary 8, 1872, the capital stock being $1,000,000, in shares of $50 each. Tiie trustees were: W. E. Brown, J. R. Watson, R. C. Terry, R. C. Clark, A. Gallatin, W. E. Perry, H. C. Kirk, C. H. Cutnmings, and James McClatchy. The first officers were: W. E. Brown, President; Rob- ert C. Clark, Vice-President; A. Galatin, Treas- nrer; and J. W. Pew, Secretary. On the 1st of January, 1875, the " Sacramento Gas Company" and the "Citizen's Gas Light Heat Company " consolidated, under the name of the "Capital Gas Company; " capital stock $2,000,000, in 40,000 shares of $50 each. The works of this company stand on that portion of Brannan's Addition which lies between T and U streets, and the river front and Front street, and is 500 feet deep by 2-40 wide. Lots Nos. 1 to 4, in the block between S, T, Front and Second streets, also belong to this company. Their retort-house is of brick, in size 50x150 feet. Each of the three gasometers will hold 60,000 feet of gas. The ofiice is a brick struct- ure, forty feet square, having two stories and abasement. All tiie brick used in construction of these buildings are of first-class quality. The coal-shed is a substantial wooden structure, 120 feet square, while the coke-shed, whicli is also of wood, is seventy feet long by forty wide. Tiie election of officers takes place in January of each year. In 1878 Smith & Co., of the Pioneer Mills, bought the retort-house of the Sacramento Gas Company, and made of it a warehouse, capable of holding 4,000 tons of grain. The railroad company bought the gasometer and the land on which it stood, and sold the former for old iron. The capital stock now consists of 10,000 shares, at $50 a share, the stock being reduced when the present State Constitution was adopted. The present officers are: B. U. Stein man. Pres- ident; Oliver Eldridge, Vice-President; C. H. Cnmmings, Secretary and Treasurer; and J. C. Pierson, Superintendent. Directors : James Forbes, Frank Miller, B. U. Steinman, C. H. Cnmmings, of Sacramento, and Oliver Eldridge, John McKee and William Alvord, of San Fran- cisco. YOLO BRIDGE. By an act approved April 3, 1857, the Sacra- mento and Yolo Bridge Company was incor- porated, composed of Johnson Price, V. E. Geiger and George P. Gillis. The company was granted a charter, to run for twenty years, to erect a toll-bridge across the Sacramento River from Broad street, in Sacramento County, to Ann street, in Washington, Yolo County. The draw was not to be less than sixty feet wide for of vessels, and the bridge must be com- in two years. At 12 M., September 18, 1857, the first pile was driven for this bridge. The original bridge UISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. was 800 feet long, built on five piers, supported by 600 piles, at least twelve inches in diameter, and driven thirty feet to solid river bed. The bridge was of Leonard's patent, four spans of 135 feet eacli, the draw opening two spaces of seventv-tive feet each. Tlic bridge was com- pleted June 27, 1S58, at a cost of $00,000. October 2, 1869, the California Pacific com- menced a new structure on the Howe Truss pattern. The draw to this bridge was 200 feet long, making the opening on each side clear seventy-live feet. The steamer Belle ran as a ferryboat in the interim while the draw was be- ing built. The bridge was completed and the engine Sacramento, William Rowan, Engineer, ran across it January 15, 1870. This bridge was again rebuilt by the Central Pacific Rail- road Company in 1878. The draw was swung into place, December 5, 1878, and the bridge was open for travel the next day. The railroad company had purchased the bridge of the Sac- ramento and Yolo Bridge Company in June, 1878. CEMETERIES. The oldest burying-ground for Sacramento is the New Helvetia Cemetery, wliich lies directly south of and adjoining East Park, just east of the city limits, and embraces the original plat of Sutter's Fort. The first burial here was that of Major Cloud, a paymaster in the United States Army, who was killed in 1847 southeast of the Fort some distance, by being thrown from a horse; the second person whose remains were buried here was Miss Susanna Hitchcock, who died early in 1849 at the new diggings on the Stanislaus, and the third was James McDowell, who was shot in Washington, just across the river. Ten acres here were donated by Captain John A. Sutter to the city about the first of Decem- ber, 1849, for burial purposes. The present City Cemetery was located in 1850, on the southern boundary of the city limits, on Tenth street, and comprises about twenty acres, beautifully ornamented with flowering hints, trees and shrubs. The Free Masons, Odd Fellows, Red Men, Firemen, Printers, Pioneers, Veterans of the Mexican War, and tlie State have plats within tiie enclosure. The cemetery is owned by the city, and controlled by a super- intendent elected by the Board of Trustees. Tiio Hebrew Cemetery is nnder the control of the Congregation B'nai Israel, but owned by the Hebrew Benevolent Society. A chapel has been erected on the grounds which are well enclosed. The New Helvetia Cemetery was established in 1849 as a place for the interment of the dead, and was the first used for that purpose in Sac- ramento. It is situated near the Hebrew Ceme- tery, in the eastern part of the city, and is a private burial place. The St. Joseph's Cemetery belongs to the congregation of St. Rose's Church. It was con- secrated by Archbishop Alemany in 1865, and is located on Y and Twenty-first streets. THK CHURCHES. St. Rose's Church [Catholic). — August 7, 1850, Rev. Augustine P. Anderson, O. S. D., a native of New Jersey, and for several years on the missions in Ohio, arrived in this city and commenced the organization of the Catholics. A building was procured on L street, between Filth and Sixth, which answered as a temporary chapel until the church, corner of K and Seventh streets, was built. On October 28, 1850, a deed was executed by ex-Governor Peter H. Burnett to Anthony Lauglois, in trust for the use of the Roman Catholic Bishop of California, for lot 8, between J and K, and Seventh and Eighth streets, and on August 17, 1867, Governor Bur- nett deeded lot 7 in the same block to Arch- bishop Alemany. During the memorable season of cholera. Father Anderson labored unceasingly. He visited the cholera hospital several times daily, sought out the poor and afflicted in their uncomfortable tents, administered all the con- solation and relief within his power, and pro- cured medical aid for such as had no one to care for them. Overcome and exhausted by excessive labors, he contracted typhoid fever and fell a victim to his self-sacrificing charity and zeal. CATHEDRAL OK I'HK H(JLY SA(:RAMP:Nr, SACRAMEN'I'O. HI STOUT OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 169 He died November 26, 1850. At tiiis time the frame of the new church had been raised and the roof partially completed, but during a severe gale the building was blown down and many of the timbers broken into fragments. Rev. John Ingoldsby succeeded Rev. A. P. Anderson in the pastoral charge of Sacramento, and com- pleted the church, which was burnt in the great lire of November 2, 1852. This church was 25 X 75 feet, and neatly lined and papered inside. After the fire, the frame building on the corner of Seventh street and Oak avenue was built and used as a place of worship, until the completion of the basement story of the brick church. Rev. John Quinn succeeded Rev. J. Ingoldsby in April, 1853. The corner-stone of the brick church was laid by Archbishop Alemany, Octo- ber 18, 1854, and service was performed in the basement, on the Christmas following. The dimensions were 60x100 feet; basement, nine and one-half feet in the clear, and cost $10,500. This building was completed in 1861, at a cost of nearly $50,000. The bell, weighing 2,079 pounds, arrived July 13, 1859, and is now in the cathedral tower. During the pastorate of Rev. James S. Cotter, in 1866, who was assisted first l)y Rev. M. Mc- Grath and afterward (in 1868) by Rev. Patrick Scanlan, some improvements were made npon and in that building, to the extent of over $15,000. Cotter, who was a favorite among all classes, died in Sacramento, June 18, 1868. Rev. Thomas Crimmin, another priest over this charge, died also in this city, January 20, 1867, with paralysis, within a few honrs after the at- tack. Rov. James Cassin was the pastor in 1861-'62, assisted by Rev. N. Gallagher. He was suc- ceeded by Rev. Thomas Gibney, 1868-'70. From that time Rev. Patrick Scanlan was rector, as- sisted by Rev. J. McSweeny. Since July, 1881, Father Thomas Grace, from Marysville, Califor- nia, has been the pastor, assisted by Father William Walshe until 1886, and since that tin.e by Father Leonard Haupts. In Sacramento and vicinity there are about 5,000 Catholics. The Sunday-school, which is conducted by the Sisters of Mercy and the Christian Brothers, numbers about 300 pupils. In 1887 the lot occupied by the church was sold to the Federal Government for a site for tlie new postothce building, the church torn down, and the congregation has since worshiped in a temporary building on Twelfth street, be- tween J and K, while the magnificent cathedral, now to be described, is in process of erection. This most commanding structure. Eleventh and K streets, was commenced in May, 1886, very shortly after the erection of Sacramento City into an episcopal see. It had formerly been in the arch-diocese of San Francisco, and in that year it was definitely united with the former diocese of Grass Valley, of which it be- came the ecclesiastical center. The Right-Rev. Bishop Manozue (see sketch of his life else- , where) proceeded to erect a church more suitable to the Capital City than the one then existing. The general form of the cathedral is that of a Latin cross, with an octagonal dome at the in- tersection of the arms. The vestibule in the front forms a solid mass extending beyond the sides nearly as much as the transepts, and thus changing somewhat the general shape of the cross. This is further modified by the aisles, which are carried with lower roofs from the vestibule to the transepts and beyond the latter to the end of the main building. On the front is a central tower twenty-six feet square at the bottom, and extended to a height of 220 feet. This is flanked by two masses of brick work three stories in height to the main cornice of the church. Two smaller towers, sixteen feet square and 130 feet high, stand beyond and complete the front, which has a total width of 108 feet. The length of the building is 206 feet; its width across the transepts 116 feet, and across the nave and aisles 100 feet. The interior dome is circular in plan, and lighted from the top by a skylight twenty-one feet in diameter, and filled with stained glass 112 feet above the floor. Tlie walls are arcaded all HISrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. The general stjle of the church is Italian. The material is brick, covered with stone imita- tion. Total cost, about $250,000. The lajing of the corner-stone was attended by imposing ceremonies, in the presence of many thousands of people, whose local pride was aroused to the highest pitch by enthusiastic ad- dresses from citizens, both Catholic and non- Catholic. It was dedicated June 30, 1889, in a most magnificent manner, in the presence of vis- itors from all parts of the surrounding country. There are two large Catholic schools in Sac- ramento, which may be mentioned in this con- nection. At the " boys' school," or Sacramento' Insti- tute, corner of Twelfth and K streets, are 340 pupils in attendance, under the supervision of Bro. Cianan. The " girls' school," of St. Joseph's Academy, Eighth and G streets, is conducted as a convent by tlie Sisters of Mercy. Mary Vincent, Superior. Here there are 300 pupils. The building is not yet complete, but is a large, commanding struc- ture. The ground comprises an entire square. St. PauVs Protestant Episcopal Church. — In order to gain a connected knowledge of the history of this church it will be necessary first to glance at that of Grace Protestant Episcopal Church, which preceded it and, in one sense, was the basis from which St. Paul's sprang. As already stated, Grace Church was the first church organization in Sacramento. The Rev. Flavel S. Mines, D. D., of San Francisco, visited Sac- ramento about the middle of August, 1849, and held the service of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, for the first time in the city, the place of service being the black- smith shop on Third street, between J and K, which, from the fact of its connection with these earliest religious meetings, has acquired a his- torical reputation. On the following day, at the store of Eugene F. Gillespie, the parish was organized under the name of "Grace Church, Sacramento," by the election of the following officers: A. M. Winn (then mayor of the city, and who presided at the meeting). Senior Warden; F. W. Moore, Junior Warden; and Eugene F. Gillespie, Henry E. Robinson, E. J. Barreil, P. P.. Corn- wall, J. M. McKenzie, William Prettiman and J. F. Morse, Vestrymen. In the early part of September following, the Rev. R. F. Burnham,of New Jersey, visited the place and preached, and was called to the rec- torship of the parish. His healtii soon became delicate, and, after a lingering illness, he died in April, 1850. The parish was then placed un- der the charge of the Rev. Samuel P. More- house, who lield occasional services until about the middle of September, or the 1st of October, 1850. In October, 1850, the Rev. Orlando Ilarri- man, of New York, assumed the care of the parish, but as he had an attack of typhoid fever, and was left for some time in a debilitated con- dition, he was able to officiate on a few occasions only. During his disability, the Rev. Mr. Pin- iiell, a clergyman of the Church of England, and the Rev. Augustus , of New York, held services a few times. The Rev. Mr. Ilar- riman left in March, 1851, and returned to his former home in the East. From this on there was an interregnum lasting until the year 1854, the causes being, first, the terrible fire of 1852, in which the church records were destroyed, and later the flood that covered the city for many months. In February, 1854, Right- Rev. Bishop Will- iam Ingraham Kip paid his first visit to Sacra- mento and preached morning and evening in the house of worship of the Methodist Church, South. On the 29th day of July, 1854, the parish was legally incorporated under the name of " Grace Protestant Episcopal Ciiurch, of Sacra- mento." The following day the vestry resolved to call the Rev. H. L. E. Pratt, of Perth Am- boy. New Jersey, to the rectorship of the parish, at a salary of $250 a month, who, having ac- cepted the call, arrived in Sacramento, and held services for the first time on Monday, the 19th day of November, following. UISTORT OF SAGM^UfENTO COUNTY. Ou the 24th of September, 1854, the bishop again preached morning and evening in the same Methodist Church and administered, at the morn- ing service, the Holy Communion to twenty-one communicants, it being the first time that sacra- ment had ever been administered in the city. There had been no church building erected at the time of Mr. Pratt's arrival, but just pre- vious thereto Hamilton Hall, on K street, be- tween Fourth and Fifth, was rented by the ves- try and conveniently furnished as a temporary place of worship. After holding service in that hall for about twelve months, the place of wor- ship was changed to Pioneer Hall, on. J street, between Front and Second. "While still occu- pying that place, in the spring of 1856, the rector resigned his rectorship, when the Rev. William H. Hill, then of Nevada City, Cali- fornia, was called to succeed him. Accepting the call, his connection with the parish began in May of that year, and continued tillJune 1,1870. During the summer of 185G, a brick edifice was built on the lot at the corner of I and Eighth streets, capable of seating 300 people, at a cost of about $15,000. The opening services in this house were held on September 7, 1856, the sermon for the occasion being preached by the Rev. Mr. Hill, Rector. In May, 1870, the Rev. J. H. C. Bonte was called to succeed Mr. Hill, whose resignation, previously tendered, was to take effect in June. Mr. Bonte, accepting the call, began iiis ser- vice as rector of the parish, June 15, 1870. After the first Sunday in March, 1871, the church edifice spoken of was abandoned on ac- count of the settling of the walls, and on April 18, 1871, the corner-stone of the present build- ing was laid by Bishop Kip. At the timeof building the new Grace Church edifice, in 1871, which cost over .$26,000, ex- clusive of the lot, the property was mortgaged to the Odd Fellows' Bank of Savings for a loan of $10,000. The interest on that loan was regu- larly paid for several years, and $1,000 of the principal was discharged. But, in 1874, owing to the removal from the -city of some of the wealthiest parishioners, tlie virtual closure of the church for four or five months, on account of the absence of the rector, and the gradual lessening or falling off of the congregation, and the revenues of the church, without any corre- sponding lessening of the expenses, the debt began to increase, and had so far accumulated by 1877 that the parish then became bankrupt, the mortgage was foreclosed, every species of its property was disposed of to satisfy creditors with- out fully accomplishing the purpose, and thus its name and organization became extinct. Seeing that such was the case, by means of a number of prominent laymen enough money was collected to buy in the church from the bank. As a result of this the new parish of St. Paul's was organized March 23, 1877, and May 20, following, the Rev. E. H. Ward, then of Marysville, was called to take charge. On Jan- nary 1, 1882, Rev. Carroll M. Davis succeeded him, and in turn was followed, January 15, 1888, by the Rev. John F. von Herrlich, the present popular and successful young pastor. Under his charge the church has renewed its life and vigor, the membership has increased, and the church has been almost rebuilt. Already $1,300 has been spent on improving and completely refitting and refinishing the basement, and the general painting in progress at time of writing will cost $900. The church is to be frescoed, at a cost of probably $1,500, from designs exe- cuted by the celebrated Moretti, of San Fran- cisco, and four stained-glass windows will be put in. One, the chancel window, is being made for Mrs. Charles Crocker, of San Francisco, as a memorial to Mrs. Colonel Fred. Crocker, and the large side window is being made for Colonel Creed Haymond. These will cost over $1,000 apiece, and are being made by the Pacific Art Glass Works of San Francisco, and will perhaps exceed any stained-glass windows now in Cali- fornia in beauty of design and artistic taste. It is the intention of the present rector to have all the windows of the church of this character, having the promise of assistance in this direc- tion from wealthy friends. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. The present Vestrymen are: A. A. Van Voor- I'ies, Senior Warden; J. J. Brown, Junior War- den; George W. Railton, Treasurer; F. A. Crambbitt, Secretary; J. II. Parkinson, Fred. Cox, Harry W". Carroll, K. O. Cravens, A. A. Redington, C. C. Bonte, George A. Blanchard. F'irst Church of Christ in Sacramento [Con- gregational). — The first preliminary meeting was held September 16, 1849, in the original school- house, which stood near the northwest corner of Third and I streets. Rev. J. A. Benton was Ch^rraan, and liev. S. P. Blakeslee, Secretary. A number present being Presbyterians, the question of organizing a Presbyterian Church was raised, when the chairman announced that as he was not a Presbyterian he had no authority to organize such a churcii. They therefore organized the " First Church of Christ in Sacra- mento," purposely omitting the word " Con- gregational." Thus absorbing about all the Presbyterian element there was in the city, the latter did not organize separately until 1856. October 1, 1849, a confession of faith and a covenant were adopted, and temporary officers elected. Early the following year a manual was adopted and permanent officers chosen. May 5, that year, an " ecclesiastical society" was formed in connection with the church, when they be- came able to build a church on Sixth street, between J and K. Here, on the 6th of October following, a frame church building was dedi- cated. The laying of the corner-stone, Septem- ber 4, was said to be the first public cei'cmony of the kind in this State. But the great fire of July 13, 1854, swept the devoted structure away. The lot was sold for $1,300, and the present brick building was erected, directly across the street. The church and society were so popular that public sympathy aided them materially. Within the last few years about $3,000 have been expended upon the building in repairs. The church property is now esti- mated at about $20,000. It is remarkable that only three pastors have served this church from the organization until the present time, in continuous service — Revs. J. A. Benton, I. E. Dwinell and W. C. Mer- rill—the latter since 1884. The first officers of the church were: Rev. J. A. Benton, Pastor; James Gallup, J. W. Hinks, John McKee, Z. W. Davidson, A. C. Sweetser, Deacons; W. C. Waters, Treasurer; and J. C. Zabriskie, Clerk. The present officers are: A. C. Sweetser, Moderator and Treasurer; E. B. Hussey, Secretary; Trustees — Sparrow Smith, President, Llewellyn Williams, Frank Miller, S. E. Carrington, E. B. Hussey, J. M. Millikeu and William Geary. Mr. Carrington is also Superintendent of the Sunday-school, which numbers about 300 pupils. It was organized August 26, 1849, and thus was the first Sunday- school established in Sacramento. Charles Cooley superintends the Mission school, and Mrs. S. E. Carrington the Chinese school. The church membership at present is 275. First Baptist Church. — The first Baptist minister in Sacramento was Rev. J. Cook, who kept a boarding-house on I street and preached occasionally in the grove, in 1849. September 9, 1850, Rev. O. C. Wheeler, of San Francisco, came and organized the First Baptist Church, assisted probably by Rev. Cook, at the resi- dence of Judge E. J. Willis, on H street, be- tween Sixth and Seventh. Judge Willis and John A. Wadsworth were elected Deacons; Madison Walthall, Treasurer; Leonard Loomis, Clerk; and Rev. J. W. Capen, Pastor. On the following day, the first public services were held in the court-house, on I street, between Fourth and Fifth. In tlie spring of 1851 a house of worship, costing $4,000, was erected on the cor- ner of L and Seventh streets. This building perished in the flames of November 2, 1852. In 1854, what was said to be the finest church building in the State was erected on Fourth street, between K and L, on the west side. The main building was 35x85 feet in area, with a vestry in tlie rear 15 x 32 feet. It was a mag- nificent structure for the price, $8,000. At the time of the great fire of July 13, 1854, it was only by the greatest exertions of the citizens that it was saved from destruction. In 1877 this HISTORY OF 8ACUAMENT0 COUNTY. strnuture was sold for the sum of $3,000, and was subsequently removed to the corner of Fourteenth and K streets, where it is now used by the United Brethren in Christ as a place of worship. The present beautiful frame building, situated on Ninth street, between L and M, was erected in 1877-'78, at a total cost, including that of the lot, of $18,230.48. The opening services were held on March 10, 1878, the corner-stone having been laid with Masonic ceremonies, August 20, 1877. September 2, 1855, Ah Mooey, a Chinaman, was admitted into the church and afterward licensed to preach. This was during the min- istry of Eev. J. L. Shuck, who was an accredited missionary to the Chinese here, and Ah Mooej's baptism was supposed to be the first of that nationality in the State. Mr. Shuck died in 1863, in South Carolina. The following is a list of the successive Pas- tors to date: J."W. Capen, 1850-'51; JB. Brierly, 1851; O. C. Wheeler, 1852-'54; J. L. Shuck, 1854-'60; Frederick Charlton, 1860-'72; Harry Taylor, 1872-'76; H. E. Foskett, 1876-'78; A. L.'Coie, 1878-'79; A. J. Frost, D. D.; J. E. Hopper, 1887 to the'present. The present Dea- cons are: F. H. L. Weber, Thomas Sayles, S. L. W. Conner, C. B. Conlej, John Minford; Clerk, John Kidder; Sunday-school Superintendent, Dr. C. Mealand. At present there are 250 members, Jorty-nine of whom were received into the church by Rev. Hopper. Calvary Baptist Church, a Mission Sunday- school, was organized October 17, 1869, at the residence of K. H. Withiugton, by Rev. Fred- erick Charlton, Pastor of the First Church. This school was held at a school-house until the necessity arose of having a building of their own, which they soon erected on 1 street, be- tween Twelfth and Thirteenth, 40x160 feet, at a cost of $1,000. Another building, 38x65 feet, costing §2,000, was erected in 1870. This led to organizing a new church for that part of the city, of members from the parent church. The first Deacons were: W. R. Strong, R. W. Megowan, A. J. Barnes, R. H. Withington; Clerk, A. A. Byron. The present officers are: Deacons — W. R. Strong, R. H. Withington and G. O. Haylbrd; President of the Board of Trustees, P. E. Piatt; Sunday-school Superintendent, John Boden. Present membershij), 230. The Pastors have been: Revs. J. P. Ludlow, R. F. Parshall, H. W. Read, * * * S. B. Gregory, J. Q. A. Henry, 1881-84; S. A. Mc- Kay, 1884; A. C. Herrick, from Missouri, De- cember, 1884, to the present. The Siloam Baptist Church (colored) existed from 1856 to a recent period. Westminster Presbyterian Church. — The Presbyterians were the first to introduce the gospel into Sacramento. Revs. J. W. Douglas, A. Williams and S. Woodbridge held religious meetings here as early as March and April, 1849; but, as before stated, the first Presby- terian Church in this city was not organized until 1856, the members having previously affiliated with the Congregationalists. This organization was called the "First Presbyterian Church of Sacramento " In an effort to raise funds for the purchase of Philharmonic Hall for a place of worship (1860-'63) the church failed, and disbanded; but the Sunday-school was kept alive, under the zealous supervision of W. S. Hunt. January 21, 1866, the present church was organized, under the name given at the head of this paragraph. This church has grown until it has attained a membership of 230, and they have a large Sunday-school, a Chinese mission school, a young people's society, mite society, etc. The present Elders are: A. Aitken, James H. Johnson and Thomas S. Knight. Deacons — A. Aitken, James Neilson and James H. Johnson. Cliarles M. Campbell, Sunday-school Superin- tendent. The Pastors have been: Rev.s. William E. Baker, P. V. Veeder, A. Fairbairn, N. B. Clink, Joshua Phelps, J. S. McDonald, 1866-'69; Frank L. Nash, 1869-'72; Charles Schelling, 1872-'74; James S. McCay, 1874-75; Henry HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. H. Rice, 1875-'86; J. E. Wheeler, D. D., from St. Louis, Missouri, 1886 to the present. The first five served during the first organization. The present house of worship, on the north- east corner of Sixth and L streets, was built in 1860, at a cost of about $18,000. It was dedi- cated March 24, 1867, Ilev. Mr. Wadsworth, of San Francisco, preaching the sermon. Fourteenth Street Presbyterian Church. — The Sunday-school organized in July, 1868, by the Westminster Church, and maintained by it, under the name of the "Bethel Mission School," on Fourteenth street, between O and P, grew into a church in March, 1882, which now num- bers forty-eight members, and is self-sustaining and out of debt. It was instituted by Eev. Dr. Thomas Fraser, of San Francisco, assisted by Ilevs. H. H. Rice and Nelson Slater, and An- drew Aitken, of Sacramento. Ilev. A. II. Croco was pastor until July, 1883, when he re- signed, and Rev. George R. Bird, the present pastor, was called. The latter was serving the Hamilton Square Presbyterian Church in San Francisco, and before that had charge of the First Presbyterian Church in Seattle, Washing- ton Territory. His residence is at 1609 P street. The Elders are: Felix Tracy, William Ingram, Jr., Alexander Ingram and Scott Ingram; Dea- con, William Ingram, Sr. William Ingram, Jr., has been Superintendent of the Sunday-school for the past sixteen years. Sixth Street Methodist Episcopal Cliurch. — This was first organized under another local name, October 28, 1849, at Dr. Miller's store, by Rev. Isaac Owen, familiarly called "Father Owen." Seventy-two persons enrolled their names. Father Owen was the first missionary ajipointed by his church to California, and after suffering many hardships in crossing the plains with an ox team, was very nearly drowned by the carelessness of a drunken crew in capsizing a schooner in Suisun Ba}'. Escaping with only tlie clothes he wore, which were very rusty from constant use in crossing the plains, he came on to Sacramento, and preached October 23, 1849, under an oak near the corner of Third and L streets, and organized the church. Material for a house of worship, 24x36 feet in size, having been shipped from Baltimore, all the way round Cape Horn, by the Conference, it was promptly put up and the church finished for use. Although plain, it was the first church building in Sacramento and therefore seemed fairly elegant. It was situated upon a beautiful lot donated for the purpose by General Sutter, on the southeast corner of Seventh and L streets. As the building fronted the former, it was called the Seventh Street Methodist Church, and the society by the same name. Soon a comfortable parsonage was built by Mr. Owen. In the fall of 1850 he was succeeded in the pastorate by Rev. M. C. Briggs, who had the building en- larged, to accommodate the rapidly increasing congregation. In 1852 a neat brick structure 52x80 feet, costing about $18,000, was erected. Directly after dedication, November 2, 1852, it was destroyed by the great fire. The society, however, pluckily hurried up a cheap structure, which they occupied until they could build a frame church, which they did on the site of the Baltimore House. In January, 1859, it was sold to the Jewish Congregation forabout $3,500, and then the society worshiped in a hall over the postoftice until they, within a few months, erected their present church, on Sixth street, between K and L. The name has since been the "Sixth Street Methodist Episcopal Church." This building is 52x100 feet in ground area, and originally cost from $23,000 to $26,000. It was not finished till 1874, when it was raised to a higher grade, and a tower and steeple built, at an additional cost of about $15,000. Pastors — Isaac Owen, 1849-'50;M.C. Briggs, 1850-'51-, Royal B. Stratton, 1851-'53; Warren Oliver and R. Merchant, 1853-'55; N. P. Heath, 1855; George S. Phillips, 1855-'57; J. W. Ross, 1857-'59; J. D. Blain, 1859-'61; Jesse T. Peck, 1861-'63; M. C. Briggs, 1863-65; J. W. Ross, 1865-'68; J. II. Wytiie, 1868-'70; H. B. Hea- ock, 1870-'73; A. M. Hough, 1873-'75; M. C. Briggs, 1875-'78; R. Bentley,-1878-'81; T. S. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Dunn, 1881-'84:; E. R. Dille, 1884-'87; Arnold T. JSeedhani, 1887 to the present time. Stewards — C. A. Maydwell, Secretary and Treasurer; P. Bobl, L. S. Taylor, J. L. Huntoon, L. C. Jordan, G. M. Hajton, L. Anderson, C. H. Dunn, B. N. Bugbey, J. W. Reeves, Joseph Ough and Thomas A. Lander. Trustees — J. L. Huntoon, President; Peter Bohl, Treasurer; S. M. Kiefer, E. M. Leitch, J. E. Camp. The present membership is 322; probationers, twenty. TheSunday-school,which was organized March 29, 1850, has an average attendance of 175, under the superintendency of Chauncey H. Dunn. A recent donation of a lot on the rear of the church, by P. Bohl, has enabled the so- ciety to build an addition to the church in which will be an alcove for the new pipe organ, a study for the pastor, and iin infant-class room for the Sunday-school. Central Methodist Episcopal Church. — The society was organized with seven members as the H Street Methodist Episcopal Church, De- cember 9, 1855, by Kev. N. R. Peck, Rev. N. P. Heath, Presiding Elder. The first Official Board comprised Martin Grier, J. L. Thomp- son, A. Fowler, H. Cronkite, L. Pelton and 13. Ward. During the first year of its history a •church building was erected and paid for at a cost of $2,000, and dedicated June 29, 1856, by Bishop Kavanaugh, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Rev. N. R. Peck continued pastor until 1857, reporting thirty-nine mem- bers, and was succeeded by Rev. Pavid Deal, who continued in charge two years and also afterward served the church a second term. During Rev. Deal's pastorate a parsonage was erected at a cost of §1,500, and a goodly degree of prosperity was enjoyed. Rev. H. Baker was the next pastor and was succeeded by Rev. W. ^S. Urmy. During Bro. Urmy's pastorate occurred the great flood or floods of 1861-'62 — two inundations in the same winter; water rose in the church eighteen inches above the pews, and the pastor and his family were rescued from the parsonage in boats. No serv- ice was held for several weeks. From the busi- ness depression that followed the flood and the exodus of people from the city the church suf- fered severely. At the Conference in 1863, it was proposed to unite the two charges of the city, but disapproved, and Rev. N. R. Peck was returned as pastor. Mr. Peck had a good year and reported an increase of eighteen members. Rev. J. A. Bruner was next appointed and served for one year. During 1865 and 1866, H Street and Sixth Street were under a single pastorate. This arrangement nearly destroyed the identity of the church and sadly decimated its membership. In 1867 H Street received its separate pastor again. Rev. J. M. Hinman, a supply, being assigned to the work. This was a pastorate of some prosperity. In 1869 Rev. George Newton was appointed to the charge and served it three years. Radical changes occurred during this administration. A success realized early in the pastorate seeming at the time to justify the action, the old church lot on H street and the parsonage were sold and the old church building moved to the lot corner Eleventh and I streets, of which the present church site is a part. The building was cut in two and fitted up for dwellings, an old building situated upon the property was remodeled and improved for a parsonage, and plans were laid for the erection of a large church building, as a "Memorial Church" for Bishop Kingsley, who had died in that year in Beyrout, Syria. The plans included the erection of a chapel- first. This only was erected and called "Kingsley, Chapel." At the close of Mr. Newton's pastorate the property was found to be so much involved that further procedure was impossible; the debt was about $8,500. The years immediately following were years of varying success and depression. They are full of records of heroic endeavor and sacri- fice by the members to maintain the church and dispose of the indebtedness. Many times they faltered, but despite an increasing debt and a decreasing membership, and a decaying and dingy church building they persevered. Tiiere were some gleams of light. A revival under Mrs. Van Cott augmented the membership dur- UI8T0RT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ing the pastorate of liev. J. L. Trefren, but be- cause of the adverse conditions obtaining most of these afterward went out to join other churches. Revs. Wells, Wickesand Deal were successively pastors of the church during this period and have left precious records of devotion and sacri- fice for the church in its darker hours. In 1882 Rev. JVIcKelvey was appointed to the charge. During his pastorate, by indomitable persever- ance and eftbrt, the burdening debt was wiped out, but by the loss of all the property except the church building and the lot upon which it stands; and the old building, now dingy and out of repair, was remodeled and improved at a cost of $3,500, most of which was raised by Rev. McKelvey outside of tlie membership. The name of the church was changed from Kingsley Chapel to Central. The re-opening by Bishop Fowler showed a neat attractive church build- ing, well appointed and without debt. Rev. McKelvey was removed by limitation before en- joying the fruit of his labor, and the present pastor appointed. There has been a steady and healthy growth in all lines in the present pastorate. During the last year a fine pipe organ has been pur- chased and paid for, completing the equipment of the church. The present Official Board comprises: Local Preacher, Loyal T. Smith; Sunday-school Su- perintendent, D. W. Hoffman; Trustees — M. K. Barrett, "W". F. Cronemiller, B. F. Pike; Stewards— L. P. Smith, Charles Cox, W. F. Cronemiller, Albert Jones, L. E. Smith, M. K. Barrett, D. W. Hoffman, S. E. Hesser, D. C. Smith, B. F. Pike, J. H. Hillhouse, R. F. Rooney; Class-leaders — B. F. Pike, L. T. Smith, Mrs. S. E. Hesser. Rev. Thomas Filben, the Pastor, is ex officio the Chairman of the Official Board, L. E. Smith is Secretary, M. K. Barrett, Treasurer, and Charles Co.k, Collector. A German Methodist Church was organized in Sacramento in 1856, but a debt finally, in 1866-'67, caused it to be broken up. St. Andreio''s Church, African. Methodist Episcopal., was organized in the fall of 1850, by Rev. Isaac Owen, formerly mentioned, at the residence of "Uncle Daniel Blue," on I street, between Fourth and Fifth. A house of worship was soon erected, on the site of the present build- ing, on the east side of Seventh street, between G and H. The latter, of brick, is a large build- ing, erected in the fall of 1867. The first officers were Daniel Blue, P. Jones and John Wilson. The first Pastor was James Fitzgerald, who occupied tliat position in 1851 -'52. The successive Pastors to date have been : George Fletcher, 1852-'53; Barney Fletcher, 1853-'54; Darius Stokes, 1855-'56; T. M. D. Ward, 1857-'64:; John J.Jenifer, ■; James H. Hubbard, 1870-'71; J. C. Hamilton, 1873 -'74; J. F. Jordan, 1874-'75; James R. Dor- sey, 1875-'78; L N. Triplett, 1878-'80; James R. Dorsey, 1880-'85; Jordan Allen, 1885-'87; O. Sumniers, from September, 1887, to the present. There are forty-six members. The Stewards are: A. Giles, Albert Buchanan, J. Crosby, Jesse Slaughter and Isaiah Dunlap; Mr. Giles is also the Class-Leader, and Mrs. J. R. Dorsey the Sunday-school Superintendent. Methodist Episcopal Ghxirch^ South, was organized in April, 1850, by Rev. W. D. Pol- lock, who also was the principal man in the building of a frame church directly afterward, on the site of the present large brick structure, on the east side of Seventh street, between J and K. The latter was dedicated by Bishop Pierce, July 10, 1859. Cost of building, $4,000. The first building was burned November 2, 1852. During the last year, 1888, $500 has been expended in repairs and improvements; but since the advent of the present pastor. Rev. A. C. J^ane, October, 1888, the congregation has so increased that the church has decided to sell the building and erect a more commodious structure. In the fall of 1850, Mr. Pollock, on account of ill-health, returned to Alabama, where he died in the following year. His successor, at Sacramento, was a Rev. Mr. Penman, who re- mained only a short time, when he abandoned the ministry and engaged in other pursuits. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Since then tlie successive Pastors to date have been as follows: W. K. Gobcr, 1851-'52; Joliii Mattliews, of Tennessee, from August, 1852-April, 1853; 1!. F. Crouch, appointed by Bishop Soule, 1853- April, 1855; A. Graham, April, 1855-October, 1856; W. R. Gober, October, 1856-October, 1858; Morris Evans, 1858-'60; J. C. Simmons, 1861-'62; S. Brown, 1862-63; George Sim, 1863-'65; E. K. Miller, 1865-'66; T. H. B. Anderson, 1866-'68; George Sim, 1868-'69; W. R. Gober, 1869-'72; T. L. Moody, 1872-'73; C. Chamberlain, 1873-'75; B. F. Page, 1875, to fill out Mr. Chamberlain's time; R. Pratt, 1875-'76; M. C. Fields, 1876-'78; C. Y. Ran- kin, 1878-'79; T. H. B. Anderson. 1879-'82; F. Walter Featherstone, 1882-'83; H. C. Chris- tian,' 1883-'87; George B. Winton, 1887-'88; A. C. Bane, October, 1888, to the present. The present membership is 168. The Stew- ards are: T. A. Snider, George Wait, P. H. Russell, George D. Irvine, U. C. Billingsly, J. 11. Wolf and J. R. Martyr. Local Preachers, W. M. Armstrong and F. M. Odom. The spir- itual life of the churcli has been greatly quick- ened since Mr. Bane has become the pastor, and the membership increased by about fifty. Eheneser Church, Eoancjelieal Association [German). — This was organized in 1881, and has now thirty six members. The present church building, on Tenth street, between O and P, is about 86 x 60 feet in size, and was built in 1882. The old building, owned by the " Trinity Church," Evangelical Association, was sold in 1887. That society was disbanded a number of years ago. The Pastors of the present church have been Rev. F. W. Fischer, who has gone to Japan, and Rev. August Heinhaus, since June 1, 1886, who is from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He is also the Class-leader and the Sunday-school Super- intendent, being assisted in these relations by John Bachofen. A fine parsonage is on the lot adjoining that of the church. United Brethren in (Jhrifit. — The first steps toward tlie formation of a church of tliis denom- ination in Sacramento were taken by the Rev. Alexander Musselman, in the years 1875-'76. The result of his preliminary prospecting was a series of meetings lield in the Calvary Baptist Cliurch on I street, between Twelfth and Thir- teenth, by Reverends J. 11. Becker and Mr. Field,. This was sometime in 1876. In the fall of that year the present organization was effected, and the old church building belonging to the Baptists, and known as the Fourth Street Baptist Church, was purchased for $3,000. For some reason the matter was delayed, and posses- sion of the property was not obtained- until November, 1877. In September, 1878, the house was removed to the corner of Fourteenth and K streets, when it was raised six feet, re- paired, painted, ;ind furnished, at a cost of about $2,800. On the lot adjoining west a parsonage was erected in 1884, at a cost of $1,600. The membership this year (1889) is sixty, of whom Mrs. S. E. Thompson is Class-leader, and Mr. Hagenbaugh, Steward. M. Moyer is the Sun- day-school Superintendent. Pastors — Revs. H. J. Becker, September, 1877, to September, 1878; D. D. Hart, 1878 to 1881, when he died, in the pulpit; H. J. Becker, for different periods; Revs. Field, Demondrum to 1883; Francis Fisher, two years; T. J. Ban- der, to September, 1888, and J. W. Baumgard- ner to date. German Lutheran Church. — In 1865-'67 Rev. Mr. Buehler, of San Francisco, and Rev. Mr. Elbert ])reached here a few times and endeav- ored to establish a church, but without success. Then Rev. Matthias Goethe, formerly of Aus- tralia, began work in this city, organized the church January 19, 1868, and purchased the old German Methodist Church building on the corner of Ninth and K streets, for $2,400. F. Klotz, H. Winters, H. W. Schacht, F. Hopie and A. Grafmiller were elected Trustees. This building was afterward sold, and the present Irame structure, 160 feet square, on the corner of Twelfth and K streets, was erected, in 1872- '73, at a cost, including the three bells, of about $15,000. The congregation has fiourished un- IIISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. til it has reached a membership of about 400. Attendance at Sunday-school, 200. In the pas- toral relation Mr. Goethe was succeeded by Kevs.T. Langehecker, Ur.C. Taubner, 1876-'87, and John Jatho, from Nebraska, since Novem- ber of the latter year. Christian Chvrch, or Disciples of Christ. — On the ISth of October, 1855, Elders J. N. Tendegast and Thomas Thompson conducted the iirst religious services of this denomination ever held in this city. The place of meeting was in the Methodist brick church, which still stands on the east side of Seventh street, between J and K streets. The officers then appointed were: John O. Garrett and li. B. Ellis, Elders; Kufns Rigdon and A. M. C. Depue, Deacons. The present neat chapel on Eighth street, be- tween N and O, was erected in 1S77, at an ex- pense of $4,500, including lot. For this en- terprise the church is mainly indebted to Elder J. N. Pendegast. The building has recently been greatly improved. There are now about 150 members in the church fellowship. Tiie present Elders are T. P. Taylor and Jerry Bur- Ion; Deacons, W. Z. Clark, Hiram Garrett, J. O. March and Henry Garrett. Mr. March is also act- ing Clerk and the Sunday-school Superintendent. The Pastors have been: John G. Parrish, Stevenson (who published a paper here), J. N. Pendegast (editing the same paper), Peter Bur- nett, P. H. Cutter, Ale.\. Johnson, E. B. Ware (now in Oakland), R. L. McHatton (now at Eu- reka, California), and since July, 1888, L. N. Early. Seventh-Daij At/ventid Chtirch.— Tins body was tirst organized in Sacramento, February 6, 1885, with ten members, by Elder E. A. Briggs, at that time a resident of Oakland. In Octo- ber, 1887, the name was changed from Pleasant Grove to Sacramento, etc., it having first bisen organized at I'leasant Grove, Sutter County. E. Banta is Leader and Deacon ; Mrs. E. Banta is Church Clerk. Membership, twenty-seven. T. W. Clark, Superintendent of Sunday-school. Stated meetings are held at the United Brethren Church, and prayer-iuceting Wednesday even- ings at the residence of Mr. Clark. The mem- bers of this church keep Saturday as the Sabbath. In March, 1872, a "Second Advent Churcli," who kept Sunday as the Sabbath, was organized by Elder Miles Grant, had at one time as many as thirty members, but went down in about four years. Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ, of Lat- ter-Day Saints. — Tliis body (anti-polygamist) was organized in Sacramento in 1865; met for a time in the Chinese Chapel on Sixth street, between I and H, then in Graham's Hall, then in the lower hall of the Masonic Building, and finally, in 1884, built a neat frame church 34x44 feet in dimensions, on the corner of Twenty- fourth and K streets, at an outlay of $2,100. The society, now comprising 180 members, is entirely out of debt. These people havebeen in a position to accomplish more toward the de- struction of polygamy than any other Christian body in proportion to their numbers, and have improved their opportunity. Victory is coming as fast as the laws of human nature will admit. The head of this church is Joseph Smith, Jr., now of Limoni, Iowa. The Elders who have served the society here in the pastoral relation have been : E. H. Webb, G. W. Harlow, J. H. Parr, since 1884, and per- haps others. The church is not yet lully organ- ized, but at present J. R. Cook is Traveling Elder; Owen Dinsdale, Local Elder; Mrs. Chris- tina Blair, Clerk. \ Sunday-school of about thirty pupils is maintained. Elder George W. Harlow, of Brighton, is President of this district. Preaching at 11 o'clock a. m. every Sunday. A small society of •' Brighamite" (polygamy) Mormons existed in Sacramento from 1872 lor a few years. Unitarian Church. — Rev. Brown, I'rom New England, preached the iirst Unitarian sermon in Sacramento, December 29, 1867, in the Met- ropolitan Theatre. The following spring the "First Unitarian Church of Sacramento" was formed, and increased to 100 members in a short time, but in 1873 went down. In 1887 it was reorganized, and it now has about tifty members. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. who worship in Pioneer Hall. A lot on Sixteenth street, between K and L, has been purchased whereon to erect a house of worship. Rev. C. P. Massey, the Pastor, preaches occasionally, and superintends the Sunday-sciiool, which is in a flourishing condition. J. M. Avery is Assistant Superintendent. Congregation B'' nai Israel. — Previous to the formation of the present society in 1852, there had been another organization, whose meetings were held at the residence of Mr. M. Ilyman, who kept a jewelry store on Front street. The officiating minister was Rev. Mr. Wolf. The first synagogue owned in this city was a small frame building which stood on Fifth street, be- tween N and O. It was alterward sold to the colored Baptists, and used by them as a house of worship until its destruction by fire in 1861. After this, the frame house on Seventh street, near L, was purchased of the Methodist Episco- pal Church for $8,500, and converted into a synagogue. This, too, was destroyed by fire in 1861, in October. In the early part of 1864, the congregation purchased their present build- ing on Sixth street, between J and K, previously occupied by the First Presbyterian Church, and since then greatly remodeled. Here they meet every Saturday and Sunday, maintain a school of children and religious services generally. Of the congregation, L. Elkus is President; Max Levy, Vice-President; S. Morris, Secretary; J. Ginsberg, Treasurer. They also own a neat buryingground. It is a strong society and in excellent financial condition. The Rabbis have been: Revs. Mr. Wolf; Z. Nenstadter, 1857-59; R. Rosenthal, 1859-'60; S. Peck, 1860-'61; R. M. Cohen, 1861-'62; M. Siiverstein, 1862-'65; Stamper, 1865-'68; II. P. Lowenthal, 1868--'79; S. Gerstman (who led in changing the society from "orthodox" to "reformed"), 1879-'81; J. Bloch, 1882-'83; G. Taubenhaus, 1884 to July, 1888. At this writing no one is engaged as rabbi. TUK sociKrrKS. All Masonic and Odd Fellows and Knights of Pytlii.is societies meet in their respective halls mentioned in the following list, unless otherwise indicated, while the places of meeting of all the other societies are mentioned in the respective sketches. The following is a list of the principal halls: Masonic Temple, southwest corner of Sixth and K. Odd P'ellows' Temple, corner of Ninth and K. Red Men's Hall, in Masonic Temple. Grangers' Hall, corner of Tenth and K. Pioneer Hall, east of Seventh street, between J and K. Union Hall, corner of Twentieth and O streets. Firemen's Hall, west side of Eighth street, between J and K. Armory Hall, southwest corner of Sixth and L streets. Y. M. I. (Young Men's Institute) Hall, east side of Seventh street, between K and L. Knights of Pythias Temple, northwest corner of Ninth and I streets. Sacramento Commander ij. No. 2, K. T.- — The commandery was organized July 5, 1853, with the following charter members and first officers: Isaac Davis, Commander; Jesse Mer- rill, Generalissimo; T. A. Thomas, Captain General. Other charter members were: C. I. Hutchinson, A. B. Hoy, John L. Thompson, Charles Dnncombe, J. P. Goucli and James M. Stockley. The membership is now 190. Stated meetings, the first Saturday of each month. The officers are: William B. Davis, Eminent Commander; William D. Knight, Generalissimo; John E. T. Pike, Captain Gen- eral; John W. Rock, Prelate; Richard P. Burr, S. W., Joseph Davey, J. W.; A. A. Van Voor- hies. Treasurer; A. A. Redington, Recorder; William R. Jones, Standard-Bearer; -lames E. Mills, Sword-Bearer; V. Dresher, Warder; Richard Vaughn, Harry Ingham and Charles G. Woodburn, Captains of the Guard; George F. Bronner, Sentinel. Sacramento Chapter, No. 3, R. A. M., was instituted October 5, 1852, with the following charter members and first ofticers: Isaac Davis, H. P.; J. II. i^.ullanl, K.; Joel Noah, S.; T. A. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Thomas, C. of II.; Charles Diineombe, P. S.; J. Ball, K. A. C; J. P. Gouch, M. 3d Vice; G. Haines, M. 2d Vice; J. Wilcoxsen, M. 1st Vice. Others who were charier members: A. B. Hoy, T. W. Thayer, John L. Thompson, Jesse Mor- rill, "William Eeynolds, I. N. Bricelaiid, A. Hnllnb, Cyrus Eowe. The chapter has at present 274 members. Present officers: Kufns B. Harmon, H. P.; John W. Kock, King; Richard P. Bnrr, Scribe; Edward Lyon, Treasu- rer; "William B. Davis, Secretary; Jacob Hyman, Jr., Captain of the Host; William E. Oughton, Prin. Soj.; Lewis B. Littlefield, II. A. C; John Hurley, M. 3d V.; Preston L. Lykins, M. 2d v.; James E. Mills, M. 1st V.; George F. Bronner, Guard. Meet the first Tuesday of the month. St. John Chapter, B. A.M. (colored), was or- ganized in 1875, and at present numbers twenty members. R. J. Fletcher, H. P.; I. Dunlap, King; Frank Butler, Scribe; Rev. J. R. Dor- sey, Secretary: "William S. Lee, Treasurer. This chapter meets the second Monday of each month, over Armory Hall. Sacramento Council, No. 1., R. cfc S. 31., was organized April 10, 1858, with the follow- ing lirst officers and charter members: Isaac Davis, T. L M.; John A. Tutt, D. L M.; Geo. I. N. Monell, P. C. of "W.; G. E. Montgomery, Recorder; N. Greene Curtis, Treasurer. Others who were also charter members: Jesse Morrill, T. A. Thomas, G. Haines, H. H. Hartley, O. H. Dibble, A. G. Richardson and J. "Wilcoxsen, none of whom are now active members. There are at present 207 members, who meet the last Monday of each month. Officers: John Hur- ley, Thrice Illustrious Master; "William H. Davis, Deputy Illustrious Master; Valentine Dresher, Principal Conductor of the "Work; "William R.Miller, Treasurer; "William B.Davis, Recorder; Harry Ingham, Captain of the Guard, William E. Oughton, Conductor; Richard Vaughan, Steward; George F. Bronner, Sentinel. Palestine Lodge of Perfection, No. 2, Scot- tish-Rite 3lasonrij. — This system of Masonry was first introduced in Sacramento in 1869, but not in a proper manner, and the lodge was per- mitted to go down about 1873. The present lodge was organized February 9, 1884, and now has about eighty members in good standing. The society includes the Council of Princes of Jerusalem, Chapter of Rose Croix and Council of the Knights of Kadosh, all of which confer certain degrees, numbering twenty-nine in all; that is, commencing with the third degree, that of Master Mason, they confer twenty-nine more, making a total of thirty-two. The officers are: C. LI. Denton, Thrice Potent; C. "W. "Wallace, Senior "Warden; A. F. Robinson, Junior "War- den, and Alexander Dunn, Secretary. Of the Council of Princes, H. A. Burnett is S. P. G. M.; of the Chapter of Rose Croix, Joseph Davey is M. "W.; and of the Council of Kadosh, Powell S. Lawson is Illustrious Commander. The meetings are held in Red Men's Hall. Tehama Lodge, No. 3, P". cfc A. M., was first opened under the name of Connecticut Lodge, No. 75, January 8, 1850, by Caleb Fenner, un- der the authority of the Connecticut Grand Lodge. In April following the Grand Lodge of California was organized, and the Sacramento blue lodge was given its present name; and it might have been numbered 1 with as much pro- priety as the first San Francisco lodge was so numbered. In November the Past Masters and Masters were numbered twenty-nine. This lodge being 'the oldest in Sacramento, if not in the State, has had a long and interesting history, which we would like to give did spate permit. The present membership is 102, and the officers are: Clarence M. Nelson, Worshipful Master; Theodore G. Filers, Senior Warden ; John E. T. Pike, Junior Warden; Alonzo Conklin, Treas- urer; William B. Davis, Secretary; William H. Davis, S. D.; William A. Gett, Jr., J. D.; George M. Woodburn and Charles G. Wood- burn, Stewards; Peter Durno, Marshal; and George F. Bronner, Tiler. The lodge meets the first Monday of each month. Washington Lodge, No. 20, P". c& A. II., was chartered May 5, 1852, the first preliminary BISTORT OF SACHAMENTO COUNTl'. meeting having been held February 19 preced- ing. Under the dispensation granted February 21, 1852, tlie following were elected officers, on the 26th. Charles Duncombe, Worshipful Mas- ter; Jes^e Morrill, Senior Warden; J. L. Thomp- son, Junior Warden; George I. N. Morrill, Treasui-er; John R. Atkins, Secretary; James A. Bullard, S. D.; Joel Ball, J. D.; G. Haines and N. Greene Curtis, Stewards; IT. Thiol, Tiler. In May Mr. Curtis was elected Worship- ful Master. To-day there are si.xty-three members of this lodge, who meet the first Thursday of the month. Officers: W. A. Potter, Worshipful Master; C. E. Burnham, Senior Warden; R. U. Gay, Junior Warden; W. C. Felch, Treasurer; E. Glover, Secretary; C. E. Flye, S. D.; F. T. Johnson, J. D.; W. W. Marvin, Jr., Marshal; C. E. Wright, and C. R. Hayford, Stewards; E. Roth, Tiler. Sacramento Lodge, No. Ifi, F & A. M. — A dispensation was granted July 20, 1853; the lodge was organized July 26, 1853, and the charter granted May 6, 1854. The first officers and other charter members were: James L. English, W. M.; John A. Tutt, S. W.; John H. Goss, J. W.; John Q. Brown, S.; J. Wil- coxsen, T.; D. St. C. Stevens, S. D.; O. D. Chaffee, J. D.; A. F. Rodgers, B. F. Crouch, Jr., P. Edwards, R. B. Ellis, J. F. Montgomery, A. Asher, Isaac Davis, James H. Bullard, John Heard, W. W. Stovall, Jacob Kohlmanu, John F. Morse, O. C. Wheeler, James Anthony, W. P. Henry and H. Greenbaum. The present officers are: Jay R. Brown, W. M.; Rufus B. Harmon, S. W.; William F. George, J. W.; William M. Petrie, Treas.; Frank E. Lambert, Sec; Marshall Hale, Jr., S. D.; L. P. Scott, J. D.; Charles H. Denton, Marshal; J. W. Reeves and Adam Andrews, Stewards. The lodge meets the first Friday of each month. It com- prises 146 members. Union Lodge, No. 58, F. cfe A. Jf.— The organization was effected May 4, 1854, and the charter granted May 15, 1855. The charter members and officers were: J. H. Ralston, W. M.; G. Haines, S. W.; A. Waters, J. W.; A. Andrews, T.; E. Block, Jr., S.; S. Kohlmann, S. D.; L. Keller, J. D. ; H. G. Tiiiel, Tiler; William Agar, George Chorpening, F. Dattelz- weig, M. Einstein, John Fitz Patrick, M. Gold- stein, D. S. Graham, Joseph Harris, Thomas Hutchinson, Marcus Kohn, Morris Kohn, S. Kyburg, L. Lehmann, L. Lewis, Julius Lyon, A. Mayer, P. Mayerby, F. Mandlebauin, M. Marks, L. Openheim, S. Openheim, J. Wal- doner, Ed. AVise and E. J. Willis. None of these are now active members of this lodge. There are at present 153 members, and their time of meeting is the first Wednesday of each month. Lodge prosperous and enjoying, the best of feeling fraternally. Officers at present: W. H. Baldwin, W. M.; James Edgar Mills, S. W.; B. W. Flye, J. W.; A. Meister, Treas.; John McArthur, Sec; Harry Ingham, S. D.; A. W. Edwards, J. D.; John R. Watson, Mar- shal; Alphonse Dennery and Aaron Garlick, Stewards; J. O. Wilder, Tiler. Concord Lodge, No. 117, F. db A. M., was organized May 15, 1857, with the following charter members and first officers: J. L. Thomp- son, W. M.; J. L. Polhemus, S. W.; Levi Hermance, J. W.; J. B'riederichs, T. ; William Sinclair, S.; David Deal, C; L. H. Frazelle, S. D.; W. H. Baxter, J. D.; E. Jacobs and John Reny, Stewards; N. A. Kidder, Tiler. Other charter members: C. S. White, S. Friederichs, J. P. Thompson, P. L. Buddivent. The officers last January were: Joseph Davey, W. M. ; E. B. Carroll, S. W.; J. W. Guthrie, J. W.; John Gruhler, Treas.; W. H. Hevener, Sec; L. C. Schindler, S. D.; Richard Watkins, J. D.; M. Stine and H. Longton, Stewards; H. A. Heil- bron. Marshal; N. A. Kidder, Tiler. Stated meetings, the second Tuesday of each month. Seventy-seven members. Jennings Lodge, No. 4, and Sutter Lodge, No. 6, F. & A. M., organized in 1849-'50, sur- rendered their charters in 1853. Philomathean Lodge, No. 2, F. & A. M. (colored), working under a charter obtained from England, was organized November 6, 1853, has at present about thirty members, and meets the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. lirst and third Mondays of every month, over Armory Hall. The officers at this time are: Isaiah Dm lap, Carter Jackson, S. W.; Ilev. J. R. Dorsey, Sec; F. M. Itay, Treas. Naomi C'Ii.apter\ No. 36, 0. E. S., was in- stituted May 3, 1879, with the following charter members and officers: Mrs. E. M. Froot, W. M.; J. N. Young, W. P.; Mrs. M. J. Cravens, A. M.; E. C. Atkinson, Sec; "W. H. Hevener^ T. ; Mrs. A.J. Atkinson, Chap.; Miss H. A. Palmer, C; Miss M. A. Stanton, A. C; Mrs. A. Coglan, Adah; Mrs. G. Van Voorhies, Ruth; Mrs. M. E. Parsons, Esther; Mrs. E. M. Hart- ley, Martha; Mrs. C. P. Huntoon, Electra; Mrs.'M. F. McLaughlin, W.; J. T. Griffitts, Sentinel. Within a few weeks there were forty members, but there are now 110 members, working in harmony and with satisfactory re- sults. The lodge meets the second and fourth Wednesdays of each month, in Masonic Hall. The officers are: Mrs. Hannah Wright, Worthy Matron; William B. Miller, Worthy Patron; Mrs. Ella Hatch, Associate Matron ; Mrs. M.J. Craven, Sec; Mrs. Kacliel Adams, Treasurer; Mrs. Sal lie White, Cond.; Mrs. Minnie Kolli- ker. Associate Conductress; Mrs. Mattie Hunt, AVarden; Mrs. Hannah Harper, Sentinel. Ada Chapter, No. 2, 0. E. S. (colored), was established in 1871, with twenty-nine members; now there are thirty-five, who meet the first and third Tuesdays of each month, over Armory Hall. The officers are: Mrs. Lillie Peck, W. M.; Rev. J. R. Dorsey, W. P.; Mrs. R. T. Johnson, A. M.; Mrs. Ella Dorsey, Sec; Mrs. H. Sioall, Treas.; Mrs. Jennie Lee, C; Mrs. E. Jackson, A. C; Mrs. A. Jackson, Warder; Mrs. C. Jackson, Sentinel; of the Central Star, Miss S. M. Jones is Ada; Mrs. E. Penney, Ruth; Mrs. Jennie Emory, Queen Esther; Mrs. Jen- kins, Martha; Mrs. H. G. Murrals, Electra. In this connection it may be mentioned that Dr. R. J. Fletcher, who has been the founder and chief spirit of Freemasonry among the colored people of SacramentQ, and founder of the order on the Pacific Coast, was instrumental in the establishment of the Grand Chapter, O. E. S. (colored), which was organized December 27, 1882. Many of the details of its history must be omitted here, for want of space. The present officers residing in Sacramento are: Peter Powers, 1st G. P.; Mrs. -Virginia John- son, G. M.; Mrs. Lillie Peck, G. T.; Mrs. Rachel Johnson, G. S. The Chinese have a sign out at the street door on Second street, near I, in English letters, "Freemasons;" but as we did not understand Chinese, nor they Volapiik, we were unable to learn anything concerning their institution here. It is rumored that they have a few things in common with the secret service of occidental Masonry. Masonic Hall Assooiation. — To accommodate the many lodges in Sacramento with a good and well-furnished hall, steps were taken as early as 1864 to erect au appropriate building. Sep- tember 17, that year, an association for the purpose was formally incorporated, with a capi- tal stock of $30,000. The building was com- pleted within a year, on the southwest corner of Sixth and K streets. It is 60x90 feet in di- mensions, having a basement and three stories. An addition was subsequently made to this, and the present structure is a substantial and im- posing one. These are the present officers: Trustees— William B. Davis, S. W. Butler, C. N. Snell, J. R. Watson, William R. Jones, William M. Petrie, William E. Oughton, Will- iam B. Miller, John W. Rock. The board organized by the election of J. R. Watson, Pres- ident; C. N. Snell, Vice-President; William B. Davis, Secretary, and William M. Petrie, Treas- urer. The association is now free of debt. Regular meetings the second Monday of every month. Sacramento Lodge, No. 2, I. 0. 0. F. — Gen- eral A. M. Winn has the credit of introducing Oddfellowship in Sacramento as early as Au- gust, 1849; but the complete organization of the first lodge was not eft'ected until January 28, 1851, when the following became the char- ter members: Horatio E. Roberts, George H. Peterson, George G. Wright, Lucius A. Booth, HISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Samuel Deal, M. Kaliski, Robert Robinson, N. C. Cuniiingliam, M. C. Collins and William Childs. The following were installed as offi- cers: Horatio E. Roberts, N. G.; G. H. Peter- son, V. G.; Georgo G. Wright, Secretary; Lu- cius A. Booth, Treasurer. Meetings were at first held in the lodge-room of the Freemasons. Of this, the oldest lodge, there are now 235 members, and the officers are: J. G. Cox, N.G.; M. C. Doherty, Y. G.; N. W. Robbins, R. S.; E. Hadix, P. S.; Joseph Bories, Treasurer; P. F. Herenger, J. F. G. The lodge meets every Saturday evening. Exireka Lodge., No. i, I. 0. 0. F. — On Janu- ary 7, 1852. Eureka Lodge, No. 4, was organ- ized, with the following charter members and first officers: George I. N. Monell, N. G.; Thomas Sunderland, V. G. ; A. P. Andrews, R. S. ; William H. Watson, Treasurer; John Turner, R. S. N. G.; R. Porter, L. S. N. G.; W. H. Tilley, R. S. V. G.; W. H. Hall, L. S. V. G.; Thomas M. Davis, Warden; A. J. Lucas, Conductor; also David Hall and Jesse Morrill. At present the membership is 153, and the principal officers are: B. C. Brier, N. G.; W. L. Gifford, V. G.; E. Glover, Secretary; M. Miller, Treasurer. Meetings every Wednes- day evening. El Dorado Lodge, No. 8, L. 0. 0. F., was organized September 24, 1852, with the follow- ing charter members and officers: J. F. Clout- man, N. G.; J. L. Polhemus, V. G.; L. D. Kelly, R. S. ; George W. Chedic, Treasurer; A. B. Armstrong, L. Korn, James Levi, Thomas B. Moore, Joseph S. Korn, James S. Scott and W. Prosser, in all eleven. There are now 190 members, with the following officers: Andrew Carlaw, J. P. G.; James McCaw, N. G.; George P. Boyne, V. G.; B. Shields, Recording Secre- tary; L. Salomon, Permanent Secretary; M. A. Howard, Treasurer. Stated meetings every Monday evening. Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. 0. 0. F.—On June 26, 1862, this lodge was organized with the following officers and charter members: S. J. Nathan, N.G.; Joseph Schawb, V.G.; Charles Schwartz, Secretary ; Charles Djhn, P. S.; L. C Mendelson, Treasurer; Lewis Korn, H. Thiel- bahrt, Anton Wagner, A. Meier, George Ochs, F. Gotthold, Jacob Klippell, Louis Greenebaum, Peter Kunz and George Guth. There are now 172 members. Present officers: Charles G. Noack, N. G.; John Rolir, V. G.; P. Peikert, Recording Secretary; Emil Schmitt, Permanent Secretary; F. Mackfessel, Treasurer. The meet- ings are Thursday evenings. Capitol Lodge, No. 87, I. o'. 0. F., has elected officers for the ensuing term as follows: O. A. Lovdal, N. G.; E. G. Messner, V. G.; W. A. Stephenson, Recording Secretary; L. B. Yan Denberg, Permanent Secretary; R. Davis, Treasurer; W. D. Stalker, Trustee. Industrial Lodge, No. 157, 1. 0. 0. i^.— This lodge was organized April 24, 1869. The fol- lowing were the first officers and charter mem- bers: G. W. Carroll, N. G.; J. M. Ripley, Y. G.; J. A. Seaman, Recording Secretary; G. A. Stoddard, Permanent Secretary; John Rippon, Treasurer. The charter members were: G. B. Dean, T. P. Ford, I. C. Shaw, Charles Noyes, C. C. Ault, H. C. Wolf, J. M. Anderson, M. Phelan, B. F. Huntley, S. H. Gerrish, Royal Preston, W. F. Emmerson, R. McRae, J. L. Gerrish. P. Bolger, G. F. Pattisou, W. D. Ham- mond, J. S. Phillbrick, George Landon, M. Favero, E. E. Masters, W. C. Gent, John Thomas, Add. Crandall, J. C. Carroll and F. Woodward. Twelve of these are still active members. At the present time the lodge has just celebrated its twentieth anniversary, and the active members number 240. The value of property and funds of the lodge is $12,000. For the year ending December 31, 1888, $976 was paid for benefits; $480 to widows, $129.20 for charity; total amount of disbursements for the year, $2,500. The average age of members is thirty-four years. The lodge meets on Saturday evenings in Fra- ternity Hall, I. O. O. F. Temple, Ninth and K streets. It has a fine degree staff, and the evi- dence of its prosperity is indicated in the inter- est manifested by the members of this team. HISTORY OP SACBAMBNTO COUNTY. The officers of the first term of the year 1889 are: C. M. ILuiison, N. G.; A. Felt, V.G.; J. L. Robinette, Recording Secretary; J. II. Fer- guson, Perinaiieiit Secretary; James Stewart, Treasurer. Pacific Eiicaiiipment, No. 2, I. 0. 0. F., was organized July 29, 1853, with eight char- ter members. These were: Matthew Parden, P. C. P.; 0. C. Hayden, P. C. P.; Thomas W. Davis, P. H. P.; W. H. Watson, P. H. P; John F. Morse, P. 'Robinson, A. J. Lucas and Walter Prosser. The chief officers this year are: P. S. Watson, C. P.; II. G. Hays, H. P.; A. Carlaw, S. W.; E. Glover, Scribe; S. B. Smith, Treas- urer. The members now number 116, and their times of meeting the first and tiiird Tuesdays of the month. Occidental Encampment., No. 1^2, 1. 0. 0. F., was instituted November 14, 1871. S. S. Nixon, P. L. Hickman, J. F. Clark, F. H. McCormick, R. Davis, Nelson Wilcox and W. M. Reese were the charter members. Death has removed one of the number; the remaining six are still members. Encampment numbers 100 members and its assets amount to $3,500. Nights of meeting, second and fourth Tuesdays in each mouth. Present elective officers are: H. F. G. Wultf, C. P.; W. W. Wright, H. P.; J. H. Fer- guson, S. AV.; E. B. Hussey, Scribe; Nelson Wilcox, Treasurer; and W. L. Brunson, J. W. Capital Lodge, No. 87, I. O. 0. i^'.— This was instituted June 10, 1859, by D. D. G. M. Samuel Cross, with the following first officers and charter members: E. F. White, N. G.; C. M. Mason, V. G. ; John McClintock, S.; Amos Woods, T. Other charter members: E. M. Ileiiston, G. A. Basler, C. B. Steane, Lewis Shuck, Thomas B. Byrne, James Bowstead, M. M. Estee and F. K. Ivrauth. C. B. Steaue and E. F. White are still active members The earlier records having been lost, we are indebted to the published notices of the lodge in the newspapers of that time for these facts and names concerning its institution. The pres- ent number of members is 306. The value of the property of the lodge at the present time is estimated to be about $20,000. About $3,500 are expended annually for charitable purposes and in benefits, and since it was organized it has paid out over $100,000. Four grand mas- ters have been elected from Capital Lodge. As for its standing and intellect it is classed one oi the leading lodges of the State. Its repre- sentatives to the Grand and Sovereign Grand lodges have always been men well versed with the laws of the order and outside world. The officers for the first term, 1889, are: O. A. Lordal, N. G.; E. G. Meesner, Y. G.; Wm. A. Stephenson, Recording Secretary; L. B. Van Denberg, Permanent Secretary; Richmond Da- vis, Treasurer. Trustees: W. D. Stalker, Daniel Flint and P. E. Piatt. Grand Canton Sacramsnto, No. 1, Patri- archs Militant, I. 0. 0. _^.— June 14, 1875, fifty Odd Fellows organized Sacramento Battal- ion, Company A, nearly all of whou) are still con- nected with the organization. The first officers were: A. H. Powers, Commander; H. A. Bur- nett, First Lieutenant; A. Menke, Second Lieu- tenant; J. A. Hutch ings. Secretary; G. M. Mott, Treasurer; F. Hogeboom, First Sergeant; Jas. S. Scott, Second Sergeant; J. H. Miller, Stand- ard Bearer; P. E. Piatt and J. li. Stebbins, Color Bearers. At a regular session, the So\'ereiga Grand Lodge, in September, 1882, made a provision for the uniformed bodies of Odd Fellows and inau- gurated laws and regulations for the same to be ■known as Degree Camp of Uniformed Patri- archs. On January 30, 1883, Sacramento De- gree Camp, No. 1, Uniformed Patriarchs, was organized with forty-three members and elected the following officers for the first term: Ed. M. Martin, Commander; Frank Hogaboom, Vice- Commander; Wm. A. Stephenson, Secretary; Nelson Wilco.K, Treasurer; II. A. Burnett, Offi- cer of the Guard; W. E. Piatt, Picket; F. P. Lowell, Banner; Charles Cooley, Guard of Tent. The first two initiates in the State were W. F. Norcross and J. Carlaw. In September, 1885, the Sovereign Grand Lodge, I. O. O. F., re-organized the military HISTORY OF BACRAMENTO GOUNTT. branch and changed its name to "Cantons of Patriarchs Militant, I. O. O. F.," and also adopted a complete set of organic laws, with a complete set of military othcers, to be under the Sovereign Grand Lodge. On March 8, 1886, Grand Canton Sacramento, No. 1, Patriarchs Militant, I. O. O. F., was organized by General C. W. Breyfogle, with eighty charter members, and organized by elect- ing the following ottlcers: W. N. Sherbnrnj Commander; Elwood Bruner, Lieutenant; S. A- Wolfe, Ensign for Canton No. 1; O. W. Erie- wine, Captain; Charles Cooley, Lieutenant; and C. T. Noyes, Ensign for Canton No. 18, both cantons to compose Grand Canton No. 1, who elected W. A. Stephenson, Clerk; Nelson Wil- cox, Accountant. The canton is now in a prosperous condition, and with money in its treasury. It can also boast of representative members, men of good standing in the society. Rising Star Lodge, No. 8, Rubekah Degree, 1. 0. 0. F., was organized December 22, 1871, with seventy-one charter members. The first officers were: P. G. William S. Hunt, N. G. ; Mrs. Ellen Gilman, Y. G.; Mar. ha A. Hunt, R. S.; Mrs. W. Eoth, P. S.; Julia Patterson, T. Of the charter members, four have died, namely, William Patterson, P. G.; Theodore Mass, P. G.; T C. Benteen, P. G.; and Peter Zacharias. There are now 190 members, with the following officers: Mrs. Delia D. Pettit, N. G.; Mrs. Emma Dodge, V. G.; George T. Boyd, Record- ing Secretary; Mrs. Julia Patterson, Treasurer. Meetings the first Tuesday of the month. Germania Lodge, No. 31, Eebekah Degree, I. 0. 0. F. — The organization of this lodge was effected April 27, 1876. It meets every third Tuesday in each month, in Temple Hall, Odd Fellows' Temple, corner of Ninth and K streets. The charter officers were: A. Ileilbron (P. G.), N. G.; Mrs. Anna C.Griesel, V. G.; Mrs. Julie Fisher, R. S.; Mrs. Fredericke Neuman, F. S. ; Mrs. Amilie Meckfe8sel,T.; also, C. E.G. Salle, I'. G.; F. Fisher, S. Morris, P. G.; Mrs. Dora Morris, Jolni Bolze, P. G. The membership has increased from forty-nine to ninety. The officers now are: Mrs. Kate Futterar, N. G.; Mrs. Elisabeth Kromer, V. G. ; Oscar Ilartig, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Emilia Johnson, Per- manent Secretary; Mrs. Philippina Schmidt, Treasurer. Union Degree Lodge, No. S, 1. 0. 0. F., was organized October 7, 1853, with a respecta- ble number of members, but it was discontinued a few years ago. The Veteran Odd Fellows' Association of Sacramento was organized in 1833, by a call of several veteran Odd Fellows in the city. To be eligible to membership in this organization, one must have been an Odd Fellow for twenty years, and be at the time a member of good standing in some subordinate lodge. An organi- zation of about forty signed the roll; the present membership is about 150. They hold annually a l)anquet, when they enjoy a hearty reunion and present to the retiring president a gilt badge, making liim a " Past President," The Past Presidents are: AV, B. Davis, Ezra Pearson, S. B. Smith, T. C. Jones, II. B. Neilson and A. S. Hopkins. The present officers are: W. B. Stalker, President; George B. Dean, Vice-Pres- ident; E. J. Clark, Secretary; John AVeil, Treasurer. Odd Fellows' General Relief Committee, con- sisting of three members from each lodge, attends to th'e wants of transient members of the order who may be in need. They meet every alternate Sunday morning, at 10 o'clock, in Odd Fellows' Temple. C. W. Baker, President; Benjamin Wilson, Secretary; H. B. Neilson, Treasurer. There are now twenty-two regular and twenty-five honorary members, comprising three from each lodge and the encampment. During the past year they have disbursed about $3,000. The fund is kept up by contributiotis from the lodges and encampment. Odd Fellows' Temple Association. — This was preceded by the " Hall Association," which was incorporated June 25, 1862, with a capital stock of $40,000— raised afterward to $80,000— and purchased the St. George Hotel building on HISTORY OF 8A0BAMENT0 COUNTY. the corner of Fourth and J streets, fitting up and keeping it for a number of" years as an Odd Fellows lodge and business block. July 26, 1869, the trustees of the several lodges and encampment of the order in the city met and resolved to organize the present temple associa- tion, who should purchase a lot and erect a fine building. This structure, on the northeast corner of Ninth and K streets, was completed September 23, 1870, and dedicated May 10, 1871. It has four floors. During the season of 1888, a $10,000 addition was made to the building. This association is composed of eleven direct- ors, elected annually by the trustees of the several lodges holding stock' in the enterprise. These directors elect their own ofiicers, who this year are: W. D. Stalker, President; S. B. Smith, Secretary and Agent; H. B. Neilson, Treasurer. The board meets monthly. The stock, $100,000, is divided into 1,000 shares, and is held as fol- lows: Sacramento Lodge, No. 2 300 Eureka » " 4 90 El Dorado " " S 170 Capital " " 87 200 Schiller " "105 75 Industrial " "157 60 Pacific Encampment, " 2 100 Occidental " " 42 5 The association also owns a large plat in a fine section of the City Cemetery. Sacramento Lodge, No. 2,189, 0. U. 0. ofO. F. (colored), was organized July 14, 1881, with thirty-one members. The first officers were: F. T. Bowers, P N. F.; E. Brown, N. F.; D. A. Johnson, P. N. G.; B. A. Johnson, N. G.; R. J. Fletcher, Y. G.; H. H. Williams, E. S.; R. II. Small, P. S.; W. H. Guinn, W. T.; R. C. Ferguson, W. C. There are now twenty-three members, of whom the officers are: E. A. Small, N. F.; I. T. Sanks, P. N. G.; F. Butler, N. G.; Rev. J. R. Dorsey, Y. G.; B. A. Johnson, P. S.; W. H. Guinn, W.T. This lodge meets the second and fourth Thurs- days of every month, in Pioneer Hall. The executive authority of this order proceed from the national body, under a sub-committee of management located at Philadelphia, and acting in harmony with the order in England. Sacramento Division, No. 7, Uniform Rank, K. of P., was instituted in October, 1882, with fifty-four charter members, and the following officers: James A. Davis, Commander; John W. Guthrie, Lieutenant-Commander; Theodore Schumacher, Herald; George II. Smith, Treas- urer; Frank H. Kiefer, Recorder; George B. Katzenstein, Sentinel; Joseph T.Keepers,Guard; Charles E. Leonard, Standard Bearer. There are now forty-seven members, and these officers: T. W. Stevens, Captain; J. J. Thackham, Lieu- tenant Captain; J. F. Deitrich, Herald; W. B. Oldfield, Recorder; Samuel Katzenstein, Treas- urer; A. B. Syme, Guard; Max Hornlein, Sen- tinel. The staff officers are: A. B. Cheney, Colonel; J. M. Wallace, Adjutant; Ira Ells- worth, Sergeant; Theodore Schumacher, Major; Samuel Katzenstein, Surgeon, with the rank of Major. The division meets the second and fourth Wednesdays of each month. The Knights have just erected a fine build- ing on the northwest corner of Ninth and I streets, which was dedicated on the 4th of July. It is 40 X 90 feet in ground area, four stories high in front and three in the rear portion. The first story is the drill and band room ; tiie second, concert and lecture room; the third comprises the lodge, reception and ante rooms; and the fourtii the banquet hall. It is an elegant build- ing, located in a neat, quiet locality, at the northwest corner of the beautiful Plaza. Sacramento Lodge, No. 11, Lv. of P., was organized December 2, 1869, with a large num- ber of charter members, the followitig being the ofiicers: G. W. Wallace; C. C; J. H. Sullivan, Y. C; S. Pearl, Prelate; Frank W. Marvin, K. of R. and S.; R. W. Jackson, M. of F.; J. E. Goods, M. of E. This has always been a very strong society, the membership being now 250. Present officers: F. T. Garrett, P. C. C; W. H. Weeks, C. C; J. Wilson, Y. C; E.G. Glick, Prelate; A. E. Coppin, K. of R. and S.; C. Wilke, M. at A. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTT. Cohimhla Lodge, No. ^3, K. of 1\ — This lodge was organized April 2i, 1S77, with J.W. Guthrie, P. C; A. J. Vermilya, C. C; P. J. Spacher, V. C; S. A. Wolfe, P.; John McFet- rish, K. of R. and S.; O. H. P. Sheets, Jr., M. of F.; Robert Pettit, M. of E.; W. E. Lugg, i; G.; and W. E. Ougliton, O. G.; also J. Stubbe, M. Udell, J. Goddard, William Neid- hart, and W. Kay. The present officers are: L. M. Schwoerer, P. C: H. A. Stober, C. C; M. Q. Meehan, V. C; John Lyman, Prelate; C. E. Kleinsorge, K. of R. and S.; A. Wulff, M. of E.; T. H. Waterland, M. of F.; A. J. Lloyd, M. at A. There are 118 members. Time of meeting, Friday night. Confidence Lodge, No. 7S, II. of /'., was instituted August 18, 1882, with the following officers: J. F. Lucas, P. C; J. A. Baker, G.C. ; A. V. Boyne, V. C.; F. H. Kiefer, Prelate; A. J. Plant, M. at A.; W. B. Rogers, K. of R. and S.; J. H. Smith, M. of E. Present officers: G. H. Tenbrook, P. C.; W. H. Hamilton, C. 0.; F. A. Reeves. V. C.; J. A. Haynie, Prelate ;-G. G. Bertschi, M. at A.; W. H. Greenlaw, K. of R. and S.; Isaac Christie, M. of E.; W. I). Powers, M. of F.; F. Eisenninger, I. G.; L. E. Vandercook, 0. G. There are now 137 members. Time of meeting, Tuesday jiight. Union Lodge, No. 21, A. 0. U. TF.— This lodge was instituted February 9, 1878. There were eighty-eight charter members. The first officers were: M. T. Brewer, P. M. W.; C. B. Kellogg, M. W.; T. W. Shelian, F.; George T. Bush, O.; E. J. Gregory, R.; Felix Tracy, Receiver; John F. Farnswortli, Fin.; Robert Frazee, Guard. There are at present 304 mem- bers, and the officers are: H. Bennett, P. M. W.; H. M. Burnett, -M. W.; W. J. Bryson, Foreman; E. F. Ash worth, Overseer; 0. W. Baker, Recorder; H. J. Norton, Financier; J. G. Davis, Receiver; S. J. von Ilirsch, Guide; W. B. Yan Gilder, L W.; Denis Hickey, O. W.; W. A. Briggs, M. D., Med. Ex. Sacramento Lodge, No. 80, A. 0. U. W., was instituted February 8, 1879. Tiiere was a large list of charter members. The first officers were: John F. Farnswortli, P. M.W.; James M. Hen- derson, M. W. ; Edward I. Robinson, O.; Geo. B. Katzenstein, R.; M. R. Beard, Fin.; C. H. Stevens, Rec'v. ; John W. Guthrie, G. ; W. H. H. Willey, L W.; AV. 1. Wallace, O. W. The lodge has a membership of 180. The officers installed January 4, 1889. are as follows: T. W. McAlpine, P. M. W.; L. M. Landsborough, M. W.; P. Genis, F.; J. H. Shorrock, O.; George B. Katzenstein, Rec; M. R. Beard, Fin.; O. F. Washburn, Rec'v.; W. A. Briggs, M. D., Med. Ex. The lodge meets every Tuesday evening, at Grangers' Hall. Lily of the Valley Lodge, No. 11, Degree of ILonor, A. 0. U. W., was organized in 1882, with thirty-three charter members; there are now sixty-nine, and the officers are: Miss Lizzie Smiddy, Past Chief of Honor; Mrs. John Brad- ley, Chief of Honor; Mrs. Mary Scroggs, Lady of Honor; Mrs. Jordan, Chief of Ceremonies; Miss O'Donnal, Usher; Mrs. George Guthrie, Recorder; Mr. Goethe, Financier; Mr. Roth, Receiver; Mr. Walker, Watchman. Meets the first Saturday of each month, at Grangers' Hall. The Ancient Order of United Workmen was organized for the purpose of paying $2,000 to the heirs or legatees of each member at death. In the State of California the order numbers 18,000, and in Sacramento 500. Over $2,000,- 000 has thus been paid in the State, and over $100,000 in tills city. Pioneer Assembly, No. 855, Iv. of L., the first in the State, was organized in this city ten years ago, and is still in existence. Sacramento Typographical Onio7i, No ^6, ■was organized in June, 1880, with only thirteen members, and already there are ninety-five mem- bers. The Union is respected by all the print- ing offices in the city. The present officers are: E. L Woodman, Pres.; E. R. Tiel, V. P.; J. L. Robinette, Sec. (address 1520, Ninth street) ;C. A. Dorsey, Treas. ; H. P. Reece, Sergeant-at- Arms; Ex. Com. — W. H. Davis, J. D. Laing, P. T. January, Union meets last Sunday in the month, at 2 v. si., in Fireman's Hall, Eighth street, between J and K. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Walhalla Grove, No. 6, U. A. 0. J)., was or- ganized August 10, 1866, and incorporated June 13, 1874. The charter members and officers were: Anton Menke, N. A.; C. H. Krebs, V. A.; Theodore Even, Sec; Jacob Keeber, Treas. ; C. C. Hayden, M. Kestier and J. Acker. The olficers at tliis writing are: J. L. Gomez, N. A.; N. McArtimr, V. A.; M. Wetzel, Treas.; I]. Meyer, Sec; M. Wilson, Cond.; A. Gonnet, 1. G. ; J. Lewis, O. G. There are seventy-five members, and the finances of the grove are an- pie. Union Grove, No. 61, U. A. 0. D., organ- ized in 1885, has about sixty to sixty-five mem- bers, and is very prosperous. It meets every Monday, in Union Hall, corner of Twentieth and O streets. George Lemkee, Past Arch; W. L. Benuing, N. A.; M. S. Neves, Treas.; N. Harvie, Sec; Gus. Peterson, Cond.; D. G. Mannix, I. G.; M. Meshado, O. G. Capital City Grove, No. 66, U. A. 0. D., was organized April 14, 1887, with thirty-six in membership. Present otticers: S. F. Gou- lert, Noble Arch; Charles Sears, Vice Arch; William Schaller, Sec; J. J. JSTagele, Treas.; John II. Measure, Cond.; Antoine Patralie, I. G.; Sam Versacko, O. G. The other Past Arches are James McCaw, John Svelnich, J. J. Buckley and Harvey Moore. The Grove meets every Thursday night in Red Men's Hall. Fidelity Grove, No. 31, U. A. O. I)., organ- ized in 1878, was consolidated with Walhalla Grove, May 1, 1888. Sacramento Druidic Circle, No. 1, was a so- ciety for women, instituted April 7, 1872, but was soon permitted to dissolve. Cosumnes Tribe, No. H, I. 0. R. M., was organized October 19, 1867. The present mem- bership is 103, and the ofiicers are: A. M. Gault, Sachem; J. P. Counts, Sen. Sag.; C. F. Leigh- ton, Jun. Sag.; L. Faure, Prophet; E. H. Rivett, C. of R.; George Boyne, F. C; H. Winters, K. of W. The tribe meets every Thursday evening, in the Masonic Building. Red Jacket Tribe, No. 28, I. O. R. M., was organized October 7, 1869, with the following officers: S. Pearl, Sachem; M. T. Brewer, S. Sag.; F. Gushing, J. Sag.; W. T. Crowell, C. of R. ; George A. Putnam, K. of W. There were altogether nearly 100 charter members. At the present time there are 170 members. Place and time of meeting. Red Men's Hall, every Friday evening. Official Board: Martin White, Sachem; E. C. Roeder, Sen. Sag.; W. A. Eizler, Jun. Sag.; Jacob Mnrbach, Prophet; A. Dunbar, C. of R. ; James McCaw, F. C; J. J. Nagele, Keeper of Wampum; James McKay, IstSanap; Fred Myrick, 2d Sanap; F. F. Briggs, 1st War- rior; George Nichols, 2d Warrior; R. P. Car- rington, 3d Warrior; J. Haberkorn, 4th War- rior; E. G. Palmer, 1st Brave; S. Napper, 2d Brave; J. C. Sutherland, G. of W.; J. Wilson, G. of F. Owosso Tribe, No. 39, I. 0. R. M., was or- ganized March 25, 1871, with sixty-six charter members. The first officers were: Matthew E. Johnson, Sachem; Ed. M. Martin, Sju. Sag.; A. C. Freeman, Jun. Sag.; Will J. Beatty, C. of R.; Daniel E. Alexander, K. of W. ; George W. Yount, Fin. C; George A. White, Prophet. There are ninety-eight members at present, and the officers for the present term are: L. G. Nixon, Sachem; George W. Nichols, Sen. Sag.; Stephen J. FitzgeraJd, Jun. Sag.; Benj. F. Howard, Fin. Chief; John J. Buckley, C. of R.; J. Henry Runckel, K. of W.; A. C. Klenk, Prophet. The tribe meets every evening, at Red Men's Hall, in Masonic Building. Red Cloud Tribe, No. 1^1, I. 0. R. M., was instituted November 13 and 18, 1871, with over seventy names on the charter list. The officers were: Thomas Sullivan, Sachem; R. A. Ren- wick, Sen. Sag.; W. Harper, Jun. Sag.; J. J. Carter, C. of R.; William Huller, K. of W.; W. A. McNaughton, F. C. There are now about eighty members, who meet every Tuesday even- ing. The finances of their treasury are in good condition. At present, L. W. Grothen is the Sachem; George W. Whitlock, Sen. Sag. ; James Fletcher, Jun. Sag.; Thomas J. Eames, K. of R.; B. F. Johnson, K. of W. Wetionah Council, No. 3, Degree of Poca- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. hontas, I. 0. R. M., was organized in October, 1887, with forty-one members. There are now sixty-five members, and the following are the officeis: Mrs. Nora Klenk, Pocahontas; Mrs. Minnie Spencer, Wenonah; Mrs. G. H. Smith, Prophetess; Mrs. Charles Kedinan, K. of R. ; L. W. Grothen, Powhattan; Mrs. L. W. Gro- then, Iv. of W. Juniata Coiincil, No. 5, Daughters of Poca- hontas, I. 0. R. J/., was organized July 9, 1888, with twenty-nine members, and is at this time flourishing. Sacramento Stamm, No. l^Jf, U. 0. R. IL, was organized October 18, 1868, with the fol- lowing charter members and officers: K. ¥. Wiemeyer, O. Ch.; F. Engelhardt, U. Ch.; C. Schmitt, B.Ch.; R.Nobel, Secretary; J. Suver- krup. Treasurer; George W. Dermann, A. Hil- lebrandt, W. Kuhnle, Charles Sold, George Sehmeiser, Charles Boettcher, W. Branu. Tliis year (1889) tiie membership is about eighty- eight, and flnancially the society is in excellent condition. The ofl:icers now are: August Wall, Over-Chief; G. Beathing, Under-Chief; F. Glueck, J!. C; D. Wilkens, Secretary; J. Gruhler, Secretary; J. Griesel, Treasurer. California Lodge, No. 1,580, K. of H., was organized by Harmon Gregg, April 28, 1879, with forty charter members, of whom the fol- lowing were elected officers for the first term: Grove L. Johnson, P. D.; Edward F. Aiken, D.; Norman S. Nichols, Y. D.; John N.Larkin, A. D.; Israel Luce, C; James M. Henderson, G.; P. L. Hickman, R.; Harrison Bennett, F. R.; George W. Callahan, T.; P. F. Dolan, Guard- ian; Frank Swift, Sentinel; Dr. George M. Dixon, Medical Examiner. At the present time there are 160 members, and the oflicers are: C. li. Stephenson, Past Dictator; L. A. Kidder, Dictator; Joseph Davey, Vice- Dictator; J. C. Carroll, Assistant Dictator; L. Bell, Ciiaplain; Carl Strobel, Guide; J. F. Carter, Financial Reporter; J. C. Medley, Reporter; F. W. Dunne, Guardian; Frank Swift, Sentinel; C.E.Adams, Treasurer; Dr. W. A. Hughson, Medical Ex- aminer; C. E. Adams, Representative to Grand Lodge. The lodge meets the firot and third Mondays of the month. Unity Lodge, No. 2,088, K. of 11., was insti- tuted March 1, 1880, with thirty-nine charter members, and the following officers: W. C. Van Fleet, P. D.; A. H. Powers, D.; D. O. Cook, V. D.; G. F. Lyon, A. D.; Frank Avery, R.; S. A. Palmer, F. S.; J. T. Carey, T.; E. M. Martin, C; J.F.Stephenson, Guide; A. F. Turner, Guard- ian; N. J. Toll, S. Tlie present officers are: C. Tietjen, Past Dictator; E. S. Rego, Dictator; C. H. Oester, Vice-Dictator; Charles Lenoir, As- sistant Dictator; W. D. Crowe, Reporter; T. A. Atwood, Financial Reporter; L. B. Sutliff, Treasurer; J. H. Humphrey, Guide; J. L. Orr, Chaplain; P. Brannon, Guardian; W. Woods, Sentinel; C. Mealand, Medical Examiner. The society meets at Grangers' Hall the second and fourth Mondays of each month. Present num- ber of members, 101. ILarmony Lodge, No. 399, K. c6 L. of //., has tliirty-eight members, who meet the second and fourth Fridays of each month, at Grangers' Hall. Officers: Mrs. J. C. Brown, Past Pro- tector; Mrs. C. May, Protector; Mrs. M. E. Grant, Vice-Protector; P. S. Lawson, Chaplain; Mrs. M. L. Jones, Secretary; Mrs. M. Keller, Fin.; J. C. Pierson, Treasurer; John Barrett, Guide; Frank Swift, Guardian; E. L. Greene, Sentinel. Equity Lodge, No. 1,219, K. cfe L. of //., has 115 members, whose place and time of stated meetings are Grangers' Hall, every Wednesday. Officers: O. W. Erlewine, P. P.; J. P. Counts, P.; Mrs. L. W. Grothen, V. P.; Mrs. Ida M. Russell, Sec; J. C. Medley, Fin. Sec; T. A. Lauder, Ti-eas.; Mrs. E. Y. Aiken, Chaplain; Mrs. L. A. Kidder, Guide; Mrs. T. A. Lauder, Inside Guard; Miss Lizzie B. Aiken, Outside Guard. Olive Branch Lodge, K.tbL. of LI. — Present officers: Mrs. A. Sturmer, Pres.; Mrs. M. Wil- son, V. P.; Mrs. Flora Knox, Rec. Sec; Miss Berck, Financier; Mrs. Annie Gill, Treasurer. Pioneer Council, No. 5^,, American Legion of Honor, was instituted December 18, 1879, 190 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTT. with thirty-eight charter members, the iirst council instituted in the State. The first oiJi- cers were: J. M. Henderson, Commander; Mrs. N. S. Biittertieid, Vice-Commander; D. E. Al- exander, Orator; M. R. Beard, Sec; P. L. Hick- man, Collector; F. Y. Williams, Treas.; W. E. Strong, Chap.; E. F. Woodward, Guide; J. C. Tiibbs, Warden; W. T. Crowell, Sentry; and AV. M. Haynie, P. Commander. The present membership is fifty-four, and the ofiicers are: C. PI. Wattles, Commander; Wm. B. Miller, Vice Com.; M. R. Beard, Sec; J. C. Tubbs, Collector; W. R. Strong, Treas.; F. H. L. Weber, Chap.; N. Harvie, Guide; H. Fisher, Warden; J. F. Cooper, Sentinel. Court Capital, No. 6,7^'2, A. 0. F., was or- ganized Januaryl7, 1881, with forty-three mem- bers, and the following officers: Henry Long- ton, C. R.; R. B. Harmon, S. C. R.; O. N. Cronkite, Rec. Sec; Arnold Schulze, Fin. Sec; Thomas Bromley, Treas.;. J. Lyman, S. W.; J. Baekrath, J. W.; F. H. Joy, S. B.; M. Lamb, J. B. ; Dr. A. E. Brune, Physician. There are now 125 members, and the following officers: D. M. Cronkite, P. C. R.; Ed. Morris, C. R.; W. M. Thomas, S. C. R.; G. G. Ogg, Treas.; H. W. M. Ogg, Fin. Sec; G. C. Campbell, Rec Sec; Schrader, S. W.; J. J. Vance, J. W,; E. O. Walker, S. B.; A. Hubert, J. B. The court meets every Monday evening in the Odd Fellows' Building. Court Sacramento, No. 6.861, A. 0. F., was organized June 30, 1882, and has at present about 190 members, with the following as offi- cers: L. W. Nickell, P. C. R.; B. F. Parsons, C. R.; L. W. Smith, S. C. R.; C. 1!. Strong, Treas.; F. W. Geiger, Fin. Sec; John Morris, Rec. Sec; C. B. Hall, S. W.; L. A. Siujmons, J. W.; Walter Shiells, S. B.; W. H. Stone, J. B.; F. G. Fay, Physician. This court meets every Thursday evening in Odd Fellows' Hall. Court Sutter, No. 7,^1^6, A. 0. F., has forty- three members and the following officers: Fred Colgrove, Jr., Past Chief Ranger; W. S. Church, Chief Ranger; B. F. Nutting, Substitute Ciiief Ranger; M. L. Perkins, Treas.; O. A. Iloitt, Rec. and Fin. Sec; W. J. Terry, Senior Wood- ward; W. W. Robinson, Junior Woodward; J. Dolierty, Senior Beadle; E. S. Wilkerson, Junior Beadle; F. G. Fay, Physician. Friendship Council, No. 65, 0. C. F., was organized February 21, 1882, with about twenty- five members and the following as officers: Julius Asher, Councilor; F. H. Keifer, Sec; Theodore Schumacher, Treas. There are now about 100 members, and the following consti- tute the Official Board: C. C. Olney, Councilor; Mrs. S. E. Glover, Vice-Councilor; F. H. Kie- fer. Sec; John Watt, Treas.; Mrs. L. D. Olney, Prelate; Mrs. F. H. Kiefer, Marshal; Mrs. A. M. Tiel, Warden; F. H. Schardin, Guard; Miss G. D. Jurgens, Sentry; Dr. G. B. Clow, Med. Ex. The council meets every Thursday even- ing at Firemen's Hall. Sacramento Council, No. 96, 0. C. F., was instituted September 4, 1882, with about fifty members; there are now 165. Present officers: Charles H. Denton, P. C; AVilliam Longton, W. C; Mrs. George Howard, V. C; George D. Irvine, Sec; J. E. Parker, Treas.; Mrs. Le- land Howe, Prel.; Mrs. Irene Marsh, M.; Ed. G. Ostendorf, W.; Mrs. Annie Servoss, G.; S. B. Lnsk, Sentry; Drs. Brune and Clow, Med. Ex'rs. The Past Chief Councilors are Jacob Griswold, Fred W. Day, A. Sanborn, M. A. Howard, George A. Stuart, George Howard, William Longton and J. E. Parker, all of whom are still members of this council. Stated meet- ings every Wednesday evening, at Firemen's Hall. Division No. 1, Ancient Order of Hiheriiians, comprises fifty-five members, with the following as officers: John Miller, Pres.; J. P. McGin- nis, V. P.; S. Dwyer, Treas.; W. J. Hamm, Sec The division meets once a month, in Pio- neer Hall. It was first organized January 31, 1870, and reorganized. The officers for 1870 were: P. A. Murphy, Pres.; P. F. Mohun, V. P.; D. C. Nealon, Rec. Sec; Matthew Bannon, Cor. Sec; James McGuire, Treas.; G. G. Mor- gan, Piiysician, and Charles Brady, Sergeant-at- Arms. HI8T0R7 OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Division No. 2 of this order was organized a few years ago, but was discontinued. The Sacramento Turnverein established it- self June 2, 1854, with Theodore Steudenian, Pres.; George Meyer, V. P.; J. W. Lehmann, Sec; Phil. Kitz, Treas.; II. Lux, 1st Turn Leader; J. Knauth, 2d Turn Leader; R. Nobel, Steward, and twenty-three other members. In 1859 the society erected a brick building on the south side of K street, between Ninth and Tenth, 52 x 112 feet, at a cost of $14,000. This is called Turner Hall, aud is so planned and furnished as to afford accommodations for socials, gymnastic exhibitions, etc. The follow- ing are the present ofKcers: Fred. Biewener, Pres.; August Mayer, Rec. Sec; F. Brensting, Cor. Sec; J. Lang, Treas.; C. Iser, Collector; H. Fisher, 1st Turnmaster; E. Belger, 2d Turn- master; R. Mangold, Property Man; P. Fischer, Librarian; Charles Schmidt, Trustee; Oscar Hartig, Turnwath. Benho'w Lodge, No. 2^29, Sons of St. George, was organized in March, 1887, to take the place of the old "British Mutual Benefit and Social Society," that went down about six months pre- viously, aud which had been organized in 1877. This society admits into its membership English- men and the sons and grandsons of English- men. The present membership is eighty three, and is steadily increasing. They have about 8600 in their treasury. Officers: T. W. L. Ce- cil, P. P.; W. H. Wright, P.; Thomas Harris, V. P.; Rupert Miller, Sec; R. S. Foizey, Treas.; J. 11. Stocker, Mess.; William Blackburn, A. S.; R. P. Webber, A. M.; John Skeltou, Chap.; Ed. Griffitts, LS.; Thomas Swift, O. S.; Trustees- James Knowles, N. J. Nathan, James Parsons. Victoria Lodge, No. 1, Daughters of St. George, is flourishing. Maggie Wilson, I'res. ; Annie Barrett, Sec. The Caledonian Association of Sacramento was incorporated in November, 1888, as the successor of the " Robert Burns Scottish Be- nevolent Association," which had been organized in November, 1871, for the purpose of assisting natives of Scotland who may he in need. There are now nearly ninety members. Stated meet- ings the third Tuesday of each month, at Pio- neer Hall. The present society admits to its care native Scotchmen and the sons and grand- sons of Scotchmen. The officers are: Dr. A. M. McColhim, Chief; W. A. Gett, Jr., 1st Chieftain; James Stewart, 2d Chieftain; Will- iam Wardlaw, 3d Chieftain; J. D. Warrack, 4th Chieftain; Directors — Tom Scott, John Morri- son, Peter Durno, James A. Stewart and W. E. Sims. Independent Order of Good Templars. — A multitude of organizations have attempted, at various times, to unite all the virtues of society as a barrier against the spread of the evils of in- temperance. Many of these, after a short period of success, have failed through some defect in their organization. Still, mankind felt the need of a stronger power to cope with the evil, and in 1851 the order of Good Templars arose in Central New York. Profiting by the errors of the past, and crystallizing the best features of former organizations, it was welcomed for its systematic effort and thorough discipline, and thousands fell rapidly into its ranks. It now exists in every State and Territory of the Union, and has crossed the seas and floats its banners throughout Europe. Its membership exceeds a half million. The order found its way to California by the organization of a lodge at Santa Cruz on the 22d of February, 1855, which was known as Pacific Lodge, No. 1. The next lodge organized was Siloam, No. 2, which was instituted Sep- tember 16, 1856, in the city of Sacramento, where it has met weekly and uninterruptedly since the date mentioned. In 1860 a sufficient number of lodges were in existence (ten) to permit the formation of a Grand Lodge. A convention was called to assemble fur that purpose, in the city of Sacra- mento. May 29, 1860, the meeting was held and the Grand Lodge of California was then and there formally instituted. From the organization of tlie (4raiul Lodge the order in this State grew apace. The central niSTORT OF SAGBAMBNTO COUNTY. office and headquarters of the order were estab- lished at Sacramento, and have remained here ever since. Tlie succeeding ten annual sessions of the Grand Lodge were also held in Sacra- mento. The official organ of the order, the Rescue, is also published in Sacramento, George B. Katzenstein, Editor, and is now in the twenty- tirst year of publication. The twonty-ninth annual session of the Grand Lodge, L O. G. T., was held October 2-5, 1888, at Santa Rosa, when the membership was re- ported to be, in this State, 11,480, contained in 230 subordinate lodges. The officers chosen were: O. C. Wheeler, D. D., LL. L)., P. G. C. T., No. 1653 Grove street, Oakland; Hon. J. M. Walling, G. C. T., Nevada City; Rev. L. C. Renfro, G. Counselor, Modesto; Miss J. S. Naismith, G. V. T., Oakland; George B. Kat- zenstein, Grand Secretary, No. 328 J street, Sacramento; Dr. Isaac S. Halsej, G. Treasurer, Vallejo; Julius Lyons, G. A. S., Los Angeles; E. Wood Culver, G. Messenger, Newcastle; By- ron Seeber, G. Marsiial, Oakdale; Mrs. Susie Fowler, G. D. M., Merced; Rev. E. B. Hatch, G. Chaplain, Salinas; Mrs. S. J. B. Richardson, G. Guard, AVoodland; J. C. Smith, G. Sentinel, Kingsburg; Mrs. M. E. Richardson, General Su- perintendent Juvenile Work, East Oakland. Tiie order in 1869 erected an orphanage known as the (Jood Templars' Home fur Or- phans, which stands upon an eminence, sur- rounded by twenty acres of land, near the city of Vallejo. Over $100,000 has been expended in the erection and support of this institution, which has sheltered and cared for upward of 500 children in its ten years of history, ranging from infancy to the age of fourteen years. The title of the institution is not meant to convey any idea of e.xclusiveness, but, on the contrary, its portals are open to all orphan children. There are two subordinate lodges of the order in the city of Sacramento, and eight in the county of Sacramento. Siloam Lodge No. 2. 1. <). G. r.— This lodge meets every Monday evening in Unity Hall, Odd Fellows' Temple, Ninth street, corner of K. It was organized September 16, 1856, and has held uninterrupted weekly meetings since that date. The charter members were: Edwin II. Bishop, J. D. Carlton, A. C. Manning, Philo L. H. Dnston, F. King, E.G. Maguire, George W. Bohner, George Waterson, S. B. Elwell, George Wiseman, Robert Phillips, S. Rippon, W. H. Robinson, Mrs. Elvira Baldwin, Lizzie J. Walton, Esther A. Walton, Sa.-ah C. Walton, Anna C. Fountain, Anna E. Roberts, Caroline Robinson, L. C. Guinand and Sarah Sidgreaves. The only surviving and remaining charter mem- ber is Mrs. Elvira Baldwin, who still continues in active membership. The present officers of the lodge, installed November 1, 1888, are: Fred. U. Swift, P. C. T.; D. O. Parmeter, C.T.; Kate H. Russell, V. T. ; D. A. Davis, Recording Secretary; L. E. Vandercook, Financial Secretary; George B. Katzenstein, Treasurer; Rev. H. A. Mayliew, Chaplain; 11. A. Parmeter, M.; Mrs. Ida M. Katzenstein, D. M.; Mrs. Estella Rawles, Guard; Albert AY. Katzenstein. Sentinel; Mrs. M. J. Mayhew, L. D. Though not a beneticial institution, it has always cared for its sick and indigent members, and its charitable contributions aggregate thou- sands of dollars. Siloam Lodge is now the pioneer and oldest lodge of the I. O. G. T. upon the Pacific Coast, and, indeed, having been organized early in the history of the order, it may be said there are few older lodges of the order in existence any- where. Capital Lodge, JSTo. 51, I. 0. G. T.—On De- cember 12, 1861, D. S. Cutter organized a lodge of Good Templars, which was called Capital Lodge, No. 51, with the following charter mem- bers: W. V. Frazier, D. B. Stewart, T. A. Stew art, G. W. Brentner, Isaac Bradvvell, William H. Sharp, S. S. Nichols, C. G. Erwin, C. 1). Smith and Thomas Fallen; Mesdames E. W. Frazier, ,1. 11. Stewart, A. M. Pierce, H. C. Nichols and J. M. Erwin, also Misses L. Pierce and A. Coombs. UISTOIiT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. This lodge became extinct in 1876, and, on April 2, 1879, an entire new organization, with a new charter and different ineiiihers, was funned, wliicii, iiowever, assumed tlie same name and number. The present officers are: A. M. Aul)ertus, C. T.; Mrs. M. Brown, V. T.; Charles E. Brown, Secretary; Delia Sullivan, Financial Secretary; C. B. Huntoon, Treasurer; Mrs. L. Howe, Chap- lain; Mrs. C. P. Huntoon, L. D. /. 0. G. T. Bands of jFIoj}e. —Besides the foregoing, there are juvenile organizations under the fostering care and patronage of the I. O. G. T., which are known as " Bands of Hope." Of tliese there are in the State over 250 branches or bands, with an enrolled membership of over 17,000, Mrs. M. E. Richardson, No. 1035 Ches- ter street, Oakland, being General Superintend- ent cf all. In Sacramento City there are three bands — Sacramento, No. 56, Mrs. F. E. Stinson, No. 902 N street. Superintendent; Capital, No. 91, Mrs. H. M. Smith, No. 1317 Seventh street. Superintendent; and California, No. 163, M. W. Sullivan, No. 1330 F street. Superintendent. Several divisions of the Sons of Temperance and a Father Mathew Total Abstinence and Benevolent Society flourished here for a number of years, but they have been absorbed by other temperance organizations. Sumner Post, JVo. 3, G. A. R., was organized May 26, 1867, with the following first officers and charter members: W. L. Campbell, C; W. C. Guirey, J. V. C; and J. F. Sheehan, Adju- tant. Other charter members: D. A. DeMerrett, E. Ingram, E. S. Granger, T. J. Blakeney, W. L. Ustick, S. H. Robinson, George Lyons, Thomas Anderson, J. J. Cropping, J. Y. Gil- bert, George Gillpatrick, R. II. Harris, W. E. Chesley. A. D. Ilawley, W. H. (Jardner, E. D. Shirland, Porter Ilayden, S. T. Witham, II. L. Street and Horace AVelch. The present officers are: J. W. Reeves, P. C; C. H. Stephenson, S. V. C; G. W. Railton, J. V. C; J. R. Laine, Surg.; H. Bennett, Q. M.; A. T. Needham, Chap.; J. 0. Medley, O. D.; R. S. Frazee, O. G.; W. W. Coons, Adj. Council of Adminis- tration — C. II. Stephenson, G. "W. Railton, J. C. Medley. Stated meetings, the first and third Thursdays of each month, at Grangers' Hall. The memijership now numbers 130 in good standing. Wa7ren Post, No. 5^., O. A. R., has about twenty-three members in good standing, and financially is strong. It meets the second and fourth Thursdays of every month, at Grangers' Hall. Officers: L. W. Groghan, P. C; John W. Jackson, S. V. C; Francis Ritchie, J. Y. C; William Madden, Surgeon; George W. Herr, Q. M.; S. O. Hulbert, O. D.; E. D. Miller, O. G.; John Williams, Chap. Veterans of the Mexican War. — This society was organized at the Orleans House, in Sacra- mento City, on June 5, 1876. A committee on by-laws was appointed, and, on the 13th of the same month, the by-laws were reported and adopted. On the same evening the association elected as officers, for one year, John Domingos, Pres.; P>ed. Chamberlin, Y. P.; Peter Mc- Graw, Treas.; Joseph Sims, Sec. The present officers and members are: E. I). Shirland, Pres.; J. S. Cook, Y. P.; John Domingos, Sec. and Treas.; Peter McGraw, Marshal; G. J. Cross, Color Bearer; A. R. Abbott, W. L. Crane, J. N. Fuller, John Maguire, J. W. S. Hamilton, It. B. Hall, N. Hawk, F. Holzhauer, J. Hanson, John Jacobs, J. Kelley, Charles Miller, Antoin Mink, L. Preston, Wm. M. Siddons, Y. Siiane, H. Wittenbrock, A. Whitaker, C. A. Parson and P. Keongh. Fair Oahs Post, No. 120, G. A. R, was or- ganized in May, 1886. There are at present thirty-one members, and the officers are: H. P. Winchell, P. C; J. Handlin, S. Y. C; J. II. Cooley, J. Y. C; J. McMurray, Chap.; J. J. Trarbach, Treas.; W. H. Ennis, Adj.; W. II. Richards, O. I).; George G. Yoglegesang, O. G. Stated meeting.s, the second and fourtli Tuesdays of each month, at Y. M. I. Hall. Sumner Relief Corps. No. 11, organized in Marcii, 1884, meets the first and third Thurs- day evenings, also the second and fourth Thurs- day afternoons, of each month, at Grangers' HISTOar OF SACHAMBNTO COUNTY. Hall. The present officers are: M. Alice Ste- phenson. Pres.; Lncretia Olnej', S. Y. P.; Jennie Bell J. Y. P.; Miss Carrie G. Hancock, Sec; Rxchel Adams. Cor. Sec; Margaret Keller, Treas.; Mary Flemniing, Cond.; Louise Gonot, Ass'tCond.; Kate Mills, Guard; Maria Hussey, Ass't Guard. There are eighty-four members. Fair Oals Eelief Corj\% J'c. Jo, was estab- lished in May. 1884. and has about 125 mem- bers, who meet every Tuesday in Grangers' Hall. Officers: Mrs. Florence Miller. Pres.; Mrs. Inez Picks, S. Y. P.; Mrs. Cunningham, J. A''. P.; i[rs. Yoglegesaiig. Chap.; Mrs. Emma Bidwell, Sec; Miss Manning, Treas.; Miss Ella Tnbbs. Cond.: Mr. Teal, Ass't Cond.; Mrs. Burns, Guard. Clara Barton Cireh\ To. 11, Ladies of the G. A. B., was organized May 26, 1886, with about twenty-three members; there are thirty- three at present. Officers: Mrs. C. E. Shirland. Pres.; Mrs. , S. Y. P.; Mrs. Hannah Lindler, J. V. P.; Mrs. Caroline Yaughan, Treas.; Mrs. Belle Herr, Sec; Mrs. Leland Howe. Cond.; Mrs. Anna Paulk, Chap.; Mrs. Eliza Grothen, Guard. Regular meetings, the second and fourth Thursdays of the month, at Grangers' Hall. Crovernor Leland StanJ'o?'d Canij', JVo. 11, S. of v., was organized July 11, 1887, with eight- een members; at present there are thirty-eight members. Among the first officers, P. H. Dodge was Captain; Wm. Kellogg, 1st Lieut; and "Wm. H. Larkin, 2d Lieut. The present otticers, elected December 10, ISSS, are: "\Vm. H. Larkin, Capt.; Fred. Yan Horn, 1st Lieut.; George Burnett, 2d Lieut.; P. H. Dodge, J. L. Robi- uette and Wm. Matlock, Camp Council. The members are uniformed. Regular meetings, the second and fourth Mondays of each month, in Exempt Firemen's Hall. Satire Sons of the Gohlen ^Vest. — This order was originated in San Francisco, in 1875, by General A. M. Winn, who had thought, while acting as marshal of a procession on the -tth of July, 1869, that it would be an interesting part of the procession to have au e.xhibition of young Californians. The idea was what the times de- manded, as the rajiid growth of the order proved soon after its establishment. It soon became an important fraternal and beneficial society. The name "parlor" for each local organization indicates its social and refined character. They celebrate the anniversary of the admission of California into the Union. General Winn was the first mayor of Sacramento, and his remains were buried in the Sacramento City Cemetery, where on Thanksgiving Day, 1887, a niununioiit to his memory was unveiled. Sacramento Parlor So. 3, X. S. G. W., was organized March 22, 1878, with the following first officers and charter members: Benjamin O'Niel, Pres.; John C. Luce, 1st. Y. P.; Ed- ward B. Carson, 2d V. P.; James P. McGinnis, 3d Y. P.; Edward R. Kno.x, R. S.; William Ri- der, F. S.; Clarence E. Parker, Treas.; David M. Maddux, Marshal; Henry Steinmiller, Thomas W. O'Niel and Martin Cofl'e^-, Executive Committee. Other charter members: H. C. Chipman, Joseph Maddux, George Steinmiller, Thomas O'Brien. William O'Brien, Joseph J. Maguire, Fred. Kidder, George Adams and John Feeney. There are now 120 members, and the officers are: W. A. Gett, P. Pres ; Charles A. Root, Pres.; Charles Meir, 1st Y. P.: J. M. Henderson, Jr., 2d A". P.; ,Ianus P. Leonard, 3d Y. P.; Ed. II. Kraus, Fin. Sec; John F. Bronner, Rec. Sec; Henry ^'ichoiaus, Jr., Marshal; T. G. Eilers, Treas.; W. A. Briggs, Surgeon; W. B. Kurz, O. S.; J. B. Grammell, I. S. The parlor meets every Friday evening, at Grangers' Hall. Sunset Parlor, So. ~6, S. S. G. IF., was in- stituted January 24, 1884, with forty members. The membership is now eighty-one, and the officers are: C. E. Grunsky, Past President; A. G. Folger, Pres. ; J. Brenner, Jr., 1st Y. P. ; W. C. ReiUi, 2d Y. P.; F. A. Cramblitt, 3d Y. P.; J. A. Rutherford, Rec. Sec; George B. Cosby, Jr., Fin. Sec; F. E. Ray, Treas.; Yictor Hart- ley, Marshall; W. W. Marvin, C. H. Oatman, W. W. Cassett, Trustees. Meetings, every Sat- urday, at Pioneer Hall. lirsTOIlY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. California Parlor, No. 22, N. D. G. W., was organized in November, 1887, with 109 mem- bers; there are now (January, 1889,) al)Oiit 100 members. Following are the officers: Mrs. Mattie K. Grunsky, Past President; Mrs. Mary Breckenfeldt, Pres. ; Mrs. Frankie Greer, 1st V. P.; Miss Regina Hassett, 2d V. P.; Miss Mc- Cleary, 3d V. P.; Miss Nettie K. Leake, Fin. Sec; Miss Mollie B. Johnson, Rec. Sec; Miss Mana Drake, Marshal. Etham Lodge, No. 37, J. O. B. B., was in- stituted June 23, 1859, by R. W. Grand Lodge Deputy Jacob Vogelsdorff, with the following otKeers: Joseph Davis, Pres.; J. Greenbaum, V. P.; M. Waterman, S. ; Louis Gerstle, F. S. ; M. Marks, T.; Z. Newstadt, M.; A. Ilamber- ger, A. M.; S. A. Levy, W.; C. Klapstock, G. The first organization of the " Hebrew Benevo- lent Association " was in December, 1851, which was incorporated February 10, 1854. There are at present 122 members. Stated meetings, every Thursday, at Unity Hall, in the Odd Fel- lows' Building. Officers this year: R. Stein- man, Pres.; S. Sinay, V. P.; S. Dombrower, Rec. Sec; L. Salomon, Fin. Sec; L. B. Buck, Treas.; B. Wilson, Monitor; M. Hirsch, Assist- ant Monitor; L Lesser, Inside Guard; M. Wil- son, Outside Guard. In treasury, §8,000. Sacramento Grange, No. 12, P. of II., was organized December 4, 1867, with the following charter members and officers: W. S. Maiilove, Worthy Master; I. N. Hoag, W. Overseer; E. F. Aiken, W. Lecturer; J. Holland, Steward; G. F. Rich, A. Steward; R. Williamson, Chap.; A. S. Greenlaw, Treas.; Wm. Haynie, Sec; R. S. Lockett, G. K.;,Mrs. W. S. Maulove, Ceres; Mrs. I. N. Hoag, Pomona; Mrs. E. F. Aiken, , Flora; Mrs. J. Holland, Lady Assisti 1 1 Stew ard. Other charter members: Amos Adams and wife, T. K. Stewart, William Kendall and A. P. Smith. There are at present 148 mem- bers, and the officers are: Joseph Sims, Mas- ter; M. L. Rich, Overseer; M. McMullen, Lect- urer; M. Sprague, Steward; W. W. Greer, Ass't Steward; W. Davenport, Chaplain; John Reith, Treas.; Alice Greenlaw, Sec; II. M. Sims, Lady Ass't Steward; Mrs. Joseph Sims, Ceres; Sophie Christman, Pomona; Kate Aiken, Flora; Lulu Rich, Organist. Regular meet- ings, the second and fourth Saturdays of each motith, at Grangers' Hall. Howard Benevolent Association of Sacra- mento. — Of all the organizations formed in Sac- ramento for benevolent or charitable purposes, none has been more purely unselfish, more really effectual, or more worthy of commendation and public patronage than the Howard Benevolent Association. Its history, covering, as it does, some thirty-two or three years, would fill a vol- ume with the record of noble deeds done in the name of humanity, and for no other recompense than the consciousness of having alleviated pain and given succor to the unfortunate. The first meeting lookii.g toward this organization was held as early as December 21, 1857, when N. A. H. Ball led off in this purely philanthropic enterprise. The officers elected for the first year were: George W. Mowe, Pres.; L. A. Booth, James P. Robinson, John McNiell, R. A. Pearls, James E. Perkins and N. A. H. Ball were elected Directors; James M. Kennedy, Sec; and John S. Bien, Treas. The income of the society is derived from membership fees, voluntary contributions, donations by the Leg- islature, and miscellaneous sources. No officer of the association, of course, receives any sal- ary, except the Steward, who has to be the prac- tical disburser at the depot, from 10 a. m. to 2 p. M. every Tuesday and Friday. The depot is on the east side of Seventh street, first door north of L. They average a distriljution of about §4,000 per year, relieving about 130 in- dividuals per month. The Board of Directors, elected by the thirty active members, meet once a month and canvass the applications for relief. The officers this year are: Richard Dale, Pres.; A. Abbott, Treas.; A. S. Hopkins, Sec; John C. Medley, Steward; John McNiell. P. II. Rus- sell, G. W. Chjsley, P. E. Piatt, AY. H. B^atty and C. H. Hubbard, Directors. Catholic Li lies'' Relief Society, No. 1. — Emma Hughes, Pres.; Louise J. Conrad, Sec. IIISTOliY OF SACBAMENTO COUNTY. Sacramento Society fur Medical Improve- ment.- — Tliis society was organized March 17, 1868, and incorporated June 29, 1878. The first ofiicers and members were: F. W. Hatch, M. D., Pres.; G. L. Simmons, M. D., Sec; Drs. W. E. Cluness. I. E. Oatman, J. M. Frey, H. W. Harkness, T. M. Logan, J. F. Mont- gomery, A. B. Nixon, G. J. Phelaii, G. G. Tyr- rell, Hofi'maii and H. L. Nichols. The ob- ject of the society, as its name indicates, is "the promotion of medical science and of good feeling among practitioners of medicine and surgery." The present officers are: Dr. J. K. Laine, Pres.; Dr. F. L. Atkinson, Sec. and Treas. Meetings are held at the offices of the city members, alter- nately, on the third Tuesday of each month. The number of members at present is twenty- two, namely: F. L. Atkinson, AV. II. Baldwin, W. Ellery Briggs, W. A. Briggs, A. E. Brnne, W. 11. Cluness, T. W. Huntington, J. K. Laine, M. J. Magill, Z. T. Magill, James H. Parkinson, G. C. Simmons, G. L. Simmons, F. B. Sutlifl", T. A. Snider, 0. B. Nichols, H. L. Nichols, G. G. Tyrrell, W. F. Wiard, G. A. White, J. A. McKee, H. Voeller. The past members who have died, moved away or withdrawn are: Thomas M. Logan, Joseph T. Montgomery, F. W. Hatch, A. B. Ni.\on, Gregory J. Phelan, Edward R. Taylor, Joseph M. Frey, II. W. Harkness, Samuel W. Blackwood, Augustus Trofton, Charles S. Has- well, S. P. Thomas, E. L. Poorman, W. T. Wythe, Joseph H. Wythe, H. W. Nelson, Alvis Graeltinger, J. II. Urieh, F. M. Curtis, Na- thaniel Williams, J. W. B. Reynolds, E. B. Harris, C. H. Fisher, Lucius McGuire, F. W. Hatch, Jr., S. A. Deuel, M. Gardner, G. W. Davis, S. D. Howard, A. II. Snider, E. R. Mer- rill, W. F. Finnie, A. B. McKee, Thomas 01m- stead, Ira E. Oatman. Although not composing a society, we may make a brief mention of the physicians of the " schools," as they are some times termed. The present homeopathic practitioners are George Pyburn, Charles E. Pinkham, W. A. Hughson, George M. Di.xon, Elliot D. Curtis, George Dart, H. C. Jessen and Charles H. Powers. Of these, Dr. Hnghson has been in Sacramento since 1873, thus being a resident here a greater length of time than any of the others. His predecessor was H. H. Ingerson, who practiced here 1862-'73, and located in San Francisco, where he died about 1881. J. K. Clark was here for a time, and also removed to San Francisco, where he died. Drs. Pyburn and Dixon have been county physicians, and when Jabcz Turner was mayor the homeopa- thists constituted the controlling element in the City Board of Health. The eclectic physicians now practicing in Sacramento City (none in the county outside of the city) are: M. F. Clayton (ever since 1858), B. F. Pendery, C. Mealand and F. G. Fay. N. S. Pendery came here with his brother, just men- tioned, about 1874, but after a time returned East and has since died. Dr. Summers prac- ticed in Sacramento for a while, removed to Walnut Grove and was killed there. C. P. V. Watson, here for a period, is now practicing in the southern part of'tlie State. Dr. Huntsinger, here in 1870-71, returned to Michigan. Dr. Wheeler was still another physician of this school who was located here for a time; and there have been several others. Dr. Joshua A. Burns, hydropathist, conducted for a number of years the Water Cure now owned by Dr. Clayton, sold it to him, and in 1876 removed to Sonoma County. A numl)er of other independent or "irregu- lar" physicians are practicing the profession in Sacramento. Those not mentioned in the fore- going lists are : G. B. Clow, George Dart, G.V. and Elizabeth Ewing, J. C. Ford, Kelsay &Swanson, Mrs. A. F. Lower, J. H. Shirley and T. A. Snider. Yoking Men's Christian Association. — This association was organized October 3, 1866, by the election of the following officers: N. N. Denton, Pres.; H. B. Eddy, Sec, and M. L. Templeton. Treas. Twenty-six names were en- rolled at that time, and S212 contributed. At a subsequent meeting, held in the Con- gregational Church, October 22, 1866, the per- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY inanent organization was completed. Besides the officers named abovo (who retained their positions), the following gentlemen were elected: Sparrow Smith, Cor. Sec; George Wick, Libra- rian; H. W. Earl, Registrar; G. W. Briiff, Seth Babson, A. Aitken, J. M. Ripley, G. W. Bonner, Board of Managers; and the following were made Vice-Presidents: Frank Miller (Congre- gational Church), G. R. Forshee (Sixth Street Methodist Episcopal Chnrch), A. Aitken (Pres- byterian Church), C. Emery (Baptist Church), and Henry Garrett (Christian Church). The association died in 1877 or 1878, and shortly afterward revived. It is now a very strong and influential society, having on an average about 200 members. They have occu- pied their present neat and commodious rooms on the first floor, west side of Si.xth street, be- tween K and L, near the Si.xth Street Methodist Episcopal Church, since January, 1885. Previ- ous to that date they were in the St. George Building two years, and prior to that at 309 J street; but they have recently purchased a fine business lot, 526 K street, for $10,000, which is only two-thirds its real value, whereon they are erecting this year a splendid business block, and in this most convenient place they will hereafter liave their headquarters. The estimated cost of this building is $35,000, and the furnishing will cost $5,000. The present officers are: Directors — C. M. Campbell, C. A. Maydwell, W. S. Bassett, George O. Hayford, Chauncey H. Dunn, C. A. Beasley, W. C. McNeely, Benjamin L. Edwards, Walter Wylie and Alexander Ingram; C. M. Campbell, Pres.; W. S. Bassett, V. P.; Walter Wylie, Clerk; C. A. Maydwell, Treas.; C. H. Dunn, Auditor; A. C. Lovekin, Gen. Sec. The other Presidents have been: R. H. Hart and C. E. Parker. The first paid Secretary was S. D. Fuller, then Moore Hesketh, F. Z. Wilcox, A. C. Lovekin. Bath-room, gymnastic apparatus, books, news- papers, magazines, appliances for parlor plays, lectures, etc., are furnished by this philanthropic society. Young Men's Institute, Branch No. 11, was one of the first institutes to organize in the State, and that event occurred on the evening of August 8, 1885, in old St. Rose's Hall, which has since been torn down to make way tor the new Government building. There were fifty charter members, and it was not long before the membership incn to 100. The Institute present numbers 145, and is still increasing. Much money has been expended in benefits to sick and disabled members. The first officers were: D. J. Long, Pres.; R. E. Murray, 1st V. P.; Joseph McGuire, 2d V. P.; T. T. A^^isemau, Rec. Sec; M. J. O'Reilly, Cor. Sec; Benjamin Neary, Fin. Sec; James O'Reilly, Treas.; J.Genshlea, Marshal; Execu- tive Committee — J. McBride, A. E. Coolot, J. J. IlefFernan, C. Trainor and J. McGinnis. The present officers are: M. J. Burke, Past Pres.; J. G. Genshlea, Pres.; M. JSTelis, Ist V. P.; James Longshore, Jr., 2d Y. P.; D. McLaugh- lin, Rec Sec; W. F. Gormley, Fin. Sec; T. J. Pennish, Treas.; W. E. Kent, Marshal. This society is organized for intellectual im- provement, social enjoyment and the main- tenance of a beneficiary fund, giving $7 a week in cases of sickness, and $500 to the legatee in case of death. Regular meetings are held at the Y. M. I. Hall, east side of Seventh street, between K and L, the first and third Thursdays of each month. Branch No. 27, Y M. I., was organized in the Y. M. I. Hall, on Sunday, May 7, 1886. Thirty-one charter members were enrolled. To- day the membership numbers 115, and is stead- ily increasing. It prides itself, as Branch No. 11 does, in having as members some of the best and most prominent young men in the city. The first officers were as follows: T. W. O'Neil, Pres.; J. F. Doody, 1st V. P.; E. P. Byrne, 2d V. P.; A. S. Cohen, Rec. Sec; R. E Mont- gomery, Fin. Sec; J. L. Ryan, Cor. Sec; J. Miller, Treas. ; F. F. Martin, Marshal; Execu- tive Committee— James C. Kelly, J. T. McNiflf, W. Scanlan, Charles Farran, J. Fitzgerald. The present officers are: J. F. Doody, Pres.; J. F. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT T. McQueeney, 1st V. P.; Adolpli Kaufman, 2d V. P.; W. E. Connolly, Kec. Sec; E. Kraus, Fin. Sec; Thomas Carolan, Cor. Sec; John Miller, Trcas.; Frank Gall! gan, Marshal. Tiie Institute meets every Tuesday evening at Fire- men's Hall. Young Lad Iff)'' Institute, No. 17, lias the fol- lowing otHcers: Josie J. Regan, Pres.; Mrs. J. W. Willem, 1st V. P.; Miss Lizzie O'Brien, 2d y. P.; Miss M.mie Whyte, Fin. Sec; Mrs. M. A. Nagle, Cor. Sec ; Miss JMellie Boylan, Treas. ; Miss Mollie Brown, Marshal; Miss Ida Des- mond, Sentinel; James Parkinson, Physician. Pro Culto Literary and Social Cluh, limited to a membership of fifty, has at present forty- five members, who meet on alternate Fridays at Y. M. I. Hall. Officers: Warren Floberg, Pres.; William Kellogg, 1st V. P.; Ralph Lowry, 2d V. P.; George Clark, Sec; William Larkin, Fin. Sec; Charles Richardson, Marshal. The club was organized April 26, 1887. Vincent Circle, C. L. S. C, was started about si.K or eight years ago, and grew to such an extent that in 1884 a division was made, as noticed below. Ofdcers this year: M. K. Bar- rett, Pres.; George Hesser, Y. P.; Miss Mollie Johnson, Sec; Miss Anderson, Treas. There are now about fifteen pursuing the course. Many have graduated. Westminster Circle, C. L. 8. C, was organ- ized in 1884, by members from the older society just noticed, and have at present a membership of about thirty-five. S. G. Smith, Pres.; Mrs. C. N. Post, Sec; Mrs. J. L. Chadderdon, Treas. The Sacramento Scientific Association and the Ladies'' Museum Association are connected with the Crocker Art Gallery. The Sacramento Society of California Pio- neers. — In pursuance of a previous notice, about seventy persons met at Jones's Hotel, on J street, between Front atid Second streets, on Wednes- day evening, January 25, 1854, for the purpose of organizing a Pioneer Association in Sacra- mento. Jos. W. Winans was Chairman, and Samuel Colville, Secretary of the meeting. A committee, consisting of R. P. Johnson, Samuel Colville, J. W. Winans, and R. M. Folger, was selected, who, on the 27th of the same montli, reported a constitution, which was adopted, and, with some alterations, is the one by which the association is now governed. On the 31st of the same month it was decided that all who came to the State prior to 1852 should be eligi- ble to membership, and, having signed the con- stitution, should have the right to assist in the election of officers. The oiiginal intention was to limit tlie membershi]) to those who had come to California previous to 1850. On the 3d of February, 1854, the association met for the election of officei's, to serve until September 9, 1854. The following persons were elected: Joseph W. Winans, Pres.; J. B. Starr, J. N. Nevett, D. J. Lisle, Richard Rust, J. B. Mitch- ell and William M. Carpenter, Y. P's.; Samuel Colville, Rec Sec; N. A. H. Ball, Cor. Sec; B. F. Hastings, Treas.; H. E. Robinson, Yolney Spalding, C. C. Sackett, R. P. Johnson, W. C. Waters, James Ilaworth, and George Rowland, Directors. Tlie following is a complete list of the Presi- dents of the society and dates of their terras of service, respectively: Joseph W. Winans, 1854 -'56; A. C. Monson, 1856-'57; John F. Morse, 1857-'58-'59; James Queen, 1859-'60; A. C. Monson, 1860-'61; John II. Carroll, 1861-'62; N. L. Drew, 1862-'63; Gregory J. Phelan, 1863-'64; R. H. McDonald, 1864-'65; Justin Gates, 1865-'66; William F. Knox, 1866-67; Isaac N. Hoag, 1867-'68; James McClatchy, 1868-'69-'70 ; Charles N. Ross, 1870-'71 ; Isaac Lohman, 1871-'72; Albert Leonard, 1872 -'73; Edward F.Aiken, 1873-'74; Asa P. An- drews, 1874-'75; G. K. Yan Heusen, 1875-'76; ISr. D. Goodell, 1876-'77; George A. Putnam, 1877 -'78; John S. Miller, 1878-'79; W. C. Felch, 1880; James McGuire, 1881-'82; A. H. Powers, 1882-'83; J. H. McKune, 1883-'84; George W. Chesley, 1884-'87; Powell S. Law- son, 1887 to the present. The officers at present are: P. S. Lawson, Pres.; John S. Miller, Sec; A. C. Sweetser, Treas.; S. Callisch, Janitor. At the first the niSToRY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. members were over 200 in number; there are now 126, besides fourteen honorary members. The association meets the last Saturday of each montli, in Pioneer Hall. This hall is in a build- ing erected by the association in 1868, on the east side of Seventh street, between J and K. Recently a building adjoining on the south has been purchased and neatly fitted up, — the first floor for a banquet hall, and the second for a parlor. The museum, although yet small, is a collection of rare merit. Capital Lodge, No. 5 J^, of the United Endow- ment Associates, a mutual benevolent associa- tion, was instituted November 9, 1888, with nineteen charter members, by D. D. G. C. Mrs. J. H. Struckmeyer. The officers are: Dr. E. A. Brune, P. 0.; Louis M. Schwoerer, C; Mrs. E. Bryan, V. C; Mrs. Yuhre, A. C; Mrs. C. G. Aukener, R. S.; Mrs. E. Schwoerer, F. S.; Mrs. I. Hillebrand, F.; Mrs. A. Labhard, G.; J. F. C. Knauer, Jr., I. G. ; Charles Schneider, S. ; Dr. E. A. Brune, Examining Physician. Stated meetings, alternate Thursdays, at Ein- tracht Hall. Pilgrim, Lodge Wo. 6, Independent Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria (colored), was organized October 10, 1887, with twenty-eight members; the number is now in- creased to forty. E. A. Clark, Past Chief; Mrs. E. A. Fletcher, Past Presiding Daughter; A. L. Cady, Vice Chief; Mrs. Elizabeth Jackson, Daughter of Fount; R. D. Reid, Rec. Sec; Mrs. C. Williams, Fin. Sec; Rev. J. R. Dorsey, Chap. Regular meetings, the first Wednesday of each month, over Armory Hall. There is a " Degree Lodge " of the above, of which R. J. Fletcher is Grand Master; Mrs. Ella Dorsey, Sec; Rev. J. R. Dorsey, Treas. Of this there are eighteen graduates or members. The " Champions of the Red Cross," " Kes- lier shel Barsel," "Caucasians," "Janissaries of Light," and many other influential societies of former times have been discontinued. Company No. 3, Italian SlMi'pskooters'' So- ciety of Mutual Aid, was founded in Sacra- mento, October 30, 1887. A. Mazzini, Pres.; A. Simoni and G. Delucchi, V. P.; P. Gabrielli, Treas.; D. Malatesta, Sec; G. C. Simmons, Phys. The membership is about 105 at pres- ent, and is constantly increasing. The present oflScers are: Pier Antonio Galgani, Pres.; V. Caselli and A. Simoni, V. Pres.; P. Gabrielli, Treas.; J. Morelli, Sec; G. C. Simmons, Phys. The society meets the first Sunday of every month, in Y. M. I. Hall, on Seventh street, be- tween K and L. The Forester Gun Cluh, named after " Frank Forester," one of theearliest sportsmen in Amer- ica and the celebrated author, was organized in 1879, with some twenty members, for the pur- pose of encouraging field sports, protecting game, and renting lakes for shooting grounds. During the season in which game is protected, the club has a series of trap shoots. At pres- ent they have leased Gourley's and Clark's Lakes, about twelve miles below Sacramento. They change the scene of their play from time to time, and of course will have other lakes and resorts hereafter. The first officers were: Hora- tio Hurd, now deceased, Pres.; Captain J. D. Young, now Superintendent of State Printing, V. P.; John Hotz, since deceased, Sec; and Henry Gerber, Cap. Since that time one other member of the club has also died. The present officers are: Edward C. Chapman, Pres.; Dr. F. F. Tebbets, V. P.; H. J. Kilgarif, Sec; and H. Eckhardt, Treas. The stated meetings of the club occur the first Monday of every month. Present number of members, about twenty-five. The Pacific Sportsmen^s Cluh was organized April 1, 1881, with twenty members, and the following officers: T. D. Hopper, Pres.; Frank Kunz, V. P.; and Charles Flohr, Sec and Treas. The club now numbers thirty-eight members, and the officers are: J. M. Morrison, Pres.; Grank Kunz, V. P.; Fred George, Sec; Adam Damm, Treas.; Charles Flohr, Capt. ; George Chapman, Asst. Capt. At present the club has the use of Miller's Lake, below Freeport, for the winter, and during the warmer portion of the year they have regular monthly shoots. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTER XX PCiSTOFFICES. Directiou and Distaucfi from Sacramento. Miles. N.E. S. E. S. S. E. s.w. S. E. S. E. E. S. s. S. E. S. E. S.W. S.E. E. E. S.E. E. E. "e." S. S.W. E. 12 Clay 28 18 Cosumnes Courtland Elk Grove Florin Folsom City 18 20 l.T 9 22^ 15 Franklin 7 y the Mormons before the Marshall discovery. In 1854 George M. Evans published an article in the Portland (Oregon) Tiines, in which he said: " When the Mormon battalion was disbanded in 1847, a number of Mormons came to San Francisco, and among them was one Hender- son Cox and one Beardsley, who boarded in the same house with me. They, having worked in the Georgia mines, told me, in conversation, that as they were about prospecting for a road (since called the Mormon Pass) for the Mor- mons to return to Salt Lake, in so doing, they would prospect the streams in their route (this was in the end of September or first of August, 1847). In the following January, I returned to San Francisco, when I received an invitation to go to Mormon Island, so named afterward by Henderson Cox. On the 19th of January, 1848, I went there, and with the bounty they gave me, and what I worked out myself, I had §19,000 on the 8th day of February, 1848. * * * The Mormons, wishing to keep their discoveries a secret from people not Mormons, worked out the gold and said nothing more." Natoma is an Indian word, meaning "clear water," and was the aboriginal name for that section of the country. A. P. Catlin first gave the name to a mining and water company. Afterward, in 1850, an agent of the PostotSce Department visited Mormon Island for the pur- pose of establishing a postoffice there, and he requested Mr. Catlin to furnish a name for the office, and the name "Natoma" was adopted on his suggestion. xVfterward the township took the name also. American Kiver was so named from the fact that a company of Western trappers lived on its banks for several years between 1822 and 1830. The Mokelumne River derives its name from a numerous tribe of Indians, the Mo-kel-kos, who formerly inhabited its lower banks and the adjacent country. The Spaniards spelled the word variously. Cosumne is also an Indian word. Hicksville was named from William Hicks, a pioneer resident, who died there June 29, 1884; and Howell's from Sid Howell, who still lives there. Sutterville was named from General John A. Sutter, who, with others, in 1844, made an ef- fort to build a town there. A survey was made HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. and a village commenced. The first house was erected by Sutter, the second by one Hiadel, and the third by the late George Zins. The last was a brick building, and is said to have been tlie first that was put up in Calitbriiia. The new town lagged, and in 1853 a party of capitalists endeavored to boom it up, and many costly buildings were erected, but the effect was but temporary, and the town died down. The name Florin was given to the locality about 18(34 by the late Judge E. B. Crocker, owing to the great number of wild flowers which grew in the vicinity, and in 1875 the name was given to the town when it was commenced. In 1850 James Hall and a family opened the Elk Grove Hotel on the original site of Old Elk Grove, and gave it that designation on account of having found elk horns in the grove near by. Mr. Hall was from Galena, HIinois, and died in Vallejo in 1876. The original Old Elk Grove Hotel burned down in 1857. The original name of Ashland was Big Gulch. In 1857 it was changed to Russville, in honor o* Colonel Russ. It was also sometimes called' Bowlesville, from an old resident named Bowles who claimed title to the land. In 1860 it was christened Ashland. In 1852 a company was formed, known as the Alabama Bar Mining Company, composed of twelve men. They located the bar which took that name, from the fact that most of the com- pany were from the State of Alabama. Andrus Island was named from George An- drus, who settled there in 1852. Onisbo was the name of a chief of the Dig- ger Indians. Georgetown was settled in 1856 by Andrew George, who opened a hotel there called the Franklin House. The place goes by both the names of Georgetown and Franklin. Sebastopol, a mining camp, was established in 1854, and the name was chosen by a vote of the miners, the Crimean War being then in prog- ress. Cook's Bar was named after Dennis Cook, who settled there in 1849. Michigan Bar was so named from the fact that the first settlers were two men from Michi- gan, who made the first discovery of gold there in 1849. Walsh's Station was named after J. M.Walsh, who opened a store there in 1873, and Routier's is called in honor of Senator Joseph Routier. who settled there in June, 1853. Rancho del Paso signifies Ranch of the Pass, Its other name — Norris Grant — is from Samuel Norris, who at one time owned it. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. City * 12,800 16,283 21,420 County. 9.087 24,142 26,830 84,390 State... 91,635 323,127 499,424 864,694 COURT-HOUSE. The first court-house that was erected at Seventh and I streets in Sacramento City, and in which the sessions of 1852 and 1854 were held, was commenced in June, 1850, and com- pleted on December 24, 1851. It was destroyed in the great fire of July 13, 1854, which con- sumed a large portion of the business part of the city. Immediately after the fire a contract was en- tered into between Joseph Nougus and the county officers for the erection of the present court house. As originally arranged the build- inganswered the following description: Extreme height, sixty-one feet ; dimensions, 80 x 120 feet; with a portico supported by ten pillars, three feet six inches in diameter by thirty-one feet six inches in height. The ground floor was devuted to a county prison. On the same floor were two separate offices containing fire- proof vaults and occupied by the State Control- ler and State Treasurer. The second floor was devoted to a Senate Chamber, 37 x 30 feet, and an Assembly room, 72.8x41.4 feet, together with nine rooms for clerks and officers of the Legislature. The style of architecture is Ionic. The original contract price was $100,600, and ♦April 1, 1849, less than 150; October 1 following, 1,300 votes. BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the subsequent contracts made the total cost of the building to the county $240,000. The cor- ner-stone was laid September 27, 1854, with Masonic honors, and the brick work was com- pleted November 9 following. The entire build- ing was finished January 1, 1855. It was rented to the State tor Capitol purposes at an aimnal rent of $12,000, and was used for that purpose from 1855 until the completion of the present Capitol. In Ajiril, 1870, the building was raised to the high grade, 400 jackscrews being used in the job. The original corner-stone was opened on the 22d and its contents transferred by the Boai-d of Supervisors into a new box. On that day the stone was relaid without public ceremony. THE STATE CAWTAL. The first State Constitutional Convention met at Monterey, September 1, 1849, and during the session fixed the seat of the State Govern- ment at San Jose. December 15 following the first Legislature accordingly met at that place, but, finding the accommodations too limited, resolved to accept a proposition from General M. G. Vallejo, removing the capital to his place. Meeting there January 5, 1852, they fared even worse than they had at San Jose as the General had undertaken to do more than he could, and was far behind with his contract. The Sacramentans then stirred themselves, and indorsed the Court of Sessions in ofi"ering the use of the new court-house to the Legislature, which body accepted the offer January 12, 1852, and the very next day arrived here, on the steamer Empire. The citizens welcomed the members by a grand ball, tickets to which were sold at $20. During this session the contest between the rival points contending for the lo- cation of the capital naturally grew hotter, and all sorts of legal technicalities were brought to bear in favor and against the competing places. During all this time the State records were at San Jose, and doubts were entertained as to the legality of T amoving them to Vallejo, where there was no safe place for keeping them, or to Sacramento, which was not yet made the seat of Government. Ajjril 30, 1852, the Legislature passed a bill declaring Vallejo to be the seat of Government, and ordering the Governor to remove the State records to that place. Next, General Vallejo procured a cancellation of his contract; then the following Legislature, meeting in January, 1853, in Vallejo, soon adjourned to meet at Benicia, declaring it to be the capital. January 2, 1854, the Legislature again met there. Gov- ernor Bigler submitted to them a communication from the mayor and council of Sacramento, tendering the free use of the court-house, with safes, vaults, etc., lo the State, together with a deed to the block of land between I and J and Ninth and Tenth streets. On the 9th of Feb- ruary, A. P. Catlin introduced a bill in the Senate, fixing the permanent seat of govern- ment at Sacramento and accepting the block of land. The Legislature then adjourned to this city. The members and State officers were re- ceived with a great demonstration. March 1, 1854, the Legislature met in the new court-house. On the 24th of this month they passed a law compelling the Supreme Court to hold its sessions here; but that body an- nounced their opinion that San Jose was the constitutional and legal cipital. Subsequently, however, by a change of judges of the Supreme Court, Sacramento was decided to be the legal capital. Accordiugly, with the exception of the flood year, 1862, all sessions of the Legislature since 1854 have been held in Sacramento. April 18, 1856, the Legislature provided for the issue of bonds to the amount of $300,000 for the erection of a State House where is now the beautiful Plaza. The Board of Commission- ers, appointed to superintend the building, approved the plans of Reuben Clark for the structure, let the contract to Joseph Nougues, for $200,000, and broke ground for building December 4. But on the 15th of that month the commissioners refused to issue the bonds, because the Supreme Court had decided that the State had no authority to contract a debt so HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. large. The contractor brought suit to compel the issuance of the bonds, but was beaten, and work was stopped and never resumed on that buildincr. The land was deeded back to the city and has been made a beautiful park. The building of a Capitol did not again re- ceive much attention until ISBO, when the supervisors deeded to the State the tract of land bounded by L and N and Tenth and Twelfth streets, and the Legislature appropri- ated $500,000 for the building. The plans of M. F. Butler were adopted, and Michael Fen- nell, of San Francisco, obtained the contract for furnishing the material and building the base- ment for $80,000. The corner-stone was laid May 15, 1861. Fennell, however, had dropped the contract April 1, and it was afterward let to G. W. Blake and P. E. Conner, who in turn dropped the task, having suffered severe losses in the great flood. The work was then placed in the hands of the commissioners, who had to " plod their weary way " along for several years, while the various Legislatures could not agree upon the amount of appropriations to be made. Indeed, the question of the location of the Cap- itol was mooted until 1867, when it was decided to discontinue the use of granite, and hurr}' the building on to completion, with l)rick. Thus the basement story only is built of granite. The brick, however, is of good quality, and the Capitol Building, whicli is modeled somewhat after the pattern of the national Capitol at Washington, is substantially constructed, and is modestly beautiful in its exterior. Cost, about $1,447,000; with grounds (ten blocks), $2,590,460.19. Height, from first floor to the lantern, 240 feet. From this point can be seen a magnificent city and rural landscape, bounded by mountains fifty to a hundred miles distant. See topographical chapter for a "description of the objects visible. At the center of the first floor is a large piece of statuary, cut from Italian marble by Larkin G. Meade, and representing Columbus before Isabella. It was purchased by D. O. Mills, at an expense of $30,000, and by him presented to the State. The completion of the Capitol in the fall of 1869 was celebrated by a grand ball given by the citizens of Sacramento, and the rooms, as they were finished, were occupied during the months of November and December. The present constitution provides that the seat of the State Government shall not be removed without a popular vote. Like the Lower Mississippi, the lower portion of Sacramento River is, when the waters are high, above the level of the adjoining country. Hence floods, inundating many thousand acres of good land, sometimes occurred, until the levee was completed. The principal ones have occurred on the following dates: 1805. — The inundation was so great this year that the Indians still reckon from it as an epoch. 1825 -'26. — This was a very wet winter tlirou<;hout the State, and some of the oldest inhabitants still remember it. 1846-'47.— High waters, but as yet there were scarcely any settlers here witli property to be destroyed. 1850. — By this time Sacramento was a lively little town, and the flood well nigh carried it away. The people continued to hope that the water had about reached its highest point until it was too late to save their property. They were unprepared when the rush came upon them, and some were even drowned in- their beds! Women, children and feeble persons were found floating about upon loose material, and crying for help. The inmates of the city hospital, twelve to twen'y in number, narrowly escaped drowning. Only two of them ulti- mately recovered! It was during this flood that a Dutchman, employed to take corpses out in boats for burial, met with an accident, and on endeavoring to swim ashore with $2,000 in gold in his pocket, sank several times and was drowned. Many of the rougher class of men became horribly reckless, drinking, laughing, hurrahing and carousing generally, without turning a hand to save life or property. Of the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 300 or more men who were doing business in Sacramento, not more than a half dozen had sec-ond stori28 to their buildings, in which goods might l;e stored, or persons saved. After this flood subsided the weather was line and exhilarating for several weeks, and the people almost forgot that they had met with losses, when in March another fresliet arrived, and would have swept them away had it not l>een for the determined efforts of Hardin Big- low in leveeing the city, despite the scoffing of the multitude. 1852.— March 7, at 1 a. m., there came a mad rush of waters from the American River, break- ing through the levee. The mayor summoned the citizens to the rescue, but in vain; it was too late to cast up levees. By daylight nothing could be seen upon the surrounding landscape but Sutter's Fort and the Ridge. The head of I street, near the Plaza, being the highest ground in the city, was densely covered with human beings. This terrible distress continued four days. 1853.— January 1, the city was again com- pletely flooded, the water rising two feet higher than in 1850; but the water retired so rapidly that but little damage was done, and even the improvised boats and other craft were, many of them, left upon the ground. 1861.— March 28, there was a sudden dash from the American River, inundating the city, but the subsidence was so rapid that compara- tively little damage was done; but December 9 following occurred tiie most destructive flood of all. The first alarm was given at 8 a. m., and within one hour many persons living east of Eleventh street were surrounded, in imminent danger of their lives, and appealing for help with the most heart-rending cries. Many were indeed drowned during this siege, and many a harrowing story is told of pitiful cries for help whicli were unheeded by passing boatmen who could have rescued the suflferers, but would not because money to the extent of §10 to §75 was not forthcoming! By the 11th the waters had so far subsided that traffic was resumed. On the 23d the city was again partially inundated. 1802. — January 9-13 occurred a destructive deluge, carrying away all or fiearly all the prop- erty of many farmers, as well as drowning some persons and destroying much property in the city. The Legislature was in session, and upon the third day of the flood the Senate adopted a re.=olution for the adjournment of the Legisla- ture to San Francisco for the remainder of the session. The House, however, did not concur until the 23d day of the month, and the next day they all embarked for San Francisco. 1878.— February 1 came tlie last destructive freshet, as since then the levees have been strong enough to confine the waters to the chan- nel; but the loss of property was not so great as in 1862. LEVEKS. The history of the levees around Sacramento is one of great interest, involving, as it does, not only the psist but the present and future safety of the city. Previous to the flood of January, 1850, nothing had been attempted in the matter of protection from flood or high water. True, the subject had been discussed j/ro and con, one party holding that something should be done, and the other tiiat nothing could be done that would be of any real value, for, they argued, "suppose we do build a bank around the town, how long will the water stay outside? Granting that it cannot run over the top or break through the levee, it will, in a short time, find its level by percolating through the soil." This latter class, however, were suddenly converted by the flood of 1850, and became as ardent supporters of the levee move- ment as any of their former opponents. The waters had scarcely begun to recede from the city, when surveyors were employed to sur- vey lines for and make a location of the pro- posed levee. On the morning of January 29, 1850, a meeting of citizens was held in the oflice of Priest, Lee & Co., for the purpose of providing means to protect the city from floods. Recommendations were made to the city coun- HISrOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. cil, which, through committees, arranged for building a levee around the city. For this pur- pose they proposed a tax of $250,000, which was accepted by a popular vote of 543 against 15. Accordingly, a levee was built that year, but not sufficient to withstand extraordinary floods; for the very next freshet, that of 1852, broke over it in several places and inundated the city. Under the supervision of the city council, a levee was then built on I street to Sixth, and thence to the " Eidge." This aga n was found adequate, as the subsequent winter, 1852-'53, proved. The next year, at an expense of $50,- 000, borrowed on scrip, the levee was widened and made higher, so tiiat it extended up twenty- two and a half feet above low-water mark. With occasional repairs of breaches and strengthening weak places, this levee has since stood, while that portion bounding the east and south sides of the city has been superseded by the river levee generally, built by the respective reclamation districts. The Y street levee, a comparatively new one, is a public drive-way for most of its extent. ^,._ _--jife«„ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CHAPTEK XXI. fOR the school statistics of each, see table at the close of Chapter XIV. ALABAMA. This township was established October 20, 1856, and includes township 6 north, ranges 7 and 8 east, and those portions of township 5 north, ranges 7 and 8 east, which lie north of Dry Creek, and also a strip from the west side of townships 5 and 6 north, range 9 east, nearly a mile wide, in Sacramento County. It is bounded on the north by Lee and Cosumnes townships, on the west by Dry Creek Township, and ou the south and east by the county line, and was originally a part of Cosumnes Town- ship. The early settlers in this township were: John Southerland, who came into the township in 1850, and was largely engaged in stock-raising. Hoberts & Chaplin settled on a ranch near the Southerland place in 1850. They were the first men who raised barley in this township, and were engaged principally in raising grain. Joshua and William Heweld, on an adjoining ranch to Roberts & Chaplin's, raised barley and hay. Captain Ed. Thompson, an old sea cap- tain, settled with his family in the township in 1851, and sold a year or two later to the Good- win Brothers. Soon after selling his farm, he had a dispute with a laborer, and afterward called him out of the house and shot him, kill- ing him instantly. Thompson left the country and was never found. Dr. George Elliott set- tled, some time in 1851, at the crossing of the Stockton Road and Dry Creek. He kept the stage station and hotel, and also owned the stage line, which he leased to a man named Kelley. This place was known as Elliott's Station. A postofKce was established here in 1852, Elliott being appointed postmaster. "When ho sold out, in 1858, Mr. Mitchell was appointed, who served until the stage route was changed and olHce dis- continued. Martin Scott purchased Elliott's establishment and moved the hotel across the creek into San Joaquin County. James M. Short settled in the township in July, 1852. W. Lords moved into the township in the spring of 1852, and bought aranch on the Laguna. S. B. Lemon, a bachelor, settled on the Laguna, near the cen- ter of the township, in 1853. In 1854 he opened a hotel and bar, which he sold in 1858 to James Crocker, who, in 1859, sold to Thomas H. Fowler. Mr. Fowler closed the hotel in 1861-'62. He did not keep a bar. E. H. Pres- bury settled on Dry Creek in 1854. Goodman Brothers, of whom there were three, farmed quite extensively for about si.x years. L. C. Goodman died about 1860, and the other broth- ers sold out and returned to Te.xas. William Mitchell, a large sheep-raiser, Richard White, William H. Young, William Gallon, John Bowen and Joshua Bailey are among the settlers Hisrour OF i. Lemon, near center of township; closed in 1861 or 1862. The other opened in 1863, by Calvin Bates, on what was then known as the Michigan Bar or Laguna road; closed in 1866. The first school held in the township was in 1857, a private school, kept by George II. String- field, and only lasted one term. In 1858 the first public school building was erected by pri- vate parties; the lirst teacher was Miss Mary McCounell. AMERICAN. The first division of Sacramento County into minor political divisions was made by the Court of Sessions, on the 24:th day of February, 1851. There were eight townships established, known as Sacramento, Sutter, San Joaquin, Cosumnes, Brighton, Center, Mississippi and Natoma. On July 30, of the same year, the Court of Sessions cut oft" from Sacramento Township all that por- tion north of the American River, creating the latter into an independent division, by the name of American Township. The north and west boundaries were the county line and the Sacra- mento River, south the American River, and east the roads to Auburn, as far as its junction with the road to Muldrow's Ferry, to Nevada City, and the latter road to the county line. On HISTORY OF SACliAMENrO COUNTY. the 20tli day of October, 1856, the Board of Supervisors of Sacramento County established tiie boundary line of the difl'erent townships in the county as they now exist. The eastern line of American Township was established on the center line of townships 9 and 10 north, range 5 east of Mount Diablo liase and meridian, from the intersection of said line with the north line of the county to the American River. In 1874 tlie boundaries of Sacramento City were chanj^ed as follows: Commencing on the line of Thirty- first street at the intersection of the extension of A street; thence westerly alonj^ tiie north line of A street to the east line of Twenty- second street; thence along the east line of Twenty-second street to the north line of B street north; thence westerly along' tiie north line of 1) street north, to the center of the bed or channel of the American River. The land ilirown out of Sacramento Township by this act was attached to American Township. This town- ship is nearly all swamp and overflowed land, comprised in Old Swamp Land District, No. 1. The Central Pacific Railroad touches the south- east corner of the township, with a station at Arcade, nearly on the line between American and Center townships. The Six-Mile House was on the old load to Marysville, about six miles from Sacramento. It was built by Mr. Holmes in 1852 or 1853. He mortgaged his place, including 160 acres of land, to Mr. Hughes, who was obliged to fore- close the mortgage in 1857. At this sale it was bought by H. C. Harvey. It had not been used as a hotel for some time previous to this. Har- vey, who was at this time interested in a stage line from Sacramento to Marysville, kept it as a hotel and farm-house. The Star House was on the Nevada road, on the Morris grant. It was the favorite stopping place for teamsters. It was owned by a Mr. Pitcher in 1857. The Twelve-Mils House was a stage station on the Nevada road. The Arcade House was about two miles from the bridge. The land in the township is very rich, being for the most part deposit from the rivers. Dry Creek runs through the township. Tiiis has been filled with mining sediment, so that now it has no channel, but spreads all over the low grounds. There is no reclaimed land in tiie township, and a large portion of it is exposed to inundation each year of high water. When the land is safe it is very valuable, being held as high as $100 per acre, and renting at $15 to $25 per acre. The indications in this township are that at some previous time the water has been much higher than at any time since the American occupation. The flood of 1862 nearly ruined allof tiie farms that were overflowed, carry- ing away barns, houses, tools, and covering all up with sediment from two inches to two feet deej). On Thursday, March 'J, 1854, the community of Sacramento was more tlian ordinarily excited by reason of a report that a duel was on the tapis, and would take place on the afternoon of that day. Such an affair did really occur, and under the following circumstances: Philip W. Thomas, District Attorney of Placer County, had made some remarks concerning and deroga- tory to the character of J. P. Rutland, a clerk in the office of Dr. S. A. McMeans, State Treas- urer, which led Rutland to send Thomas a chal- lenge, which the latter refused to accept, alleging as a reason that he did not recognize the chal- lenger as a gentleman. Dr. Dickson, one of the physicians of the State Marine Hospital at San Francisco, appropriating the insult to himself, repeated *the challenge in his own proper name and person, which was accepted by Thomas, and a hostile meeting was appointed for 4 p. m. on the day above mentioned. The ptirties left the city at 2:30 i'. .m., and had gained a point two miles beyond Lisle's bridge, on their way to Oak Grove, when they found tiiemselves pursued by a deputy sheriff of the county. When that officer was discovered, it was arranged between the friends of the parties that a mock duel should be fought to mislead suspicion. Ac- cordingly, H. O. Ryerson and Hamilton Bowie took positions and exchanged shots. Ryerson was immediately arrested by the deputy sheriff" HI STOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. and brouglit back to the city, where he gave bonds for liis appearance. The real combatants then proceeded on their way to the appointed place of meeting, which was in American Township, not more than 200 yards from the residence of H. M. La Rue. Hamilton Bowie acted as the second of Thomas, and Judge McGowan otKciated in like character for Dickson, who had the choice of the ground and the word. The distance originally fixed upon was ten paces, but by subsequent arrange- ments it was increased to fifteen, in the hope of saving the lives of the parties. The weapons used were dueling pistols. At the .vord given by McGowan both tired promptly, but Thomas an instant ahead. Dickson's hesitation for an instant, in all probability, saved Thomas' life, as his opponent's ball was in line, and went into the ground at the feet of his adversary. At the first fire Dickson fell, and was then brought to the city. The bearing of Thomas was that of one cool and collected, while his adversary be- trayed some excitement. The surgeons, Drs. Ogden and Williams, expressedthe opinion that the patient would die, having found that the ball had entered two inches anterior to the angle of the fifth rib of the right side, passing forward of the spinal column, and resting immediately under the skin and over the angle of the sixth rib on the lei't side. That night, at twenty minutes past midnight. Dr. Dickson died, being perfectly conscious of his approaching end. He was a native of Tennessee, thirty years of age, and had been in California about four years. On the 10th of Marcli, the day after tlie duel, the funeral of the unfortunate and lamented Dr. Dickson took place, at 4 o'clock, from Jones's Hotel (now Treraont), on J street, between Front and Second. A very large number of persons attended, including members of the Masonic fraternity, members of the Senate and Assembly, State officers, and many personal friends. A band of music headed the procession; the pall- bearers were J. W. Coifroth, Charles A. Leake, Charles S. Fairfax, B. F. Myers, A. C. Bradford and Captain Nye; and the body was laid to rest in the City Cemetery. The remaining participants were indicted. James H. Hardy was then district attorney, but through the exertions of Colonel P. L. Edwards, counsel for thedefendanta, the indictments were qua.shed. After the duel Thomas was twice re- elected district attorney of Placer, and in 1860 he was elected to the State Senate, which posi- tion he resigned before the expiration of his term. He made an unfortunate marriage, be- came dissipated, and died in Auburn about 1874 or 1875. BRIGHTON. This township as originally established by the Court of Sessions, February 24, 1851, was de- scribed as follows: Beginning at the southeast corner of Sacramento Township; thence along the eastern line of said township to the county line of Sutter County; thence easterly along said line three miles; thence in a southeasterly direction to Murray's Ranch and including the same; thence in the same direction to the in- tersection of San Joaquin, Sutter and Cosumnes townships; thence along the northern line of Sutter Township to beginning. This includes a part of what is now known as Center Town- ship. The Board of Supervisors, October 20, 1856, established the lines of the township as follows: Beginning at the northeastern corner of Sutter Township; thence south along the eastern boundary ot said Sutter Townsiiip, be- ing also the center line of township 8 north, range 5 east, of Mt. Diablo base and meridian, to the township line between townships 7 and 8 north, range 5 east; thence east along said township line to the range line between ranges 6 and 7 east; thence north along said range line to the American River; thence southerly and westerly along said American liiver to the point of begiiming. The town of Brighton was started in 1849 by a party of Sacramento speculators; the town plat was made, lots staked oif, a race track, and the Pavilion Hotel, built by the originators of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 211 the enterprise. It was located on tlie soutli bank of the American River, nearly one mile north of the location of the present point called Brighton. During the years 184:9-'51 the vil- lage was a lively place. In 1851 the Pavilion Hotel burned down; another hotel was started, known as the Five-Mile House, John and George Berry being proprietors; this house was closed in 1856. There wei-e two stores and several dwellings in the town. In 1852 the town was abandoned, on account of land trouble, defective title, etc. The present Brighton is located on sections 10 and 15, township 8 north, of range, 5 east, at the crossing of the Sacramento Valley and the Central Pacific railroads. The "town" was commenced in 1861, but now there is not even a postofRce directly at that point. T. C. Perkins kept the first store, which opened in 1861 and closed in 1866; and was also the first postmas- ter, a postoffice having been established herein 1861. The "Washington Hotel, Mr. Pugh, proprie- tor, was built in 1874. S. II. Pugh started the first blacksmith shop in the village the same year. The Brighton Distillery Conipany, originally owned by Marcus Lowell, was established in 1875. It was subsequently purchased by the above-named company. There are probably twenty shareholders. R. S. Lockett is Presi- dent and T. C. Perkins, Secretary and Treas ni'er. They n)anufactnre brandy })rincipally, turning out about 10,000 gallons annually. They expect to increase tliis amount next year. The grapes are purchased mostly from the farm- ers of Brighton Township, though some are bought from the vicinity of Elk Grove. Hoboken, or Norristown, was laid Samuel Norris, in February, 1850. (See chapter on the founding of Sacramento.) It was situ- ated on the south bank of the American River, about live miles from Sacramento, and the ad- vertisement in the Placer Times of that date states that the location cannot be surpassed for health or business. A map of the town was left in the office of H. A. Schoolcraft, of Sacra- mento. There seems to have been very little done to or heard of the town from this time until the high water of 1852, when, all teaming commu- nication having been practically cut off between Sacramento and the mining districts, the mer- chants of Sacramento were forced to tempo- rarily establish branches of their business on high ground so that their customers could get to them. This high ground was found at or near the site of Norristown, which was re-christened Hobo- ken. Previous to this time there was only one house there — a roadside I'nn, known as the Four- Mile Honse. On January 10, 1853, there were from thirty to fifty houses and tents of business, with a populaticjn of several hundred, including among their number nearly all the prominent business houses of Sacramento. January 15, 1858, the first election was held for city officers. The candidates for mayor were. Judge E. L. Brown, J. B. Starr and Samuel Norris. The newspaper reports of the election state that the candidates, especially for mayor, were, early in the field, and " the sovereigns w-ere treated to the best of cheer." The vote for Mayor was: E. L. Brown, 613; Samuel Norris, 546; J. B. Starr, 598. Mayor Brown made an inaugural address to the citizens of Hoboken through the medium of " the very common council," in which several suggestions were made as to necessary improvements, and prom- ising to execute the law faithfully "provided I am paid for it." On the subsidence of the waters, later on in the season, Hoboken was de- serted, and has since been used as farm land. Routier postoffice is situated on the Placer- ville Railroad, a trifle more than ten miles dis- tant from the Sacramento postoffice. The name was given to it in honor of Joseph Routier, who, with his family, settled on the place as the agent of Captain Folsom, in June, 1853, occu- pying the adobe house built by Leidesdorff in 1846. On the death of Captain Folsom, in 1855, the executors of his estate retained Mr. Routier, and when the land was sold, in 1863, he pur- illSTOUY OF SACHAMENTO COUNTY. chased 100 acres, and has planted it in fruit- trees and grape-vines. After spending much time and money experimenting on wine, Mr. Tvontier succeeded in miiking a wine, which, among connoiseurs, is considered superior. The first railroad station in this vicinity was at the American Forlv House, or Patterson's. A few years hiter the station was moved nearer town, and called Mayhew Station, from the agent's name. In 1866 Mr. Ron tier's fruit business had appreciated so much that the rail- road company built a platform for him. In 1871 Patterson lost his new house by fire, and was induced to rebuifd and make a station at lloutier's, which proved to be a good invest- ment. In 1872 Mrs. Mayhew, then postmis- tress at Mayhew, resigned, and, on petition of the farmers in that vicinity, the office was re moved to Eoutier's, and called Routier postof- fice; A. D. Patterson was appointed postmaster. AValsh Station is situated on the Jackson road, near the center of the township. The postoffice was established in 1873, J. Walsh, Postmaster; he also opened a store the same year. A black- smith shop and the Enterprise Grange Hall were also started the same year; the latter was l)uilt by the business association, composed of mem- bers of the Enterprise Grange. Of the earlest settlers we have the following reminiscences: A. D. Patterson came to the township in 1849, and started what is known as the Ameri- can Fork or Ten^Mile House, on the Coloma road, where he remained until 1871. N. J. Stevens settled near Patterson's place April 1, 1850, with his family. He died about 1873. Charles Malby settled liere in 1849, and kept the Nine-Mile House on the Coloma road, next to Stevens's. James T. Day came in 1849. James Bowles settled in tlie township with his family in 1849 on the place adjoining Stevens's on the west. He died many years ago. Israel Luce came in the spring of 1850;. was in partner- ship with CharlesMalby. Mr. Luce now lives in Sacramento. James Allen settled with his family on the American River. He was driven out during the Squatter riots, an adopted son of his being killed during the riot. Allen after- ward returned and took possession of the land, sold out and moved away about 1861. W. P. Whitesides settled in the township in January, 1850, joining ranches with Kippand Petit. He died in 1864. A. B. Hawkins settled here in 1849; moved away many years ago. Mr. Crytes came in 1850, and moved away. A. Kipp and Charles Petit settled on the Allen place in 1851. When Allen returned, they gave possession. John Rooney settled in 1851, in an old adobe house, formerly a sheep ranch. lie is now living at Whitesides' place. Dr. Kel- logg settled in 1849 on the place north of Bo wies's ; sold out in 1853 to James Riley, who died in 1869. W. S. Manlove settled in 1849 about one mile and one-half south of Day's ranch, where he still resides. Mr. Rush opened the Fourteen-Mile House on the Coloma road in 1850. It was quite a large building. In 1854 he sold to John Taylor, who has since carried on farming on the place. The Amei ican Fork House was established in December, 1849, by A. D. Patterson. The house was constructed principally of cloth, and was situated about ten miles from the city. The house soon became popular, and so fiourished that in 1850 a wooden house was built, costing, it is said, $40,000, owing to its being the cholera season. On Christmas eve, 1850, a ball was given at the house, the receipts amounting to $1,500, $250 of which Patterson paid to Lo- thian's Band for furnishing the music. lu 1853 the celebrated " Plank Road," built on the continuation of J street, reached Patter- son's Hotel, which was its eastern terminus, and the house immediately became a great place of resort. Patterson sold the property in 1872. The Magnolia, sometimes known as the Five- Mile House, was originally built in 1849. It was situated on the old Placerville and Jackson stage road, and vvas a place of considerable note in its day. The building was burned twice in 1863, and vvas rebuilt the second time. The Twelve-Mile House was built in 1853 by a man HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. named Cadwell, and called at that time the An- telope Ranch. The Fourteen-Mile House, situated on the Coloma road, was built in. 1850, and sold to John Taylor in 1854. Enterprise Grange, No. 1^9, was organized December 12, 1873. The charter members were: J. M. Bell, Master; A. A. Nordyke, Over- seer; S. W. Haynie, Steward; George Wilson, Lecturer; H, A. Parker, Treasurer; M. Toomy, Secretary; R. S. Jamison, Assistant Steward; J. Campbell, Gate Keeper; G. I. Martin, Chap- lain; J. R. Gilliland, J. D. Rennett; R. J. Brown, A. M. Gunter, T. L. Williams, J. D. Morrison, Nelson Shaver, Al. Root, Ada M. Shaver, May M. Gunter, Mrs. Mary G. Nordyke, Ceres; Eti'unia Bell, Margaret A. Haynie, Lady Assist- ant Steward; Sarah Martin, Flora; Mrs. M. Parker, Pomona; and Mary M. Brown. This grange has iiad as many as 100 members. The original boundaries of Center Township, as established by the Court of Sessions, Febru- ary 24, 1851, contained, as near as we can ascer- tain, the eastern half of the present Center Townsiiip, and portions of the present townships of Brighton, Granite, and possibly Lee. On March 1, 1853, the Board of Supervisors changed the boundaries of Brighton and Center town- ships, forming one township out of the portions of both lying north of the American River, this township to be called Center Township. The eastern line of the township ran a southeasterly course, striking the American River east of Folsom; this included the westerly four-fifths of- the present Mississippi Township. October 20, 1856, the Board of Supervisors established tlie present boundaries of Center Township as follows: beginning at tiie north- east corner of American Township, and run thence easterly along the northern boundary line of the county of Sacramento, to the range line between ranges 6 and 7, east of Mount Diablo meridian; thence south along said range line to the American River; thence southerly and westerly along said American River to the eastern boundary line of American Township; thence north along said eastern line of Ameri- can Township to the beginning. Center Township is mostly all occupied by Spanish grants. The Rancho del Paso, com- monly known as the Norris grant, is mostly in this township, or about 30,000 acres of it. The Rancho San Juan has about 8,000 acres in Center Township. The latter ranch is, how- ever, now being sold in small parcels, and, for the benefit of the township, it is to be hoped the Norris grant may soon do likewise. The character of the land is essentially agri- cultural, and, where opporftuiity has been had to try its fertility, it has proved of good quality. The land lying around the edge of the Norris grant is nearly all under cultivation, or consti- tutes part of improved farms. The proprietors of the Norris grant have made three separate attempts to reach artesian water, or to find a flowing well, without, however, meeting with any success. The depth of the wells were, respectively, 900 feet, 640 feet, and 2,147 feet. The last well was abandoned in 1879. The Auburn road ran diagonally through the township, as it now is, from southwest to north- east, and along this road, at short intervals, were located houses for the refreshment of man and beast. The most prominent of these houses was the Oak Grove House, located on the Auburn road, about seven miles from the city of Sacra- mento. This house was quite a resort at one time — notably in 1851-'52, its situation being about the right distance from Sacramento to make the drive and return a pleasant trip. The house was kept by D. B. Groat in early times. This house is also noted for being the one in which the parties to the Denver-Gilbert duel took breakfast, the duel itself having taken place but a few yards from the house. This house has long since disappeared. There were several other houses along the road, none of which ap- pear to have been of any particular note. Most of tlie public houses were built in 1850, and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. were abandoned soon after the completion of the Sacramento Valley Railroad to Folsom in 1856. Antelope is a small settlement, located on the Central Facitic Railroad, near the center of sec- tion 21, township 10 north, of range 6 east- The town was regnlarly surveyed in 1878. In 1876 a large brick warehouse, 40 x 100 feet in size, was built by J. F. Cross at a cost of $3,000. This was the first building erected. The first store was started in May, 1877, by the Antelope Business Association, an incorporated company. The association sold out in the fall of 1878 to John Berry. The second store was started in 1879, in the hotel bidding, by R. Astile. The postoffice of Antelope was established in 1877; Joel Gardiner, Postmaster. In 1878 he was succeeded by John Berry. This is the only postofiice in the township. Antelope is the shipping point for large quantities of grain, both to Sacramento and the mountains. Arcade is a flag station on the Central Pacific Railroad, situated nearly on the dividing line of American and Center townships. There are no buildings here or settlement; simply a section- house, owned by the railroad company. The floods of 1861-'62 brought down a large number of pine trees, stumps and roots and de- posited them on the banks of the river on the "grant," and the following summer five or six men did a profitable business by extracting the tar and resin from these trees and supplying the Sacramento market. This, so far as we know, has been the only work of the kind done in any part of Sacramento County. The Gilbert-Denver duel was one of the most noted that has ever occurred in the State. It originated primarily in a newspa[)er controversy. At this time, 1852, Denver was in charge of the supplies for overland immigration, and Gil- bert in his capacity as editor saw fit to comment very severely on the conduct of the expedition, accused members of the party of dishonesty, and finally' sent Denver a challenge to fight, which was promptly accepted by the latter. Denver, being the challenged party, chose rifles; the distance was thirty paces. On the evening pre- ceding the duel Mr. Gilbert dined at the resi- dence of R. N. Berry, in Sacramento. At sunrise on the following morning, August 2, 1852, the parties were promptly on the ground, which was a few yards above the Oak Grove House, on the Auburn road, in Center Town- ship, some seven or eight miles from Sacramento. Both parties appeared calm and collected when on the ground. Gilbert wore a small green surtout coat, buttoned tightly across his chest. Denver had on a large cloak, which he threw off" before taking his position. In the choice of positions Denver secured the toss and placed his back to tlie rising sun. Ex-Mayor Tesche- macher was the second for Gilbert and V. E. Geiger acted for Denver. Dr. Wake Briarly was surgeon for both combatants. Just as the sun was rising the word "fire " vras given. Gil- bert fired at the word "two" and Denver at the word "three." The ball from Gilbert's weapon plowed the ground in an almost direct line with the body of his antagonist. The same remark will apply to Denver's shot. Before the next attempt was made Gilbert called a friend to him and told him if he was killed at the next shot to ask his partner, Keinble, to write to his mother, informing her of the circumstances of his death. Immediately after the firing of the second shot, Gilbert dropped into the arms of bis friends and expired almost without a struggle. He was shot through the bowels. The body was at once taken in a wagon to the Oak Grove House, where the party breakfasted. Edward Gilbert was born in Troy, New York; he was emphatically a self-made man, ard worked himself up from the printer's case to a seat in Congress. He came to California with Stevenson's regiment in 1847. , Before coming to California he was associate editor of the Al- bany Argus, though at the time of his death he was only thirty years of age. Gilbert early in 1849 combined the California Star and the old Californian, from which sprung the Alta California. He was regularly elected delegate to the convention to form a constitution for v HISTORY .OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. State of California, and was the first man to take a seat in Congress from the Pacitic Coast. The body of Mr. Gilbert was conveyed from the dueling ground to the residence of J. H. Nev- ett, of Sacramento. Impressive funeral services were lield by the Rev. O. C. Wheeler at the Baptist Church. The procession was headed by a battalion of cavalry, commanded by Captain Fry. • The body was taken to San Francisco, where the final ceremonies were held at Rev. T. Dwight Hunt's church; every newspaper editor and reporter in town attended the ceremonies. COSUMNES. Cosumnes Township, as established by the Court of Sessions, February 24, 1851, included all of Alabama Township, and parts of Lee, Dry Creek and San Joaquin townships The present boundaries were established October 20, 1856, by the Board of Supervisors, and are as follows: Beginning at the southwest corner of Natoma Township; thence east along the south- ern boundary of said Natoma Township to the ea-tern boundar}' of the county; thence south- erly along the eastern boundary line of the county to the township line between townships 6 and 7 north, range 9 east; thence west and along said township line to the southeast corner of Lee Township; thence north along the said eastern boundary to the beginning; embraced within the present limits of Cosumnes Town- ship are Michigan Bar, Sebastopol, Live Oak and Buckeye. Michigan Bar is so named from the fact that the first settlers were from Michigan. Gold was discovered here in the latter part of 1849; this is, at least, the first discovery that was made public. The founders of Michigan Bar were two men from Michigan, who probably made the first discovery of gold there. In the following spring some of their friends and acquaintances, formerly from Michigan, who had been mining at Placerville, and others direct from that State, joined them,aud commenced mining on the bar, and in the vicinity, and the town began to grow. This was the largest mining camp in tiie town- ship. The first claims were small, each man being allowed only sixteen feet; they were en- larged, by -several men uniting their claims, and wlien hydraulic mining began, the rule was changed, the miners here, as elsewhere, making their own laws on the subject of claims. In the autumn of 1851 the miners commenced working the gulches, hauling the dirt in carts to the river. This was the first dry miningdone in this locality. In the summer the mining was nearly all on the river and bars; in the winter the miners worked in the gulches with sluices, running from six to eight inches to a sluice. The Knightsomer Ditch was the first ditch built, in 1851; the Davidson Ditch, built in 1854, both on north side of river. A small ditch was builton south side of river, by O'Brien, Dayton and others, in 1853. Hydraulic min- ing began in 1858; the gulch mining gradually decreased until, in 1862, it was practically aban- doned. This district was originally one of the best for placer-mining in California. Some 200 or 300 acres have often been denuded to a depth of over twenty feet. Michigan Bar at one time had from 1,000 to 1,500 population, and by some it is estimated that there were over 2,000. In the '50's it polled over 500 votes; there are now only ahout fifty voters in the precinct. The new iron bridge, 362 feet in length, costing $3,300, was finished April 9, 1887. A toll bridge, built by Samuel Putnam, existed here from 1853 to 1879 or 1880, when it was bought by the county and made free. Arkan- sas Creek, rising in Amador County, runs for about four miles through Cosumnes Township, emptying into the Cosumnes River at Flint & Raymond's. The old Amador & Sacramento Canal extends about sixteen miles from its source in the Cosumnes to Michigan Bar. The Michigan Bar Pottery was built in 1859 iiy J. W. Orr and moved to a point about two and a half miles southeast of the village in 1862, where Mr. Orr discovered a bank of potter's clay supposed to be the best in the State for stoneware, and still known as Orr's bank. At HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO. COUNTY. present the San Francisco Sewer Pipe Associa- tion leases the sewer- pipe department. A. M. Addington owned it from 1865 to 1884, and J. M. Williams, wlio had leased it in 1881, from 1884 to the present time. lie has discovered a deposit of " croll " (fire-sand) in the adjoining land of N. B. Gill, and has purchased forty-five acres of him. A measure of silicious sand also exists in it. In the autumn of 1888 he sent specimens of this sand to England, where the chemists pronounced it the best known for the purpose. Twenty-five acres of the new pur- chase has this sand on the surface. English capitalists are making overtures to Mr. Orr for a purchase. This material is specially well adapted to the manufacture of stoneware, tire- brick, sewer-pipes and white and yellow ware. Among the early settlers of Michigan Bar were the following: A man by the name of Prothro was the tirst settler, who brought his family with him. The family consisted of four sons and two daughters. Prothro afterward moved to Mendocino County. Larkin Lamb and wife settled at Michigan Bar in January, 1851. Gold was discovered at Cook's Bar almost simultaneously with Michigan Bar. It received its name from Dennis Cook, who settled here in the latter part of 1849. He remained here until 1855 or '56. He kept a trading-post, and also followed mining. Cook's Bar was located about a mile and three-fourths below Michigan Bar, on the Cosumnes Itiver. Quite a town was built up here at one time, having a large hotel, stores, saloons, and about 500 inhabitants. The town, as such, ceased to exist about the year 1860. Sebastopol, a raining camp, established in 1854, is located on the northwest quarter of sec- tion 16, township 7 north, range 8 east. The name " Sebastopol " was chosen by a vote of the miners, the Crimean War being then in prog- ress, and its famous namesake being very prom- inent in the daily papers of that date. From 1854 to 1858 the camp thrived and the popula- tion and buildings increased. Mining, iiowever, being the main industry, with its decline the town gradually became deserted, till at the present time there are but four houses standing. During the lively times, from three to four hun- dred ounces of gold dust were sold weekly at this place. Since 1859 there have been no white men at work mining here. Some China- men, however, worked until 1876. At one time Sebastopol containtd one hotel, one general merchandise store, one dry-goods store, one saloon and bowling alley, one cigar store, butcher shop, blacksmith shop, shoe store, and dwelling-houses and minei's' cabins contain- ing about 200 inhabitants. Among some of the early settlers were Michael Davis, McEntire, T. P. Horn, Dr. Bowman, Lyon, McCabeand Francis Mitchell. The latter came when the town was established. There is some good agricultural land in the vicinity.. Katesvillk was a mining camp. The limits of the district were defined in 1855, and ex- tended three miles south of Arkansas Creek and three miles east and west from tlie foot of Big Ravine; it also embraced the strip of Mr. Dar- med's ground, between Arkansas Creek and Cook's Bar District; was established in 1854, though there was some mining done as early as 1852. This place was never incoi'porated as a town, and in 1862 was deserted. At one time there was a hotel, boarding-house, store, black- smith shop, and several saloons and dwelling- houses. Live Cak is located on section 10, in town- ship 7 north, range 8 east; was established in 1854, though there had been some little mining done in the vicinity previous to that time. Times were quite lively here for a few years, gold dust to the amount of $2,000 or $3,000 per week being sold for several years. Wells, Fargo & Co. had an office here from 1858 to 1861. The Hamilton Line of stages ran through Live Oak on the route from Sacramento to Michigan Bar. At one time there were three stores, two hotels, one livery stable, a blacksmith shop, butcher shop and four saloons in the town. The place went down in 1861. Among the BISTORT OF SAOItAMENTO COUNTY. early settlers were B. E. Robinson, Plenry Lan- caster, W. S. Crayton, Thomas Olive, J. C. Dunn, Patrick Gaffney, John Gafi'ney, George Freeman, R. D. Reed, Alfred Ball and Y. Perry. The early mining was entirely placer and gulch diggings, on the river and bars in sum- mer time and in gulches during tlie rainy sea- son. Tlie tirst water ditch constructed in Co- sumnes Township was the Knightsomer Ditch, about 1851, and was the oldest water right on the Cosumnes River. Tlie miners used to cart the dirt to the river and use the waters of the ditch to work the "Toms." This ditch was abandoned in 1862, owing to the flood filling it up. It was located on the north side of the river. Of the new irrigating ditch, about eight miles are in tliis township. The cost of "four inches " of water is 5 cents a day per acre, which would be $4.50 for a season of ninety days. George McKinstry caine to the State in 1847; opened a store and trading-post on the Co- sumnes River in 1849. He owned part of what was called the Sacayac grant (now called Pratt grant) on the Cosumnes River. He sold in 1850 ranch and store to Emanuel Pratt, who ran the store until 1855, when he closed out the business. Pratt died in 1870. J. O. Sherwood settled on the south side of Cosumnes River in 1851. Jacob A. Hutchinson, Sr., crossed tiie plains with his family in 1846; settled in Cosumnes Township in 1849, on the Cosumnes River. He soon after started on a prospecting trip to the northern mines, and lias never been iieard of since. James Pollock came to the State with his family in 1846, and settled in Cosumnes Town- ship in 1853, on the river. Jared Sheldon, tiie owner of what is com- monly known as the Sheldon grant, bought a piece of land about one-half mile above the present site of McCabe's bridge, in 1851, and proceeded to erect a costly dam and dig a race about three-fourths of a mile long. The dam was built of square timbers, tied together with oak ties and filled in with rock; the height was about sixteen feet. The miners, learning of his intention, sent him a written protest against the construction of the dam, stating that great damage would be done to them by the overflow of their claims. Sheldon disregarded this pro- test and completed the dam. When the water began to reach the mining claims several meet- ings were held, botii sides being represented. Sheldon built a fort on a point of rocks which commanded the dam, and placed a cannon in it; he then employed a large number of men to protect the works at all hazards. On July 12, 1851, the sentries were surprised and the fort taken, Sheldon at the time being absent. • He was sent for to come and let the water oflF, being told that he could do it with as little injury as possible to the dam. He arrived soon after with about a dozen men, and refused to let the water off. An ineffectual attempt was made to blow up the dam with gunpowder. On the failure becoming evident, one of the miners, of whom there were about 150 present, seized an a.\, and, calling on the others to protect him, walked out on the edge of the structure and be- gan chopping. Our informants diflPer as to which party flred the first shot, one account stating that Sheldon ordered one of his men to shoot the axman; the man and one other of his party immediately obeyed, whereupon the min- ers tired on them, instantly killing Sheldon and the two men, Johnson and Cody, who had tired. From the fact that the only miner who was in- jured, out ot the whole number present, was the one on the dam, he being slightly wounded, it is very probable that this account is the correct one. The dam was opened enough to let the water off, and entii'ely swept away by the high water of 1851-'52. Jordan H. Lowry settled at Michigan Bar in 1854, where he still resides. This township seems to have been well sup- plied with hotels from 1850 to 1862. The Public House, built in 1849, on the Dry Town and Sacramento road, at Coats's Ferry, on the soutli side of the river, Lewis & Travers, pro- prietors, closed in 1858. There was another HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. hotel on the north side of the river, at the same place, started by Coats. He rented the house to Harvey Alvord. Both house and ferry were discontinued in 1857. The Hamilton House, started by Orville Ham- ilton in 1850, on the Sacramento and Dry Town road, near the river, on the land now owned by Oliver Flummer. It was destroyed by fire iu 1853 and i.ever rebuilt. The Gold Spring House, on the Dry Town road, on the Gold Spring Ranch, built in 1849 by Boyle and Page, afterward sold to J. O. Sherwood and J. A. Tread way, closed as a pub- lic house in June, 1853. The Mountain House, twenty-eight miles from Sacramento, on the Dry Town road, was started in 1850 by James Gordon, who sold out to Johnson, Warner and Dake in 1852. Gor- don's wife gave birth to twin boys in 1850; these were probably the first white children born in Cosumnes Township. The AVilbur Hotel, built by Y. S. Wilbur in 1850. Wilbur sold to Larkin Lamb in 1851, who closed the house in 1858; located on the Dry Town road. The Ohio House, built by a company from Ohio in 1855. Dr. Woodford had the manage- ment; sold in 1856 or 1857 to James Cum- mings, who changed the name to Cummings' Hotel. It burned down in 1864, and was not rebuilt; located at Sebastopol. The Hamilton Hotel, at Sebastopol, opened in 1867 by J. H. Hamilton. The Prairie Cottage, situated about one and one-half miles above Sebastopol, on the Sacra mento and lone road, was built in 1851, closed in 1864. The Blue Tent House, on what is now known as the Buckeye Ranch, built in 1849 by Sage & Co., from Ohio; it was closed as a hotel in 1870. Niagara House, opened in 1849, located on Willow Springs Creek, near the Amador County line, was built by Moore and Ball; closed as a hotel in 1856. Cook's Bar House, opened by Chenault and Hall in 1854, at Cook's Bar. They did a good business for several years; business was discon- tinued aljout 1870. There is very little agricultural land in Co- sumnes Townsiiip. Along the Cosumnes River the greater portion of tiie township can be classed among tiie mineral lands, most, if not all, being gold-bearing gravel hills. The first school in this township was organ- ized in May, 1853, the district including the whole township as then located. DRY CREEK. Dry Creek Township was originally included in San Joaquin Township, and was set off as an independent township in August, 1853, by the Court of Sessions, the order reading that "All that part of San Joaquin lying southeast of the Cosumnes River be erected into a township, to be called Dry Creek." The Board ot Super- visors modified the boundaries, October 20, 1856, giving it the lines as they now stand, which are as follows: Commencing at the junc- tion of the Cosumnes and Mokelumne rivers, thence northeasterly, following the course of the Cosumnes River to its intersection witli the range line between ranges .6 and 7 east. United States Government survey; thence south and along said range line to its intersection with Dry Creek; thence westerly along said Dry Creek and the Mokelumne River to the be- ginning. This township is mostly included within the original lines of the San Jon de los Moque- lumnes, or Chabolla grant. Dr. W. L. Mclntyre came to the county in 1849, with his family, and settled in Dry Creek Township in January, 1851. Mclntyre built the first frame building in the township, in April, 1851, near Gait. Mrs. Rosanna Mcln- tyre died at Gait, at the residence of Ephraim Ray, February 20, 1889, in her seventy-ninth year. Calvin T. Briggs, an old mountaineer, and Jolin Burroughs were engaged in the stock- raising business as early as 1850; they had BISTORT OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. large herds of cattle on both sides of the river; they dissolved partnership in 1857, Burroughs returning East. Briggs built the second frame house in the township, in 1851; previous to this time the familj' and Burroughs had lived in an adobe hut. Kev. N. Slater and family moved into the township in 1851, engaged in the stock and dairy business. He removed to Sacramento in 1867; sold his ranch, an undivided 500 acres of the Chabolla grant, in 1869. Grant I. Taggart and the Kinggold brothers took np a claim about one-half mile west of Mclntyre, in 1852; they remained only a few months. Taggart was subsequently clerk of the Supreme Court of the State of California. Willis Wright purchased part of their claim in 1853. Thomas Armstrong, a widower with two daughters, came into possession of a part of the Einggdld place in the fall of 1852, and engaged in the dairy business; removed to San Francisco some years later, and his son-in-law carried on the dairy business. Dr. Russell came to the township in 1850; owned a ranch about four miles west from Gait; was engaged in the cattle business, until his death in 1861. William H. Young and family were among the earliest settlers in the vicinity of Gait; he is a large land-owner in the township now. S. Fugitt and family settled on Dry Creek in 1852; he built the fourth house in the town- ship. He kept a hotel for some years; was also engaged in stock business. Hiram Chase came to the township in 1852; returned to the East in 1856, coming back to Dry Creek Township in 1869. George M. Gray settled in the township in 1850, James Short in 1853, Andrew Whitaker in 1852, and John McFarland in 1851. Evan Evans settled in Dry Creek Township in 1851, in that portion near Dry Creek known as the pocket; he bought out parties by the natne of Donaldson, and William and L. Mc- Alta. Henry D. Cantrell came to the township in 1853, Thomas McConnell in 1855, Thomas Loriu in 1851, George Need in 1852, Peter Planet in 1852, H. Putney in 1853, Peter Williamson in 1852, and David Davis in 1853. P. Green and wife came to the township in 1852 or 1853; Green died about 1859, and his wife returned to the East. Peter Riley came to the township in 1852; he died about three years ago; his children now live in the town- ship. Samuel Wriston settled in the township in 1852. Ephi-aim Ray came to California in 1852; settled in Dry Creek Township in 1854, where he now resides, engaged in farming. The first death that occurred among the early settlers in the township was that of Mrs. Jack- son, who with her husband had been visiting at Dr. Russell's house. This death occurred Feb- ruary 14, 1851. The funeral took place next day. There was only one white woman present at the funeral, Mrs. Mclntyre; most of the people who attended were Indians. In the procession Mr. Jackson followed the coffin, lead- ing by the hand a little son, who had a white handkerchief tied round his head; he was fol- lowed by his thi-ee other children, his wife's brother, a cousin, Mrs. Mclntyre and two In- dian women, wives of white men, a few white men and the rest a number of Indians of both sexes. At the grave the Indians squatted around on the gronnd in different places, making a strange picture, that can be better imagined than described. In 1853 a Fourth of July celebration was held at Mclntyre's place. Men were dispatched to notify the settlers through the county, and people came from all parts of the county, and also from San Joaquin County. The celebra- tion was a success and passed otf in good style. A flag was made for the occasion by four of the ladies; it was composed of such material as they conlc^ obtain, the stripes being manufact- ured from red window curtains, and the center of a blue shawl formed the Union Jack. A Mr. Jewell read the Declaration of Independence, several national songs were sung by the choir, HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. composed of Dr. Russell, Hiram Chase, Mrs. Green, Mrs. Mitchell and Mrs. Slater. The dinner was furnished by the people, bringing their food in basket-picnic style. This was probably the lirst Fourth of July celebration held in the county outside of Sacramento. In the early history of the township, stoci<- raising and dairying were the principal, if not the only, industries; these interests gradually decreased until at present tliere is very little doing with either. The township is all agri- cultural, there being no mineral land. The principal grain grown is wheat; the amount of acreage sown each year is increasing very rapidly. Galt. — The town of Gait was laid out by Obed Harvey and the Western Pacific Kailroad Company, in 1869, on the southeast quarter of section 27, on what is known as the Troy place. The Gait House was opened in 1869, George Bubaker, proprietor. The building was an old one, built by S. Fugitt, and used as a hotel, and was moved to Gait when the place was started. This house changed hands several times, until it was discontinued, in 1872. The principal hotel of Gait is the Devins' E.\change, kept by Prouty & Devins. It is a large, substantial frame building, situated on Front street, opposite the depot, and of easy ac- cess for the traveling public. Tlie commercial trade of Gait is of considerable importance, situated as it is in the heart of a large and pro- lific grain-growing country, and on the line of the Central Pacific overland route running north and south, which makes it one of the principal local points on the line of the railroad. Here the weary traveler and pleasure-seeker can find a comfortable place to stop, tiie Exchange being run in a first-class maimer and under the personal care of tiie proprietors, who are social and accommodating gentlemen. The house is sup|)]ied with good sleeping apartments, which are kept cosy and clean, while the table is sup- plied with the best that the market attbrds, much of this material being shipped here from the larger cities. A good bar is run in connection with the house, while quiet and well regu- lated order prevails everywhere. The history of the hotel is quite a varied one, it being first built at Old Liberty, by C. C. Fugitt, in 1859, the contractor and builder be- ing J. H. Sawyer, now a prominent resident of Gait. After the town of Liberty went down and Gait was established, in the spring of 1869, the building was moved to its present location. It was there owned by Calvin Briggs, and was leased to John L. Fifield for about one year, after which other parties ran it for awhile. Among them was Thomas Briggs, the son of Calvin Briggs, who carried on the business and finally sold the property to C. W. Harvey. This latter gentleman was proprietor of the house for eleven years and did much toward improving it, he, in turn, selling out to Patton & Prouty. Patton's interest was then sold to William B. Devin, and the firm became Prouty & Devin, as it now stands. Simon Pkouty, a prominent business man of Gait, was born in Knox County, Ohio, Septem- ber 9, 1834. His father, Anson Prouty, was a native of New York State, and his wife, nee Elizabeth Helms, was a native of Pennsylvania. The family resided in Ohio until the fall of 1846, when they moved to Jasper County, Iowa, and lived there until the spring of 1852. An- son Prouty and his son Simon received a sub- contract for carrying the first United States mail from Iowa City to Fort Des Moines, a distance of 120 miles, which they did on horseback, taking just a week to make a round trip. In the spring of 1852 the family started overland with ox teams for California. May 9 they crossed the Missouri River where Omaha now is. On reaching the Sweetwater, June 19, 1852, Mr. Prouty was attacked with Asiatic cholera, which was so bad that year in certain districts. He was driving a team up to about 10 o'clock in the morning, and at 4 he was a corpse! His death occurred near Independence Rock, at the base of the Rocky Mountains. Tne next day after he was buried five in one trtlin ahead of them died of that scourge; many also HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. died in trains corning after; but in this train the death just mentioned was the only one. The family then consisted of the mother, two daughters and five sons, wiio landed in Volcano, August 24:, 1852, and for a year afterward were located near lone, AmadorCounty. Mrs. Prouty remained there until her death. May 6, 1878, at the age of seventy- nine years. Mr. Simon Prouty, whose name heads this article, has remained there and been actively identified with the progress of that section. All the family had possession of land upon a Spanish grant, and afterward were compelled to leave it, not know- ing it was upon a grant. The men of the grant had the State order troops there to drive off the settlers. The soldiers, 300 in number, came and surrounded the place, and politely began ejecting them and their household goods. This of course made the settlers very angry, as they had bought the land and paid money for it, be- lieving that the purchase was a bona fide one; and then to be turned out and driven ofi' at the point of the musket was something that many of them resisted. Mr. Prouty has been a suc- cessful business man, having always exhibited good judgment in his financial dealings. He has speculated considerably in land and cattle; also has followed agricultural pursuits most of the time. For about fifteen years he was a resident of San Joaquin County, and came to Gait in June, 1884, when he purchased the hotel which he now owns, l^esides this prop- erty he has about 300 acres in Amador, San Joaquin and Sacramento counties. He was married in 1852 to Louisa J. JN'ewton, a native of Indiana, who died October 16, 1888, at the age of fifty-three years. She was the mother of four children: Hattie, wife of A. Whitaker, of Gait; William H., residing at Truckee; Josie, wife of George Connor, of Tulare City; and E. M. is on the ranch in San Joaquin County. Mr. Prouty is a member of the Masonic order at lone, and of the Golden Shore and the Knights of Pythias at Gait. ■ Whitaker & Ray, general merchants at Gait, have been conducting their business here ever since 1869. Andrew Whitaker and Don Eay started in business in a small frame build- ing on Front street, which was one of the first, if not the very first, building erected in the town. It was located where Mr. Brewster's store now is, it being removed by him when he rebuilt. In 1871 the firm erected their present building, of brick, on the corner of Front and C streets. It cost over $20,000, and is the best building in town. They have a large assort- ment of goods for a general store, and plenty of capital to run it. Don Ray was born Septem- ber 2, 1848, in Marion County, Kentucky, son of F. G. and Elizabeth Ray, both natives also of that State. In 1851 they came to California. About 1862 they moved to the little place called Mokelumne City, at the head of navigation of the Mokelumne River. During the flood of that year their little house was completely washed away, never afterward being seen. They then moved up to Liberty, a little town in San Joaquin County, a mile and a half south of Gait. Here the senior Ray practiced medicine, and Don in 1865 obtained a position as clerk in the general store of William Allport, which he retained for nearly three years. In 1868 he married and spent about half a year in Nevada, first going to Utah with a surveying party under John F. Kidder, driving stakes in the survey of tho Virginia City & Truckee Railroad. Kid- der's division started for Reno, toward Empire City, through Carson City and AVashoe. At Empire City they met the other division. It required about three months to accomplish the task. Kidder then took Mr. Ray to a Mr. Yer- rington, nowone of the proprietors of the Glen- brook House, a fashionable resort on the east side of Lake Tahoe, and he employed him about three months at the bar. He resigned because he received news of his mother's death, and he came to Liberty. At this beautiful place he shortly afterward started a saloon and drug- store, the railroad being in process of construc- tion at that time. Nine months afterward he associated himself with Andrew Whitaker and started their little business in the store already HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO GOUNTT. spoken of, which was built by John F. McFar- land.- A sketch of what should follow here has already been given at the head of this article. Mr. Ray had no capital when he first came here, but by his business and land investments he has made a great deal of money, lie and Mr. Whitaker now have over 8,000 acres of land, and their trade extends to a distance of Hfteen 7iiiles in every direction. They also do a large business in wheat, buying, selling and storage, having a warehouse with a capacity of 300 tons. Mr. Ray is the postmaster at Gait, having received his appointment in 1873. Mrs. Ray's maiden name was Alice Fugitt. She is a native of Iowa, and was brought to California when a child by her parents. There are four children in this f;nnily: Clyde, Charles, Kittie and Whitaker. The " Railroad House" ran in 1870^'73. A school-house was built in 1869, but the growth of the town demanded a larger structure in a few years, and in 1878 it was erected at a cost of $3,000. Whitaker & Ray opened the first store, in a liiiilding belonging to John McFarlnnd, some time in 1869. The next yeir tliey built a brick store, on Front street, where they are still conducting a substantial trade. The other principal business establishments are the general store and grain warehouse of Brewster & Co., the general store of Wright, Need & Co., the grocery of Brewster & Smith, the Gait Lumber Company (a branch of the Friend & Terry Lum- ber Company of Sacramento), under the man- agement of S. W. Falin, the real-estate office of I. M. Smith & Co., and the livery stable of J. K. McKinstry. The postoffice was established liei-e in ISfiO, with the starting of the town, and John Brew- ster was the first postmaster. The First Congregational Church of Gait, California, was organized October 13, 1877. The first services were held in the old public school-house, Rev. William C. Stewart, Pastor, some time in June of 1877. The first officers were James Ferguson and E. C. Morse. Pre- vious to the organization of this church, religious services had been held in the school-house, at irregular intervals, by different denominations, from 1869. In 1884 they erected a handsome frame church building, under the energetic auspices of Dr. Harvey and John McFarland. The Methodists, in 1879, took a school-house, built in 1872, and converted it into a church. The Christian Church, organized about a year ago, hold their services in Brewster's Hall; they intend building soon. Brewster's building, erected in 1881, has for its second story a very fine hall. The Catholics laid the corner-stone for their church October 12, 1885, that day being the 393d anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus, and the congregation is corre- spondingly named St. Christopher's Church. On the above occasion the officiating minister was Rev. P. W. Riordan, Archbishop of San Francisco. Phn(vix Lodge, JSfo. S39, I. 0. O'.F., was or- ganized December 29, 1875, with the following officers and members: W. O. Holmes, P. G.; S. D. Johnson, N. G.; G. Norton, V. G.; O. J. Atchinson, Sec; D. Ray, Treas. ; T. H. Fowler, A. S. Hamilton, P. Miller, A. Clough, J. McFar- land and H. Chase. This order is the strongest of airin Gait, the membership being now about ninety. Gait E ncampment. No. 65,1. 0. 0. F., was organized May 13, 1881. Rei liehekah, No. 132, was organized March 29, 1888. These lodges all meet in a hall of their own, in Whita- ker & Ray's Block. Tiie Freemasons established a lodge here in the fall of 1882, and meet in Brewster's Hall. The Knights of Pythias, meeting in the same hall, were organized February 12, 1883. Gait Lodge, No. 113, A. 0. U W., was or- ganized June 21, 1879. Charter members and first officers were: J. H. Sawyer, P. M. W.; John Brewster, M. W. ; G. W. Noble, Foreman; A. E. Brewster, O.; C. C. Clements, R'd'r; James Ferguson, Fin'r; J. C. Sawyer, Rec'r; N. E. Freeman, Guide; George Rhodes, I. W.; I. M. Smith, O. W.; Oliver Bartlett. Tiie lodge now meets in Brewster's Hall. IllSTOKT OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. The Order of Clioseii Friends organized liere May 22, 1882. The Golden Shore Lodge, in May, 1889, and meet in Brewster's Hall. The Grand Army Post, July 12, 1888. The "Order of the Iron Hall" established a society here last year, is a flourishing lodge and meets in Odd Fellows Hall. Tiiis new order is an incorporated fraternity, first organized March 28, 1881, to pay to its members $5 to $25 a week in case of sickness, and $100 to $500 in case of total disability. HicKSviLi.E, another village in Dry Creek Township, was named after William Hicks, one of the oldest settlers in the township. He came in 1847, and engaged iu stock-raising. In 1854 a postofflce was established at his place, and was removed to the present site of Hicksville in 1857. There is a Presbyterian Church building here and a good school. The town was started in 1863 by Patterson & Smith, who built a store in the same year; this store changed hands several times, and was finally closed in 1877. A hotel was opened iu 1864 by Patterson & Smith. FRANKLIN. Franklin Township was formed out of the original Sutter Township, by order of the Board of Supervisors, of October 20, 1856. The boundaries are as follows: Beginning at the southeast corner of Sutter Township, miming thence south through the centers of townships 7 and 6 north, range 5 east of Mount Diablo base and meridian, to the township line between townships 5 and 6 north; thence east to the Cosumnes Kiver; thence south, following the course of said river, to its junction with the Mokelumne Kiver; thence in a westerly direc- tion along said river to the range line between ranges 4 and 5 east; thence north to the center line of township 5 north, range 4 east; thence west on said line to Merritt's Slough; thence northerly along said slough to the Sacramento River; thence along said Sacramento Iliver to the southern boundary of Sutter Township; thence east along said southern boundary of Sutter Township to the beginning. The lands of Franklin Township are all agri- cultural or marsh lands There are large quantities of wheat raised in the township; also of fruit, of all sorts. The fruit is grown principally along the river, and consists of apples, pears, peaches, plums, cher- ries, and all sorts of small fruits. There are also a few small vineyards in the township. The titles are derived from the United States, tiiere being no Spanish or Mexican grants in the township. The largest business enterprise in Franklin Township is the brick manufactory of Davis & Roberts, near the river. Joseph Sims came to the State in 1847, with Stevenson's regiment; settled in Franklin Town- ship in 1849; J. B. Green, in 1849; J. C. Beach, in 1850; Wm. H. Fry, in 1852; Joseph Green, in 1851; Truman N. Farsett. in 1852; George W. Heck, in 1855; R. Kercheval, in 1850; David T. Luflvin, in 1850; Jacob Miller, in 1853; John Reith, in 1855; Solomon Kunyon, in 1850; Myron Smith, in 1853; Adam Warner, in 1853. Union House was established in 1852, by Amos Butler. The house has changed hands several times; is now owned by Jacob Korn. There is a postoffice at this place, known as Union House. The Six-Mile House is the tirst house in Franklin Township from Sacramento; was com- menced by one Prewitt, iu 1853-'54. The Twelve-Mile House was built about 1850, by McHesser; it was located on the lower Stock- ton road, and until Georgetown was established was a favorite stopping place. The building was torn down many years ago. Feeeport is a point eight miles south of Sac- ramento, on the bank of the river, at a good landing. The Freeport Railroad Company was formed in 1862 or '63, for the purpose of building a road from Freeport, connecting with the Sacra- mento Valley Railroad at a point midway be- tween Sacramento and Folsom, the idea being HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. to divert the northern trade around Sacramento. Nine miles of this road were constructed in 1863. Freeport was hiid out, lots staked out and sold, and the town began growing rapid I3'. At the end of the first year there were 300 or 400 people in the place. Most of the railroad em- ployes lived here. For three or more years the place was quite a shipping point. Goods for the mines and other localities were landed here, and produce was shipped from the point. The first store was opened by A. J. Bump, in 1863, changed hands several times, and is now owned by P. G. Eiehl. The first hotel was started by E. Grier, also in 1863. He sold to Thomas O'Toole, but the establishment was closed many years ago. The railroad was bought by the Central Pacific Railroad Company and discon- tinued, and Freeport rapidly decreased to its present proportions. Freeport Lodge, No. 2G1, I. 0. G. T., was instituted in January, 1884, under the leader- ship of J. W. Lee, since deceased, J. H. Beach, Thomas Kirtlan, Mrs. E. F. Fitch, Joseph Gos- ling, Mrs. Gosling and others, struggling against a formidable opposition. The order erected a two-story building, which with the grounds is valued at $1,200 or ^1,500. Only those who were friendly to the temperance cause were allowed to contribute. The first fioor is devoted to miscellaneous gatherings, while the upper story is the lodge-room. The society meets every Saturday evening. There arj now about thirty members, and the officers are: J. T. Black, C. T.; Nellie Bayles, V. C. T.; F. L. Baum- gartle, P. C. T. ; J. H. Beach, Deputy and Rec. Sec. ; Miss Nellie Beach, Fiu. Sec; P'rank Kirtlan, Treas. ; Fred. Kirtlan, Marshal; Mrs. E. F. Fitch, Guard; E. Greer, Sentinel. The Methodists have preaching at Freepart every two weeks. Franklin, formerly Georgetown, is situated on the lower Stockton road, fifteen miles from Sacramento. It was settled in 1856 by Andrew George, who the same year opened a hotel at the place, called the Franklin House. It was torn down in 1879. A school building was erected here in 1876, at a cost of $3,500, for the maintenance of a High School, and was kept np as such for two years; it was then abandoned, as too expensive. Most of the stock was signed over to the dis- trict, and the building has since been used by the district. Franklin Grange, P. of H., was organized January 9, 1874, with the following charter members; Amos Adams, Master; P. R. Beck- ley, Secretary; J. F. Freeman, William Johns- ton, J. M. Stephenson, J. W. Moore, Troy Dye, Thomas Anderson, Eben Owen, George W. Morse; Ladies — Mrs. W. Johnston, Mrs. Troy DyQ and Mrs. Miller. The present membership is thirty-four. They meet on the second Satur- day of each month. Franklin Council, No. 71, Order of Chosen Friends, has twenty-six members. Bryan's LANOiNa is a point on the river which each year is quite busy during the season for shipping produce. There never has been a town here. Richland, established in 1860 as a landing, comprises a large warehouse, a school-house and a few residences. The Richland Methodist Episcopal Church is a short distance above this point. Rev. Mr. Crowe is the present pastor. CoDRTLAND is situated on the lower end of Randall " Island," and is a landing place for all steamers. It was established in 1870, by James V. Sims. There are now a postofiice, telegraph ofiice, a Wells-Fargo express office and a store in the town. The wharf was built by Captain Albert Foster; it is now owned by Louis "Win- ters. December 24, 1879, a fire broke out in that portion of Conrtland known as Chinatown, and temporarily destroyed the whole settlement. Onisbo was first settled by A. Runyou in 1849. A postoffice was established here in 1853, which was moved to Courtland in 1857. A good school-house, costing, with the Masonic Hall over the school-room, $2,200, was erected here in 1860. The town was named after a chief of the Digger Indians, named Onisbo. Franklin Lodge, No. U3, F. c& A. M., was uisroiir OF sacramentu county organized in February, 18G1, with the following officers and charter members: George A. Blaices- lee, Master; Stephen T. Morse, S. W.; Reuben Kercheval. J. W.; J. Runyon, Treas.; Simon L. Reed, Sec; A. H. Hustler, Senior Deacon; Malachi Kanady, Tyler. The lodge meets in their hall, referred to in the preceding para- graph, on the Saturday on or before eacli full moon. GEORGIANA. Georgiana Township was originally a jmrt of Sutter Township, as lirst established. On Au- gust 14, 1854, tlie Court of Sessions ordered that, " So much of Sutter Township as lies south of a line commencing at a point about opposite the head of Steamboat Slough, on the line dividing the ranches of Messrs. Robb & Runyon, and running thence due east to the eastern line of Sutter Township, be, and the same is hereby organized into a luw towiisliip, by the name of Georgiana." October 20, 1856, the Board of Supervisors establisiied the present boundaries, which areas follows: Beginning on the Sacramento River, at the southwestern corner of Frantlin Township (the notes of Franklin Township call for the soutliwest corner to be on Merritt's Slough); thence east, and along the southern boundary of Franklin Township, to the range line between ranges 4 and 5 east of Mount Diablo meridan; thence south, and along said range line to the southern boundary of Sacramento County; thence southerly and northerly, along the south, ern and western lines of said county to the be- ginning. Georgiana Township is almost entirely com- posed of what are commonly spoken of as the Sacramento Islands, and includes the southern portion of Suiter Island, almost all of Grand Island, all of Andrns, Tyler, Twitchell, Bran- nan, Sherman and Wood islands. There are about 110 miles of levee in the township. A considerable portion of the bank land is now in a high state of cultivation. The present levee improvements, which are being rapidly pushed forward, will make Grand Island one of the gar- den spots of the earth. It is the home of fruits and vegetables, and lies bat-ween two great home markets and shipping pjrts, Sacramento anJ San Francisco, accessible to each by a good water route. Fruit raisers combine and furnish their own steamboats. Good water for domestic use is obtained by boring down 125 feet. The river abounds in salmon, codfish, sturgeon, etc. There are about 8,000 acres on Brannan Isl- and, nearly all under cultivation. The levees are in good condition. The island was all settled in 1852. The ranciies vary in size from 100 to 1,000 acres, the average being about 200 acres. There is a wharf o.i this island. Sherman Isl- and isthe southern most pointof Sacramen to County. It was first settled by Robert E.Beas- ley about 1855. The island was all reclaimed in 1873, and for some years the real estate was very liigh. The crofw were good each year, and everything seemed prosperous. The high waters of 1878 dispelled the golden dreams of the in- habitants by overtopping and destroying tiie levees, thereby swamping the whple island. Since that time some efforts have been made to rebuild the levees. There are two wharves on the island. Emmaton is the name of a small place about the middle of the Sacramento River side of the island. Twitchell Island is in a thoroughly demoralized condition, the levees be- ing destroyed and the island practically unre- claimed land. In 1869 it was purchased by the Tide Land Reclamation Company, and re- claimed by them in 1870. Andrns Island was named after George Andrus, who settled on the upper end of the island in 1852. The island contains about 7,000 acres, all of which is re- claimed. IsLETON, on this island, is forty-one miles from Sacramento and seventy from San Fran- cisco. The town was established by Josiaii Pool in 1874, and is now a thriving place, with better prospects for the future. The wharf was built in 1875. The principal local industry here for a time was the manufacture of beet su- gar, but it was discontinued about live years ago. It may be revived again. HI STOUT OF SACRAMBISTO COUNTY. A lodge of Good Templars and one of the Patrons of Husbandry formerly flourished here, but at present are dormant. Tylkr Island is situated east of Andrus Isl- and and was settled in 1852. The upper end only is leveed, the lower end being unreclaimed land. There are only a few cultivatea ranches on this island. Sutter Island is in process of reclamation, and some of it is now under culti- vation. Walnut Grove was first settled by John W. Sharp, in the fall of 1851. There has been a postoffice here for about thirty-three years. Walnut Grove is situated on the main land, at the junction of the Sacramento River and Geor- giana Slough, and is the shipping point for a large extent of country. There is a wharf, at which the steamers stop going each way, a school-house, a small hall, and a hotel. TnE I'E ARSON RECLAMATION DISTRICT. Of the famous thirty-five miles of orchard along the left banks of the Sacramento Iliver, extending from a point a few miles below P>ee- port to six miles below Isleton, there is no part that has attracted more attention than the stretch of nine miles from the Hollister to the Eastman ranch. It has been the subject of fre- quent favorable comment by the press and the people. But few, however, are aware how much of its beauty and productive value and conse- quent fame is due to a remarkable work of reclamation quietly done. The irregular curve in front is subtended at an average distance of about three and a half miles, by an immense levee about nine miles long, twenty-three feet high and twelve feet wide at the top, enclosing with the levee in front about 9,000 acres of land, including the orchards in front, which seldom exceed half a mile in depth. In 1878, the old levee, which was obviously inadequate, but which had been weakly relied upon, gave way before the rush of waters which soon turned the back land into an inland lake and seriously dam- aeed the fruit ranches in front. Through the financial disaster ensuing, the San Francisco Savings Union soon became owners of about 4,000 acres of these overflowed lands. With a courage unusual in moneyed institu- tions, inspired perhaps by the far-seeing judg- ment of some sapient director, and carried to a successful issue by the management of Mr. P. J. Van Loben Sels, the Union proceeded to re- claim the land by the construction of the levee just described. The cost Las been about $180,000, of which nearly one-half fell on the Union for its comparatively worthless back lands. But they builded wiser than they knew, as every acre has been made available for culti- vation, and some small portions bring an annual rental of $14 an acre, and highly favored spots as much as $20. The erection of the levee was a, necessary beginning, which was quickly fol- lowed by an outlay of $130,000 for pumping works, with a capacity of 120,000 gallons a minute, and a system of drainage twenty-four miles in length. The central low-lying dis- trict, which in winter is a shallow lake, becomes in June a field of beans, yielding forty sacks to the acre in September. In 1887 Mr. Alexander Brown, of WaHiut Grove, the lessee of the whole 3,830 acres now remaining in the ownership of the Union, raised two crops of barley on part of this land which but a few years since was a mere waste of waters. Probably two-thirds of the Pearson District is capable of producing two crops. Eleven thousand five hundred ;uid eighty sacks of potatoes have been raised on a thirty-two and a quarter acre piece of this no longer dismal swamp. Fifty-two sacks of barley, 300 sacks of onions and one and a half tons of beans are normal products of this new land of Goshen. There are three or- chards already planted, one of ninety acres and two smaller ones. Very neat, substantial im- provements in the way of barns and residences for workmen and sub-tenants are being put up by the Union, and the Pearson District is an excellent example of what may be done for the overflowed lands of Sacramento County, by in- telligent and efiicient reclamation. BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. GRANITE, Granite Townsliip was created by the Board of Supsrvisors on October 20, 1856, and for- merly was included in the boundaries of Missis- sippi Township. The boundary line runs as follows: Beginning at the southwestern corner of Mississippi Township, and running thence eastwardly and northwardly along the southern and eastern side of Mi ippi Towi which line is the American River, to the intersection with the range line between ranges 7 and 8 east, in township 10 north of Mount Diablo base; thence south and along said range line to the township line between townships 8 and 9 north; thence west and along said townsliip line to the range line between ranges 6 and 7 east; thence north and along said range line to the begin- ning. The land in Gi-anite Township is partly agri- cultural and partly mineral, being probably two* thirds mineral and one-third agricultural. The Natoma Water and Mining Company owns a large amount of land in the township, wiiich they are working according to the quality of the land, the mineral claims being leased, the com- pany furnishing the water. They also have ex- tensive orchards and vineyards, and manufacture wine. Nearly all of the laud in this township is in- cluded in the Leidesdorff grant. The grant was given to Leidesdortf by Micheltorena in 1844. James L. Folsoni bought the interest of the heirs of Leidesdorif, and by his e.xecutors secured its confirmation in 1855. This grant runs from the Sutter grant up the American River, which forms its northern boundary; the southern boundary is nearly parallel to the river and dis- tant therefrom four to live miles, and includes Folsoni. The land was pretty well taken up by squatters, who were compelled to buy the title to their possession or vacate. The history of Folsoni properly includes that of Negro Bar, which was the pioneer of the former place, and it is more than probable that had it not been for the fact that there was a mining camp of large proportions at Negro Bar, Folsom would have been located farther down the American Fork. Negro Bar received its name from the circumstance of negroes being the first men to do any mining at that point. This was in 1849. The Bar commences at Folsom, on the same side of the river, and runs nine- tenths of a mile down stream. Miners came flocking from all quarters, and in 1851 there were 700 ]ie()ple here. In the summer of 1850 the Virginia Mining Company was formed for draining the river at this point; this company was composed of 240 members, with John Mc- Cormick for president. It took them two years to build the canal, which was intended to leave the old river-bed clear fur mining. The com- pany did not pay very well, but the canal was used for mining the Bar, by using " Long Toms." The Long Island Company was composed of thirty-eight men, Rjbert Reeves, President. The Tennessee Company, thirty members, Will- iam Gwaltney, -President. The Bar was splendid mining ground, and large quantities of gold have been taken out; there is still some mining going on here now. The product now is about $17,000 per month. J. S. Meredith opened the tirst hotel and store at Negro Bar, both being in the same building, in April, 1850. William A. Davidson opened the second store, but was shortly after bought out by A. A. Durfee & Brother. A few months later Rowley & Richardson opened a third store. These were the principal bnsiness houses until Folsoni was started. Among some of the ph3'sicians living at the Bar at that time were Dr. S. Lyon, now living in Folsom; Dr. Caldwell, who returned to Ten- nessee, and died ; Dr. Palmer, still a resident of the State; A. A. Durfee & Brother, both of whom have gone East, and Dr. Cline. Folsom was laid out by Theodore D. Judah, Richmond Chenery and Samuel C. Bruce, for Captain J. L. Folsom, in 1855. The lots were then sold on the 17th of January, 1856, at public auction, in the city of Sacramento, Colonel J. B. HISTORY OP .SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Starr, auctioneer. The lots were all sold at this sale. Purchasers cotiimenced buildinu;, and the town grew rapidly. On the 22d day of Febru- ary following, the Sacramento Valley Railroad was finished to Folsuin, and opened with free ex- cursion trains and a grand jubilee. This was the first railroad operated in the State. One of the operatives who assisted in taking out the first train is still in charge of the station at Foisoni. Mr. Joe Kinney, the station master, has been continuously in the employ of the railroad com- pany for twenty-seven years. At first he sold tickets under trees here. Then large brick , buildings were put up, machine shops opened, and 800 men at one time at work in them. The shops were afterward closed, and the work is now done at Sacramento. The company has just completed a small frame station house, neat and convenient, and supplying a want ielt for some time. In 1857 a road was projected to run from Folsom to Marysville, by a company called the California Central, of which Colonel Charles L. Wilson, now of Nord, was tlie principal mem- ber. In 1861 trains ran from Folsom to Lin- coln. Afterward the road was absorbed by the Central Pacific Company, and the track be- tween Folsom and Roseville was taken up. That portion of the road from Roseville to Lincoln is now a part of the California & Ore- gon Railroad. The Sacramento Valley Railroad built its car and machine shops at Folsom in 1861. The buildings consisted of a brick machine shop, 60 X 110 feet; a car shop, also built of brick, 40x80 feet, and a foundry — in all, employing about 1,500 men. The shops were closed and the machinery moved to Sacramento, December 26, 18G9. In early mining days, and especially during the Washoe excitement, Folsom was a busy place; then it was almost stationary for a num- ber of years; but now it has entered upon an era of substantial prosperity. The population is about 1,000. Colonel Folsom, the projector of the town, died at the mission of San Jose, in Alameda County, July 10, 1855. Patterson & Waters' Hotel, afterward the Patterson House, was built in 1856. Patterson & Waters ran the house for about ten years; they were succeeded by Charles Watts; he, in turn, by Mrs. H. B. Waddilove, and the last managei' was M. Doll, who was in charge at the time of the fire of 1871. The Olive Branch was built in 1856 by Mr. Heaton, who kept the house until it was burned down. The Mansion House was built in 1857. J. Holmes was the proprietor; lie was succeeded by L. M. Dennison, who kept the house until the tire, in May, 1864. The Tremont House was built in 1860 by Mrs. Lucinda Smart; she sold to Ira Sanders, who managed the business until 1868, when the house was destroyed by fire. The Granite Hotel was built in 1858 by Cap- tain Hughes; he was succeeded by Martin Wetzlar. The house was burned in 1866. The Central Hotel was built by George Well- ington in 1859. This house changed hands several times, until, in the spring of 1879, Mr. Rand assumed the management. In the tire of August 13, 1886, it was burned down, and a better building replaced it. The American Exchange Hotel was first erected Ity Mr. Dresser, and used as a livery stable; next it was converted into two store- rooms. David Woldenberg, the first merchant in this building, returned to Gei-many, his na- tive land. The store was next conducted by Hyman & Alexander. In 1877 the biiildinif was purchased by W. C. Crosett and converted into a botel. Up to that date the bnilding was a one-story concrete structure; then a frame second story was added. The proprietors have been Mrs. Kate Hatnilton six or seven years, Mrs. Jane Williamson three years, and since then James A. Graham, who holds a ten-year lease. The property still belongs to the heir HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. of Mr. Crosett, Mrs. W. C. Caples, who intends to build an addition 39. \ 40 feet and two-stories high, on account of the increasing patronage of the house. The business of the New Western Hotel was started in 1875, by Charles Zimmerman, who has ev^er since been the proprietor. He pur- chased the property of Dr. B. F. Bates. It consisted of two buildings, one for a hotel and one for a shoe shop, at the corner of Sutter and Wood streets. Mr. Zimmerman added about $800 in improvements; but the fire of August 13, 1886, utterly consumed it. The insurance was $2,800. Mr. Zimmerman immediately re- built what is now known as the " New Western Hotel," having a frontage of ninety-five feet, and costing $7,000, including furniture and fixtures. The main building is 40 x 60 feet and two and tjjree-quarter stories high. NATOMA WATER AND MINING COMPANY. This company, the largest owner of water rights in the county, was organized in 1851, and was originated by A. P. Catlin, now living in Sacramento, and still the attorney of the com- pany. A. T. Arrowsmith, a civil engineer now residing at Oakland, was associated with him. Dr. John H. Veatch, long since deceased, was the first secretary; T. L. Craig, treasurer. The main canal was commenced in 1851, taking its water from the south fork of the American, two miles above Salmon Falls. The length of this canal is sixteen miles. For many years the water was used to a great extent for mining purposes, but it is all now used to render a tract of 8,454 acres, otherwise neirly valueless, as good as any in the county. There are now 300 acres in orchard, and about 2,000 in vines. In the superintendency of the company's in- terests here Henry Shusler has recently been succeeded by Horatio Livermore, of San Fran- cisco. The company purpose the division of the large tract into smaller tracts of ten or fifteen acres each, to be disposed of to actual settlers. The land is fertile, water is abundant, much is already producing, railroad communication with market is complete and effective. Under such circumstances the small tracts present induce- ments offered by little property now upon the market. There are no problems to solve by ex- periment as to the productiveness of the land, and upon the erection of a house the home is complete, and an immediate income secured. Its settlement by a number of small farmers would raise its value very high, and improve the wjiole surrounding country, towns and all. THE FOLSOM. WATER-l'OWEK COMPANY'S CANAL. No enterprise in the State is at present at- tracting more public attention than the effort to utilize the water-power of the American River at Folsom. The scheme is not a new one, having been broached about twenty-two years ago by Mr. H. (j. Livermore, then president of the Natoma Water and Mining Company. Con- siderable work in building the necessary dam and canal has been done by both the Natoma Water and Mining Company and the Folsom Water-Power Company. Two contracts were made between the first company and the State, looking to the performance of the necessary work by convict labor, in return for land deeded to the State, and for a part of the water-power, and some work was done under these contracts. Serious disagreements arose as to the tenor of the contracts, and much litigation followed, re- sulting in a practical abandonment of the under- taking by the Natoma Water and Mining Company, without power on the part of the State to compel its completion. The property and water rights were there- after transferred to the Folsom Water Power Company (a corporation of $600,000 capital, divided into 6,000 shares of $100 each), which now owns the land on both banks of the Ameri- can River, and the mining patent covering the bed of the stream, for the whole distance to be traversed by the canal and for some distance above the dam. The first work toward the construction of the dam was doiu; in the fall of 1866, but it was HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. discontinued when the dam had been completed lip to low-water mark of the river. The results at the beginning of this year, 1888, had been the acquirement by the State of 483 acres of land, comprising the tract now used by the State Prison, upon one edge of which, close by the river bank, the prison l)uildings stand (upon which the State had only paid 11,000 days' labor of convicts), and the laying of a part of the necessary foundation of a dam, upon which aboiit $42,000 in money had been expended by the companies, and about 11,000 days' work of convict labor used, whicl) was furnished by the State as part of the consideration mentioned in the deeds for the land comprising the prison tract. About $100,000 was also expended in the work upon the canal and otherwise necessary to the enterprise, but not directly upon the dam. Such was the condition of affairs when Captain Charles Aull, the present warden at the Folsom prison, took charge in January, 1888. But many of the conditions had changed. Under the management of General McComb, the preceding warden, the buildings and grounds had been so nearly completed that it was no longer necessary to use the whole force upon them; and the number of prisoners being larger, the amount of labor available for such work as the dam and canal required was much greater than before. Captain Aull was perfectly familiar witii the events incident to the location of the prison at its present site, and of its selection because a water-power could be constructed there. He was acquainted with all the efforts to render it available, their failure, and the various questions which had arisen in connection therewith, and fully appreciated how valuable it would be to the State and to the community when fully de- veloped. These facts were submitted to Gov- ernor Waterman, who immediately gave the matter earnest and serious attention. In company with Secretary of State Hen- dricks, and Mr. Joseph Steffens, President of the Sacramento Board of Tiade, he visited Fol- som in April last, for the special purpose of investigating the practicability of at last ac- complishing the plans of those wiio had studied the question of the American River water-power for thirty years back. The advantages that would accrue to the State were pointed out, and the present agreement is that the State is to furnish all the labor to com- plete the dam, and the canal as far as the Rob- bers' Ravine Mud Sink, about 2,000 yards below the dam, and the company is to furnish all the free labor necessary, such as engineers, foreman, etc., and all the material and machinery. The work is already nearly completed. The dam is forty-five feet high, and forty-five feet thick at the bottom and twenty-five feet at the top. Tiiere are upward of 3,000 cubic yards of m Jsonry, of the heaviest kind, hiid in the best Portland cement. During the progress of the work the river is turned by a temporary wooden flume. The work is under the direction of P. A. Humbert, civil engineer. See a sketch of his life's career elsewhere in this volume. OTHER INTERESTS. Coners' Flouring Mill was built in 18G6, on the corner of Wool street and the railroad; the mill was operated about two years, when it was closed. The building, a three-story brick, was purchased by B. N. Bugby, and used by him as a wine cellar, the third floor being rented as a hall to the societies at Folsom. The building was burned about 1871. Natoma Mills were built by Edward Stock- ton, in June, 1866, using the three-story brick building formerly occupied by the Wheeler House. The power was taken from the Natoma ditch, and using two runs o^" stone. Discon- tinued. The first brewery in Folsom was built by Chris. Heiler in 1857, and was run for several years by Raber & Heiler. Tliis was destroyed by fire in 1868. In 1872 Peter Yager erected a brewery on the foundation of a large store which was de- stroyed in the destructive fire of 1870. The iiisronr of hacramento couhty. building was a substantial brick structure, had a daily capacity of about ten barrels, and the sales amounted to about 450 barrels. This brewery was burned in the conflagration of 1886. The railroad bridge across the American Kiver was commenced on May 31, 1858. This bridge was on the line of the California Central Railroad, was ninety-two feet above the water, with a span of 216 feet, cost $100,000, and was the only bridge left on the American River by the flood of 1862, caused by the elevation being tifty feet greater than the suspension bridge. The bridge was condemned in 1866, it having sunk in the center and been considered unsafe for sometime. It was subsequently sold and taken down some time after 1868. In 1854 a wooden bridge was built across the American River at Folsom. It was washed away by high water a few years later. Thompson & Kinsey then obtained a charter for building a bridge across the American River at Folsom in 1861. This was a wire suspension bridge. The flood of 1862 carried this bridge away on January 10. On March 7, 1862, the work of rebuilding commenced. This is the present structure; it connects Folsom with Ash- land, a little town across the river, and is called "The Folsom and Ashland Suspension Bridge;" is of the Halliday patent; length of span, 350 feet between towers; has two cables, 800 feet long, and four towers; weight of bridge, seventy- live tons. Kinseyife Whitely were the builders. C. L. Ecklow purchased the bridge and franchise in 1871. Folsom has suflered heavily by fires at difi'er- ent times. May 8, 1866, a fire burned "Whisky Row," und a number of buildings on Sutter and Decatur streets, including the oflice of the Fol- som Telegraph. August 31, 1866, the Hotel de France and a number of contiguous buildings were burned. The Folsom Theatre was destroyed by fire, June 27, 1871. In 1871 a fire destroyed all of Chinatown, Fatterson's Hotel, and part of Ad- dison's lumber yard. May 6, 1872, a fire broke out in Smith, Campi)ell & Jolly's store, and de- stroyed all the buildings in the block, with the exception of the office of the Folsom Telegraph. Among these buildings were Meredith's drug store and Farmer's blacksmith shop. The loss was about $130,000. August 13, 1886, at 3 p. m., occurred a fire occasioning a loss of about $150,000. Of the business property only three buildings were left standing! In Chinatown they say that fires happen on an average about every two years. Young Ainerica, Ho. 7, was a fire company, organized in September, 1861. The company bought a hand engine, costing $1,800, and dis- played some activity for a year or so, but the en- thusiasm dying out, it was disbanded in 1863. The Folsom Hook and Ladder Company was organized March 3, 1857. The first oflicers were: H. B. Waddilove, Foreman: Charles Plannett, First Assistant; Frank Wheeler, Sec- ond Assistant; J. M. Arbuckle, Secretary; H. D. Rowley, Treasurer. The company owns the building known as Firemen's Hall, which was built in 1870, located on Sutter street. The average membership has been about thirty-five. Their hall is used for all public meetings and theatrical performances. In all Sacramento County there is probably no institution to the examination of which a day could be devoted with more pleasure and profit than the State Prison, two miles from Folsom. The first act of the Legislature concerning a branch prison was passed in 1858, and author- ized the Board of Prison Directors to select a site for the Branch State Prison. Much discus- sion was had, but nothing done until 1868, when an act of the Legislature was passed requiring the Board of Prison Directors to determine be- tween a proposed site at Rocklin and the pres- ent one of Folsom, before the 1st of July of that year. The present site was selected chiefly on account of the available water power, the value of which was even then fully recognized. In 1868 the State secured 350 acres of land, and in 1874 obtained 153 acres more, together com- prising the present prison tract. In 1874 the State appropriated $175,000 for the construction histout of sagramento county. ofa prison, and in the fall of tliat year tiie work began. In 1878 a i'nrther siitn was ajipropriated, and in 1880 it was readj for occupancy. During all this time the key-note of all operations was the utilization of the water-power, though the schemes directed to that end all failed. Tiie present contracts and agreements between the State and the Folsoin Water-Power Company will doubtless accomplish the long-sought re- sults. The prison is in many respects a model one. The prison building is exceedingly well lightetl anil ventilated, though the cells are not quite so large as should be to conform to the sanitary laws regarding cubic feet of air per person en- closed. Tliere is cell-room enough now for 650 prisoners. Tlie drainage and sewerage is per- fect, and all the cells are perfectly dry. Every spot about the prison building is most scrupu- lously clean. Thus in clean, dry cells, with good light and ventilation, and the air of the building kept pure by good sewerage and the tree play of the sunlight all the day long, are found the inain elements of health well pro- viikd for. Tlie Ef.cord representatives saw three meals prepared for the prisoners, going into every department of the kitchen, bakery and refectory. A sketch of the Folsom Telegraph is given in our chapter on the Press of the county. The lirst public school in Folsom was estab- lished in 1857, the tirst teacher being I. M.Sib- ley. The tirst trustees were: E. P. Willard, Dr. S. Palmer and J. S. Mereditli. A school, however, had been previously taught at Prairie City. The Folsom Institute was a fine private school which flourished from 1857 to 1869. Granite Lodge, No. 62, I. 0. 0. F., was or- ganized September 19, 1856, at the residence of Eli Nichols, by David Kendall, D. D. G. M., assisted by Brothers C. C. Ilayden, Samuel Cross, W. B. II. Dodson, (leorge I. N. Monell, G. K. Van Ileusen and George Nelson. The first officers were: J. E. Clark, N. G.; A. Hears, Y. G.; W. A. McClure, Rec. Sec; II. A. Hill, Treas. The charter members, in addi- tion to the above, were S. F. Manjuis, A. W. lieals, P. Kozminsky, L. Sampson, J. Crumber- ger, G. B. Hornish and E. A. Turner. Folsom Encampment, No. ^If., I. O. <>. F., was formed June 28, 1864, with A. C. Davis, Edward Christy, S. Zekind, S. M. Seely, John Eofl", John II. Seymour and E. O. Dana as charter members. Natovia Lodge, No. GJ,, F. tf; A.M., was organized in October, 1854, at Mormon Island, with M. Wallace, A. Spinks, A. O. Carr, L. Bates, G. W. Corey, S. Logan, H. A. Ilolcomb, D. McCall, B. II. Gmroy, J. II. Berry, W. Sheldon, C. S. Bogar, W. K. SpeiJicer, D. M. K. Campbell, J. Clark and M. Ilat-h as charter members. The first officers were: M. Wallace, W. M.; L. Bates, S. W.; A. O. Carr. J. W. It was chartered in 1855, and the ne.xt year trans- ferred to Folsom. The records of the lodge were destroyed by the fire in 1871. Fxcelsior Council, O. C. F., No. GJf, was in- stituted February 20, 1882. Folsom Lodge, No. 109, A. 0. U. W., was established June 6, 1879. Granite Parlor, No. 83, N S. G. W., was established April 9, 1886. Social L.odge, No. 5^, Order of the Golden Shore, was organized February 18, 1889. The Young Men's Lnstitute, No. 69, was organized in January, 1888. The first church services were held in the Hook and Ladder Company's hall in 1856 by the Rev. Dr. Hatch, an Episcopal divine, of Sacramento. About this time Father Quinn, of the Catholic Church, held services at the house of P. J. O'Neil, about two miles from P^olsom. St. John's Church {Catholic) was organized in 1856. The church edifice was erected in 1857; in the meantime the society held its meetings in the darken College, Rev. Father Quinn, pastor. The original cost of the build- ing was $1,600. It was enlarged in 1859 at an additional outlay of $900. The earlier pas- tors have been the Revs. John Quinn (now de- ceased), James Gallagher, Neal Gallagher nisTonr of sacramento county. (deceased), Francis Kelley (deceased), and John Leahy. Trinity Church [Episcopal) was organized July 18, 1862; the church building was erected the same year, at a cost of about §4,000, and is a line frame structure. The first officers were: Vestrymen, William Timson, H. B. Waddilove, J. S. Meredith, Dr. A. C. Donaldson and George Bromley; Senior Warden, Dr. A. C. Donald- son; Junior Warden, William Moore; Clerk of the Parish, J. S. Meredith. The Congregational Church was organized in 1860; a church building of brick, 36x60 feet in size, was erected the same year. J. E. Benton was the first pastor. The church ceased to exist many years ago. Prairie City is located two miles south of Folsom, in Granite Township, on the hills on or near Alder Creek. Mining commenced here in 1853, on the completion of the Natoma Water and Mining Company's ditch to this point. The water reached Illiodes' Diggings, about one mile farther up the creek, early in June, 1853. The miners came flocking in from all directions, and Prairie City began to assume the impor- tance of a city in fact as well as in name. This was the business town for several mining camps, Rhodes' Diggings, Willow Spring Hill Dig- gings and Alder Creak. Rhodes' Diggings laid some pretensions to having a town of its own; John H. G ass and Colonel Z. llagan built a steam quartz mill in 1855, and a French company built a large quartz mill in 1857, costing §50,000; this mill paid wonderfully well for a time, and the stock could not be pur- chased for any reasonable price; this, however, did not last long; the stock ceased to pay divi- dends, went down, and finally became worthless. At Prairie City, in 1853, Jesse Dresser, E. A. Piatt, Eisner J. Chapman, Rosenthal and Meers kept stores; Dr. Rutherford, a drug store; Dr. White; "Marble Hall Hotel," kept by Michael Conothy. In 1854 J. & J. Spru- ance opened a store here, the largest in town. Elisha Waterman, carpenter and builder, erected most of the buildings. In July, 1853, the town contained about 100 buildings, fifteen stores, ten boarding houses and hotels, and about thirty families; emigrants arriving daily; two lines of stages running daily. Early in 1854 the inhabitants numbered over 1,000, and the miners were reported as doing well, making from $5 to $20 per diem in one case, three men are reported to have taken out eighty-five ounces in one day. The town began to die out in 1860, and finally became entirely noil est. Thk Willow Si-rings Uill Diooixfis were on the hill or ridge between Alder and Willow creeks; this hill was about a mile long. Mining commenced along Willow Creek as early as 1851. When the gulches were worked back to the ridge it was found that the dirt still con- tinued good pay, and claims were continued on the hill. Most of the mining was done on the north side of the ridge, there being a better flow of water there; by this time, 1853, the Natoma Ditch was furnishing water at this point. In the palmy days of this region there were twelve coin])anies or claims, employing sixty men. It is not known what amount of gold has been taken out of this region, comprising about 2,000 acres, but it is estimated to have been millions of dollars, the eastern end of Willow Springs Hill being extraordinarily rich. Texas Hill was a mining camp just below Negro Bar, on the American River, and exten- sive operations were carried on there until 1855, under the superintendence of John A. Watson, afterward purchasing agent of the railroad coni- j Pany- ! Beam's Bar, named after Jerry Beam, is half ] a mile below Alabama Bar, on the south side of the American River. It was at first exceed- ingly rich, but all attempts to work it since 1857 have proved unremunerative. In 1863 Alfred Spinks, with a force of Chinamen, went to bed-rock, sixty feet down, but found no bonanza. In the summer of 1879 a man leased from the I Natoma Company all the land lying between I P'olsom and Alder Creek north of the railroad. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. The old miners liad dug down to what they con- sidered bed-rock and then stopped. This party bored through this crust, and found good pay- ing gravel underneath. The crust was composed of what appeared to have been black slime or deposit at the bottom of a lake, solidified ; it was full of shells. LEE. Lee Township was formed b^' the Board of Supervisors, October 20, 1856, and contains townships 7 and 8 north, range 7 east of Mount Diablo base and meridian, both townships be- ing full, and is bounded on the north by Granite Township, on the east by Natoma and Co- sumnes, south by Alabama, west by San Joaquin and Brighton townships. Of the original town- ships it contains part of what was San Joaquin Township, a large portion of the original Co- snmnes Township. The soil is what is known as red plains, agricultural land. All that por- tion south of the Cosumnes River is included witliin what is known as the Hartnell grant. North of the Cosumnes and to a line parallel with the general course of the same, distant therefrom about two and one half miles, lies the Sheldon grant. In the northern portion of the township the Leidesdorff grant occupies about 3,800 acres. There were about 18,000 acres of Government land in the township, all of which is now owned by private parties. These grants are all sub-divided into small farms, most of which are under a high state of cultivation. Away from the Cosumnes River the soil is not so good for agricultural purposes, and is prin- cipally used for grazing, probably about twenty- tive to thirty per cent, of the whole area being under cultivation. EARLY SETTLEMENT. One summer evening, in 1840, William Bay- lor, then in the employ of Captain John A. Sutter, while on a cattle hunt, rode to the bluff, or high hill, which overlooks tlie valley of the Cosumnes River, at a point near which now stands the residence of Digory Ilobbs. The valley at that time was thickly jjopulatcd with Indians, and Daylor not being desirous of making any closer acquaintance at that time, did not descend into the valley, but rode back to Sut- ter's Fort. He reported his discovery to his friend Jared Sheldon, who was at that time em- ployed by Sutter as a carpenter. Sheldon was a naturalized citizen of Mexico, and had certain claims against the Mexican Government for services in building a custom house at Mon- terey. He made an arrangement with Daylor, by which he (Sheldon), through his friend W. E. P. Hartnell (then Secretary of State and Government Interpreter for California under the Mexican Government), should obtain a grant of the recently discovered valley in liqui- dation of his unsettled claim. Daylor, with two or three companions, was t ) settle on the land, while Sheldon was to provide a number of cattle to stock the rancho, and the two were to become equal partners in the land and cattle. Sheldon, after taking the preliminary steps to secure the grant, purchased 300 head of cattle from Dr. Marsh, of Marsh's Landing, now An- tiocli, for which he was to pay in carpenter work, upon which he at once entered, sending the cattle through the then unknown country lying between the residence of Dr. Marsh and the Cosumnes Valley. These cattle reached their destination in du^ time, and the drovers found a corral for the cattle and a tent for the men, which improvements had been xiade by Daylor, assisted by Ned Robinson and a force of Indians. These latter were found to be as gentle and docile as the aborigines who wel- comed Columbus to the shores of Guanahani and Hayti. They were always ready, and even anxious, t5 perform any labor, considering a yard of "manta" (unbleached cotton cloth), with the game, deer, elk and antelope which the new-comers provided, as full payment for a week's work. By the aid of these Indians, a field of 100 acres was inclosed with a ditch and sown with wheat, the seed being obtained from Captain Sutter. For the first year, the diet of the new settlers consisted solely of venison. After the first crop of wheat was harvested, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. boiled wheat was added to the bill of fare. This was the unvarying me7iu nntil 1847. The new proprietors had found a fine mill site on the river, near where McCraken's bridge now stands, and in 1847 they constructed a dam and built a grist-mill, which continued in suc- cessful operation until the stampede of 1848 that caused every industry of the kind to be temporarily abandoned. After the discovery of gold in 1848, Sheldon, Daylor and McCoon, taking a number of In- dians, established a mining camp at a point where the road to Placerville now crosses the Weber Creek, and remained there nntil the autumn rains set in, the result of their sum- mer's work being $20,000 for each partner. Daylor married in the autumn of 1846; Shel- don married in the spring of 1847, their wives being daughters of Thomas Rhoads, of San Joaquin County. Sheldon, not satisfied with the fine mill site on his land, which aff'orded him every needed facility for irrigation, bought a piece of land about four miles higher up the river, where he became involved in a quarrel with the miners along the river, and lost his life. An account of the circumstances will be found in the history of Cosumnes Township. William Daylor, a native of London, England came to Sutter's Fort in 1840. He died of cholera at Daylor's Ranch, Octol)er 30, 1850. Jared Sheldon, a native of Underbill, Ver- mont, came to the State overland from New Mexico in 1832. He was killed in a fight with miners in Cosumnes Township, July 10, 1851. Sebastian Kayser, a native of the Austrian Tyrol, for many years of his life a Rocky Mount- ain trapper, was iialf owner of the Johnson grant, at Johnson's crossing of Bear Creek. He was drowned in the Cosumnes River, January, 1850. Perry MeCooii, a native of England, came to California about the year 1843. He was killed by falling from a horse near Cook's l>ar, in January, 1851. W. R. Grimshaw, a native of Xew Vork (Mty, a seafaring man, arrived at Monterey in June, 1848, sailed in a coasting vessel, and came to Sutter's Fort in October, 1848. He opened a store and Indian trading post in partnership with W. M. Daylor, at Daylor's Ranch, No- vember 15, 1849. He now resides at Daylor's Ranch. W. D. Wilson came to California in 1848, and settled on the Cosumnes River, opposite Day- lor's Ranch; he died in Santa Clara County, in 1875. John R. T. Mahone was a soldier in Doni- phan's regiment during the Mexican War. He married the widow of Jared Sheldon, and set- tled at the Slough House in 1852; is now deceased. HOTELS. Wilson's Exchange was built on the south side of the Cosumnes River, in 1850, by W. D. Wilson. In 1851 Wilson built a bridge across the Cosumnes at the same point. This bridge was swept away by the high water of 1852 ; it was rebuilt in the same year, was again washed away in 1862, and has nut been rebuilt. The Slough House was built by Jared Shel- don in the spring of 1850, and occujijed as a residence by himself and family until his death. The Slough House bridge was built by John- Mahone, in 1850, across Deer Creek; this bridge was washed away in 1862, and rebuilt. In 1862 J. C. Austin built a wire bridge across the Cosumnes River, located on the lower half of Division Thirteen of the Hartnell grant. In 1868 Austin sold to James D. Mc- Craken, ex-Governor Booth and Colonel James. The bridge is generally known as the wire bridge. EARLY INCIDENTS. In the spring of 1850 the justiceof the peace at the Daylor Ranch was an old fellow that ■ went by the name of " Uncle Ben." His judi- cial career terminated very abruptly, in the following manner: A half-witted Hoosier had l)een caught in the act of driving oflf .some tame American oxen, BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. and was brought before the justice for trial. The accused was all but paralyzed with fear, and loudly declared his innocence of any wrongful intent, stating that he had been employed to drive the cattle to Sacramento. When the trial was ready to begin the prisoner was missing, and a party of men sallied out in search of him. He was found about 200 yards from the house, up to his neck in water, with his head under a projecting bush. He was brought hack to the house, if possible worse frightened than before. On being interrogated as to how he got away, he stated that he had given the justice his purse, with what gold dust it contained, who had allowed him to slip out of the hout^e the back way. This statement the justice strenuously denied. The accused then described his purse and the contents thereof, and, on searching the judge, a purse answering to the description, with contents as stated, was found on hip per- son. The purse and contents were returned to the original owner, and he was allowed to go on his way rejoicing. The judge was then triced up to the columns that supported the roof of the portico, and given twenty-five lashes 9a his bare back with a lasso, the substi- tute for a "cat-o-nine tails," an Indian officiat- ing as '' Bo'sen's Mate." He was then taken down and ordered to leave the place at once. He left. In 1850-'51 the inhabitants of Cosumnes and San Joaquin townships, which included Lee Township, were harrassed by horse and cattle thieves to such an extent that they proceeded in several cases to take the law into their own hands and execute justice, as it was then consid- ered, very summarily. In the early part of 1851 one Orville Ham- ilton was accused of being an accessory in several cases of horse-stealing. A number of citizens assembled at Hamilton's place, took him into custody, organized a court, and pro-- ceeded to try him on the charge. Among the members of the court were: Jared Sheldon, William Hicks, Charles Lewis, W. D. Wilson, S. P. Gage, Atvvood, Tryce and AUiuond. The defendant was found guilty, sentenced to be hung, and a committee appointed to execute the sentence. The committee proceeded to the room where the prisoner had been confined, but found the bird had flown. This fact being comhiunicated to the crowd caused great excitement, which was in no wise allayed on the discovery of a man wearing the defendant's hat. This man proved to be one Sage, a merchant of Sacramento and an inti- mate friend and former schoolmate of Hamilton in the State of Connecticut. It was immedi- ately proposed that Sage be hung as a substi- tute for Hamilton. This was voted down, after a heated discussion, and the punishment com- muted to a whipping, and he was ordered to be tied up. No one appeared to be willing to tie him, until Sheldon, exclaiming, " Some one has got to see to this thing," tied Sage to a tree, and an Indian administered several lashes on his hare back with a lasso. Sage returned to Sacramento and employed C. A. Tweed to com- mence suit against Sheldon, Hicks and others, but was nonsuited. By the time all of the above proceedings had been had it was some time after dark, and the crowd dispersed to return to their homes. Gage and Allmond occupied a cabin a mile and a half beli)W the Daylor Ranch, on the south side of the river, where they were engaged in herding horses. On their return home the night in question, they were informed by a teamster, who had stopped at their cabin, that two men were endeavoring to drive a herd of horses across the i-iver at the ford one-quarter of a mile below the cabin. This being an unusual proceeding at that hour of the night, the three men went to the bank overlof)king the ford and discovered the horses to be their own band, which two thieves were trying to drive oif in the absence of the owners. This attempt would undoubtedly have been successful if the horses had not been unwilling to leave their range in the night. Gage, Allmond and the teamster jumped down the bank and pulling the thieves from their horses, disarmed them and compelled HISTOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. them to return to tlie cabin, where they were provided witli supper. The band of horses, as soon at they fonnd tlieinselves at liberty, ran into the corral at the cabin. After supper. Gage, leavino; his companions to guard the prisoners, started out to sunitnon certain of the neighbors to assemble and give the prisoners a trial on the ensuing day. Ilicks, Sheldon and Grimshaw, at the Daylor Tlaiicli, had gone to bed when Gage came with his summons. Gage rode on, and the three men, after consulting a few inoment.s, thought it would be well to attend to the mat- ter that night. About the time their horses were saddled, Gage returned, accompanied by some of the neighbors, who had reached the same conclusion as the Daylor Ranch men. When this party arrived at the cabin, they found awaiting them Jolin T. Rlioads, William B. Klioads, John Farker and Ford. It was proposed to organize a court at once and pro- ceed to trial. Jared Sheldon was appointed judge, when it was discovered that there were not men enough present to form the jury. Here was a quandary. At length one of the party arose, and after a short speech on the utter futility of regular trials to stop the fearful evil of horse-stealing, offered to be one of a crowd to take the prisoners out and hang them forth- with. This was at once assented to by those present. Candles were lighted, and the horses in the corral closely examined to avoid the pos- sibility of making any mistake. The prisoners were led nnder a tree, lassoes placed around their necks and over a limb of the tree, and the men informed that they had one-half hour to live, and, when the time expired, they were drawn up and left hanging all night. In the morning, one of the party, with two Indians, went to the tree and dug a grave. Some money which was found in their pockets was given to the Indians, and their bodies lowered into the grave. This action of the citi- zens put an effectual stop to horse and cattle stealing along the banks of the Cosumnes River. In this township occurred the mob execution of William Lomax, May 14, 1855. He was hanged for the murder of Frederick Bohle, who was killed on the 7th of that month. It seems that Bohle was a stock-raiser and occupied a cabin about a mile above the old Daylor Ranch. Some parties, who desired to buy cattle, sought Bohle and found him dead. He had been cut with a knife and cliopped with an ax, and the indications were that he had made a desperate struggle for life. They gave the alarm at Grimshaw's house. W. R. Grimshaw and Oli- ver Sanders went out and secured the body. LoTnax had been seen about the premises, and suspicion fastened upon him. He was arrested in the city of Sacramento and taken to the scene of the murder. A popular court was organized in front of the old Daylor house, and Lomax put upon trial. He asked for time to produce a man named Van Trees, with whom he said he had passed the night before the murder, at a ranch on the American River. Time was granted, hut the people of Michigan Bar and Cook's Bar took the accused, fearing that he might escape. They promised to brino him back when Van Trees would be produced. They fulfilled their promise. On the resumption of the triSl Van Trees stated that Lomax had been with him at his place, but that when he left he had stolen a mule. Lomax w..s convicted and hanged on a tree in front of Grimshaw's i)lace. This tree was cut down about three or four years ago. This was one of the earliest mob executions in the county outside of Sacramento City. MISSISSIPPI. Mississippi Township, as originally estab- lished by the Court of Sessions, on the 24th of February, 1851, included nearly the whole of the present township of tiiat name, and also all of what is now Granite Township. There were very few changes made until the present lines were established, except in the south line, which was subsecjuently made to be the Coloina road. I October 20, 1856, tiie Board of Supervisors ' established the present boundaries, as follows: I Beginning at the northeast corner of Center BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Township, running thence easterly along the northern boundary of the county to the Ameri- can River; thence soutlierly and westerly along the said American liiver to the eastern bound- ary of Center Township; thence north along the said eastern bounda of C( Tow I ship to the beginning. The greater portion of the land is mineral, though the people are now turning tiieir atten- tion to agriculture, the better part of tlie min- eral lauds having been pretty well worked oiit. The soil is not well adapted for the growth of wheat, but for grapes and other small fruits it is as good as any other portion of the county. The North Fork Company's ditch, running through the entire length of the township, aftbrds facilities for irrigation during the whole year. The San Juan grant includes the greater por- tion of this township, there being but about 5,000 acres outside of its lines. The lands in the grant are being sold off, thus affording an opportunity for settlers. The largest laud- owners are Clark & Cox, and S. C. Ilastings. Ciold was discovered in Mississippi Town- ship, along the banks of the American River, in 1849, about the same tin)e as at Mormon Island and Negro Bar. Mining along the river was vigorously prosecuted for several years, and abandoned only on account of the bars being worked out. Gold having been found in paying quantities on the higher benches, a company was formed to build a ditch to bring the water from the north fork of the Auierican River, from a point nearly opposite the town of Auburn, Placer County. Tliis company brought water into the township in 1855, the ditch being twenty miles long. From this time to the present there has been more or less mining going on, but the most vigor was shown be- tween the years 1855 and 1870. At the present time there are very few people making any at- tempt at mining, those that are being mostly Portuguese and Chinese. The Alabama Bar was situated in the northeast corner of the township, in the middleof the Amer- ican River. It was originally located in 1850. In 1852 a company was formed known as the Alabama Bar Mining Company, composed of twelve men, with John Smith as president, and Alfred Spinks, superintendent. The name was given on account of the fact that most of the company were from the State of Alabama. They located the bar and proceeded to work it, but were shortly after apprised of the fact of the previous location; they, however, retained the possession, and bought out the adverse claimants, where thej' could be found. The gold gave out in 1856, and the bar was aban- doned. This company employed about sixty men c'uring the summers, and it is estimated took out about §75,000 altogether. The Slate Bar was located just below the present site of the Branch State Prison, on the opposite side of the river. This was never a large camp. The mining, being of the variety called "crevice mining," did not offer the in- ducement that other bars did. The American liiver Ditch Company was incorporated November 27, 1854. The first trustees were: A. P. Catlin, A. T. Arrowsmith, A. G. Kinsey, Lucien B. iirooks, S. Palmer, John L. Craig and Eleazer Rulison. Work com- menced on the ditch September 18, 1854; it was completed to Big Gulch, the end of the niain ditch, January 1, 1857. The ditch is six feet wide on the bottom and four feet deep. The first dam was built to Tamaroo Bar, from which point to Big Gulch is tweuty-four miles. The portion of the canal extending from Big Gulch to Mississippi Bar runs through a country known as Orange Vale. The first dam was taken out by flood in March, 1855; the second dam, costing §5,000, was washed out in 1857; thethird dam cost $11,000, and was destroyed by flood, 1862; the cost of rebuilding the dam and repairing the ditch was §29.000. This dam was taken out in 1871 or 1872; was rebuilt and washed out the following winter. The present dam was completed Janu- ary, 1876. The water is used both for mining and irrigation, mostly the latter. The Orange Vale Colonization Company has HUSTOHT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 3,200 acresof good land, well fenced and provided with water, one mile from Fulsom and on the north side of the river. A number of neat cot- tages have been l)iiilt. i\. village is started, named Orange Vale. Ten-acre tracts, with eight acres of trees or vines, are offered to actual set- tlers on easy terms. The California Central Railroad Company built a road through this township, running from Folsom to Lincoln. A second road was commenced, with Auburn as its northern ter- minus. This road never was finished farther than Wildwood Station, a distance of ten miles. Eoth of these roads coming into possession of the Central Pacific Company the tracks were taken up and the road abandoned. Ashland. — The original name of Ashland was Big Gulch. This was changed to Russville in 1857, in honor of Colonel Russ. It was also sometimes called Bowlesville, from an old resi- dent named Howies, who had, or claimed to have, a title to the land. It was christened Ash land in 1800. There are now about a dozen houses in the town. In early times there were a large number of cabins and a few saloons, but no hotels. In connection with the history of Ashland, a sketch of Colonel Russ may prove interesting, he having been for a time the central figure around which all others in Ashland appeared to revolve. We insert the following extract from the Folsom Telegraj>h of August 12, 1864: " In 1857 or 1858 the name of the village was changed from Big Gulch to Russville, in honor of Colonel Russ, whose advent was an era in the history of this quiet place. The Colo- nel was a man of remarkable traits in more re- spects than one. Being a speculative genius, he induced a number of San Francisco capital- ists to form a company for the jHirpose of min- ing the quartz rock for the gold it never had contained, and granite for building, and lor these purposes a splendid mill was erected. For some time the Colonel endeavored to plane granite, but his machine failed to reduce the obdurate rock to the necessary form and shape, and it was cast aside. Then tons of quartz were crushed, but, unfortunately for the Colonel and the stock- holders, the mill failed to produce the 'color,' for the very good reason that the color was not it) the quartz. During this period the Colonel erected a neat cottage on the summit of the highest hill in the neighborhood, which was crowned with a flag staf}". "The Colonel turning his attention to poli- tics, was elected justice of the peace of Missis- sippi Township. Whenever a case was to be tried, up went the ' Stai-s and Stripes ' on the flag staff, and the Colonel mounted the seat of justice, which was elevated about six feet. "There the Colonel sat, invested himself with the majesty of the law, and dispensed justice ac- cording to a code of his own; the statutes were of no use to him. From his court there was no appeal, and any one mentioning an appeal in that court was liable to be immediately fined for contempt. The Colonel's term expired, the quartz company exploded, the granite would not work, the Colonel's cash ran out, and he de- parted from Russville. Shortly after, the vil- lage was christened Ashland, and the only monument now remaining near Ashland of the Colonel's genius and enterprise, is a mining j shaft 250 feet deep, sunk lo find the bed-rock, I which some of those interested in the company succeeded in doing, though not in the shaft." Granite Mills. — The first mill run by water- power in the county of Sacramento was built by James Sinith, a native of Denmark; this was a saw-mill, erected in 1851. In 1852 Smith built a small grist-mill, being his own carpenter and millwright, and on the completion of the mill became his own miller. In 1854 Edward Stockton, of Sacramento, observing the great possibilities of this water-power, purchased a half interestin the mill and power. Themill was then enlarged to tiiree run of stone, with a capacity of 100 barrels a day. A flourishing business was established, and in 1861 the mill, then owned by Coover & Stockton, was enlarged to nine run of stone, the tail race being 500 feet long, equal in efl'ect to 4,000 horse-power. The HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. December floods of 1861 damaged tlie mill and power to the extent of $12,000. The third flood, January 10, 1862, carried away the three buildings composing the mill, causing their to- tal destruction. Mr. Stockton soon afterward formed a partnership with Carroll & Moore, of Sacramento, and they erected a mill which was fifteen feet higher and 250 feet farther from the river. The new building was 60x80 on the ground and four stories high, and contained nine run of stone, with a capacity of 700 barrels of flour per day. It was built of granite, and cost $140,000. In 1869 Stockton built a switch track to the mills. January 26, 1867, the build- ing was destroyed by tire, and has not since been rebuilt, Tliis uiagniflcent water-power is now lying idle. Granite quarries, of a very superior quality, have been in successful operation since 1856. The pioneer in this business was Griffith Grif- fiths. Prior to 1860, Colonel Russ erected a mill, at large cost, importing the machinery from the East fordressing tlie granite, the power being furnished by water from the North Fork Company's ditch; but his enterprise proved a failure. The blue granite for the eirlier build- ings in Sacramento was obtained from tlia quar- ries above Folsom, whore the State Prison now is, while the light-colored granite is from Rocklin. James Smith started the first store at Slate Bar, in 1850. Since then there have been sev- eral small stores there. NATOMA. This was one of the nine original townships established by the Court of Sessions, February 24, 1851, and included nearly all of the present township, and a portion of the present townsliip of Cosumnes. In August, 1853, the Court of Sessions di- vided the township into two parts, all that portion south of the Coloma road being called Prairie Township. The present boundaries were estab- lished by the Board of Supervisors, October 20, 1856, and are as follows: Beginning at the south- east corner of Granite Township; thence running north along the eastern line of said Granite Township to the northern boundary of Sacra- mento County; thence easterly and s^iutherly along the northern and eastern boundaries of the county to the center line of township 8 north, of range 8 east of Mount Diablo base and meridian; thence west on the said center line of said township to the eastern boundary of Lee Township; thence north and aloiig said line to the beginning. The township is principally devoted to agri- culture and dairying, though there are still some few mining claims which are being worked. It was thought in early times that a farmer had a poor prospect of making a living, the soil not being considered productive. This idea has proved erroneons, the farmers generally having been fairly prosperous in their business. The southern portion of the township is de- voted to dairying and grain-growing, wheat and barley being the principal grains; the northern part of the township, hay and grain. The first prominent settlement, aside from Mormon Island, began in 1852. Previous to this time, the only settlers were located along the public roads, and kept public houses. A.mong ihe first to commence farming in the township were Jacob Broder, who came in 1852; Oswald Broder, brother to Jacob, still a resident; Samuel Rieker and family, now living in the Eastern States; Charles Sliead, John Mc- Comber, Charles Bishop and George Peacock; all settled in the same year within a few miles of Mormon Island. William Jarvis and family opened the Valley House in the fall of 1852, on the Coloma and Sacramento road. Peter Hous- ton settled on a ranch on the Coloma road in 1852, where he was joined by his brother in 1854. The former returned to the East in 1857. E. B. Townsend settled near Mormon Island in 1852, engaged in the dairy and butcher busi- ness, and is still living there. R. K. Berry settled in the northwestern portion of the town- ship in the summer of 1852; he died in 1859. Dr. Morse settled on the ranch now owned by Charles W. Porter, in 1852. HISTOET OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. H. E. Barton and brother came about the same time. Joseph Woodward settled in the township in 1853 on what was known as the Illinois ranch, now known as the Gould farm. Jonn Wielde settled near Mormon Island in 1851. W. H. Williams settled on section 5, in 1852; the place was formerly owned by Walter Wall, who subsequently located Wall's Dig- gings. Wall settled in the township in 1850. Joseph Wilson came to the township in 1853; his ranch joined south of Van Triece. In- gersoll, Van Triece, J. Caples, J. F. Duval, W. J. Milgate, G. K. Nye, William Sales, Charles Sanl, A. W. Topper, A. H. Thomassen and Mrs. Elizabeth Wilson were all early set- tiers. George Lester settled in the southern portion of the township in 1852. His brother, A. J. Lester, came in 1850. Mormon Island. — In the spring of 1848 two Mormons, one of whom was Wilfbrd Woodruff, being on tlieir wa}' from Sutter's Mill, now Co- loma, to the Fort, found themselves near sunset, at the spot now known as Willow Springs, in Sacramento County. Concluding to go no far- ther that niglit, they shot a deer and made their way to tlie nearest point on the South Fork of the American River, where they could procure water for themselves and their horses. They descended the bluff bank of the river to a flat covered witii underbrush, and then cooked and ate their supper. After this was accomplished, it being still light, one of the men remarked: " They are taking out gold above us on tlie river. Let us see if we can find some at this place." They scraped off the top soil, took a tin pan which the}' carried with them for cooking pur- poses, panned out some dirt and obtained a " fine prospect." Being satisfied that gold abounded in tiiis vicinity, they went to the Fort the next day and communicated the news to Samuel Biannan, then of the firm of C. C. Smith & Co., proprietors of a small trading-post, where goods were bartered for hides, tallow and wheat. Brannan at that time was spiritual guide and director for the Mormon population of the New Helvetia and other districts of California. He proceeded to the spot indicated by Woodruff and his companion, set up a pre-emption claim and demanded a royalty of thirty-three and one-third per cent, on all the gold taken out on the Bar. So long as the Mormons were largely in tiie majority of those engaged in mining on the Bar, this royalty was rigidly exacted. In course of time, however, unbelievers flocked into the mines and refused to pay tribute to the pretended owner of the land, who was compelled to give up the collection. In the meantime, however, Brannan had accumulated several thousand dol- lars, with which he formed a partnership witli Melius, Howard & Co., of San Francisco, under the name of S. Brannan & Co.; and this laid the foundation of the large fortune acquired by him subsequently. This was the origin of Mormon Island. The extent of the village proper is now about eighty acres. As the news of the gold discoveries spread through the State, miners came flocking in from all quarters, till, in 1853, the town had a population of about 2,500 peo- ple, 900 of whom were voters. The first hotel, called the Blue Tent, kept by S. R. Caldwell, was opened soon after the Island began to be populated ; .was moved to another part of the town and name changed to Caldwell Hotel, in 1852, andentirelydiscontinuedinl854. Samuel Brannan opened the first store in 1818. He sold to James Queen, one of Sacramento's pioneers; he, in turn, sold to Captain Pool, and he to Dewitt C. Stanford, a brother of ex-Gov- ernor Stanford, who died in Australia while there on business; the business is now in the hands of Thomas Stephenson. J. P. Markham opened a hotel and store in 1850; hotel closed in 1854. There were two stage lines running to Mor- mon Island, established in 1850; one of the lines ran from Sacramento to Coloma, passing through Mormon Island; the other ran from Sacramento to the Island and return. These lines were both taken off ill 1856; during the same j-ear a line was started running from Folsom to Coloma, passing through Mormon Island. The postoffice was established in 1851; J. W. Shaw was ])roba- bly the first postmaster. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. The Miners' Hotel was opened in 1851, by Dallis & Kneass; the building was burned in 1856, and was never rebuilt. The Mansion House was kept by Thomas Stephenson from 1853 to 1856, when it was closed. The lire of 1856 destroyed the southwest portion of the village, which has never been rebuilt. At one time there were four hotels, three dry-goods and live general merchandise stores, two blacksmith shops, Adams & Co.'s Express Office, carpenter shop, butcher shop, bakery, a livery stable and seven saloons in Mormon Island. Tlie total population at the present time is about 100. The decadence of Mormon Island began with the completion of the railroad to Folsom. A school was opened here in 1851; there is now a good school building at the place. Among the earlier settlers of Mormon Island not already noted were A. G. Kinsey, wlio came in 1849; A. P. Catlin, who came in 184:9, resided there until 1856; he removed to Fol- som, and tinally to Sacramento, where he is now practicing law. The principal bridge in the township is known as the Mormon Island Bridge. The Hrst struc- ture was built in 1851, by J. W. Shaw; this was a wooden bridge, which was washed away by high water in 1854. A new bridge was built the following summer by the same party. Tliis was a wire suspension bridge, and was also washed away by the flood of 1862, and au-ain rebuilt by Shaw; this bridge is still stand- ing. The first ball in Sacramento County was given at Mormon Island in the "jolly old days of 1849." A very long and humorous descrip- tion of it was published in the Record- Union of June 21, 1873. A large number of public houses existed in early years along the main-traveled roads. It has been impossible to get full accounts of all of them, though they would undoubtedly prove of interest, more especially to those who were tlie early pioneers of tiie county. The Smith Exchange, located on the Sacra- mento and Coloina road, near Mormon Island, was built by a man named Smith, in the sum- mer of 1853. This was the largest public house in the township at the time. Smith sold out in the fall of 1855 to Cox & Hamilton. Tliey sold to William Jarvis in 1858. Jarvis afterward sold to a man by the name of Lee. The hotel business was discontinued for one year, wiien Freeman McComber became the proprietor. He retitted tlie house and conducted the business until 1864, when the house was finally closed. The Union Tavern was probably started as early as 1850 by Mr. Turle. The house was closed in 1855. The Half- Way House was built by Briggs & Hoffman in 1852. They kept the house about one year and then sold to a man named Martin, who in turn sold to John E. Butler. Tiiis house is located on the Placerville road. SAN JOAQUIN. San Joaquin was one of the original town- ships, and included Dry Creek and parts of Alabama, Franklin, Brighton and Lee town- ships. Dry Creek Township was set off in 1853, and October 20, 1856, the Board of Su- pervisors established the boundaries as they at present exist. They are as follows: Commenc- ing at the soutiiwest corner of Brighton Town- ship, and running thence east along the southern boundary of said Brighton Township to the range line between ranges 6 and 7 east of Mount Diablo meridian; thence south along said range line to the Cosumnes Iliver; thence southerly and westerly along the Cosumnes River to the township line between townships 5 and 6 north, range 5 east of Mount Diablo base and meridian; thence west along said line to the eastern boun- dary of Franklin Township, being a line drawn througli the middle of range 5; thence north along said eastern boundary of Franklin Town- ship to the beginning. The land in this township is entirely agri- cultural. The titles, with the exception of that portion in the southern part of the township included in the Hartnell grant, amounting to about 10,000 acres, come from the United UIHTOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY States. At the tirst settlement of this township there was considerable timber growing. This has been gradnally cut off, till now there is but little left, the largest grove being on the Graham farm. EAKLY SETTLERS. Martin Murphy, Jr., and wife settled on tiie Cosumnes River in 1844; the place was called the Murphy grant; Thomas McConnell now owns the farm, and his house is within a few rods of where Murphy lived. Murphy died in 1854, and his wife returned to Ireland. Ed- ward Perrin and family settled on part of the present MeConnell place in 1849. The W^ilder Brothers, Asa, Benjamin and John, came to the township in 1849, and were largely engaged in stock-raising. Asa and John died many years ago. Benjamin Wilder mar- ried one of the Donner girls. T. Keno, one of the Donner relief party, came to the State about 1846, and took up a claim subsequently on the Cosumnes River, in San Joaquin Township. He subsequently removed to Stockton. Gabriel Gunn settled on the place since owned by A. Woodward, on the Cosumnes River, in 1850; he died several years ago. John Whittick settled in the township in 1850. David P. Crook settled on the Cosumnes River in 1851; he moved to Nevada some years ago. P. Hull and family settled on the Co- sumnes in the fall of 1851; they moved to Ne- vada in 1866 or '67. Enoch Madder settled about three miles northwest of Elk Grove, on the Wilder Ranch. Jacob Marshall and family came to the township in 1852, and located on the river; they moved to Latrobe some years later, where he died. Jacob Swigert and family settled on land adjoining that of Marshall, in 1853, and died some years ago. Albion Clark settled on the upper Stockton road, near Old Elk Grove, in 1850; he was one of the first men to raise grain in San Joaquin Township, and was also engaged in .stock-raising, principally horses and hogs. In 1857 he sold out and moved to Mendocino County, where he died shortly after. Johnson Little came to the town- ship in 1852, and settled near Old Elk Grove; he returned to Pennsylvania in 1855. Robert Parrot opened a hotel, in 1852, on a farm ad- joining Old Elk Grove; he continued in the business five or six years, and then returned to the mines; he died twenty years ago. Norman i. Stewart came to the State in 1852, and set- tled on his present place in 1854, near Old Elk Grove. G. Harvey Kerr, a well-known fruit- grower and wine-manufacturer, settled in the township, near Elk Grove Station, in January, 1854. He reports but a small portion of the land under cultivation at that time, and this was mostly all bottom lands along the Cosumnes River. In San Joaquin, as in other parts of the county, it was supposed that wheat could not be successfully grown; that this was an error is shown by the fact that at one time the yield of wheat averaged twenty-five to thirty I bushels per acre, the barley crop at the same time amounting to thirty or forty bushels per acre. Along the river-bottoms used to grow a fine quality of grass, which made good hay; this has all disappeared, killed by the mining debris. Old Elk Gkove. — The place of this name was originally located on the Graham ranch, being subsequently moved to Bucknei"'s ranch, the two locations being about one mile apart. James Hall and family came to California in 1850, and opened a hotel on the original site of Old Elk Grove. He gave it its name, on ac- count of having lived in Missouri in a town of the same name. Mr. Hall died in Vallejo in 1876. Major James B. Buckner built a hotel in 1850, called the Buckner Hotel. He sold to Phineas Woodward; he ran the business for a time, and sold to Mrs. J. Erwin, widow of Jared Erwin; she kept the house three years, and sold to Nicholas Christophel. The original Old Elk Grove Hotel burned down in 1857. Buckner and Woodward both returned East. This was the first postoffice established in San Joaquin Township, James Buckner, Postmaster. James Hall was the first justice of the peace. Elk Gkove. — ^This is a live town of about 400 inhabitants, on the line of the Central Pa- IIIiiTORY OF SACKAMENTO COUNTY. cific Railroad, sixteen miles from Sacramento. In 187G J. Everson, a practical farmer, came to the conclusion that there was a large business which had heretofore gone elsewhere, that could be stopped at Elk Grove. Not being possessed of sufficient capital to establish such a business as he thought the place would support, he agitated the idea of forming a building associa- tion. The company was incorporated in Janu- ary, 1876, under the name of the Elk Grove P;7i!ili[i>rr'i>nii>Miiy,a"AVliAMh:ATO VOUNTi: thence running east Jiloug the southern line of said city to the southeast corner thereof; thence easterly- to tiie road from l>rightou to Dayior's luuu'h; thence along said road in a southeast- erly direction three miles; thence in a t^outherly and southwesterly direction to the intersection of Cosumnes and San Joaquin rivers, excluding all ranches and settlements on the banks of the Cosumnes lliver; thence down tlie San Joaquin IJiver to its junction with the Sacramento IJiver; thence along said river or western boundary of the county to the beginning. On August 14, 1854, (icorgiana Township was set otf from the southern portion, and Oc- tober 20, 185(1. tlie Board of Supervisors estab- lislied the present boundaries, as follows: Be- ginning on the Sacramento Kiver, at the south- western corner of Sacramento City; thence southerly along the Sacramento lliver to the line between townships 7 and S north; thence east and along said township line to the south- east corner of section 33 and southwest corner of section 34, township 8 north, range 5 east of Mount Diablo base and meridian; thence north j and through the center of said township 8 north, range 5 east, to the American Kiver; thence north- ; erly and westerly along the American liiver to the northeastern corner of Sacramento Town- ship; thence southerly and westerly along tiie eastern and southern boundaries of said Sacra- mento Township to the beginning. Sutter Township is situated so directly around Sacramento that it is ditficult to separate their histories. The township is almost ail under | cultivation, having many. tine places and farms. \ There are many vineyards, some of them of good size, and the number is increasing yearly. Growing bops is also a source of revenue to the inhabitants of Sutter Township. For an account of Sutterville. see chapter on the Founding of Sacramento. Smitu's Ct.\kdkxs. — A. P. Smith, in December, 184i>. purchased from John A. Suttertifty acresof ; land on the south bank of American Kiver, about I three miles from Saci-amento. and iininediatelv proceeoe^ ded to iin pro At thi the location the ground was considered high, and was open, the only timber being a few oaks and cottonwoods on the banks of the American. Smith commenced by raising vegetables, planting at the same time such fruit trees and seeds as he could procure. As fast as possible lie imported other and choice varieties of fruit and shade trees, ornamental plants and tlowers of all kinds. The grounds were laid out with about two miles of walk, the entire length be- ing tilled in with shell brought from San Fran- cisco. This shell walk can now be found by digging down from one to three feet. Four acres were laid out into a flower garden, which were soon tilled with rare plants. The rest of the ground was planted with fruit trees of ail sorts. It is said that there were nearly 1,000 varieties growing at onetime. Tl^/B approadi to the residence was reached by a winding avenue, nearly a mile in lengtli and shaded by trees on each side. There was also a drive through and about the grounds. Mr. Smith discovered very early that irriga- tion would be necessary, and imported a "Worth - ington steam pump, throwing about 300 gallons per minute and capable of irrigating 150 acres. Pipes were laid down and hydrants put in at such intervals that the whole garden co\ild be irrigated with hose. The tlood of 18l)l-"l)2 spread devastation over this beautiful place; the An>erican Kiver cut in i>n its southern bank, encroached 500 feet on the gardens, swept away the family residence, and left a deposit of sediment over the whole grounds of from one to six feet in depth. The proprietor estimated his loss by that tlood at $100,0(^0. In 18t)2, when the new levee system was adopted, Smith made strenuous endeavors to have his place included, but failed. High water has visiteii the place several times since then, and though the gardens are still there, they are only the wi-eck of their former magniticence. OTUKK POINTS. The Tivoli House is situated about where the railroad turns to tlie north to cross the .Vmericna UI8T0UY OF SACUAMENTO COUNTY. River. The Tivoli is a pioneer institution, where the meetings of the Swiss Rifle Club, the Turners, Sharpshooters, etc., were held in early years. The place is still frequented, though not the resort it was in former years. East Park is a suburban place of resort, situ- ated just outside of the city limits, having its frontage on the east line of Thirty-first street, the whole park containing thirty acres. The land was purchased in the fall of 1871, and has been improved with 'buildings and drives, trees and shrubbery, and is a popular place of resort for picnics and pleasure parties generally. The street railroad cars run to the gates, thus afford- ing cheap and easy transit to and from the grounds. Riverside is situated on the east side of the Sacramento River below the city, distant by water seven or eight miles from the landing, and by the turnpike about five miles from the court- house. It was formerly known as Hooker's Ranch, and was a favorite place of resort for boating parties in early times. The tract of eighty-five acres was purchased in 1872 by the Riverside Hotel and Turnpike Company. The company had an act passed by the Legislature in 1872, authorizing it to establish a toll-road, the rates of toll to be regulated by the Board of Supervisors of Sacramento County. Grading began in April, 1872. There are along the line of road five tanks, holding about 4,000 gallons each, used for furnishing a supply of water, with which the road is sprinkled during the summer months. IllSTOUr OF S.WUAMENTO COUNTY. J BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, m tP. (JATLIN.— Since tlie pioneer days of Sacramento County no iiaine has been ® more closely identified with its history than that with which this sketch C'imniences; thus it is, that supplementary to the chapter on the bench and bar of the county, this article, giving a brief outline of his life and labors, be- came necessary. He was born on the Livings- ton Manor, Dutchess County, New York, at Tivoli, then known as Red Hook, January 25, 1823. Tiie founder of the family in America, Thomas Catlin, came from Kent, England, in 1643, and located at Hartford, Connecticut; Litchfield, in the same State, finally became the family seat, and five generations of the family were born there, down to and including the father of the subject. His grandfather, David, was a captain in the Connecticut militia during the Revolutionary War, and was at Dan bury when General Wooster lost his life resisting the attack of the British General Tryon. He lived to pass his ninety-third birthday. The parents of the subject were Pierce and Annie (Wine- gar) Catlin. The father was in early life a school-taacher, afterward a wagon-maker, and finally a farmer. In 1826 the family removed to Kingston, New York, where A. P. Catlin grew up, and attended the Kingston Academy, where he was graduated. He had also attended school for a time at Litciifield, Connecticut, making his home during that time with his grandfather. Captain Catlin. When in his eighteenth year he entered the ottice of the law firm composed of Judges Jamies C. Forsyth and James O. Lindern)an, both of whom were in the front rank of the legal profession of eastern New York. On the 12th of January, 1844, he was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of New York, at Albany, and four days later to the Court of Chancery. He )>racticed law four years in Ulster County, frequently meeting in forensic battle such antagonists as John Currey, afterward Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; William Fullerton, the Judge Fullerton after- ward distinguished as counsel in the Beecher trial; t.nd T. R. Westbrook, later one of the judges of the Supreme Court of New York. While practicing in Ulster County, he success- fully conducted an important litigation in which he had for his client the Spanish Consul, resi- dent at New York. He pleaded the consular privilege of answering only in a federal court, a privilege which was vigorously disputed, but he succeeded in ousting the State court of juris- diction. In 1848 he removed to New York city, and formed a partnership with his cousin, George Catlin, with office at No. 14 Pine street. On the 8th of January, 1849, he sailed in the HISTORY OF SACltAMBNTO COUNTY. brig David Heiisliaw for San Francisco, arriving at tliat port on tlie 8th of the following July. Ife had brought with him a costly outfit of mining machinery, and after a month at San Francisco, proceeded to Mormon Island, where lie was soon engaged in mining. He passed the winter at that occupation, also practicing law before the alcalde of that district. In May, 1850, he formed a law. partnership with John Currey and opened an office in Sacramento. They w"ere iAociated but a short time, Mr. Currey being compelled to retire to San Fran- cisco on account of his health. Mr. Catlin was a witness to the squatter riots, and took a deep interest in tlie matters then in controversy. In the fall of 1850 he closed his Sacramento office and went again to Mormon Island to attend to his own mining interests, and to settle up the afl'airs of the Connecticut Mining and Trading Com- pany, successors to Samuel Brannan. While there, "William L. Goggin, agent of the post- office department for the coast, visited Mormon Island for the purpose of establishing a post- office, and Mr. Catlin was requested by him to furnish a name. He suggested Natoma. the name he liad already given to the mining com- pany he had organized and signifying " clear water." Goggin adopted the name and that section of Sacramento County was officially named " Natoma Township." In 1851 he was nominated by the "Whigs for the Assembly, but was, with the whole ticket, defeated. In the following year he was nominated for State Sen- ator, and was elected on the ticket when General Scott was a candidate for President. He served in that capacity for two years, in the sessions at Valiejo, Benicia, and Sacramento. He was the author of the homestead bill, the same as that afterward adopted, but defeated at the time by the casting vote of the lieutenant-governor. The location of the seat of government at Sacra- mento was accomplished by Mr. Catlin, after that result had been given up by all others, by a remarkable piece of parliamentary strategy, invented by himself and referred to more fully in the proper chapter of this work. During the session of 1853 he rendered important service to the city of San Francisco, in contributing largely to the defeat of the scheme toe.Ktend the water-front of that city GOO feet further into the bay. He wrote the report of the select committee having the matter in charge in such a forcible manner as to virtually kill all chance of the project. This powerful argument is to be found in the published journals of the fourth session of the Legislature. He had meantime continued his mining operations, and on Christ- mas day, 1851, located a mining canal, starting two and a half miles above Salmon Falls, and carrying the water of the south fork of the American River to Mormon Island and Folsom. This undertaking was completed early in 1853. It was then a very important work, as indeed it is now, though used for a diflferent purpose — that o*" irrigation. He continued mining until 1865, when he permanently moved to Sacra- mento. During the interim, however, he had taken an important part in other affairs than those of mining. In 1854 he was tendered the nomination for Congress on the Whig ticket, but declined. During the height of the success of the Know-Nothing movement, in 1855-'56, he was practically retired from politics. In the Slimmer of 1856 he and Robert C. Clark (after- ward county judge and later superior judge) were nominated by a convention of some forty persons, composed of old-line Whigs and e.\- Know-Nothings, as candidates for the Legisla- ture, and having been prevailed upon to run against apparently strong odds, both were elected. John H. McKune was also elected at the same time on the Democratic ticket. That session of the Legislature, which commenced .January 1, 1857, was a very important one. During this session Henry Bates, State Treasurer, was im- peached, and it was through Mr. Catlin that this result was brought about, and the gigantic raids upon the treasury of the State were brought to light. In March, 1872, Mr. Catlin was ap- pointed one of three members of the State Board of Equalization, and served as such until April. 1876. The nu.st effective powers con- HI STOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. lerrcd on the board by the Legislature were, after a long contest, declared unconstitutional by three of the five judges of the Supreme Court, and this led to the abolition of the board. In 1875 he was brought forward as a candidate for Governor before the Independent State Con- vention, but was defeated by the combined votes of the supporters of John Bidwell and M. M. Estee, which on the final ballot were cast for General Bidwell. In 1878 he was nomi- nated by the joint convention of the liepublicans and Democrats of Sacramento as delegate to the constitutional convention, but declined. In 1879 he was one of the nominees of the Repub- lican party for one of the seven judgeships of the re-organized Supreme Court, but was de- feated with all but one on his ticket. Mr. Cat- lin has had an extensive and varied practice in the United States Circuit and District Courts in this State, in the courts of San Francisco, in Sacramento and other counties, and in the Su- preme Court of California. He was also, in times past, for considerable periods, at intervals, editor of the old Sacramento Union. He was thus employed from September, 1864, at the commencement of Lincoln's second campaign, until April, 1865. His political articles were generally recognized as fair by the opponents of the war, against whom they were aimed. His editorial on the execution of Maximilian, headed " The End of a Tyrant," attracted wide atten- tion and was copied in Spanish in the leading Mexican papers. During ten years he success- fully defended the Union in eight different ac- tions for libel. His successful prosecution of the celebrated Leidesdorff ranch case, was one of his most brilliant legal victories. When the Government eventually appealed the case to the highest legal tribunal in the land, and it came up for argument before the United States Su- preme Court, in December, 1863, Mr. Catlin proceeded to Washington and was admitted to the Supreme Court on motion of Judge Jere. Black. He was heard for the greater part of two days, and his argument won six of the nine judges, and carried the case. His further con nection with events in Sacramento County is omitted here to avoid repetition of matters else- where mentioned in this volume. His partners in law practice since John Currey, have been: — Judge T. B. McFarland, David A. Hamburger, Lincoln White and his present associate. Judge George A. Blanchard. Mr. Catlin was married May 1, 1860, to Miss Ruth A. C. Donaldson, a I native of Iowa. She died in February, 1878, leaving four children, viz: Alexander Donald- son, John C, Ruth B., and Harry C. Mr. Cat- lin is a member of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers, of the San Francisco His- torical Society, and of the Bar Association of San Francisco. No man who has figured in the history of Sacramento has a more honorable record than has Mr. Catlin. l^T. REV. PATRICK MANOGUE, Bishop f^ of the Diocese of Sacramento, Catholic. ^^ The great spiritual see over which this gentleman presides embraces the twenty-five northern and central counties of California and the whole of the western and most populous portion of the State of Nevada, and was practi- cally created for him in the year 1886, as will be more fully seen later on. For the laborious duties entailed upon the Bishop of a field so extensive and including the wild mining regions of the Sierra Nevadas, probably no one could be better fitted than the affable Bishop Manogue, on account of his life and training and his sin- gularly clear judgment of human nature. He was born in the County of Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1831. At the city of Callan, Kilkenny, he pursued his early studies, and there resided until in 1849 he came to America. After a few years spent in the Eastern States, he continued his studies at the University of St. Mary's of the Lake at Chicago. During the cholera sea- son of 1854 in that city he wore out his health in the arduous labors of the time, and for the purpose of recuperating he for fourteen months lived the hard life of a miner in Nevada County, HISTOltY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. California, learning by actual experience the privations and hardy pleasures of this rouglier but sturdy phase of human life. In his own words, copying a report of an address delivered by him at the time of the laying of the corner- stone of the grand Cathedral of the Holy Sac- rament in this city, he -'held a drill when at every stroke of the hammer the lire flew from the flinty quartz. Whenever hard work was to be done he referred to his associates (who had been his partners in the mines) to prove that he was ready to take a hand in its performance." But those were the days when the thrift, the brawn of the State, was in the mountains. In all, he lived for three years at the mines, and then proceeded to Paris, where at the grand Seminary of St. Sulpice he completed his studies by a course extending over four years, and in 1861 was ordained as a priest by Cardinal Mor- lot, especially for work in the archdiocese here. Passing through Virginia City, Nevada, on his way to this State, he was appointed to his first mission there, and for twenty years occupied that field. For fifteen years previously to his being appointed Coadjutor Bishop of the dio- cese, he was Vicar-geiieral of the whole diocese. Sharon, Mackay and Fair were personal friends, who left monuments there which will not equal those left by the Bishop. He had erected the first Gothic building in Virginia City, costing $80,000. During his priesthood at Virginia City, he built three churches, a convent, and a hospital, at a total cost of about $300,000, all of which large sum was collected by himself, and paid for. His residence there is remem- bered with the veneration, love and alFeetion of every one in that section irrespective of church, the kindness of heart and ready hand of Father Manogue aiding multitudes through seasons of distress. In 1880 he was appointed Coadjutor to Bishop O'Connell, of the Grass Valley Dio- cese. In 1884 he was appointed to succeed Bishop O'Connell, who, by reason of advancing years and long labor in the vineyard of the Church, was permitted to retire. In 1886, ow- ing to Bishop Mauogne's representations of the decadence of Grass Valley in its importance as a center, due to the slackening of mining mat- ters, and the growing consequence of Sacra- mento as the political liead of the State and a distributing point for trade. Pope Leo XIII de- creed that hereafter what had before been known and recognized as the Catholic Diocese of Grass Valley should be styled and acknowledged as the Diocese of Sacramento, with the seat of the episcopate in Sacramento city. At once he set personally at work, utilizing to the fullest that rare combination of business qualifications and theological attainments by which Bishop Man- ogue is characterized, to better the state of the diocese. Recognizing the necessity for a more representative house of worship than then ex- isted, he bent his energies to the task of another edifice. The result is the grand " Cathedral of the Holy Sacrament," located at the corner of K and Eleventh streets, completed and dedicated in the summer of 1889. On another page is presented an engraving of tliis splendid struct- ure, which is fully described elsewhere. For grandeur, architectural magnificence, and ar- tistic finish, it has no equal in the West, and is a noble addition to the attractions uf California from a scenic standpoint. Further, it should be stated that under the vigorous hand of Bishop Manogue_ new life has been infused into the veins of what has been heretofore the somewhat sluggish city of Sacramento. Yet not alone in a business and material sense has the episcopate of Bishop Manogue aroused life and activity. Every branch of faith has likewise stirred at sight of the vigor of the Church. Other church edifices are projected, the cause of charity meets a ready response, and cognate organizations are moving with renewed effort. Such in brief and imperfect form is a sketch of one of whom (to copy from a local paper) " little can be said that is not known wide and well the broad Pacific Coast over, throughout its hills and valleys, its mountains and plains, wherever pioneer Chris- tian labor was to be performed. Nor has an abiding love and veneration for him found lodg- ment alone in the Catholic heart; for if current HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. history be reliable he niinibers among his most ardent admirers and dearest friends men of all creeds and countries, — Protestant, Jew, Gentile, pagan and heathen; moneyed men and traveling tramps alike revering the Bishop for his quali- ties of head and heart." tON. WILLIAM MONROE PETRIE has lieen a res^ident in this city for over thirty years. He was born at Warren, Herki- mer County, New York, November 24, 1833. In 1845 the family removed to Illinois, where his father located upon a farm in Lake County not far from Waukegan and no very great dis- tance froni Chicago, which was then but a petty village. Mr. Petrie gained a thorough fundamental education in all the brandies taught in the common schools of his neighborhood, but had early to push for himself and make his own way. When fourteen years of age he became a clerk in a dry-goods store in Waukegan. This was in 1849. He continued it steadily for ten years, or until the spring of 1859, when he came with his wife to California, reaching Sac- ramento, September 7. The journey was made via Salt Lake City, and that far in safety. Upon starting out in the morning, they had barely rounded the point when they met a band of Indians iiastily driving stock before them and carrying plunder. They pushed out to " City of Rocks," where they were met by other emigrants and learned that the Indians they had seen iiad robbed a train of emigrants in a deep ravine in Sublette's cut-oif to the north, and made their way for safety into the timber west of Salt Lake. This train was from Mis- souri, and its fate was one of the sad incidents in the history of the Indian troubles on the plains. This circumstance caused the trains on tiie road to join together, and when they tlnally crossed the dangerous portions of the way they formed a train no less than six miles long. The tragic incidents of these times were rehited to tiie writer by Mr. Petrie in a most vivid manner and showed strikingly the dangers of those early days. Upon reaching Sacramento, Mr. Petrie shortly entered into business for himself, open- ing a clothing and furnishing store. In this business he has remained almost constantly ever since, the last ten years having been at his well- known stand, No. 622 J street. He is the owner of the property, which presents upon the lower floor an unusally well stocked and furnished store, and on the upper floor the resi- dence of Mr. Petrie and family, an improvement consummated during the past season. In 1883 he was appointed one of tiie school directors of this city to till an unexpired term, and at the two following elections was chosen by the peo- ple for the same position. In the fall of 1888 he was brought forward by his party as their candidate in the Eighteenth District for the State Legislature. He was elected by a major- ity of over 700, being well in advance of the ticket and displaying fully the confidence re- posed in him and his great personal popularity. Of course it goes without saying that he is a Republican, being staunch and unreserved in his views, yet broad and liberal. Since he has been a member of the House, Mr. Petrie has taken a prominent part in the practical and profitable legislation of the session. He is a member of the Committees on Education, Retrenchment, and Water Rights and Drainage, all of great im- portance. He was prominent in securing an appro- priation of funds for the grading and improve- ment of the Capitol Park and Fifteenth street, in this city, something that has long been needed, and also in several other important measures. Mr. Petrie is a member in very higli stand- ing of the Masonic order, iiaving filled all of the subordinate offices and many of the most ele- vated; has been a prominent delegate to grand lodges. He is Past Grand Commander of the Grand Commandery of California, having filled the high post of Grand Commander in 1884. He was also Grand Master of the Grand Coun- cil of Royal and Select Masters in 1878. Ii» 1882 he was Gr Chapter of Roy: ,1 H Priest of the Gi Arch Masons; and is a mem- UISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ber of the Tliirty-third Degree Scottish Rites, Southern Jurisdiction. Of course he has passed all chairs in subordinate lodges. In 1880 at Chicago, again in 1883 at San Francisco, 1886 at St. Louis, and in October, 1889, at Wasiiington, Mr. Petrie attended the National Conlaves of the order. Mr. Petrie was mar- ried ill 1855 to Miss A. L. Leigli, who is a native of Steuben County, New York. They have but one daughter, born in California. ^-^^--^ Ig^ON. FINDLEY R. DRAY, State Senator, IiM) ^^^ '^°''" ^" Bedford County, Pennsylvania, ^ October 23, 1833. His father, Moses Dray, was a carpenter and millwright, and having lost his health, came overland to Cali- fornia in 1850, accompanied by his son, Findley R., the subject of this sketch, then a youth of seventeen years, who has from that time made this "Golden State" his home, although his father returned in 1853, and has since died. Hangtown (now Placerville) was the first point struck, July 17, where for a little time mining was carried on. From there he went to Dry- town, in Amador County, and in September of the same year came to Sacramento. He next went to Laporte, Sierra County, in the Rabbit Creek mines, being one of the first to go to that camp, and iinding snow luUy three feet deep to welcome him. In 1852 he returned to this city, and after remaining a short time went in the fall of 1852 to the mines at Shasta. Tiie next spring he returned again to Sacramento, and found it under water. For about twelve months he was employed in a store carried on by Joseph Pratt, at McCourtney's Crossing, on Bear River, and afterwards by McCourtney. He continued this until 1855, when he came down and went to farming about five miles below this city. In 1858 he returned again and en- gaged in clerking for William Hendrie. In 1803 he went to the Reese River mines, Nevada, but in the fall of that year again came back, and accepted a position in the sheriff's office under the late James McClatchy, who hail just been elected to that position. After the close of Mr. McClatchy's term he was public administrator one term, and then county assessor, a position which he held to the complete satisfaction of all for a period of no less than eight years. Next he was appointed by Judge Clark as a supervisor to complete the unexpired term of H. 0. Sey- mour, deceased. After this he went into the real estate and insurance business, continuing this successfully until, in 1875, he became con- nected with the Sacramento Bank. From that time until the present he has been a director, and as surveyor has had charge of all the outside business of the bank in connection with its loans, etc. It is not saying too much to state that his indefatigable zeal and watchfulness has aided materially in advancing the welfare and pros- perity of that leading financial institution of this city. Two jears ago he was elected by the votes of the people to represent this city and county in the State Senate, and again this year (1888) was re-elected for another term, so highly were his efforts in behalf of this section appreciated. Mr. Dray was married January 1, 1861, to Miss Mary F. Orrick. Eight children have been born to them, of whom seven are still living. Their names are as follows: Laura E., now the wife of George H. Perry, Esq., of San Francisco; Carrie E., now the wife of W. O. Terrill, Esq., also of San Francisco; Mary F., since deceased; Annie B.; Alice M.; Arthur F.; Frank R., and Bruce L., the latter live l)eing all at home. tON. H. 0. BEATTY, Sacramento, has been a resident here since 1852, with the ex- ception of one short period. He was born in Kentucky, May 31, 1812; resided many years in Ohio, 'where he was admitted to the bar; and, arriving in Sacramento in February, 1852, immediately began the practice of his profession. In 1863 he moved to Virginia City, Nevada, where he was soon elected Chief UISTORi' OF HACRAMENTO COUNTY. Justice of the State Supreme Court, and his son, W. H., chosen at the same election to be the District Judge of that State. Tlie latter is now Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of of the State of California. At the end of his terra the former returned to Sacramento, where he has been prominently identified with its public interests. In 1872 he prepared a bill, which was passed by the Legislature, estab- lishing the Board of Funded Debt Commis- sioners — of which he has been a member from the first — whose duty is to aid in the i-elief of the city of Sacramento from its enormous debt. They have collected 8212,000, with which they have bought up about $1,400,000 of the out- standing obligations, leaving only about $1,- 700,000 of indebtedness, including coupons not yet due. At the present rate the debt will be entirely extinguished in ten years. Judge Eeatty was also director and manager of the smelting works from 1874 to 1876, when they were discontinued. He has also owned a vast amount of city property. He was married in Ohio, in 1836, to Miss Runyon. Their chil- dren are: W. H., whose sketch appears else- where; and Mesdames Judge Denson and Willis, in Sacramento, and Mrs. George E. Bates, in San Francisco. fn. CUMMINGS, one of the pioneers of California, and an honored citizen of * Sacramento, is a native of Massachusetts, born in Palmer, Hampshire County, on the 15th of May, 1828. His father, Benjamin Cummings, was also a native of Massachusetts. He was a farmer until middle life, and after- ward a manufacturer of cloth. The Cummings family is an old one in the old Bay State, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch liav- iiig been a Revolutionary soldier, and at the surreiider of Burgoyne. The paternal great- grandfather was also a native of that State. The mother of our t^ubject, whose maiden name was Lucy Paige, was also born in Massachusetts. C. H. Cummings was reared on his father's farm to the age of nineteen years, then went to Boston to take a situation in a mercantile estab- lishment. He afterward went into business at Charlestown, and was so engaged there and at Cambridge until the fall of 1849. On the 12th of November of that year he sailed from New- buryport, on the bark Domingo (Captain Bray), bound for California. The vessel put into port twice on the voyage, once at St. Catherines, where she was in harbor eight days, and again at Juan Fernandez, where she stopped for three days. The vessel landed at San Francisco on the 7th of April, 1850. Mr. Cummings re- mained in the city until October, then came to Sacramento, where he lias resided ever since. He was acquainted with Mr. Mace, of the firm of Mace, Loveland & Co., who were then in the wholesale grocery trade oh J street, between j Second and Third, and he soon made an en- j gagement with the firm. He remained with j them until they discontinued business, and then went with Meeker & Co., who were doing busi- ness at the present site of Hammer's drug store, Fourth and K. He was employed by them from 1853 until 1856, and then became a member of the firm, the membership of which was thereafter David Meeker, A. W. Bell and C. H. Cummings. The firm closed out by limi- tation March 1, 1858, and then Mr. Cummings went with the firm of Stanford Bros. & Meeker, composed of Josiah and Leland Stanford and David Meeker. Within a year thereafter Mr. Meeker sold out his interest in the business, but the firm continued until the election of Le- land Stanford as governor in 1861. After his in- auguration, Mr. Cummings was appointed stamj) clerk in the Secretary of State's oltice, the date being January 10, 1862. Upon the death of the tlien Secretary of State W. H. Weeks, A. H. Tuttle took the office, and Mr. Cummings became Deputy Secretary of State. He held this position until the election of B. B. Redding as Secretary of State, and for three months thereafter he was clerk in the office. He was then in the Sacramento postoffice a year and a HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. half, and in August, 1865, became cashier of the Sacramento & Placerville Railroad. This office he held until the consolidation of that railroad with the Central Pacific system, and since then he has been assistant paymaster of the Central racitic. He lias been secretary and treasurer of the Capitol Gas Company since 1876. Mr. Cummings was married in Massa- chusetts to Miss Mary Ann Cole, a native of Maine, and daughter of Hiram and Lois (Young) Cole, both of whose parents were born in the State of Maine. Mr. and Mrs. Cummings have had tiiree children, of whom one, Charles Au- gustus, died in September, 1852. Those living are: Quincy Cole, who was born at East Cam- bridge, Massachusetts, in 1849, and is now with the Central Pacific Railroad at San Francisco; and Henry A., who was born in Sacramento in May, 1854, and is in the ofiice of the treasurer of the Central Pacific at San Francisco. Mr. Cummings is an honorary member of tlie Sac- ramento Society, California Pioneers. He served four years as a member of the Board of Educa- tion, having been elected in 1872. In politics lie is a Republican. Mr. Cummings lias been identified with Sacramento since her early days, and has always ranked among her best citizens. '^■^■^ |P^ON. L. L. LEWIS was born in Genesee |M\ County, New York, in 1831, about thirty ^ll miles from Buffalo, although the family soon afterward removed to Arcade, in AVyoming County, adjoining. His father was a farmer, and it was from the rough but beneficial train- ing that falls to the lot of a farmer's son that Mr. Lewis has drawn the diligent and indepen- dent elements in his character that iiave helped to make iiim so successful in after life. In 1844 the family removed to Belvidere, Illinois, and thence in 1848 Mr. Lewis went to Iowa, where_ his father, being still alive, at an ad- vanced age, still resides. From here Mr. Lewis returned to Arcade to learn his trade as a tin- smith and plumber, and tliei-e lie worked at it until in 1859 he came to California via Pana- ma, arriving in this city in the fall. He was preceded here by his brother, Mr. S. G. Lewis, now a leading fruit-grower and ranchman of Nevada County, and formerly a journalist of standing and success, who started the Foot-Hill Tidings of Grass Valley, and has occupied many prominent positions. As soon as he reached Sacramento, Mr. L. L. Lewis took a position in the same establishment of which he is now the head and sole proprietor, acting first as a tinner, and gradually working himself up until in 1872 he became proprietor, and extend- ing the business until it is now the chief house in its line in this portion of the State. Mr. Lewis also became interested in mining proper- ties in the foot-hills and elsewhere, engaging quite extensively in this business and spending a considerable portion of his time there. He was there during the period of the war of the Rebellion, and as he was a firm Union man, he had most interesting experiences. However, in 1872 he finally came down from the mines, and has since been actively engaged in business here. Among the enterprises with which the name of Mr. Lewis has been identified should be mentioned at some length the building and loan societies of this city. He is now the presi- dent of the Occidental Building and Loaning Association, and a director of the Union Build- ing and Loaning Association. Two series of shares issued by these companies have already been wound up, and there are ten series in all, a showing of great success and a vast benefit to the city in the way of assisting people to ob- tain homes. In October, 1887, Mr. Lewis be- gan to move, in connection with others, in the matter of electric street railroads. The result of the action taken is the successful completion of a line that runs from the depot to J street, and thence to the Oak Park addition to Sacra- mento, which lies to the southeast, and which comprises 300 acres of the highest groufld ad- joining the city, and has unexceptionable drain- age, the best oi water, etc. As u natural consequence it is attracting the attention of HISTORY OF SACIiAMENTO COUNTY. home-seekers and investors, and is being rapidly disposed of, now that it has ready communica- tion with the city by the electric road. The franchise of this road comprises some twelve miles in the city, of which four miles are built. The system adopted is that of " storage," and was proving an admirable success, with the ex- ception of one feature of the machinery, the cars being trim, handsome and easily handled. Until the above difficulty can be overcome, the company will use horse power. This road has already given a marked impetus to the exten- sion of the city, and has proven a great boon to the citizens. The gentlemen associated with Mr. Lewis in this matter are Messrs. E. K. Alsip, Solomon Ilunyon and Robert T. Devlin, of this city, and Mr. W. J. Landers, of San Francisco. Mr. Lewis is also a director of the Board of Trade of this city, one of the most efficient bodies of its kind in the State, and a director and charter member of the Sacramento Improvement Association, which has done so good work for the city. His standing in the community is the highest, and he commands the respect, confidence and esteem of every one. Mr. Lewis was married in 1866 to Miss Lerisa Corriger, of Sonoma, and they have three chil- dren, whose names are Mabel, Edna and Alice. I^ON. GEORGE C. McMULLEN, who owes ^m\ more to the capital embraced in a fine *^/ physical organization and a well-poised brain than to the inherited wealth of a line of ancient ancestors, was born in Perry County, Ohio, January 27, 1838, his father being a prosperous farmer in that section. In 1855 his parents removed to Missouri and thence, two years later, set out for California, making the trip by ox teams without serious mishap. Mr. McMuUen resided first in Solano County, until the fall of 1874, when he came to Sacramento County and purchased a fine ranch of 240 acres known as "Lizzie's Vineyard," situated within a short distance of Brighton, which he con- ducted for a number of years and brought to a high state of perfection. Of late Mr. McMul- len has been trading and dealing extensively in land, and devoting himself to the breeding and raising of the finer grades of horses and stock. He at present farms a snug place of some seventy- six acres near Brighton, and situated about five miles east of the city For four years, begin- ning in 1884, Mr. McMullen represented the Fourth Supervisors' District of this county, and at the election of November, 1888, was chosen to the most responsible position of sheriff of the county; an office he is peculiarly well fitted to fill efficiently on account of his wide acquaint- ance in this section, his quick and ready judg- ment, his unhesitating determination. The Board of Supervisors, of which he was a mem- ber, has made an honorable record for itself in the great amount of public improvements it has accomplished, in the way of laying out and improving roads, the building of bridges, etc., etc., — more than was effected in the twenty years previously; and what is still more credit- able, the rate of taxation has been at the same time materially lowered. Mr. McMullen is a Republican of decided convictions. For many years he has been an active Pati-on of Hus- bandry. Mr. McMullen was married Septem- ber 25, 1859, to Miss Rlioda E. White. They have five children: George Ebner, Irvine H., Lida A., Winfield E., and Edith, the youngest, all residing at home. v^., fllARLES MEALAND, M. D. Although a resident in this city but a comparatively short time, having arrived in Sacramento but a little over three years ago. Dr. Mealand presents a capital instance of what may be ac- complished by skill and attention to business, as he has already stepped well to the front in his profession and has won a practice of most re- spectable dimensions. Dr. Mealand is a native of Coventry, Warwickshire, England, whei'e he was born February 3, 1846. In his native town ULSTOMY OF SACRAMENTO 000 NTT. he received a thorough scholastic training and a iitting for the general business of life, though without proceeding to the study of a profession. Upon arriving at his majority in 1807, he de- termined to come to America, making his way iirectly to the State of Illinois. Having always had a taste for the study of medicine, he began at once to prepare himself for the duties of a phy- sician, graduating at Bennett Medical College, Chicago,and locating at Elgin, Illinois, where he remained until he decided in 1886 to come to this State. As has already been stated, he has built up a good practice, having had excellent success in its course. Dr. Mealand is an active member of the Baptist Church, holding a place upon the executive committee of the Sacramento Bap- tist Union, and is an enthusiastic worker in the Sabbath-school. He has been deeply interested in both church and Sunday-school matters since he was seventeen years of age. During his residence of twenty years in Elgin, he was always busily employed and for several years acted as superintendent and chorister of the Sunday-school in connection with tbe Baptist Church there. He also acted as superintendent here in the Ninth Street Church, of which he is a member until the calls of a laborious pro- fession compelled him to give it up. He is a member of the Ancient Order of Foresters, of the T. O. O. F., and of the Sons of St. George, having acted for some time as examining pliysician for Benbow Lodge of the latter body for some time, as also of the Knights of Honor. He possesses a snug ranch of twenty- four acres at Loomis, not far above this city, which is set out in pear, apricot, cherry, peach and other fruit trees. He also owns a section of timber land near Visalia in this State. Dr. Mealand was married September 9, 1866, in Coventry, England, to Miss Jane Baxter of that place. They have four children, two sons and two daughters, whose names are as follows: Charles Baxter, Clarence Herman, Grace Elizabeth and Gertrude Beatrice. His mother is still alive at the good old age of seventy-nine, and still resides at Coventry. Dr. Mealand has the peculiar for- tune to be a seventh son, a fact that perhaps contributes to his great success as a physician. He has one brother in the sheep business in Australia; another an artist in Massachusetts, and a third retired from active business in England. — ^^(§!"!i)^-^ — fRANKLIN G. FAY, M. D., who is ranked as one of the most successful of our younger physicians, has been a resident of this city for the past three years, during which time he lias gained an enviable reputation for skill and success in his practice. He was born in Elgin, Illinois, March 22, 1865. He received a thorough preliminary education in the schools of his native place, graduating at the Elgin Academy in 1881. He immediately began the study of medicine at Bennett Medical College, Chicago, graduating there in March, 1886, having taking the Eclectic course, and fitting himself for the best practical work by choosing the best methods of all schools of physicians. Immediately upon graduation. Dr. Fay came to Sacramento, and has had good success from the lirst. His office is central, being located at -No. 627 J street, being the northwest corner of Seventh and J streets, and his residence is at No. 171i M street, in the heart of the residence portion. He is an active member of the Ancient Order of Foresters, being court sui-geon of courts Sacramento, Capital and Sutter, of that order. *g->^^^ Jg^ON. ADD. C. HINKSON was born De- iW| cember 19, 1837, in Potosi, Washington ^(fi County, Missouri. The familj' removed to this State in 1852, arriving in Sacramento September 2, immediately after the occurrence of one of the disastrous fires that swept the city in the early days. Shortly afterward they went to Feather River, where young Hinkson en- gaged in mining. Later he went to Amador County, and followed several vocations, becom- Ul STORY OF SACMAMENTO COUJ\TY. ing one of the best known and most popular men of the county. In 1865 he was elected to the position of auditor and recorder of the county, holding the office for two years. He was then elected county clerk, continuing to occupy that post until in the early part of 1870, when he removed to this city. During the lat- ter part of his last term as county clerk of Amador County he had prosecuted the diligent study of law, and was admitted to practice in January, 1870. lie immediately opened an office here in partnershipwith Judge Armstrong, now Superior Judge of this county. Mr. liink- son has tilled a large place in the history of the public schools of this city at a period of critical importance. He was at one time urged by his friends to accept the nomination for superin- tendent of schools, but having an agreement with hie partner, Judge Armstrong, nut to enter into politics, he declined. The people pressed the matter, and hnaljy persuaded Judge Arm- strong to urge it also, when Mr. Hinkson con- sented and was elected by a largo majority, although on the Democratic ticket, and the city was decidedly Republican. This was in 1873. In 1875 and in 1877 he was elected again, thus serving in all three terms. After that he posi- tively refused the position again, as he desired to devote his attention to private business. At this time feeling ran very strongly upon the subject of the admission of colored children to the public schools. The law, as it stood, for- bade the admixture, but notwithstanding this fact the Board of Education allowed their en- trance. The sentiment of the people was de- cidedly opposed to this, and hence when Mr. Hinkson carried out tne law he was warmly upheld by them. Tiiere was a very troubled state of affairs for a time, the Board of Educa- tion pulling illegally for an indefensible idea, while Mr. Hinkson, as superintendent, firmly acted according to the law. Suffice it to say, that in the end he won his side completely, and even his bitterest opponents at the time admit- ted the correctness of his actions, and became his warmest teachers. At the time of tiie oc- currences public attention was called to the matter all over the country, and a great deal of interest excited. Mr. Hinkson was much liked by the teachers over whom he had the direction. At the close of his last term in 1879, they com- pletely surprised him by presenting him with a magnificent gold watch, suitably engraved, and this is the time-piece Mr. Hinkson now carries. They had previously presented him a petition, signed by every one, to allow his name to be brought forward for the fourth time. Upon the establishment of the Free Public Library in 1881, he was chosen one of the trustees of that institution, and still holds that office. He lias labored indefatigably for its welfare, and the result of his efforts is plainly shown in the admirable selection of books and in its general popularity. Mr. Hinkson was married in Ne- vada City on September 13, 1871, to Miss Hunt, the daughter of Dr. Hunt, a well known profes- sional gentleman of that part. They have one son. Add. C, Jr., a promising young man now in attendance at the Military Academy in Oak- land. He has one sister, now the wife of Judge Armstrong, and another, the wife of M. T. Littlefield, Esq., of Amador County. He has also two cousins. Misses Mary Hinkson and Lucy Hinkson, engaged in the teaching profes- sion in this county, while an uncle, Mr. M. A. Hinkson, is a prominent resident of Modesto. Both Mr. Hinkson's parents died in this State, after a life of active and worthy accomplish- ment. fROF. J. C. BAIN BRIDGE, though little over twenty-seven years of age, is at the head of one of the most prosperous com- mercial colleges in America. A description of the college appears at another page of this volume. It is but just to say, however, that Prof. Bainbridge owes somewhat of his success to the unusual energy and abilities of his wife, a sketch of whose life follows this article. Prof. Bainbridge was born November 23, 1861, in Lincoln County, Missouri, but when young HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. removed with his parents to the city of St. Louis, in that State. When he was twelve years of age the family came to California, set- tling in San Joaquin County, where his father. Dr. J. A. Bainbridge, a well-known physician of those parts, still resides. Young Bainbridge received his education in the schools of Oak- land and Berkeley, and took a business course in the Stockton Bnsin^ls College. After re- turning from the University he accepted a posi- tion in the Stockton Business College, Mr. Clark being then the proprietor, which he held for three years. At the end of that time he bought Mr. Clark out, and conducted the school him- self until in the fall of 1887 he sold out, came to Sacramento and founded the Bainbridge Business College and Normal School. Its really wonderful success ha prov( Mr. Bainbridge'! peculiar fitness for the work he has undertaken, and mark him deservedly one of Sacramento's prominent citizens. He was married in July, 1885, to Miss Belle C. Rogers, of Stockton. They have no children. Since taking up her residence in Sacramento, Mrs. Bainbridge has taken a leading position among musical people of this city, and as a teacher, whether of voice or piano, she is singularly successful, a result due not less, perhaps, to her wonderful vitality and inexhaustible energy than to her splendid training and practical methods of imparting knowledge. She is a native of Cleveland, Ohio, her father being still a resident of Akron in that State, but lived in New York State during most of her childhood and youth, beginning her musical education in tiie city of New York under Prof. Taylor. Later she went to Boston, and continued the study of music under Prof. J. D. Parker, now a teacher in the Boston Con- servatory of Music. In 1881 she accepted the position of teacher of music in the Stockton Business College in this State, and came out immediately to fill it. There she met Prof. Bainbridge, and the acquaintance ripening into love, they were married in July, 1885. While in Stockton Mrs. Bainbridge was organist and leader of a choir of forty voices at St. John's Episcopal Church in that city, and occupied there the same leading position in all matters musical that she possesses here. Not satisfied with lier knowledge of harmony or of music, whether vocal or instrumental, Mrs. Bainbridge took courses of lessons, including the very severest work, with Ugo Talbo, the distinguished tenor of San Francisco, and also with Prof. Hugo Mansfeldt, of the same city, who is ac- knowledged to be the best instrumentalist on the coast. Upon coming to Sacramento, Mrs. Bainbridge was not content to follow the ordi- nary hum-drum of a professional life, but at once set to casting about for some suitable per- son who could aid her in the establishment of an institution of greater pretensiont- than any existing in this city, or indeed upon this coast. In Prof. Charles Heywood, now well known in this city, she found the required ability, ^and in the popular St. Cecilia Club we see the be- ginning of the institution referred to. This club began with about twenty puiiils, gi.tteu together by Mrs. Bainbridge's indefatigable efforts. Prof. Heywood is the leader, and Mrs. Bainbridge the accompanist. Now the club has fifty members. Miss Mary W. Bainbridge, or more familiarly known by her many friends as Mamie, the teacher of Elocution in the Bain- bridge Business College, is the sister of the principal, and a young lady of very superior talent. She is a graduate of the California School of Oratory, her diploma dating May 11, 1888. She has acquired considerable reputa- tion as a skillful reader and reciter, and is not only a popular young lady when such talents are in demand, but is also a great favorite in social circles generally throughout the city. tON. LEROY S. TAYLOR was born July 23, 1827, in Delaware County, Ohio. In 1835 his parents removed to Illinois, where the son resided for the succeeding fifteen years. At Chicago he spent a number of his younger years, having published a directory of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUXTY. that city in 1847, when it had a population, all told, of onh- 20,023, and theie he also entered upon the study of law with Horn & Skinner. Next he became a member of a party who called themselves the " Illinois Company," and set out for the long journey across the plains. When approaching Salt Lake City, some of the boys found an old wagon and utilized a portion of a wheel for making pack saddles. The noted Perley P. Pratt, of Mormon notoriety, happened along, and seeing the opportunity for extortion, seized quickly upon it. He claimed the owner- ship of the wagon and demanded heavy damages for the broken wheel. They refused his claim and he brought suit against them at Salt Lake City. Mr. Taylor was chosen to defend; but, seeing there was no hope of a fair trial they paid $40 to settle the matter. Fortunately they had no other serious trouble on the journey, except se- vere suffering from the alkali upon the desert. Finding a stray Mexican steer, they killed it for food. Eating of this caused the most viru- lent diarrhoea. This clung to Mr. Taylor for years, and at one time threatened to cause his death. They reached the " classic " shades of Hangtown August 19, 1850. Mr. Taylor was glad to take the first thing that came to hand, and agreed to work for a man who was digging a prospect hole, to be paid according to the re- sults. At the end of one day, however, the man threw up the undertaking, paid one dollar only for the work done and sent Mr. Taylor off. With two others he then went to Coloma and washed for gold, taking out about $4 a day for a little time. From there he went to George- town, and thence to Canon Creek, where he did well, but was so reduced by the diarrhoea, already spoken of, that he gave entirely out and was carried by conveyance to Coloma, and lay sick for a long time. Upon becoming able to go around again, he went to Secret Ravine, and from there to Ox-bow Tunnel, near Grey Eagle, where, after long and arduous toil in damming the river, etc., got nothing at all. Afterward he mined at various other points, with varying success, having spent in all about three years mining in El Dorado County. After this he went to Solano County, engaged in merchandis- ing, and for about a year held the position of deputy district attorney. He then went to Santa Cruz Count}', where, in the red-woods, he was engaged for some time in superintending the construction of mills. Finally, in 1857, Mr. Taylor returned to Sacramento, where he has resided ever since. He first became a clerk in a general store, but soon began the study of law. In July, 1858, he was admitted to practice, and has ever since that time been in the successful pursuit of his profession. Mr. Taylor is a man who makes no display of his powers. His high character and his uniform success has proved the value of his services to his clients. It is not alone as a lawyer, however, that he has made his influence felt in this community. For a long time he was county commissioner in this county, and during the term ending in 1889, represented the Nineteenth Assembly District in the Legislature. During the last session he was chairman of the Ways and Means Commit- tee, probably the most important of all the committees in the House. He is a stanch Re- publican. Mr. Taylor is a married man, and has two children, a son and a daughter. The son, E. D. Taylor, is a leading searcher of rec- ords, having his office in the' same building as his father. Mr. Taylor is Past Grand Master in the Odd Fellows order. ^ON. J. L. HUNTOON, Treasurer of Sa- ^^ cramento County for the second term, is ^ftS one of the best known and most esteemed officials of the county, having resided in this city since the spring of 1855, and been pro- prietor of prosperous hotels since that time. He was born in Groton, Vermont, in 1822, where his father was a farmer, but removed with his parents to Craftsbury when only a lad of six or seven years. Until he reached the age of nine- teen he resided at home, working hard upon the farm during the summer and attending school HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. during the winter. In 1843 he went to Ports- inDiitli, Kew Hampshire, and obtained employ- ment as driver of a baker's wagon. This he continued lor tliree years and then engaged in traveling for tlie lirm of II. S. Doane & Co., of Boston, Massachusetts, in the sale of brushes tlirougliout the State of Maine. Later he was employed- in tlie sale of confectionery and cigars, and later still he traveled over the New England States for the New York house of Curtis & Perkins, the agents for the sale of Mrs. Wins- low's popular soothing syruj". Those were the days before railroads went to every little town. He was given a team and a light wagon, and he drove over the country -roads from town to town, li\ing hard and working laboriously, as it often happened, and exposed to all sorts of weather. Tiring ot this at last, in the fall of 1855, Mr. Huntoon set out i'or this State, proceeding to Panama by the steamer George Law, which carried so many Californians, and finally reach- ing this city in the spring of the following year. First he purchased and conducted tiie Telegraph Hotel on J street, between Twelith and Thirteenth streets, long a popular hostelry. After three years he leased the house, bought a band of sheep and drove them down to Solano County. Selling these out two years later, he j-eturned to Sacram^to and took the Fountain House on J street, above Tenth, and carried it on successfully until 1865. He then went east for a visit, making the journey again via Pana- ma. Upon this trip lie was absent from Febru- ary to September, and had an enjoyable time. Upon his return he engaged in the furniture business, and also carried on the manufacture of mattresses, upholstering, etc., continuing in this until 1883. From that time until his election as treasurer of the county, Mr. Hun- toon acted as an administrator, being engaged in the settlement of estates, etc. He has always taken an active and intelligent interest in poli- tics, and is well known as a stanch Republican. Mr. Iluntoon was married in 1851 to Miss Charlotte P. Cunningham, at the town of Wash- ington, near Augusta, Maine. They have had four children, of whom one, a daughter, is de- ceased. The names of the others are as follows: William F., the cashier of the Peoples' Savings Bank, of this city; Eva May and Joseph Edgar. Mr. Iluntoon has also two brothers living, who reside in the State of Massachusetts. tEV. A. C. HEPtRICK, pastor of Calvary Baptist Church, has, with one exception, been settled in charge of this influential society a longer time than any other Baptist minister in California, his charge beginning in 1884. He was born at Sedgwick, Maine, in May, 1834, his father being a sea captain who was lost at sea when the subject of this sketch was but twelve years of age. By this sad calamity he was left an orphan, as his mother had died some time previously. He was pre- pared for college at Hebron, Maine, where is the oldest Baptist Academy in that State, and in 1857 was graduated at Colby College in Waterville, Maine. For one year Mr. Herrick acted as principal of Orono High School, and then for two years occupied the same position at East Corinth Academy. In 1860 he went to Europe, visiting notonly the points of usual in- terest to the tourist, but also spending some time in the Holy Land, Egypt, etc. Returning from this journey, Mr. Herrick was principal of He- bron Academy ten years. During this time he took a course of three years' duration at the Union Theological Seminary in New York, graduating in 1866. This he was enabled to accomplish by the kindness of a friend to whom he entrusted the management of the academy while his studies necessitated his absence in New York. Was pastor of the Hebron Baptist Church one year. In 1871 he was settled in charge of the Baptist Church at Canton, Maine, holding the charge until 1876, when he became pastor of the Freeport Baptist Church. Wiiile at Canton he was ordained to the Baptist min- istry, in October, 1872. In the same year he made a short trip to Europe, visiting St. Peters- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. burg, Russia, and other parts of the less cus- tomary routes of travel. It was in this way that Mr. Herrick gained the material for the illustrated lectures on the Holy Land, Europe, the United States, etc., that have made his name well known in the lecture field. Mr. Herrick was married in 1867 to Miss Kate Powers, of Amenia, New York. She is one of a family that has made itself felt in more than one direction in this country. One of her brothers is the Rev. H. N. Powers, D. D., an eminent and popular Episcopal clergyman on tiie Hudson, New York. Another brother is Dr. F'red. Powers, a prominent physician of Connecticut; while other brothers occupy lead- ing positions as lawyers and civil engineers. Mrs. Herrick is herself a lady of high artistic talent, conducting a large and successful class in art, in this city. They have two daughters, Jennie, aged fifteen, and Katie, aged fourteen — both attending the High School here. Since Mr. Herrick was settled in charge of Calvary Church in 1884, it has known a period of en- largement and progress. In 1886 a vestry was built, at a cost of $1,200. Again, in 1887, a mission was opened in Washington that has now 100 members, and of which Mr. Herrick has charge. During his pastorate of Calvary Church no fewer than 127 persons have united with the church, and now active steps are being taken to erect a new church edifice on the cor- ner of Sixteenth and I streets, at a cost of $20,000, thus keeping pace with the growth of spiritual interests. Calvary Church also opened the Sabbath-school at the Orphans' Home, and has now a young man preparing for the minis- try at the Rochester, New York, University; another, of Mexican birth, studying here with a view to teaching in Mexico, while a young lady is diligently preparing herself for mission- ary labor on the Congo. Mr. Herrick is a pas- tor beloved by his people, and a minister esteemed by the people at large. He is an orator; sound, clear and deep in his arguments. There is no more active and energetic worker than he, in all causes that tend to the moral and spiritual good of man. Finally, he is personally a hearty, whole-souled man of engaging pres- ence. He has also had some experience in political life, as he represented in the Legisla- ture daring one term (1867) the Oxford Dis- trict in Maine. J^ON. SYLVESTER TRYON, well known |B\ as the chief mover in the manufacture of ^s¥ woolen goods in Sacramento, is worthy of special mention. The Capitol Woolen Mills were built and the company incorporated in 1868, with a capital of $100,000, Mr. Leonard Goss being the first president, and Mr. Tryon one of the heavy stockholders. A man named Tatterson, supposed to be experienced, was im- ported from the East to act as superintendent. He inaugurated a period of great extravagance, and consequently the mills did not pay. Finally in 1870 the superintendence of the mill was turned over to R. T. Brown, who held that position until 1872, but also without satisfac- tory results. In that year, at the request of his fellow-stockholders, Mr. Tryon, who was president at the time, also assumed tiie man- agement and devoted the whole of his attention to the mills. He started wisely by starting slowly and allowing the business to suggest its own extensions, and as a result succeeded in making a paying concern of it. The ground occupied comprises two entire blocks, situated in the northern portion ot the city, adjoining the line of the Central Pacific. A fire had con- sumed the mill in 1875. Immediately there- after the buildings were reconstructed, with all the improvements that Mr. Tryon's long experi- ence could suggest, and as a consequence the establishment was in tip-top shape and running nicely with a force of employes ranging from fifty to seventy-five men, when the last fire of 1886 caught them without insurance. Though by no means a crippled man, Mr. Tryon felt himself so discouraged that he has not as yet rebuilt, but contemplates doing so at an early HlarOBT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. date. In connection with the mills he always conducted a tailoring and sales department at No. 822 J street. This is still continued, although now of necessity' from goods other than his own u.anufacture, and enjoys a fair share of the business in that line in the city. It should be stated before leaving this portion of the subject that after the first fire the com- pany was rein corpora ted witii a capital stock of $200,000, and the new factory comprised a complete four-set mill. The life of Mr. Tryon luis been one of great variety and incident, and presents an apt illustration of what may be accomplished by energy, application and the following of right principles. He was born in 1827, in the State of Ohio. Upon the dis- covery of gold in California he set out for the trip across the plains. The journey, lasting six months, proved a very long and tedious as well as perilous one, although happily made without cerious accident. He reached Sacramento Au- gust 22, 1850, bringing with him a band of iiorses and mules for trading purposes. Dis- l^osing of his stock, he went to El Dorado County, and during two years was busily and successfully engaged in mining. He returned to this city July 1, 1852, and immediately entered into business on his own account as keeper of a livery stable and dealer in grain and hay. He had taken up a ranch on the Cosumnes River, where he cut several hundred tons of hay. As it chanced, in the great tire that swept tlie city in November, 1852, almost the entire stock was consumed excepting that of Mr. Tryon, and the result was that he coined a great deal of money out of his happy venture. Tryon's stable was one of the well-known estab- lishments of the early days, being situated on Tenth street, not far from the Plaza, and where the brick portion still remains, being still a prosperous undertaking, although rented out to others. A tire, to be noticed later, destroyed the wooden buildings which weie necessary to meet the large business demands of the days when Mr. Tryon conducted it in person. In relating the circumstances of the flood of 1862, Mr. Tryon recounts some thrilling instances of the excitements and troubles of the times that appear in our history of that period. He has always been an active Republican f.nd Unionist. During the days of the Rebellion he was ap- Tointed enrolling officer lor SHcramento by President Lincoln, and necessarily incurred the hatred of the rebels, who were nuiiierous in California in those days. Not content with bravado, they set tire to his stables, burning the wooden buildings to the ground, with great loss to Mr. Tryon. During all these years he was a most pronounced worker for the good of his country, taking an active interest also in poli- tics and aiding more than a little in keeping California in the Union. AVhen he became president of the Woolen Mills Company he found it necessary to devote himself chiefly to lis interests, and has since that time ceased to busy himself so actively with politics. He was one of the old volunteer Fire Department and was one of the organizers of the present efficient department, and is a member of the Exempt Firemen of this city, an account of whose or- ganization will be found elsewhere. It will thus be seen that Mr. Tryon has been one of the active movers in all good causes in tliis city, of which he has always been a citizen of prominence and itnportance, taking a part in every undertaking thai promised to be of gen- eral benefit. He is a large property-holder and a heavy tax-payer in the city, and has been such from the first, and as a public-spirited and valu- able member of the community ranks as high as any. Mr. Tryjn was married to Miss Mary Merrill, a native of Massachusetts, in 18G9. They ha.'e two children, named respectively Arthur Lincoln and Willia.ii. tG. TRYON was born February 4, 1825, at Middletown, Connecticut, his father ® being a well-to-do and highly respected citizen of that place. The family has had an honored history of importance. Mr. Tryon re- UISrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ceived a good practical education in the schools of his native city, but, being naturally of a business turn of mind, he went when but four- teen years of age to Lancaster village, South Carolina, where he assisted a brother-in-law in a store. The climate proved injurious to him, and four years later he returned again to his native State, at that time a tall and delicate stripling of a youth. In 1846, however, he went again to South Carolina and spent two years at Camden in that State. In 1849, together with his younger brother, Mr. A. S. Tryon, he joined a company of sixteen men all told, in the pur- chase of a schooner called the "Julius Pringle," of which they owned one-eighth. They set sail August 28, 1849, from New London and finally reached San Francisco, February 14, 1850. Of the company the other fourteen were all old sailors and navigated the vessel. The voyage was made without mishap, although off the Rio de la Plata they encountered a six days' storm, and undertaking the passage through the Straits of Magellan they experienced head winds that delayed them eighteen days in it. On Jf luary 1 tl. ey at Valparaiso, where they stopped for water and provisions. The voyage up from there was made in forty days, reaching the Golden Gate on the date men- tioned. They immediately came up the river to Sacramento, arriving here in the latter part of the month uf February, 1850. The two brothers then purchased an additional interest in the schooner, and in company with some of the others traded on the river for the course of two months, running her in connection with Starr, Benson & Co., a well-known lirm of early days. They then sold out and went up to Coloma, where they mined for a little while, but soon started a store, where they kept on hand a stock of general miners' supplies.' This business was continued for five years, A. S. sell- ing the goods at Coloma and attending to the store, while A. G. came to this city, did the buying, and freighted them to his brother at Coloma. By this time, however, from being a delicate young man lie had grown to be very strong and robust. In 1856 the brothers dis- continued the business at Coloma. A. S. re- turned to the East and now resides at Leroy, New York. The subject of this sketch, how- ever, came to Sacramento city and has lived here constantly ever since, with the exception only of the numerous pleasure trips which the gentleman has made and is still making to dif- ferent parts of the world. Since he has resided here Mr. Tryon has engaged extensively in the buying and selling of real estate and in lend- ing money. He has been one of our most pub- lic-spirited and energetic citizens, and his large means has enabled him to accomplish a great deal. As an example of his character, one in- may be cited. At the time of the raising of the grade of I street from Seventh to Tenth, the amount levied for the work was the enor- mous sum of 35 per cent, of the assessed valu- ation. Every one of the property-owners interested, with the exception of Mr. Tryon, by taking advantage of a technicality, escaped pay- ing, although they were the very parties who had petitioned to have the work done, while Mr. Tryon paid up promptly and fully. The levee tax has always been the great burden of the city, amounting in 1862 to 7^ per cent. Mr. Tryon was a member of the old Tehama Hose Company in the early '50s. "While on a visit to the East in 1855, however, the company dis- banded. He was married March 12, 1863, in San Francisco, to Mrs. Amanda Eugenia Gris- sim. She died in 1879. They had no children. Her two children by a former marriage reside with Mr. Tryon. The Tryon family is one of the oldest Connecticut families, tracing its pedigree back to ancestors wlio sailed from Eng- land before the Revolutionary days, and going still further back to an honorable origin in Flanders. When they first arrived in America they settled at Glastonbury, on the Connecticut River, where portions still reside. It is a very long-lived family, as is shown by the great age of Mr. Tryon's immediate relatives. He ban two sisters now I'esiding in Connecticut, at the ages respectively of eighty-four and seventy-six HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. years; and one at Leroy, New York, now eighty-two. Of his brothers, two are now aged Beventy and sixty-eight, in Middletown. His mother reached the age of eighty-four before her death. Personally Mr. Tryon is as active and yoniig in appearance as most men at fifty, and bids fair to live to be as old as any of his kin. He has been a great traveler. In 1862 he visited Europe, spending considerable time in making a complete tour of England, Scot- land, Wales, France, etc. There is hardly a portion of our continent that he has not visited and of which he is not able to give an accurate description, from Alaska and the Yellowstone National Park to the large cities of the East or the picturesque wilderness of Mexico. Indeed he is, at date of this writing, about to start on a trip to the city of Mexico, in which doubtless there will be much hunting and an enjoyable time. The last time he was East was in 1882. The comfortable home of Mr. Tryon is situated at No. 912 Sixth street, in this city. fll. W. A. HUGHSON has resided here for over fifteen years, during which time he has won the confidence and esteem of all classes and enjoys a high reputation for success and careful attention to patients. He was born January 18, 1845, near London, Canada, his father being Rev. W. D. Hughson, one of the most revered and prominent clergymen of the Methodist Episcopal Church in that Province. The family is one of the older families of West- ern Canada, and is of high standing. Dr. Hugh- son's grandfather was one of the first settlers upon the" site of the flourishing city of Hamil- ton, one of the most important manufacturing centres of the Dominion. Several of the prin- cipal streets are named after the family, as Hughson street, John street, James street, etc. Dr. Hughson was brought up in his native town, gaining his preliminary education there and living the active life of boyhood and youth. He attended the medical department of the University of Victoria College, and graduated in 1868, after a three years' course, and at once began the active practice of tlie profession in the town of Dresden, Canada. Two years later he removed to Delavan, Wisconsin, where he built up a practice of considerable dimensions. Desiring to seek a milder climate. Dr. Hughson determined to come to California, and accord- ingly, in 1873, removed to this State. For six mouths he practiced in Marysville, but not be- ing satisfied with the prospects of that city, came to Sacramento, where he has resided since. Dr. Hughson is a leading homeopathist. He was president of the Sacramento I'oard of Health during the term of Mayor Turner. Dr. Hughson was married in 186'J to Miss Libbie McGee, a native of Canada. They have three daughters, all living at home, and named re- spectively Edith, Ira and Beth. Dr. Hughson owns a ranch of 160 acres just east of Florin, upon ivhich he has set out 100 acres in grapes, fruits, berries, etc. It is one of the most com- plete ranches in Sacramento County, being fitted and supplied with steam engine, pumps, and all modern conveniences. fOLONEL E. E. HAMILTON, who has been the cashier of the Sacramento Bank since its foundation in 1875, and has held many other positions of trust, was born in 1832, in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and there spent his childhood and early youth. In 1848, when sixteen years old, he went to Pittsburg, and be- came an apprentice to the trade of steamboat coppersmith. He served the full term of four years, perfecting himself in the trade, receiving during that period the wretched pittance of only fifty cents a week and board, and yet having to clothe himself ! Having finished hi appr ticeship, he followed his trade until April, 1853, when he crossed the plains, making most of the distance on foot behind an ox team. At last, September 23, 1853, he reached Sacramento, footsore and weary, a strange boy in a strange HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 267 land, witli only two bits in money in his pocket, l)ut witli a stont liciirt and lionest purpose in his breast. He got a job at once to shovel dirt into China Slongh for a contractor who was then grading K street. Having no money wherewith to buy blankets he slept in a pile of straw. For two weeks he kept at this, when he rose a step on the ladder, securing employment as a porter in the store of Mr. E. Ayres. There he worked until January, 1854, when he went to San Fran- cisco and resumed his trade of coppersmith, receiving as wages $6 a day. Mr. Hamilton continued there until the fall of 1855, when he set out in business for himself in the stove and ironware trade at Placerville, in partnership with Mr. J. L. Smith, lu 1857 he sold out and came to Sacramento, forming a partnership with a Mr. Purdin, continuing in the stove busi- ness until 1866. In that year he was elected city assessor upon the Ilepublican ticket, Col- onel Hamilton liaving been all his life a con- sistent and hard-working member of that party. In 1867 lie was proffered the appointment of casiiier of the Sacramento Savings Bank. Ac- cepting this, he lias continuously since that date been connected with that institution, receiving the like appointment of cashier of the Sacra- mento Bank upon the liquidation of the former and the founding of the latter bank. Colonel Hamilton has honorably earned the title he wears. At the commencement of the M-ar he organized a company of sharp-shooters, and was afterward chosen Colonel of the Fourth Regi- ment of Infantry, l^fational Guards, of Cali- fornia. He has been twice married, and has a son and a daughter. The son, E, G., is learning a trade. -^^ l^-.^- ^Oi\. EDWARD M. MARTIN.— This gen- ^m\ tleman was born at Muscatine, State of ^Is Iowa, in the year 1845. Seven years later the family removed to California, crossing the plains by o.\ teams, and finally arriving in tliis city September 24, 1852, atter a tedious trip, but fortunately without serious mishap. Mr. Martin was educated first in the public schools of this city, and afterwards proceeded to take an academic course at Napa College, but he was compelled to abandon this before graduation, owing to a lack of funds to complete both it and his legal studies, upon which he had deter- mined. Accordingly he became a student in the othce of Messrs. CofFroth & Spaulding, the eminent attorneys of former days in this city. On October 21, 1867, he was admitted to prac- tice before the Supreme Court of this State, immediately hung out his shingle and began the successful practice of law in this city. Mr. Martin has always taken an active interest in politics, — as a worker, however, rather than as an office-seeker, — and is a stanch Repub- lican of broad and liberal views. For a time he held the position of court commissioner, and is now and has been for several years a member of the Board of Education. He is an active worker in all good canses that aim to promote the general good, and has thus naturally taken a prominent part in social and beneficiary orders. He is a Past Noble Grand of Capital Lodge, No. 87, I. O. O. F., a Past Chief Patriarch of Pacific Encamjiment, No. 2, First Past Commander of the Patriarchs Militant, Canton 1, Sacramento, is a Past Sachem of Owosso Lodge, Imp. O. R. M., No. 39, and is also a member in good standing of the A. O. U. W., and of the Knights of Honor. Mr. Mar- tin comes of a long-lived family, his father, Mr. George W. Martin, the well-known builder and contractor of this city, being still a hale and hearty business man, although of the advanced age of seventy-two years. In another place will be found a sketch of the latter's life. Three brothers and a sister reside at Moscow, Idaho Territory, while two younger half-brothers live with their father in Sacramento. Mr. Martin was married to Miss Emily E. Jones, sister of Hon. C. T. Jones, of this city, reference to whom is made elsewhere. She died about four years ago. Of their three children i>ut one, a son named Albert Baker, is now living. Such in 268 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. brief is a sketch of tlie life of one who holds a position of no little importance in the legal pro- fession of Sacramento, lie is a public-spirited citizen of this place, of which he has been a resident since boyhood, and it is not the less to his credit that his present position of promi- nence has not come to him by chance or fortune, but is the result of great natural ability coupled with indefatigable diligence and a close atten- tion to business. fUSTAVUS LINCOLN SIMMONS, M. D. Dr. Simmons was born in liingham, Plymouth County, Massachusetts, March 13, 1832. His paternal ancestor in America was Moyses Simmons, one of the Pilgrim colony of English that sailed in the ship Fortune; the vessel which followed the Mayflower, and which reached Plymouth in 1G21. His maternal an- cestor was a Lincoln, who went from liingham in England, and founded Hingham in America, and whose descendants have furnished to the country numerous examples of ability and patriotism. Toung Gustavus received his pre- liminary education in the schools and Derby Academy of his native town, and when but a boy of seventeen years old, in 1849, sailed from Boston, in the brig Curagoa, and rounded Cape Horn to Join a brother-in-law, the late Dr. Henry B. May, in San Francisco. After a lenthy passage of nearly nine months he reached California, while the State was yet in its Terri- torial condition; and after a few months' stay in San Francisco he removed to Sacramento, during the terrible epidemic of cholera, and while the excitement incident to the squatter riots was still intense. Here he engaged him- self with his medical relative in the business of the old Boston drug store, which was then located on the north side of J street, between Front and Second streets, at that early period, owing to want of accommodations elsewhere in town. A large number of the prominent physi- cians examined their ofiice patients in the little cloth ante-rooms attached to the establishment, and as the location was quite near all the large gambling houses and hotels, it was a common sight at that pioneer period to see here not only victims of cholera and kindred diseases, but also those who had been shot or stabbed, and who needed surgical treatment. In this kind of a practical school young Simmons began his in- terest in the profession of medicine, and for several years did a large amount of work in con- nection with the care of the sick and wounded. He afterward returned to the East and entered the Tremont Street Preparatory Medical School in Boston, and subsequently the medical de- partment of Harvard University, I'eceiving liis degree of Doctor in Medicine and Surgery from that famous institution in 1856. Soon after graduating he returned to Sacramento, where he has since been successfully engaged in the prac- tice of his profession, excepting only the time spent in two extended trips to Europe, taken with a view to observing the hospital practice of the Old World. Dr. Simmons is a member of the American Medical Association and served on the committee of arrangements at the great gathering of that body in San Francisco in 1871. He is also a member of the California State Medical Society; of the Massachusetts State Medical Society, and one of the charter members of the Sacramento Society for Medi- cal Improvement. For over twenty years he served as a commissioner in lunacy and as a member of the Board of Health; also for a term as County Hospital physician and as United States Pension Surgeon, and was the first secretary of the City Board of Education that acted as school superintendent. He is now the president of the board of trustees of the Mar- guerite Home for old ladies, founded by the munificent charity of Margaret E. Crocker. Dr. Simmons was married in 1862 to Celia, daughter of the Rev. Peter Crocker, formerly of Richmond, Indiana, and Barnstable, Massa- chusetts. They have three living children: Gustavus Crocker, Celia May and Samuel Ewer. The eldest son, Gustavus, is a graduate, like his HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 369 father, of Harvard University, receiving his medical degree in 1885. He is now in Europe taking a post-graduate course in the Vienna liospitals. .^.. fLIJAH CARSON HART.— The legal fraternity is well represented in Sacra- mento; and among its members are some of the most intelligent men and most effective workers for the city's advancement to be found among her citizens. Communities, as individuals, may possess great material wealth, the accumulated prolits of shrewd, keen, com- mercial transactions of years, and still have but poorly developed the best impulser of the heart, — the greatest powers of the mind, the deep appreciation of the true, the beautiful, or the good, or the ambition which aspires to them. The subject of this sketch, Hon. Elijah Carson Hart, was born in 1856, and first saw the light of day in an emigrant wagon on the banks of Carson River, while father and mother were cross- ing the plains, after which place he was named. His parents were from Indiana, where his father had been a practicing attorney. After the birth of young Hart, the family proceeded to Nico- laus, in Sutter County, where his father engaged in various pursuits and where Elijah received his earliest education. At the age of twelve, the family removed to Colusa County, Elijah secur- ing employment in the ofiice of the Colusa Sun, where he learned the printer's trade. In 1878 he was elected city clerk of Colusa, but refused the office for the reason that he had been offered editorial control of the Oroville Mercury at about the same time he desired to accept. He controlled the editorial chair of the Mercury from May, 1878, to December, 1878, after which he purchased the Willows Journal and ran it until 1884. He then came to Sacramento and commenced the study of law with his brother, ex-Attorney-General A. L. Hart. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1885 by the Supreme Court of the State. He was elected city attor- ney in March, 1886. In November, 1888, he was elected to the Assembly, receiving the largest Republican majority ever given a Re publican in the Nineteenth Assembly District. At the session of 1889, just passed, he introduced the celebrated Glenn County bill and advocated its passage in a most persistent manner. In making his speech on the introduction of the bill he was heartily applauded and his brilliant speech was a feature of the occasion. Mr. Hart was married in Colusa, May 20, 1878, on the same day he left to take control of the Oroville Mercury. His wife's maiden name was Miss Addie Virian, a grand niece of the celebrated Kit Carson. A remarkable coincidence is that he married the grand niece of the man after whom the Carson River was named, the river on whose banks he was born and after which he was given his middle name. Mr. Hart is en- gaged in the practice of law in Sacramento and has as his associate Judge G. G. Davis. In conclusion we would state that to all who have had the pleasure of his society he is a most pleasant companion, and to those admitted to his friendship he is a wise counsellor and a firm friend. ^ON. ELWOOD BKUNER, District Attor- ^m\ ney, was born September 27, 1854, in ^Is Zanesville, Ohio, his father being the Rev. J. A. Bruner, a minister of the Methodist Church, now one of the oldest, as he is one of the most venerated and beloved, of the clergy- men of that church upon this coast. His father is still living, at a good old age, at West Berke- ley, California. Rev. Mr. Bruner, although now si.\ty-eight years old, is cari-ying on his ministe- rial labors at that point. In 1856 the family removed to this State, arriving here in October of that year. From 1860 to 1865 they were settled in Sacramento, at which time they were transferred to other parts. Young Elwood pur- sued his higher academic studies at the Univer- sity of the Pacific at San Jose, graduating there UrSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. in the class of 1874, and inunediatelj began the study of law in the office of Messrs. Moore, Laine, Delinas & Leib, all names distinguished in legal circles upon this coast. April 10, 1877, Mr. Bruner was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of this State, and at once opened an ofHce. From the first he has been considered one of the most brilliant of the young lawyers of this section of the State. In 1881 he was a partner of Judge W. A. Cheney, the eminent jurist, now of Los Angeles. In 1879 he was elected a member of the Legislature from this county, this being the first chosen under the new constitution of the State. In 1883 he was elected a public school director of this city, and finally in 1886 was chosen by the suffrages of his fellow citizens to till the important office of district attorney; and this he has filled with such general satisfaction that at the late election in 1888 he was sent back to the same position. He has always been an active worker for Re- publican principles. During tiie late election he canvassed the county for the ticket, contribu- ting not a little to the general result. Mr. Bruner is a member in high standing of the order of Odd Fellows, being elected in May, 1887, the Grand Master of that order in Cali- fornia. During his year of oflice he personally visited a large number of lodges, and has the satisfaction of looking back upon a most suc- cessful year in the growth of the order. Mr. Bruner was married to Miss Lillian J. Flint, of this city, in March, 18S0. They have three children, all girls, lleferencc has already been made to his parents. He has also four brothers and one sister living. Of the brothers, two are practicing attorneys in Alturas County, Idaho. The one, P. M., has been district attorney of tliat county, and the other, J. Allison, is a lead- ing member of the Idaho Legislature, being chairman of some of the most important com- mittees. Personally, Mr. Bruner is a gentleman of literary and scholarly tastes, a most etfective and eloquent public speaker, as is emphasized by his selection to represent this city on many public occasions, notably upon the completion of the Oregon & California Eailroad and of the extension of the railroad to Placerville, and is one of the best known and most popular men in the city. fD. GOODELL, one of the best known and highly esteemed citizens of Sacra- ** mento, has been a resident here ever since August, 1849, when he went into camp under a great oak tree where the car shops now are. He was born April 18, 1814, in Belcher- town, Massachusetts, where his father was a well-to-do farmer. At tlie age of eighteen years he went to Amlierst, near by, to learn the trade of carpenter and joiner; after practicing there awhile he spent a year in the same business at Springfield. Returning to Belchertown, he entered the business for himself, with signal success, erecting some of the finest buildings in the place, among others the town hall. After his marriage there he built for himself one of the finest residences in town. Ho then began the systematic stiidy of architecture, perfecting himself in the art. As a large part ot his business lay at Ware village, adjoining Belcher- town, he removed there. Next he took a large contract for building three large factories and several hundred houses for a large cotton manu- facturing firm, and did his .vork so well that he was retained by them for five years. Setting out from New York, in company with eleven others, he being president of the company, March 29, 1849, on the brig Everett, he ar- rived at Panama, April 23; was delayed there nearly a month, and then came on to San Fran- cisco, on the little brig Copiaco, arriving here after a tedious voyage of ninety-five days. At first he tried his hand at mining and prospect- ing around Mormon Island, Hangtown and other places, but, meeting with small success, he re- turned to Sacramento, March 29, 1850, to pur- sue his favorite calling; and since that date he has been identified with the city's best interests. He then found business livoly, buildings going uisTonr OF sacramento county. 271 up rapidly, and lie obtained work at $16 a day, though not as an arcliitect, for at that time the demand was only for cheap and hastily built houses. By the years 1862-'63 the city had so far advanced that a higher order of architecture bej^an to be demanded; and Mr. Goodell built the fine jewelry store of Mr. Wachhorst on J street, from plans of his own design. From that time orders poured in, and a mere list of the many structures put up by him would alone fill many pages. Among them are such fine residences as those of James Carolan, John Carroll, Frank Ebner, Theodore Milliken, Gen- eral Reddington, Albert Gallatin, Charles Scud- der and others, at costs ranging from $15,000 to $40,000; also the county hospital, his plans being selected where there was considerable com- petition. Several lumdred of the buildings of this city and vicinity, great and small, are also Mr. Goodell's work, as also some of the more elegant and complete business blocks, such as that of Waterhouse & Lester, the Grangers' Hall, Mrs. Gregory's building on Second street. Green & Trainor's warehouse on Second street, the grammar-school buildings, etc., etc. Mr. Goodell has been a member of the Pioneer Association from the first, a director tor twenty years, and its president in 1877-'78 when he secured fo. the society the commodious build- ing on Seventh street, which they now occupy an J wliere he has his offices. He is a true type of an American, a champion of free thought and mudern reform and is highly esteemed by all classes. He was married May 2, 1838, to Miss Sarah Pease, at Gran by, Massachusetts, and they have two daughters. At their golden wedding in 1888, an immense throng of citizens turned out to do honor to the worthy couple. fR. WILLIAM W. LICmT, of Sacramento, was born July 29, 1819, upon a farm about two and a half miles from the little town of Bethel, Claremont County, Ohio. It was in this same county and only six miles away that the illustrious General Grant was born. They were boys together, attended the same school at Bethel, and when Grant received the appoint- ment to West Point, young Light was there to congratulate him. When eighteen years of age he began the study of medicine in Cincinnati, and at the same time carried on a chemical laboratory in that city, in company with his brother George, the firm name being G. & W. W. Light. Although never proceeding to a de- gree. Dr. Light became in this way a physician and surgeon of practice and experience. In 1840 he began also the study of dentistry, fitting him- self thoroughly for the profession, which he now carries on quietly but successfully. He was associated in Cincinnati with Dr. J. S. Liggett, a well-known dentist at that time. Dr. John Morehead, his preceptor, manifested so great interest in young Light that he willed him the whole of his valuable medical library. January 1, 1849, Dr. Light started for California, com- ing by way of New Orleans and the Isthmus, having to wait two months at Panama for a ves- sel. Two of the party became impatient and returned to the States. During this time, how- ever, the Doctor was kept busily employed as a physician to the many poor wretches that he found sick at Panama. Finilly he obtained passage on the old whaler Humboldt, with 362 other passengers, and they lived on jerked beef, hard tack and water contained in old whale-oil- soaked barrels during a voyage of 102 days to San Francisco. They reached the Golden Gate August 30, the Doctor being eight months on the journey from Cincinnati. But the remark- able part of the life of Dr. Light begins with his residence in California. He came directly up to Sacramento and found employment almost immediately with the Ormsbys, who had set up a mint and were coining gold. Not knowing how to do the annealing, however, they were making bad work of it and were glad to employ the Doctor at $50 a day to superintend the works; but he shortly afterward quit that situ- ation and tried mining at Weaverville, near Hangtown, with but trifling success. He went HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTT. thence to Shingle Springs, where lie made money, and there he met a Spaniard who in- duced him with others to go to Dark Gulcli, near Sonora, where he reported that gold was very plentiful. On arriving there, however, the Spaniard skipped out and they discovered, wlien too late, that it was all a game gotten up by a storekeeper of that part to sell his goods to the men who should flock to the gulch. Dr. Light then went to the Stanislaus River, and in 1851 returned to Sacramento. In partnership with Drs. Ames and McKenzie, he conducted an ex- tensive medical practice, continuing it during the terrible cholera visitation in 1852. One of the most effective remedies of the time was " Light's Cholera Remedy." After the flood of 1852 he began the practice of dentistry, con- tinuing until 1863, and having as partner for a while a Dr. Pearson. In 1861 Dr. Light had become interested in mining properties in the State of Sonora, Mexico. James Roundtree, a relative of his wife, had located the Deus Padre mine at Alamos, Sonora, making Dr. Light a 'part owner. He wpnt there to inspect the property for himself and the others interested, and in 1863 he was sent there by his associates to act as metallurgist at the mine. Contrary to his judgment and strongly expressed opinion, they sent down expensive mills and other ma- chinery before developments would justify it; and when the results proved Dr. Light correct in his views they determined to sell out in San Francisco at a fictitious value, and to do so wished the Doctor to prepare bogus assays for them. This he refused, whereupon they de- clared him mistaken and proceeded to make the sale at all hazards. lie was induced to give a power of attorney of his share that the sale in San P"'rancisco might be completed. The sale was carried out and Dr. Light's share, $55,000, placed in the hands of the agent, who immedi- ately departed for Germany between the night and morning, and has not since been heard of. The Maximilian catastrophe took place during these years, and Dr. Light acted as surgeon ibr the soldiery, who were numerous in that part of Sonora, and thus won their friendship. One day a soldier came to him with a piece of rock, asking what it was. It proved to be ore of al- most fabulous richness. Guided by the soldier, he went to the spot and saw that it was truly rich as a dream. Later he located the mine, calling it the Dos Hermanos, erected smelting works and began operations. The mine was equal to its promise and he made money, carry- ing his bullion to Hermosillo, where it was turned into coin. Of course, it was necessary in that lawless country to exercise the greatest caution lest a band of roving Yaqui Indians or bandits should find out he had money and raid him. All went well, however, until one day the Doctor befriended two deserters from the Amer- ican army. They must have leagued themselves with the Yaquis; for one afternoon when A. A. Light, the Doctor's brother, had gone to a dis- tant stream to bathe and the Doctor was seated at his door with his nephew, a band of Indians appeared and began to speak to him. Suddenly he was seized from behind and at the same time felt the sting of a bullet wound. X tussel be- gan, for the Doctor is a man of nerve and sinew like steel. Again and again he was wounded, when he made his way to the door, thrust it open against the efforts of the deserters inside, and found that his weapons had been thrown upon the floor from the wall where they had hung. Groping for them with eyes half blinded by blood, he fortunately found a rifle and car- tridges, and then began a terribly unequal bat- tle. The roof of the adobe was set on fire and other damage done, but in the end victory remained with the Doctor, though he was wounded in five places and was there alone. His nephew had been stretched dead at the first vol- ley, and the brother had been killed at the river; but five of the •Yaquis fell to the Doctor's unerring aim, and his fame as a marksman de- terred tiie wretches from another attack. The burned roof fell in upon the house, covering up money and all other valuables, and a rain next day converted all to ruins. Undaunted, Doctor Light stayed by the place, although suffering ■.^^-^£1^ /^^^^^^^ x^^^Z'^ ^ ^ IHSTOnr OF SACIiAMENTO COUNTY painfully from his wounds and having to keep his gun beside liira night and day and be inces- santly watchful. He had an Indian boy, who alone remained with him, gather up the rubbish in the house which contained his money and valuables, and wash away the dirt; and even him he had to threaten with deatii and make liim strip naked to keep him from stealing. Dr. Light tinally left the mine to be worked by others on commission, who remained however but a short time. He came to Sacramento to form a company of trusty people and return to his mine; but, failing to iind men he wanted, he abandoned the enterprise. He was the luore readily induced to do this as our Government was then preferring claims against Sonora which it was thought would lead to the annexation of that State. Amongst these is Dr. Light's claim, reckoned at $500,000. Dr. Light was married to Mrs. C.M.Weber, a lady of unusual talent as a writer, artist and botanist. Unfor- tunately, a considerable portion of the fruits of the labors both of the Doctor and his lady were destroyed by the fire of 1852. She died in Mexico. Dr. Light is a man of peculiar and independent views, a true friend to the suf- fering and the poor, for whom many an act of charity has been performed, quietly and unosten- tatiously. He is a capital story teller. His snug home on I street is a museum of curious and instructive things. He is a member of the Masonic order, and holds pronounced views against the use of tobacco and liquors, and is a belicrer in " free-thouffht." l^OWELL CLARK, a prominent member of §W\ the Sacramento Society of California Pio- ^SH neers and an eminent citizen of the Capi- tal City, was born in Genesee County, New York, June 3, 1811. His father was a farmer and when the subject of this sketch was but two years old the family removed to Ohio, and two or three years afterward to Wood County, in West Virginia, on the Ohio River, whei-e they lived four years. Subsequently they moved to Fountain County, Lidiana, among the earliest settlers on Osborn's Prairie, at the same time that Jesse Osborn first settled there. Later they removed into Vigo County, near Terre Haute. Young Clark, the second eon, contin- ued to work on the farm and in a saw and grist mill until he became of age. About this time his uncle, Chester Clark, of Philadelphia, started extensively in the mercantile business, having at one time seven stores along the Wabash River; and in one of these he gave his nephew a position as clerk and soon afterward the entire management of the business of that house. Two years afterward he and a man named Asa Geer bought an interest in one of these stores, and fin- ally Mr. Geer retired from the business. Mr. Clark then continued the store alone, and also shipped produce, principally corn, on flat-boats to the'New Orleans market. These and other enter- prises occupied his attention during the years 1846-'48, when, his health becoming impaired, he secured his brother, Jere Clark, to take charge of his business affairs, and started for California, hoping to improve his health. The party which he joined was made up in Clark County, Illinois, consisting of fifteen persons, with five wagons and two yoke of oxen to each wagon; and they left Darwin, that county, April 2, 1849, for the golden West. At St. Louis they purchased their provisions, and also at the United States Arsenal at that city car- bines and holster pistols for their five horses, fit- ting themselves out as dragoons, for defense in case of emergency. They journeyed up the Platte River and through the South Pass to the north of Salt Lake by what was called the Sublette cut-off, thence by the head-waters of Snake River to those of the Humboldt and down the latter to the Lassen cut-oflT, which led to the head- waters of Pit River, near tlie Oregon line. Thus far they had no serious trouble with the Indians; but here, after getting over the backbone of the mountains, the Indians one dark night stole or killed about lialf of their oxen. To this point tliey had hauled a good supply of side bacon, HISTOUY OF HACUAMENTO OOUJ^Tr. cotfee, Hour, etc., wliicli they could take no further in its entirety. Tliey tlieretbre took wliat they conveniently could and stacked up tlie rest by the side of the roail, putting a notice upon it for all persons to help themselves. The company had from the start a captain and a treasurer — offices lield by the subject of tliis sketch — and their general method was to stop each day early enough to give their cattle time to eat before dark. Tliey formed their wagons in a circle around their camp, and at dusk they brought their o.xen in and tied them to the out- side wheels of the wagons. One man would guard the cattle until midnight, another until morning, and then a third while they were feed- ing. Two men did all the cooking for one week, and two others the next, and so on. After their loss on Tit River they proceeded southward by the foot of Lassen's Peak, emerging from the mountains at Deer Creek near Teter Lassen's, in tiie Sacramento Yalley, October 13, 1849, after having been si.x months on the journey. After resting and feasting a few days on tender beef, etc., at $1 a meal, the company dissolved. Mr. Clark with one or two others went to Long's Bar, a short distance above where Oro- ville now is, on the Feather Kiver, where they stopped during the winter and spring of 1849- '50, following mining along the banks of the river. In the spring Mr. Clark went seventy- live or 100 miles up into the mountains, near tiie middle fork of Feather Kiver, and estab- lished a trading post and herding ranch in American Valley, where now is located Quincy, the county seat of Plumas County. In this en- terprise a partner from Missouri named Thomas Thing took what money Mr. Clark had and a horse, and went down the Sacramento to pur- chase supplies, — which was the last ever known of him or the horse. Mr. Clark had paid $200 for the horse. He conducted the business alone, and in two or three months cleared about $1,000. lie was the first and only resident of that valley in 1850. Eeturning to Long's Bar on the Feather River, he entered mercantile business with one J. T. Elliott for that winter. The next spring he formed a copartnership with a cousin, Lewis Clark, from Beloit, Wisconsin, and established a store at Gray Eagle, on the middle fork of the American River, in El Do- rado County, and later at Battle Hill, near Georgetown, same county. They purchased considerable real estate in and near Sacramento, and in 1856 they closed business and returned East by the Isthmus of Panama to New York. A year- and a half afterward Mr. Clark came again to California, and has made his home here ever since. He has been twice married, first to Miss Marietta Parsons, in 1844, and again to Anna E. Gallou|i, a native of Rhode Island, and brought up in Leominster, Massachusetts. His elegant house was built six years ago on ground which he has occupied ever since 1856. Thirty years ago he set out with his own hands a mag- nificent vineyard here, mostly of Mission grapes, which is still in its prime. He is now seventy- eight years of age, and though his life has been a checkered one, he is as well preserved and active as most men who are twenty years younger. Since he came to California he has held many positions of trust, although never a politician. He has been adeputy United States Marshal and a member of the commission to secure lands for the building of the railroad shops. On his father's side liis genealogy can be traced six generations back, to one Edmund Clark, who came from London in 1035, in the ship Speedwell (mate of the Mayflower, Joe Chapell, master), and settled in Lynn, Massa- chusetts. §ON. JOHN W. ARMSTRONG, Judge of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, was born in 1834, in Fountain County, Indiana, and his parents moved to Missouii in 1839. His schooling was obtained during the short sessions of a country school and from the careful training of good patents. Having in- herited a somewhat rheumatic tendency in his right leg, he soon perceived that a farmer's HISTOKY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. life, which was that of his father, could never serve hiiii as a calling, and accordingly, when twelve years of age, he bound himself as an apprentice to a blacksmith in the neighbor- hood, his father having died in the meantime without leaving much property. His master in the shop proved to be an unpleasant one and picked a quarrel with young Armstrong; and the latter was too independent and self-reliant to submit to such an ill-nature. On the follow- ing morning his mother gave him a lunch and he started afoot for St. Joseph, the nearest large town. Reaching there, he seated himself upon the railing of the public fountain, ate his lunch, washing down with a basin of water, and, hear- ing the ring of a blacksmith's anvil near by, sought out the slio]i and in an hour \\%A his apron on and was at work. Later he learned plow- making at another shop, was engaged at iron- ing wagons at a third place, and in the summer of 1851 was employe 1 at mill work at Colum- bus. He then determined to come to Cali- fornia, although he had but $10 money besides what he had packed upon liis back, and started afoot. Reaching the mouth of the Piatt River, he found a drove of some 500 head of cattle belo iging to Martin Pomery & Co., waiting to cross. Drivers being wanted, he was employed to drive loose cattle. Reaching the North Platte it was necessary to cross that river by making the cattle swim; but they would not enter. Young Armstrong then proposed that he should be given a yoke of oxen with which to swim the river first, when the rest of the cattle would follow. The plan was successful, young Ann- strong swimming the cold river no less tiian twenty-one times! That night he lay out on an island, and in the morning woke with a dis- abled right leg. He was therefore carried in a wagon or rode upon a mule until they came to Truckee, where most of the men, including Mr. Armstrong, were discharged, without provisions or means to buy any. Mr. Armstrong's leg had swollen to a great size, and to ease the continual pain he opened it witii iiis knife, wliile on the Mary's river (now the Humboldt), letting out a great volume of morbid matter. Desperate, he set out with two companions, John Scott and John Hannan, over what they understood was a short cut to Marysville. After two days' travel- ing, without meetingany one, he was so exhausted and the pain so unbearable that he threw him- self on the ground and begged the others to leave him! They manfnlly refused, declaring they would carry him first. Nerved by this, lie started again, and to their joy soon after they saw a flag appearing over the trees, and were soon at the. hotel at Rough and Ready camp, kept by John Magruder. He was generous and took care of the penniless wayfarer until he was able to go out. He first secured a job as dishwasher in a mine boarding house, but in a short time was promoted to be blacksmith, taking the place of a man who had gone off on a drunken spree. "With $40 earned there, he came by way of Marysville to Sacramento, ar- riving in the fall of 1852. After a time he obtained employment at his trade of plow- making, at a shop at the corner of Sixth and K streets; but the flood of that year drove him both out of work and out (^f the city. He then worked at his trade in San Francisco for a time. The disadvantages of his imperfect early educa- tion were very manifest to him, and, like Elihu Burritt, he had set himself to study while an ap- prentice boy by his forge, perfecting himself in English branches and gaining a fair amount of Latin. Having fortunately discovered his elder sister in San Francisco, who had preceded him to California in 1844, with the famous Murphy party, and was happily married, by her assist- ance he was enabled to go to Santa Clara and take a course of study at the University of the Pacific. The name of his sister appears in the first census ever taken of San Francisco, in 1846. She was married first to a Mr. Mont- gomery in Missouri ai^d later to Senator Wallis, of Santa Clara. Her son, T. II. Wallis, is now State Librarian at Sacramento. Return- ing to San Francisco, Mr. Armstrong began the study of law, spending portions of his time in different ofiices, amonij otiiers those of F. A. uinTonr OF sacuamento county. Fabens and Oscar L. SJiafter, a former Judge of the Supreme Court. In 1855 be was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of this State and for a time practiced with some success in San Francisco. He tlien followed his rofes- sion for over eleven years in Jackson, Amador Countj', with signal success, for a portion of the time with the late Senator Farley; and finally, in the fall of 1868. ho came to Sacramento where he has since resided, building up a good practice, establishing himself firmly in the esteem and confidence of the people. He was first appointed judge in 1883 by Governor Stoneman to fill an unexpired term, and in 1886 he was appointed to fill the tame po- sition It is a coincideiice worthy of notice that he was first appointed by the first ofiicial act of Governor Sfoneman and the second time by his last official act. The Governor then remarked, " The first shall be last and the last shall be first." At the last election Judge Armstrong was chosen by the people for the same position. As a judge he is dispassionate and irreproachable. Politically he has always been a consistent Democrat; but to his present position he was practically elected by llepublican votes, as the county has a Republican majority of 1,500, thus showing his great popularity. He was, first married August 29, 1863, but during the succeeding year his wife died. September 29 1866, he married Miss Annie E. Hinkson, a native of Missouri. They have no children. It should be further stated that Judge Armstrong served for twelve years as trustee of the State library, which institution he was chiefly instru- mental in building up. ^-^ fEORGE WASHINGTON HACK is a na- tive of the State of New York, born April 25, 1846, his parents being George and Mary (Jenkinson) Hack. His parents emi- grated from England immediately after their marriage in 1844, and were residents of New York State for about four years. In 1S49 they moved to Calhoun County, Michigan, where Mr. Hack bought eighty acres of land which he cultivated until 1852, when he came to Califor- nia, leaving his family behind until he should have tried his fortune here. He followed min- ing for t\T0 years, and then went to making shingles in the redwood country one year. In 1855 he bought forty acres of fruit lard on the Sacramento below Freeport, and brought out his wife and three children. Four children were born to them in this county. The mother died in 18S2, aged sixty-two years; the father, born in 1818, is still living. George W. Hack re- ceived a rather limited education in the district school, as he began to assist upon the farm at an early age. He has plowed more or less from the age o^" eleven. At twenty-one he was placed by his father in charge of 160 acres bought in 1865, near .the Six-mile House on the Lower Stockton road, which he has since paid for and enlarged by other purchases to 515 acres, to which he has given the name of Pleas- ant Farm, and on which he has erected a hand- soiYie two-story brick residence. He does a general farming business, in which wlieat is the chief ]iroduct. Mr. Hack was married in No- vember, 1869, to Miss Berdenia Frances Keys, a native of this county, daughter of William and Harriet (Beach) Keys, both families being American for several generations. Her father died in 1870, aged forty-nine; the mother, born in 1827, is still living. Grandfather Beach lived to the age of eighty-one, and grandmother Beach was about eighty when she died. Mr. and Mrs. Hack are the parents of one daughter, Clara E., born in 1870. She has received a dis- trict school education, and private lessons in music. Instead of a higher school education she prefers the quiet but effective tutelage of her parents in the calm seclusion of her happy home. Mr. Hack has more than supplied the deticiancy of his early education by private study and extensive reading, and is to-day a well educated man much above the average. He is a member of Sacramento Grange, No. 12, meeting in Grangers' Hall, Sacramento; also IIlSTORr OB' 8ACIIAMENT0 COUM'T. of Sacramento County Pomona Grange, No. 2, which meets in the same hall. In tlie former he has lield four otiiees ranging from the lowest to the liighest, having been master in 188G, and district lecturer in 1888; and has also been dis- trict lecturer of Pomona Grange. He is now a director of the Co-operative Business Associa- tion of Sacramento Valley, which has its head- quarters at Tenth and K streets, Sacramento, having been elected to that office in January, 1889, for three years; and of the Farmers' Mu- tual Fire Association of Sacramento County, serving his second terra. The family are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, which meets every Sabbath in the Pacific School build- ing, five miles south of Sacramento on the Lower Stockton road; and in its Sabbath- school Mr. and Mrs. Hack are zealous teachers. iRS. PRISCILLA POLLOCK, ranch- owner, in Cosumnes Township, was born in Pennsylvania, June 22, 1828, her parents being David and Mary '(McMillan) Mc- Kee — Scotch-Irish by birth or descent. Both grandmothers of Mrs. Pollock were quite old when they died. In 1833 the family moved to Illinois, and in 1885 to Iowa, where they settled on a farm near Montrose. In 1845 they moved to Council Blufls, where both parents are buried. The subject of this sketch was married at Coun- cil Bluffs, December 3, 1846, to James Pollock, born in Ireland about 1810, liis parents being Thomas and Rebecca (Simpson) Pollock. The father died in County Tyrone, Ireland, and the mother, in Stark County, Illinois, in 1841. James Pollock has been twice married and had one surviving child by each wife. Mr. and Mrs. Pollock remained one winter in Council Bluffs, and in 1847 set out for California, but spent some months in Salt Lake City, where tiieir first child, John, was born, December 4 1847. When the babe was two montiis old they resumed their journey and spent the win- ter of 1848-'49 at what is now Placerville. In 1849 they went to Mormon Island, where Mr. Pollock was engaged with others in digging the race or new channel for the American Eiver. The winter of 1849-'50 was spent at the new diggings in Amador County. He had by this time accumulated $16,000 iu gold dust, which he loaned to Mayor Bigelow with Barton Lee as security. By the untimely death of the for- mer and the failure of the latter, Mr. Pollock lost his money. He tried mining again on Mormon Island without success, and in 1851 went to farming on a portion of the Sheldon grant, where he remained about four years. In 1855 he bought the ranch, 200 acres of which are still owned by Mrs. Pollock, on the Ply- mouth road, twenty-three miles from Sacra- mento, extending back to the Cosumnes. In 1858 he built near the river a two-story stone residence of nine rooms, and a large barn with stone basement, used at present by the renter of the ranch. There are about ten acres of orchard, and the rest is devoted to grain and alfalfa. The family resides in a modern two- story frame house of nine rooms, built by Mrs. Pollock in 1886, and surrounded by a nice flower, fruit and vegetable garden. Mr. Pol- lock died February 28, 1875, leaving five chil- dren by this marriage; and their mother, whose oldest child, John, had died January 13, 1868. The surviving children, all born in this State, are: Mary Jane, born March 14, 1849, now Mrs. Philip Waggoner, of this township, has two children, Elizabeth, born June 25, 1879, and Philip, born December 20, 1883; Robert, born May 13, 1851, was married to Miss Alice Goodwin, a native of Oregon, and has one child living, Frank, born December 25, 1878, now living with his grandmother; Rebecca M., bOrn February 10, 1854, now Mrs. William Frank McFadden, of Sacramento, has one child, Mabel, born April 14, 1877; William Henry, born February 20, 1856, died unmarried January 26, 1884; Priscilla Ann, born July 13, 1862, lives at home, a very special help and comfort to her mother in her declining years; Ilughjene, born January 16, 1866, also makes his home with BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTT. Lis mother, varied with occasional employment elsevvliere. One child, Samuel, born January 30, 1861, died in his infancy, February 15, 1861. f LIVER SANDERS was born in Wood- stock, Connecticut, December 25, 1825, his parents being Oliver and Nancy (Paine) Sanders. His grandfather Sanders was also named Oliver, and a native of Rhode Island, where his father also was born, in Glou- cester. His maternal great-grandfather fought in the Eevolutionary war, and his grandfather, Amos, was known as Major Paine. He died about 1842, aged eighty-two. His father was a farmer inConnecticut, and the subject of this sketch lived on it, with occasioi.al absences on coasting voyages, until 1849. He received a common-school education, supplemented by a course in the local academy. February 17, 1849, he iel't New York city for California, by way of Cape Horn, in the ship Henry Lee, of the Hartford Union Mining and Trading Com- pany, and arrived in San Francisco on Septem- ber 17, being seven months, less four days, at sea. He mined only one month, when, being in what is now Sacramento, on an errand, he was offered by Charles Howlett, a comrade of the late voyage, $300 a month to join him in the butchering business for Robinson, Van Cott & King. Robinson aftei ward died Supreme Judge, at Honolulu, Sandwich Islands. The flood of that winter closed the deal, and he then joined two others, one being John Gilbert, another comrade of the voyage, all three engHging in the business of draying, with two or three teams, according to the pressure of business. They hauled more lumber and other building material than any concern in that line. He went through the cholera of 1850 in safety, but not being very well he was advised to go to the Napa Valley Mountains for the benefit of his health. He went, accompanied by seven others, of whom one, George Davis, died of cholera, and brought back a lot of venison for Thanks- giving, November 29, 1850, besides a slaugh- tered bear, for which they received $375, and $8 apiece for the four quarters of the skin, which were bought at that price, merely to or- nament the harnesses of some opulent draymen. Once they brought in a load of nineteen deer, most of which was thrown into the Jack River, there being no sale on account ot cholera, the city being deserted. Money was so flush that on July 4 of that year he and one of his part- ners were paid $50 for the forenoon's work in unloading and hauling for Webster & Co. It was said that the cashier of that firm was paid $1,200 a month for his services. Mr. Sanders and his brother were paid $100 for playing their violins for one night for a dancing party at "Buckner's." In 1851 Mr. Sanders sold out his interest in the teaming business, and came out to the Cosumnes, expecting to go into partnership with Reynolds, a rancher, in the hay-cutting business. That arrangement having fallen through, he went to work for $150 per month wages, and received a possessory title to 160 acres for his pay. The title was contested and he sold out to the owner of the land-grant title, Emanuel Pratt, being promised $1,000, but actually receiving only $600. In 1853 he went to butchering at Michigan Bar, where he remained until 1857. He was a member of the police force of Sacramento for about two years. He had bought a squatter's possessory right to 160 acres in the Hartnell grant, and in 1858 he bought of Hartnell's agent, for $1,000, one-half mile by four miles (more or less) frontage on the Cosumnes, and four miles deep, covering the 160 acres already bought. His father having died in May, 1858, he went East in April, 1859, and returned by way of the Isthmus, leaving New York about February 5, 1860, and arriving in Sacramento in March, 1860. Mr. Sanders was married in December, 1862, to Miss Emma Sauze, a native of London, her father being French and her mother English. They had emigrated to Salt Lake City in 1854, Mrs. San- ders being then only seven years of age. Find- ing themselves deceived, the father stole away. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 279 and the mother and children fuUowed in 1855, under the protection of Colonel Steptoe, of the United States army. Mr. Sanders farmed on his place until about 1882, when he sold 1,310 acres at $30 per acre, and purchased an adjoin- ing ranch of over 2,000 acres, which he still holds. In 1878 he bought, near the wire bridge, a small tract of five acres, on which were a number of buildings, where he lives, working Ins ranch, at some inconvenience, from there. He lived in Sacramento from November, 1878, to March, 1880, in order to give his children a better schooling. He has been constable for twenty-five years, with brief interruptions. Mr. and Mrs. Sanders are the parents of six living children: Amos Anthony, born in Octo- ber, 1863; Tlieodore Nelson, in April, 1865; Edward Stebbins, in March, 1871; Harry Bras- tow, in May, 1873; Oliver, in February, 1876; and William, in April, 1879. -. Ml .g.. ■-. tEVI PAINTER was born in Lawrence County, Indiana, January 14, 1833, his parents being Aaron and Rebecca (Hick- son) Painter, natives of Tennessee, and there married. They first moved into Indiana, and after several years' residence moved to Mis- souri, where the father became owner of 160 acres. Both parents were brought to this coast in 1873 by their son. The father died in 1876, aged seventy four, and the mother survived him five years, dying at the home of her daugliter in Indiana, in 1881, aged seventy. Grand- mother Painter was eighty when she died. Levi Painter came to California in 1853, leaving St. Joseph, Missouri, April 18, and arriving at Placerville, August 23, a member of a small party of twenty men, two women and two chil- dren. Of the outfit he owned two horses. He mined during the winter of 1853-'54:, and came down to the Sacramento Eiver April 14, 1854, going to work for §50 a month and board on the ranch he now owns. Five months later he went across the river and chopped wood for four months, making $75 a month. In 1855 he re- turned to ranch work on Sutter Island, and in December of that year he settled on his ranch of 123 acres, bought a few months before, at what has since become known from his name as Paintersville, about twenty-two miles below Sacramento, on the river. For ten years he. raised but little of anything except vegetables, but since 1865 he has given attention to fruit- growing, gradually increasing in that direction until he now has about thirty acres in orchard and ten in vineyard. He has not, however, entirely relinquished the raising of vegetables, and has varied his interests in other directions. About 1877 he built a large two-story building which was first used as a boarding-house for the employes of the salmon-canning establishment then in operation at tliat point, and afterwards as a dance hall for some years. This he has re- cently removed and raised on a brick founda- tion, at the lower end of the village, near his warehouse, refitting it for his own residence. In 1879 he divided three and three-quarter acres into building lots, on which the hamlet of Paintersville has since arisen. About 1880 he began to breed horses and mules, and is still actively engaged in that line. In earlier years he gave some attention to cattle and hogs, but in the flood of 1862 he lost some 200 head of these, of which about eighty were ready for the market, and he has never since taken any in- terest in hogs. Cattle-raising he has also dis- continued, keeping only one cow for family use. Levi Painter was married in 1860, near Roseville, in this county, to Miss Mary McDer- mott. She died in June, 1867, leaving three children: Louisa, born May 2, 1861, now Mrs. Victor Falkenberg, of San Francisco; Mary Jane, born August 2, 1862, died of pneumonia, aged seventeen; William, born August 29, 1865, is employed on the steamer Modoc, in the engineer's department. Mr. Painter was again married on Tlianksgiving day, November 24, 1887, in Sacramento, to Maggie Van Auken, born in Parma, Monroe County, New York, March 18, 1833, daughter of Louis and Jane uisroBT OF sacrjLmento county. (Westfall) Yan ATiken, both now deceased, tlie mother in 1870, aged eighty-one, and the father in 1880, aged ninety-three, living together in married life sixty-five years, lacking two weeks. The father was a native of Pennsylvania, and the mother of New York. Of their children six sons and one daughter, besides Mrs. Painter, are still living: Anthony G., James M., Elmer and Edwin B., all four farmers in Shiawassee Connty, Michigan; Edmund B., twin brother cf Edwin B., is living at Salmon City, Idaho; and Andrew Jackson, now in the employ of his brother-in-law, Mr. Painter. Jane, the only livi-^g sister of Mrs. Painter, is the wife of George W. Gale, a farmer residing near Ypsi- lanti, Washtenaw County, Michigan. f^LFPtED SPOOJNER, rancher of Cosumnes 1^ Township, was born in Adrian, Michigan, =• September 23, 1837, his parents being Jonathan Warner and Elizabeth (Knapp) Spooner. The father, a native of Yermont, of the well-known and widespread New Etigland family of that name, died July 7, 1877, aged seventy-two, near Mendon, Michigan, where the mother, born in Wayne Connty, New York, in 1816, is still living. Grandfather Abram Knapp was seventy-live at his death in 1863, in Lena- wee County, Michigan. Grandfather Alfred Sp(oner died about 1834, aged fifty-fonr. He was the son of Eliakim, the son of Daniel, the son of Samuel, the son of William, the English emigrant to Plymouth Colony in 1637. Elia- kim, the great-grandson of William and great- grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was in the military service of the colonies in 1757, and in 1780 settled in what is now Yermont, was a member of the Legislature, and was widely known as " a man of marked mind and charac- ter." " Warner " Spooner, a tanner by trade, moved to Michigan in 1S34, and built the first frame house in Adrian. In 1835 he was mar- ried to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Abram and Elizabeth Knapp, botii natives of New York. Mr. and Mrs. Warner Spooner became the par- ents of nine children, of whom eight are living in 18S9, all residing in the East, mostly in Michigan, except the subject of tliis sketch, who is the oldest. The father carried on a tannery in Adrian about six years, when he exchanged it for land in De Kalb Co-unty, Indiana, where the family resided four years. Selling out in Indiana, he bought 100 acres near Hillsdale, Michigan, and lived there seven years. Finally, in December, 1853, the family settled near Mendon, Michigan. Alfred Spooner received the usual district school education supplemented by one or two terms at a local academy; worked on his father's farms, and being handy with tools picked up the trade of carpenter. He came to California by the Isthmus route, arriv- ing in San Francisco October 16, 1859. He first worked on a dairy farm on Dry Ci'eek, in Sacramento County, nearly one year; then tried raining about two years, sinking all he had made in the American Falls Mining Company, the great flood leaving him worse off than when he arrived on the coast. He then turned to the business of teaching, being trained at the Nor- mal school in San Francisco, where he received a certificate of qualification. He first taught near Roseville, in Placer County, and then in this county, his career as teacher covering about twenty-six years, mostly in Sacramento County. In 1869 Mr. Spooner was married to Miss Addie E. Lamb, born in Chicago, a daughter of Larkin and Arabella (Ellis) Lamb, who had come to California in 1851. She died in February, 1879, leaving one surviving child, Alfred Lawton, born June 10, 1878. They had lost three chil- dren by diphtheria, in January, 1878, which was too severe a shock to her nervous system and occasioned her premature death. Mr. Spooner was married September 3, 1888, at Malta Bend, Missouri, to Mrs. Sally Kesler, a native of High- land County, Ohio, the widow of Benjamin F. Kesler, with three children, of whom two are now members of the Spooner family: Lulu Blanche, aged thirteen, and Ina May, aged five years. Claytonia, the oldest child of Mrs. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Spooner, is tbe wife of John Miller, residing near Wichita, Kansas. Mr. and Mrs. Spooner have one child, a son, born October 4, 1888. Mr. Spooner has been a justice of the peace in Cosuinnes Township for fifteen years, and was one of the parties to the remarkable contest for that office in 1888-'89, when at the general and special elections liis opponent and he received an equal number of votes and finally withdrew their names by mutual agreement. lie has now settled down to work on his 350-acre ranch about two miles south of Michigan Bar, where he has had for some years a small orchard and vineyard, both of which he intends to enlarge considerably. He also raises grain, hay and stock. His land borders on Arkansas Creek, and the higher portion is accessible to the waters cf the new irrigating ditch. fOHN SHIELDS, an orchardist, etc., of Brighton Township, was born in Ireland April 26, 1835, the son of Patrick and Mary Shields. In 1843 the family came to the United States and settled in Kendall County, Illinois, where the father, a farmer by occupa- tion, died, in Novembei*, 1856, aged sixty-live years; and Mrs. Siiields survived him several years. They had a well-improved farm thereof 210 acres, stocked with 100 head of cattle, etc. Tliey liad three children: Frederick, John and Dennis; Frederick and Dennis reside in Min- nesota. John was at home with his piarefits until he was twenty-one years of age, engaged exclusively in farming; and then came to Cali- fornia, by way of JS'ew York and Panama, leav- ing home May 4, 1886, and landing in San Francisco June 14. First he ran a threshing- machine three months for the owner, from San Pablo through all the valley to San Lorenzo. In this business he saved up a little money. Then he mined on Farmer's Diggings and else- where along the American River, for $3 a day, for eight or ten montiis, and then bought tlie squatter's title to the rancli wliere he now lives This at first contained 824 acres, covered with brush and timber. The first year he put in fifteen acres, and all the improvements there are now on the premises he has made himself. About 1879 he purchased 100 acres additional, making a total of 424 acres; 100 acres or more are in orchard, consisting of peaclies, pears, plums, French prunes, and a general variety of tine shipping fruits. The first trees were set out about nine years ago, and the youngest about three years ago. There are twenty acres in vines, one-half of which are five years old, and the rest three. Last year tliere were about twenty-four tons of grapes on three acres. The soil is a black and sandy loam, very productive. This place is on the old Coloma road, thirteen miles from Sacramento, bordering the American River, which bounds the ranch on the north. November 18, 1859, Mr. Shields was married to Mrs. Elizabeth [nee Bow) Lynch. She is a native of Ireland and came to California in 1855. They have five daughters and two sons: Mary, wife of Charles Deterding; Lizzie A., wife of M. C. Pike; Alice, Hannah, Emily, Peter J. and Robert E. Hannah is an accom- plished musician, making music, both instru- mental and vocal, a profession. Peter J. is an attorney at law in Sacramento. fORNELlUS KELLOGG, dealer in stoves, tin and hardware, Nos. 819 and 821 J street, was born in East Hartford, Connec- ticut, December 14, 1840; attended the public schools of his native town and Hartford until eleven years old, when he entered Colt's Pistol Factory as an apprentice, where he remained about four years. Determining to go to sea, he went to New York, where he shipped for Ant- werp, Belgium, thence to New Orleans, and returning to New York, '.he trip occupying about a year. In 1857 he determined to seek his fortune in California. Taking steamer from New York, by way of tlie Isthmus, he arrived at San Francisco in due time and came to Sac- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ramento, where his brother Leonard was already established in business, and entered his employ. On the breaking out of the war in 1861 he enlisted in Company E, First Infantry Califor- nia Volunteers, for a period of three years, ex- pecting to be sent to the front, instead of which, however, the regiment was ordered to Arizona and New Mexico to look after the Indians. He held the rank of first sergeant in his company. At the expiration of his term of enlistment, he was discharged, with his regiment at Los Pinos, New Mexico, in August, 1864. Returning to Hartford, Connecticut, he 'entered the employ of the hardware firm of Terry & Cone, where he remained until 1868, when he was again seized with the California fever. Coming direct to Sacramento, he associated himself with his brother Leonard in the stove and liardware busi- ness. During his residence in Hartford he took an active interest in the local militia, and hav- ing lost none of his military zeal, lie immedi- ately, on becoming settled in Sacramento, identified himself with the National Guard of California by becoming a member of the Sars- field Guards, then attached to the Fourth Infan- try Regiment. In 1872 he was elected Colonel of the Regiment, which position he held for four years. Mr. Kellogg has been a prominent member of tlie Grand Army of the Republic since 1866, having joined Lyons Post, No. 2, at Hartford, Connecticut, in that year. Soon after his arrival in Sacramento he was transferred from Lyons Post of Hartford and connected himself with Sumner Post, No. 3, Sacramento, of which organization he is still a member. He has filled all important offices in the Post, including that of Commander. He also held various appointments on the staff of the Depart- ment Commander of California and the Com- mander-in-Chief. He is also an enthusiastic member of the Masonic order, having taken all the degrees and held the position of presiding officer in all the various branches. He also belongs to the A. O. LT. W. and the K. of H. In 1869 Mr. Kellogg married Miss Alice Vor- rey, of Hartford, Connecticut. They have three children. The two sons are both prominent in the order of the Sons of Veterans. In politics he is a Republican, and although declining all public honors, lias always taken a lively interest in local affairs as well as national. Since the death of his brother Leonard, which occurred in 1884, Cornelius has conducted the business, and has the reputation of being a shrewd, careful business man. He has met with marked suc- cess, whicli has placed liim in easy circumstan- tICHARD T. SCOTT, a prominent rancher of Alabama Township, was born in Cum- berland County, Kentucky, September 5, 1837. He came to California with a jolly party of seventy-five, across the plains with ox teams, and had some trouble with the Indians. At Salt Lake City the party divided, one section of which were all afterward killed b^' the Indians, including some of Mr. Scott's relatives. At times they were certain that they would never reach California, so discouraged did they be- come on account of misfortunes; they were seven months on the route. Arriving in the long-looked-for land of gold, Mr. Scott imme- diately began work by the month for John Mc- Gee; indeed, he and his wife conducted the entire place for Mr. McGee for eighteen months. For the next fourteen months Mr. Scott fol- lowed teaming in Stockton, at $75 a month; then he purchased a team and began work for himself, following the business of hauling over the Sierra Nevada Mountains for ten years. He sold his outfit in 1867, and the next year bought a ranch in San Joaquin County, five miles from Stockton, and followed farming there until 1880, when he bought liis present ranch of 480 acres, which is devoted principally to wheat and barley. It is seven miles from Gait, on the road to lone. Mr. Scott chose for his wife Susan Ferguson, who was born in Bradley, Alabama, January 25, 1838. Eleven of their thirteen children are living. They have had BISTORT OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. thirteen cliildreTi, as follows: Malinda S., Sarah A. (died in 1860), Henry D., Kichard T. (died in 1865), Seth A., William P., Joe H., Samuel F., Charles L., George W., Martha E., Sarah A. and John W. i.^:WvAZZlNI BROTHERS, proprietors of the ' /\/ y I'.acchus Winery, are among the rising ''—~~- tirnis of Sacramento, and the tirm is A. and S. Mazzini. They commenced busi- ness on a small scale April 25, 1881, and on the 15th of August, 1887, removed to their present location, where they have frontage on Third street and also on K street. Here no expense has been spared in fully equipping for the wine business, and a trip through the establishment discloses everything in the best of order. The cellars are splendidly adapted for the purposes for which they are designed, and afford a cool, dry place for the storage of wines. They have twelve large fermenting tanks, and storage cooptrage for 35,000 gallons. They buy the best grapes to be obtained, and use the most care in the manufacture of their wines.- Among those turned out by them may be mentioned Port, Angelica, white wines and Clarets. They make a practice of storing wints of each year, and now iiave wines from 1884 up. The office of the winery is at the Third street entrance, but the public entrance to their retail department, where they keep all kinds of wines, liquors, cigars, etc., is at No. 228 K street. A. Maz- zini, senior member of the Mazzini Brothers, and the active head of the business, is a native of Italy, born in the Province of Massa-Carrara, August 10, 1819, his parents being Louis and Adelaide (Reali) Mazzini. He was educated at his native place, and for five years attended the College of Pontremoli, where lie took the regu- lar course in Latin, belles-lettres, philosophy and higher mathematics. He then went to live with an uncle, and for four years cared for the latter's property and managed his business, attending to the cultivation of the vines, making and selling of wines, etc. He then received the appointment to the clerkship of the construc- tion of the railroad from Spezia to Genoa, and was so engaged for six months. He then re- turned home, and in 1876 came to the United States, landing at New York on the 6th of March, and reaching San Francisco on the 21st. On the 1st of May he came to the Embarcadero, and on the 17th of October returned to San Francisco. From there he went to Newcastle, and worked in the Julian mines seven days; and thence he went up into Shasta County, and worked eighteen months in placer mining. Fortune did not follow him during all this time, and at the end of five years he did not have $500 in his pocket. He was not familiar with the English language, and had to work against great odds. Returning to Sacramento, May 4, 1880, he worked six months for wages, and then bought out his employer; and from that start he has attained his present situation. His business has already outgrown his cellar room, and next year he will open a larger estab- lishment. He now nuderstands not only his native tongue, but also Latin, French, Spanish and English. He was the founder of the Com- pagnia Bersaglieri Italiani, No. 3, and was its first president. fM. OVERMEYER, of Alabama Township, W!is born in Pickaway County, Ohio, in " 1834. Arriving in California in 1854 he lost no time in earning for himself a permanent home. For the first four years he labored on a farm for monthly wages, and by the accumula- tions he thus made he was able to buy some cattle and afterward other property. Three years subsequently he sold his stock and pur- chased a team of liorses and followed teaming four years over the Sierra Nevada Mountains. He then married and went to " ranching" again for himself, in El Dorado County. Two years afterward he came into Sacramento County, and two vears after that again he went to Watson- BISTORT OF SAOMAMBNTO COUNTY. ville, where he remained five years. Returning to this county, he purchased an interest in tlie Dc los Moquelemos grant, where he remained about five years, and finally bouglit tlie place where he is now living, 7^ miles from Gait, on the Gait and lone road. It contains 360 acres, and his principal products are grain and hay. Mr. Overmejfcr's wife was formerly Sarah Martha Donglas. She was born in Missouri, and died at their residence April 16, 1889. She was a noble and kind-hearted woman. Mr. Overineyer's father was born in Pennsylvania in 1806, and died in 1874, in Santa Cruz County, California. Mr. J. M. Ovenneyer has six children: George E., Frank E., Emma A., Edgar L., Cora E. and Timothy G. tON. IRA G. HOITT. In the history of a State or nation there can be no more im- portant subject than that of education, as real progress is always dependent on the de- velopment of that all-powerful agent, so that no apology is necessary for the introduction here of a brief sketch of the present principal guard- ian of the educational interests of California, more especially as he has taken a peculiarly active part in their advancement. Ira G. Hoitt, Superintendent of Public Instruction for the State of California, became associated with the public schools of this commonwealth over a quarter of a century ago. He is a native of Stafford County, New Hampshire, born in the town of Lee, July 23, 1833, his parents being Gorham W. and Abigail P. (Locke) Hoitt, who were also natives of New Hampshire, while his father, a farmer by vocation, served his county as sheriff and also represented her in both branches of the General Assembly of the State. The snbject of this sketch was prepared for college at Phillips Academy, Exeter, after which he entered Dartmouth College, and was gradu- ated at that celebrated seat of learning in the class of 1860. He made his own way through college, dividing his labors (while providing the funds) between farming and school-teaching. After completing his education he took charge of the high school at Holliston, Massachnsetts, as principal, and after completing his engage ment there, assumed a similar position in the high school at Stoneham. He was next em- ployed in a similar capacity at Marlboro, and succeeding this was chosen associate teacher of the Boys' High School at Boston. He resigned the latter position in 1864, for the purpose of removing to California. He left Boston on the steamer Ariel, for Panama, and crossing the Isthmus resumed his journey on the steamer Golden City, from which he landed at San Fran- cisco at midnight of the 18th of May of that year. He became vice-principal of the Denman Grammar School, and a short time thereafter principal of the Rincon Grammar School. In 1865, when the building of the Lincoln School was completed, he was elected principal. In 1867 he was nominated by the Republican Con- vention for the ofKce of City Superintendent of Schools, but, with his ticket, was defeated. Soon after that time he retired from his educa- tional labors, and thereafter, until 1881, was engaged 'in the vocation of life insurance, stock brokerage and real estate. In 1880 lie was elected to the General Assembly of Cali- fornia, serving during 1881 and 1882, and hold- ing the chairmanship of the Committee on Education, and membership, respectively, in those on Ways and Means and on Public Mor- als. He next assumed the business manage- ment of Bancroft's "Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast," which he made highly successful. He published the Knights Templar edition of the Pacific Coast Guide, as well as the edition devoted to the National G. A. R. encampment. In 1883 he became organizer and manager of Palmer & Rey's Advertising Bureau and Newspaper Union. In 1884 he was elected as a member of the Board of Edu- cation of San Francisco, and in 1885 and 1886 was unanimously elected by the members presi- dent of the board. In 1886 he was nominated by the State Convention of the Republican party niSTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. for his present position, and elected after a sharp contest. The position was well merited, as Mr. Hoitt had devoted great energy toward the building up of the educational sentiment of the State, and as a member of the General Assem- bly had been particularly ardent in the cause AVhile in the house he pushed to passage the bill for the establishment of a Normal School at Los Angeles, and identified himself thor- oughly with any good pertaining to the cause. Since assuming the duties of his present office lie has fathered the introduction of most of the te.\t-books now in use in the State schools, and their high character (and even the fact that some of them are now in existence at all) is due in no small degree to the interest displayed by Mr. Iloitt, and to his personal labors. Mr. Hoitt is a man of determined character, enthu- siastic in his profession, never tiring of its work, and this influence of his labors has been felt throughout the length and breadth of the State, wherever there is a school-house. He has found a ready helper in his wife, whose life has also been devoted to the cause of education, and who is at the present time his most efficient deputy. The Professor emphasizes the fact that much of his success in life is due to his wife's competent effort. Her maiden name was Julia B. Burrell. Her fatiier. Captain B. H. Burrell, came to California in 1849, but being taken sick, he started to return home, died on ship board, and was buried in San Diego. Mr. Hoitt, a cultured man himself, believes in the inculcation into the minds of children of habits of courtesy which will cling to them through life, and his example is no small factor in im- pressing such habits on those with whom he comes in contact. In the preparations for the reception of the visiting teachers of the National Educational Association, as well as in the actual business of the convention of 1888, he took a most prominent part, having been president of the local executive committee for California, and untiring in the management of that affair, so successful and so creditable to the State. No superintendent has l)een so active in educational matters and institute work. Prof, and Mrs. Hoitt have two children, one son and daughter: Ralph H., seventeen years of age, just graduated from the Sacramento High School; and the daughter, Gladys, who is twelve years old, and in the Sacramento Grammar School. tj. RHOxVDS. Among the long resident citizens of Sacramento who still take an '^ active interest in her affairs, is the one with whose name this sketch is commenced. A. J. Rhoads is a native of Philadelphia, born in August, 1830, his parents being Andrew D. and Rebecca (Denby) Rhoads. His mother was a native of North Carolina. His father was born iu Maryland, and came of an old family of that State. He removed to Philadel- phia, where he followed the profession of an architect, and during the years before the con- solidation of the city was one of the commis- sioners of Spring Garden, and later a member of the Select Council of the city. He resided in Philadelphia until his death. The subject of this sketch spent his boyhood days in his native city, and in her public schools received his edu- cation. In 1850 he came to California, leaving New York September 11, on the steamer Geor- gia, and after crossing the Isthmus of Panama, resumed his sea voyage in the steamer Repub- lic (Captain Hudson), landing at San Francisco in November. He came at once to Sacramento, and was soon on his way to the mines. He went to the diggings at Red Dog, Nevada County, but after mining a short time returned to Sacramento, and engaged in the draying business. He was so employed about ten j'ears, and at the expiration of that time opened the old Sacramento Theater on Third street, and ran it about one year, and in the occupation of hotel and exchange keeper. He is now retired from active business pursuits, though yet re- taining a lively interest in public affairs. Mr. Rhoads holds a prominent position in the coun- cils of the Republican party, and has been Illi>r01iy OF H-iACJiAyENTO COUNTY. constiuitly a working member in the party or- ganization, serving in the city, county and State committees, etc., and having great inflnenee in the direction of affairs. In the days of the old volunteer lire department, when the leading business and professional men "ran with the machine," Mr. Rhoads has acted in the ranks and served as foreman for a nnmber of years cf Oontidence Engine, No. 1. He is now a mem- ber of the E.xempt Firemen. In 1871-'72 he was Sergeant-at-arms of the House of Repre- sentatives, General Assembly of California. Mr Rhoads was married in Sacramento to Miss Til- lie Tuill, a native of Portland, Maine. They have one son living of their children, viz , Frank- lin M. Mr. Rhoads is an enterprising man, and has figured in Sacramento history' since the early days. He has been an eye-witness to the growth of Sacramento to its present position as a city, and the complete transformation it has under- gone from the days when "Gold was King." ?UDGE SAMUEL C. DEXSOX. Tlic sub- ject of tliis sketch, although still in the prime of life, has been so prominently identified with the social, material and profes- sional interests of Sacramento County — so well known, not only for pre-eminent legal acumen as a jurist and a member of one of the inost widely-known legal lirms on the Pacific Coast, but also for the close, never- failing personal inter- est which he has ever manifested in all measures having for their object the advancement of the community in which he has had his home for more than twenty years — that a brief page from his life's history cannot but be interestincr to his many friends and acquaintances, as well as to the student of history who in after years shall by this means be enabled to " point a moral and adorn a tale." In both the mental and physical characteristics of Judge Denson one can trace the rich warm blood of Southern "chivalry" which flows through his veins, tem- pered and broadened, it is true, by the '-vini" and energy of the early "pioneer," who held the plow and sowed the seed, and made fruitful the broad prairie lands of Illinois. .ludge Denson's father was a farmer, a native and scion of one of the old families of X'orth Caro- lina, who emigrated to southern Illinois in the early days, was there married to a Miss Craw- ford — a Virginian. They settled in Adams County, near Quincy, and there the subject of this sketch was born on the 23d of September, 1839. He was educated at the well-known Abingdon College, and at an early age deter- mined to enter the legal profession, but, like many another ambitious youtli, his close appli- cation to study impaired his health to such an extent that it was deemed necessary, for a time at least, that he should seek " other fields and pastures new." He joined an emigrant party then just being nnide up to cross the plains with teams to the new " El Dorado," hoping in this waj' not only to find the " promised land," but also the golden boon of health, without which all else is naught. Upon his arrival in Butte County, and after a brief experience in the mines, he engaged in teaching school and re- sumed his legaf studies in the oflice of Judge Thomas Wells at Oroville. Three years later, in March, 1864, he went to Carson City, Ne- vada, where he commenced the practice of law, having been admitted to tiiebar of the Supreme Court of Nevada soon after his arrival in that Territory. In November of that year he took his seat in the Assembly of the first State Legis- lature of Nevada, serving as chairman on the judiciary committee of that body. Two years later, November, 1860, he was elected district attorney of Ormsby County, and was re-elected to that office upon the expiration of the term; but, feeling the importance of a wider field of usefulness, he soon afterward resigned the office, removed to the capital city, and entered into a law partnership with Judge H. C). Eeatty, a native of Kentucky, wiiose daughter Mary M. became his wife. In 1875 Mr. Denson was ad- mitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States, and on Januarv 1. 1876, he took IIIHTOHY OF SAOHAMUNTO COUNTY. liis seat as Judge of the Sixth Judicial District of California, composed of tlie counties of Sac- ramento and Yolo, defeating Judge Louis Ram- age and Judge A. P. Catlin in the contest for that office — a position wliich he held until 1879, when under the new constitution it was abol- ished. He was immediately elected Superior Judge under the new constitution, for a term of five years, but resigned his position three years later to form a partnership with Judge W. II. Beatty, which continued until the elevation of the latter to the office of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California in 1888. But prior to this, in December, 1871, Judge Denson was elected City Superintendent of Bublic Schools of Sacramento, holding this office for two years, and when in 1879 the Sacramento Free Library was established he was selected by the city officials as one of its directors and was elected president of the board by his fellow mem- bers. Ever ready to extend a helping hand in any good work. Judge Denson has become one of the best known memljers of the Masonic frater- nity in the State; has passed the chair of Union Lodge, No. 58, F. & A. M., has held the dis- tinguished office of Deputy Grand Master, and Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of California; is a member of Sacramento Chapter, No. 3, Royal Arch Masons, and of Sacramento Coun- cil, No. 1, and Sacramento Commandery No. 2, Knights Templar. He is recognized everywhere among his associates as a man of public spirit. fOHN WALSH, rancher, four miles from Gait, was born in Ireland, February 20, 1840, and left his native country for Bos- ton, Massaciinsetts, June 16, 1863, and arrived there July 29, following. In 1868 he came to California on the steamer Montana. After re- maining in San Francisco a short time, he spent two years in San Jose; 1870-'74 he was in Stockton, and then settled upon his present place, known as tlio old King ratjch. It com- prises 160 acres of line land, which is devoted to hay and grain. Richard Walsh, the father of John, was born in Ireland in 1816, and died in that country in 1856. Mr. John Walsh mar- ried, at Stockton, March, 1878, Mary Flaherty, who was born in Ireland. Their four children are: William, Abbie, Maggie and John P. --^^-J-l— ^OE TASH, a gardener on the river road, 'H about seven miles from Sacramento, on a '^ fine ranch of thirty-si.x acres, was born on one of the Azores Islands in 1846, and came to California in the fall of 1865, by way of the Isthmus of Fanama, and settled where he now resides. His wife, Lucina, is also a native ot the Azores. They were married in Sacramento. Their children are four in number, namely: Marcell, Frank, Francis and Merian. ■ ^^ -^^•' /^ tON. NEWTON BOOTH.— Among those who came to Sacramento in 1850 was Newton Booth, who afterward filled so important a place in the business, political and social history of Sacramento and of California. The firm of Booth & Co. (composed, at this writing, of Senator Booth and C. T. Wheeler), has been in existence since the pioneer days of California; and though its membership has on several occasions been changed, it has at all times ranked among the leading houses of the city and State. In July, 1849, T. M. Lindley and L. A. Booth organized the grocery firm of Lindley & Booth, doing business at the old num- ber, 38 K street. In May of the following year they were succeeded by Forshee, Booth & Co., composed of John Forshee, L. A. Booth and Job Dye. The two latter gentlemen retired from the firm in the spring of 1851. About that time Charles Smith and Newton Booth com- menced business on J street, in the grocery trade, under the name of Smith & Booth. Sac- ramento, though then a small place, was yet a very busy one and was looked to as almost the EISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. sole source of supplies for the many mining camps already at work, as well as those which were being continually opened up. Her mer- chants generally did a jobbing business. Smith & Booth were essentially a wholesale house, though through the necessities of the trade at that day they did not refuse retail customers. The fire of 1852 left Sacramento almost where she had started, and the firm suffered with the rest. Shortly afterward L. A. Booth, one of the organizers of Lindley & Booth, became a part- ner, and the firm assumed the name of Booth & Co. Thus the house continued until 185G. In that year Newton Booth retired and returned to Indiana, while the firm consolidated with Kleinhans &Co. (who had commenced business in 1852), but the name was not changed. C. T. Wheeler and T. L. Barker also became part- ners in 1856. In 1860 Newton Booth again became a citizen of Sacramento, and rejoined his old firm. There were no more changes until 1863, when L. A. Booth and Mr. Barker retired and J. T. Glover became a member, continuing until his death, which occurred in 1885. This left the firm as at present constituted — Newton Booth and C. T. Wheeler. Senator Booth is a native of AYashington County, Indiana, born December 30, 1825. His father, Beebe Booth, a native of Connecticut, was a son of one of the heroes of the American Revolution. At an early age he went to what was then the far West, locating at Salem, Washington County, Indiana, in 1816. There he engaged in merchandising, and afterward published there tiie first news- paper issued in Indiana. He was married there to Hannah Pitts, a native of Chatham County, North Carolina. Her father, Andrew Pitts, emigrated from North Carolina to Washington County, Indiana, in 1809, being one of the pio neers of the State. Newton Booth was reared to the age of sixteen at his native place, and in 1841 his father removed the family to Terre Haute, the new scene of his business enterprise. Newton Booth was sent to Asbury (now De Pauw) University, at Greencastle, to complete his education. This institution now ranks among the leading educational seats of this country. At that time, with Bishop Simpson as president, its standing was at least as high as at present. It was the leading university of the West, and its faculty had been happily chosen from the most learned men of the day. Mr. Booth completed the course before he had reached his majority, and was graduated in the class of 1846. A mercantile career had been marked out for him, but after an engagement of two years in one of his father's stores at Terre Haute, he commenced reading law in the office of W. D. Griswold, with whom he became asso- ciated as partner after his admission to the bar in 1849. The story of the golden wealth of California, however, had for him the usual charm, and he determined to try his fortune there. In company with a young Terre Haute business man, Walter W. Reynolds, be started on the long journey. They were among the passengers of the steamer " Cherokee," wiiich early in 1850 made the trip from New York to Chagres. From Panama to San Francisco they were passengers on the " Oregon," which steamed through the Golden Gate on tlie 18th of October, bearing the glad ti-dings of the ad- mission of California as a State of the Union. They came at once to Sacramento, and both be- came business men here. Mr. Reynolds after- ward went to Placerville, where his death sub- sequently occurred. When Mr. Booth arrived in Sacramento, the first great cholera epidemic was raging here, and he went to Amador County, where he was sick for some time. In February, 1851, he returned to Sacramento, and was soon engrossed in business. In 1862 he entered public life for the first time, being in that year chosen to the State Senate. On the 6th of September, 1871, he was elected Governor of California, assuming the duties of the office December 8 of that year. While in the guber- natorial chair he was elected, December 20, 1873, by the independent legislature of that year, to the Senate of the United States. On the 27th of February, 1875, he resigned the office of Governor to assume the duties of his HIaTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. new position, and on the 4th of March following took his seat in the Senate. He served as an honored member of that body, and with credit to the State until the expiration of his term, in 1881. He was one of the working members of the Senate, and was particularly active in ac- complishing the adoption of the silver certificate, and redemption of subsidiary coins — measures which were especially grateful to the Pacific Coast, though of national importance as shaping the financial policy of the country. He also pushed to passage a bill for the settlement of land titles in California. He was placed on the committee on public lands, committee on pat- ' ents, committees on manufactures and on ap- propriations, and during a portion of his term was chairman of the two latter. Since retiring from the Senate he has given his personal atten- tion to his extensive wholesale business. Senator Booth has always been inclined to literature, and in times past his lectures on scientific and other topics have been the source of much pleasure and profit to citizens of Sacramento, as well as an incentive to study in many directions. A noteworthy feature of the political preferment of Senator Booth is, that it has come to him on his merits, as an indejiendent, and not as a re- ward for party service or through party machi- nations. •^■^^■■^ fAMES O'NEIL is well known throughout this and adjacent counties and in the city of San Francisco as the manager of the Kiverside Brickyard. He was born in Ireland in 1831, and came to California in March, 1856. At first he engaged in the trade of plastering in the city of Sacramento during the year 1856, and he continued to carry on this business ex- tensively until 1874. About the same time he entered into brick manufacture for himself, con- tinuing ten years. Selling out then, he took his present situation as superintendent of the yard. The works here are run by steam power. The clay is hauled over a short railroad of their own. Most of the time 175 hands are em- ployed. The capacity of the works is about 18,000,000 a year. The brick manufactured here are all shipped to San Francisco by boat. The kilns are of the modern kind, a patent method called the continuous-burning kilns, as they are kept running night and day. Mr. O'Neil has three grown children: Frank, Nellie and Willie. ->^ I^ADFORD B. RUSSELL, a farmer of Ala- fflm bama Township, is a native of this county, ^1^ born in 1880, and has spent nearly all his life here. After marriage he settled down upon a fine ranch of 160 acres, devoted principally to grain and hay, four and a half miles from Gait, on the road to lone. Mr. Eussell married Miss Mattie Emerson, who was born in San Joaquin County, this State, in 1867. William Russell, the father of Radford B., was born in Kentucky in 1818, and his wife, Malinda, was born in Arkansas in 1827, and both are still living, making their home with the subject of this paragraph. — ^€^m^^ — D. COMSTOCK.— Among the deserv- edly popular business men of the Capi- tal City, the genial proprietor of the Comstock Furniture Warehouse takes prece- dence; and a brief mention of his antecedects and his business career will be read with inter- est by his many friends. We ofler no apology in according to him so prominent a place in the historical volume of this county, in connection with the representative business men of to-day. Twenty-one years ago he began business for himself in a very small way, opening a store for the sale of household furniture on the northeast corner of K and Fifth streets. His business has grown with the growth of the Capital City, fostered by the careful, conservative, yet ener- getic management of athorougly practical busi- HISTOKV OF (^AOJiAMENTO COUNTY. iifss mail, whose constant aim has heen to keep well abreast of the times, and whose business motto of '• Quick sales and small proiits," whose urbane manner, strict integrity, and desire to please all who liave the good fortune to deal with him, has brought him hosts of friends and a gratifying success, which fact is fully shown by even a casual visit to his spacious and well- stocked warcrooms, still at the old stand. Fifth and K streets, but now covering four times the original space, and where to-day is conducted a business, both wholesale and retail, which is perhaps exceeded by no other house in his line in the Capital City. William Button Comstock, like so many of the successful men of this gen- eration, is a typical Yankee, by birth and edu- cation as well as ancestry. He was born May 19, 1839, in Jefirey, Cheshire County, New Hamp- shire, the son of Jonathan J. and Koancy (Dut- ton) Comstock, and spent his early years among the everlasting hills of his native State, and grew to manhood upon his father's farm. Filled with an ambition for a larger sphere of useful- ness than was possible within the environments ->{ his country home, at the early of twenty years .le started out to begin the battle of life on his own account, going directly to the " Hub," where for four years he satisfactorily filled the position of a clerk, and in this way laying the broad foundation of practical e.xperience upon which in after years the structure of his fortune should be builded. In the spring of 1864, he was one of the passengers upon the steamer " Champion " bound for the " i>and of Golden Promise." He crossed the Isthmus, and when on the 27th of March, the " Golden Age," with her precious cargo, passed through the Golden Gate and landed at " Frisco," young Comstock was one of those who, for the first time gazed upon the future metropolis of the western civilization. On the 10th of April following he came to Sac- ramento, with the intention of going to the mines, but, receiving the offer of a clerkship in the variety store of George W. Badger & Co., he wisely decided to cast his lot with the for- tunes of the capital of this great commonwealth. Three years later he was united in marriage to Miss Susan F. Gregory, a native of St. Louis, Missouri, and shortly after that event, began as above stated the real business of his life. Mr. Comstock has taken an active personal interest in public affairs, and at the present time he holds the position of president of the Board of of Fire Commissioners, and it is lioped that the increasing cares of an extensive business will not in the future prevent his acccjitance of other offices of trust and responsibility in city, county and State. He is an active member of several prominent societies. fHAUNCEY H. DUNN. Among the best representatives of the Sacramento bar is the gentleman whose name heads this sketch. He is a native of Hamilton County, Ohio, born at the village of Laurel, September 25, 1856, and son of Kev. Thomas S. and F. M. (Coidmpany as locomotive Hreman, and was so engaged live years. He then commenced the study of law with A. C. Freeman, now of the tirm of Freeman & IJates, San Francisco, member of the New Constitution Convention, and author of many valuable law treatises. He remained with him until 1880, and during that time learned tiie business of searching records. In 1880 he engaged permanently in that busi- ness for himself at 1)06 I street. In March. 1883, he was elected city assessor, and has luld the office ever since by virtue of re-election, his present term expiring in April, 1891. Mr. Buckley is a I'ast Great Sachem of the Im- proved Order of Ked Men of California; Pay- master of Knights of Sherwood Forest, A. O. F. ; Past Arch U. A. O. D. ; member of Sacramento Turn Verein, and of Concord Lodge, No. lit], F. tfc A. M. Mr. Buckley is an active man, and has as many friends in Sauranicntci as perhajis any other citizen. ^^^ f^DW.XRD MINOR LEITCII, one of the L prominent citizens of Sacramento, is a "^ native of Putnam County, New "^'ork, born April 27, 1S35. His father, (leorge Leitch, was a native of Scotland, who, when a child accompanied his parents to America, lo- cating in New York State. The mother of the subject, whose maiden name was Sarah Jenkin- son, was born in England, and also came to this country when a child. George Leitch was a tin and copper smith by trade, and he carried on business in these lines in New York city pre- vious to 18BC. He then removed his family to Elkhart County, Indiana, when that country was very new as a man" location, family li hit A wild, the wild grass hi lul all about them in their new L>g cabin was built ard there the while George Leitch tilled the land, and also gave his attention to the education of his children. He, however, died w-ithin a year and a half after reaching Indiana. His wife, remaining a widow, continued to live on the old homestead until her death, which oc- curred in 1874. E. M. Leitch was one of a family of thirteen children, of whom he was the twelfth in order of age. He was reared there to the age of nineteen years, and learned the moulder's trade in Jackson & Wiley's foundry, Detroit, Michigan. In 1858 he went to New York, and took passage there on the steamer Star of the West, for Cluigres, on his way to California. On the Tacitic side he took the steamer Golden (iate, and landed at San Fran- J/LSTOny OF .SAUIiAMENTO COUNTY. Cisco July 14, 1858. He liad four brothers in tiie mountains of Sierra County, and liis first move was to make a visit to them. After that lie came to Sacramento and entered the employ of the Sacramento Valley Railroad as brakesman, in which capacity he served for some time, then as baggage-master, and again as conductor, his entire period of employment on tlie road being thirteen years. lie then voluntarily resigned his position with the railroad, having bought out the business of his brother, who had one truck and two horses engaged in the transfer business. Mr. Leitch has by sobriety and in- dustry gradually worked up a large bnsiness from that small beginning, and now employs seventeen horses in his business, while six or seven men are constantly engaged; this has been accomplished by strict attention to busi- ness, and by scrupulous fairness and honesty in all business transactions. Mr. Leitch was mar- ried December 27, 1868, to Miss Olive A. An- nis, a native of Camden, Maine, who by the way is a loving wife and a devoted mother, and daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Annis. When she was yet a babe her mother died, and in 1866 lier father came with his family to California. He died in Sacramento in 1884. Mr. and Mrs. Leitch have had seven children, all boys, of whom one —William Thomson — is deceased, having been drowned in Sacramento Itiver on the 29th of July, 1886, at the age of twelve years and ten months. Those living are: George Thomas, Edward Everett, Samuel Walter, Albert Edgar, James A. Garfield andT. Dewitt Talmage. Mr. Leitch, who had always been a Republican, was one of the pioneers in the prohibition movement in Sacramento, and has been at the front in all the work of the party. At one election, on the prohibition ticket, he received 638 votes for chief of police, lie afterward made the race for sherift", and in 1888 for supervisor of the second district. Mr. and Mrs. Leitch are mem- bers of the Si.xth Street Methodist Church, and Mr. Leitch is one of the trustees and also a member of the Law and Order League. He is also an active member of the Y. M. C. A., and was sent as a delegate to the Sunday rest-day convention. In fact, in anything pertaining to charity and humanity he is always found at the front. fD. YOUNG, State Printer of California, is a native of Ogdensburg, New York, * born January 16, 1841, his parents being John and Caroline (Fielding) Young. He was left an orphan at an early age, and commenced life for himself as cabin boy on lake steamers, being thus engaged for three years. He then went into the oftice of the Buflalo Republic and served an apprenticeship to the printer's trade under Welch, afterward Controller of New York State. In 1861 he came to California via Pan- ama, locating at Sacramento in May. He se- cured employment in the Union office, and remained after the consolidation of that paper with the Record. In 1868 the city editorship of the Union was placed in his hands, and he held the same post with the Record- Union until called to the ofiice which he now holds by Governor Perkins. At the conclusion of Gov- ernor Perkins' term he returned to the Record- Union, but was reappointed State Printer by Governor Waterman. Under the administra- tion of Mr. Young the State printing-office of California is one of the most orderly conducted offices in the world. ^«@:ii)»-.^- fORYDON M. WEST, proprietor of one of the largest and best conducted farms in Alabama Township, was born in Penn- sylvania in 1831. In 1838 his parents re- moved with him to Pike County, Illinois, where they remained until 1852, when he came to California. Mr. West first followed mining two years near lone; ne.vt, opened and conducted I'eral years a grocery and meat market called the Miners' Store, two miles from Dry- town. The next nine years he was in tiie cat- HISTURT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. tie trade, in whicli he had moderate success, aud finally, in 1867, he purcliased his present place of GOO acres, eight miles from Gait, on the Gait and lone road. There he has a fine residence, with tasteful surroundings. Grain and cattle are his specialties. Jefferson West, father of Corydon, was born near Concord, New Hamp- shire; came to California in 1853, and died a year afterward. Mr. West, the subject of this sketch, was married in this State, to America Bater, a native of Illinois. Their living chil- dren are: Chester F., Alice E., Hattie A., Win- nie M., Clara E., and Rachel E.; and the de- ceased are: Charles E. and Mary E. fDWAKD H. PRESBURY, one of the old settlers of Alabama Township, was born • in Harford County, Maryland, in 1801, and emigrated to Jefferson County, Ohio, where he lived twenty-seven years, following the trade of miller. In 1849 he lost his wife, nee Martha Bayless, and he then sold out, bought 500 head of cattle, and came with them to California, losing but very few. Selling them after his arrival here, he bought the I'anch upon which he is now living, containing 123 acres, five miles from Gait, on the lone road. His prin- cipal crops are grain and hay. Mr. Presbury has one son, William, who is living with him. i-5^- flCTOR LEMAY, general foreman, Car Department, Central Pacific Railroad Shops, Sacramento, is a native of St. Emilie, County of Lotbiniere, Quebec, Canada, born July 6, 1838, his parents being John B. and Clair (LeClair) Lemay. Both parents were of Canadian birth and French ancestry, and his father was a carpenter and blacksmith by trade, was extensively engaged in business, having a tract of laud which he farmed, and a grist-mill, saw-mill and fulling-mill. He was also a ship owner, and would send lumber to Queliec for shipment to London. Victor Lemay spent his boyhood days at his native place and received his education there and at college at Quebec. When yet a mere child he exhibited a taste and natural genius for mechanical work, and as a mere boy constructed some quite intricate and original contrivances in wood-work. He also labored one or two years at blacksmith work in his brother's shop. He left college when six- teen years of age, and worked as a brick-maker during the succeeding summer. In the fall of that year he went to St. Paul, Minnesota, and about three weeks later secured employment with a gunsmith and carriage maker, named Chatelle, who did a great deal of work for the Sioux and Winnebago Indians. He worked for him about a year, repairing guns and at general mechanical work, and then went to Hudson City, Wisconsin, on the St. Croix River, where he went to work for a farmer named James Murphy, building corn-cribs, sheds and barns. In the latter part of 1860 he went back to his old home in Canada. He first engaged in farm- ing and afterward went to work in a Quebec shipyard. Then he went home i.nd started a cabinet shop, aud he was connected with that for a time, then started a shipyard and black- smith shop of his own. In 1865 he sold out, and, going to East Douglas, Massachusetts, en- gaged with the Hunt Axe Manufactory, cabinet- making being dull at that time. He ground hatchets and axes properly at the first trial. He had been employed by the company at this work for nine months, and then they commenced the erection of a large cotton mill. He went home for his tools, and went to work on the construction as a carpenter. He worked until the building was completed, about four months, then went to Ashton and engaged with the Lonsdale Com- pany, who were putting up a big cotton factory. After he had been there three months he was promoted foreman of the joiners, and had charge of the work of putting up machines, looms, floor- work, etc. He was employed by the Lons- dale Company about twenty-three months, and for a year of that time he kept boarding-house, ^ <=^^-^ HItiTOIiY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. liaving been induced to do so by Superintendent E. Kilbourn and Architect John Hull. He decided to go to California, and on the let of January, 1868, gave notice to his employers of his intention to leave. By the 4th of the month he had sold his household effects and was in New York all ready for the trip. lie took the steamer Arago, which left New York for Aspin- wall on the 5th of January. He crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and took the old steamer America for San Francisco, landing there Jan- uary 28, 1868. It was two or three weeks be- fore he could find satisfactory employment, and he then went to work on the residence of Mr. McCollum, builder of the Mint. That job was completed in less than two months, and he then worked for contractor Pratt about a month. He and a foreman were tiien sent by Pratt to the firm of Cantrall & Dell, and after he had been with them a short time he was given charge of their window-frame and gash works. In the fall of 1868 he came to Sacramento, and was here introduced to A. J. Simmons, then general fore- man at the railroad shops, and Mr. Lemay was given assurance of work if he would come here. So he went back to San Francisco, made ar- rangements accordingly, removed to Sacramento, and on the 11th of November went to work as a carpenter. In 1871 he was promoted fore- man of the cabinet department, in which, at that time only live or six men were employed. This nuTuber had increased to from 100 to 150 men by 1885, and on the 5th of July of the latter year he was promoted assistant foreman of the car department under Mr. Turner. On the 6th of January, 1889, he was introduced as general foreman of the car department. Mr. Lemay was married in Canada to Miss Marie Anna Marcotte, a native of Portneuf, Canada. They have five children, viz.: Joseph Alphonse, John V>., liaisen, Joseph and Mary. The first three were born in Canada, the fourth in Rhode Island, and the last in California. Mr. Lemay is a member of Columbia Lodge, K. of P., and of Owosso Tribe, Improved Order of Red Men. He is a great field sportsman, and was a member of the first gun club organized in Sacramento, generally known as the California Gun Club. Mr. Lemay, besides being a master of his busi- ness, is a most popular man with those in his departments, and the community generally. ^/JN. GEORGE A. JOHNSON. — [This ^M\ sketch is from the History of Sonoma ^((j County, published in 1889.] In every great department of activelife there are a few who, by innate superiority of mind and breadth of culture, tower above the mass of their fel- lows, as the head above the body directing and controlling its movements, and giving to it power and character. In such a relation stands Attorney-General G. A. Johnson to the bar of California as one of its most eminent and honored members. He was born in Salis- bury, Maryland, in 1829. His mother dying in his early childhood, he was reared in the home and family of his maternal grandfather, Mr. Rider. His father, Joshua Johnson, moved soon after Mrs. Johnson's death to New Castle, Indiana. Grandfather Rider was a zealous mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and his house was the headquarters of Methodism in the town of Salisbury. Thus the grandson was surrounded by those moral influences which made a permanent impression upon his j)lastic young mind, and stamped themselves upon his subsequent character. His early scholastic train- ing was in the schools and academy of his native town, and at the age of nineteen he went West to his father's home and began the study of law in New Castle, Henry County, Indiana; but, soon realizing the necessity of a more thorough education, he prepared himself and entered Yale College, from which he graduated in the class of 1853. Among his associates were Hon. Wayne McVeigh, President Andrew D. White, j District Attorney Phelps, and others distin- guished in letters and statesmanship. During his college course Mr. Johnson won several I class prizes, and was elected aud served as pres- IITSrOMY OF SACMAMENTO COUNTT. ident of the board of editors of the Yale Lite rary Magazine. After his griul nation he was tendered and accepted the professorship of Latin and (ireek in the Western Military Institnte, at Drennon Springs, Kentucky, of wliich General Bushrod Johnson was president. Remaining there bnt a few months, owing to an epidemic of typhoid fever, wliich closed the school, Mr. Johnson returned to New Castle and resumed his law studies with Jehu T. Elliott, subse- quently Judge of the Supreme Court of Indi- ana. After completing his coarse of reading and attending a term in the law department of the State University, he commenced legal prac- tice in 1855 in Cambridge City, Indiana, and the same year was joined in marriage with Miss Juliet M. Wayman, of that city. Pursuing a successful legal business until 1873, and attain- ing a high rank in his profession, he was that year appointed Circuit Judge of the Seventeentli Judicial Circuit by Governor Hendricks. The following year, 1874, owing partly to the ill- health of his wife. Judge Johnson immigrated to California, settled in Santa Rosa, aad formed a law partnership with lion. Barclay Henley. In the spring of 1878 he was elected mayor of Santa Rosa on the Democratic ticket over the Workingmen's candidate. Upon the passage of the act that year submitting to the vote of the people the question of calling a convention to frame a new State Constitution (a measure which Judge Johnson zealously advocated and worked for, which was carried in the State, and in Sonoma County by about 1,000 votes), he was chosen one of the delegates to the conven- tion, and resigned the mayoralty. The Consti- tutional Convention met in September, 1878, and was in session five months. Judge John- son was at once recognized as one of the leaders in that distinguished body, and was chosen to compile and arrange the address to the people, a copy of which, together with a copy of the I new constitution, was sent to every voter. He I was also selected to deliver the presentation speech on the occasion of presenting President Iloge with 100 volumes of choice literature by the members of the ci)nvention as a testimonial of their esteem for him as their presiding officer. The address was a very appropriate and happy eftort. The labors of the convention were endorsed by the })eople in the adoption of the constitution by a majority of 11,000 votes, and it went into eifect January 1, 1880. In 1879 Judge Johnson received the unanimous nomination of the "Workingmen's Convention for Supreme Judge, but declined to be their candidate. In 1882 he was elected to the State Senate, and re-elected in 1884. Both terms he was chairman of the eouunittie on city and towns, and reported a bill for establishing a uniform system for municipal governments, which became a law in 1883 and tills about 150 pages of the statute book. During the legisla- tive session of 18S4-'S5 he was also chairman of the committee on education. In 1886 he was elected Attorney-General of California for four years, and assumed the office the 1st of January, 1887. In January, 1888, he went to Washington city to argue the celebrated rail- road tax cases in the United States Supreme Court against some of the most eminent lawyers in this country, among them Senators Edmunds and Evarts. Socially. Judge Johnson is pre-eminently a polished, companionable gentleman, qualities which led him years ago to become a member of the order of Freemasons and a Knight Tem- plar. He has taken thirty-two degrees in the order. He served as Worshipful Master in the lodge, and as High Priest and Eminent Com- mander of the Commandery in Cambridge City, Indiana. In 1878 he secured a dispensation and organized Santa Rosa Commandery, No. 14, which has becoine one of the most prosperous in the State. He was chosen its lirst Eminent Commander, and served four successive years by re-elections. He has filled the office of Grand Senior Warden two years in the Grand Commandery of Indiana, is now Grand Captain General of the Grand Commandery of the State HWTOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. of California, and in tbat capacity will attend the Triennial Conclave to be holden in the city of Washington in October. 1889. Judge Johnson's estimable wife, and the mother of his five children — four sons and one daughter — passed from earth in October, 1888, leaving a large circle of mourning friends who knew her only to love her. The Legislature of 1889 employed the At- torney-General, John F. Swift and Stephen M. White to go to Washington and argue before the Supreme Court of the United States ex parte Chae Chan Fing, a habeas-corpus case on appeal from that circuit. The idea was to a.ssist the Attorney-General of the United States, who is opposed by ex-Governor Hoadlej and other eminent counsel for the Chinaman, in the solu- tion of the question as to the constitutionality of the Exclusion Act which took effect October 1, 1888, in excluding a Chinese laborer who has a return certificate, from returning here after this act took efiiect. The importance of this case cannot be overestimated. It is to be hoped that the State's counsel will succeed, that the constitutionality of the Exclusion Act will be upheld, and that the Supreme Court will have this Chinaman remanded to his ship, to be carried back to China, thus settling forever the doctrine that a later act of Congress must pre- vail over a treaty. As an orator Judge Johnson has few equals on the Pacific coast; and this fact being recog- nized, his services are in frequent demand to deliver public addresses on various themes and occasions. Among his latest efforts are an ora- tion delivered on the Fourth of July, 1888, at Sacramento, and an address opening the Sonoma County Fair in August of the same year. As a sample of his style of eloquence and his lofty patriotism, the following extract is given from the former; and both for its oratorical and his- torical merit — dealing as it does with Sonoma County. THE ORATION. Attorney-General George A. Johnson was then introduced and delivered an eloquent ora- | tioD. He spoke in an earnest, impressive man- ner, and his patriotic sentiments were heartily applauded. He said: "Of all the days in the American calendar, this is the most patriotic. It belongs to no party, no clique; it belongs to all the people. "We have other auiversaries, the birth of our children, of our mothers and sires, the plighted vow to some tender being. These we celebrate around the home altar, and bind each year with the circlet of our hopes, our fears, our smiles and our tears. "But to-day we celebrate the birth of a nation, the fairest and bravest, whose home is on the land and on the sea, on the mountain and in the valley, wherever waves the freeman's flag. It has given to us all the other holidays which we usually celebrate. ***** " It is meet that this day should be celebrated amid the salvos of artillery, industrial displays, the music of instruments, the waving of ban- ners, the smiles of beauty, and the glad voices of children. So long as American liberty is of any worth this day will be welcomed. "We have given to the world a new dispen- sation, that all men are and of right ought to be free, that the people are the source of all power, that sovereign rights are inherent in them, and not the gift of any purple-clad Caesar. "We have thrown aside the hoary conceits of centuries, and installed in their place new ideas, ideas which have unfettered the human mind, educated the public conscience, taught men to think and act for themselves, inspired the hopes of the masses, made life worth living for, and sublimated all human endeavor. "We have crowned with flowers civil and re- ligious liberty, raised the down-trodden, sup- pressed the fagot and the stake, and illustrated history with the grandest achievements of war and peace. We have added to the civilization of the age, contributed to the general well- being, made home happy, government secure, and taught a lesson to all tyrants. HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. "To perpetuate these blessings, we need no standing army, only eternal vigilance, whicl; is the price of all liberty, only heroic effort at all times to do right, only self-discipline, self- illumination, and if need be millions of swords will leap from their scabbards to hand these cherished blessings down to our descendants. « * -X- * « '•When we recall to mind the struggles and privations of the Revolution, our own undisci- plined soldiery essaying to cope with the tirst power in Euro])e, with troops which had seen service under Amherot at Montreal, and Wolfe on tiie Heights of Abraham; when we recollect the bloody feet which stained the soil at Valley Forge, and hope deferred that made the heart sick, except the great heart of our Washington, and even he was thinking of a dernier resort across the Alleghanies — when we think of all this, before Saratoga and Yorktown w-ere won, and the liberty bells rang out their glad clarion, we realize that it costs something to achieve liberty, and that oivr free institutions, thus ac- quired, necessitate the most vigilant care to be handed down unimpaired to our posterity. When we recollect that our now commonest rights were denied before Washington fought and La Fayette bled for liberty, the heritage that we now enjoy becomes precious and inesti- mable. When we go further back to the days when Brutus drove out the Tarquin, and an- other Brutus called aloud on Tully's name 'and shook aloft his crimsoned steel;' when, again, all was lost at Philippi and the imperial pur- ple was restored; when, again, another Csesar lorded it over the Eoman world and the Christ had not where to lay his head — we must prize the heroic achievements of the men of '76. " When we go further back to the days when the Persians swarmed over Greece, and were held at bay by the three hundred in the passes of Thermopylfe; when Athens was abandoned, and their academic groves deserted; 'where the attic bird trilled its thick-warbled notes the summer long,' and old and young took refuge within the wooden walls at Salamis; when Miltiades led at Marathon — Marathon, blessed name! which still sheds around the world the aroma of liberty, and which twenty-two centu- ries later led the English bard to sing, when thinking of fi-eedoin for modern Greece: " 'The mountains look on Marathon, And Marathon looks on the sea; And musing there an hour alone, I dream'd that Greece might still be free;' — "When we recall to mind all this, we cannot forget to love, cherish and perpetuate our free institutions. "Here the General Government moves in its orbit, and the States move in theirs, without any collision or impingement; the one exer- cising its granted powers for national purposes, including the preservation of its autonomy; the other retaining and exercising the grand re- siduum of popular rights to 6ftectuate local purposes and local amelioration, which may be denominated home rule. Such was the wise forethought of our fathers in distributing the powers of the i^ational Government. They builded not for a generation, but for all time, and left their ineffaceable impress upon the ages. "With their success in establishing free in stitutions afterward came the success of other countries, notably that of France. * ft * * * "Thus we have paid the debt we owed to France for giving La Fayette as a co-laborer to Washington, and for her assistance in the Revo- lutionary war, by placing before her a Republi- can example to imitate, instead of the iron rule of her Merovingian, Carlovingian and Capetian Kings, the house of Valois, of Bourbon, and the imperial monarchy. "First the struggling democracies of Athens and Rome; then the gradual acquisition of the great common-law rights; then a general gov- ernment and local governments, each preserving its respective autonomy; then other free States, or countries essaying freedom at great odds. 1II8T0HY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. " Never can we sufficiently repay the debt of gratitude wliich we owe to the fatliers of '76, and to the framers of the Constitution of the United States. " It will lemain a standing monument for all time, how these men, in days of great responsi- bility and peril, without chart or compass, amid a new-born nation convulsed with excitement and discussion, and full of the gravest appre- hensions, built up the sacred edifice of our lib- erties, laid deep and broad its foundations, and made enduring its superstructure, until its grand proportions stand forth to-day unrivaled by modern art, the hope of the country and the despair of all emulators. It could not have been done without the aid of Divine Providence, who makes the nothingness of man to praise Him, who before had made distraught the ad- visers of a senile king, and who, now that the fairest flower of George the Third's colonial possessions had been plucked from his grasp, would not permit old-world ideas to dominate the chosen seat of a better, more humane and more enlightened civilization. * » * * * "The great central character of the times was our George, the leader of the American armies, the President of the Constitutional Convention, at all times patient, thoughtful, hopeful, prayer- ful ; wlumi Thackeray, with all his Bi'itish in- stincts, has characterized as the greatest, wisest and best of the Anglo-Saxon race. "Had not the American Kevolution succeed- ed, civilization would have stood still on the dial-plate of time; history would have to be re- written, and those grand, heroic characters which now leap forth into ruddy life on its pictured pages would not be so much as a name or a menrory. We could only muse, thinking of what might have been. "'Some mute, inulorious Milton here may rest, Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood.' " Had not the American Revolution succeed- ed, the courses of Ensjlish thouirht would have continued to run along the narrow channels of old England, instead of the majestic rivers and lakes of America. "George Washington would have lived and died a quiet, self-possessed, well-to-do country gentleman, given to hunting and hospitality, on the banks of the Potomac; Jackson would never have built his entrenchments of sand bags at New Orleans, nor Lincoln have issued his Emancipation Proclamation. This country would still have been under the Mexican domination; its untold mineral wealth, its cereals and its fruits would have existed nowhere except in the I imagination of some dreamer. " But with American success came the bound- less American endeavor and American enter- prise, until now we are the most numerous, the most cultured, the most flourishing, and the freest of the great English-speaking race. "And here will be written by-and-by the classics of our mother tongue, as already here is spoken the English language in greater purity, elegance and force than anywhere on the iace of the globe. " Small causes apparently very often precipi- tate momentous events. As the wrath of Achilles caused tiie Trojan war; as a hasty plate of soup spoiled General Scott's Presiden- tial prospects; as the noise and confusion which prevailed once upon a time, when General Cass was attempting to explain his views, affected his political aspirations; so the refusal of our forefathers to drink the English tea has given us a free and independent country, and added immeasurably to the world's civilization. " Now, we can get along in the happiest ac- cord with our English brethren. They appre- ciate us and we appreciate them, for we are all of one blood and lineage. We claim kinship with their Shakespeare, their Milton, and their Gladstone, and they are entitled to share in the world-fame of our Washington, our Marshall and our Webster. " In perpetuating these blessings derived from our Revolutionary forefathers, we need states- HISTOBT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. men at the helm of State. We need thought- ful men, men whose sympathies are as broad as the protecting shield of the Republic. The civil service of the country should be placed on a high plane, and should be the reward only of a conscientious and faithful discharge of duty, and competency for its performance. Men should be taught to regard the national honor as their own, and unscrupulous money-changers and their patrons driven from the place where enthroned duty should sit. Strong moral forces should lend a helping hand to the government ot State, and these must be backed by educa- tion and an enlightenment of the public con- science. "We salute, therefore, this one hundred and twelfth anniversary of American Independence, this great country which is the recognized home of liberty the world over; we salute her hon- ored past, her prosperous present, her prom- ising future, the destined abiding place of the millions to come who will blend with and add to the greatest of tlie English-speaking race; whose drum beat and martial tread will be heard whenever the rights of the humblest of her citizens are trampled upon by any foreign power, or when any one of the increasing stars on her flag is sought to be dimmed. "We salute this anniversary, in this great Valley of the Sacramento, where nature has done 80 much and art so little; where there is room, and plenty of room, for the thousands, I might say the millions, to come; where on the one side may be seen an almost treeless expanse of waving grain, on the other the semi-tropical fruits mellowing into more than Eastern luscioiis- uess, all around a climate Where summer first her robe uafurls, And where she longest tarries, with a people as generous and hospitable as the tempered airs which have grown them. "And from this great, valley we can point with pride to the unnumbered valleys scattered beyond, and to the hills as prolific as the val- leys, with their grain belts, their fruit belts. their mineral belts, their sanitary belts, all of which tend to reward industry, prolong life and make it enjoyable; to our colleges and admira- ble common-school system; to a free and en- lightened press; to a reading and thinking people; whether amid urban splendors or rural homes; to a fearless and incorruptible judiciary, and to the mass of our population, healthy, happy and contented. "California has an area three times as great as that of the State of New York, and larger than that of Great Britain and Ireland, with Portugal added as a make-weight. "While, however, she has only about seven inhabitants to the square mile, Ilhode Island has 300 and Belgium has more than 500. Thus it will be apparent what advantages this State has for supporting a greatly increased popula- tion. She is among the greatest of the wheat- producing States, far ahead of any other in the production and value of her mines, and was at one time the greatest gold and silver producer in the Union. "To this is to be added, among other re- sources, the unrivaled wealth of her fruits, her lumber interests, her wool, most of which are constantly increasing. "From so much of retrospect let us now look forward to the coming years, when the great Valley of the Sacramento will enrich and he enriched by the thousands who will settle here; when every valley will begin to smile like a Vaca or a Capay; when California will, appar- ently, have arrived at the acme of her material development; when from the dome of the State Capitol shall float the same flag which flies there to-day, and the same songs be sung to Are the patriot's heart; when all over this great nation will be seen the same patriotic display, the arts and sciences prevailing, labor receiving an adequate requital, and fraternal ties binding the States and people together stronger than with, ribs of steel; still even then will we look hopefully forward to a still greater future, to a HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Still more rhythmical development, until we finally sink to rest beneath the sods of the great valley." fEORGE SERMONET, wholesale and re- tail grocer, No. 700 Eighth street, Sacra- mento, is a native of France, born at Dambach, Alsace, on the 24th of April, 1838, his parents being Joseph (a vineyardist) and Catharine (Schaechtel) Sernionet. He was reared at his native place and attended school from the age of six until he was fourteen. Then he worked on his father's place. When he reached the age of twenty-one years he entered the army, joining the First Artillery Regiment at Grenoble. After he had been there nine months he went with his reginjent to Algiers, Africa, where he remained from the 12th of June, 1860, until November 24, 1864. There he saw much active service, and was promoted sergeant, and given charge of the artillery at the fortress of Tiaret. He commanded the guns there during the Arab rebellion of 1864. He returned to France with his regiment in the fall of 1864, and was located at Rennes, depart- ment Ille-et-Vilaine, the capital of French Britany. They embarked at Toulon, November 26, 1864, and marched to Rennes, reaching there January 20, 1865. He left there August 8, 1865, on partial discharge, and on the 31st received his full discharge. After remaining nome some months he came to America, sailing from Havre on the 2d of September, 1867, and landing at New York September 21 from the steamer Bellona. At New York he took a steamer bound for California, and crossing the Isthmus resumed his sea voyage on the steamer Constitution, landing at San Francisco October 25, 1867. He came to Sacrametito on the 27th and engaged with L. Kreuzberger in his coffee and spice millb. He was eujployed there until 1872, when he embarked in the grocery business on the corner of Tenth- and E streets. Two years later he removed to the corner of Seventh and G streets. In 1877 he commenced the con- struction of his present business house at No. 700 Eighth street, and finished and moved into it on the 27th of April, 1878. He does an ex- tensive retail business, whilst his wholesale trade is constantly increasing, and he handles large quantities of California wines. His store is heavily stocked, giving his customers a large range of goods to select from. Mr. Sernionet was married in this city July 6, 1872, to Miss Hildebrand, a native of Germany, who came to this country when a child. They have five children, viz.: Felix, Edward, Annie Frances, Clorinda Grace and Victor Peter. Mr. Sermo- net is a member of the A. O. D., and is treas- urer of the Catholic Knights of America. He is an enterprising, wide-awake business man. fOSEPPI AV. CLARKE, foreman of the round houses of the Central Pacific Railroad Com- pany, at Sacramento, is a native of Madison County, New York, born at Brooktield, February 26, 1886, his parents being Ethan and Amy (Crandall) Clarke. His father, who was pro- prietor of a machine shop, came of one of the oldest families in that part of New York, and was a son of a Revolutionary veteran. "When the subject of this sketch was nine years old, the family removed to Rockford, Illinois. There he learned the machinist's trade with his father and brother. Afterward, during an interval of eight years, he worked off and on in the shops of the Illinois Central Railroad at Chicago, the remainder of the time for that period, at Rock- ford. For one year (during 1864 and 1865) he was in the service of the Government about Chattanooga. In 1868 Mr. Clarke came to California, via Nicaragua route. He left New York on the steamer Guiding Star, and landed at San Francisco from the steamer Moses Taylor, May 3, 1868. He proceeded to Butte County, and mined at Oregon City about a year. He then came to Sacramento, and on the 3d of May, 1869, entered the employ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. of the Central Pacific Kailroad Company, as a machinist -in the shops. In 1874 he was promoted to his present position; tliere are from 125 to 150 men in his department, independent of engineers and firemen. Mr. Clarke was married in Illinois, March 31, 1868 (the day he started for California), to Miss H. A. Stevens, a native of Mount Desert Island, Maine. They have two children, viz.: Joseph Hermann and Amy. Mr. Clarke is a member of Columbia Lodge, K. of P., and of Red Cloud Tribe, Red Men. He has been identified with the shops since the early days, and enjoys the respect and esteem of all in his department, as, indeed, of the community generally. ^^>^^> tAUREN UPSON, deceased, a once promi- nent, but now silent, figure i* Sacramento history, was a native of Connecticut, and son of Asahel and Lydia (Webster) Upson. Both the Websters and tlie Upsons were among the earlier and prominent families of New England. Lauren Upson was born at Oxford, New Haven County, Connecticut, but reared across the line in Hartford County, at Marion, Southington Township, where his parents re- moved when he was a mere child. He was a twin brother with Warren Upson, who died in 1855. He and Warren were the oldest of nine brothers, and it fell to his lot to do the farm work. He remained on the farm until twenty years of age. He was also engaged more or less on the construction of the Hartford and New Haven Canal. He was given a year's time be- fore reaching his majority, and so left home at the age of twenty years, and went South trav- eling overland, finally bringing up at Marion, Perry County, Alabama. After a few years he returned to Connecticut, and was there married to Selina Chatfield, a native of Oxford, Con- necticut, and a relative of the Goodyears, the great rubber manufacturers. After his mar- riage he went back to Alabama with his bride, and embarked in the mercantile trade at Marion. in which he met with great success. But the financial crash of 1837 fell heavily upon him, as he was endorser for large amounts on the paper of men who went under at that time. Meantime, however, he had been a great stu- dent, studying law and reading up on the politi- cal situation, so that when he was admitted to the bar at Marion he was already one of the best posted men politically in Alabama. He practiced his profession more or less, but his taste lay more in the line of writing, and he adopted the profession of editor as his future life work. He was given charge of the leading Whig paper, and with such effect did he wield his pen in behalf of that great party's princi- ples that he changed Perry County from a Democratic to a Whig county, and held it in line as long as he was at the helm of the paper. In 1847 Charles Langdon, editor and proprietor of the Mobile Advertiser, was elected mayor of Mobile, and he asked Mr. Upson to go to that city and take charge of the editorial department of the paper. He did so and remained in charge until 1851, when he started for California. The journey was made via New Orleans and Panama, and he landed in San Francisco in January, 1852. He proceeded to El Dorado County, where he remained a short time, and was then called upon to come to Sacramento and take charge of the Union, then in its infancy, with which he remained until 1864. The history of the United States does not present a more marked example of a newspaper controlling public sentiment throughout a vast extent of territory than that of the Union, throughout the Pacific Coast during that period. At times his pen seemed almost inspired, and a tremen- dous influence for good was wielded by the paper at a time when the future destiny of the United States was being wrought. The build- ing of the Pacific Railroad, which supplies what was necessary to forever bind and cement the American Union, could never have been accom- plished when it was, without the great efforts in its behalf by Lauren Upson. In fact its very conception at the time would have seemed HISTORY OF SACRAMfSNTO COUNTY. 305 almost ridiculous without the causes shown and tlie help given by him in tlie Union. Besides being the guiding star of the Whigs, the paper, under his editorship, had great influence even withthe Democrats, as a legislative party, because they feared his pen. Tliough a strong, forcible writer, he never descended to personalities, and had but one instance of trouble. Mr. Bell, then Controller of State, toolv exceptions to an article of Mr. Upson's criticising his ofiicial acts, and one morning as the latter was coming out of the Senate chamber, he met Bell, who at once as- saulted him. Mr. Upson never preferred charges against his assailant. Years afterward, however, Mr. Bell called upon Mr. Upson at San Francisco and manfully apologized for his act. He Anally broke down under the great strain placed upon him by his literary work, and he was compelled to seek rest. In 1864 he Jiad a para- lytic stroke of the tongue. About that time one of his intimate friends, high in Government coun- cils, secureil for liim the appointment of Quartermaster of the Division; but as the re- muneration, while great, was largely in the form of commissions on purcliases, etc., lie did not accept tlie office with its emoluments, on ac- count of conscientious scruples. He was after- ward tendered and accepted the appointment to the office of United States Surveyor-General, which he held for six years, under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson. He was again ap- pointed but not conflrined by the Senate, and finally Mr. Day, a relative of Senator Evarts, was nominated and confirmed. Returning to Sacramento, he retired to his farm (on the cross- roads between the Upper and Lower Stockton roads), which he had bought while editor of the Union. While living there he was nominated for the position of county clerk and elected, j He was re-nominated for another term, but i there was a split in the Republican ranks that time, and Ham. C. Harrison, who received the Democratic and Independent nominations, was elected. He afterward accepted the manage- ment of the interests of the company operating at Riverside, San Bernardino County, and while there was interested also in the San Jacinto tin mine. About the 1st of May, 1877, while he was attending the meeting of the board of direc- tors of the company at San Francisco, he was stricken with something like paralysis of tlie brain. His son Lauren A. went tliere and brought him to Sacramento. He never recov- ered the use of his faculties, but died Novem- ber 20, 1885. His faithful and devoted wife died on the 1st of May, 1887. To them were born six children, of whom the first child died. The other children were as follows: Warren F. (a resident of this Sta'^e); Lauren Asahel (of Sacramento); Lucy L. (wife of John Arnold); Charles W. (who met with an accidental death in this city); and Cornelia Selina (wife of General George B. Williams, of Wasliington, who is now attorney for tiie Southern Pacific Railroad at Washington, District of Columbia. tAUREN A. UPSON, second son of Lauren Upson, deceased, was born at Marion, Perry County, Alabama, July 1, 1837. He was educated there and at the high school at Mobile until his sixteenth year. Jn 1853, after his father had gone to California, his mother and four children, including our sub- ject, went to Connecticut. Tlien he attended Lewis' Academy at Southington, i)reparing for Yale College, but in 1855 his father sent for the family, and they then came out to California. Our subject, who was then eighteen years of age, became a newsboy on the Union at $75 a month. He carried papers one year, and then went into the employ of the Pacific Express Company. When twenty years old he entered the employ of Sueath & Arnold. After a short time he bought the interest of Mr. Kramer in the firm of P. H. Kramer & Co., and the new firm of Purdy & Upson was formed, composed iii Mr. Upson and J. E. Purdy, and doing busi- ness at Woolsey's Flat, Nevada County. After two years in that firm, he left there and went to Placerville. The firm of L. A. Upson & Co. UISTOBY OF tiACRAMENTO COUNTY. did business tlieu until 1860, wlien the store was sold, and Mr. Upson came to Sacraniento again and took the position of l)ookkeeper for the firm of Sneath & Arnold. After the flood of 1862 the tirin established a house in San Francisco, and Mr. Upson tuck charge of the office there. In 1863 the firm was dissolved, Mr. Upson rejjroscnting Mr. Arnold in the dis- solution, and \V. J. Tilly acting for Mr. Sneath. Mr. Upson returned to Sacramento, and the firm of Joiin Arnold & Co. was organized, composed of John Arnold, John McNeill and L. A. Up- son. A little later L. S. Adams became a mem- ber of the firm. The house finally became Adams, McNeill & Co., composed of L. S. Adams, John McNeill and L. A. Upson. Mr. Upson remained a member of the firm until 1868, when he sold his interest to L. S. Adams, lie has ever since been connected with the house as salesman, and now represents them as traveling salesman. Mr. Upson is a charter member of Sacramento Lodge, A. O. U. W.; iiember of Sacramento Lodge, K. of H., and member of K. & L. of H. In the days of the volunteer fire department he was a member of i'oung American Engine Company, No. 6, and is now an exempt fireman. Mr. Upson is an active Republican politically, and has held the position of chairman of the City Central Com- mittee. He was tiie first secretary of the Sacra- mento paid fire department, and has been for many years treasurer of the State Agricultural Society, which office he now holds. Mr. Upson .vas married in this city to Miss Adelaide L. Hubbard, eldest daughter of I. M. and Sarah Buckley (Wilcox) Hubbard, and a native of Utica, New York. To them have been born ten children, of whom seven are living, viz.: Lauren Stuart, Lucy, Adelaide, Nellie, Miller, Bnrcheil and Gertrude. ^3nt ^ S jANUEL CASTRO, one of the active business men of Sacramento, is a native of Lower California, born in the State of Loretta, June 12, 1837, his pare nts bein. Francis and Joanna (Canisares) Castro. His father was born near the frontier between Up- per and Lower California about 1801, and was an officer in the army of Mexico from the age of twenty years, and the Government gave him tlic San Fernando grant. When Manuel Castro was but twelve years of age he went to sea as cabin boy on the John Anderson, which plied between Mexican and Californian ports. He was with that vessel about three months, then remained in San Francisco about two weekf, wlien he went on the schooner Sixth of June, also in the coast trade. He remained with her about seven months, after whicli he was on the Two Brotiiers for nine months. He got away from her at San Francisco and w-ent to the mines with a party of young men. When they got at the Cosumnes Creek it was raining hard, and they crossed in an oil-clotli buat, riveted. Getting to the other side they went into camp, and some of the boys went out and killed a deer. They then went on to Dobler's Springs, between Stockton and Mokelumne Bar. At the latter place they went to tnining, after a few days. Mr. Castro had no money but could get trusted for anytliing lie wanted. Flour was $3 a pound, bacon $1.50 a pound, yellow sugar $1.50 per pound. Mr. Castro, however, was making from $16 to $20 a day. He fell in with a young fellow lie had known in Mexico, and the two boys worked together five months, making $1,300 apiece. All kinds of utensils were ex- pensive. A tin dipper cost $1.50; a bucket cost $6, and a tight halt-barrel to make a cradle cost $100. After five months Mr. Castro went back to Lower California, but after visit- ing there about six weeks, he returned and went to the Sonora mines. Three weeks later he went to San Antonio, and alter a few days pro- ceeded to Jesus Maria. There he remained for some time, then went to Sutter Creek, and mined between Volcano and Sutter. There he mined for a long time, and became one of the best known young men in that region, and very popular with every one. In 1857 he came to Sacramento, and after five months went to boat- HISTOHT OF SACRAMENTO COUJ^TT. ing on the river for Fred Milleo and Anton Brewer. Two years later he bought them out. Afterward he sold his boat, and built two others. He carried on that business until about 1863, but in 1879 he opened a large wood-yard in Sacramento, and has carried on that business since. He has two yards, one between P and Q streets, the other on the corner of Fourth and L streets, and does an extensive business, hav- ing a very large number of customers. Mr. Castro was married in Sacramento March 19, 1861, to Miss Gustella Paz, a native of Lower California. They have three children, viz.: lio- dolfo, Golfida (wife of Gus Gonnett) and Mar- shall. Mr. Castro is a member of the Walhalla Grove, No. 6, A. O. D., of Lodge No. 11, K. of P., and of Tribe No. 14, Red Men. In the days of the volunteer fire department he was a member of Fureka Company, No. 4, and is now an exempt iireman. Mr. Castro has a good memory, and has many interesting and enter- taining recollections of the early mining days. JilLIP DOUGLAS, master car repaire Central Pacific Railroad Company, is native of the Isle of Man, born Feb) uary 28, 1843, his parents being Philip, Sr., and Jane (McDowell) Douglas. When he was eight years old his parents came to the United States, landing at New Orleans, and located in New York, where his father resided some eighteen years before, and four years later returned to England. Tliere he remained until twenty-two years of age, and learned the trade of carpenter in the shops of the London & Nortliwestern Railway at Lancashire. In 1865 he again came to the United States, and was engaged until 1868 working in the shops of the New \ork Central Railroad and those of the Hudson River Railroad, before these two systems were con- solidated. In 1868 he came to California, and locating in Sacramento, entered the employ of the Central Pacific Railroad as a carpenter in the car and locomotive departments of the shops, under Benjamin Welch. His work at that time was principally in the round-house. He worked two years at the bench as a cai'pen- ter, then as foreman of the running-gear de- partment in car siii;ps. In October, 1876, he was promoted to master car repairer, having his jurisdiction over all the lines of which J. B. Wright is superintendent. The number em- ployed in his department averages about 135, though it sometimes reaches 175. Mr. Douglas was married at Albany, New York, June 4, 1868, to Miss Caroline Foreman, a native of Great Yarmouth, England, but was reared in this country. They have three children, viz.: Jennie M., Hattie C. and Harry W. Mr. Douglas is a member of Union Lodge, A. F. & A. M., and of Sacramento Lodge, K. of P. He was one of the organizers of the Union Build- ing and Loan Association, and is now director. He has two brothers, also in the shops, viz.: Robert C, machinist, and James A., a moulder. Mr. Douglas is an active, energetic man of business, and performs with great credit the supervision of his department, in which he is popular with the employes, and whose respect and confidence he commands. fTEPHEN UREN, general foreman of the blacksmith and rolling-mill department of the Central Pacific Railroad shops, Sacra- mento, is a native of Cornwall, England, born September 10, 1837, his parents being William and Bethsheba (Sincock) Uren, the father a blacksmith and machinist by trade. He was reared and educated at his native place, and learned his trade in the shop of which his father was foreman. In 1857 he came to the United States, and spent a year in the copper mining district of Ontonagon County, Michigan. Hav- ing decided to go to California, in 1858 he pro- ceeded to New York, and tliere took passage on the steamer Constitution for Aspinwall. Cross- ing the Isthmus, he resumed his sea voyage on lIlt3-^- C. FITCH, foreman of the painting department. Central Pacific Railroad * shops, Sacramento, is a native of New York State, born at Sidney, Delaware County, December 3, 1840, and son of Cyrus and Evelyn (Eels) Fitch, both of whom were natives of Connecticut, and the father a farmer. W. C. Fitch spent his early boyht od days at his native place, and at the age of fifteen years went to Oisego County to learn the carriage-painting trade with the firm of D. Hanford & Co., at Unadilla. He remained with them five years, and then decided to go to California. Proceed- ing to New York city, he took passage there, March 21, 1861, on the steamer North Star. He landed on the 1st of April, and crossing the Isthmus of Panama by rail, resumed his sea voyag3 on the steamer Golden Age, landing at San Francisco on the 13th of April. After working three weeks in San Francisco, he went to Marysville, where he obtained employment with the California Stage Company,, and had charge of their painting for over four years, or until the stage company closed up business on account of the railroad competition. He then established a carriage painting shop at Marys- ville, and conducted it for two years. He was then offered his present position at the head of the painting department of the Central Pacific Railroad Company at Sacramento, and accepted the offer, and has tilled that position since March 28, 1868. Mr. Fitch was married at Marysville, May 28, 1865, to Miss Roscelia M. Graham, a native of Indiana, but reared at New Boston, Mercer County, Illinois. Five children have been born to them, viz.: Adah, wife of Nelson H. Shaver, Jr., of this county; Beatrice G., William L. and Irma R. The one deceased was named Frank Laurence. Mr. Fitch is a member of Union Lodge, A. F. & A. M., and of Union Lodge, A. 0. U. W. Be- fore his marriage he belonged to the Marysville Rifles, in which command he rose through the grades of Third and Second Lieutenant to that of First Lieutenant. Tiiis company sent two of its captains (Gibson and itandall), with com- panies which they had organized, to the war of the Rebellion. Mr. Fitch is a master of his business, and is very popular with the large number of men under him, in tlie employ of the railroad company. His long tenure of his important position is an index to the opinion held of him by the company. fHRISTIAN WILLIAM THEODOR BENEDIX has resided in this county since 1868. He was born August 10, in the year 1839, in the city of Plan, Mecklenburg- Schwerin, Germany, in 1852 he came with his parents to America via Hamburg, crossing the Atlantic in the English sailino: vessel Gib- IIISTOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. raltar, Captain Joidau. It was a slow and tedi- ous voyage, and came very near being a very hot one, tLe ship taking iire twice. After a short stay in JS'ew York the family moved on to Scott County, Iowa, and settled on a farm four miles from the town of Le Claire, fifteen miles north of Davenport. They sold this in the lull oi 1864 or 1865, and then bought a highly-iaj- proved farm of eighty-two acres, very near Eock Island, Illinois, paying $100 per acre. There is their present home. The grandparents of the subject of tliis sketch, on both sides, were well advanced in yeais when they died. His parents, Frederick John Christian Benedix, born Octo- ber 9, 1812, and Frederika [nee Kibke), born September 30, 1815, had three sons and five daughters, of wliom the subject of tJiis sketch is the oldest. The next, a brother, Henry, died at their German home, aged seven or eight years. The third, Mary, at the age of seventeen years, married John Hoist, at Le Claire, Iowa, and died fouf years later, having had two daugh- ters, of whom the younger died a short time before her mother. The older daughter, Sadie H., is at present living in western Iowa, near the town ot Glidden. Her liusband is Fred. Hebbel, and they have three children, all girls. The fourth is his brother Frederick, who is now living near Pierson, Woodbury County, Iowa, where he is the owner of a large farm. He is also the happy father of nine healthy children, two sons and seven daughters. The fifth, Dora, married Henry Mumm, at Moline, Illinois, where she now resides. They have six children, one son and five daughters. The sixth and seventh sisters died quite young, while yet in Germany. The eighth and youngest — also a sister — died at the age of about two years, near Rockford, Illinois, while on the journey from New York to Iowa. Mr. Cliristian "W. T. Ben- edix during his boyhood worked mostly on the Iowa farm of his father. In tlie summers of 1859 and 1860 he engaged in the prairie-break- ing business, "breaking up" many an acre of wild prairie and brush land in the counties of Scott, Cedar and Clinton: and at the same time "breaking in" many a wild steer. He was the first to enlist in his township during the last war, April 20, 1861, in Company G, First Kegiment Iowa Infantry Volunteers. He was mustered into United States service May 14, at Camp Kirkwood, near Keokuk, Iowa, and was honorably discharged from the service August 21, 1861, at the St. Louis Arsenal, Missouri, by reason of expiration of term of service. He served under Generals Lyon, Sweeny and Franz Sigel. He was with General Sweeny on that tiresome march from Springfield, Missouri, across the Ozark Mountains, and at the storm- ing and capture of the city of Forsyth, near the Arkansas line. Mr. Benedix was never reported on the "sick list," and participated in all the engagements and hardships of his command. Having enlisted against the wishes of his par- ents, he had pledged himself to his mother that if he returned in safety he would not re-en- list, and very much against his will, was held to that obligation. In 1862-'63, on his father's farm in Iowa, he went into the experiment of manufacturing sugar from sorghum, only to find it a losing business. In the winter of 1863-'64 he again went to St. Louis, Missouri, and for some three months was in employment of the United States at Benton Barracks, but his health perceptibly failing, he concluded to re- turn to Iowa, and thence go overland to the lauds of the Pacific. In the spring of 1864 he left the grain-fields of Iowa for the gold-fields of Idaho — Boise Basin mines. Here he mined nearly two years, working, not very successfully, but successively, on Moore's Creek, Buena Yista Bar, Willow Creek, Grimes' Creek, and in the celebrated Apple Jack Gulch. In the summer of 1866 he prospected for gold in Ore- gon, without finding much. In the fall of 1866 he settled on a farm near Rio Yista, Solano County, this State. In the spring of 1868 he sold this land, and soon afterward bought the 160 acres which he now occupies in Franklin Township, eighteen miles south of Sacramento. In San Francisco, October 15, 1870, Mr. Benedix married Miss Emily Weis- UISrORY Of SACRAMENTO COUNTT. mann, a native of Crailslieim, Wiirtemberg, Germany. They are the parents of five sons: Fraderick John, born September 15, 1871; Al- bert, born June 8, 1873; Christian William, born July 8, 1875; Frank Weisman, born May 30, 1877; and Henry Charles, born February 2, 1881. In the spring of 1888 Mr. and Mrs. Benedix, with their son Henry C, made a visit to their aged parents in Illinois. At the residence of their son-in-lavir and daughter Dora in Mo- line, the parents of Mr. Benedix, on the 18th day of May, 1888, celebrated their golden wed- ding. Here at his California home Mr. Bene- dix's business is farming, raising mostly wheat and barley, but at times he has also been rais- ing some cattle, hogs and horses. About six acres of his farm are planted to grapevines. However, he makes but little wine, selling most of the grapes to commission houses in San Francisco, or to the wineries of Sacramento. For fourteen years Mr. Benedix has been a member of the Board of Trustees of Point Pleasant School District. He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic; and also corresponding member of the Davenport (Iowa) Academy of Natural Sciences. fSUTEU. manufacturer, Sacramento, is a native of Switzerland, born in Canton * Aargan on the 15th of August, 1845, his parents being Caspar and Susannah Suter, the father a foreman in a paper mill. He was reared and educated at his native place, and when seventeen years of age went to Zurich, and there learned the cabinet-maker's trade in Kuhn's large establishment. In 1865 he came to the United States, sailing from Bremen in June, on the sailing vessel Doretta, and landing at New York after a voyage of forty-seven days. A week or so later he proceeded to St. Louis, where he worked at his trade three years. He then went to Kansas City, where he worked one year matin factu ring show-cases; and then for seven years he conducted a furtiiture store and a furniture and coffin factory at Olathe, Kansas. In February, 1876, he came out to California, and, locating at Sacramento, opened a cabinet shop across the street from the Record- Union office. A couple months later he removed to the corner of Fifth and L streets, where he put in machinery, and commenced the manufacture of cabinet work. Six months later he started a shop at the Telegraph Mill, which he operated fur about a year, then removed again to Fifth and L streets. About five months later the mill burned down, and he lost nearly $400. He next started up on the corner of Ninth and K streets, but a year and a half later sold out and took charge of the furniture factory of Camp- bell, Spanier & Bartless, on U street, between Tenth and Eleventh streets, in the interests of the creditors. Mr. Suter looked the matter over and told the creditors that if they would give him a show to straighten things out, he would pay their claims dollar for dollar. In two years' time he had paid off every dollar of indebtedness, with interest. About that time he sold out there, and commenced again in a little place across the street from his present office, at Tliirteenth and J. At that time he employed two men. Since that time he has been constantly spreading out and enlarging his quarters, and employs nineteen men, with plenty of business for ten more if he had the room. He employs only experienced workmen, and gives his own personal supervision to all work turned out of his shops. He does all kind of furniture and variety work, and his goods are engaged much faster than he can turn them out. He has built up an immense summer trade on screens for windows and doors. Among the places to which he ships are: Carson, Nevada, Plymouth, Folsom, Red Bluff; Chico, AYillows, Stockton, Nevada City, Auburn, Anderson (Shasta City), and many others. Mr. Suter was married at St. Louis, October 10, 1871, to Miss Sophia Bollinger, a native of Missouri. They have two children, viz.: Oscar and Ida. Mr. Suter is a member of the K. of H. His mother died when lie was but eleven years old. HISTOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. but Lis father is still living, leading a retired life, at the age of seventy-three years. Mr. Snter is one of the most active, pushing men of Sacramento. He has been unusually successful in business, and his success has been won by indefatigable energy and the closest attention to business, coupled with the exercise of i'air and lionest methods in all matters, large or small. fOHN HAUB, of Sacramento, has been a resident of the Pacific Coast since 1857, and commenced business in the city in 1885. He is a native of Germany, born at Kiederweisel, Hesse- Darmstadt, on the 8th day of September, 1845; his parents being riiilip and Catharine Haub. His father, who was Ibreman in a large wholesale house, died in 1850. John Haub spent his early boyhood days at his native jilace, and there attended school several years. In 1857, in company with his mother and his brother George, he came to the United States, landing at New York, and thence proceeding by steamer, via Panama, to San Francisco. A month later they went to Marys- ville, when the oldest boy of the family, Conrad, was cook at the St. Nicholas Hotel. John Haub finished his education at Marysville. In 1860 the family removed to Gold Hill, Nevada, and tiiere the mother died later, in the year 1870. The subject of this sketch remained with his brother Conrad (who still keeps hotel at Gold Hill), until 1865, when he went to Vir- ginia City, and engaged with Thomas Taylor & Co., wholesale liquor dealers, with whom he re- mained until 1874. He then embarked in the grocery business, and conducted a store for four years. For the two years preceding 1880 he was watchman for the Bullion Mining Com- pany. In 1880 he went to White Plains, Nevada, where he was engaged in boring ar- tesian wells for the Central Pacific Railroad Company for four years. After that he con- ducted the Golden Gate restaurant, at No. 267 Third street, about eleven months, then sold out on account of sickness and came to Sacramento. In 1885 he bought out the restaurant business of Messrs. H. Fisher & Co., and removed to his present location. No. 612 J street, in February, 1888. He has greatly in- creased the scope of his business since starting, and now, besides a first-class restaurant, he has well equipped confectionery, ice cream and fancy liakery departments, with a large and growing trade. Mr. Haub was mai'ried in Nevada, in 1868, to Miss Catharine Eger, a native of Ger- many. They have three children, viz.: John G., W. C. and Lizzie Augusta. Mr. Haul) is a member of Tehama Lodge, No. 3, A. F. & A. M , of Capitol Lodge, No. 87, I. O. O. F., Sac- ramento; of Ivanhoe Lodge, No. 5, K. of P., San Francisco; of Sacran:ento Turn-Verein, and a charter member of Nevada Lodge, No. 3020, Iv. of II., Reno, Nevada. Mr. Haub is a man of txcellent business qualifications, and is making a gratifying success of his enterprise in this city. fOHN J. BAUER, water tax collector, Sacra- mento, is a native of Alsace, born four miles from Bellefort, on the 8th day of August, 1837, his parents being Michael and Maria (Weir) Bauer. In 1846 the family came to the United States, and after six months in Texas, lo- cated at St. Louis, Missouri, where both parents lived until the}' died. The father died July 5, 1864, the mother in 1858. John J. Bauer, the subject of this sketch, was reared and educated at St. Louis, receiving also a first-clasa musical training. In 1854 he came to California with an older brother, Francis X., who had been in San Francisco, in 1852, engaged at his profes- sion, that of a musician. They went down the Mississippi River to New Orleans, and from there went on the steamer United States to As- pinwall, crossing the Isthmus by rail and on mule back. From Panama to San Francisco they proceeded on the steamer John L. Stephens, landing on the 2d of April, 1854. Mr. Bauer HI8T0UT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. obtained a situation as a copying clerk for a lawyer named Fowler, on Montgomery street, and after two months' work got a $50 "slug" in payment. On the 12th of July he came to Sac- ramento, and in partnership with Jacob and George Herget, engaged in fishing on the river until 1859. In the fall of that year he became a partner with J. T. Mier, in the grocery busi- ness, starting a store on Front street, between I and J. They were in partnership until 1872, after which Mr. Bauer conducted the business alone for one year, when lie sold out to Fred Uhl, and remained out of business for a year on account of ill health. In the fall of 1873 he ran for supervisor on the Independent ticket, and was elected serving one year, he drawing the short term. In the fall of 1876 he went to Carson on a musical trip with Church, Jones and Beebe, remaining five months. In the fall of 1877 he was again elected supervisor, on the Republican ticket, serving three years, or until the 1st of January, 1881. He ne.xt went into the employ of Louis Schloss & Co., in the hide and pelt business, with the intention of familiar- izing himself with the business, so as to become a commercial buyer. He worked up in the business from the lowest grade, and on the 1st of May, 1882, he went on the road as purchasing agent for the firm, throughout California. He remained with the firm until September, 1884, when they closed their house in this city. In connection with E. Hammond, he embarked in the same business, and they did business under the firm name of E. Ilatnmond & Co., until December, 1886, when they withdrew from the trade. Mr. Bauer was appointed City Water Works Collector, and has held that position since April 1, 1887. Mr. Bauer was married in this city on the 17th of February, 1862, to Miss Jane France, a native of Lancashire, Eng- land. They have six children, viz: xVlice Maria, Charles E., Annie F., Emile F., Jennie E. and John J., Jr. Mr. Bauer is a member of Sacra- mento Lodge, I. O. O. F. (in which he has passed the ciiairs), of the Veteran Odd Fellows, and of Union Lodge, A. O. U. W. In the days of the volunteer fire department, he was a member of Neptune Hose Company five years, served as its secretary four years and a half, acted as a member of the board of delegates, and is now an exempt fireman. Mr. Bauer has always taken an active part in politics, and is a pushing, influential man, with a very large circle of friends. fOSEPH BAUQUIER, one of the old-time Californians, residing in Sacramento, is a native of France, born in the Department of Haut-Saone, March 5, 1814, his parents being Antoine and Catharine (Yivier) Bauquier, the father a farmer. He was reared at his native place, and in 1882 came to America, sailing from Havre to New Orleans on the ship Cou- cordiere, and landing at the last named city on the 18th of July. He obtained a situation driving a cart for the mayor of the city, but in fourteen months went back to France on the French vessel Josephine Bordeaux. After two months in France he started on his return for New Orleans, and arrived there in September. He engaged as a fireman on a steamboat to St. Louis, and soon afterward went to St. Clair County, Illinois, where he was engaged in the coal business and in farming, having three fine farms tiiere. In 1853 he crossed the plains to California, with three teams of cattle, and three teams of horses. He outfitted at St. Louis, and proceeded via Fort Leavenworth, Fort Kearney, Fort Laramie and Sublette's cut-oflp. He located at Sacramento, and built where he now resides. He made five trips back to the East by water, and each time returned to California overland, and every time by way of St. Joseph except the first. Three times he brought cattle, and three times horses. He never had more than fifteen men with him, yet never had any trouble with the Indians or stock-thieves, and never lost any- thing to speak of in crossing tlie ])lains except $2,500 worth of fine horses. He farmed about twelve miles from the city a short time after UISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. coming here, but most of the time has followed contracting, grading, etc. He has considerable land outside the city, besides retaining a quarter of a block where he lives, and has a horse ranch outside of Sacramento. Mr. Bauquier was married in St. Clair County, Illinois, on the 1st of August, 1840, to Miss Catharine Granjean, who was born in the same neighborhood that he was. She died on the 15th of December, 1888, aged seventy-one years and six months. By this marriage there are four children, viz.: Peter, Frank (who resides at Iloseviile), Mary (wife of H. U. Rode, merchant), and Joseph, Jr., who was born in Sacramento, June 18, 1857, while Mr. Bauquier was crossing the plains. Mr. Bauquier is a member of Tehama Lodge, A. F. & A. M., which he joined in 1865, and of the Chapter, Council and Commandery. He is a Democrat politically. Mr. Bauquier practically knows every foot of the route across the plains, having gone over it six times before the days of railroads. He came near coming out when General Sutter came and also with Fremont. He has had a life full of incident, and his fund of reminiscences and experience is inexhaustible. He was living at his residence in Sacramento, when the great flood of December, 1861, came on. He had just taken sixty-two head of good horses (brought out from Cincinnati) out to his ranch, and when he returned he found the water up to the roof of the one-story part of the house, while the family was in the second-story. He had an awful time getting into his house, but finally did so. The family paid $10 to be taken in a boat to •' "Whisky Hill." g .3.. t . g -.- 1^ OPPENHEIM, one of the well-known I^W retired business men at Sacramento, is a ^^* native of Prussia, born at Wollstein, June 20, 1822, his parents being E. and P. Oppenheim, his father a merchant in the gen- eral trade. He was reared at his native place, and between the age of six and fourteen years attended the public schools, after that receiving instruction at private schools. In 184:0 he ac- companied a brother to England, and from there, in company with another brother, came to New .York. After a short time there, tbey proceeded southward to Charleston, South Carolina, in a brig. They were traveling for pleasure, and from Charleston proceeded to Augusta and Sa- vannah, Georgia, having their private convey- ance in which to make their interesting trip across the mountains. They crossed the Tennes- seee River and traveled across the Raccoon and Lookout Mountains, to Columbus, Georgia, and from there went to Nashville, where they sold the horse and buggy, and took a steamer for St. Louis. In March, 1847, Mr. Oppenheim went back to Europe, but in August of the same year, returned to the United States. He went to Kentucky and engaged in business at Uniontown, Union County. On Tuesday, Jan- uary 16, 1849, at Morganfleld, six miles from Uniontown, he was married to Miss Louisa Gaugli, a native of Kentucky and a represent- ative of one of the old southern families. In 1851, Mr. Oppenheim went to New York (having decided to go to California) and there took pas- sage on the steamer Ohio. He crossed the Istii- mus to Panama, and, resuming his sea voyage on the steanier Tennessee, landed at San Francisco, having left New York on the 5th of March. He came at once to Sacramento and opened a general merchandise store at No. 6, J Street, where W. R. Strong & Co. now are. The building was then a frame shanty, and was leased by its owner, Sam Brannan, through his agent, a Mr. AVetzel. The building was destroyed in the big lire of 1852, and as Mr. Oppenheim's business demanded better accommodations than the old building afforded, Mr. Brannan erected for him a brick structure, 25x60 feet in ground area. Mr. Oppenheim took a lease of the build- ing for four years at $400 per month, while his stock consisted of about $2,100 worth of goods. Rents soon came down generally, and though Mr. Oppenheim paid $400 tlie first year, Mr. Wetzel began coming down $25 at a time until the price was only $200 a month. Finally after HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. he liad occupied the place three 3'ears, Mr. Op- pcTilieiiii told Mr. Wetzel that if he did not place the rent at f 100 he would move when his lease ran out, and Mr. Wetzel canne to his terms. Id 1859 he went to New York for the purpose of importing goods, and returning, his customers being uptown, he removed to where Mr. Petrie is nuw, on J street, between Sixth and Seventh, and remained in business there until September, 1865, when he closed out. Party feeling was running high at that time, and as he was a Democrat and his customers Republican, they boycotted him, which caused him to go out of business. He advertised that what goods were not sold by Saturday night would be disposed of at auction in San Francisco, and by the close of the appointed day everything he had in the store was closed out excepting 100 dozen belts. Mr. Oppenheim commenced the laying of the foundation of his large residence on the first Friday in April, 1866, and moved into the house on the 6th of December. He has, since his retirement from business made several trips to Europe. Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim have three children, viz.: their oldest son, Philip, was edu- cated in Sacramento, and at a business college at San Francisco, and is now secretary of the Pacific Cable Construction Company, of San Francisco. He was married in this city, June 24, 1871, to Miss Mary Cantrell of this county. E. Oppenheim, the younger son, lives a half- mile above Florin. IFe married Miss Laugen- baugh, daughter of John Laugenbaugh. Califor- nia, the only daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Oppen- heim, was born in this city. She is the wife of J. M. Thompson, president of the Cable Com- pany, at Seattle. fACOB SCHMITT, who is in business in Sacramento, on H street, opposite the Driving Park, is a native of Prussia, born at Daubach. June 12, 1844. He was reared to farm life and received his education between the ages of six and fourteen y^ars. In 1866 he came to the United States, sailing from Ham- burg and landing at New York. He was there and at Williamsburgh and Brooklyn until 1868, when he came to California, leaving New York March 20, on the steamer Nebraska and coming by the way of Panama. He landed at San Francisco April 13, 1868. He went to San Jose and from there came to Sacramento, and obtained employment across the river in Sacra- mento County. He afterward went to Butte County where he worked for three years, and then came to Sacranrento. In 1873 he started in the saloon business on K street, between Seventh and Eighth, where he built up a large trade. In 1885 he erected his handsome build- ing at 2012 H street, and moved into it on the 14th of July. He is a member of Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. O. O. F. Mr. Schmitt has prospered since coming to Sacramento, and has a good patronage and many friends. fOLAN & MIDDLEMASS, wholesale and retail grocers, northwest corner of Seventh and N streets, Sacramento. This firm commenced business March 17, 1884, succeed- ing Leon Salomon, and is composed of John H. Dolan and Joseph H. Middlemass. In the few years elapsing since their commencement here, they have built uj) a business which has already placed them among the principal firms of Sa- cramento, and which is steadily increasing in volume. Their wagons deliver goods in all parts of the city, and their outside trade with country towns has become an important fea- ture of this business. John H. Dolan, of this firm, is a native of Northfield, Washington County, Vermont, born April 20, 1857, his parents being Michael and Mary (Dooley) Do- lan. His early boyhood days were passed at his native village, and in 1869 he accompanied his father to California, locating in Sacramento. He obtained employment at the Central Pacific Rail- road shops, carrying messages forE. F. Perkins, then superintendent of the motive power and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. machinery. After two years there he went to Terrace, Utali, and engaged in tlie inachiuist's trade in the shops there, continuing for two years. He then went back to Vermont and obtained employment under Sessions, in the shops of the Vermont Central Railroad at St. Albans. After two years there he again com- menced attendance at the schools, this time near Moretown, Vermont, where his father had purchased a farm. After spending a year and a half at school he went to Salem, Massachu- setts, and engaged as clerk in the grocery store of John Hurley, a i-elative by marriage. Two years later he returned to Sacramento, and went into the foundry of the Central Pacific shops under Allen, foreman, and was engaged there three years as core-maker. He then went to Wads- worth, Nevada, and engaged in braking on the Central Pacific under Frank Free. Three years later he was promoted conductor, and served in that capacity for three years on the Truckee Division. He then came to Sacramento to en- gage in business. Mr. Dolan was married in this city May 30, 1881, to Miss Maria Foizey, daugh ter of Richard Foizey, foreman of the Central Pa- cific tank department. Mr. Dolan is a member of Union Lodge, A. O. U. W., having joined the order at Truckee. He also belongs to Califor- nia Lodge, K. of H., and to Capital City Grove, No. 66, A. O. D., of which he was secretary two years. Mr. Dolan is a popular man, genial and courteous in his manners, and is an active, push- ing man of business, who knows no such word as " fail." —■ ^-^K-'i^-- fOSEPH H. MIDDLEMASS, of the firm of Dolan & Middlemass, was born in Nova Scotia, at Pope's Harbor, near the city of Halifax, February 12, 1853, his parents being Edward and Abigail (Keeler) Middlemass, the former a native of England and the latter of Pennsylvania. When he was but two years old his parents removed to Salt Lake City, Utah, where he was reared to maiihooti. Li 1874 he came to Sacramento, and became engaged at the Central Pacific Railroad shops, where he was employed until entering into partnership witii Mr. Dolan, in March, 1884. Mr. Middlemass was married in this city December 9, 1876, to Mrs. Alice Watts, a native of New York State, but reared in Sacramento. Mr. Middlemass is a member of Industrial Lodge, I. (). O. F. ; of Pacific Encampment, of Rising Star (liebekah) Lodge, and of the Grand Canton. Since the firm of Dolan & Middlemass was formed he has given his entire attention to the care of the trade which has been built up by the house, and which has assumed such large projiortions. fOHN B. CAVE. Among the representa- tive men of Sacramento, who have passed through the vicissitudes of pioneer life with honor and credit to themselves, is the gen- tleman whose name lieads this sketch. Mr. Cave is a native of Boone County, Missouri, born April 12, 1819. His parents, Reuben and Catherine (Hayden) Cave, were natives of Vir- ginia, who removed from there to Woodford County, Kentucky, and afterward to Boone County, Missouri, where they were pioneers, having located there at a time when their only neighbors were Indians, yet wild and numerous, bear being plentiful. John B. Cave was reared near Columbia, Boone County, and when he had arrived at a suitable age to go to school, it was necessary to walk three or four miles to a school-house. When he was a mere child his father died, leaving nine children. Only three yet survive, viz.: William J., aged seventy- six, who lives in Yolo County; John B., aged seventy; and Jesse H., aged sixty-seven. In 1833 the family removed to Van Buren County, Iowa, then also an Indian country, and shortly afterward the children lost their mother by death, and were then thrown entirely upon their own resources. Our subject grew to manhood in the vicinity of Bonaparte, Van Buren County, and there followed agricultural ]iursuits. Hav- iFtsrORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ing been reared in a wild country, and accus- tomed to the scenes and incidents attending the settling up of a new country, the trip across the plains to Calitbrnia had no terrors for him, and in 1850 he started tor that far westward land, at the head of five men, having four two- horse wagons, all belonging to him, having out- fitted at Bonaparte. They went to Salt Lake, etc., then proceeded down the Rumboldt and through Carson Valley to Ilangtown. After a brief stop tliere Mr. Cave came on to Sacra- mento, and soon afterward went to Downieville and engaged in mining at Goodyear's Bar. He and his oldest brother hewed out lumber for a flume, whip-sawed it, built a flume 400 feet long, sixteen feet wide, and three feet deep, dammed the river and run the water through the flume. They then commenced mining in the river bed, but found the enterprise only a mod- erately paying one, though people just below them were making " lots " of money. They were taking out about $6 per day apiece when the high water came on, and Mr. Cave, after selling out to Theodore Winters, went back to Iowa. He remained in Van Buren County until 1852, when he started to drive out about 200 head of cattle and some twenty-five horses across the plains to California. This having been accom- plished, he returned to Iowa. In 1853 he re- turned to California with cattle and horses, worth about $10,000, twenty-five or thirty common horses, and 300 head of cattle. After selling these along the Sacramento River, he made the return trip to Iowa. 'There he remained until 1858, when he again started for California, this time with 350 cattle and 18 or 20 horses and mules. The Mormon troubles were then on, and he was advised to make the journey through Mexico, via Santa Fe. He had proceeded as far as Al- buquerque, when he met Lieutenant Beal re- turning from California. He advised Mr. Cave to turn off from his course and go the northern route, and the latter was persuaded to do so, and secured a guide for that ])urpose. At Peach Springs (where they found peach-trees growing) they had their first trouble with Indians, who commenced to steal stock and to shoot at the members of the party. One night the camp was startled by the loml barking of dogs, and but for this all of them would have been massacred. The Indians succeeded in running off over 200 head of cattle that night, and kept making rushes and shooting, having no trouble in driv- ing away the cattle though Mr. Cave had out a double picket guard. He himself was wounded at the first attack with an arrow, and his mule was shot three times, while one of his men was hit with a rifle ball. This sort of thing contin- ued until Mr. Cave got to a large spring about twelve miles from the Colorado River. There he met L. J. Rose, from the same county and now of Los Angeles, who had got that far, but the Indians had killed one of his men, and had taken eight or nine flne wagons, and all of his stock except thirteen head of old oxen hitched to a wagon, a couple of mules and a pony. He asked Mr. Cave to help him, and the latter re- plied, " I have plenty, and you can share with me as long as anything is left." They decided to go back to Altiuquerque, and on the way met two brothers named Smith, from Texas. Dur- the conversation that followed one of the Smith brothers announced his determination of going on to California, and tried to persuade Mr. Cave to do the same. The latter answered that he had enough of making that attempt. Finally he traded cattle for some of Smith's mules, and Mr. Cave fitted up mule teams to go to Albu- querque, intending to proceed from there to Iowa. When they reached Las "Vegas they were snowed in, and it became necessary to camp there that winter. Corn was purchased and a house and corral rented. His men ob- tained employment from the United States Gov- ernment, Major Rucker turning off peons to put them at work. Along about the last of Janu- ary the weather became favorable for traveling, and Mr. Cave said to his wife one night, " Which would you rather do — go to California, or back to the States?" The brave woman, companion of his misfortunes, replied that she would never be in favor of going back to Iowa HISTORY OF SAGBAMENTO COUNTY. broke, and Mr. Cave then said, " It is Califor- nia." He sent word to his men that such of them as wished to go to California would accompany him, and they refitted and started on the 1st of February. They followed the Rio Grande until they struck the old overland St., Louis and San Francisco road, thence proceeded by Tucson, P't. Yuma, and Los Angeles to Sac- ramento. There Mr. Cave arrived with three wagons and some twenty mules and horses, his entire band of 350 cattle having been lost on the Colorado River. He traded 100 cattle to Smith for mules. He at once went to the ranch of his brother, who lived ten miles down the Sacramento River, in Yolo County. Mr. Cave left his family there, and then proceeded with one of his nephews up above Yreka, where another brother had a hydraulic mine. Mr. Cave borrowed enough money from his brother to buy 300 head of cattle, which he purchased right there. He paid for the cattle and branded them, tlien came to Sacramento to rent some land to put the cattle on. While he was on this mission a terrible accident happened at the place he had just lefc. The brotlier from whom he had borrowed the money had three sons liv- ing at Sawyer's Bar, who had a large pack train, and in their possession was considerable money belonging to their father. The father went over to the Bar to visit his sons, and while there they said to their father, we will send the money by express. They provided him with a mule and a new saddle to ride back. On the way home he was shot by some one who knew he had the money, and killed. Tlie murderers got but little money. The miners turned out to search for him, and found the body, but not the perpe- trators of tlie foul deed. When Mr. Cave got back there, he at once told the boys to take the cattle, and they did so, but gave him fourteen head. He then came back here, Ijought a ranch, and commenced farming seven miles below Sac- .ramento. When the Nevada mining excite- ment broke out he went to teaming, and drove forty mules over the mountains out of Sacra- mento, in four ten-mule teams. When the Pa- cific Railroad was building, a serious dispute arose between the railroad people and the Team- sters' Association as to whether the latter should take freight from Sacramento, or at Colfax. Mr. Cave was sent for, and at 1214 K street lie met Messrs. Stanford, Crocker, Hopkins and Earl to discuss the situation. Mr. Stanford said, "We have a favor to ask. We want you to go to Colfax and haul a quartz- mill to Austin." lie offered to haul the teams to Colfax free, but Mr. Cave drove them. He continued teaming until that division of the road was built, and then sold his teams to a man named Yeager, of Ft. Yuma, who engaged Mr. Cave to go and haul quartz for the Vulture Mining Company, up the Colorado River about 150 miles above Ft. Yuma. Yeager borrowed $2,000 above the price of the team, Mr. Cave went to Sacra- mento, where he was to get tiie money, but Yeager did not show up with it. Mr. Cave went to San Francisco and, meeting Yeager at the Russ House, '^ tackled " him for a settlement, and a promise of payment was there made. Mr. Cave afterward met a man who told iiim the teams liad been attacked, and he proceeded to look Yeager up. He made a trip to the scene of Yeager's workings, and after much trouble and discouragement found he would never realize a dollar from him, so that he was out more than $14,000 in the operation, and all by accommo- dating a man. Mr. Cave has since devoted his attention to farming. He and George L. Clark purchased 1,100 acres of land in Yolo County,- sixteen miles from Sacramento,- and have started ill the business of raising alfalfa on a large scale. They have made many improvements, and have built a levee a mile and three-quarters long, fifty feet wide at the base and six feet high. They have some 10,000 cords of wood on the place. Mr. Cave was married in Van Buren County, Iowa, on the 8th of April, 1842, to Miss Delilah Donaldson, a native of Ohio. They have four children, viz.: Reuben, David and Hugh, who reside in Yolo County; and Miss Ella. Mr. Cave is a member of Bona- parte Lodge, No. 73, A. F. & A. M., which lie HI STOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. joined away back in 1856. Politically he is a Democrat. He has led an active life, more than ordinarily mixed with adventure, and is at the present time a pushing man of business. fHARLES SCHWAllTZ, retail butcher, Sacramento, is a native of Germany, born at Neckar-Gemund, Baden, his parents being August and Caroline (Wentzel) Schwartz. His father was at the head of the Gens-d'Armes in tliat district, and was a military man all his life. When Charles Scliwartz was but nine years of age his father died, and his mother re- moved to Adelsheim, and there he was reared, and attended school until the age of fourteen years. In 1S53 he came to tlie United States, sailing from Bremen on the two-masted schooner Figaro. At 2 o'clock on Friday morning, after they had been three or four days out of port, they were shipwrecked in the Euglish Channel, but picked up and transported on a barge to Hamsgate. Fifteen days passed by, the schooner was repaired and made ready again, and they proceeded on their way to America. On the voyage the captain became sick, and they landed at Bermuda for medicines. From there they proceeded to New York, where they landed the latter part of May, or the first of June. Mr. Schwartz had two e-isters al Albany, and he went up to see them. After his visit he returned to New York city, and learned the butcher trade with John Mittler, No. 504 Houston street. In 1855 he came to California via Nicaragua, leaving New York on the steamer Star of the "West, and landing at San Francisco about the 15tli of September, from the steamer Uncle Sam. On tlie latter vessel ciiolera played sad havoc, and nearly 200 out of those on board died. Mr. Schwartz came on up to Sacramento, and went to work for Louis and Jacob Korn, who kept the St. Louis Market, on K street, near Sixth. Six months later he went to work for Schwartz & Bosler, at the City Market, where Wilson's lively stable now is. lie remained there about a year, then engaged with Charles Lehman, where the water works are now located. He remained there until February 22, 185&, then started in business for himself, on the corner of Seventh and L streets, in partnership with Charles A. Yoerk, of the National Market. That partnership continued until the flood of 1862, when Mr. Yoerk retired from the firm. Mr. Schwartz has continued in business at that location ever since, and the business of the L street market is now managed by his son Clem- ens. In 1880 Mr. Schartz started, in addition, the P street market, on the corner of Seventh and P streets, and now an extensive business is carried on at both places. Mr. Schwartz was married in this city May 28, 1864, to Miss Mary Neidhardt, a native of Hamburg, Germany. They have six children, viz.: Clemens, Edward, Louis, Charles, Alice and Fred. Two have died, viz.: Carl and Caroline. Mr. Schwartz is a member of Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. O. O. F., and held the presiding chair in 1863. He is also a member of Sacramento Lodge, No. 80, A. O. U. W. Mr. Schwartz has made his start in Sacramento, having come here with but $10 in his pockets, while now he ranks among the substantial men of the city. He is enterprising and pushing in business, and is, withal, a popu- lar man with a very large circle of friends. EORGE NEUMANN, o,io of the best of the old-time residents of Sacra lento, is a native of Baltimore, Maryland, born May 27, 1837, his parents being Andrew and Elizabeth (Straw) Neumann. His parents were natives of Germany. His father was born about thirty-five miles from Bremen, and reared there. He came to the United States, locating at Baltimore. In 1839 the family removed to Van Buren County, Iowa, and there the father purchased about 200 acres of laud and afterward purchased Missouri school-land. In 1853 the sen- ior Neumann and two partners purchased cattle and drove them across the plains to California, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO VOUNTT. the subject of this sketcli accompanying them. Their route took them by Forts Kearney and Lar- amie and on to Sweetwater, wliich they ferried, constructing their own ferry for the purpose. Tliey were successful in getting their stock tlirough safely, though tliey saw a great many cattle which had been shot by the Indians. They came into California by the Beckwith ronte, and brought up in American Valley on the 28tli of July. That being a good stock country they stopped there to let their cattle recruit, remaining until about the middle of November. They then proceeded to the Buttes, back of Marysville, where they sold out and the father then went back to Iowa. George Neumann, the subject of this sketch, did not return to Iowa with his father but decided to remain in California. He went from Marysville to Grass Valley, and mined there and at Nevada City until 1856, when he sold out his interests there. He then came to Sacra- mento, from here proceeded to San Francisco, and from here took a steamer for home, going by way of Panama and New Orleans. In 1858 his father made another trip across the plains with about 100 Iiead of cows, and he again accompa- nied him. There was considerable talk of emi- grants being killed who came by the old emigrant route that year, so they came by way of Salt Lake, and camped adjoining them during the height of the Mormon troubles. When they reached Carson Valley, the great Washoe min- ing excitement was on. They remained there three or four months, until the cows had reached a marketable condition, then proceeded to Ilaiig- town, and from there to Clarksbury, El Dorado County, where the remainder of the cows were sold out. They then returned to Iowa, where the elder Neumann died in 1865, aged si.xty- four years. George Neumann again crossed the plains to Pike's Peak in 1859. He was in the mines there, and on Blue River, and in Utah Territory during that trip. In October he left Denver for the East, going to St. Joseph, thence to Plattsmouth, from there to St. Louis»and thence to New York. There he took passage on a steamer for Panama, crossed the Isthmus and proceeded to San Francisco, where he landed from the steamer Sonora. He came to Sacra- mento on the 6th of November 1859, and en- gaged with his brother, at the What Cheer House, on Front and K streets. About a year and a half later he secured for himself the cigar department of the business, and on liis brother's death, March 8, 1868, he succeeded to the entire business. He was there when the water came through the levees at Rable's tannery, Decem- ber-9, 1861, and remembers that three-quarters of an hour after the alarm was given the cellars commenced filling up. It was soon up even with the tops of the counters. It was the same during the fiood commencing January 9, 1862, and on both occasions they did business on the second floor, customers coming up in boats. Mr. Neu- mann was married in Sacramento, May 29, 1873, to Miss MoUie E. Crump, a native of Virginia. Tliey have four children, viz.: Harry, Walter, Edith and Emma. In the days of the old vol- unteer fire department, Mr. Neumann was a member of No. 3 company for twelve or thir- teen years. He belongs to the K. of P. (was a charter member), and to Cosumnes Tribe, Red Men. He was formerly a member of the Sars- tield Ciuards. In politics Mr. Neuman is a Republican. He has a splendid memory on matters of iiistoric interest, and is one of the most entertaining conversationalists on those subjects to be met with in the city. fACOBGRUHLER, proprietor of the Butch- ers' Home, Sacramento, is a member of the prominent Gruhler family, extended men- tion of whom is made in several places in this volume. He is a native of Germany, born at Aldingen, Wurtemberg, on the 2d of August, 1861, his parents being Frederick and Christina (Glazer) Gruhler. He was reared at his native place to farm work, and received his education between the ages of six and fourteen years. He came to the United States in 1880, locating in Sac- ramento on the 5th of May. For the first three niSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. years in this city lie was engaajed at the Coliira- biis Brewery, and for tlie succeeding three years with his brotlier John on J street. He then started in business for himself in his present location, No. 1020 J street, where he has built up an extensive trade. Mr. Gruhler is L. S. to N. G. in Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. O. O. F. He is also a member of Sacramento Staram, No. 124, Red Men; of the Verein Eintracht; of Sacramento Turn-Yerein, and of the Sacramento Rifle Club. Mr. Gruhler is an active, energetic 3'oung man, of excellent business qualifications, and for the comparatively short space of time that he has been in business for himself in Sac- ramento, has done remarkably well indeed. He is popular and has a host of friends. — "^ ^ - S '- t - S -- fUSTAV WAHL, of Sacramento, is a na- tive of Germany, liorn at Neuffen, Wur- temberg, on the 11th of August, 1858, his parents being William and Catharine (Lad- ner) Wahl. Ilis father kept a bakery and pub- lic house. Gustav Wahl spent his boyhood days at his native place, and there attended the public schools between the age of six and four- teen years. He then commenced attending the Loury Polytechnic School, at Stuttgart, where he also learned the trade of stone cutter. When seventeen years of age he went to Zurich, Switzerland, to Berne and throughout Wurtem- berg. When he arrived at the age of twenty years he went into the army, and served in the Seventh Wurtemberg Infantry Regiment, No. 125, Third Company, with headquarters at Stutt- gart. At the expiration of three years he was discharged with the rank of corporal. In 1882 lie came to New York, thence to Omaha, from tliere to San Francisco, and finally to Sacra- mento. He was for some time with his brother in the Columbus Brewery, then commenced business for himself at 1023 Third street, his present locaticm. Mr. Wahl was married in this city, in April, 1883, to Miss Frederika Bertsch, a native of tiie same town as himself. They have three children, viz.: Annie, Edward, and Walter Otto. Mr. Wahl is a member of Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. O. O. F.; of Sacra- mento Stamm, No. 124, Red Men (in which he has been twice chief) ; of Sacramento Lodge, No. 11, Hermann's Sons, and of the Verein-Ein- tracht. Mr. Wahl is a popular man and has a very large number of personal friends. ^ON. FRANK D. RYAN.— Although but young in years, Mr. Ryan has already hown himself to be possessed of abilities that have giben him a prominence that is only filled by worth, and that promise to lead him to positions of higher honor and preferment in the future. He is a native of the city of Sacra- mento, having been born here May 11, 1859. His father is Hon. John Ryan, Commissioner of Streets and Second Trustee of this city, a gen- tleman who has held representative positions for many years. Mr. F. D. Ryan, our sub- ject, received his academic education in this city, completing it by a scholastic course at St. Mary's College in San Francisco, where he graduated in the year 1878. Returning to Sacramento, he began the study of law in the office of Judge R. C. Clark in this city, and was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court, November 9, 1880. He opened an office at once, and has from the first commanded a practice of important and growing dimensions. Mr. Ryan has always taken an active interest in politics, in its bearings upon the live ques- tions of the day, supporting from convictions the principles upon which the Republican party rests its cause. His abilities and powers, both as a speaker and worker, have been frequently employed, and he has personally been called upon by the sufl'rages of the people to accept the duties of responsible offices. In the State election held in 1882 he was chosen to repre- sent this county in the Legislature, and was nominated and would have been elected for the succeeding term as well, but for the fact that a UlSrOIiT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. change of residence made liim ineligible. lie was the youngest member of tiie House at the time, but not the least active and efficient worker. In 1885 he was appointed Chief Clerk of the House, holding that post until 1887. Mr. Kyan has, however, filled even a larger place in the eyes of the people, and performed a still more important work as a member of the order of Native Sons of the Golden West, of which he was one of the incorporators. In 1880 he was Grand Vice-President, and in April, 1889, he was elected Grand President of the Native Sons, and now holds that position, the highest honor in the gift of the order. He has been prominently identilied with tlie almost unexampled growth and prosperity of the Native Sons, who now have the satisfaction of seeing no less than twenty of their number occupying seats in the Legislature, one of them, Hon. Stephen M. White, being chairman of the Sen- ate. On the occasion of the unveiling of the handsome monument to General Winn, the founder of the order, in Sacramento lately, a notice of wliich will be fouTid in another place, Mr. Eyan took a leading part. Mr. Eyan was married November 25, 1884, to Miss Ella Bout- well, herself also a native of Sacramento, and thus a Native Daughter, the lamily thus being thoroughly Calitbrnian. They have two chil- dren. fATHANIEL DINGLEY, proprietor of the Star Coffee and Spice Mills, is a native of Maine, born at Winslow, Kennebec County, P'ebruary 14, 1824, his father being Nathaniel B. Dingley. His mother was also a native of Maine and daughter of an old soldier and Eevo- lutionary veteran, who came to this country with Lafayette, settling in Maine after peace was declared. On his father's side the family were principally engaged in ship building, his grandfather and father both following that trade. and Indi that of si ipp ing lumber to the West Nathaniel Dingley, subject of th sketch, spent his early boyhood days at his na- tive place, but was quite young when he went to sea, his first experience away from home and without leave, at that. He lauded at Boston '• dead broke," but soon obtained employment with the firm of Hill, Capen & Co., who were engaged in English dry-goods trade. When the first named member of the firm disposed of his interest in the business Mr. Dingley left there and went with Hill, Capen & Nicholas, corner •of .West and Washington streets. After he had been in Boston eight years he went to a branch house of the firm at Portland, Maine, where he remained a year. He then returned to Boston and became one of a party of 100 organized to go to California on the " Harriet Eockwell." Among the party were Charles Tucker, Jr., and Theodore Hastings, who for the past seventeen years has been a salesman and bookkeeper for Mr. Dingley. They left Boston on the 18th of September, 1849, and landed at San Francisco about the middle of February, 1850. On the voyage the ship put into port at St. Catharine (just at the time of the riots there) at the Faulk- land Islands, and at Valparaiso, where they stopped two weeks. Tlieir only serious trouble on the trip was off the mouth of the Platte Eiver, where they were storm-tossed for three days, and were in danger all of that time. Mr. Dingley remained in San Francisco about two mouths after his arrival there, waiting for re- turns from the sale of effects jointly owned by the company, and received $65 as his share. He then went up to Marysville, andfrom there went up to Shasta by o.v-team. On the way he got ahead of the party, and going to one side went to sleep. When he awoke his companions were far ahead. He went up to Cottonwood Creek, and ran into a baud of lava-bed Indians, who took him prisoner and kept him over night. His life would not have been worth much were it not that he had in his possession a lot of pipes, which he presented to the Indians. An- other fact in his favor was that Boston Charley, one of his captors, was the son of a Boston man, and as Mr. Dingley was from Boston IIISTOHY OF SACIUMENTO COUNTY. Charley interceded in his favor. At daybreak next morning they placed Mr. Dingley astrad- dle the tallest Indian, and with two others bracing him they carried him across the stream so that he did not get wet. They then provided him with an escort, who accompanied him until he joined his friends. He went up Clear Creek to the foot-liills, and engaged in mining at One- Horse Town. He was there six months and in that time had cleared §2,000. They then pur- chased an ox-team and undertook the long jour- ney to Union Valley. There Mr. Dingley en- gaged again in mining, and also started a grocery store, with a partner. Three months later, when the cold weather came on, Mr. Dingley became sick, and left the concern with his partner while he went to Marysville to receive medical atten- tion. A couple of months later his partner, who had disposed of the business, came down and settled up. Mr. Dingley went to work drawing a wagon for the Boston Bakery, on Webb street above Montgomery, and some time later, about the time a sale of the bakery was being made, Mr. Dingley expressed a desire to purchase a half interest, saying that he liad $1,000 and could be of much service in drumming up trade. The deal was consummated and a partnership formed, and they were doing a line business when the great fire came and cleared them out, Mr. Dingley losing between §8,000 and §10,000. He borrowed §9 and came to Sacramento. He obtainedemployraent in the coffee business with Charles Tucker, on Front street, between I and J. Three months later Mr. Tucker went under financially, and his stock was sold at auction. Mr. Dingley bought it in, added the manufact- ure of syrups to the business, and has added to it until the trade lias assumed very large pro- portions indeed, extending throughout Califor- nia and Nevada. After the fire on Front street, Mr. Dingley removed to his present location, on I street, where he has ever since continued. The products of the factory enjoy a reputation second to none, and the business has met with a well deserved and permanent success. Mr. Dingley has been a resident of California ever since the pioneer days, and has been an eye witness to the State's great progress in reaching her present proud position. He commenced in Sacramento with no capital save willing hands and a determined head, and is in every sense of the word a self-made man. fETER NEWMAN, proprietor of the El Dorado House, Sacramento, is a native of Germany, born at Alsheim, Hesse-Darm- stadt, October 24, 1843, his parents being Ru- dolph and Catharina (Lang) Newman. The father was a cabinet-maker by occupation. Peter Newman was reared at his native place, and there educated from the time he was six years of age until he was fourteen. He then learned the barbers' trade. In 1864 he went to Mainz, and thence to Hamburg, where, on the 3d of August, he took passage on the steamer Titonia to New York, where he arrived on the 17th of August. From there he started for California, and landed at San Francisco from the steamer Constitution. He proceeded to Sacra- mento, arriving here on the 8th of February, 1865. On the 28th of the mouth he went to work at the barber trade with Jacob Heintz (now a farmer) in the City Hotel barber shop, and was so engaged for thirteen years. He then succeeded Mr. Drijen in the propriefi)rship of the Philadelphia House, which he conducted until October 13, 1887, when he bought out the El Dorado House and has since conducted the business there. Mr. Newman was married in this city, October 4, 1868, to Miss Frederika Stober, a native of Baden, Germany, whose father died there, the family afterward locating at Rochester. Her mother afterward died in Sacramento. Mr. and Mrs. Newman have six children, viz.: Albert J., Frederick William, Minnie Frederika, Henry Peter, Frank Ridge- ley and Peter Blaine. Mr. Newman is now trustee of Schiller Lodge, No. 105, 1. O. O. F., in which he has passed the chairs. He was UISrORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY District Deputy Grand Master of the order under M. W. G. M. Ezra Pearson, from May 15, 1880, to May 15, 1882. He is also a member of Occidental Encampirient, and of the Canton. He is a member of Union Lodge, JNo. 58, A. F. & A. M.; of Sacramento Stamm, Eed Men, and of the Sacramento Turn-Verein. Politically he is a stanch Pepublican. Mr. Newman has made his start in Sacramento, commencing work here at §50 a month, and becoming a partner in tlie business March 10, 1868. Now he is one of the solid men of the city, and a large property owner. Mr. Newman is a whole-souled, genial gentleman, and enjoys the confidence and esteem of a host of friends. fAPTAIN FllANK RUHSTALLEli, pro- prietor of tlie City Brewery, and one of the prominent business men of Sacra- mento, is a native of Switzerland, born a't En- siedeln, November 8, 1847, his parents being Frank, Sr., and Josepha (Ochsner) Euhstaller. His father was a hat-maker by trade in early life, but afterward a farmer and dairyman. The subject of this sketch attended the public schools between the ages of six and thirteen years and learned the brewers' trade at Canton Berne. In 1862 he came to the United States, taking ])assage on a steamer at Havre, in July, and landing at New York. Proceeding to Louis- ville, Kentucky, he obtained employment in the Falls City Brewery for a short time, then went across the river to St. Albany, Indiana, where he became foreman in Paul Reising's brewery, before ho was eighteen years old. He went back to Louisville again and from there came to California in 1865, via New York and Panama, landing at San Francisco about the 24th of August. He came to Sacrainento and went to work in the City Brewery, and on the 3d of September, six weeks later, became fore- man, and held that position for one year. He then went to the Pacific Brewery, and brewed for George Ochs, off and on, for three years. He next bought an interest in the Sutterville Brewery, and was in partnership there with Joseph Bechler for seven or eight months. The high water then stopped work and he went back to the Pacific Brewery. He remained with Ochs until he sold out to Mr. Louis Knauer, and then worked for the latter two years driving wagon. Then he bought into the St. Louis Brewery, and, in partnership with Fritz Futterer and Henry Altpeter, conducted that brewery for six or seven months. He then went back to the Pacific Brewery, where he drove wagon for the succeeding two years. Then he became foreman. Soon afterward he received word that his father was sick in Swit- zerland, and he at once went back there, but his father had died before he reached home. That was in 1873. In August of that year he again left there for California, and returning to Sacra- mento opened a place opposite the Metropolitan Theatre. He continued in business there until November, 1881, when he bought the City Brewery and has since carried on the business. The City Brewery was originated by William Borchers and a man named Ililbert, about 1859. Hilbert died in March, 1865, and Charles Schwartz took his interest in the business. In 1887 the latter retired from the firm, and Mr. Borchers carried on the business alone until the brewery was i)urchased by Mr. Ruhstaller. Since the last named gentleman took control he has made so many improvements that he has practically a new brewery. "When he bought the place it was operated by horse-power and had a capacity of fifteen barrels a day. Now. he has a tine plant, operated by steam, which turns out sixty-five barrels per day. The beer brewed in this brewery has a tine reputation and a splendid trade. Mr. Euhstaller was married in Sacramento oti Christmas day, 1870, to Miss Charlotte Oeste, a native of Germany, but reared at Milwaukee. They have had eight children, of whom five are living, viz.: Anna, Frank J., Minnie, David and August. Mr. and Mrs. Ruhstaller have been bereaved by the loss of four beloved children, viz.: Otto, Wilhel- uisToBT OF sachamemto county. mina, Otto and Cliarlotte. Mr. Rulistaller be- came a ineiTiber of the Sacramento Hussars in 1867. From 1878 up to 1882 he was Captain of the Hussars, after Fritz Ileilbronn. He has been a member of Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. O. O. F., since 1868. He is a member of Tehama Lodcre, A. F. & A. M.; of the Sacra- mento Turn-Verein ; of Hermann's Sons, and of the Verein-Eintracht. He is a member of the Foresters' Gun Club, and won the gold medal at tlie April shoot, 1889. He is an hon- orary member of the Sacramento Rifle Club, and gave to the club the cannon presented b}' General Sutter to the Swiss Rifle Club. While tiring a salute with the cannon the arm of A. Klebe was blown off, and the cannon was buried and $1,800 collected for Klebe. Captain Ruli- staller has in his possession the flag presented to the Swiss Rifle Club, iu 1854, by the mem- bers of the Schiitzen Club, of Canton Zurich, Switzerland, the preserjtation being by Gover- nor Bigler. Mr. Ruhstaller made his start in business in Sacramento, and by good judgment and good management in business, coupled with liberality and enterprise, has built himself up until he now ranks among the solid men of the city. tERMAN LAGES.— Among the enterpris- ing class of young business men, now such an important factor in commercial circles of Sacramento, is the gentleman with whose name this sketch commences. He was born in New York city, August 20, 1862, his parents being John and Matilda (Haesloop) Lages. Both parents were natives of Germany, and his father was a merchant in New York city after coming to America. Herman Lages was reared and educated in the American me- tropolis. In 1881 he came to California, locat- ing in this city, and entered the employ of W. A. Butterfield, grocer. Tenth and J streets. Ten months later he commenced business for him- self at his present location. No. 1430 Second street. Here he has built up an extensive trade, and besides his business in the locality does a large order trade with the people of the country surrounding Sacramento. He was married in this city November 8, 1886, to Miss Annie De- valle, a native of Santa Clara County. They have one son, John. Mr. Lages is a member of Capital Lodge, L O. O. F., and of Court Sac- ramento, A. O. F. He was for three years a member of the City Guard, of Sacramento. Mr. Lages is an active, enterprising young man, with plenty of pluck and energy, and is nieet- ing with a success in business which must ever attend upright, fair and honorable dealings, supplemented with such personal attention as he gives his business. — ^€(11:®!^-^— fETER FUCHS.— Among the well-known b'usiness men of Sacramento who have made their start in this city is the gentle- man whose name heads this sketch. He is a native of Germany, born at Bingen-on-the- Rhine, June 20, 1839, his parents being Carl and Christina (Bradner) Fuchs. His father fol- lowed the occupation of nail and bellows making by hand. Peter was left an orphan at the early age of three and a half years, and his mother died when he was twelve. He lived for one year thereafter, with his sister, and upon her marriage he went to live with another family, with whom he remained until he completed his education. At .the age of fourteen years he went to Wies-Baden, where he worked for three years, in a cigar factory part of the time, at other times in a drug store, and at various occu- pations. He next obtained employment on one of the vessels navigating the Rhine, and after three or four months engaged in seafaring life on the high seas. His first vessel was the Ralphiiio Casino to Rika, Russia, and the sec- ond was the Adriana Peternella, on which he made a voyage to the East Indies. He followed the sea about four years and a half, going all around the world under Ilollandish, German, IIISTOBT OF SACIUMENTO COUNTY. English, Russian and American flags, and on tlie 1st of December, 1860, sailed from New York on tlie Belle of the Sea, around Cape Horu to San Francisco, where he arrived un the 17tli of April, 1861. On the 21st lie came to Sac- ramento, arriving at 4 a. m., and at 6 p. m. he was at work for John Spring at the Crescent City Hotel. He remained there until August and then went to work for Ur. W. W. Light, at general work about the house and place, on No- vember 25. He also obtained a job with Charles Laiigenbach, 408 J street, learning to make cigars and smoking tobacco; and would get up at 5 A. M., work for Dr. Light till 9 o'clock, then go down to Langenbach and do his day's work there. When the first flood came on, Decem- ber, 1861, he had to give up either his job at the house or at the iactorj, and decided to leave the ibrmer, leaving Dectmber 20. In June, 1862, Mr. Langenbach sold out, and Mr. Fuchs went into business for himself, upstairs at the corner of Third and J streets. Two months later 'he removed next to D. O. Mills' bank building. In June, 1865, he removed into the Metropolitan Theatre building. September 1, 1868, he started at his present locality, 405 K street. He has built up an e.xtensive cigar business, his prineijial biaiids bting "Carl and Ernst," " Two Erothers," " Mj Boy's Best," " Peter Fuchs," and " Peter Fuchs' Best," and also carries on the manufacture of smoking tobacco, making tlie well-known brands " Old Sport," " Champion," and " ILivana." These are splendid tobaccos and have a high reputa- tion among smokers. Mr. Fuchs has always been strongly in I'avor of white labor. He was married in San Francisco October 28, 1866, to Miss Clara Gallwitz, a native of Berlin. They have six children, viz.: Clara, Carl, Ernst, Anna, Adolph and Frederick. Adolph was drowned August 8, 1889, at the age of eleven years, ten months and twenty-two days. Mr. Fuchs is a member of Sacramento Lodge, No. 2, 1. O. O. F.; of Pacific Encampment, No. 2, I. O. O. F.; Canton No. 1, P. M., I. O. O. F.; of Union Lodge, No. 21, A. O. U. W., and of Unity Lodge, No. 2,088, K. of H. He is a self-made man and has built himself up to his present position from the smallest beginnings by indomitable will and energy. He is a popu- lar man, and well deserves the success which has attended his efforts. ~-^^mwf^^ — tMEISTEK, builder of carriages, etc., Sac- ramento, ranks among the prominent ® manufacturers of the Capital City, and is one of those men who have done their full share toward the building up of Sacramento. He is a native of Germany, born at the village of Riichen, Hesse-Cassel, on the 14th of May, 1837, his parents being Stephen and Elizabeth (Engeltiart) Meister. A. Meister, subject of this sketch, spent his early boyhood days at his native place, and was there educated at the pub- lic schools between the^<»ges of six and fourteen years. He then went to learn the trade of black- smithing and carriage-making at the village of Bischhausen, serving an apprenticeship of three years. In 1854, in company vs^ith his brother Eeinliart, he came to America, sailing from Bremen on the ship Blucher, a sailing vessel bound lor Baltimore, where they arrived in June. They proceeded to Pittsburg, and there Mr. Meister finished his trade with C. West, on Benn street. In the spring of 1857 he went to Chicago, and after working there two weeks, proceeded to Michigan City, Indiana, where he worked about a year in the car shops. He then went to Mishawaka, Indiana, and worked there a year. In 1859 he went to Pike's Peak, dur- ing the gold excitement. A party was formed at St. Joseph, Missouri, among whom were Mr. Meister and his brother-in law, John Beard. They proceeded to California via Salt Lake, bringing up at Placerville, where they remained about two weeks: Mr. Meister mined for two days, a mile and a half above Placerville, in the meantime. He came on from there to Sacra- mento, and obtained work from J. A. Mason, who was then located near where George Blue's shop IIISTORT OF SACR^UIENTO COUNTY. now is. In 1862 he went back to Mishawaka, Indiana, and was there married, on the 15th of February, 1863, to Miss Maggie Beard. Mr. Meister again returned to California, locating in Sacramento, and on the 1st of September, 1870, in partnership with Thomas Fargher, originated the firm of Meister & Co. Four years later the partnership was dissolved and since that time Mr. Meister has been alone. In 1877 he removed to where Mr. Moon is now situated, and in 1882 established himself at his present location. His shop has a frontage of sixty-one feet on Ninth street, and extends back 160 feet, being four stories in height. Mr. Meister has made all the substantial improve- ments now existing there. When he com- menced business only himself and partner were employed; now he gives employment to from eighteen to twenty skilled workmen, and turns out buggies, carriages, phaetons, etc., equal to the best in California. His work carried off five premiums at the State Fair of 1888, and six in 1889. Mr. Meister is a Knight Tem- plar in Masonry, and belongs to Union Lodge, aid Sicramento Chapter and Gommandery. He was for seventeen years trustee of the German Lutheran Church. Mr. and Mrs. Meister have had nine chilireu, of whom six are living, viz.: George, Charles, Frank, Edward, Albert, and Flora. The three oldest boys are in the shop. The deceased children are: Gnssie, Lizzie, and Emma. Mr. M^iister is deserving of much credit for the enterprise he has shown in giving to Sacramento a manufactory such as he con- ducts, and has well earned the success with which he has met in business. The product of his shop holds a high rank in the trade, and in addition he does a great amouut of manufact- uring to private orders. fACOB GRIESEL, manufacturer of harness, etc., Sacramento, is a native of Germany, born at Obervorschutz, Kreis Fritzlar, Kur- hessen, July 30, 1825, his parents being Adam and Angelica (Scherp) Griesel, the father a carpenter by occupation. He was reared at his native place, educated there to the age of four- teen years, then went to learn the trade of har- ness-maker at Hesse-Cassel. Pie served an apprenticeship of three years with Just Rippel, and then traveled throughout Germany to per- fect his trade. He came to America in the spring of 1848, sailing from Bremen and land- ing in New York in May. He worked six months in New York city, then went, succes- sively, to Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Louisville and St. Louis. From there he went to Jeflerson City, where he worked for a man named Scherp from 1848 to 1852. In the spring of the latter year he and his brother Adam, now deceased, accompanied by William Miller, came To California. They outfitted at Jefferson C^fy, and bought five yoke of oxen and a horse. Tliey came out via Ft. Kear- ney, the Black Hills, Sublette's cut-off, etc., and crossed the desert to Ragtowa. They then rested a couple of days, and came into Califor- nia via the Carson route, bringing up at Hang- town about the middle of August, after a rather pleasant trip, except that sometimes they ran short of water and wood. They sold their teams at Hangtown, and Mr. Griesel went to Cold Springs and engaged in mining for a couple of weeks with an old friend, then came to Sacra- mento in a wagon, arriving the early part of September. He obtained work at once with a man named Philip Megerle, with whom he re- mained two years. He then went to Nevada City and started a shop, which he conducted until November, 1858, when he sold out and returned to Sacramento. He went to work for his brother, but four months later quit and went to New York by steamer. Two or three weeks later he went to England, thence to Ger- many. He again came back to America from there, and after traveling tliroughout the United States, brought up at Jefferson City. There he belonged to the militia. In April, 1863, he came back to Caiitbrnia by water, and started work in Sacramento at his present location, No. IIIsrOUY OF SAGRAMENTU COUNTY. 1022 J Street. His brother died in July of that year, and he has run tlie place ever since. He manufactures nearly everything he handles, from the lightest to the heaviest harness, and has a fine trade, as his goods enjoy an excellent reputation. Mr. Griesel was married in Ger- many to Miss Anna C. Riedmann on March 13, 1859. His wife is a native of Germany, born near Obervorschutz. They have two children, viz.: Adolph H. and Ottilie. Mr. Griesel is a member of Schiller Lodge, I. O. O. F., since 1864, having joined the order at Nevada City in 1856, and he lias passed through all the chairs of Scliiller Lodge. He has passed the chairs of Tribe No. 124, Red Men, and has been its treasurer for the last fourteen years. In the days uf the volunteer tire department he was in Yuung America Engine Company, No. 6, and remained with it from 18C6 until the paid fire department came in. He has passed the chairs in the Chosen Friends. Mr. Griesel has passed through many of the vicissitudes of early life in California. In Nevada City, in 1856, his building and stock were destroyed by fire, and he had to commence anew. But his credit was first-class, and he had no trouble in getting any- thing he wanted from dealers, and to any amount. He was stopping at the Illinois House when it burned down, the night of Pierce's elec- tion, and he slept that night in the Plaza. Mr. Griesel is an active, enterprising man of strict honesty and integrity' in his business dealings, and these facts account for his success. ►>^ fOHN FIllTSCH, one of the old-time Sac- ramentans, now retired from active busi- ness, is a native of Alsace, born near Strasbourg, on the 10th of June, 1815, his parents being Valentine and Caroline (Zwilling) Fritsch. Their family history is traceable back to the sixteenth century. His father and grand- father Fritsch were wagon-makers by trade, and on his mother's side his ancestors were school teachers and ])rofessional people. Being Luther- ans by faith, they were driven out by the Roman Catholics, and settled in various countries. John Fritsch spent his early boyhood days at his na- tive place, and there received his education. In 1832 the family came to America, sailing from Havre on the three-masted vessel Martha. Their destination was Charleston, South Caro- lina, but on account of the trouble then existing there, they were not allowed to land. A second attempt was made at Norfolk, Virginia, but with no better success, this time on account of the cholera quarantine. They then put into port at Baltimore, and from there proceeded to Washington City. There they saw the cele- brated Indian chief. Black Hawk, who was then on his fiimous trip to the seat of Government. Work was plentiful at the National Capital, and they settled there. In 1834 the mother died, and the family soon afterward broke up. The subject of this sketch went with his lather and brother to Berlin, Somerset County, Pennsyl- vania, where the father worked at his trade, and our subject worked with him. In 1836 they went to Cincinnati, and a couple of months later to St. Louis. Soon afterward they went to New Orleans, arriving there about the time the Rangers were returning from Te.\as, and the soldiers returning from the Seminole War in Florida. They resided in Joseph street, in La- fayette district. Parish of Jefferson. The father died in 1841. On the 4th of June, 1842, John Fritsch became a citizen of the United States before Judge Francis Joseph Emil Dugui J^i- vandais. He remained in New Orleans until the 10th of February, 1852, when in company with his brother Jacob (now a resident of Marys- ville) he took passage on the steamer Philadel- phia for Chagres. They crossed the Isthmus of Panama, part of the way by boat and ])art on foot, and continued their voyage to California on the steamer Winfield Scott, landing at San Francisco. Mr. Fritsch remained in the city a short time, but some of his friends made him a present of a pick and shovel, and he started for the mines. He })acked the implements, and with a blanket on his shoulders, all the way UlSTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. from Colusa to Shasta. He went to work on Clear Creek, and mined there until the follow- ing spring. He then returned to San Fran- cisco, and there met his wife and children who had come out to Join him. He worked there at Ills trade until 1855, when he came to Sacra- mento, and went to work for George Duden, on Ninth and K streets. After this he worked at different shops and also in the Central Pacific liailroad shops, where he was engaged for a long time. He has been retired since about 1879. Mr. Fritsch was married in JS'ew Orleans on the 15th of May, 1842, to Elizabeth Lorch, a native of Bavaria, her parents being Simon and Mar- garet (Stauter) Lorch. Her father died in Ba- varia, and her mother in New Orleans in 1854. She came to San Francisco via Panama, on the steamers Falcon and Golden Gate. Mr. and Mrs. Fritsch were the parents of eleven children, of whom five are now living. The eldest son, John, Jr., who was a prominent joung man, died on the 24th of March, when about thirty- four years of age. Their oldest daughter, Phil- lipina, has been twice married. By her first husband, Louis Koenii', now deceased, there is one child living, Charles King, employed in a commercial house. She is now the wife of William HoflFman. The other living children of Mr. and Mrs. Fritsch are: Henry, Lizzie, Emma and Margaret (widow of William Keller). Mr. Fritsch joined Howard Lodge, No. 6, A. F. & A. M., New Orleans, in 1848, and in 1857 he afhliated with Concord Lodge, Sacramento, of which he is now a member. He is a Repub- lican politically. His father, who was born io 1781, was a soldier under the great Napoleon. tUGUST SIMON I, proprietor of the La Croce Federal Hotel, Sacramento, is a native of Italy, born near Lucca, Tuscany, in 1826. He was reared at Coreglia, and there received his education. He went from his na- tive country to France in 1853, and was there engaged in the manufacture of art work from plaster of Paris. In 1855 he came to America, sailing from Havre to New Orleans. Eight months later he proceeded to Mexico, and from there to California, arriving in San Francisco early in 1857. After a time he went to Placer- ville, and mined seven or eight years. From there he went to Tutter's Valley, Placer County, and from there to Sacramento in 1866. He engaged with Mr. Gregory, by whom he was employed for six years. He then came to the present liotel, and went to work for D. Grainger. He afterward became a partner with T. Magi- netti, and since 1881 has been sole proprietor, and has a large business. Mr. Simoni was mar- ried in this city to Miss Hester Mahany, a na- tive of Ireland. Mr. Simoni was one of the first vice-presidents of the Bersaglia, and now holds that position. He is a member of Union Lodge, No. 2, A. 0. U. W., and of Sacramento Lodge, No. 11, K. of P., of the Division No. 7, and of Cosumnes Tribe No. 14, Red Men. He was formerly a member of Neptune Hose Com- pany No. 1, and is an exempt fireman. His parents, Ferdinand and Marguerita (Mattel) Simoni, are both deceased. fAMES POPERT, merchant, corner of Twenty-first and H streets, Sacramento, is a native of Hamburg, Germany, born March 17, 1839, his parents being Martin II. and Hannah (Tentler) Popert, the father a man- ufacturer of cigars and tobacco. He was reared and educated at his native place, and commenced the trade of cabinet-maker, at which he served a couple of years. In 1858 he went to sea as a carpenter, and followed that occupation for eight years, in the trade between Hamburg, South America, East Indies, Calcutta, etc. In 1867 he sailed from New York to San Fran- cisco on the ship Nightingale, Captain Sparrow, landing in the latter part ctf March. He came to Sacramento and, going to an employment office, applied for work. He soon found work as a carTienter, and afterward followed contract- uisrunr of sachamej^to county. ing and building until 1878, when he engaged in mercantile business on the corner of Fourth and P streets, succeeding Charles Chambers at that location. He commenced there on the 1st of September, and two years later built and commenced business where he now is. lie en- joys an extensive trade, which is constantly increasing. Mr. Popert was married in Sacra- mento on the 14th of August, 1870, to Miss Margaret lleiscli, whose brothers keep the Pio- neer Coffee Mills. She died in this city. Mr. Popert's present wife, to whom he was married November 4, 1875, was formerly Miss Georgina Hoff, a native of Philadelphia. They have four children, viz.: William, Gertie, James, and George. Mr. Popert is a member of Capital Lodge, No. 87, I. O. O. F.; of Occidental En- campment and Uniform Eank, of Union Lodge, No. 21, A. O. U. W., and of Cosumnes Tribe of lied Men, in which he has passed the chairs, lie was one of the originators and for a M'hile the chairman of the building committee of the German Lutheran Church, and is now trustee. ^EN. STEINAUER, proprietor of the New ^M AVilliam Tell House, is one of the most ^f^ pushing and successful hotel men of Sacra- mento. He is a native of Switzerland, born at Einsiedeln on the 21st of March, 1847, his parents being L. and Eliza (Fuchs) Steinaner, the father a farmer by occupation. Ben. Stei- naner spent his boyhood days at his native place, and received his education between the ages of si.x and fourteen years. In 1866 he went to France, and for a time followed farm- ing near Paris, until 1868, when he came to New York. He traveled extensively through- out this country, visiting, among otiier places, Louisville, St. Louis, New Orleans, thence back again to St. Louis, where he had a saloon. In 1874 he came to California, and for a time kept bar in Sacramento, and afterward conducted a saloon. On the 1st of January, 1876, he leased the William Tell House. The New William Tell House occupies the site of the old St. Charles Hotel, and takes the place of the old William Tell House, corner of Ninth and J streets. Mr. Steinauer lias made a great suc- cess of his hotel, and it is the intention at this writing to so add to the building during 1889 that 120 guests can be accommodated. Mr. Steinauer was married February 15, 1876, to Miss Theresa Kern, a native of Peimsylvania. They have one child — Matilda. Mr. Steinauer is a member of the lied Men, and of the Verein- Eintracht. He is a pushing man, and he has certainly achieved great success and great popu- larity as a hotel keeper. fRED GEHRING, manufacturer of harness, all kinds of saddlery, etc., 912 J street, Sacramento, is a native of Baden, Ger- many, born on the 18th of June, 1841, his par- ents being John Baptist and Agatha (Schilling) Gehring. He was reared and educated at his native place. The year he was twenty-one he came to America, landing at New York, and thence via Panama to California. He took the steamer Northern Light on the Atlantic side, and landed at San Francisco on the 6th of April, 1862. He came at once to Sacramento and engaged in work for his brother, F. J., one of the old-time harness-makers of Sacramento, who was then located next to where Turner Hall stands. He was with him about three years, then commenced following up the railroad, which was then building, and established a shop at Newcastle. He followed the construction of the road to Colfax, and then came to Sacra- mento again, and established a shop on the north side of the Plaza. He ran that shop about a year, tlien sold out to his brother, and worked for him about a year. He then engaged with Simon Roth, and worked for him until 1872, when he again established himself in business, this time at his present location. He has built up an extensive business and enjoys a very high reputation in trade. He manufac- U I STORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. tures nearly all liis harness stoct, liis trade be- ing principally in light liarnese and farmers' work. Mr. Geliring was married in Sacra- mento September 19, 1868, to Mies Margaret Stahl, a native of Schleswig-Holstein. They have had seven children, of whom one, Freder- erick William, is deceased. The living are: Frank Paal. Wilhelmina, Emma, Theresa, Ame- lia, and Charlotte. Mr. Gehring is a member of the Chosen Friends. He is a popular man and enjoys the confidence and esteem of tlie coniniunity. ~-«l-^«f^— fW. EILEltS is one of the well known business men of Sacramento. He was ** born in Hanover, Germany, May 2, 1826, his parents being Fred and Adelheit (Kattman) Eilers, the father a farmer. D. W. Filers spent his boyhood days- at his native place, and was educated from six to fourteen years of age. In 1845 he came to America, sailing from Bremen in August, and landing at New York after a voyage of six weeks. The same evening he. took a steamer for Albany, thence by canal to Buffalo, and from there proceeded by steamer to Chicago. He worked three months on the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, then went to St. Louis, and, obtaining a job six miles below Carondolet, worked there for eighteen months. The next seven months he worked at Springfield, Illinois, then obtained employment at the survey of the Sangamon and Morgan Railroad, between Naples and Sjjring- lield. He worked with a team on the construc- tion, and then on the repairs between Berlin and Jacksonville. After he had been there four years he determined to go to California. Pro- ceeding to New Orleans, iie^ook a sailing ves- sel for Chagres, crossed the Isthmus on foot, and came to San Francisco on the steamer AVin- field Scott, landing April 29, 1852. He pro- ceeded to Sacramento, and a few days later to Jackson, Amador County. Not being pleased with the prospects there, he went to the Trinity mines, and worked there three or four months. He then returned to Sacramento, and from there proceeded to Gooch's Bar, below Downieville, where he mined until the snow drove him out. He then went to Lone Rancheria, on the other side of Drytown, worked there three or four months, then to Gooch's Bar. He mined there, at Nevada City and at Gold Flat until August 10, 1854, when he came to Sacramento and en- gaged ill trucking. He followed that business fifteen years, then opened a store at the corner of Fourth and O streets. After two years there he removed to his present location, 1501 Tenth street, where he has a large trade. He was married on the 5th of December, 1854, to Miss Juliana Gabel, and they have five children, viz.: Theodore George, Paulina M., Sophia L., Fred- die H. and Christian H. Mr. Filer is a mem- ber of Sacramento Lodge, No. 2, I. O. O. F., which he joined in 1859, and of the Pacific En- campment. Mrs. Filer was born in the village of Kaisten, Bavaria, her parents being Killian and Gertrude Gabel, her father being a farmer. She was reared there until eleven years of age, attending school, and there was taught English, which became of great value when the family came to America, as they did in 1848. They sailed from Havre on the 17th of April, on the sailsliip Cheshire, and landed at New York. Two days later they went to Philadelphia by steamer. From there they went by rail and canal to Pittsburg, through the Alleghany Mountains. They had intended to locate there, but changed their purpose, and one week later took a steamer for Cincinnati, and they located there, and afterward at Newport. In 1854 Mrs. Filer, then a young lady in her " teens," came to California, where her sister, Mrs. Dcick- mann, lived. She went to Cleveland, thence by Buffalo and All^any, to New York, and there took passage on the steamer Illinois, which left New York July 5, 1854, for Aspinwall. The Panama Railroad had got started for part of the distance, and she rode ten miles on it. then pro- ceeded on mule-back to Panama. Then she took the steamer Golden Gate, and landed at BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. San Francisco on the 30th of July. One week later her brotlier-in-law came for her, and she proceeded to Sacramento. fETER KUNZ, proprietor of the Empire Nurseries, is one of the best known of the old residents of Sacramento. He is a native of Germany, born at Zeiskan, Bavaria, on the 11th of April, 1835, his parents being George Henry and Christina (Weigand) Kunz, the father a farmer and land owner. Peter Kunz spent his boyhood days at his native place, and received his education in the public schools be- tween the ages of six and fourteen years, and in 1851, in company with his brother John, he came to America. They sailed from Havre in the sailship Germany, and landed in New York May 6, 1851. They remained in New York city eleven months, and then our subject went to learn the nursery business witii Peter Hen- derson & Bros., of Jersey City. He worked in the floral department and became expert in the care and handling of flowers. In 1854 Mr. Kunz and Chris Martin, a fellow-workman, came to California, leaving New York on the steamer Sonora, July 20, crossing the Istlimus by rail, and proceeding by sea on the steamer Empire, from which they landed at San Fran- cisco twenty-six days out from New York. Mr. Kunz obtained work in San Francisco with a man named Thomas Hayes, with whom he re- mained two and a half years. He then came to Sacramento, arriving here in August, 1856. He rented a place on Third street, between S and T, in partnership with Charles Sliiminger, and they set about improving it. They got their stock from the Eastern States, and by the fall of 1801 they had made such progress that they had a t^plendid place, and were worth $50,- 000. That was the condition in which the floods of 1861-'62 found them. But when the deadly elements had finished their destructive work, it was seen that the result of the labor of years had been swept away at one fell blow, and either partner would have sold out to the other for $25! During the flood time, after he had put in the day. Mr. Kunz would row in a boat to the second story of the house where he slept, and there pass the night. Mr. Kunz had $700 in cash in his pockets, which, of course, the flood had left him, and about two months later he went to San Francisco and was married; when he returned with his bride he had $60 in his pocket. It cost him $300 to clear away the drift wood which was all over the place, to get started again, but that summer he cleared $2,000. This was not all done on this place here by any means. He first raised $500, then went to San Francisco, bought plants, shipped them to difterent parts of the State, and then auctioned them ofl". While Mr. Kunz keeps a few varieties of flowers, to cut for bouquets, he makes a specialty of small fruits and rhubarb. He purchased his present location, corner of Third and R streets, in 1863, moved into it in 1864, and has since made all the improvements. He was much damaged in this place by the flood of 1878, which was very destructive. He was married in San Francisco on the 9th of February, 1862, to Miss Louisa Ochs, a native of Spesert, Baden-Baden, and kept a public house. Her father died in 1849, and she came to America with her inother in 1854, locating in Jersey City. She came to California from there, landing at San Francisco January 13, 1860. Mr. and Mrs. Kunz have six children, viz.: George, Annie, Rose, Louis, Lillie, and Chris- tina. Mr. Kunz is one of the oldest members of the Tehama Lodge, No. 3, A. F. & A. M., having joined in 1858. He is a Republican on national issues, but in local matters is non- partisan. Mr. Kunz's parents both died in Jersey City — his father in 1865, and his mother in 1854. He h9d a brother named George Henry Kunz, who came to California with Gen- eral Sutter, but our subject has lost trace of him since 1849, when he heard of his going to Valparaiso. He has a brother now living back East. Mrs. Kunz's mother died in Jersey City in 1867. Mrs. Kunz has a sister living in Ger- inSTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. many, another is widow of Mr. Sliiminger, and a tiiird sister is the wife of Frank Kunz, of Union Nursery. ^lEAM GKIBBLE, one of the well-known fWj capitalists of Sacramento, is a native of ■^id Pennsylvania, born at Pine Grove, Cum- berland County, November 25, 1825, his parents being Abner and Catharine (Bumbaugh) Grib- ble. In Pennsylvania the father had charge of the wood-chopping for an iron-smelting estab- lishment. When JJiram Gribble was in liis sixth year the family removed to Logan County, Ohio, and located on a farm. The subject of this sketch learned the saddler's trade at West Liberty, Logan County, Ohio, and followed it there until 1852. In that year he went to St. Louis (having determined to go to California), and tiiere met a party of eleven from Michigan who were also bound for the new El Dorado, and joined them. Proceeding to St. Joseph, they outfitted there, and started with ox teams, one team of horses, an extra horse and three wagons. They crossed the Missouri River at a point four miles above St. Joseph, and went into camp for the night on the west side of the river, on the night of the 23d of April. One man was taken sick there. They traveled all the next day, and at night encamped at an In- dian mission, and two men were taken down with sickness on the way. A doctor at the mission said that the disease was small-pox, and the whole party except Mr. Gi-ibble and the captain were vaccinated. Tiie next night their camp was pitched on the Nemaha Creek, and the first sick man, named Cox, sat in one corner of the tent. They remained there eight or nine days nursing him, and finally concluded to re- sume the journey, and leave two men to care for the sick one. This was done, and eight days later Cox died, and liis two nurses came on with the remaining team. Wiien tliey came up with their comrades tliey had nothing but their team and the running-gear of the wagon. the remainder having been thrown away. Other teams passing by would not allow them to travel with them on account ot their having had small- pox aboard. The party made good time, and when they reached the Humboldt, passed wagons that had gone by them on the Big and Little Blue. Their route was by Sublette's cut-ofF, Soda Springs, Steamboat Springs, Wadsworth and Truckee. From Reno they went to Sierra Valley (then Beckwith's Valley), and thence to Nelson's Creek in Plumas County. They went to mining in Little Meadow Valley, below Spanish Kancli, and remained there until tlie middle of September, when they proceeded to Marysville. Mr. Gribble came to Sacramento, arriving the latter part of September. He re- mained tiiere until the fire of November, 1852, and a few days later went to what is now Cen- terville, El Dorado County, and remaiaed there, mining. He remained but a few days, then re- turned to Sacramento, and went to work at Madison's harness and hardware store, corner of Sixth and J streets, the only place left standing by the fire. He remained there until Septem- ber, 1853, when he went to San Francisco, boarded a steamer and went back to Ohio, via Panama and New York. In the spring of 1854 he went to Westport, Missouri, and re- mained there that summer, again returning to Oliio. In the spring of 1858 he again went to New York, and on the 6tli of March left for California on the steamer St. Louis. He crossed Panama and came on to San Francisco on the steamer John L. Stephens. He came to Sacra- mento and resumed work at tlie old place, which was then run l)y Smith k, Wagonblast. He eventually bought out the business, and con- ducted it for four years; then in partnership with William Joseph embarked in the grocery business on the corner of Twelfth and E streets. Eleven months later they built on tiie corner of Front and I streets, and went into business there. The firm carried on the business there from May, 1869, to 1880, then built farther up on I street. In June, 1883, they went out of the business, having rented out both jilaces. UIsrORY OF SAORAMENTO COUNTT. Mr. Joseph died in 1888. Mr. Gribble has been associated with business circles in Sacra- mento for many years, and thougli not actively engaged in trade at this time, yet has important interests liere which require his attention. Many changes have occurred since he first set foot in Sacramento; in fact there is nothing here now to remind one of those times except the topography of the land and water courses, and even in this respect there have been great changes. Mr. Gribble's mother is still living at West Liberty, Ohio, aged eighty-four. His father died about 1860. Of their nine children tiie subject of this sketch was the second in order of age, and all are yet living but one. ||^ E. J^IELSEN, one of the prominent citi- IM) ^®"® °^ Sacramento, was born at Sonder- ^IS® burg, Schleswig-Holstein, August 27, 1828. Ilis father, who was a merchant, died when the subject of this sketch was only four- teen years of age, about the time he had com- pleted his course in the ])ublic schools. H. B. Nielsen entered upon a seafaring life in 1844, making his first voyage to the West Indies on the ship Australia. During the next two years he made a trip around the world on the Skiold. Twice she went from Valparaiso to Mexican ports, thence to China, thence via the Cape of Good Hope to New York, where she arrived in 1848. He then shipped as a sailor on the American ship " Express," and with her made several trips to the West Indies. At IJuenos Ayres he shi]>ped on the German brig " Henry von Gagern," and went around Cape Horn to San Francisco, where he arrived on the 14th of Au- gust, 1850. He proceeded to San Diego, where he was for a time engaged as a boatman, and, going out in a boat to meet the steamer Oregon, he was the first person in California to receive the news of her admission as a State into the Union. In January, 1851, be returned to San Francisco, and was for several months in tlie revenue service on the brig Lawrence. He then started for the mines, and on the 5th of July, 1851, reached Sacramento. As one of a party of seven he went to El Dorado County, mined that summer at Long Bar, and toward winter went over below Auburn, where he was located for some time. In 1852 he took a trip East for pleasure, returning in 1853 to Auburn, where he learned that his old companions were up on the Yuba, at Washington, Nevada County, and went up there. He remained there and at Mis- souri Bar, engaged in river and surface mining until 1857, then went to Coloma, where he and some of his friends again engaged in mining. In the spring of 1858 he and two of his com- panions, John Stalil and Tennis Scholl, embarked in general mercantile trade at Louisville. In 1859 Mr. Nielsen sold out to his partners, and took another trip East, returning in the spring of 1860. He resumed business with his old partners and Theodore Maass, at the Half- Way House between Greenwood and Georgetown, and there remained until 1865, when he came to Sacramento. Mr. Nielsen, in partnership with Mr. Maass, engaged in business at the cor- ner of Seventh and N streets. The latter died in 1879 and Mr. Nielsen carried on the business until 1881, when he removed to Eighteenth and I, and there went out of business in 1884, on account of his health. He was married in this city in 1885. His wife's maiden name was Sarah C. Atterbury, and she is a native of Mis- souri. He has two children, viz.: Henry Ilar- rold and George Washington. His wife's children by her first husband arc: Ellis and Louisa. Mr. Nielsen is a Democrat politically. He was elected second trustee in 1883, and served one term in that capacity and was ex ofticio street commissioner. Mr. Nielsen has been an officer in the Odd Fellows for about thirty years. He joined in Spanish Flat, and passed the chairs of the Georgetown Lodge. He is a trustee of the El Dorado Lodge, Sacramento, and is a director and treasurer of the Odd Fel- lows' Temple. He is a member of the Encamp- ment, Canton, and Rebekah Lodge, and a member of the General Relief Committee. Mr. UISTOliY OF SACRAMENTO UOUNTY. 335 Nielsen is an active, influential man, and enjoys, in a liigh degree, tlie coniidence of the com- m unity. A. CASWELL, proprietor of the Inter- fPBWI ii^tional Hotel, is to-day one of the l^^® representative hotel men of Sacra- mento, though he has been in the business but a comparatively short length of time. Mr. Cas- well is a native of Kingstown, Ontario, born December 29, 1842, his parents being Henry and Catharine (Miller) Caswell, both of whom were natives of Limerick, Ireland. On coming to America the father located on a farm near Kingstown, and there the subject of this sketch was reared and educated. In 1864 W. A. Cas- well came to California, taking the steamer Ariel from New York on the 23d of February, crossing the Isthmus of Panama, and landing at San Francisco from the steamer Constitution, March 18, 1864. He came at once to Sacra- mento and worked at anything at which he could obtain employment, but principally under B. E. Crocker, on the railroad work just com- mencing. After about a year of this employ- ment he went with Dr. Cluuess, with whom he remained about two and a half years. His next occupation was bill-posting, and he obtained the ownership of the bill-boards and privileges. His business prospered and he kept adding to its scope. He started the transfer bus and ran it three or four years. For some years he had the agency for the Chronicle, and all northern news- papers, which paid well. He was also manager of the Metropolitan Theater. So that when he decided to give up his other business and em- bark in that of hotel-keeping, in 1885, he was leaving a prosperous business behind hi in. With characteristic energy be at once set about the improvement of the International Hotel, upon taking its proprietorship, and now has a house of great beauty in its finish, fittings and appointments. Doubtless most of the citizens of Sacramento would be astonished upon enter- ing the hotel to observe the wonderful change which has come over the house. It requires, of course, some time to build up a trade for a hotel, even with the best of management, but such a hotel as the International now is, is certain to succeed and will repay the liberality with which it has been fitted up, regardless of expense, but mindful only of the comfort and convenience of the guests. The hotel is conducted on the Eu- ropean plan, and the spacious restaurant is open day and night. Mr. Caswell was married in Sacramento in October, 1870, to Miss Susan Gibbs, who came to the State from Illinois with her parents when a mere child. Their children are: Maude, William Henry, and Edison W. The parents of Mr. Caswell came to Sacramento in 1870, and here his father died in 1876. His mother, who is now seventy-six years old, and makes her home with Mr. and Mrs. Caswell, as does the latter's mother, who is aged seventy- five. . Mr. Caswell is a member of Concord Lodge, No. 117, A. F. & A. M.; of the Royal Arch Chapter, No. 3, and of Sacramento Com- mandery. He is a member of Capital Lodge, No. 87, I. O. O. F., and of Eed Jacket Tribe, No. 28, Ked Men. In politics he is a Republi- can. Mr. Caswell has made his start in this city, and his success has been won by close at- tention to business, and indomitable pluck and energy. fH. MEIERDIERKS, merchant, of Sacra- mento, is a native of Vegesack, a sister ® State of Bremen, Germany, born De- cember 12, 1841, his parents being Bernard and Annie Meierdierks. His father was a cook by profession, and followed that vocation on the sea. C. H. Meierdierks attended the public schools from the age of six to fourteen, and then studied navigation, after folh^wing the sea, to be admitted in the Bremen Navigation School. He had not passed his fifteenth birth- day when he entered upon his nautical career on the sailship Clio, Captain Frohling, which HISTORY OF 8AGRAMBNT0 GOUNTT. was in the New York and East India trade. He was on this vessel five years, and wliile with her becaine a full seaman. His next vessel was the Isabella, a passenger ship which ran to New York, and after her the Bernard, on which he was a portion of the time first mate. Some of his other vessels were the Emma and the Con- stantia (formerly the Susan Faring). During his seafaring career he traveled all over the globe, and was in the China trade six years, ilis last vessel was the Frederick Hard wick, Captain Kohlmann, and he left her at Bremen in 1871. In 1872 he came to California via Panama, and arrived at Sacramento on the 13th of April. He engaged first along shore, after- ward with Millikin Bros., next with C. Lages & Co., and finally with T. H. Cook & Co. In 1876 he started in business for himself on the nortliwest corner of Twelfth and O streets, where he has since continued, and where he has built up an extensive trade. Mr. Meierdjerks was married in Germany to Miss Metha Eliza- beth Toengis, a native of that country. They have five children, viz.: Willie, born in Ger- many, who commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Sitninons, of Sacramento, and is now in the State University at Berkeley; Charles, Ben, Annie and George. One died, viz.: Eddie. Mr. Meierdierks is a well-known and respected citizen, and enjoys the confidence of a large circle of friends. '^■^■^ ^APtTIN KESTLER.— Among the manu- facturers of the Capital City is the above named gentleman. Mr. Kestler was born at Hartsville, Loraine, in April, 1832, his parents being Martin, Sr., and Mary (Mem- ber) Kestler, the father a looking-glass manu- facturer. The subject of this sketch was but one year old when his father died, and in 1845 the family took passage on the sailship Swans- down, at Havre, for America. They landed at New Orleans in the fall, and in the spring of 1846 went to St. Louis, all except the brother, who remained in New Orleans. At St. Louis our subject engaged first at the occupation of peddling vegetables, and when he became strong enough went to Stendanian's shop to learn the wagon-maker's trade. He worked at several other shops, among them that of Jacob Bersch. In 1852 a party of four was formed to go to California, composed as follows: Mr. Kestler, subject of this sketch, Henry Fisher, who after- ward died at Marysville; John Tsa, who in after years ran a ferry on Sacramento River; and a blacksmith, whose given name was Henry, and who was afterward killed by the caving in of a mine near Diamond Spring. They bought a wagon and five yoke of cattle, laid in a stock of provisions, and started on the 28th of Febru- ary. Going to St. Joseph, they crossed the Missouri River there on the 1st of May. Their routes were by Forts Kearney and Laramie, thence by Sublette's cut-off, Trnckee and the Sierra Valley into California. Part of the journey was made with one of the trains cross- ing that year, but the latter part of the way they had as company only one wagon and its owners, who were from St. Charles, Missouri. They sold their team at Sierra Villa, and trav- eled afoot thirty miles to Downieville, where they arrived about the 23d of September. The next day Mr. Kestler packed out with a mule, got down to Foster's Bar, and thence took the stage to Marysville, and from there proceeded in the same manner to Sacramento. He went to work for Gouge & Ban man, who had a shop on Sixth street, between J and K, where the Belvidere Hotel now stands. He was with them until they were burned out in the fire of No- vember, 1852, then went to work as a carpenter for contractor Fidler, who erected a number of substantial buildings. The flood, later in the year, stopped that work, and Mr. Kestler went to work oil a farm opposite the Sacramento brewery. A couple of months later he obtained employment in the brewery, and in September, 1853, he started a blacksmith and wagon-making shop on Ninth street, between I and J, in part- nership with Henry Geisel, now deceased. The U I STORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY latter retired from the firm in about three years, and Mr. Kestler contiuued the business at that place until 1859, when he built at his present location on Ninth street, between J and K. He now has large and well equipped buildings with a frontage of eighty feet on Ninth street, eighty feet on an alley, and an L extending to J street, where he also has twenty feet frontage. The flood of 1802 did little damage to him on account of his buildings being substantially con- structed of brick, though but little work was done for a couple of mouths. lie has built up a large trade, employs a number of skilled workmen, and manufactures anything tiiatruns on wheels. Being a highly skilled workman himself, he knows how to set his work correctly, and thereby' receives the work of some firms who will not employ any one else. Mr. Kestler was married in Sacrameuto June 7, 1855, to Miss Phillipina Darber, a native of Nassau, Germany, who came here in an early day from Galena, Illinois, with her mother, her father having previously died. Mr. and Mrs. Kestler have four children living, viz.: Gustav Adolph, who resides at Willows; Amelia, Kittie, Elnora and i'rederick Henry. Mr. Kestler has passed the chairs of Schiller Lodge, I. O. O. F., and is now a trustee of the lodge. He is also an officer of the Sacramento Turn-Verein, which he joined shortly after its organization. He became a member of Protection Engine Company, No. 2, in 1854, and was connected with it most of the time until the paid tire department came into vugue. He is now an exempt tirenian. Mr. Kestler has made his start in Sacramento, hav- ing lost even all his extra clothing at Maiysville. He ranks among the best citizens of this city, and enjoys the respect and esteem of the com- munity. :ILLIAMEBERHAKDT,of Sacramento, is one ot the most popular manufact- urers of, and dealers in, sporting goods California. He was l)orn at Thuringen, Saxony, Germany, June 27, 1838, and his full name, as given in his "papers," is Andreas Friedrich Wilhelni Eberhardt. Those papers form an interesting relic, and show the names of those who "stood up" for liim when he was baptized, as follows: Andreas Hellman, mer- chant; William Pfamestiel, farmer and butcher; and Friedrich Peter, an extensive miller. These papers give his parents' names as Johann Fried- rich Wilhelm and Magdalena Engel (von Brot- terode) Eberhardt. Mr. Eberhardt has his father's papers and all of his own papers from that time until he left Europe, and they give a correct record of his movements. By them it is seen that the maiden name of his father's first wife was Katherine Elizabeth Reisch; that his second wife died December 13, 1846, at 6 o'clock p. M.; and that the father of the subject of this sketch died at 10 o'clock, a. m., on the 2d of May, 1844. There were six children in the familj', and our subject was the youngest. His eldest brother was in the army, and his second brother, who possessed great strengtli, died from the bursting of a blood-vessel. The father, a hard-working man, had a small brew ery, a butcher shop and a hotel, and had land of his own. There was much travel past the place, of teams hauling between the farming districts and the manufacturing centers, and the team- sters would stop and take their meals as many as a hundred in a day, and drink at the Eber- hardt place, while the teams going over the mountains would buy three days' provisions here before proceeding on tiieir journey. Of course a great deal of credit business was done, and Mr. Eberhardt would keep the accounts in his memory. One evening at the supper table he remarked that he felt bad, and twelve min- utes afterward he was dead! The event cast a gloom over the family and tlie community, and incidentally a great trouble came on. Those indebted to the deceased father repudiated the debts, and they were lost, and the family placed in a bad way. Then the neighbors, for twenty German miles around, signed a petition to the Government asking the authorities to discharge HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the eldest son from tlie-army, that he might come home and help out with the management of the property. The petition was granted and the son returned and took charge. Nevertheless, the family lost between $7,000 and $8,000. The place had been in the family for over 200 years, and they did not want to lose it. William Eberhardt, subject of the sketch, spent his boy- hood days at his native place, and there received his education. The Government rule which required children to attend school between the ages of six and fourteen had this modification, that the time was considered at an end when the ciiild could pass the necessary examinations. Thus it was that our subject was but thii-teen years old when he had fulfilled the requirements and left school. He then commenced to learn the manufacture of mathematical and astro- nomical instruments, but his brother, who already had that trade, told him he would have to learn something else. He, however, found a place with a prominent engineer, and an ar- rangement was effected with the latter by which young Eberhardt was to pay him $300 and serve an apprenticeship of three years at his chosen trade. He had been working then nearly two and a half years, when one day his employer said to him, " William, next month the Profes- sor will hold the Government examinations, and if you can pass I will give you the remaining half year of your time." (M' course the lad gladly accepted the offer. On the appointed day tiiere were twenty-three young men who presented themselves for the test, seven of whom had been at the previous examinations, and Mr. Eberhardt was the youngest one in the lot. His turn came last, and when he was called up, some of the bosses whose sons had failed tried to make him, but this they could not do. At last Pro- fessor Miller said: "Gentlemen, I can give this last boy the first chance; he is the best prepared of all." And all the professors coin- cided, and signed the report made out to that effect. The report of the affair was wide-spread, and was announced in the papers, and the suc- cessful boy received the congratulations of his friends. He remained with his employer three months longer than was necessary, and then traveled to improve himself in his trade. He was but a boy sixteen years of age when one day he appeared before the old gentleman Krupp, at Essen, and applied for work. Herr Krupp looked him over and said, "My boy, you are very young, but I believe you are a skillful workman ; where are your papers?" He showed his papers, Mr. Krupp was well pleased, and the boy was put at work, at the highest wages, the same as men who had been twelve years in the works. One day Mr. Erupp asked him to make two screws of the kind used in elevating cannon, to be placed on exhibition in the Government arsenal. Young Eberhardt undertook the job, all went well, and when the delicate details were finished artd the work highly polished, they were placed on exhibiti(5n. The Crown Prince Fred- erick noticed the work, and when he asked who did it was told that the artisan was a boy. He and his father, the King of Prussia, went to see the boy at work, and King William said, "Did you, so young, do that work? I only hope, my son, that you will never be spoiled by bad asso- ciates." The screws were of steel, and the work, when finished, with the brass settings, looked like polished silver and gold. He remained at the Krupp works a year and a half, then re- sumed his travels. While working for a Breton firm he was sent to do some work in the Par- liament buildings, and was there seen by the king and recognized as the boy whom he had so highly recommended at Essen. He had gone to llussia for nine months when he left Essen, and Mr. Krupp was very much disappointed to have him leave. While in Russia he worked at St. Petersburg, Gronstadt, Moscow and Odessa. He had to lay off two days on account of work- ing so rapidly, and got a German paper which contained news of the convocation of monarchs at Warsaw. He concluded to go there, and hurrying up, reached there three days before the conference met. He remained three weeks and witnessed and enjoyed the events of the great occasion. He then traveled through Eu- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. rope and brought up at Breslau, where he worked three and one-lialf years. Mr. Krupp found out where he was and sent for liiin to go to Con- stantinople and take charge of the work on compasses for the Turkish fleet. Mr. Krupp said, " The Turkish Government calls upon you to undertake this, and will take your belongings to Constantinople free, and give yon tickets," etc. He went to the Turkish capital, and held the position two and a half years. Then he grew homesick and announced his intention of leaving. The Turkish admiral tried to dissuade him from his purpose, but Mr. Eberhardt in- sisted, saying that there must be something wrong at home, as he could think of nothing else day or night. He procured return passes and promised to go back. At Vienna lie met old Berlin shop-mates and had a good time. One of them tried to persuade him to go to America, and he Anally consented to do so, and agreed to meet him in Hamburg in three weeks, after he had made his visit home. He went liome, remained nearly three weeks, and then, accompanied by a boy who had a brother in Pennsylvania, he went to Hamburg. While there he would have been detained for service in the army had it not been for the papers he carried, which would have taken him any place in the world. His friend had gone by a steamer two days before; so Mr. Eberhardt decided to see England and Ireland before sailing, which lie did. He took passage at Queenstown for the United States, landing at Boston, after a stormy passage of six weeks and three days. At Boston the capt:iin called him into hisofiiceand paid him §30 for work done un the vessel. The ne.\t night he went to New York, arriving there next morning. He went to the banking-house of Julius & Muttus Hacliner on Broadway, and delivered to one of the firm a package contain- ing four letters, which he had conveyed to him from a mutual friend in Austria. The banker took Mr. Eberhardt home with him in his car- riage and presenting him to his wife said, " Here is a young man wlio has brought you some jew- elry from your brother in Austria." Mr. Eber- hardt remained with them at their city home and at their villa in New Jersey for two weeks. Then lie went to Hazelton, Pennsylvania, and began work for Sharp & Wise. He did not speak English, but soon attracted attention by the skill and celerity with which his work was accomplished. One night he worked overtime to accomplish an important job that required immediate attention. When the boss came in at 7 o'clock next morning, and found the job finished, he was astonished and credited him with three days work, besides giving him a half holiday'. He finally decided to go to California, and drew $600, his balance, from the firm. One of the proprietors rode with him in the train as far as Easton to induce him to return, but he would not. He proceeded to New York, took steamer for Panama, and landed at San Fiancisco May 7, 1868. Two months later he came to Sacramento, having been promised a job by Master Mechanic Stevens, but he caine at a time when work was slack, as the machinery was being moved. Mr. Stevens saw his papers, asked him where he was stopping and if he could remain a week or two. But in the meantime he obtained employment turning wood-work for the new Capitol building. The work previously done was not accepted and Mr. Eberhardt was g.ven charge of that part of the work, at the architect's suggestion. He did work at odd times at the Capitol foundry, and made his lathe there. He was the first man to make an oval lathe, or turn oval lathes, in California. Some of his work at his trade was placed on exhibition at the State Fair, and he was awarded the di- ploma. He had never, however, given up the idea of going back to Turkey. When he got his lathe done he had $2.50 left. Then orders commenced to come in, and his present exten- sive business is the result of that start. One of his first jobs was turning a set of billiard balls to fill an order. Then Mr. Stevens called and wanted him to go to work, but he refused. His business covers a large territory, and Mr. Eber- hardt is one of the most popular dealers in Califoinia. He is a true sportsman, as well as HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. manufactui'er and dealer in sportsmen's goods, and, being a meciianic whose trade in his case is notiiing less than an art, it is needless to say tliat whatever passes through his hands can be recommended. Mr. Eberhardt was married to Miss Louisa Scharp, a native of Basle, Switzer- land. They have six children, viz.: Lillie, Min- nie, Willie, Frankie, Amelia and Frederick William. ^ENRY ECKHARDT, proprietor of whole- i^^ sale and retail sportsmen's supply house, ^mi Sacramento, is a native of IIoif-Geismar, Hesse-Cassel, Germany, born September 6, 1833, and son of Henry and Wilhelmina (Leger) Eckhardt. His father was a restaurant and hotel keeper. Henry Eckhardt was edu- cited at his native place from the age of six until he was fourteen, then went to Cassel to learn the gunsmith's trade, and served an ap- prenticeship four years. He then traveled throughout the South German countries, and on arriving at the proper age was notified to come home to enter the military service. He was too short of stature at the time to fulfil the qualifications, and was put off until next year. In the meantime, however, he decided to emi- grate to America, and on the 10th of June, 1854, he sailed from Bremen on the sailship Yon Stein, and landed at New York after an ocean voyage of fifty-two days. After a brief stop at the metropolis, he went to Columbus, Ohio, and was then compelled to be laid up by sickness. He went to work when able, some- times at his trade, and again at farming in the country. He was married while in Ohio, in 1859, to Miss Sarah Zangmeister, who died in the early part of 1862. Mr. Eckhardt went to New York city and obtained employment at government work with Moore & Bons, 303 Broadway, and he and his brother William were employed there two years thereafter. All the work done at this shop was performed by hand, and when the government got to making everything by machinery, the rush stopped, and Mr. Eckhardt went West, bringing up at St. Joseph, Missouri, where he and his brother started in business. While there he served about six months in the Home Guards. The business in St. Joseph was continued until 1870, when Mr. Eckhardt came to California and opened a shop and store in Sacramento. He has built up an extensive trade, wholesale and retail, and it has come to be known far and near that every purchaser can depend exactly on what Mr. Eckhardt tells them in regard to his goods. Such a course cannot do otherwise than lead to success, and he has been successful. His second wife, whom he married in St. Joseph, was formerly Miss Wilhelmina Huber, a native of Germany, born at Kaiserslautern, on the Rhine, and who came to this country when a young lady. She died in 1875, at Sacramento. His present wife was formerly Miss Frederika Huber, a sister of his second wife. Of the first marriage there are two children, viz: William, in tlie gun business at Spokane Falls, and Katie. By the present marriage there is one child — Harry. Mr. Eckhardt is a member of Schiller Lodge, L O. O. F., and of Lodge No. 81, A. O. U. W. Mr. Eckhardt has made his principal business success in Sacramento, and the fact that his trade extends way up into Oregon and Washington Territory is a sufficient testimonial to his business qualifications. fRED WERNER, proprietor of the Tre- mont Hotel, is one of the enterprising young business men of Sacramento. He was born in Le Claire, Scott County, Iowa, March 25, 1857, and is a son of Charles and Minnie (MuUer) Werner. His mother is a na- tive of a large manufacturing town in Westpha- lia, and his father was born at Kaiserslautern, Bavaria,. The latter is a shoemaker by trade and lived in Chicago when it was a small town. He removed to Le Claire, Iowa, in an early day, and was in the boot and shoe business there for HISTOnr OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. many years. Both parents are now residents of Le Claire. Fred Werner, the subject of this sketch, was reared and educated at Le Chiire, and there learned photography and ink work. In 1882 he caine to California, and from here went to Durango, Moxico, where his uncle, Fred Werner, Sr., a well-known man on this coast, was interested in mining. He came back to Sacramento, and having, when he first came out here, worked three months at the Tremont Hotel, resumed work there for Mr. Bryding. In January, 1888, Mr. Werner assumed the pro- prietorship of the hotel, and has since carried on the business. The house under his manage- ment his g lined largalj in popularity, so that sometimes it is quite impossible to accommo- date all the guests. About si.xty people can be comfortably quartered at the Tremont House. This hotel was built by Sam Braunan, and was called the Brannan House. In early days it was the leading hotel in Sacramento, and many men whose names are prominent in State and Na- tional history were the guests of the hotel at that time. Mr. Werner was married in Sacra- mento, to Miss Ida Preston, a native of Yolo County. They have one child, an infanti Mr. Werner is member of the Druids, and in politics is a Republican. He is one of the active, ener- getic young men of Sacramento, and the success with which he is meeting is well deserved. J. IRVINE, the popular proprietor of the Pacific Stables, Sacramento, is a itive of the County Down, Ireland, born near the city of Belfast, April 1, 1850, his parents being John and Mary Jane (Gardner) Irvine. His boyhood's days were spent at his nati /e place, and there he received his education. In 1868 he came to the United States, and in the September of the following year he located at Sacramento. He obtained employment at the Pacific Stables, and has ever since been identi- fied with them. In 1881 he leased the stables, succeeding McGee Bros. Since he has been in charge he has built up a very extensive busi- ness, and his place is splendidly equipped. He runs thirty head of good traveling livery horses, besides having a boarding and sale department, and in the line of vehicles he has a stock which in number and variety is astonishing. There are over eighty rigs, including everything that could possibly be called for at a livery stable, and they are good ones too. Mr. Irvine was married in San Jose, October 1, 1883, to Miss Mary Aber- nathy, also a native of County Down. They have two children, viz.: Willie Gardner, and Robert Warren. Mr. Irvine is a member of Concord Lodge, No. 117, A. F. & A. M., and of Sacramento R. A. Chapter, No. 3. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Irvine is one of the most active business men in Sacramento to-day, and by his strict attention to business, as well as his uniform courtesy of manner, is rapidly achieving the success whicii such methods always produce. -^-^--^ tilERTZEL, cigar manufacturer and deal- er, 510 K street, is one of the enterpris- ® ing young business men of Sacramento. He is a native of Berks County, Pennsylvania, born at the town of Womelsdorf, fourteen miles from Reading, December 8, 1800. His father, William Ilertzel, was originally an iron- ladle maker by trade, but later a merchant and farmer. His mother's maiden name was Lydia Ibach. Both parents were of Pennsylvania families, and were natives of Allentown, Lehigh County. A. Hertzel, the subject of this sketch, was reared and educated in his native town, and learned the trade of cigar-making with the firm of A. S. Valentine & Son. He afterward went to Reading, where he worked as a journeyman. From boyhood he had taken a natural liking for music, and at an early age became a proficient performer on the B-flat cornet. He went to Atlantic City as a musician, playing during the summer season at that far-famed watering place. He traveled throughout the Eastern States, work- 34J HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. iug at his trade in the cities and keeping up his ])ractice on his favorite instrument, and in the summer of 1885 came west and located for a time at Canton, Illinois, where he became a member of the band. In March, 1887, he came to San Jose, California, and in July of the same year to Sacramento. He obtained employment witli the firm of J. Baptiste & Co., with whom he was engaged until late in December, 1887, when he purchased the business of Michael Les- ser, at his present location. When be started in business for himself it was on a small scale, and he was the only workman in the shop. Now he employs four skilled workmen, and his bu^ness extends throughout the city and also the terri- tory tributary to it. He employs only white labor, uses the best of material, and his manu- factured goods have a high reputation. Mr. Hertzel was married in Canton, Illinois, to Miss Sarah Brown, a native of that city, whose par- ents came from New York State. They have one child, a boy, named Charles. Mr. Hertzel plays the B-flat cornet in the celebrated First Artillery Regiment Bar.d. He is a member of Industrial Lodge, I. O. O. F., Sacramento, and Camp 67, Patriotic Order Sons of America, at Wo!nelbdorf, Pennsylvania. Mr. Hertzel is a genial, courteous gentleman, and enjoys the re- spect of a large circle of friends. flMON ROTH, the pioneer manufacturer of harness and saddles in Sacramento, is a native of Germany, born at Acheru, Ba- den, October 28, 1829, his parents being Stephen and Elizabeth (Beck) Roth. When he was but seven j^ears of age his family emigrated from their native land to the United States, and located in St. Chiir County, Illinois, four miles from St. Louis. He was left an orphan at the early age of ten years, and was thus, when but a mere child, thrown upon his own resources. About six months after he had passed his four- teenth birthday he went to St. Louis, and on the 20th of June, 1844, commenced to learn the trade of harness maker with a man named Ileinepeter, on Second street, near the Catholic Cathedral. He served an apprenticeship of three years there, then went to work for a man named Walters, and in 1847 went down the Mississippi to New Orleaas. He came back to St. Louis the following year, and in the fall went to Belleville, Illinois, where he worked until 1849, then started for California. He went to Westport, seeking a chance to go overland, and the spring of 1850 found him still there. In March, however, he fell in with the firm of Bal- lard, Waddle & Russell, who had twenty-five ox teams, each team consisting of five yoke, besides two mules, and lie started from Lexing- ton to drive a team for these men, who were hauling stores to Salt Lake. Out of thirty-nine men who started with tlie expedition, ten died on the road, nine of them from cholera and one with mountain fever, and the latter belonged to Mr. Roth's mess; but as far as he was concerned, he never had a day's sickness on the trip. The boys would often say, however, during the first of the journey, that Mr. Roth would be the first to die, as he was the smallest; but no one stood it better than he. The outfit remained at Salt Lake, with the exception of two mule teams, and these with twenty-five men, including Mr. Roth, came through to California. They came by the Carson route and brought up at Hang- town, where Mr. Roth remained three days, working in the mines; but this occupation did not agree with him, as he was not strong, and he proceeded on to Sacramento with a team. He happened to meet three boys with whom lie had been intimateat Belleville, and they camped under an oak tree, back of the present site of the International Hotel. Supposing the northern mines to be worked out, they proceeded to Ama- dor County, and six weeks were put in on Dry Creek, three miles below Drytown. The next move was to Jackson, but mining in that vicin- ity, on account of the scarcity of water, was not successful. Mr. Roth had spent what little money he had, and giving his tools to his com- panions, he once more turned his steps toward lIISrOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Sacramento. Arriving here, he went to work for Albrecht, B. Ely & Houstel, corner of Fifth and J streets. In the following spring he was employed by Mr. Madison, and in the fall went into business for himself, in partnership with John Tsohurai. Thej carried on business on J street, where O'Brien's store now is, and were, like the rest, heavy sufferers from the lire of 1852, losing what the}' could not haul off in a wagon, which had been standing near by. After the fire they rebuilt and started up again. In 1853 Mr. Roth bought his partner out, and in 1854 he was again burnt out, the fire occurring on the 20th of July, which, Mr. Roth says, was the hottest day he ever experienced in Sacra- mento. The fire broke out while he was at dinner, and he lost a good deal of stock, and the building, which he had not fully paid for. He rebuilt with brick, and contimied in business prosperously until the flood of 1861-'62, in which lie was a heavy loser. During this pe- riod Mr. Rotli, like all others, had strange expe- riences, and it was with great difficulty that he had his family removed from their perilous situ- ation to higher and drier quarters. After the flood the grade was raised, and in 1868 Mr. Roth purchased the adjoining building and moved into it, where he continued business until 1878, when he moved next to the Golden Eagle Hotel, on K street, and from there moved to his present location, 817 J street, where he has been since the 1st of February, 1888. His business has grown to large proportions, and extends as far as Colorado, east, and into south- ern California. He keeps only the best goods in his lines, and manufactures from one-half to two-thirds of his stock. He was married in Sacramento, August 27, 1857, to Miss Williel- mina Kirchner, a native of New Orleans, who came to California in 1856. Mr. and Mrs. Roth have six children living, viz.: Katie H., wife of Thomas W. Smith, resides in Chicago; Fred A., a resident of southern California; Willia.a E., who is with A. A. Van Voorhees & Co., Sacra- mento; Frank Lewis, a blacksmith, in the em- ploy of tlie Central Pacific Railroad Company; Miss Minnie and Miss Hattie. Mr. Roth is a member of El Dorado Lodge, No. 8, 1. O. O. F., which he joined in 1855, and in which he has passed through all the chairs, and has taken a Rebekah degree. He belongs to California Lodge, No. 1,580, K. of H., and to Union Lodge, No. 21, A. O. U. W. In the days of the old volunteer tire department, Mr. Roth ran with the machine. He joined Hook and Lad- der Company, No. 2, in 1853; was an officer in it a couple of years, and in 1856 became a mem- ber of Engine Company No. 6, of which he served as treasurer, and with which he was asso- ciated until the paid fire department was estab- lished. He is now an exempt fireman. Mr. Roth is one of the best known of Sacrament j's old-time business men, and enjoys a wide ac- quaintance, and a large degree of popularity. " g - > - t - 2- l^ORNLEIN BROS.— The history of Cali- fMV fornia for the past forty years brings into ■^ili prominence the careers of many men whose fortunes have been entirely built up in a brief period of time within her borders, yet the state- ment applies particularly to the time immedi- ately following the discovery of gold, and the building of the Pacific Railroad. However, more recent years furnish some remarkable ex- amples of a similar character, with the exception that now business sagacity and ioresight, and not luck or chance, are the most important fac- tors. A case in point is that of the Hornlein Bros., of Sacramento. Max Edward and Hugo A. Hornlein, twin brothers, were born in Mil- waukee, Wisconsin, December 12, 1859, their parents being Emil G. and Amelia (Price) Horn- lein, both of whom were natives of Saxony, who came to America at the age ol seventeen and sixteen years respectively, and were married at Milwaukee. Emil G. Hornlein commenced the carriage-painting trade there. In 1869 became to California. In 1870, one j-ear after the trans- continental railroad was completed, he went to Harry Bernard, of S icramento, and tiiere dis- IIISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. played his wonderful mastery of his trade (with him an art). He painted the representation of the battle of Bunker Hill on the cannon " Union Boy," which captured the prize at the State fair. The gun is now an object of much interest at the Mare Island Navy Yard. Of course such proficiency was not required in his carriage- painting business, but, added to being a natural artist, he had cultivated his tastes in that direc- tion in his native land. He went from Sacra- mento to "Woodland and started in business for himself, and with such success that his trade required the employment of from ten to twenty- iive men :he year round. He is now a resident of the vicinity of Santa Cruz, where he is a fruit- grower. Of his twenty children (of whom six were twins) eleven are yet living. When Ma.x E. and Hugo A. Hornlein had reached the age of fourteen years, they went to work in a hotel, but at the same time carried on their education by attending night school. M. E. was night clerk and H. A. on the day watch, but both did duty in the dining-room. In 1880 they came to Sacramento, went lo work in the Central Hotel, and were there and at the State House Hotel about two years. M. E. then went to Woodland to learn the carriage-painting ti'ade, his brother finding another place at the Pacific Oyster House. Three weeks later Mrs. Sharp, the lessee of the Central House, went to Wood- land to persuade M. E. to come back to Sacra- mento and take the dining-room and bar of the hotel, offering the privilege for a $100 a month, rent to be free the first month if enough was not taken in to justify the payment of the agreed amount. After a conference between the brotliers they agreed to give the proposition a trial. They had by this time saved up $500 apiece from their work. When they took charge the house had but a small business, yet within a month it had 100 boarders, and was full to its utmost capacity, and it is needless to say Mrs. Sharp got her first month's rent. Her lease ran out within a year. No O'le had ever made money there, and the last lessees had lost $4,000 in trying to make the house profitable. The proprietor of the building, Mr. Watt, came to the Hornlein Bros, three months before the ex- piration of the lease to have a talk with them. They wanted to lease the house for five years, but Mr. Watt told them he did not wish to make a further lease. He said, as they were the only parties who had ever made money there, he would make them a proposition. This was, that they should purchase the property for $18,000. Mr. Watt said they could pay him $4,000 in cash, and the balance in payments extending over seven years, without interest. They ac- cepted, and writings were drawn up by which they were to pay him $166.67 per month for seven years. They continued to make such payments until the fall of 1888, when they took a clear bill to the house, with a mortgage of $4,000 on it. The bargain was made March 10, 1882, and in the meantime they had started in the land business. They filed on some land in Fresno and Tulare counties, and bought a section of land at the town of Traver, ]&^'\ng^ $6,400 cash for it, or $10 an acre. They kept that section a year and three months, then sold it to McCall & Co. for $27.50 an acre, clearing $13,000 on the transaction, and investing the profits in Lassen County. Hornlein Bros, now own five-sixteenths of a tract of land in that county consisting of 14,000 acres, their partner in that tract being ex Surveyor General J. W. Shanklin, and their investment in it, with im- provements, now amounting to $17,000. It is devoted to stock-raising. They keep a complete set of books in whicli they can tell their finan- cial position at any moment, and every year a balance sli'jet is drawn up, each year showing a wonderful advancement over the last, so that they now have close to $100,000 on their side of the ledger. When the short space of time in which this result has been accomplished is con- sidered, the fact seems little short of marvelous. Max E. Hornlein was married April 28, 1884, to Miss Jennie E. Pulaski, a native of Sacra- mento, and daughter of August and Louisa Pulaski. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias Lodge and of the Division, in which he '-/fr(^.P. -e-'i^-'j.^^ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. is Sentinel. He is a member of the Central Committee of tlie Ilepnblicaii party for Sacra- mento County. H. A. Hornlein is a Democrat politically. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias also. fllE FRIEXD& TEKRY LUMBER COMPANY, Sacramento. Directly after the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848, the valley of Sacramento became in con- sequence the scene of greatest activity, and the lumber interest became important. In the early '50's among the most prominent lumber firms here were those of L. P. Simpson, David In- galls, Z. Gardner, Bell & St. John, Randall & Peckham, and Samuel Perkins. Mr. Simpson's yard was located on the northeast" corner of Second and M streets, and there in 1852 were two young men at work as employes who after- ward became the most proiiiinent lumber firm in the city, — Wallace E. Terry and Joseph S. Friend. Mr. Friend came from Gloucester, Massachusetts, t)ut had a keen eye to business in New York city before coming to the coast, while Mr. Terry came from the Empire State. LTpun becoming ac(][uainted with each other in working together, these two talented and enter- prising young men determined to start into business on their own account. Accordingly, in 1858 they rented sufhcient ground opposite the Simpson yard, and established business there, under the firm name which they have ever since had. Seven years afterward they bought ground on the south side of M street, between Front and Second, and moved upon it. Their business proved to be a success from the start, and incidentally led to a number of opera- tions in other departments of trade. In 1855 they were commissioned by parties in San Fran- cisco to buy hides, tallow and wool for export to Xew York, and during the next four years a large amount of money passed through the hands of this firm for that purpose alone. Men were sent out in every direction to gatlier up and purchase these commodities which had re- ceived very little attention in the past, in fact had often been cast aside in mining camps as being practically worthless. Later, deer and bear skins, horns, old copper and lead and wild mustard seed were added to the first articles thus collected for shipment "the Horn around," and nearly every "prairie schooner" returning from the mountains brought in more or less of them, with perhaps enough lumber to make up a full return freight. At first the sum of $1 each measured the value of dry hides, but in a year or two English buyers entered the field and a lively competition carried the price up to $6 and $8 apiece, a! which figures there was no profit for the New York house, and the busi- ness laTJguished. In the meantime lumber busi- ness was steadily increasing in importance and volume. When the Central Pacific Railroad was in process of construction (1861-'68), this firm furnished most of the material used. Many million feet of Oregon and redwood lumber, timber, piles, ties and telegraph poles were brought up the river by sailing vessels, and with the powerful aid of steam derricks quickly transferred to waiting cars ior the busy, hungry "front." Some of these vessels were of the deep-water class, in which Friend & Terry were interested, and often brought full cargoes fro-n Puget Sound and Coast Mills through to Sacra- mento direct, without any halt at San Francisco. At this day, with the river bottom on top, such a thing would be impossible, and such "white- winged" crafts are now chiefly and painfully conspicuous by their entire absence from the once "port" of Sacramento. In 1868 Friend & Terry acquired a leading interest in the Boca Saw-mill, with a large acreage of timber lands in Nevada and Sierra counties, Mr. L. E. Doan holding the remaining interest. Boca (Spanish, mouth) is located at the mouth of Little Truckee River, at an elevation of 5,530 feet above sea level. In winter it was noticed that ice formed upon the pond, which had been made to furnish water-power for the mill, to a thickness of twelve to twenty inches, and in the following year an HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ice-house of 8,000 tons capacity was erected and filled with the finest quality of natural ice. This was the first regular crop of merchantable ice harvested in the State of California, and the genesis of a complete revelution which was soon to follow in the trade. The entire product of this first year and the following three years was siild to the American-Russian Commercial Corn- puny, J. Mora Moss, president, which had exer- cised an absolute monopoly of the business for years, bringing ice from Sitka and perhaps one or two other points in Alaska, and retailing it at from 5 to 12 cents per pound, where a better quality is now furnished to consumers at from £ to 1^ cents a pound. Thd'ice works at Boca have been added to from time to time, and have assumed large proportions. Other companies have established plants in that vicinity, but ten to fifteen miles either west or east from Boca takes one beyond the limits of the peculiar belt in which ice can be profitably cultivated or successfully harvested. Importations from the north ceased years ago, and railroads have taken the transportation of ice from ships — probably forever. For fifteen years they imported East- ern pine, which was largely used in pattern- making, etc., and also Eastern oak and other hard wood, which was used in construction and repairs upon river steamboats, etc. They also imported sash, doors and blinds. This necessity is now superseded, as Oregon pine and native woods have taken the place of Eastern lumber. Upon the death of Mr. Friend in 1871, the business was conducted by Mr. Terry alone for several years, during which time he took an active part, financially and otherwise, in the establishment of new gas works, woolen mills, box factories, street railways, insurance com- panies, and other enterprises of more or less im- portance to the citj' and to the county at large. In November, 1879, a part of his business was incorporated into a joint stock association under State law, as the Friend tfc Terry Lumber Com- pany, with Mr. Terry as president. The main oftice and yards continue to be on Second street, between M and N, under the personal manage- ment of E. J. Holt. They have also an exten- sive yard at Twelfth and J streets, and are largely interested in Oregon redwood and sugar- pine mills. Mr. Terry was born in 1832, in Cortland County, New York. His father. Dr. Marsena Terry, — who is still living, at the ad- vanced age of eighty-seven years, — was for a long period a prominent physician of Steuben County, New York. In 1836 or 1837 he settled at Sheridan, Chautauqua County, that State, and later moved to the vicinity of Bath, Steuben County, where the subject of this sketch grew up. fie attended the academy at Prattsburg and the Wesleyan Seminary at Lima, New York, taught three terms of school at Campbell, and read law in the office of Barnes & Bonhara, at Bath. In . January, 1852, while he was in Judge Barnes' office, his brother in-law, E. C. Thompson, re- turned from California, with favorable reports; and as he was organizing a small party to come again to this State, Mr. Terry concluded to come with them. One of the company was DeWitt C. Alden, a merchant of Bath. They sailed on the new steamer Sierra Nevada, on her first trip to the Isthmus, where they were detained eleven days, and thence to San Francisco, being forty- two days on the way. From Panama they came on the old steamer New Orleans, with a thousand on board, — twice as many as there was properly room for. The party proceeeded on through Sacramento to Coloma and Georgetown, near which latter place they engaged in mining for six months. The experience here was very rough for a young man brought up as a stu- dent in the luxurious East. In September the company dissolved. Thompson returned East, where he has since amassed a fortune in dealing in mining lands, and Mr. Terry came to Sac- ramento. After recovering from an attack of typhoid fever, he started a school at Washing- ton, across the river, where he soon collected some thirty pupils; but the greatfire of Novem- ber, which for a time absolutely ruined Sacra- mento, broke up the school, as about half the number of his pupils resided in Sacramento. He next became clerk in the office of L. P. Simp- EISTOliY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. son, the luinberiiian on Second street, and there lie met Mr. Friend, as before stated. Mr. Terry became interested in the Xew England saw- mill about nine miles above Auburn, a mill which cut 3,000,000 or 4,000,000 feet of lum- ber per year; and it was this fact that induced him and Mr. Friend to form a partnership in the lumber business, although they had virtu- ally no cash capital. In 1879 A. M. Simpson, of San Francisco, an early and very successful lumber merchant, mill and ship owner, and Messrs. Holt & Son of Humboldt County, with extensive holdings in Redwood district, became interested with Mr. Terry in the lumber branch of his business, and the present joint stock com- pany was formed. Reference should here be made to the Pioneer Box Company of which Mr. Terry is also president, with Mr. H. P. Martin as superintendent. The business was origini- nally started in 1874 by Mr. Matthew Cooke' the distinguished etymologist, and ten years later was incorporated by the present owners, who have just erected new and additional works of large capacity on the river front near T street, an indication of growth and prosperity. Enor- mous quantities of sugar-pine and firlumber are here converted into crates, fruit baskets, boxes and packing cases of every description. The very latest machinery and appliances are used for this purpose, and spur railroad tracks are employed at both factories and warehouses to facilitate operations. The subject of this sketch seems to regard his twenty years' experience in the ice business as being fairly conspicuous above successes in any of the other industries with which he has been prominently identified, probably because in that line much greater ob- stacles and more determined opposition have been encountered. As president of the Boca Ice Company he was largely instrumental in forming the present Union Ice Company, which incorporated in 1882 and selected Lloyd Tevis and W. E. Terry as president and vice-president respectively. The organization was really a con- solidation of the six principal ice companies in California, and the fact that during a prolonged and bitter war for supremacy, strong animosity had arisen, made the task of uniting them very difficult of accomplishment. Mr. Terry has never sought political preferment; and the only occasion when he consented to hold office was in 1857, as alderman. Formerly he was a Doug- las Democrat, but for many years he has been a Republican. He is a thorough business man, a genial companion and an affectionate husband and parent. He is respected and honored by all who have the pleasure of his acquaintance. Mr. Terry was married at San Francisco in 1860, by Rev. Starr King, to Miss Laura A. Morrill. a native of Maine. Their children are: Mae A., Laura E., Joseph E. and Wallace Irving. The last mentioned is now attending the State University at Berkeley, senior class, while the elder son has recently been promoted to the position of manager for the Friend & Terry Lumber Company. — g . i .. fS — fETER FLAHERTY, of the firm of Neary & Flaherty, proprietors of the Windsor Hotel, Sacramento, is a native of County Galway, Ireland, born May 21, 1847, his parents being Timothy and Bridget (Donahue) Fla- herty. When he was but a mere child of three months, the family came to America, and located at Bangor, Maine, where he was reared. His first employment was as bell-boy in a hotel, and after a year at that occupation he went on a steamboat in the coast trade. During the last year of the war, while aboard a Government transport, he was at nearly every harbor from Maine to Galveston. In 1868 he came to Cali- fornia, leaving New York January 15, on the steamer San Francisco, and after crossing Nica- ragua, took passage on the Moses Taylor for San Francisco, where he arrived February 15, 1868. He commenced steamboating on the Sac- ramento as office boy on the steamer Capital, and so continued for a year and a half. He then accepted employme.it on the street railway system of San Francisco, and was so engaged UI8T0RT OF SACR/iMENTO COUNTY. for nearly two years. He then came to Sacra- mento and became shipping clerk for Henry Fisher, continuing in that employ until 1876. He then engaged in the liquor business on Si.xth street, between J and K streets. A year later he opened another place at 614 J street, and was in that block until the fall of 1887. On the 6th of November of that year, in connection with Fred Feary, he enter into the hotel business in the Windsor Hotel. This house was remod- eled in 1881 by its owner, John Q. Brown, and was conducted by William F. McFadden until the present proprietor took control. The Wind- sor is a successful house under the present man- ageinenl, and reflects credit on the gentlemen who have built it up to its present standing. Mr. Flaherty gives his personal attention to the house. He was married iu Sacramento July 1, 1877, to Miss Mary Doyle, a native of Mobile, Alabama, who came to Sacramento when an in- fant of three months. They have two living children, viz.: Mary Ethel and Coleman. Mr. Flaherty joined Company G (Sarsfield Guards) as a private, and rose through the grades of Corporal, Sergeant and Lieutenant, which latter he held for years. He is still a member of the company, though his business does not allow him to hold official positions for lack of time. He is also a member Owosso Tribe, Order of Eed Men, and of the Young Men's Institute. In politics he takes an active interest. Mr. Flaherty is a genial landlord and a popular man. SRED NEARY, of the firm of Neary & Flaherty, was born in County Roscommon, Ireland, August 4, 1855, and is a son of John and Hattie Neary. He spent his boyhood days at his native place, and in 1873 came to America, locating at Lowell, Massachusetts. Ytom there he came to Sacramento, and learned the trade of boot and shoemaking with James Parsons. Afterward he was in business for him- self about two years, then commenced clerking in the Red House, where he was engaged about | five years, or until he embarked in tlie hotel business. In 1875 he became a member of Company G (Sarsfield Guards), in which he held all the non-commissioned offices and rose as high as Lieutenant. He became Adjutant of the First Artillery Regiment in 1882, and held that posi- tion until 1887, when he was elected Major of the regiment, his present position. His stand- ing in the military is a measure of the in which he is held by his friends. I^ENRY AVEIN REICH, one of the well- ITOt known and long-time residents of Sacra- "^M mento, is a native of Bavaria, now in the empire of Germany, born near Kaiserslautern, on the 10th day of December, 1823, his parents being Charles and Henrietta (Silverman) Wein- reich, the father a comb manufacturer by occu- pation. Henry Weinreich spent his boyhood days at the place of his birth, receiving his edu- cation in the Government schools, between the ages of six and fourteen years, receiving con- siderable knowledge of business also, while en- gaged with an uncle, a wholesale merchant. He was but a boy when he determined to come to America, and in January, 1839, he sailed from Havre in the American sailing vessel Creole, bound for New Orleans, which port he reached on the 14th of April, having worked his passage across the Atlantic. He remained in New Or- leans for some time, aud there met some people with whom he was acquainted. He went up the rivers to Cincinnati, and thence into the country in Hamilton County, Ohio, where he worked for some time. He next went to Colum- bus, and there worked for a firm named Corn- stock & Clark, who were extensively engaged in the patent-medicine business. In May, 1842, he went to Van Buren County, Iowa, where he obtained employment with a man named Phil- lips, agent for the Sac and Fox Indians, who were then being moved to the Raccoon Forks, and Mr. Weinreich went there on that business, afterward returning to Van Buren County. He HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. made several trips between ihe two localities, being engaged with iiis employer in all ilve or six months. His next employment was cutting walnut logs on Fox Island, and running them down the river to St. Louis, this being the com- mencement of that enterprise. He next went to the pineries of Wisconsin, and had an ex- tended experience. Pie was the first man to strii^e an axe into the timber at the present site of Eau Claire. Chippewa P'alls and other local- ities well known now in the lumber industry were visited by him when in their infancy. In connection with another man he built a saw- mill, and did a large business in the manufact- ure of lumber. Tliat region, however, was not well suited to his health, and in 1850 he went to St. Augustine, Texas, where he kept a res- taurant. In the latter part of 1851, in company with thirteen others, he started for California. They went to New Orleans, thence to the city of Mexico (by team and on horseback) and from there to Acapulco. They there took passage on the schooner Guadaloupe No. 1 for San Fran- cisco, paying tlieir fares to tlie captain before the vessel started, tliat official saying he would take on provisions at Mazatian. When they touched there it was found that tiie captain had got rid of all the passage money, and the representa- tives of tlie company owning the boat held her, and would furnish no supplies. The American consul was applied to by the passengers, but could not liejp them out of their dilemma. They then concluded to take the matter in their own hands, and, running the vessel out of the harbor without a clearance, they put into Cape St. Lucas, where they bought and killed cattle and dried the meat in the sun, also taking some live animals on board. They obtained other sup- plies at San Jose, Mexico, and then proceeded to San Francisco, which port they reached after a voyage of sixty-four days, and there turned the vessel over to the captain. Mr. Weinreich went to Tuolumne County, where he engaged in tnanufactnringsliingles, and also took a contract for making 100,000 shingles. In the fall of 1852 he went out of that business, and putting up a building in Sonora went into the mercan- tile trade. In the fall of 1854 he came to Sac- ramento, and engaged in the cigar and patent medicine business, which engaged his attention until the fall of 1856, three wagons being em- ployed by him at that time, as his trade was wide-spread throughout the min^g camps. His next occupation was keeping a billiard hall, and in 1858 he embarked in cattle-ranching on a tract of land adjoining the Haggin grant, and shortly afterward drove up here from Los An- geles County 220 head of horses. He traveled nearly eight years for a San Francisco firm and also carried on business at Markleeville for a time. In 1868 he established his present busi- ness next door to the number now occupied by him, into which he moved in 1878, though he is the owner also of buildings adjoining. Mr. Weinreich was married in Sonora, in February, 1853, to Miss Anna Weber, a native of Hanover. They have four children, viz.: Laura, Addie, wife of H. C. Oiipman, member of the Board of Education; Charles and Katie. Mr. Wein- reich is one of the old-time members of Tehama Lodge, A. F. & A. M., having joined in 1850. He is also a member of the Red Men, and of the Sacramento Turn-Verein. ^H«f^ fOHN SKELTON, one of the prominent citizens of Sacramento, was born at North Shields, Northumberland, England, April 19, 1837, and is a son of Thomas Skelton. His mother's maiden name was lieed. His father was a draughtsman of marked skill and ability, as well as a thorough and practical ship carpen- ter and joiner. John Skelton was reared at his native place, and there received his educa- tion in the private schools. At the age of six- teen years he was bound out to a foundryman, and learned the moulder's trade. His parents having died, however, he determined to leave the country of his birth and seek his fortune in foreign lands. In accordance with this decision he sailed from Liverpool, January 6, 1857, on 350 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the sailship The Protector, of Bath, his destina- tion being California. The voyage proved a memorable one, and will never be forgotten by those who participated. When off Cape Horn they were caught in a terrible storm, and so imminent was the danger of going to the bot- tom that the «aptain ordered the mate to cut away the masts. The mate answered, "No, sir! if we live this storm out, we will need those masts." So they were let stand. Although all hands had given up hope, the storm was ridden out safely. No port was touched at by the vessel on the entire voyage, though an un- successful attempt was once made. Water for drinking purposes gave out, and it became necessary to spread the sails to catch rain. They tried to make the harbor of San Francisco on the 3d of July, but before they had entered the Golden Gate a heavy fog obscured vision, and tlie vessel drifted about for over two days wait- ing for a chance to get in. Burning barrels were cast overboard, and fog-horns were con- stantly blown, but neither answer nor pilot came. When the fog cleared so that objects could be feen, it was discovered that the ship was on the point of running into a bank, there being just time to avoid it. They landed on the 6th of July. Mr. Skelton then came to Sacramento by boat, and was soon engaged in the wood business at the corner of Front and N streets. Two years later he secured a contract from the Steam Navigation Company to move the freight brought by the company's steamers for the Folsom Railroad, using a two-horse truck in the work, and receiving $250 per month in payment. He then re-entered the wood business on J street, between Second and Third. Two and a half years later he removed to his present location, on Fifth and I streets. Mr. Skelton was married in England, to Miss Elizabeth Ann Hunter, a native of North Shields, England. They have three children, viz.: Eliphalet, John Thomas, a clerk in the Southern Pacific liailroad ofHce, and Mabel. Mr. Skelton, a Republican politically, is a member of the School Board of Sacramento, and takes an active interest in everything per- taining to the advancement of the cause of edu- cation. He is a member of Tehama Lodge, No. 3, A. F:& A. M.; Capital Lodge, No. 87, L O. O. F. ; is Chaplain of Ben Bow Lodge, Sons of St. George, and for 1889 representative in Grand Lodge from the local lodge of Chosen Friends, and was elected one of the Grand Trustees, also Treasurer of Lodge 96, Chosen Friends, of Sacramento. fHlLlP SCHELU.— Among the solid, sub- stantial citizens of Sacramento is the gen- tleman whose name heads this sketch. He is a native of Germany, born in the town of Giessen, Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, October 13, 1827, his parents being John and Kate (Bellow) Scheld. His father was a wheel- wright by trade, that having been the occupa- tion of the family for several generations. Philip Scheld was reared at his native place, and re- ceived his education at the Government schools between the ages of six and fourteen years, and assisting his father in the labors of the farm on which the family made their home. In 1845 he came to America in company with his broth- er Henry, sailing from Bremen June 4, on the sailing vessel Neptune, and landing at Philadel- phia July 11. He engaged at the baker's trade at Philadelphia, and remained there two years, his place of employment being located on Cal- lowhill street, between Eighth and Ninth. His brother remained in that city, at the cabinet- making trade, until 1849, when, in company with twenty-four others, he went to New Or- leans, and thence by way of Monterey, Durango and Mazatlan, to the Pacific coast, where they took a sailing vessel to San Francisco. He be- came a miner and is still a resident of Califor- nia, living at Yreka, where he is a prominent man and the owner of the water-works system, which he constructed. Philip Scneld received a letter from this brother, advising him to come to California, and he decided to leave Baltimore, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. where he had been for a year and a half, and try Ids fortune in the "land of gold." He left Baltimore on the steamer Philadelphia, Febru- ary 4, 1850, went to Panama, crossed the Isth- mus by boat and afoot, his effects being packed across by mule. On the Pacific side he took passage on the steamer California, for San Francisco, where he arrived on the 24th of March. He paid $16 for his passage to Sacra- mento on the steamer Hartford, being a day and a half on the way. He proceeded on to Coloma, El Dorado County, taking a four-ox team. When he arrived there he learned his brother had departed. The latter had gone to Volcano, but Mr. Scheld did not know his whereabouts, although they met several weeks latar at Volcano, where a company was trying to flume the river at Volcano Bar. Mr. Scheld, with a partner, Daniel Troy, started in baking for a hotel; eventually it was found that the landlord could not pay them, and they had to take the property. Their quarters were too small, however, and they built a larger house, and they also built the Sierra Nevada Hotel, which is still running. They continued that business until the fall of 1852, and Mr. Scheld was in Sacramento with a team obtaining sup- plies on the day of the great tire. It had not commenced when he left, however, and he was informed of it next day, on tiie road to Coloma. He closed out his business at the mines, and he and his brother sold out between 400 and 500 hogs which they had accumulated, at Sacra- mento, and they were here when the flood of 1852 came on. Mr. Scheld and brother became engaged in teaming between Sacramento and the mines, and continued in that business for years. Then he rented the brewery on East M street, and a month later bought it. No one could recognize the slightest resemblance be- tween the small plant of that day and the large establishment of the present, known as the Sacramento; yet comparison is easy, as the old building, with shingles off, now stands un- used on the premises. On the 22d of Febru- ary, 1S5G, the next day after the completion of the Folsom Railroad, he shipped beer to Fol- som, getting $21 per barrel, the price now being from $6 to $9. By the flood of 1862 he had considerable malt and barley damaged, and also lost about twenty casks of wine which he had made on the Norris grant. He has rebuilt the Sacramento Brewery with modern improve- ments, and it now ranks with the best. Mr. Scheld was married in Sacramento, April 7, 1858, to Miss Margaret Fritz, a native of Ger- many, born near Mayence, on the Rhine, who came to Sacramento in 1857. They have one son, Adolph, who is now traveling in Europe, and who has been trained to the banking busi- ness. Mr. Scheld has been a director in the Sacramento Savings Bank for about twelve years. He has large interests in this locality, and considerable land in Southern California, principally in Los Angeles County. Mr. Scheld joined Confidence Company, No. 2, Volunteer Fire Department, in 1863, and is now a mem- ber of the Exempt Firemen. He joined the Sacramento Tnrn-Verein in 1857, and is yet an active member. Mr. Scheld is an enterprising man, and does his share in the matter of public improvements. — ^€@:ii)»-^# — tj. SENATZ, proprietor of the Mississippi Kitchen, Sacramento, was born March 1, ® 1830, in Philadelphia, his parents being Frederick and Maria (Lingg) Senatz. His father, a native of Berlin, Prussia, was a soldier for the first Napoleon, being on that fateful in- vasion of Russia and at the burning of Moscow. At the age of fourteen years young Senatz started out in the world for himself and was first employed as third cook on an Ohio River steamboat, and then in a similar capacity on the Mississippi River, all the way from the Falls of St. Anthony to New Orleans. His boat also made trips up tlie Yazoo and Arkansas Rivers. In 1849-'50 he aided in the transportation of Indians to their territory for the United States Government. In 1852 he came with a party HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. made np from the boat, the Banner State, over- land to California, with ox teams. On the w&y they ascertained tliat they were in tlie iriiddle of the great stream of immigration to this State that year, 15,000 wagons having gone ahead of them. The true canse of this great rush, not generally known or remembered at the present day, was the fact that Congress had extended into that year the privilege of every man and his wife entering a quarter-section of land in Oregon, besides eighty acres more for every child. They avoided coming by way of Salt Lake on account of their taking with them from Fort Laramie Colonel Deadman, who had been active in driving out the Mormons from Mis- souri; for if lie should be found with a train he said the Mormons would kill every one of them! With shrewd and energetic management they got through with their journey with the loss of but one of the cattle. One of the party on the route slyly drank up their gallon of brandy, the only liquor they had for eases of sickness, and had substituted in the demijohn a pomade con- sisting of alchohol and coffee; and when they administered this to a sick man, thinking it was the brandy, it was the last drink that man ever took. On the way they picked up an abandoned cow with her calF, and took good care of them as they brought them along; and when they reached the Sink of the Humboldt, they over- took parties who claimed them. The decision of the matter being left to other parties, it was determined that the claimant might have them if they would pay $50 for the care that had been taken ot them; but it was doubtful whether they ever had been the owners, and even if they had been, it is certain they would have never seen them again had it not been for the energy of others. The experiences of Mr. Senatz and his party were exciting, and would be interesting to relate had we space here. At Bear Valley a man bought all their horses, cattle and wagons, to be delivered at Little York, fifteen miles fur- ther on; and there they saw the first house since leaving the Missouri River excepting those at Forts Kearney and Laramie. Each party had paid in $105 at St. Josepli for the expenses of the trip, and now, on the" sale of their outfit, each drew $125. Putting up a shake house at Little York, they bought a $100 claim and be- gan mining, but with poor results. Then they came on to Sacramento, arriving here October 14, 1852. Mr. Senatz was first employed as cook in the Golden Eagle Hotel by D. E. Cal- lahan, at $300 a month. The great fire of No- vember 2, 1852, destroyed the hotel, but Mr. Callahan hurried up a shanty and continued business. In the spring he put up a brick hotel. But Mr. Senatz, after making several attempts for an independent business here, went to Pin's Grove, at Sears' diggings, and opened a hotel which he named the Mountain Cottage. This proving a poor investment, he returned to- Sa- cramento and re-engaged with Mr. Callahan. In May, 1855, he went back to Philadelphia, by way of Panama, and in January, 1856, returned to Sacramento and again entered Mr. Callahan's employ. In June, 1868, he went to Victoria, during the gold excitement on Fraser River, leaving his family in San Francisco. He fur- nished a hotel there, on ground he had leased for a year, and made money; but the proprietors then ofiered for sale their lots on condition that the purchasers should become British subjects within three years; and this was the occasion of Mr. Senatz's quitting that countr3'. Going again to Philadelphia, in 1859, he commenced business there; but the next year he returned here to Sacramento and went to work for Tubbs & Patten, who had leased the Golden Eagle Ho- tel; and a few months later he bought a half interest in the City Hotel, and in partnership with James Schoonmaker, ran that establish- ment. The next year he purchased the latter's interest. At the expiration of tiie lease he bought the What-Cheer House, now the Grand Hotel, foot of Clay street. The raising of K street cost him so much that he had to quit the place in 1868. Then he kept a restaurant in San Francisco and then hotel at Gilroy. In 1878 lie returned to Sacramento an i again took the City Hotel, and conducted it until 1881; blSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTi. since the 12th of March of that year lie lias had his present sitnation, where he is enjoying great siiccesss. September, 1856, he married Miss Annie L. Johnson, a native of Philadelphia, and they have one daughter, Mary E. Although Mr. Senatz has had a life so wonderfully varied, he yet appears young and is jovial and genial in his nature. He is one of the organizers of the Sacramento Light Artillery, is a Veteran Odd Fellow, joining El Dorado Lodge, No. 8, in 1862, and passing all the chairs; also a mem- ber of Council No. 65, O. C. F. He is .i stanch Republican and is a member of the Board of Education. tC. CHIPMAN.— Among the entorpris- ingyonng men of Sacramento, who, while * making a success of the lines of trade represented by them, yet take an active interest in the affairs of the day, is the gentleman Aitli whose name this article commences. He is a native of this city, born January 1, 1853, his parents being Seth and Margaret E. (Brown) Chipman, a native of South Carulina. Seth Chipinan, a native of South Carolina, was reared in Schuyler County, Illinois, and was there married to Margaret E. Brown, daughter of Daniel Brown, who came to California across the plains in 1850. Daniel Brown was con- nected with the Pioneer Mills as a" millwright in the early days. He also assisted in the con- struction of the Stockton Water Mills at Fol- 80-n, the Sacramento Mills and the Starr Bros. Mill at South Vallejo. His positions were those of foreman and contractor on the work men- tioned. Sacramento was for many years his headquarters, and he has a wide acquaintance here, but is now a resident 4>f Monterey. Seth Chipman came across the plains to California with his family in 1851, accompanying an Illi- nois party and locating in Sacramento. A few years later he removed to Yolo County, aod followed stock-ranching there until 1858, when a farm was purchased from F. R. Dray, located in Sacramento County, about si.K miles below the city. There he continued his business ot stock-raising. His death occurred in San Fran- cisco, from cancer. He had been a Whig in the days of that party, but, with the majority of its members, afterward joined the Republican party. The family continued to live on the ranch until February, 1866, when they removed to Sacramento. H. C. Chipman was educated in the public schools of this city. On the 2d of July, 1868, he went to work at the trade of sign and ornamental painting, with James M. Calvyn, a pioneer, and remained with him until February 19, 1883, the first four years as an appientice and workman, and after that as a partner. His work has been in this city and tributary territory, with headquarters at Sacra- mento. Mr. Chipman was married August 8, 1878, to Miss Adelaide Weinreich, a native of Sacramento, and a daughter of Henry Wein- reich, whose sketch appears elsewhere. They have two children, viz.: Henry W. and Loretta A. Mr. Chipman was a charter member of Sacramento Parlor, No. 3, N. S. G. W., of which he was twice president, as well as president of the Grand Parlor. He is an active working Republican, and a prominent factor in the party organization. He was elected a member of tho School Board in November, 1886, and re-elected in 1888. He is an artist in his busi- ness, and a man generally respected for his many excellent qualities. ^-3--^ fLARENCE N. NELSON.— It is uni- versally conceded by those conversant with the facts that Sacramento has a trade with the outside world quite unusual for a city of her population, and figures can readily be given in support of this statement; yet it is true that the total amount is materially swelled by including the business of some houses gen- erally overlooked in estimates of this kind. The establishment of Clarence N. Nelson, at 327 K street, is a case in point. One might pass it HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. every day in tlie year and yet have no idea of its importance. Yet from the most remote points of the Pacific Coast orders are daily coming to Mr. Nelson for large bills of goods, the amounts of which would be surprising to the uninitiated. He manufactures and handles nothing but saddles and their belongings, prin- cipally for stockmen's nse, and has the only ex- clusive saddlery house on the coast, which has been built up entirely bj' his own energetic efforts. As Mr. Nelson is the representative of one of the old lamilies of the city, a brief per- sonal sketch of himself and family has a fitting place in this connecti )n. He is a native of New Haven, Connecticut, born January 9, 1S48, and son of A. T. and Harriet (Robinson) Nelson. A. T. Nelson was born at Johnsburgh, New York, and came of an old family of the Empire State. He was reared at Schaghticoke, and after his marriage at Glens Falls, went to Memphis, Tennessee, thence to Norwich, Con- necticut, and thence to New Haven. In 1852 he came to California via Nicaragua, but had the misfortune to be a passenger on a steamer that was wrecked, thus necessitating a stay on the Isthmus that extended six months, and the journey to San Francisco being eventually made on a sailing vessel. He came at once to Sacra- mento, and opened two establishments in the harness-making line, one on the corner of Fourth and K, and the other on J, between Sixth and Seventh. The fire of 1852 reduced both places to ashes. The fire of 1854 de- stroyed a building he had just constructed at 327 K street (present number). He rebuilt soon afterward, however, and thereafter carried on business at that location. His family came out to join him in 1855, leaving New York on the 2d of February, on the steamer North Star, crossing the Isthmus of Panama on mules and by team, and coming to San Francisco on the steamer George Law, which was afterward de- stroyed by fire, its name having been changed to Central America. A. T. Nelson was an active bui-iness man till the time of his death, which occurred December 23, 1876. He was a pronounced Republican politically, and held posts of honor and trust in this city. He con- tracted pneumonia (his fatal illness) while serving as chairman of the building committee of the Board of Education, at the time of the construction of the High Sciiool. He was at the same time superintendent of the city ceme- teries. He was a prominent and active mem- ber of the Masonic order, and for seven years was Master of Tehama Lodge. He had also been presiding officer of Sacramento Council, and a member of Sacramento Commandery and Knight Templar. A lieautiful gold medal, the gift of his lodge, is now in the hands of his sou, Clareiice N. It bears the following in- scription: "Presented to P. M. A. T. Nelson, by members of Tehama Lodge, No. 3, A. F. & A. M., for f^iithful service as W. M. of said lodge for Masonic years of 5856, 5857 and 5858." He had a legion of friends, and his death was universally regretted. Clarence N. Nelson, wliose name heads this article, was but a child when his family came to Sacramento, and he received his education in the public schools of this city and in a commercial college. He commenced the saddle and harness-making trade with his father in 1865, and in April, 1875, became a partner in the business, buying out the interest of .1. P. Mason in the firm, which then became A. T. Nelson & Son. He succeeded to the entire business after his father's death. He' sold out the harness business in 1886, for the purpose of handling saddles ex- clusively. Mr. Nelson was married at Santa Clara, to Miss Maggie Prior, a native of New York, who came to California in 1862. They have three children, viz.: Hattie, Lillian and Alton P., all of whom are completing their education at the University of the Pacific, San Jose. Mr. Nelson is serving his second term as Master of Tehama Lodge, A. F. & A. M. He is a member of Sacramento Chapter, No. 3, and of Sacramento Council, also of Capital Lodge, I. O. O. F. He is an active and influ- ential Kepublican. Mr. Nelson is an enter- prising man, and certainly deserves credit for HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT F. bis success in adding anotlier to tlie list of Sacramento industries. -J«-^ lICHOLAS SCHADT, one of the early comers to tliis country, now a resident of iramento, is a native of Prussia, born December 16, 1835, his parents being Peter and Susan Schadt, the father a farmer by occu- pation. Nicholas Schadt was but a year old when the family came to America, choosing the neighborhood of Tiffin, Ohio, for residence. In 1851 they came to California via New York and Panama. The trip across the Isthmns was an eventful one, six days liaving been spent navigating the Cliagres River by means of a slow barge, pushed by poles, while a two days' journey on foot and by mule-back completed the undertaking. At Aspinwall the family took passage on the steamer Constitution, for San Francisco, the voyage occupying twenty- seven days. A few days later they came to Sacramento, and after three or four weeks in the city they removed to the Yolo side of the Sacramento lliver. The next year they located on a dairy ranch two miles up the river. In 1853 Peter Schadt lost his wife l)y death, and in 1855 he sold ont his place to his sons, Nicho- las and Louis, and his son-in-law, M. Bryte, and went East, where he was again married, and afterward took up his residence in San Fran- cisco. There his death occurred in 1873. Nicholas Schadt received his schooling in Ohio, and grew to manhood on the farm in Yolo Ci)\inty. This farm contained 1,400 acres, and the dairy interest thereon was quite extensive. In 1876 he sold out his interests there and re- moved to Sacramento. In 1878 he built the large and substantial brick building on K street, between Seventh and Eighth, which has a front- age of forty feet on K, with a depth of 140 feet, while an L forty feet in widtli extends to Eighth street. This building is well adapted to busi- ness and residence use, and the family make their residence on the second floor. Mr. Schadt is a member of Union Lodge, No. 21, A. O. U. W. Me is an honored and respected citizen, and withal an eye-witness to much of the change that has taken place in this region, and to many interesting incidents of history. Mr. Schadt was married in New Brunswick, to Miss Georgi- ana Stewart, granddaughter of General Stewart. They had ten children, eight of whom are living, viz.: Anna Elizabeth May, Frederick William, Edwin Nicholas, Alice Josephine, George Franklin, Delia Florence, Norman SteAart, Lillian Viola, James Lester and Edna Alma. tREND SGIIADEN.— Among the enter- prising merchants who have commenced their business career in Sacramento is the gentlem m with whose i.ame this sketch com- mences. He is a native of Hanovei-, Germany, born on the 9th day of October, 1845, and is a son of Henry an J Anna (Winters) Schaden. His father followed a seafaring life, and for year?, was a cook on trans-Atlantic passenger vessels. Arend Schaden spent his boyhood days at his native place, and attended school from the age of six to fourteen. During the next five years he was at sea most uf the, time, his first voyage having been from Bremenhaven to New Orleans. This was at the opening of the American civil war, and the vessel he was on having been detained on a bar for ninety-five days, was the last to leave the Crescent City afte the blockade had been established by the Union fleet. The vessel returned to Bremen, tlience went to Guttenburg, from there to Cape Town, and next to Rangoon, India. From there the vessel returned to Bremen, stopping at St. Helena. He was next promoted to the position of steward, and in that capacity made another trip to the East Indies, this time to Akyab, on the Bay of Bengal. On his return to Bremen he entered the service of another vessel, com- manded by Captain Thiernau, this time a light sailor, with r.earlv a first-class seaman's wajjes. UJSTOKY OF HACHAMENrO COUNTY. While at New York he left the vessel and de- termined to locate in the United States. He obtained employment in the grocery store of J. Brunimerhop, on the corner of East Broadway and llntgers street, in the capacity of clerk, and was so employed until he came to California. He left New' York November 28, 1868, and came to San Francisco via Panama, completing the trip on Christmas day. On the following day lie came to Sacramento, and on the 1st of January he entered the employ of his uncle, Herman Winters. He was thus occupied until October, 1870, at which time he formed a part- nership with S. D. Fuller in the grocery busi- ness under the tirm name of Schaden & Fuller, which continued for five years. He then pur- chased his partner's interest, and five years later moved across the street to his present location in 1880. Mr. Schaden was married in Sacra- mento, March 8, 1874, to Miss Meta Sanders, a native of Bremen. They have two children, viz.: Alfred and Anna Gesme. Two have died, named Arend Otto and Johnson Henry. Mr. Schaden has made his start in Sacramento, and now holds a high place among business men of the city, which he has reached by his own business ability and integrity. He- is a member of the Knights of Honor, as also of Capital Lodge, I. O. O. F'., and has passed the chairs in Cosumnes Tribe of lied Men. fOHN AUGUST LAUFKOTTER, a pioneer of Sacramento, was born in the town of Weinenburg, Province of \Ve8tphalia, Ger- many, July 19, 1812. His parents were Frans and Sophia (Kalthotf) Laufkotter. His father was mayor of the town, had a tanyard, with a tract of land adjoining, a pottery and a hotel. The subject of this biographical outline, the youngest of his eight children, was reared in his native town to the age of ten years, attending gymnasium from the age of ten to fourteen. At the age of eighteen years he volunteered in a rifle company in the Government service, in the Volunteer Rifle Corps, and served one year. October 2, 1834, he sailed from Bremen, and November 28 arrived in Baltimore, on the Johannes. Having a letter of recommendation to a nobleman in Baltimore, with whose sister he was acquainted, he went to Wheeling, West Virginia, being one of four private passengers. He brought with him money, clothes and tools, such as saws of all kinds and chains, etc., and remained in Wheeling for a few days, or until the steamboat was ready, and he sailed on down to Louisvdle, Kentucky, and a few days later proceeded on his way to St. Louis, with four persons, two brothers and another man and his wife, who hatl been put in the second cabin. No city in the United States where so many educated Germans as in St. Louis. Some of his fellow-countrymen met him on the wharf, and afterward, as they were standing in the Swiss Hotel, John A. Sutter came up and said to Mr. Laufkotter that he wanted to start a colony, and asked him whether he had tools, etc. The latter replied. Yes. There were matiy Swiss in St. Louis then, among them captains, professors, etc., who were spending a great deal of money in that city. Twice a week they at- tended the German club. From two men who had been in the Rocky Mountain region Mr. Laufkotter heard of a company going to Santa Fe to form a culony. Before arrangements were perfected, Sutter went to St. Charles to reside, not far from St. Louis, as living was consider- ably cheaper there, and in the meantime some parties lost confidence in him. Friends per- suaded Mr. Laufkotter to go into business. Ac- cordingly he engaged a partner and rented a building; but before starting in trade he went to Belleville, Illinois, Peoria, etc., hunting a good location; but, not being satisfied, he returned to St. Louis, wheie a friend met him and proposed to go into business with him at St. Charles, run- ning a grocery and saloon. This ofter was ac- cepted, and they made money '• haml over fist." Sutter, residing there, would visit him every day. One day he told Sutter there was a chance then for him to get oft", there being Frenchmen HISTORY OF SAGUAMENTO OOUNTT. 357 ill St. Loiiis who could tell hiin about Santa Fe- Accordingly, Sutter went to work and by spring got together seventeen men, with a few mules and equipment ey let and ippo nted Laufkotter, Sutter and Mr. Keiser a committee to go to St. Louis and buy goods. Eepairing there, they lived in high style and ran in debt $6,000, the company signing a mutual note for the amount. The goods were insured and sent on the steamboat to Independence. The com- mittee returned to St. Charles and got every- thing ready for starting, and Mr. Laufkotter went to St. Louis again to say Good by; and while there had a social time with the wholesale merchant, and the Russian consul, etc. From a man who had just arrived from New Orleans to join the party, Sutter obtained $1,300 as his share in the enterprise. But when all seemed ready to start there was no money in the treas- ury. Sutter hustled around in St. Charles and obtained $100 from a miller, other money from other men, and a doctor gave him a medicine chest wortii $80. Most of the party went by steamer to Independence, and eight or ten went by land with wagons; but Laufkotter and Sut- ter by carriage. This they smashed to piece* in going down a rough hill. Sutter got together $200 more; but Laufkotter endeavored to have him deposed as captain, as fighting was expected on the plains. He sold his interest in the com- pany, $400, to Sutter, for 35 per cent. The faction following Laufkotter had plenty of beef, with mint sauce, while Sutter and his men had only bacon. The latter returned to the States, while Mr. Laufkotter, with a number of picked men and furnished with tools, went to the mines at Rio del Dolores, where the Alcalde measured off a place for them; but for the first ten days' work they obtained only $5 worth of gold. Mr. Laufkotter then kept a saloon on the Plaza in Santa Fe, and afterward added the dry-goods trade and then a billiard hall. Was laid up with sickness, having to lie four weeks on the floor, when the only one to attend to him was a Frenciiman who had been a body-guard to Na- poleon. On recovery be joined the Americans who were going out to meet the Apaches in Arizona, on a trading expedition. During this journey he experienced many a memorable scene of privation, narrow escape and romantic passage of life. From this trip he returned to the States, and in 1837-'38 made another journey into northern Mexico, also full of exciting adven- ture. One morning they killed seve:i grizzly bears before breakfast! During this expedition they foutid the Apaches hostile to the Ameri- cans, and it required several days to convince them that he was not an American. lie made peace with them, giving them peace papers. For a number of years after this he was a resi- dent of Missouri, where he was in partnership with a man in a drug-store. On the breaking out of the gold excitement he came across the plains with an ox team in 1849, arriving. in Sac- ramento October 10 with his family. On arriv- ing here he first erected a simple dwelling, 18 x 30 feet, near where the present city ceme- tery is, sawing out, with the aid of another man, a i.';reat portion of the lumber with a whip-saw. For the lumber sheeting he paid $1,400. After- ward he moved into a house which he had to vacate upon the location of the present capitol grounds; and then he bought his present fine property, 20x80 feet, being the southeast cor- ner of Tenth and J streets. It was then only a one story structure, but he has since added a second story, and an expensive double portico, and he has always kept the building in a fine condition. He now occupies the second story as a dwelling, while the first story yields him a good permanent income. Mr. Laufkotter mar- ried in the old country Miss Jasper, and came with her in 1843 to this country, landing at New Orleans. Settling upon a farm in Jersey County, Illinois, he followed agriculture there for five or six years, and then went to St. Louis, as already mentioned. He has four children living, all residents of Sacramento: William, Clement and Charles are engaged in boring wells, and in other mechanical enterprises; and Emma is keeping house for her father. Mr. Laufkotter has led a remarkable life. He is a HlsrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. well-preserved, fine- looldng old gentleman, cour- teous, affable and vivacious. His romantic ca- reer is referred to in a large German work entitled, " In der neuen lleiniath," which is a collection of historical miscellanies concerning prominent Germans in this country; and Mr. Laufkotter has ready for the press a very large work written liy himself fC. PIERSON, superintendent of the Capi- tal Gas Company of Sacramento, is a na- " tive of Connecticut, born in Fairiield County, May 3, 1852. Both parents were natives of New York State. In the latter part of 1S51 the father started for California via Panama, arriving early in 1852. He was for many years engaged in mining in the northern part of the State, but in 1883 came to Sacra- mento to locate. J. C. Pierson, the subject of this sketch, was reared in New York State, and educated at Huntington, Long Island. He studitfl engineering with William 11. Debe- voice, in New York. He became connected with the James F. Joy corporation, operating in the West, and was for some time engaged in exploration and preliminary railroad work for them in Kansas and Nebraska. He was there employed in the Atchison & Nebraska, and Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe lines. In 1872 he came to Nevada, and in the following year to California, being connected with tlie Colfax & Grass Valley and the Central Pacific Kail- roads. In 1878 he was appointed engineer in charge of the work done by the Sacramento lliver Drainage District, and conducted the work done by the State on Bear liiver. In 1879 he was elected county surveyor, taking the otKce in 1880, and held it by virtue of re- election to 1888, inclusive. In January, 1888, he became superintendent nf the Capital Gas Company of Sacramento. Mr. Pierson is a member of the K. of II., and of the K. and L. of H. He is a member of the Technical Society uf the Paciiic Coast. He was married in 1877 to Miss Susie Boyd, of San Francisco, a native of California. Mr. Pierson is an active, able man, and is a valuable addition to the citizen- shii) of Sacramento. fEUBOURG & LAGES, wholesale dealers in brewers' supplies and inanufacuirers of malt, are one of the representative iirms of Sacramento. The house commenced business as Bachmann, Lages & Co., in 1866, the mem- bers at that time being C. F. Bachmann, C. Lages and L Neubourg. In 1869 they bought out the interest of (/. Weil, in the grocery busi- ness, corner of Eleventli and J street>;, in con- nection with F. II. Rusch, and that business was thereafter continued under the name of La- ges & Rusch, until the death of Mr. Kusch in 1870. Tliey carried on trade there under the name of Lages & Co., from the time of Mr. Rusch 's death till 1875, wiien tiiey sold out the grocery business. On the 1st of January, 1876, the hrm became, by the retirementof Mr. Bach- mann, as at present constituted, — Neubourg & Lages. Their extensive building on Fifth stl-eet has a frontage of sixty feet, by eighty feet in depth, and is two stories in height with basement, the latter being nsed in the manufact- nre of malt. They also have a mill in operation for the manufacture of all kinds of meal. Their trade extends throughout Northern and Eastern California, Nevada and Utah, and is of very large proportions. They also do a lieavy busi- ness in the exportation of hops throughout the entire United States and Europe. Leonard Neubourg of this firm is a native of the princi- pality of Lippe-Detmold, Northern Germany, born October 31, 1828, his parents being Rev. Carl (a minister of tlie Reformed Church), and Johanna (Curtius) Neubourg. He attended pri- vate school to the age of sixteen years, tlien entered tiie mercantile trade as an apprentice, afterward being advanced to the position of clerk. He came to America in 1854, sailing from Bremenhaven on the 31st of August, on U I STORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT T. the steamer Gerinania, afterward used as a trans- port during the Criuiean war. lie landed at New York September 20, and a couple of weeks later went to Butler County, and Cincinnati, Ohio. A year later he went to Sheboygan, Wisconsin, where he clerked and kept books in a brewery. He came to California in 1859, leaving New York on the steamer Western Star, crossing the Isthmus of Panama, and landing at San Francisco from the steamer GoMen Age, October 16. He came to Sacramento and clerked for Weil & Co., until the firm of Bach- mann, Lages & Co. was formed in 1866, with him as a member. Mr. Neubourg was married in 1869 to Miss Dora Kerssenbrock, a native of Germany. They have six children, viz.: Clara, Annie, Lottie, Ida, Carl and George. He is a member of AValhalla Grove, U. A. O. D., in which he passed the chairs. He is president of the Germania Loan & Building Association, and has been one of its directors for nine years, and president since May, 1887. He is a pleas- ant, affable gentleman, and a good business man. fHRISTOPHER LAGES, of the firm of Neubourg & Lages, was born at Vegeseck, near Bremen, Germany, March 16, 1838, the house in which he was born being directly across the street from the residence of the cele- brated German explorer Eohlfs. His parents were Hermann and Meta (Fortman) Lages. He was educated in the Government schools, and at the age of fourteen years engaged in a seafaring life, going on the sailing vessel J. F. Wichel- hausen. He followed the sea about one year, making voyages from Bremerhaven to Balti- more and Holland. His next voyage was in 1853 from Bremenharen to New York, where he severed his connection with the ship. He engaged as clerk in the grocery store of Henry Brandt, on Ann street, and afterward with Henry Hahn, on Frankfort street. In 1854 Mr. Lages came to California, leaving New York by the steamer North Star on the 5th of August, and after crossing the Isthmus of Panama, came to San Francisco ou the Yankee Blade, landing on the 31st of August. He became a clerk for John Evers, corner of Montgomery and Yallejo streets, and remained in his employ until 1858, when he followed the stream of navigation to the scene of the Eraser River mining excite- ment. He went ou the Orizaba to Victoria, and was soon engaged in trading in provisions for the mining camp on Eraser River, getting his supplies from San Francisco. His capital was only moderate, but he followed the business successfully for nine months, then returned to San Francisco in the latter part of February, 1859. He came to Sacramento about March 25 of that year, and became clerk for August Evers, on L street, between Seventh and Eighth, and so continuing until the floods of 1861-'62. He next engaged with C. Weil & Co., with whom he remained until the firm of Bachmann, Lages & Co. was formed in 1866. Mr. Lages was married December 23, 1868, to Miss Annie Bergmann, who came here with her father, Adam Bergmann, when a child. She died March 30, 1883, leaving one child, Christopher (Columbus Lages, who was born October 5, 1870. Mr. Lages married his present wife June 14, 1884. Her maiden name was Matilda Neuhaus, and she is a native of Oldenburg, Germany. They have three children, viz.: Albert Henry, Meta and Helena. Mr. Lages is one of the early members of Schiller Lo Ige, No. 105, I. O. O. F., having been initiated in 1862. He is essen- tially a business man, having been schooled from boyhood to a mercantile career, and ranks, with his partner, amon^ the leading merchants uf Sacramen to. _^.,. | . 3 ., ! . > ...>— tICHARD II. WITHINGTON, of the Capital Soap Works, Sacramento, is a native of Genoa, Seneca County, New York, born July 21, 1818, his parents being Daniel and Sarah (Hall) Withington. both of whom were natives of AlleghiUiy County, Penn- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO GOUNTT. sylvania. Wlien he was a young man lie ac- companied the family to Monroe, Michigan, where they settled. Tiiere he farmed for a time, and then carried on l)nsine8s across the State line, in the northwest county of Ohio. In 1850 he came to California. Going to New York he took passage on the steamer Georgia to New Orleans, tlience to Matagorda Bay, and from there he accompanied Captain French through El Paso, and thence proceeded to San Diego. There he took passage on a Boston brig for San Francisco, where he arrived after a voyage of twenty-three days, November 12, 1850. He came up to Sacramento on the steamer New World, and from here proceeded to the mines on Bear River. He mined about live miles above McCourtney's for a year, then went to farming in lone Valley, where he re- mained from 1852 to 1862. He then went to Gold Hill, Nevada, and kept public house there for a year and a half. The succeeding year he was so engaged at Meadow Lake. From there he came to Sacramento in 1865, and engaged in the manufacture of soap on J Street. In 1866 he took in .a partner, and the firm became Withington efe Bagley. In 1871 C. F. Williams bought out Mr. Bagley, and the firm remained Withington & Williams jnitil October, 1886, when Sparrow Smith came into partnership, since which time the institution has been known as the Capital Soap Works. There has been a constant advancement in the character of ma- chinery and appliances used in the processes of manufacture, and the factory is now equipped to successfully compete for trade in the markets of the world. Their business, constantly in- creasing and spreading its limits, already ex- tends over a vast scope of territory. Some of their markets are here given: California, Wash- ington, Oregon, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, Ari- zona, New Mexico, and the Eastern States, especially Michigan and Wisconsin. Their soaps have an unsurpassed reputation, and sell readily on their merits wherever introduced. Mr. Withington gives his entire personal atten- tion to the details of manufacture and tiie man- agement of the plant. Mr. Withington was married in Michigan in 1842, to Miss Hannah Clark, a native of Ireland, who came to this country when a child with her parents. They liave two children, viz.: Sarah, wife of Calvin Williams, merchant. Eleventh and J streets, and Millard C, who is one of the firm of the Capi- tal Soap Works. Mr. Withington is a member of the Sacramento Lodge, A. F. «fe A. M. lie formerly belonged at lone, and was Past Master of the lodge there. He is also a member of the Legion of Honor. Mr. Withington was a Whig in the days of that party, and has been a Eepublican since the party was organized.. His first Presidential vote was for William Henry Harrison in 1840, and his last for Benja- min Harrison in 1888. He was one of the organizers of the Calvary Baptist Church, and has been deacon ever since its organization. Mr. Withington is a careful, conscientious busi- ness man, and well deserves the success that his enterj)rise has met with. fHILIP HERZOG, one of the prominent citizens of Sacramento, was born October 4, 1834, in Cincinnati, Ohio, where his father, Frederick Herzog, a native of Germany, had located in 1817. At that early day Cin- cinnati was a mere village, and the elder Her- zog had abundant opportunity to purchase any amount of land, now in the most valuable part of the city, for little or nothing. He did ac- quire possession of a piece of land there, on which he followed gardening for a while, though he afterward gave up that occupation for that of butchering. He died in Cincinnati in 1858, having witnessed its progress from a backwoods village to the proud rank which it then enjoyed, of the "Queen City of the West." His wife, also a native of Germany, likewise died in Cin- cinnati. Her maiden name was Hall. Philip Herzog, with whose name this sketch com- mences, was reared at Cincinnati, where he was educated in the public schools, and afterward UI8T0RT OF SACRAMENTO GOUNTT. went to work for a brother. In 1854: he came to California, accompanying his sister, Mrs. Todhiinter, whose husband kept the City Mar- ket in Sacramento, or J street, be,tvveen Front and Second.- He came by vray of New York, leaving there October 4, on the steamer Star of the West, and crossing Nicaragua came to San Francisco on the old steamer Cortez, landing on the 31st of October. He came to Sacra- mento next day, and at once obtained employ- ment with Treat & Stanwood, the latter a brother-in-law of James G. Blaine, wiio kept tiie Boston Market. He remained in their em- ployment eighteen months, and then he and Fred Wastier succeeded Treat & Stanwood by purchase, and the firm became Herzog & Was- tier. The iirni continued some four or live years, doing busingss on Second street, between K and L. Philip Hartman then succeeded Wastier, but Mr. Herzog soon bought out Hartman's interest, and continued alone for a short time, when he again took in a partner, Henry Shulmeyer. The^' were associated about four years, when Mr. Shulmeyer's interest was purchased by M. M. Odell. A year later the latter purchased Mr. Herzog's interest. He then went back to Ohio to visit old scenes, friends and relatives. He returned to Sacra- mento in 1872, and bought in with Alex. Burns in what is now the City Market. About two years later Mr. Burns was thrown from a liorse and killed, and Mr. Herzog continued the business alone until 1882, when he sold out to A. & A. Heilbron, and retired from business. In 1885 he again went East. In 1886, having returned to Sacramento again, he bought in with M F. Ode!!, in the New York Market. They do a heavy wholesale, retail and packing business. Mr. Herzog was married in this city in 1857, to Miss Mary Todhunter, a native of Cincinnati. They have three children living, viz.: Ida, wife of George P. Curtis; Charles and Susie Flora. Mr. Herzog is a llepublican politically, and was formerly a Whig, having cast his first vote for Millard Fillmore. He has served with credit on tlie School i'.oanl of Sacramento. He has been associated with Con- cord Lodge, No. 117, A. F. & A. M., since 1858. He is also a member of the Chapter, Council and Commandery. Mr. Herzog has passed through ail the vicissitudes of Sacra- mento, and was ruined by the flood of 18G2. He persevered, however, and now ranks among the leading citizens of Sacramento in all re- spects. ^%:i' tC. CHANDLER, one of the prominent Sacranientans entitled to the distinction ^ of being a California pioneer, is a native of New York State, born at Columbus, Chenan- go County, on the 15th of August, 1826," his parents being Elijah and Mary (Whitney) Chandler. His father, who was a farmer, was a native of Vermont. The Whitneys were an old Connecticut family. L. C. Chandler, the subject of this sketch, was reared at his native place to the age of sixteen, and there be re- ceived his saJiool training. In 1842 he went to Boston, and commenced the printer's trade in the office of the Boston Journal. He served a regular apprenticeship tliere, and worked as a journeyman in Boston and other eastern cities. When the news of the discovery of gold in Cali- fornia, in 1848, electrified the country, he was working in a book and job office in New York city, and he was not slow in making up his mind to try his fortunes in the new El Dorado. He interested himself with others in forming a party for that purpose, and an organization was effected under the leadership of a physician, who, however, finally backed out, and did not go. There were 141 in the company, each of whom put $21.50 in a common fund for ex- penses. They chartered the bark Mara (Cap- tain Parks), and on the 30th of January, 1849, left New York harbor. They sailed to Vera Cruz, and thence proceeded by the National road through Jalapa, Pueblo, City of Mexico and Guadalajara, to Mazatlan. It had been their intention to take shipping at that port for HISTORY OF SACJiAifSNTO COUNTY. California, and most of them did so, but Mr. Cliandler was one of twenty wlio decided to take tiie trip by land, and, as he expressed it, they "took the hurricane deck of a mule.'' While in Sonora the party divided, and Mr. Chandler continued his journey via llermosillo, Tucson. Los Angeles, San Buenaventura and I'acheco Pass, up into Mariposa mines. He afterward went to Stockton, and from there down Livermore Valley. In the spring of 1850 ho went back to Stockton, thence to Calaveras mines, and worked along the Stan- islaus River, at Mormon Gulch and Angel's Creek. The ne.xt scene of his mining efforts was at Ohio Bar, on the Yuba. When the Smith River e.\citement came on, he went to Crescent City. From there he went to San Francisco, and thence to Marysville. His finances were then at a low ebb, and he ob- tained employment driving mules from Marys- ville to American Valley, in Plumas County. In the fall of 1853 he went to work on the Marysville Herald. He afterw^ard went up into the mountains and worked for some time on the Mountain Messenger. In that country he also carried express on snow-shoes for Adams it Co. In 1855 he came to Sacramento, and went to work at the case on the Union. He was one of the five men that started the Bee, and followed the fortunes of the paper for nearly a year, then went to work on the Union again. He followed the printing trade until 18(54, and since that time has been engaged in the real estate business, which he has made a success. Mr. Chandler has always been a champion for the cause of temperance, and has been for twenty years Treasurer of Siloam (Good Templars') Lodge. He was a charter member of Cosumnes Tribe. Red Men. He is now the only living representative of his family. A brother, ]5radley Chandler, was a soldier in the Mexican war, and was at the battle of Palo Alto, a private in Company B, First Illinois Infantry Regiment. He was honorably dis- charged on expiration of service, at Camary, Mexico, June 17, 1847. Since that time trace of him has been lost. Mr. Chandler has been actively associated with Sacramento for over a third of a century, and has been an eye-witness to the vast change which has taken place here in that time. He is a good representative of the better type of the early comers to this State. He has been for many years a mem- ber of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers. ^C#-^ fP. FIGG, one of the pioneers of Califor- nia, who has resided in Sacramento since * the early days, is a native of Mercer (now Boyle) County, Kentucky, born in the suburbs of Danville, April 24, 1819, his parents being William and Elizabeth (Roe) Figg. His mother was born in Greene County, Virginia, and was of Scotch ancestry. His father was a native of Virginia, of English ancestry, and died when the subject of this sketch was a a mere boy in years. Before he had reached his majority, E. P. Figg went to St. Louis, and embarked in the fur business on quite an extensive scale, getting his furs in the in- terior, and marketing them in St. Louis and Cincinnati. In 1844 he located at Lexington, Missouri, and carried on mercantile business there nearly five years. In 1844 he shipped a lot of goods, mostly furs and hatters' articles, from Cincinnati to St. Louis, on the steamer Lancet (Captain Hicks), and he boarded a boat at Louisville. By some mischance he had failed to get a shipping receipt. On arriving at St. Louis he applied to a commission merchant to look after the goods. The boat was burned up and he lost his goods, but whether they were consumed by fire or not, he could never learn. In the spring of 1849 a party was made up at Lexington for the purpose of going to California, and Mr. Figg joined the party, making sixteen wagons in all. They traveled together nearly a month, when Mr. Figg and the occupants of another wagon left the party, and proceeded alone. They traveled all night a good deal of HWTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the time, and made tlie trip from Lexington to Calitbriiia in seventy-one days, the fastest time ever made with ox teams. Witli Mr. Figg there were Messrs. Culver, Phipps and Spencer, and the lattter's two sons; when they arrived at tlie Sink of the Humboldt, Mr. Figg let Mr. Spencer take his wagon to proceed with it by the Carson route, while he himself prepared tostrike straight for the Sacramento River on horseback, lie took some hard bread, a piece of bacon and some blankets, and started. On the journey he saw a duck fly into St. Mary's River, and he went into a clump of willows to try and get a shot at the duck; he was startled however, to see live Indians rise from the ground and surround him, with bows drawn on him. lie was in a bad predicament and supposed that his hour had come. Just at that moment, however, some emigrants appeared in view on an elevated piece of ground across tlie river, so that they could see Mr. Figg and Indians over the willows. One of them liailed Mr. Figg and asked him if the Indians lield him captive, lie answered that he did not know how to get away, and the man who had hailed him then headed his horse for the river, cro.-'^^ — fR. ALEXANDER MONTAGUE, one of the eminent practicing physicians of thi.s State, and a resident of Gait, was born in Wake CouDtj, near lialeigh, North Carolina, September 16, 1845, son of Dr. W. H. Mon- tague, a prominent physician. In the family were six sons and six daughters, one of whom, besides the subject of this sketch, is a physician, in Winston, North Carolina. Dr. Montague received his early education at the Wake Forest College, and in 1865 graduated at the State University at Chapel Hill, formerly one of the largest institutions in the South. While pur- suing his collegiate course he was gradually drifting into medical studies, and afterward he read in the office of his father two years, and re- ceived his diploma in 1868 from the University of the City of iS'ew York, after attending the required course of lectures there. Until 1877 he practiced his profession in his native State, and then came to California, locating at Shasta City, where his competency soon became known and he was appointed surgeon to the County Hospital. He remained at that place nine montiis. In 1878 he came to (Jalt, where he has since resided and had a large practice, ex- cepting tiie three years 1885-'88, when he was in New York city, prosecuting special studies. Thus the people of Gait and vicinity have the satisfaction of knowing one physician at least among them who is probably as well qualified tc treat them as any other general practitioner in the State. fAMUEL E. WRISTON, a resident of this county since 1852, was born in Morgan County, Illinois, March 19, 1834. His father, James, a native of South Carolina, emi- grated to Illinois when a young man. In Mor- gan County he married Miss Catharine F. Sage, a native of Terre Haute, Indiana, had three children, and died in 1839 at the age of thirty- four years. Samuel, our subject, is the only one now living. The eldest son, William B., came to this State in 1849, and was accidentally killed in "Eussell Pocket," four miles from Gait, July 7, 1856. The other son, Elihu li., came to California in 1859, and died in Wood- bridge, ?San Joaquin County, June 27, 1877. In after years Mrs. Wriston married John Raf- fety, who also is now deceased. The widow is now living in Fella, Jasper County, Iowa, at the age of sixty-nine years. By the last mar- riage there were six children, of whom four are still living. Mr. Samuel E. Wriston, the sub- ject of this sketch, was brought up on a farm. In April, 1852, when seventeen years of age, he came to California overland with mule teams, in company with three families and twenty- seven men, consuming exactly three months oti the trip from the Missouri Kiver. When he arrived in Sacramento his brother William was living in the "Pocket." He intended to go over the mountains to Carson Yalley, but chills and fever attacked him and prevented him from going. After recovery he began to work on ranches, meanwhile owning some livestock in company with his brother. After the death of the latter he took charge of all the stock for 378 UISrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. awhile, and then disposed of it. In November, 1857, he returned East on a visit. Arrived in Sacramento again June 1. 1859, and again entered the live-stock business, buying and sell- ing and dairying, and followed this business for nine years in partnership with C. W. Harvey, in the meantime owning some land which he had bought before going East. Up to about three years ago his business was mainly stock- raising, but lately he has paid more attention to general agriculture. His farm consists of 422 acres, on the Laguna, live miles east and north of Gait. He has inade his residence in this village since it was stated in 1869. Mr. Wris- ton is a member of the Odd Fellows' order, and of the A. O. U. W. of Gait. Politically he is a E'publican, although his first Presidential vote in 1856 was cast for Buchanan. In 1860 he was a Douglas Democrat, and since then he has been a Republican. He was united in ;nar- riage, June 14, 1870, to Jennie V. Ferguson, a native of Illinois, and reared in the city of Chicago. They have had three children, as fol- lows: Carrie F., born May 13, 1872, and died December 24, 1880; Charles R., born October 3, 1874; and Samuel C, born Septwnber 3, 1877, and died February 17, 1878. fOLOMON KREEGER, farmer. Dry Creek Township, was born December 17, 1829, in Mt. Pleasant, Forsythe County, North Carolina, son of Jacob and Mary (Fulps) Kree- ger, natives also of that State. Both the grand- fathers of Mr. Kreeger were in the Revolu- tionary War seven years, and they lived to be respectively 103 and 105. Jacob Kree- ger was a farmer all his life and died in his native State, at the age of sixty-eight years, in 1846. He had five sons and six daughters; the sons were George W., Jacob, John, Henry and Solomon ; and of these only three are now living. Some of the family still remain in Norlh Carolina, and some are in Ohio, Indiana, and Missouri. Solomon was raised on a farm in his native State, graduated at Trinity College, North Carolina, wlien twenty- one years old, and then he started for California, but stopped near Independence, Missouri, and taught school there a year in Jackson County. In 1851 he started again for the Golden State, with others, coming overland with ox teams. Had some trouble with the Indians, wiio en- deavored to steal their cattle. By such delays their trip was extended five months and five days. Stopping first at Diamond Spring, El Dorado County, Mr. Kreeger mined about two months, and then followed the same occupation at Michigan Bar, Sacramento County, about four years, with moderate, success. Then he located upon his present property in Dry Creek Town- ship; but subsequently removed to Sacramento, ojiened a hay and grain store on the corner of Eleventh and J streets, known as tlie Elephant Feed Store, and ran it about five years, then re- turned to Ins ranch. Here he has splendid im- provements, rendering the place exceedingly at- tractive. He has two farms, the home ranch of 451 acres, and the Briggs ranch of 468 acres, on which he has about 200 acres of alfalfa. He has been a member of the Masonic order ever since he was twenty-one years of age. He is a charter member of Nebraska Lodge, No. 71, and of Gait Lodge, No. 267, and in 1886 was a member of the Grand Lodge of the State of Cali- fornia. He is also a member of the Lodge of the Golden Shore and of the Chose i Friends. In 1863 he married Jane Cunningham, a native of Illinois, and they have seven children living, three deceased. Their names are Virgil, Lillie, Lettie, Zena, Tally B., Creed H., and Saul Cleveland. fF. PHELPS, the jeweler, stationer and music dealer of Gait, has been a resident ® of that place since 1878. He was born in Burlington, Vermont, May 31, 1833, son of Francis and Helen Phelps, both natives also of that State, who resided there until tlieir death. lIISTORr OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Being a natural musician, and having an excel- lent training from the best teachers, Mr. Phelps was set to the systematic study of music at the age of iire years. Among his teachers was the noted Lowell Mason. After leaving home, at the age of twelve years he continued his favorite study, mostly by himself, adapting himself to almost any kind of musical instrument. In the early "SO's he spent a winter in Cliicago, where he played violin in the amphitheater, and traveled with a circus during the summer. He continued this mode of life up to the age of twenty-two years, when he began learning a trade in Cleveland, Ohio. He entered a store there kept by a German named Keselmyer, who had a small business, principally in the way of repairing, and worked with him two years. He then traveled, repairing musical instruments aud soliciting his own work until he came to California in 1857. He came from JVew York by way of Panama, landing in San Francisco in March. He mined in Calaveras County ten years, in the meantime prospecting considera- bly, and when short of money would resort to his old trade. At length he abandoned mining and prospecting, and devoted himself exclusively to the repairing business again, until he located in Woodbridge, September 1, 1868, with no means but his kit of tools; and he also taught music some. Much can be credited to Mr. Phelps for what he did for Woodbridge and that section of the country in the way of creating a taste for music and raising its stand- ard. He taught in the public schools and led societies free of charge, receiving pay for in- strumental instruction only. As the place ad- vanced in population, wealth, and in other respects, his classes in music increased, and his reputation widened, bringing pupils from gi-eater and greater distances. The people of Wood- bridge, acknowledging their indebtedness to Prof. Phelps, presented him a beautiful gold- headed cane, appropriately engraved with the inscription and date, and the head embellished with a beautiful setting of gold quartz. In his business he naturally collected around him a considerable stock of jewelry and musical goods. For business reasons he came to Gait, in- June, 1878, and opened a store in his, line, where he has deservedly prospered. He was married in 1863 to Julia A. Carter, a native of Wisconsin, and they have three children: Cora A., Carry L. and Alton D. I^ENRY S. PUTNEY, farmer, Dry Creek |M| Township, was born May 13, 1828, in Yates Wle County, Xew York, a son of Jedediah and Caroline S. (Gartwell) Putney, of English de- descent. His father, who was also a farmer, died in Yates County in 1850, at the age of forty-five years. In his family were four sons and four daughters; the sons were Decastro A., Henry S., George S., and Lyman D. Decastro died on shipboard, on the Pacific Ocean, in 1853, of pneumonia. Mr. Putney was reared upon the farm in New York State until he was of age, in 1849, when he sailed from New York city, February 14, for California, on the Crescent City to Panama, and on the whaling ship Sylph for San Francisco, landing at that city July 28. Coming to Sacramento by sail-boat, he went directly to the mines near Anburn, and rained for gold about a year, with moderate success. In the fall of 1850 he went to San Jose and en- tered a tract of Government land, which he afterward exchanged for a claim in this county where he now resides, twenty miles from Sacra- mento. It contains 530 acres, well adapted to grain, hay and live stock. All the improve- ments now seen there he has made himself, having lived there since 1851. A good orchard and vineyard are on the jjremises. He came with nothing and was $16 in debt, and he has made all his property by his own honest earn- ings. He was the first man to run a Separator threshing machine in Sacramento County. Mr. Putney, December 27, 1862, married Miss Rhoda A., daughter of Calviu and Eliza W. (Rixby) Bates, — her father a native of Vermont and mothor of New York. Mr. and Mrs. Put- niSTOUY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ney have five children: Melvina E., born Sep- tember IB, 1863; George S., January 5, 1865, and died June 12, 18S7; Julia M., born Janu- ary 28, 1866; Eliza C, October 2i, 1873; and Frankie M., May 11, 1879. Melvina is the wife of Frank S. Wardrobe, of this county; the other children are still at their paternal home. Mrs. Putney crossed the plains in 1859 to this State with her brother George O. Bates and family, who now reside in Sacramento city; they were six mouths on the route. She and her daughter Julia are members of the Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 36, of which Miss Julia is Noble Grand, Mr. Putney is a member of Elk Grove Lodge, No. 274, I. O. O. F. SES. JANE MA BIN, of Dry Creek Township, is a daughter of Henry Mur- ray, and was born in Cedar County, Iowa. Her father, a farmer, was a native of Ireland, and liis genealogy can be traced back to the Scotch-Irish. He was raised on a farm in his native country. He was born May 8, 1812, and married Miss Jane Adair, in Ireland. Emi- grating to America, he located near Point Pleas- ant, Ohio; subsequently he moved to Iowa, where Mrs. Mahin was born, and still lives there, at the age of seventy-seven years. His wife died in 1872, at the age of sixty-four years. In their family were eleven children, six daughters and five sons; three daughters are in this State. Besides Mrs. Mahin, there are Mrs. William Frazer and Mrs. D. L. Davis, both in this county. Mrs. Mahin came across the plains and mountains to California in 1864, and purchased the property which she now occupies, twenty- two miles from Sacramento and one mile east of the upper Stockton road. It now contains 423 acres, and is in a very fine state of cultivation, the soil being well adapted to general farming; and the improvements are good. There are also a number of magnificent oak shade trees on the place. Mrs. Mahin has two sons and two daugh- ters, namely: Jennie, wife of E. M. Curl, of Los Angeles; John R., who lives in this county; Nelitrt, wife of William Stuart, of Los Angeles; and William, a I'esident of Sacramento. Mrs. Mahin visited her old home in 1870, but says she is willing to make her home in California during the remainder of her life. ILLIS WRIGHT, a pioneer and success- ful farmer of Dry Creek Township, was born in Rutland County, Vermont, February 2, 1823. His father, Elihu Wright, was also a native of that State; and his grand- father, also named Elihu, was born in Connecti- cut and emigrated to Vermont when about twenty-one years old. His only sou, the father of Willis, married Minerva McArthur, a native also of the Green Mountain State. Her father, Charles McArthur, was frotu the Highlands of Scotland, and njarried a Vermont lady after coming to this country. In 1836 Elihu Wright, Jr., and family emigrated to Illinois when the tide of immigration was to the Western States, and he located thirty miles west of Chicago, on the line between Cook and Kane counties; but that part of the country' was afterward taken from these counties and organized into Du Page County. Mr. Wright made his home there un- til his death, about 1851; his wife died in the spring of 1850. Of their three sons the subject of this sketch was the youngest. He remained at home with his parents until he was twenty- four years of age, by which time he had land of his own. He then went upon his land and worked it, at the same time assisting the family, which then consisted of four members. In 1853 be came overland to California, arriving at Ilangtown October 12, being six months on the road; and six weeks later he went down into Dry Creek Township with a band of cattle which he had brought across the plains; with this stock he went into the cattle business and general farming, which he continued up to 1862, in " Russell Pocket." During this time he kept a team on the road hauling hay and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO a OH NT Y. 381 Iniiiber to and from the iiiountains. In 1862 lie took some of the stock into the mountains, and during the summer inonths for eighteen years ran a dairy and raised cattle. He has been a resident of Gait for about seven years, living a more retired life and enjoying what he has worked so hard to attain for so many years. His marriage occurred December 22, 1846, when ho wedded Marietta Angeline Van Em- burgh, who was born in Rutland County, Ver- mont, November 6, 1824. She became the mother of seven children: Frederick, born Sep- tember 25, 1847; Albert W., born April 25, 1849; James C, May 20, 1852; Eva, born Oc- tober 2, 1854, and died October 12, 1884, the wife of Edward Humphreys, of Sacramento; Frank M., April 12, 1857, atid died June 13, 1862; Edward E., born May 26, 1859; and Hattie M., August 1, 1867. Mr. Wright was again married December 24, 1882, to Mrs. Eliza A. Summers, nee Arnold, also a native of Rut- land County, Vermont. Her marriage to Dan- iel B. Summers took place October 14, 1845; and they came to California by way of Panama, landing in San Francisco, and then at Sacra- mento May 22, 1852. Mr. Summers died July 13, 1878, an old resident of this county. ^y this marriage there were eight children, of whom five are now living, four daughters and one son, all married. — '^-m-^ — ■ fEORGE NEED, a general farmer in Dry Creek Township, was bom September 27, 1886, in Germany, and emigrated to America in 1840 with his parents, Francis and Dorothy Xeed, landing at Baltimore and set- tling near Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County, In- diana. There they were on a farm until the father's death in 1874, at the age of seventy-two years; the mother died in 1849. In their family were four sons and one daughter, viz.: Michel, George, Valentine, Christopher, and Laney, wife of Louis Lehr, of Indianapolis. Michel came to California in 1852, and died in 1868; Chris- topher was killed in the Civil "War; Valentine also served in the war and now lives in Indiana, George remained with his father on the farm until he was twenty years of age, and then, in 1857, embarked at New York and came by way of the Isthmus to the Golden State, and at once located where he has ever since resided, except a short time in Fresno County, when he was in the stock business. In 1867 he purchased his present tine property of 775 acres, five miles from Gait, and where he has made all the improvements now on the place. In 1867 he married Miss Sarah J. Ehler, a native of Indi- ana, and they have had six children, two of whona are deceased, namely: Efiie R., born Oc- tober 18, 1868, died November 25 following; Louisa J., born March 15, 1871; George C, July 2, 1873; Isabel E., June 24, 1874; Fran- cis, born December 6, 1876, died April 19, 1877; and Henry J., born September 27, 1878. Mr. Need is a gentleman of kindly disposition, industrious habits and sincere in his morals. Politically he is a Republican; his first Repub- lican vote was cast for Ben Harrison. fAMES K. McKINSTRY, of Gait, was born in Rochester, New York, February 9, 1835. tlis father, John, and his mother, Jane (Kelso) McKinstry, were both natives of the North of Ireland. About 1834 they emigrated to the United States, having at that time two children, one of whom died while crossing the ocean, and tlie other died in Sacramento, in May, 1853. Both were daughters. On arrival in this country, John McKinstry first located in New York State, where the family resided until 1887, in Chicago till 1840, and from 1840 to 1850 in Galena, Illinois. The mother is now living with her son James, in Gait. On coming to this State about the middle of August, 1850, they stopped first in Sacramento. In May, 1851, James McKinstry (our subject) went to the mines, and for about four years was engaged among them in El Dorado and Placer counties. HISTORY OF SAGRAMENTO COUNTY. lie then came to the vicinity of Gait, wliere he has since beea an honored resident. Tliere he followed the dairy business for about fourteen years, driving cows to the mountains, making butter and raising stock. From 1872 to 1879, with the exception of one year, he was salesman in Whitaker & Ray's store. In the meantime he started a livery stable in Gait, and for the last ten years he has given his personal atten- tion to the business. His stable was first erected in Old Liberty by Robert Crown. After a time it fell into the hands of Calvin Briggs, along with the Devins E.xehange Hotel, and was moved to Gait and set on the corner of Fifth and C streets, where it now stands. Thomas Briggs was the first to run it as a livery stable. He sold to William F. Brewster and Benjamin F. Howard, about 1873. After aw^hile Brews ter sold his interest to Mr. McKinstry, and the firm of Howard & McKinstry continued until Mr. Howard disposed of his interest to his brother Caarles B., the firm name remaining the same. In 1879 or 1880 Mr. McKinstry bought out his partner's interest, and since then has been the sole proprietor. He is a pleasant, genial gentleman, tlioroughly understanding business principles. He has been moderately successful in life, and he now has the finest livery stable in the place. He is a member of Fhoenix Lodge, No. 239, L O. O. F., and of the Gait Encampment, No. 65, both of Gait. He lias a ranch of 160 acres two miles from Gait, and another of the same size eight miles from town, devoted to general farming. July 19, 1858, is the date of his marriage to Fanny, daughter of Thomas Armstrong, one of the early artists and engravers ot) .this coast, who did a great deal of work in San Francisco and Sacra- mento; indeed, nearly all the illustrated works issued on the coast at that time were executed by him. Mr. and Mrs. McKinstry have brought up a family of five children, viz.: Clara, wife of C. C. Clement, justice of the peace at Gait; Lizzie, wife of W. R. Cole, residing near Cen- terville, Alameda County; Edgar, assistant agentof the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, at Lorenzo; Charles W., who manages the business of the stable; and Tom, the South- ern Pacific Railroad agent at Stege, in Ala- meda County; he was appointed at the age of fifteen years, being given the entire charge of all the departments, — the business of the railroad company, of Wells & Fargo's Express and the Western Union Telegraph, being the youngest agent in the employ of the com- pany. In political matters Mr. McKinstry has always been a Republican, and takes an active part in the public aifairs of the county. He has served the people of Dry Creek Township as justice of the peace and notary public for two years. tOHN H. SAWYER was born February 4, 1830, in Strafford County, New Hampshire, in that portion which has since been set off as Carroll County. His parents, Joseph H. and Abigail B. (Hall) Sawyer, were also natives of the same locality. All the four children of the family of Joseph PI. Sawyer are now residents of California, viz.: Mrs. Addie S. Grant, of Sac- ramento; John H., the subject of this sketch; James C, of Gait; and Mrs. Susan Hughes, of Oakland. The boyhood days of John H. were " pretty tough." One year was all he had in school; he had to work hard and constantly. When he was fifteen years old the father died, and he had the responsibilities of caring for the family. From his father, who was a carpenter, he partly learned the same trade, and he fol- lowed it most of the time until he was of age. He then spent a year in New York, then a win- ter at Bristol, Kenosha County, Wisconsin, and in the spring of 1853, in company with his brother J. C, started with horse teams overland for the Golden State. Setting out alone, he fell in afterward with company. Tlio journey was comparatively pleasant and the party arrived at Placerville, August 7. That was then a lively camp. After remaining there about a month they went down into Dry Creek Township to HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. build a lioiise for Dr. Selan Eiissell, a large cat- tle dealer, whowitlmthers have taken-up a large tract of land in what was called " Eussell's pocket." Since that time, with the exception of three years, Mr. Sawyer has been a resident of that neighborhood. One year he passed in San Francisco. In the fall of 1856 he returned to Wisconsin and was married, and remained there two years. In the spring of 1859 he came again to California, bringing with him his wife, mother, and two sisters. His mother died in 1880, at the age of seventy-seven years. After his arrival iiere he worked steadily at his trade for four years. He then turned his attention to dairying for eighteen years, during which time it was a prolitable industry. The first land he purchased was in 1878, when the town of Gait was started, his selection being a tract of 400 acres on Dry Creek just a half mile south of town. He also purchased 680 acres, the west boundary line of which was two miles east of town. Since that time lie has been a resident of Gait, fanning, raising cattle and horses, and building houses. He has built, or assisted in building, all the houses in the place. In 1859 he erected the Devins Exchange Hotel, which was afterward moved to Gait when this town was started. He also built the mercantile house of Whitaker & Raj', the. school-house and two of the churches. One of these, the Method- ist, was first erected for a school-house. Proba- bly the first upland orchard in this section was set out by Mr. Russell on his place, and Mr. Sawyer built a windmill to irrigate it. This was the first windmill erected in the county. Mr. Sawyer belongs to Phoenix Lodge, No. 232, I. O. O. F., to Gait Encampment, No. 65, Rei Rebekah Degree Lodge, and to Gait Lodge, A. O. U. W.; he is a charter member of all these. The date of Mr. Sawyer's marriage was November -1, 1856, when he wedded Miss Jennie C. Newcomb, a native of Rochester, New York, and a daughter of Samuel E. Newcomb, who is now making his home with her; he is eighty- five years of age. Mr. and Mrs. Sawyer have four children: Frank N., Wallace B., Jean and Thomas. The eldest was born in Wisconsin, and the others are natives of this State. PENJAMIN FRANKLIN BATES, dentist at Folsom,an honored and old-time citizen of California and Folsom, is a native of the district of Greenville, South Carolina, born November 24, 1829. John Bates, his father, was also a native of that State, and passed all his life there. His mother, whose maiden name was Sarah Elizabeth Springfield, was also a native of the Paln)etto State, and died in 1846 or 1847. She had twenty-one children, most of whom grew to years of maturity, settling prin- cipally in South Carolina. Dr. Bates passed his boyhood on a farm, deprived of school edu- cation, but acquired a good practical one. At the age of seventeen he worked at the carpen- ter's trade and commenced the study of den- tistry in North Carolina. He followed the business of carpentering for a short time in Georgia; then came to California, sailing from Charleston on the brig Emily, to Havana, and thence on the steamer Isthmus. The steamer came near sinking on that voj-age; indeed this was the last trip she made. He arrived in San Francisco April 15, 1852, and went immediately to the mines on AVeaver Creek, El Dorado County, remaining in that county nearly two years; then went to Yuba County, where he bought a mining claim near Camptonville. After working this claim about one year, he sold out and returned to El Dorado County, where he invested money accumulated from mining, in a ranch. After improving this con- siderably, he sold at a sacrifice; tiien in 1855 came to Sacramento County, stoppfng at Fol- som, where, with G. W. Gaylord, he resumed the study and commenced the practice of den- tistry, subsequently practicing with Dr. Esterly at Sacramento. Since that time he has been a resident practitioner of his chosen profession at Folsom. During the many years resident of this State he has been successful in almost JITSTOnr OF i^ACKAMKA'TO COUNTY. every undertaking. The most of liis property and means has been acquiretl by thrift and en- terprise in his profession. He lias, since re- siding at Folsom, taken a great interest in its growth and prosperity. He lias been a member of the Masonic order since he was twenty- one years of age; at present is a member of Nato- ma Lodge, No. 64. In political matters he has always been Democratic. From 1857 to 1864 he made regular annual trips into Ainailor, El Dorado and Calaveras counties, taking about six months to each trip. There being at that time very few dentists in the country, his visits were always hailed with delight. In 1864 he married Mrs. Jennie S. Bates. Their only child, Jennie E., died April 21, 1S81, in her eighteenth year. f«|| AV. BRISON, guard at the State Prison, Sffi Folsom, was born in Wheeling, West l*^-^^" Virginia, December 20, 1828, a sou of Oliver and Mary (Wiley) Brison, the former of Pennsylvania and the latter of Ohio. The parents emigrated trt^m West Virginia to Mis- souri in 1838, and resided there in Marion County until 1850. In the spring of the latter year father and son started across the plains to California, leaving Independence May U. At Devil's Gate, on the Sweetwater, about 150 miles west of Fort Laramie, they stopped eight days, and at Salt Lake two weeks, being there on the 24th of July, which is the Mormons' principal holiday. Striking northward from this point, they came to the old Fort Hall road, and onward until they arrived at the head of the Humboldt, and thence down that river to the sink. Soon they struck the forty-mile desert, which they crossed during the night. They reached the Carson River at a point called Ragtown. and went up to the town of Genoa, in the Carson Valley, at the foot of the Sierras. After crossing the summit they came down the old slippery Fort road, an old emigrant trail, to Plaeerville, arriving there August 19. They commenced mining on the south fork of the American River, near Sutter's Mill, where Mr. Brison saw the first gold in California. In the fall the river rose so that they had to abandon that place, and they went over to Diamond Spring, El Dorado County, and wintered there. In the spring Mr. Brison, senior, "took up" a quarter section of land, forty acres of which he fenced, and twenty-five he plowed, assisted by his son. It was their intention to use it for garden purposes; but after working it awhile, and finding that they could do nothing with it during the dry spring of 1851, they abandoned it. The land was afterward found to be in the Sutter gnuit, and the Brisons lost it. A part of it is now in Sacramento cit}'. They then purchased a couple of teams and started to Vacaville in Solano County, cut wild hay and hauled it to Cache Creek Slough, about fifteen miles distant, shipping it by a little boat called the Ohio, to Sacramento, where they sold it. During the winter of 1851-'52 they mined at Kelsup Diggings, near Georgetown, El Dorado County. In the spring the elder Brison went down to Cache Creek in Yolo County, and entered 160 acres, and about a month afterward the junior Brison also entered another quarter section. They fenced in about ten or fifteen acres, and tried to buy it of the grant (the Ber- ryesa grant), but the owners would not give it up. The settlers on the grant then clubbed to- gether and hired a good lawyer to figlit the case in the courts at Washington, but they lost their suit. In the spring of 1853 Oliver Brison re- turned home by water, while W. W. Brison went back to the Diamong Spring mines in 1854, where he continued until 1858. He was then employed by the Eureka Canal Company as agent to collect the water rents. In 1861 he came to Sacramento and took charge of the Western Ditch, which was leased by that com- pany, they giving Mr. Brison full control. The next year he was employed by the Eureka and JS'atoma Water Companies together to sell water at Farmer's Diggings on the American River. In 1865 he returned and took charge again of IlJSTOllY OF HACUAMEHTO COUNT y. the Western Ditch in this county until 1867, and tlie next year bought a ranch on tlie Folsoni grant, sixteen miles from Sacramento, on the Sacramento Valley Railroad. This farm he con- ducted until 1877, when he purchased a half interest in a wholesale and retail grocery store on the corner of Tenth and K streets, a store which was formerly owned by Cox & Jones. Running that business until 1880, he sold out his interest to his partner, John Lambert, and May 16, 1881, he left for Arizona on a mining excursion. In September, 1886, he returned to this county, and May 21, next year, was ap- pointed as guard at the Folsom State Prison, which position he has successfully filled to the present time. Politically Mr. Brison is a Demo- crat, and in former times was very active in public aifairs. At one time he was treasurer of the Democratic County Central Committee. March 8, 1866, he married Miss Carrie, daugh- ter of Newell Kane, Sr. They have two sons, Oliver (). and William William, the latter named after his fatlier. PRAINARD F. SMITH was born in Madi- son, Indiana, July 4, 1849. His fatherj Samuel F. Smith, a native of England, came to the United States when he was eighteen years of age, in 1824, locating in Circinnati, and engaging in the wholesale boot and shoe business there, being one of the pioneer mer- cliants of that city. He moved to Madison, Indiana, on the Ohio river, where he carried on the boot and shoe trade, and also a tannery. In 1857 he moved to Indianapolis, and there had a large factory for the manufacture of wagon and carriage material, which was finally merged into the manufacture of the Sarven wheel, Mr. Smith having introduced it. He employed about 1,200 men, and the establishment was at that time the largest manufactory in the West. He also had a large store in St. Louis, where he had a partner, making it a depot for the wheels and for tlie wagon and carriage material which he manufactured. About 1871, after he had accumulated a large fortune, he sold out to his partner and traveled in Europe, enjoying the fruits he had so faithfully earned by a life of toil. He died in 1878, of paralysis. He was married in Madison, Indiana, to Belvidere Rob- erts, a Yankee school teacher from Vermont. She died in 1866. Of that family there are four children, of whom the subject of this sketch is the eldest. lie obtained one year of his pre- paratory education at Knox College, Galesburgi Illinois, of which his uncle. Rev. Henry Curtis, was president. His second collegiate year was taken at Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indi- ana. He entered the f»eshman class at Yale College in 1866, and upon the death of his mother he returned home and afterward fin- ished liis collegiate course at Wabash College, graduating in 1870. During his college vaca- tion he took a business course at Indianapolis. After graduating he entered the office of his father's factory and remained there until the ensuing autumn. Hearing a great deal of Cali- fornia, his curiosity was excited to spend a win- ter here. Carrying out his contemplated pro- gramme, he liked the climate so well that he has ever since remained here. In 1871 became to Sacramento with E. E. Ames, who was agent for the Studebaker wagons and for his father's patent wheels, and remained with him first as commercial traveler and afterward as business manager until 1879, when he went to San Fran- cisco to assume the management of a large agri- cultural house there. Filling that position until 1883, he returned to Sacramento and opened a house of his own, under the firm name of Brainard F. Smith & Co., the partner being George A. Davis, of San Francisco. The fail- ure of Mr. Davis in San Francisco, in 1885, caused Mr. Smith to close business. Since that time he has devoted his attention principally to the collection and settlement of his old ac- counts. Since August 1, 1888, he has been secretary of the Folsom State Prison, and May 2, 1889, he was elected the secretary of the Preston School of Industry, to be located in asj HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Airiiulor County. Ever since he became a resi- (Ifut of tliis county lie has taken an active iu- toii'st in jiolitics as a llepublican, liaving idenlilied hiniseil' with almost every political movement. -3«-«H fllAULKS MILL, Warden of the State I'i'ison at Folsom, was born in Clay County, Missouri, May 23, 1849. His i'atlier, I.)r. T. M. Aull, a native of Kentucky, in 1832 joined the first regiment of United States dragoons enlisting from that State; they went to the liocky Mountains, and afterward were stationed at Fort Leavenworth. The Doc- tor was in the Government service three years, and then went to St. Louis, attended medical lectures at the State University and graduated, and settled in northwestern Missouri, where he practiced his profession. For two terms he re- presented Atchison County in the State Legis- lat\ire. In 1852 he came overland with a large train to this State, arriving in November at Marysville, but was soon driven out of that place by a flood, the same year. He next re- sided in Martinez, Contra Costa County, two years, and then, in 1854, located about on the line between Dry Creek Townshij), this county, and San Joaquin County, when the settlers were few and scattered. There were only two or three families at Ilicksville, and one or two at Elk Grove. Dr. Aull pre-emjjted a tract of land, and resided on it for peventeen years. In 185G he was elected to the Legislature from San Joaquin County, and served one term. In 1872 he removed to Modesto, Stanislaus County, and died there in 1873, at the age of sixty-seven years. In Missouri he married Clara Fugitt, a native of that State, and she died in Sacra- mento city, in July, 1888. Of the ten children in tliis family five are living. Tiie first business in which Mr. Charles Aull engaged was the mercantile, at Liberty, near Gait. In 1S70 he went to Modesto and was employed in a store there for nearly a year, and then, after assisting his father to move to Modesto, he fitted up a drug store for him there. He himself also had considerable experience as a druggist. In March, 1872, a bitter fight arose between two factions of the Democratic part}' in respect to under-sheriff. The sheriff, John Rodgers, fin- ally solved the j)rt>blem by tendering Mr. Aull the appointment, although he had never been an applicant or in any way connected with the mat- ter. He accepted the appointment, and in that office he obtained his first knowledge of crim- inal business. This branch of the public serv- ice of the county fell into his hands, and at that time it was very voluminous. Having got through with some pretty hard cases success- fully, he evinced that he was an ingenious and energetic officer. He held that position three and a half years. In 1875 he was appointed turnkey of the San Qaentin prison, under Lieu- tenant-Governor Johnson, who was at that time ex-otficio warden of the prison; and during his administration of four years Mr. Aull held nearly every position under him, which gave him a practical idea of the minutest details of prison management. During x\mes' adminis- ti'ation as warden of the prison, a clean sweep was made of all the officials in 1880, for politi- cal reasons. For the succeeding three and a half years Mr. Aull was employed most of the time by the Wells-Fargo Express Company, looking after criminals. He had charge of several cases, having to travel over the Pacific Coast several times. One of the most noted ot these cases was the capture and conviction of the murderers of J'anker Cummings, of Nevada County, who was captured in the East four years after the coinmission of the crime. Tlie details of the pursuit and capture and trial would fill a large vt)lume, and are fresh in the minds of many in this State. Many important circumstances of the case were in Sacramento city. Mr. Aull was appointed deputy warden of the San Qu'entin prison by Hon. Paul Shir- ley, in November, 1883, and served four years, resigning November, 1887; and thirty days later he was elected warden of the Folsoin prison. HISTORY OF SACHAMENTO COUNTY. which position he now fills. He was married in December, in 1887, to Miss Maggie Anglon, of San Francisco. Politically Mr. Aiill is a Democrat, and he has always taken considerable ititerest in the j)ulitical afi'airs of the State, hav- ing often been a delegate to the State con- ventions. fACOB AND- OSWALD URODER— Chris- tian Broder, the father of these gentlemen, was a fanner and a stock-raiser in Switzer- land, owning the property he occnpied, and was a man of energy and good business qualities. He was born in 1792, married Ceophe Ronpe, and died in 1879; his wife died in May, 1844. They had eight sons and one daughter: Chris- tian, .Xiitoii J., Oswald (deceased), Oswald (liv- ing), John, who dioil in Sacramento in 1850, Bena Hilviea, Elizabeth (deceased), Frank Bro- der, who died in August, 1868, and was buried at Mormon Island. Jacob Broder was born February 22, 1833, in Sargans, Switzerland, and was reared on a farm. In September, 1848, he and his brother left home and sailed from Havre de Grace for America, landing in New Orleans. In that vicinity they worked on sugar planta- tions and in vegetable gardens for about two months. In December, 1848, he left New Orleans for St. Louis, Missouri, on the steamer Great Missouri, which is long to be remembered as the boat that first conveyed the Asiatic cholera to St. Louis. Half of the ship's crew, mostly negroes, died of this disease. Landing at St. Louis New Year's Eve, the brothers went into Madison County, Illinois, and remained there until April 11, 1850, employed on a farm ; and while there they saw whole families dying of that dread scourge, cholera. On the date mentioned they started for California across the plains, there being now three brothers in the party, — Jacob, Oswald and John. They had a very pleasant trip, and halted first in Sacra- mento, September 7, remaining there about two months, during which time John died for want of medical attendance. Jacdb and Oswald were obliged to sleep beside their dead brother in the tent, and the following day dug his grave and begged the use of a wagon, paying $10 for it, to haul the corpse to its final resting place. Those distressing times here are described else- where in this volume. The surviving brothers then went to Marysville and mined for a month, and from there to the North Fork of the Salmon River, in Klamath County, where they had to pay $2.50 a pound for flour; 900 pounds were dealt out at that price within three hours. They mined there for about two years, at a profit of $10 a day, the cost of living being about $2 a day. Meat averaged about 60 cents a pound, potatoes 75 cents, and butter was often as high as $4 a pound. In 1853 Jacob came to Sacra- mento County, and purchased his present ranch three miles from Folsom, containing 160 acres, and at present 1,100 acres, well adapted to or- chard and vineyard as well as grain, hay and live stock, being well supplied with running water. It is as good for irrigation as any valley in the world. Mr. Broder has a fine house, built in 1878, of granite, on the side of a hill, whence a most beautiful view of the ranch and surrounding country is to be had. He made all the improvements here himself, and the ranch is one of the best in the county. When he first came here he was told that he would starve to death on such land. Although he has seen some sad experiences in early life, he is now well circumstanced. He is a man of courage, foresight, business ability and integrity. He was married November 16, 1869, to Miss Mary, daughter of John and Mary Studarus, of Brigh- ton Township, this county, and they iiave seven children: Mamie J., born November 3, 1870; Frances, October 31, 1873; Jacob, July 9, 1875; Joseph, December 17, 1877; Irene, September 23, 1880; Walter, June 7, 1883; and Edith, September 20, 1885. Mr. Broder is a member of the Masonic fraternity, holding his member- ship in Natoma Lodge, No. 64. Oswald J^ro- der was born April 26, 1826, and in 1864 married Miss Frances Bainbridge, a native of UF SACUA^VKNTO OOVJ^TY England. Wlien he was on the Salmon River he was stricken willi a fever and started for Sacramento tor medical aid, and wliile on the way was attacked by a liighwayman. l^y a mere chance he escaped by jumping down into the brusii about one hundred feet. "While lying quietly on tlie ground he could hear their re- marks to the etlect that they intended to kill him. While lying there quiet for two days, sick, he heard the shooting of guns and the cries of people, but supposed they were of the enemy. Many other narrow escapes with his life has he had. To-day he is surrounded with all the comforts of civilization, his farm adjoin- ing that of his brother, just described. fllARLES M. SLAYBACK, M. D., Fol- som, was born July 19, 1845, at Ilills- boro, Montgomery County, Illinois. Plis parents. Crosier and Minerva Slayback, came to Folsom in 1875. His father died October 13, 1889. They have had seven children, namely: Mrs. S. E. Yarrick, at Dunnigan Station, Yolo County; Charles M., the subject of this sketch; Olive, in Folsom; Mrs. Amelia A. Lillie, at Dunnigan Station; Byron A., who died in Illi- nois before the family came to this State; W. L., residing at Knight's Landing, Yolo County; and Mrs. E. L. Wilkinson, living in Orange Yale, this county. Dr. Slayback was brought lip in his native town; graduated at Ilillsboro Academy in 1803; commenced the study of medicine in 1860, continuing two years in the office of Drs. Owen vS: Stratton at Ilillsboro; and attended a medical lecture course at Cin- cinnati, 1809 -'71, graduating; the ne.xt two and a half years he practiced his profession at Butler, near Ilillsboro; attended a winter term of the American Medical College at St. Louis, Missouri, and in the fall of 1874 came to Cali- fornia. The first year here he spent traveling througliout the State, and then located at Placerville, where he practiced over two years, and the remainder of the third year he was at the town of El Dorailo. In February, 1882, he came to Folsom, where he has since resided; and ^ince that date he has been a member of the order of Odd Fellows, holding his member- ship in Diamond Spring Lodge. January 1, 1882, the Doctor married Miss Ella M. Dono- van, daughter of Michael Donovan, an old Cali- fornian, and a resident of Sacramento. -0\ B. TOWXSEXD, rancher, near Folsom, \S. was born January 28, 1823, in West- "^s?** brook, Maine. His parents were George and Hannah (Baker) Townsend, both natives also of that State. His father was a tanner by trade, most of his life spent in Maine, and died at the age of seventy- live years. In the family were four sons and six daughters. Tlie subject of this sketch was brought up in the village of Derring's Point until he was twelve years of age, when lie started out for himself, commencing in a stoneware factory and tiien in a mill. He next visited Georgia a short time, and returning was engaged by Levi Morrill, a great politician and elector from Portland for President Polk. Mr. Townsend remained witii him ten years. In 1846 he mar- ried Miss Rachel Hodskins, a native of Maine, and in 1853 sailed from New York to California, by way of the Isthmus, on the John L. Stephens, and by steamer to San Francisco. The first six months here he followed mining at Jennie Lind Flat; he then purchased a milk ranch, two and a half miles east of Folsom, where he has since remained. When he began here the dairy con- sisted of seventeen cows, and he had two horses; but there were no buildings on the premises. The ranch now comprises about 350 acres, and is particularly well adapted to dairying and stock-raising. Mr. Townsend has also followed butchering to some extent. In 1855 he visited the East, going and returning by water, and bringing his family with him. He is a member of the order of Chosen Friends. He has one child by his first marriage and four by his HISTORY OF SACR^LMENTO COUNTY. second, which was in 1874, when he wedded Miss Mary S. Powderiy, of Sacramento, who died in 1886. The living children are Lillian F., wife of George Strong; George William, Dora and Lydia; and tliere are four step-chil- dren — Monroe, Mary, Ella and Ida. ^.^.^ fETER HAASE, farmer and stock-raiser, was born January 18, 1830, in Hanover, Germany. When eighteen years of age he went to England and remained there five years. Then he emigrated to America, arriving in New York city March 4, 1853. After re- maining there a year he came to Sau Francisco, by the steamer Yankee Blade. First he worked in the Butte County mines two years, after- ward he bought the ranch of 1,400 acres where he now resides, and is a prosperous farmer. For his wife he married, September 22, 1868, Miss Gertrude 15assen, who was also born in Hanover, Germany, October, 29, 1844. They have six children, whose names are Charles H., Katie G., Rosa A., Peter B., Mary A. and John B., all residing upon the home ranch. fAMES H. BURN HAM, banker at Fulsom, was born in Galveston, Texas, November 1, 1846. His father, James G. Burnham, was a native of Kennebunk Port, Maine, where lie was reared, and attained a commercial edu- cation and learned the art of civil engineering. He went to Texas when it was a republic un- der the rule of Sam Houston. He was sailing as supercargo of his father's vessel from Ports- mouth, New Hampshire, to Vera Cruz, Mex- ico, and during a gale the vessel was blown ! ashore on Galveston Island, where the city now | stands. His father returned to New Hamp- | shire after material and apparatus to get the j vessel off the beach leaving him in charge of the vessel and cargo. During his absence the | tide of immigration began coming in to tiiat | point, and he decided to remain there. He was first employed to survey the city plat, and was afterward appointed collector of the port. He next engiged in the wholesale grocery business until 1850, when he came to California, and continued in the same business in San Fran- cisco until 1855. In December of that year he located in Folsom, becoming thus a pioneer of that place. When the Folsom estate was sold off he bought largely and erected the first build- ing there. He engaged in various pursuits un- til 1870, when lie returned to Galveston and served as United States Census Marshal for the Eastern District of Texas, and was elected treasurer of that city. Coming again to Cali- fornia in 1873, he engaged in business in San Francisco, and died there February 26, 1878, at the age of sixty-seven years. His wife was a daughter of Captain Plenry Parker, also a ship owner and master. She was a native of Charles- ton, South Carolina. Their marriage occurred in 1844, in Galveston, Texas; she died in 1859, in Folsom, leaving three sons and one daughter; the daughter has since deceased. The sons are all residing in this county, viz.: Charles E., teller in the California State Bank at Sacramento; Fred P. and James H., residing at Folsom. James H. Burnham, the subject of this sketch, was educated in the public schools of Folsom and San Francisco. In 1864 he engaged in business pursuits purchasing an interest in the drug store of Alfred Spinks, a pioneer of this city, and a prominent Democratic politician, and since then has carried on this business. In 1878 he succeeded to the banking business and the Wells, Fargo & Co. express agency, formerly conducted by C. T. H. Palmer, once a promi- nent factor of Folsom, and now of Oakland. Mr. Burnham has been very successful in business, becoming one of the substantial men of the place. Republican in politics, he has always taken an active interest in political matters, although never a candidate for office. He has been a member of the Masonic order since 1874, and for eight years he has been master of Natoma Lodge, No. 64, F. & A. M., at Fols„m. UlSTOUY OF SAORAMENTO COUNTY. In 1866 he niairied Mary A., daughter of Reu- ben Clark, architect of the State capitol at Sa- cramento. Thej have two sons and one daugh- ter: Clark J., a graduate of the Sacramento High School, and now a student in the Toland Medical College in San Francisco; William P., engaged in business with his father; and Emma M., the daughter, residing with her parents in Folsoin. fEOKGE EITTLE was born October 21, 1819, in Scotland; was married there to Elizabeth Williamson, and soon afterward made a voyage to Australia. In a short time he sailed for San Francisco, on the sailing ves- sel Robert J'.owen, and came to Sacramento and directly proceeded on to Negro Rar, where he followed mining for twenty years. lie then bought a claim, on which lie resided nine years; then selling out, he Iwught where he is now liv- ing, and where he raises grapes and some hay and cattle. This farm of 135 acres is all in good cultivation. Mr. Little's children are Maggie, William and John E. George Little, the father of the gentleman whose name heads this sketch, was married in 1808, followed teaming and farming, and died in 1847. )RS. M. BENNETT, residing at Mormon Island, was born December 15, 1820, in Lancashire, England, daughter of James and Mary Nuttel; her father was a car- penter and joiner. November 1, 1849, she married Mr. Bennett, a native of England, who came to America in 1847, and resided in Mas- sachusetts, where most of the time lie was a mamifacturer. He came by way of the Isthmus to California in 1852. Leaving his wife in Sacramento, he went at once to Mormon Island, where he followed miniTig three years. At the end of the lirst month he sent for his wife. In 1852-'53 he located his present home and set- tled upon it; and when it came into the market he purchased it. There he followed farming and fruit-raising until his death, October 23, 1879, when he was sixty-two and a half years of age. He was a man of great energy and ability. He and his wife obtained their start in California by working out for wages, and to-day she enjoys the luxury of a nice home, surrounded by a great number of old-time friends. The property, comprising twelve acres, is mostly devoted to choice fruit. Mr. Bennett was at one time a prominent Freemason and Vice Pres- ident of the Natoma Water and Mining Com- pany. Mrs. Bennett has an adopted daughter, named Martha E. Bradbury, who is the sole companion of her declining years. ^vB^ fIJRISTIAN L. ECKLON, butcher at Fol- soin, was born in Augustinburg, Den- mark, now under the German government, March 17, 1832. His father was a farmer and butcher, as also were all the sons. In 1852 Mr. Ecklon came to America, landing at Boston and I'emaining four years in or near that city. At Brighton, near Boston, he was engaged in the butcher business. In 1856 he came to California, by the Nicaragua route, landing at San Francisco the middle of August. First he followed mining at Negro Bar two years, with no success; and ever since 1858 he has fol- lowed his favorite calling, butchering and the supply of tlie meat mai'ket. In tiie earlier days he had two shops, — one in Folsom and one at Mormon Island; and he had considerable business in adjoining towns. Since the mining excitement died away the area of his trade lias become conlined to Folsom. In 1872 he bought the suspension bridge of Kinsey «fe Whitely, of San Francisco, and lived on the bridge collect- ing toll for ten years; he then sold it to the county for $8,000. In 1878 or 1879, Colonel Greely came from New York and introduced the signal service on the bridge. Interesting Mr. Ecklon in the matter, he turned it over to HlSrORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY him, iind lie kept it until he sold the bridge, and then it was carried on by J. 11. Stnrgos un- til it was discontinued in 1887. Mr. Ecklon is a liepublican, casting his tirst vote for .F. C. Fremont, and lie lias been a local leader in his party. Mr. Ecklon was married in 18G0 to Mary Keffe, a native of Ireland, and they have three sons, — Charles Henry, Lorenz Gottfried, and Christian Frederick. The two eldest are engaged with tlieir father in his business. filOMAS G. CASEY, a San Joaquin Township farmer, was born May 3, 1824, in the State of New York, near Auburn, Cayuga County. His father, Jesse D. Casey, was a native of New York, a farmer by occupa- tion, and died in Yates County, New York. The maiden name of Thomas' mother was Bet- sey Brown. In their family were four sons and four daughters: William J., Charles II., Sarah J., T. G., Edward M., Emeline, Eliza and Mar- garet. Mr. Thomas G. Casey was on a farm until lie had passed twenty years of age, when he began to learn the harness-making trade in Potter, Yates County, New York, and for a number of years, with interruptions at farming, he followed his trade at Branchport, same county, on the west branch of Crooked Lake. November 10, 1849, he married Rebecca A. Putney^ daughter of Jedediah Putney. She died August 3, 1860, in this county. May 1, 1864, Mr. Casey married again, this time Mrs. Imogene A. Mitchell, a native of New Hamp- shire, and daughter of Milton Aldricli, who came to this county in 1862, and died here March .7, 1871, at the age of seventy-three years and three months. His wife, Eunice, born in 1806, still survives him. By tlie tirst marriage there were four children: Henry P., born August 9, 1851; George T., March 28, 1854; John T., July 21, 1855, and died two days after; and Arthur B., born August 20, 1856. All the living are in this county. By the second marriage there are three children, | viz.: Milton A., born October 23, 1865; Jesse E., June 21, 1S70, and Lily A., August 14, 1871. Mr. Casey came to California in 1859, by way of the Isthmus, from New York, em- barking on the 4th of July and landing here the 30th. Spent the first year on the Putney ranch, on the Cosumnes. He then went out upon the grant and struggled along until he accumulated a small amount of means, and then bought a claim of 160 acres at $3 an acre, and when in 1874 it came into market, he sold it for $2,000. Then he came on the north side of the line into Brighton Township, and occupied rented property until 1880, when he purchased his present ranch of a quarter section in San Joaquin Township, for $3,000. It is twelve miles from Sacramento and three from Florin. Plere he lias made some valuable improvements, especially in fencing, out- buildings, etc. He carries on general farming, but has also fifteen acres in vineyard and orchard; has an interest- ing variety of trees and a great number of beautiful shrubs. He is a Republican in hie political sympathies, having cast his iirst vote for W. II. Harrison, while by coincidence hio son Milton A. first voted for Benjamin Ilarri son. Mrs. Casey came to California with her sister and husband, Mr. and Mrs. Sharp, in 1859. She married Mr. W. P. Mitchell, May 12, 1861, and he died December 24 following, during the time of the flood, with small-pox, four miles north of the American River, on the Norris grant. She then taught school and did house work. Their daughter, Waltermine, was born April 9, 1862, and died September 2, 1862. tLBERT COLEBAKER, farmer, was born January 5, 1842, in Ohio, to which State his parents had emigrated. In 1851 they came to California, being two years on the road, getting through 8,000 head of sheep, but had some trouble with tlie Pawnee Indians. They wintered in Salt Lake City. On arriving in UI8T01iT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. this State they stopped first at Placerville, where the citizens gave them a big dinner, in the middle of the road. Tiiey then proceeded on to the Flat-top House, and to the lower end of the Norris grant, iind finally a little further up they entered a piece of land which they sup- posed belonged to the Government. In 1861 they were ousted by the sheriff" and other citi- zens. He then bought a ranch back of Rocklin and remained there nine years, when he broke his leg, causing him a loss of about $8,000. He then sold that place for $500, and located where lie is now making his home. The present ranch contains 302 acres, where he raises hay, grain, cattle, hogs and sheep. His wife, whose maiden name was Jane Jelly, was born in New Jersey about twenty years ago, who left Jersey City in 1861. They have two daughters, Eosa Ella and Emma Jane. THf- f^AVlD COONS, rancher, San Joaquin •0 Township. This gentleman's father, f George W. Coons, was a native of Ken- tucky, and his father, David Coons, was Ger- man, but whether born in Germany or not is not certainly known. In early day he was a resident of Kentucky. He afterward moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and kept store at the old Market Ferry, and it was kept for many years after his death by his son George W. David Coons' grandfather was married twice, and George W. was the son of his first wife. He afterward married a French lady, by whom he had two daughters and one son — Mary A.nn, Frank and Virginia; these three are living in the East. After his death he was succeeded in business by his son George W., who was born January 28, 1817, in Kentucky, and moved to St. Louis with his father. In 1849 he came across the plains to this State, with mule teams, locating first in Sacramento, where he opened a general store. He also established a store at Mud Springs, El Dorado County. He carried on this business for two or three years, in the meantime erecting for himself the first quartz mills ever built in California, on Mathenus Creek, a mile and a half from Mud Springs. In 1852 he returned to Missouri, leaving the mill in the care of two uncles, who allowed it to go down and be finally sold by the sheriff', during the absence of the owner. In returning East he went by water, and the steamer was wrecked and lost, and he completed his journey on another vessel, reaching St. Louis in safety. In the spring of 1853 he again crossed the plains, with his wife and four children, being six months on the way. After spending a year in San Fran- cisco, without prosecuting any particular busi- ness, he located in tiie Sheldon grant in this county, on the Cosumnes liiver, and remained there about two years. He then bought a squatter's title to what was supposed to be Government land, at $500, but this was proved to be on that grant and he had to vacate. He had the place all fenced, house and stables up, etc., but he had to leave. He finally took up 860 acres of Government land, upon which he re- mained until his death, which occurred Sep- tember 14, 1875. He was married in St. Louis January 29, 1839, to Sempronia H. Lanham, a native of Maryland, where she was born January 8, 1828, but was reared in St. Louis County, Missouri, about sixteen miles from the city. Her father's name was Horatio Lanham, and her mother's maiden name Sempronia. By that marriage there were thirteen children, viz.: David, born May 1, 1840; William C. L., April 10, 1842; Thaddeus Eugene, April 4, 1844; Benjamin Franklin. February 15, 1846; Edward L., April 10, 1847; Harry, November 18, 1848; Benjamin Franklin, October 14, 1852; Ninion, January 9, 1855; Collins G., January 2, 1857; Lily, September 14, 1858; Frank M., August 1, 1860; Benjamin F. P., April 5, 1862; Charles B., October 80, 1863. Thaddeus Eugene died July 18, 1845; the first Benjamin F. died Sep- tember 25, 1851; and the second Benjamin F. died November 7, 1858. Tiiose who are living are residing in this State. David Coons, whose name heads this sketch, was thirteen years old /^^^ hj.j-J^Q^^ UISTOliY OP SACR^IMBNTO COUNTY. when he came to this coast with his parents. From 1863 to 1866 he was engaged in mining in Idaho, and farmed one year there, and since that time lie has made this county his home. He owns all the home place excepting seventy acres belonging to the widow, twenty acres belonging to his brother Harry. Grain rais- ing is his specialty. He also engaged suc- cessfully four years in sheep raising, taking the animals up into Modoc County, for free range. He lost about 1,300 head on account of hard winters. In company with his brother, in 1888, he set out thirty acres in orchard. In political principles he is a Democrat, as was his father before him. For nine years his father was justice of the peace in San Joaquin Town- ship. I^ENJAMIN WELCH, General Master Car- l^S Builder, Southern Pacific Railroad, was "W^ born on "Peck's Island," Casco Bay, near Portland, Maine, in August, 1827. The Welch family emigrated from Yorkshire, England, to the north of Ireland. His grandfather, James Welch, settled in New England in the early colonial days, and was in the Revolutionary army. The family of the mother of Benjamin Welch, Lucinda Bracket, was of Scotch descent, and settled in New England in 1636. They were nearly related to George Cleves, the pio- neer settler of the city of Portland, Maine. Like so many of New England's sons, especially in the early days, the father of our subject "fol- lowed the sea,'' and, although a man of means, young Benjamin was not brought up to idle away his time. At the age of sixteen we iind him working as a carpenter in the Portland Lo- comotive and Car Shops, doing the work for the Atlantic & St. Lawrence Railroad, afterward the Grand Trunk Railroad, under the superintend- ence of Horace Felton and John Sparrow, where he remained for five years. In the spring of 1852 he came to California via the Vanderbilt steamer Daniel Webster, to Greytown, on the Nicaragua River, thence across to the Pacific, reaching San Francisco on the 26th of March, where he resided for three years. On the 4th of March, 1855, he started tor the Kern River mining dif,trict, and during this trip of four months visited the various raining operations in the San Joaquin and Bear valleys. It was during this trip that his services were engaged by the Sacramento Valley Railroad Company as a car-builder and superintendent of their pattern shops, which position he filled for seven years, being at Folsom during a portion of that time'. Leaving that point, he went to the San Jose road, which was being constructed, makinu- his headquarters at the "Seventeen-Mile House," with Charles McLaughlin, who was killed in San Francisco a few years ago. He was also on the Mission and other roads until 1863, when he was engaged by Mr. Huntington, in the in- terest of the Central Pacific Railroad, T. D. Judah, Chief Engineer of the road, being his personal friend. He was engaged as Car Mas- ter, but to this duty was added that of General Superintendent of Construction of the different shops, buildings, etc., the first one being 20x150 feet, on which only half a dozen men were em- ployed for the first year. Additions were made of 130 X 30 feet, and this was the shop as occu- pied until 1867, when the present structure, 60x200 feet, was built; in 1868 the building, 90 X 230 feet, with an L 90 x 40 feet, which was i-oon followed by another, 100 x 200 feet, and the Round House. In 1865 he constructed his first immense snow-plow, which was in suc- cessful use for many years, the original cost being $2,400. He reconstructed the American River bridge, which had been destroyed by fire. In 1869 he invented a machine known as a "Framer and Tenon Machine," thereby saving much time and labor in the construction of cars. In 1870 the "Emigrant Sleeper" or "Tourist Car" was constructed upon his plans, and has since been adopted by the majority of the roads throughout the Union. These cars, built by the Pullman Company, wore shown at the Railroad Exposition at (Miicago in 1884, lIISrORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. and received very general and favorable com- ment. At this writing (1889) the department under his control employs 1,950 workmen. Mr. Welch was married January 4, 1860. to Mrs. Ellen Marsh, nee Barbour, a native of tiie. State of Maine. Their living children are: George Henry, Walter Hatch. Frank Cum- mings and Benjamin Bradford. Mr. Welch is a member of Union Lodge, No. 58; F. & A. M., Sacrainento Chapter, No. 3; Commandery, No. 2, and Council, No. 1, having been identified with the latter society over thirty years. He has lield many positions of trust in connection witli railroad matters, among which might be mentioned his membership with the Car- Builders' Association since 1870. He was ap- pointed as one of a committee on brakes, which was in session at Burlington, Iowa, for thirty days in 1886, and again in 1887. Plain, unostentatious and unassuming, his thorougli knowledge of every detail, his fertility of re- source and kindliness of nature, has secured to him the happy cognomen of "Uncle Ben," and in the language of one of his associates, " What- ever Uncle Ben says, goes." The friend and associate of the late A. J. Stevens, Master Me- chanic and Superintendent of Motive Power; his inherent knowledge of men and things; his practical ability and inventive genius, brought him into intimate, personal relations with the master spirits of this, the greatest railroad en- terprise of the present generation, and no man stands higher in the councils of the great cor- poration. His name will find a place side by side with those whose thought first spanned the continent; whose plans and purposes, finding an echo in his breast, were brought to a successful issue by their energy and executive ability. — ^4©:i)^-^ — SRANK KUNZ, proprietor of the Union Nursery in Sacramento, came to this State in 1861, in time to witness the great flood of that year. After that had subsided lie started in business on the south side of the cemetery. In 1862 he admitted a partner, Charles Schim- inger, and they bought ten acres. His partner remained with him until he moved to his present location in 1877, since which time Mr. Kunz has been alone in his business. In 1864 or 1865, he gave up his original location to the city. He lias long been prosperous in his busi- ness, doing considerable work in cut flowers and designs in the cemetery trade, and he also propagates and sells many plants, both flowering and non-flowering. He was born in the village of Zeiskam, near Landau, in Bavaria, Germany, October 22, 1833, his parents being Philip Peter and Francesca (Weigand) Kunz. His father was a farmer, having land of ins own, and marketed the wheat he raised ; he is still living, but Mrs. Kunz is deceased. In the family were two sons and two daughters, and there is here, in California, a brotiier, George H., and a sister, wlio is the wife of G. H. Ha- mann. Mr. Kunz sailed from the old country Marcii 12, 1852, in a sail vessel, and within nineteen days landed in New York. Soon after- ward he went to Jersey City and began work for the celebrated Peter Henderson, in his vegetable garden department; was there about two years, and then a little over a year in the same busi- ness for Mr. Bonekamper, then for a cousin, Frank Kunz, in Jersey City, and at Bergen Point, until he came to California, in 1856. He came by way of the Panama Railroad, sailing on the Ariel on the Atlantic side, and the John L. Stephens on the Pacific side, and was twenty- four days on the voyage. One night, when on the Atlantic side, the vessel had a narrow es- cape from being dashed to pieces on a rock. He landed in San Francisco August 14 or 15, the last time the Vigilantes turned out. He did odd jobs in that city, — sold bouquets §ent in by his cousin at Hayes Valley. Although he iiad liis wife with him on liis arrival in Califor- nia, he had but $2.50 in money ; and both worked out by the month to obtain a start, making $50 or $60 a month. Starting a garden in Hayes Valley, he sold vegetables. In 1859 he went to Fraser River, but remained oidy four days IIIHTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ill Vancouver. There were too many there. Returning to Hayes Valley, where the big church now is, he resumed the raising of vege- tables. Since then he has been for three 3'ears State gardener, under Governor Perkins. He is a member of the U. O. R. M.; of the K. of H.; has belonged to Sacramento Stamm, No. 124, U. O. II. M., going through all the chairs, and was also a member of Company G, Sarsfield Guards for nine years, and is also a charter member of the Pacific Sportsmens' Club, organ- ized April 1, 1881, winning the second gold medal, for which the club contested. He has not taken any active part in politics. He was married in New York July 20, 1856, to Miss Antonio Ochs, and they have five children now living, all in Sacramento, viz.: Charles F., Katie, Frank (who married Katie Clark), Emma and Hattie. They have lost four children, the three eldest in San Francisco and one in Sacramento. fOHN LAWTON, merchant, Ashland, was born December 9, 1827, in Dover, Maine, a son of Seth and Lucy (Wood) Lawton, wliose ancestry were of English origin. His father, who was born in October, 1800, has been a farmer and butcher by trade, and is still living. He had six brothers and two sisters. His mother lived to the age of 102. Mr. Law- ton, the subject of this sketch, was engaged upon the farm until lie was of age. In the spring of 1851 he sailed from New York on the steamer Prometheus for the Isthmus of Pana- ma, crossed the Isthmus upon a mule, and sailed thence on the steamer Gold Hunter for San Francisco. He landed in Sacramento June 12, being about two months on the journey. He proceeded at once to Beale's Bar in Placer County, and mined there about two months, and then a short time on the Pinkham claim, and then at the Khoades mine six months, and back to the old place again, and so on until 1859, when he purciiased a half interest of W. W. Latham, making the firm of Latham & Law- ton, general merchants, at a point known as Big Gulch. Their trade was good, amounting from $125,000 to $150,000 a year. Since 1867 Mr. Lawton has been sole proprietor. Across the street he has also a very pretty cottage with seventeen acres of hind; in fact there are two houses on that place. He has made all his property since coming to California, and has the wisdom to be content with his lot in life. He has made three trips to the East to visit his old home,— 1862, 1866 and 1887. During his second visit he was gone one and a half years. He is a member of Granite Lodge, No. 62, I. O. O. F.; of Folsom Encampment, No. 24, and of Grand Canton, No. 1, P. M., of Sacramento. He was married in 1868 to Miss Mary Kit- tredge, a native of Dover," Maine. They have no children. fWACHTEL, agriculturist, was born February 6, 1829, in Hesse-Darmstadt, * Germany. His parents were John and Caroline Wachtel. His father was a farmer by occupation, and died when he, the son, was only four years of age; and his mother afterward married again, and she and her husband came to America in 1839, landing at New Orleans; proceeding on to St. Louis by steamboat, they remained in that city about four months. In the spring of 1852 Mr. Wachtel started with a train overland to California, leaving all his peo- ple in St. Louis, and reached Sacramento after a six months' journey, marked with serious mishaps. For the first twenty-one days here he worked on the streets of Sacramento, when his eyes became diseased, and for twenty-five years afterward he spent money on various physicians and in trying various methods and experiments, losing time and suffering pain. He obtained relief only two years ago, through Dr. Cookley, of Sacramento; he is now "his old self" again. After his first sojourn at Sacramento, already referred to, ho worked six months at mining near Placerville, going there with $50 and re- insTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. turning to Sacramento witli $7 ! Next he worked on the Yolo side of the Sacramento about five months, and then rented a piece (>f land on the Ilaggin grant. At the end of two years he was obliged to leave this farm, and he settled on tlie grant line, supposing he was beyond it. At the end of a year he had to leave this place also, and he located npon a quarter section of Govern- ment land in Sutter Township, where he lived fifteen years. Then selling out, he came and purchased his present property of 320 acres in Mississippi Township, six miles from Folsom and fifteen from Sacramento, where he does most of his trading. He has made most of the improvements that exist on this j)lace. His specialties are grain and hay. Has made all his money in California. fOSEPH IIASMAN" was born March 19, 1850, in Bohemia, son of Joseph and Kate (Ulch) Hasman, both natives of Bohemia. The family emigrated to the United States in 1854, locating in Tama County, Iowa, in 1858. The old gentleman followed farming till his death, which occurred in 1865. The widow is still living, and makes her home most of the time in Belle Plain, that State. There were four daughters and two sons, as follows: Blazek, Mrs. Mary Weaver, Joseph, Mrs. Kate Kilberger, Mrs. Josie Kilberger, Mrs. Anna Ulch. All but the subject of this sketch reside in Iowa. Joseph remained with his parents until he was about eighteen years of age. At the age of twelve years he commenced to learn the harness- making trade, at which he worked about seven years; he then abandoned that and went into the Chicago & N^orthwestern Railroad shops in order to learn the machinist's trade. While working for this company, he met with a serio- comical accident. Undertaking to wheel loose rocks and dirt out upon a plank track and dump- ing the material into a whirlpool where the Iowa River sinks to pass under a bluff, he did not think to notice that the further end of the last plank was unsupported, and both he and his load went down into the raging waters; and it was by the hardest swimming that he saved his life, which he accomplished with the loss of hat and wheelbarrow! During the total eclipse of the sun August 7, 1869, he was thrown thirty feet by a locomotive and knocked senseless, but not seriously injured. In 1870 he wasemployed as a brakeman on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and while thus engaged was caught in a railroad accident east of Des Moines, when the engine struck a bridge, telescoping some cars and killing one man and mashing Mr. Hasman's fingers. The next year he was obliged to obtain other work. Hoeing broom-corn one hot Fourth of July, three miles south of St. Joseph, he suffered sunstroke. After recovery, he was next employed by the St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad Company, as an ap- prentice in the machine shops. After the ex- piration of his time, he began as fireman for the company on a locomotive, and while serv- ing in that capacity his engine fled the track upon an embankment, precipitating him into a pond of water, near Marysville, Missouri. For eighteen months he was under the doctor's care. He had been promoted engineer. In 1874 he was employed in the shops of the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad Company. After a time he resigned, and January 19, 1876, he went with a party to the Black Hills, having a very tedious time getting through the snow. After prospecting in that region for a while, amid many difficulties and privations, having a fight with the Indians and losing a man, he at length reached Cheyenne; and he came thence to Nevada, and at Reno and other points in that State he had various responsible positions in engineering, superintending large mechanical jobs, etc. In October, 1884, he came to Cali- fornia, and bought out the harness shop of J. A. Lowe, at Elk Grove, this county, where he is now doing a profitable business. He is a member of Rebekah Lodge, No. 136, 1. 0. O. F. at Elk Grove, and No. 274 of the subordinate lodge at the same place. He was married in HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. in St. Joseph, Missouri, in 1872, to Mary !N"o- work, a native of Bohemia, and brought up in this country. They have three children, — Joseph Louis, Charles Joseph, and George Joseph. ^■m^. fELSON SHAVER, farmer, was born in Onondaga County, New York, May 10, 1826, son of Jolin and Marietta (Dowd) Shaver. His father, a native of Germany, came to New York wlien a small boy, married there and emigrated to Sheboygan County, Wiscon- sin, bordering on Lake Michigan, in 1848 where he made his home until his death in 1886, at the age of seventy years. Nelson was about eight years old when his mother died, and after that his father married Alzina Church, of New Y''ork, before moving to Wisconsin. In the first family were five children: Louisa, Nelson, Lovina, John and Maria. Three uf these are now living: John resides in Wisconsin; Louisa married a Mr. Poole and also lives in Wiscon- sin, and the other is the subject of this sketch. By the last marriage there were also live ciiil- dren. Nelson was brought up in Onondaga County, New York, on a farm, and in 1852 came to California, overland, with three other young men, leaving Wisconsin about the mid- dle of March. At Carson Valley they sold their ox teams and came the rest of the way with pack htjrses. On reaciiing Placerville they separated. Nelson went to surface mining and met with good success for a while, but had to be in the snow and water so much during the winter that he contracted rheumatism, which disabled him from further mining. During the next summer, 1853, he came into Sacramento County, and worked for G. W. Colby, farming, and at length the rheumatism left him. He afterward rented the farm lor two years. Then he went south a little way and entered two sec- tions of land where afterward the Sargent ranch was, on the Stockton road. He afterward sold to Sargent and took another place. He had, besides the Sargent place, four others. He came to his present place, on the Folsom grant, about 1858. Here there are 621 acres, devoted to general farming. In 1857 he married Adeline Gunter, a native of Iowa, and they have six children, namely: Mary, wife of John Todd; Nelson H., who married Ada E. Fitch; Adeline, now the wife of Frederick Sanders; Caroline, now Mrs. Joseph Beresford; Rosa and John. ^ARTIN LEONARD SMITH was born May 13, 1828, in Montgomery County, his parents being John (born and raised in Boston) and Catharine (Mowery, a native of Hagerstown, Maryland) Smith. The family moved to Dayton, Montgomery County, Ohio, then to Chillicothe, thence to Cincinnati and back to Dayton again. In 1835 they went to South Bend, Indiana, and lived there three years, then went to Elkhart, where the family made their home for many years. Mrs. Smith died there in 1885, at the age of eighty-four years. Mr. Smith died in Plymouth, Indiana, forty miles southwest of Elkhart, in 1851. They had a family of live children, who all lived to be grown: Elizabeth Hazelton, resident in Elkhart, Indiana; John R., Martin L., James, resident in Elkhart, and AVilliam Henry. The two latter were in the war; Johndied soon after, and William Henry is supposed to be dead. The subject of this sketch lived in Elkhart till 1852. When he was but sixteen years of age he com- menced to learn the shoe-making trade, and worked about four years in his father's shop, the same which he afterward conducted himself. He left for California in the spring of 1852, transferring his business to his brother-in-law, John Hazelton. There were three of them in the party, all young fellows; a man agreed to bring them out overland .for $100 apiece. They had the privilege of paying that in money or wagons or anything to make out the outfit. Martin Smith had a wagon made and put it in for his share. After they reached Chicago the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY-. guide began to act ugly; but they stayed with him, not being very well able to help them- selves, till they reached Gainesville ou the Mis- souri; then they concluded to quit him. They had a trial of the matter, conducted by impar- tial parties and determined to allow him $25 for bringing them that far, and lie had to refund tlie balance of the money and property. They then engaged another man at the same price, but he turned out to be meaner than the first man, and consequently, they had ani)ther law- suit on the plains, and the result was that they took his team away from him and kept it until they readied Placerville. While traveling on the plains they saw many things that would surprise an ordinary mortal, in these days; they would in themselves form a small volume and be most interesting, but the scope of this work will not allow of their repetition. After reach- ing California he visited many points of inter- est, wandering from one place to another until 1855, then followed mining, and at last, not being very successful at mining, bought a ranch and settled down on it; the purchase money was a part of that made at Teats' diggings, about three miles from his present place. The ranch contains about 164 acres and is situated on the old Coloma road al)ont thirteen miles from Sacramento. Mr. Smith was married in 1855 to Miss Sarah Flanigan, a native of County Clare, Ireland; she was very young when she left the old country for Fall Eiver, Massachusetts. In 1852 she came to California, via Cape Horn. They had ten children, of whom nine are living: James, Henry, who died on this ranch at the age of nine years, Benja- min Franklin, Mrs. Mary Ann Burk, Lizzie, Joiin, Agnes, Sallie, Katie, Lora, Gracie. Mrs. Smith died in December, 1882. Mr. Smith married again, November 19, 1884, Miss Ellen Donavan, of Sacramento, a native of Newport, Monmouthshire, Wales. Her parents were na- tives of Ireland and she came with them to Ho- boken. New Jersey, and thence to Sacramento, where she had been resident for thirteen years. After an absence of thirty-eight years Mr. Smith, with his wife and youngest daughter, re- turned to the home of his boyhood on a visit. fOHN DUFFY was born January 30, 1842, a son of John and Mary Duffy (the latter a native of Ireland). The father, a native of England, came to America when a boy, learned the carpenter trade, and worked at it in Syracuse, New York; afterward in Livings- ton County, Michigan, where he purchased land, on which he resided until his death, which oc- curred December 3, 1865. He was the father of seven children. John, the subject of this sketch, learned tlie saddle and harness trade, and worked at it four years in Michigan. In 1863 he came to California via the Isthmus, sailing from New York on the steamer Champion to the Isthmus, thence on the steamer St. Louis to San Francisco, where he arrived on Christmas day, 1863. He obtained employment immedi- ately on a farm, and afterward purchased an eighty-acre tract of land in San Joaquin Town- ship, near old Elk Grove. Later he sold the same and purchased his present property in 1877. It is the northeast quarter of section 36, township 7. Mr. Dufly made a visit to the East in 1876 and brought back with him his young- est brother. He was married November 5, 1868, to Miss Mary M. Thompson. They have three children, namely: William C, born December 15, 1871; Mary M., May 24, 1875, died May 5, 1876; and Efiie M., born April 17, 1878. Mr. Duffy is a member of the 1. O. (). F., of Elk Grove, No. 274, and his wife is a member of the Rebekahs. fONATHAN OGDEN SHERWOOD, Brighton Township. Among the well- known pioneers of California, who have been identified with Sacramento County since the early days, is the gentleman with whose name this sketch commences. • He is a native HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. of New York State, born at South Richland, Oswego County, on the 3d of Jannary, 1825. His mother, whose maiden name was Sarah Meigs, was born in Derby County, Connecticut, and came of an old family of that State. Her father was a Revolutionary soldier, who joined the colonial army at the age of sixteen, taking the place of a neighbor, who could not well leave his family. Her mother, whose maiden name was Pritchard, had a brother, a captain in the patriot army in the iievolutionary War, who was captured by the British and had his throat cut on board of one of their prison ships. The father of our subject was Jonathan Sherwood, son of a sea captain named Zalmon Sherwood. When he was about sixteen years old the father died and the family removed to Oswego County, New York. He was in the War of 1812, and was called out at tlie time of the invasion of Oswego, and served till the war was over under General Gillespie, a neighbor of the family. He furnished the general a horse, which the lat- ter used throughout the war. His wife died in 18G9 and he followed her to the land beyond the grave in 1871. Jonathan O. Sherwood, subject of this sketch, was one of a family of ten chil- dren, six sons and four daughters, and he now has two brothers residing in California, and one living in Colorado. He received a common- school education and in liis seventeenth year commenced teaching winters, while he attended the spring terms at Mexico Academy. In the spring of 1846 he went to New York city and engaged as clerk with R. G. Williams, at 84 Pearl street. A short time later he changed his place of employment and went with J. O. & D. S. Bennett, commission merchants, at 33 Water street. J. O. Betmett. an active member of the firm, was a shrewd business man, and had that great faculty of being able to see in advance where great business opportunities lay. One day, in 1847, when the war with Mexico was pretty well advanced, he astonished Mr. Sher- wood by asking him if he doubted his ability of taking care of himself in business under any and all circumstances. Mr. Siierwood said he never doubted it because he knew he could. Mr. Bennett then spread out a map before him and pointing to Yerba Bnena, on the bay of San Francisco, said, " There is a point which in fifty years will lival New York. My plan is for you to go there and get possession of all the land you can get hold of," etc. Mr. Siierwood fell in with the idea and agreed to go. Tiie scheme was then broached to D. S. Bennett, who pooh- poohed the idea, and this plan, which would iiave resulted in a fortune for those concerned, fell through. In the fall of 1848 Mr. Sherwood left New York and went out to Wisconsin, where two brothers then resided. Two of his brothers were anxious to go to Willamette settlement, in Oregon, and he joined with them in prepar- ing. When they were nearly ready to go their eldest brother persuaded them to give up the project. In 1849 Mr. Sherwood was in Mani- towoc, Wisconsin, and he fell in with a move- ment being made in the southern part of the State to organize a party for the purpose of going to California (among whom was a gentle- man named Durgan), and our subject fitted out an ox team for that purpose. Spring opened up late and Mr. Sherwood was to join the party in three or four weeks. In the meantime, how- ever, he received a letter from Mr. Durgan say- ing he was the only one who had not backed out, and for Mr. Sherwood to join him at New York, and they would go via Panama. Mr. Sherwood would not consent to that, however, and decided to go across the plains. He had a friend named John Irish, who wanted to go with him and was accepted. Mr. Sherwood then commenced .bidding good-by to his friends, and one of them, John A. Tredway, decided at once to go along. On the 10th of April, 1850, they started, mounted on Indian ponies. They pro- cured* their wagons and outfits near Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and there fell in with a party, which, with themselves, numbered sixteen peo- j pie. They went to Kanesville, laid in provis- 1 ions, and then ferried themselves across the j river. They proceeded on the north side of the ! Platte to Laramie, and by way of the Black U I STORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Hills. They were the first to take that route, and had to have some one ahead exploring all the time. They struck the main line of travel again at the second crossing of North Platte. From South Pass they proceeded by the Bear River route, and from Soda Springs took the Sublette's cut-off. They came on to California by wayo f Sink of Humboldt and Sink of Car- son. Mr. Sjierwood first struck the mines at Weaverville, El Dorado County. He and Mr. Tredway remained there until October, when, both being sick, they were advised to go to a warmer climate, and left, coining to Sacramento. From here he went to Stockton, and at the hotel there fell in with a carpenter. Though he had never worked at that trade Mr. Sherwood was very handy with his tools. He was told by the landlord of a man who wanted to hire some workmen in this line, and he and the carpenter decided to apply for work. The contractor looked them over and selected Mr. Sherwood, though the other man was a skilled carpenter, or claimed to be. Mr. Sherwood was placed with others on a frame store that was being erected, and went to work, though, indeed, he did not oven know bow he was to commence. He had his wits about him, however, and suc- ceeded in getting^ along nicely without any of the workmen finding out that he was not a car- penter. When he came to construct a door frame, however, there was one point he did not understand, but he asked a question of one of the other men in such a diplomatic way, that the other did not observe his object. He got his answer, and was then all right. He pushed his work and attracted the attention of his em- ployer by his speed. When the contractor re- ceived the job of putting up a number of out-houses, extending out over the slough, for a hotel, he gave Mr. Sherwood charge rf)f the job, and sent the other workmen to him to be put to work. He commenced on one in the morning, studying out his work as he went, and in the evening his employer was surprised to find that he had one already finished. He was getting $12 a day as a workman. It was rather a surprising thing, as well as laughable, that he should be placed as foreman over experinced workmen, while up to a few days before lie had never worked at this trade. So much for self- confidence. Mr. Sherwood returned to Sacra- mento County, and in February. 1851, bought land at what is now Gold Spring ranch, and en- gaged in farming. He was very successful, and added to his possessions until he had a place of about 1,000 acres. Part of this was State school land, and a portion was purchased from the railroad company. In 1855-'56 he set out an orchard of over 2,000 trees, and by 18(jl had a handsomely improved place. But the work of years was destroyed by the flood that came on in December of that year, when the place was overflowed, and the land in front of the iiouse filled up fifty feet. The loss to Mr. Sherwood was very severe -and required a hard struggle for several years to right the damage. Pie had a splendid ranch there, but sold it in 1884 to Daniel Flint, of Sacramento, and in November of that year removed to his present location in Brighton Township, where he has a farm of 160 acres. Mr. Sherwood has always taken an act- ive interest in educational matters, and organ- ized the first public school district in Sacramento County. That district includes all Cosumnes Township, and was organized in 1853. He built the school-house and presented it to the district, and hired the first teacher, whom he afterward married. Mr. Sherwood was a Demo- crat in early life and voted it until Lincoln's second campaign. He supported the Kepubli- can party then, and afterward became opposed to the dismemberment of the Union, but only for that reason. He is a member of the Ma- sonic order. Mr. Sherwood has been twice mar- ried. First, on the 13th of November, 1854, to Miss Kate Virginia Beall, who came from Scott County, Illinois. She died in November, 1866. By that marriage there were five chil- dren, viz.: Eva Augusta, born October 25, 1855, wife of Thomas Gaffney, San Francisco; Alfred Wilbur, born March 24, 1858; Anna, born in February, 1862, died in April, 1863; Harry, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. born October 18, 18G5; and Jessie, born Octo- ber 13, 1866. Mr. Slierwood married his pres- ent wife July 5, 1869. Her maiden name was Susan Emeline Woods. Slie is a native of Mer- cer County, Pennsylvania, and daughter of John and Mary (Hazen) Wood. Her parents were both born in the same county. In 1844 they removed to Barry, Pike County, Illinois, and there both parents died. Mrs. Sherwood left home for California, proceeding first to New York. She sailed from there April 10, on the steamer Ocean Queen, and landed at San Fran- cisco May 15, 1868. From there she came to Sacramento. Mr. and Mrs. Sherwood are the parents of two children, viz.: Ella May, born November 5, 1872, and Etta, born February 23, 1874. Mr. Sherwood is a splendid type of tlie open-hearted, hospitable Califoriiian, who in times past, made this State famous the world over. He pushed his way to the front by indus- try and enterprise, and, while successful in life liimself has always taken an active interest and lent a helping hand toward the general public welfare. Such is but a mere outline of the life of J. O. Sherwood, one of Sacramento County's most i-espected citizens. fUARLES C. BONTE, chief clerk of the shops of the Southern Pacific Railroad, was born in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1857. He is the son of the Rev. J. H. C. Bonte, Professor of Legal Ethics in the Law Department of the University, and Secretary of the Board of Regents of the University of Cali- fornia. When he was a child his parents moved to Washington city. District of Colum- bia. His preliminar}' schooling was obtained in the District of Columbia; his preparatory courses were taken in the city of Oswego, New York, and coming to California in 1870 he completed his course of study at St. Augustine College, Benicia, from which institution he graduated in 1884. He caine to Sacramento in 1875, taking a position in the ottice of the chief clerk, Sacramento shops (Mr. Newton II. Foster), succeeding to that position in 1885. He was united in marriage, in 1881, to Miss Anna Hall Nichols, daughter of H. L. Nichols, A. M., M. D., the oldest practicing physician in the Capital City, a sketch of whom will be found elsewhere in this volume. Mr. and Mrs. Bonte have one son, named Harmon Storer Bonte. '^■^■^ fUDGE W. A. HENRY.— Conspicuous among the local magistrates in the Capital City is W. A. Henry, whose office at 608 I street, opposite the Court House, is in itself peculiar, as indeed is the Judge in his personal characteristics. Born at Lexington, Kentucky, December 16, 1832, he crossed the plains in 1854, and settled in Placer County. His father, John Henry, was a prominent politician, an old- time Whig, and later on a Douglas Democrat. He removed from Kentucky to Jacksonville, Illinois, where he was a member of the Legis- lature, and when Colonel E. D. Baker, Con- gressman of his district, resigned his position to participate in Ihe Mexican war, Henry was selected to fill his place. Grandfather Henry was a Virginian by birth, and a Christian min- ister, a devoted disciple of Alexander Camp- bell. The Judge's tnother, Isabella Wilson, a native of Edinburg, Scotland, came with her father, Robert Wilson, to Lexington, Kentuck}', where the family became well known. When our subject was a child the family moved to Jacksonville, Illinois, and there he grew to manhood, and learned the trade of coppersmith at St. Louis. When he reached his majority he crossed the plains to California with a party of yonng men. Going into the mines for a short time, he soon became convinced that mining was not to his liking, so began teaching school, and being interested in matters political be- came a candidate for the position of Superin- tendent of Public Instruction. Later on he made San Francisco his home for several years. JIJSTUHY OF SAOBAMBNTO COUNTY. In 1864 he went to Woodland, Yolo County, and I'or two years was tlie editor of the Yolo County Democrat, and for two years justice of the peace. For four years he was under-sheriff and county tax collector. In 1875 he came to Sacramento, at the instance of Jefl'erson Wilco.\- son, the well-known cnpitalist, and remained with him some time. He was then made Pat- ent (~!lerk and Examiner of Titles in the office of the State Surveyor-General, which position he tilled for four years. He was then elected as Police Judge. During tlie seven years he served in that capacity he was admitted to prac- tice before the Superior Courts, and upon the expiration of his term as Police Judge lie went into general practice. In May of this year (1889) he was appointed as justice of the peace, which office he now holds. In former years he was prominent in the different fraternal organi- zations, holding tlie office of Master Workman in the A. O. U. W.; of Sachem of the Red Men, and Noble Arch and Noble Grand Arch in the Ancient Order of Druids. The Judge was married in 1876, to Mrs. S. II. Carroll, nee Noble, a sister of William Noble, of Bear Val- ley. The Judge, w'lio is now fifty-six years of age, would pass for several years younger. He is widely known and highly respected by all his friends and acquaintances. fHE PIONEER MILLING COMPANY. — Of all human necessities the food sup- ply outweighs the balance in the ratio of two to one, and as a natural consequence inter- ests connected with its production and distri- l)utioii are of the most vital importance. It would be interesting to trace the development of the manufacture of flour from the hollow- stone mortar, and its flinty pestle, of the abo- rigines, through successive stages, to the mighty steam power, roller-process mills of to-day. Perhaps in no branch of industry have the im- provements been more marked. Half a century ago the " upper or nether mill-stones " turned by immense water wheels, making only coarse meal, were the only ones known. The first mill in this county to make "Extra" flour was the old " Bay State" mill, located on M street, between First and Second streets, in 1852, owned and operated by Polly, Nichols & Gar- field. This mill, which had a capacity of 150 barrels, was burned in the great tire of Novem- ber the 3d of that year. It was rebuilt and in operation within six weeks after the fire, and run by Polly & Gartield until 1856, when it blew up; but prior to the explosion Mr. Garfield had sold out his interest to a Mr. Hall, and had in connection with Mr. George W. Mowe, bought the Wilson mill, located at the mouth of the American River; this mill was called the " Eureka," and built about the same time as the "Bay State," in 1852. It was improved by Garfield & Mowe, and the name changed to the "Pioneer Mill;" subsequently Mowe sold out to Alexander Dyer. The firm name re- mained unchanged until the fall of 1859, when it was burned by an incendiary. In 1854 a man named Carey had bought the buildings of the "Boston Ice Company," put in mill ma- chinery, and called it the " Carey Mil L" At the time the Pioneer was burned the " Carey Mill " was owned by Mr. E. P. Figg, and in 1861 Garfield & Co. bought the mill, and changed its name to "The Pioneer." This mill, in its turn, was burned during the following year, 1862. Mr. Garfield then bought the "Sunny- side Mill" at Auburn, brought it down, and erected it at the mouth of the American River, gave it the name of the " Pioneer," and once more started in. It was subsequently enlarged and improved at an outlay of over $70,000, the firm being Mowe, Carroll, Simpson & Garfield. The property was greatly damaged when the mouth of the river was changed, its store- house, etc., being washed away by the current. Several changes having been made in the membersliip of the firm, the name of the firm was changed to H. G. Smith & Co. This con- tinued until 18S3, when a joint-stock company was organized under the laws of the State of JUaTOJir OF ,<• AC MAMS A' TO COUNTY. California, entitled "The Pioneer Milling Com- )iany," with II. G. Smith as president, and Mr. Llewellyn AVilliams, vice-president, F. B. Smith, secretary, and S. N. Garfield, general manager. The "Pioneer Mill" is one of the oldest and largest establishments in its line in Northern California. It is most conveniently located for the transaction of its business, being npon the bank of the Sacramento River, per- mitting the deepest-draft river craft to discharge directly into the mill, and to receive cargoes of flour therefrom, while on its eastern side a side track is placed which jierniits the convenient and speedy loading and discharging on railroad cars. The mill proper is a commodious four- story buildinuj, to whi(di is attached a large two story warehouse, the whole covering an area of 150x600 ieet. It is fully equipped with the latest improved roller- process macli.nery, and employs some thirty-five men in its oper- ation. It has a capacity of 500 barrels per day, and makes an annual average of 150,000 barrels. The manufacturers of this establish- ment occupy the foremost position in the mar- ket, and are regarded with marked and popular favor by merchants and consumers. Besides manufacturing and handling flour, this firm deals largely in grain, and all kinds of mill feed. The individual stockholders of the coinpanj' are all well known and substantial residents, who have been identified with the progress, prosperity and improvement of Sacramento in every way, and liave always been foi'e- most in every effort to build up her com- mercial, industrial, manufacturing and social prestige and advantages. Mr. H. G. Smitii, the president of the company, is a native of the State of New York, having been born at Ithaca, at the head of Cayuga Lake, in 1832, the son of Franklin Smith, a farmer. At the age of seventeen he entered the drug house of Dr. Ilawley, of Ithaca, and for two years remained there, learning the business, but with the aspi rations of an energetic mind. Desiring a larger field, he early determined to migrate to the far West, and in company with two friends — Joseph Trueman and John Thompson — he left New York on the 7th of December, 1850, for California, coming via the Nicaragua route, landing in San Francisco on the 9th January, 1851, having made a remarkably quick passage. After spending a short time in the mines at " Negro Bar," on the American River, and be- coming convinced tliat the life of a miner would not suit him, he came to Sacramento, and was engaged in various enterprises; among them, in 1856, was draying, having bought two drays, one of which he himself drove for a time, hauling chiefly for the old "Bay State Mill." He continued in this business for seven years. In this and similar enterprises he accumulated money, and upon the failure of the " Odd Fel- lows' Bank, in 18 — , he became the i-eceiver of that defunct institution, and later on, when the " Peoples' Bank " was organized, he became a large stockholder and a director. As early as 1863 he had bought an interest in the " Pioneer Mill," and when the joint stock company was formed he became its president, which position he still retains, taking an active personal part in the direction of the affairs of the great insti- tution. Coming to Sacramento, as he did in his early youth, he may be said to have grown up with the city, liaving been closely identiued with her social and material interests for up- wards of thirty-seven years. He stands to-day foremost among her representative men. fHARLES A. JENKINS, proprietor of the State House Hotel. — Perhaps in no country in the world do so large a proportion of the people live at hotels as in America; cer- tainly in no country do so large a proportion of the population spend their time in traveling from place to place for business and pleasure; men and women of all classes travel; and tlie necessity for ample, commodious hotel accom- modations is yearly increasing; nor are the travelers of to-day satisfied with such accommo- dations as were furnished in the past; the ele- HISTORY OF SAUHAMENTO COUNTY. gaiit structures which are being erected in every town for tiie accommodation of her transient guests testify to this fact, and men of large means and ample experience are foniid at the head of establishments of this character. It has been triily said that hotel men '• are born, not made;" the meaning being, that no matter how elegant a structure, or the appointments or surroundings of a hotel may be, to make a suc- cess, requires a man of peculiar characteristics; he must have all the qualilications of a thorough business man, including a ready tact, a thorough intuitive knowledge of human nature, united with great urbanity of Tnanners, and a never failing supply of patience and goodfellowship. If, with these characteristics, he has at his com- mand a commodious and pleasantly located house, success becomes assured, and the reputa- tion of his hostelry established. In the hotel known as the State House, in tliis city, located on the corner of Tenth and K streets, it would seem, the qualities above referred to, are care- fully considered. The house was established in 18G8 by one IJarton, who was its first proprie- tor, and it then had lifty-six rooms; additions were however made from time to time until in 1882 it had 112 rooms, thus taking rank as the second largest hotel in the city. It was at this time owned by Hod. Eldred, Esq. In 1886 it came into the possession of its present proprie- toi-, and for three years past it has been under the popular management of Mr. B. l>. Brown. At this writing, the entire premises are being remodeled and enlarged by an addition of twenty-four rooms, besides a large dining-room, store-room, kitchen, etc., at an expenditure of from 830,000 to 840,000; no expense will be spared to make it the largest and finest hotel in the city; its location, one square from tiie Capi- tol, the center of the up-town trafhc, its patron- age equaled only by one other house in the city, and the personal popularity of its present owner and proprietor can warrant ns in saying that when Qnished, the new State House will be second to none in Sacramento, and equaled by few on the coast. A short sketch of the owner and proprietor of this well-known house caimot but be interesting to his many friends and ac- quaintances. Charles Asbery Jenkins is prac- tically a native of Sacramento County, for, although born in the city of Cincinnati, in 1848, he came to this county when but ten years old, being brought up by his maternal uncle, Charles Warner Pierce, a prominent rancher of the Co- sumnes River, and later a resident of this city, where he died in October, 1887. Young Jen- kins was raised under the fostering care of this uncle, to whose example and precept lie is in- debted, largely, for the qualities of head and heart which so distinguish him; his education, began at the public schools in this city, was acquired partly at A^acaville College, in Solano County (since destroyed) and partly at the busi- ness and commercial college of San Francisco. A part of liis uncle's teaching was of self-reli- ance, to depend upon himself, and before he reached his majority he was encouraged to en- gage in stock-raising, and other enterprises; and such was his uncle's confidence in his integrity and ability, that when he came to embark on his journey to the •' Great Beyond " he left the management of his affairs in the hands of his favorite nephew, who was appointed sole execu- tor without bonds, of an estate valued at §187,- 500. Mr. Jenkins was a Presidential elector for Mr. Cleveland, and has ever been an interested student of political economy, a straight-out Democrat, as was his uncle; he has yet always been an "independent,"' upholding and support- ing the best nian, and averse to " boss-ism " and party chicanery, out-spoken in his preferments, and firm in his convictions. A practical farmer, for four years an active and influential member of the " Patrons of Husbandry," he is the owner of one of the finest ranches on the Cosumnes River, eighteen miles southeast of Sacramento, where he takes jiride in raising the tinest stock. The value of this farm of 800 acres has been greatly enhanced by the erection of commodi- ous buildings and other improvements at an out- lay of not less than 820,000, and is considered a model farm. Mr. Jenkins is a member of the HISTOUY OF SACUAMENTO COUNTY. 405 Masonic fraternity, a Knight Templar, a ineifl- ber of Sacratnento Lodge, No. 40, F. & A. M. Mis estimable wife, whom he married in 1876, is a daughter of James A. Elder, a well-known rancher and a prominent Democrat. The family consists of three girls. In concluding this brief mention of one of the representative men of the Capital City, it is safe to predict that the new State House, under its present management will exceed in popularity its record of the past; and that as a Boniface our subject will be a success. 5=^ '^'3«"!§^# fEORC^E M. DIXON, M. D.— Within tiie shadows of the White Mountains on the East, and the shores of Lake Champlain on the West, lies Chittenden County, one of the lineet portions of the State of Vermont; here, in 1848, was born George M. Dixon, the sub- ject of this sketch. He is the son of Rev. H. n. Dixon, a Presbyterian minister, who emi- grated with his family to Wisconsin in 1852, and was one of the pioneer preachers there. The Doctor's boyhood was passed principally in the soiitiiern and eastern parts of that State, and at the age of sixteen he entered Ripon College, in Ripon, Wisconsin, for the scientific course, and later on he was matriculated at the New York Homeopathic Medical College, New "i ork city, wliere he graduated with honor in 1871. Tiiat institution, whose presidential chair was filled by one of Nature's noblemen, William CuUen Bryant, and whose faculty was composed of such men as William Todd Hellmuth, Timothy F. Allen, J. W. Dowling and Carroll Dunham, had much to do witli shaping the Doctor's afterlife. For two years he was in the New York Oph- tiialmic Hospital, when lie returned to Ripon, and during the next four years was engaged in general practice in Wisconsin. There he was married to Miss Sadie A. Johnson, daughter of II. E. Johnson, Esq., an elder in the Presbyte- rian Church. The failing health of his wife induced him to seek a milder climate, and he came to California, landing in Sacramento on the 5th of November, 1870. Tnoroughly im- bued with the advantages of the Hahnemann school of practice, full of pluck and vim, he set himself to work to see that he and his fellow practitioners of that school should receive their due recognition. He was instrumental in secur- ing for the homeopathists the Sacramento Hoyjital and the City Dispensary. He became a member of the City Board of Health, a rep- resentative to the State Board of Health, and president of the California Homeopathic Medi- cal Society. In 1881, business matters requir- ing his attention, he returned to the East, where he remained until 1886, when he again came to California and once more located in Sacramento, content to live here all his life long, engaged in the practice of his loved profession, making a specialty of surgery and the affections of the eye and ear. fR. J. H. SHIRLEY, cancer specialist, Sac- ramento, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, March 28, 1838. When fourteen years of age he crossed the plains with his parents to Sacramento, arriving here in August, 1852; but he went to Stockton, wliere he had an uncle, Robert Simmons. He was married in James- town, Tuolumne County, California, to Miss Sarah E., daughter of George W. Fleming, who had come to this State in 1852. In 1868 the Doctor went to Alameda County, engaging in the live-stock business; and it was not until 1884 that he became interested in the specialty for which he has now become so well known. It was during that year that he made the ac- quaintance of Dr. W. W. McCoy, of Stockton, proprietor of '' McCoy's Tonic and Blood Puri- fier," and cancer specialist. After two years of successful practice with him there, he removed to this city, establishing himself on Fourth street. He now has his office on K street, and is enjoying remarkable success in the treatment of his cases, who come to him from all parts of the country. Both his parents were from the niSTOMY OF SACUAMENTO COUNTY. Sontl). His father, Thomas Jefferson Shirley, wati a native of Kichmoiid, Virginia, aiitl his nidtiiei-, Mary, nee Sininions, of East Tennessee. He lias roiirVhiidren: LewcUa, now Mrs. W.J. 'I'annthill; I'aiil, Luc-v and Kninia Dale. ^R. Vk F. PENDEKY, eclectic physician, Sac-rainento, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, August 11, 1846. His father,Will- iani D. Pendery, was also a native of that State, and a farmer by occupation. His mother, who was a J.udlow, was the first wliite female child born in tlie city of Cincinnati. The doctor is the seventh son in a family cd' ten children, nine sons and one daughter. It is a remaikable fact that no less than live of these sons became phy- sicians, inheriting tlieir talent from tlieir father, who, although a farmer, was known for miles around as an expert in medical treatment. The early years of the subject of this sketch were spent on the farm. At the age of seventeen years he began tiie study i.>i medicine at the Cincinnati Eclectic College, under the tutelage of Dr. K. S. New-ton, and was in every way fitted for rapid advancement. Three years later, in 1868, he began the pi'actice of his chosen prol )ii at Dayton, Ohio, and continued there two years. In 1872 he removed to I"'armer City, De "Witt County, Illinois, and remained there until 1875. In December of that year he came to California, locating in Sacramento, his office being on the corner of P'ifth and J streets; lie is now on K street near Fourth. September, 11,1876, he was elected a member of the Eclec- tic Medical Society of California. The Doctor is of a most genial disposition, esteeming his friends highly and being also a great admirer of a good horse. His judgment in resj)ect to horses is sought by many, and every one knows his dapple gray. The Doctor has been married twice, first at Indianapolis, March 20, 1869, to Miss Lucy A. Brown,a native of Jackson County, Illinois, who died in 1881; secondly, to Miss Edith S. Dickson, a native of the (ioiden West and a daughter of John F. Dickson, a pioneer from Salem, Massachusetts. fELSON CIIAMPLIN was born at Leiioy, Genesee County, New York, in 1827, and when ten years of age the family removed to Jackson County, Michigan, where his father died two years later. He learned the cabinet trade in the town of Albion, Michigan, and afterward went to Oyer's Corner in Jackson County, where he was engaged in farming. In the spring of 1852 he. with live other young men, started for California, Hiram Oyer, Will- iam and Major I\>rter being members of the company. Starting from Springport, they came overland, crossing the river at St. Joseph, Mis- souri, taking the Salt Lake route, and coming into the State via Sublette's cut-off, and arrived in Ilangtown August 22, having been on the journey five and a half months. When they reached Salt Lake he was ill with mountain fever, and has a very vivid recollection of the CHre and attention bestowed upon him by two women, the wives of a Mormon elder, to whom he owes his recovery. From Ilangtown the party went to join Philip Oyer, a brother of one of the }>arty, who had come to the coast in 1851 and located on the middle tV>rk of the American liiver. They engaged in mining, and in the fall of that year went to Diamond Spring, El Dorado County, where he remained for eight or nine years. In 1861 he wont to Virginia City, Nevada, and engaged in wood hauling, Hiram Oyer having the contract to furnish the Golden Curry mines with wood, and for two seasons he wag engaged in that business. In 1870 he came to Sacramento and built his pres- ent residence on I street, but continued his in- teri'st in the wood business, having succeeded Mr. Oyer, until 1878, when he went to Mexico, where he was engaged in silver mining; his family remained in Sacramento. During the succeeding seven years he returned home but twice. The Vaca and San Miii'cus mines were, OF SACRAMENTO OOU.\Ty at that time, considered to be marvelously rich, but -they were almost inaccessible, lumber, tim- ber, machinery and sui)plies having to be packed across the State of Durango on mules and bur- ros. In 1888 he sold out his interest there and returned to Sacramento, which, notwithstand- ing his protracted absence, he had continued to claim as his home. lie is a member of Tehama Lodge, F. & A. M., the oldest lodge in the State. Mr. Champlin was married in 1870 to Miss Sarah J. James, a native of Wales, who came totheStateof New York with her parents when a child. They have no children, if we ex- cept the two children of his brother-in-law, Juhn W. James, above referred to as his busi- ness partner in the Mexican mines; he died leaving two bright pretty children, who are now members of Mr. ( 'liamplin's family. H«t->. ;R. IRA. Vx. SHAW, dentist. The science of dental surgeiy is being rapidly devel- oped, and every year brings into the field new men fitted by earnest study of the most ap- proved methods, to secure the best results. Such men must necessarily take the lead; and among these Ira G. Shaw holds a prominent position. lie was born in Middleboro, Plymouth County, Massachusetts, in June, 1857. He came to this coast when a child and resumed his education ill the public schools of Sacramento. In 1S74 he entered the office of Dr. W. W. Light, the pioneer dentist of this county, and for eleven years was a practitioner with him. In 1885 he started business for himself, and his dental parlors on the corner of Tenth and J streets arc amply supplied with all the most improved ap- pliances known to the art; and it is safe to say that there is no more pains-taking operator on this coast, nor one more fully learned in the de- tails of his profession. The Doctor comes from an old New England family, and his wife, I'hcEbe Shaw, nee Chiles, is a native daughter of the Golden West. She is a granddaughter of Colonel Joseph Chiles, of Napa (V)unty. The Doctor, while not a native son, has been in this county since boyhood and has identified himself with the interests of the county during all the years of early manhood. lie is essentially a Sacramento man, thoroughly believing in her future, and ready and willing at all times to ad- vance her interests in public and private. He is peculiarly domestic in his characteristics, but, notwithstanding this, is popular among the " boys," a liberal patron of all legitimate sports and pastimes, and socially ranks among the foremost in the citv. C. FELCH,a pioneer, was born in the little village of Midway in the eastern ' part of Massachusetts, May 24, 181f5. Hi# father, Dr. Walton Felch, was a prominent physician of Boston, while his father's brother. Rev. Cheever Felch, was an Episcopal clergy- avy. man and Chaplain in the United States N" The family is of Welsh origin. The subject of this sketch was educated in Boston, learned the printers' trade there and worked as a journey- man in various offices of that city, and later conducted a job ofKce of his own. In the spring of 1849 a company was formed to come to Cali- fornia known as the Boston & Newtown Com- pany. Brackett Lord of Newtown, was president and W. C. Felch vice-president. The company came overland to the State, by way of Independ- ence and Carson Valley, arriving safely in San Francisco September 27. For the first year Mr. Felch followed mining on the forks of the American River; but not succeeding as he had anticipated he came to Sacramento and estab- lished himself on Fifth street ijetween J and K, as a sign and ornamental painter, an art he had also acquired in Boston. He can still show, after the lapse of all these years, a specimen of his iiandiwork, in the engine house on Tenth street between I and J, an oil painting which is preserved with much care by the company. In early days he was a staunch Detnocrat in poli- tics, but becuine :i liepublican when l''t. Siitnt v UISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. was tired upon, and Las been so ever since. In early days lie was one of the city assessors and held the otiice of Assistant, United States As- sessor under John M. Avery, during Lincoln's administration, and he was a member of the commission appointed by the Governor to ap- praise the land condemned for the State capitol purposes. After he left the revenue otiice he enter the real-estate business in which he is still engaged. He is a member of the Scra- mento Society of California Pioneers and one of its past j)residents. Mr. Felch has been a very active member of several fraternal organizations. His wife, who is a paralytic invalid at thi.s writ- ing, is a daughter of Mr. Benjamin Ferris, of Horsehead, New York, who lived to the patri- archal age of 100 years. ^, : :.43^t>^;. : : *- ,~T\T A N VILLE BARB Eli, a prominent / \/ \, i-ancher residing in Sacramento, has had "^i^^ a life which forcibly illustrates what may be accomplished by definite aim arid con- centrated energy. He was born on the 3d of June, 1829, in St. Lawrence County, in the northern part of the State of JSfew York. He was the eldest son of Otis and Laura (Welsh) Barber, both natives of the Empire State, and engaged in farm life. During his childhood his parents removed to Avon, Lorain County, Ohio, near Lake Erie and not far from Oberlin; but, although living almost within tlie shadow of the famous college at that place, young Barber could not avail himself of its advantages, as he was obliged to labor upon his father's farm ex- cept during the winter months, when he at- tended the district school, at a considerable distance from home. At the age of nineteen he had an idea of becoming a ship-builder; but us the prospect in that direction did not brighten up, he went to Sheffield, Ohio, to learn the trade of carpenter and joiner, and then to Wellington, same State, where he learned the trade of car- riage-builder and became proficient. Next he was clerk in a mercantile house, and then had charge of the Wadsworth House for a season. This was the finest hotel in Wellington. While there, and while yet but twenty-two years of age, he fell in wiih a party of railroad surveyors who were on their way to Tehuantepec, Mexico. Thus, in a company of strangers, he ventured to a strange land. Going to New Orleans by rail, and to Vera Cruz by ship across the Gulf, he began work in the new position; but six months of that kind of life satisfied him, and in the spring of 1852 he returned home. The spirit of adventure, however, still tired his blood, and in January, 1853, he again turned his face westward, the land of gold and sunshine being this time the objective point. Coming by way of the Nicaragua route, he was one of the 400 passengers who were wrecked on the steamer Independence on the island of San Margarita, February 16, 1853, when 200 lives were lost. Here were apparent the advantages of the skill he had obtained in early life on the banks of a great inland sea; for he was an expert swimmer, and this ability alone saved his Hfe. Forced by the devouring flames to trust himself to the deep, he was tossed by wind and wave and suf- fered almost incredible hardships until he at length reached the shore. What then? San Margarita is a barren island off the coast of Lower California, a mere rock, uninhabited and desolate. Here for three days, without shelter or food and almost without hope, were huddled together 200 human beings! Fortunately they were able to attract the attention of those on board a fleet of small whale-ships, and they came to the rescue. One of these vessels, containing the subject of this article, four weeks later reached San Francisco, and with $100 in his belt, the savings of many a hard da3''s toil, Mr. Barber stepped ashore upon the land of promise. To eee this strange world, and to obtain a fortune in its gold-tields, was his dream bnt alas! which so few realize, yet which happily came to hiin, "after many days." Coming to Sacramento, the starting-point for all gold-seekers in this State at that early day, he went successively to Folsoin, Mormon Island, Auburn, Red Dog and UISTOUT OF SAOBAMENTO COUNTY. Marysville. " Dead broke," he returned to Sac- ramento and became a disliwasher at one of the hotels, and next at Miutral Point for an old man named Harvey, and then at the Dawson House on Fourth street, where the St. George building now stands. Soon after this he obtained employment from Kippon ct Hill, wagon- makers on J street, at $75 a month. A bone felon, which developed at this time, compelled him to give up this position, and, as soon as he was able, he began teaming for George Elder, who was engaged in the "China trade," that is, hauling Chinese laborers to and from the mines. He soon saw there was money in this, and in 1854-"55 he started in for himself and continued it fur four years. In 1859 he made a visit to the East, returning in the summer of 1861 w'ith a drove of horses, which he had purchased in Ohio, and which were driven across the plains and sold here in Sacramento at a profit. It had long been his desire to become a merchant, and in the fall of 1862 an opportunity otiered, and he went to Woodland, Yolo County, and entered into partnership with F. S. Freeman, who has since become noted as a buyer of wheat and as a prominent business man. After four years operations in Woodland, Mr. Barber returned to Sacramento, and, in connection with John Real, bought the Phoenix Mill, and for six years had charge of the same. In 1884 he purchased the Capay Valley ranch of 1,500 acres in Yolo County, and afterward other ranch property ad- jacent to the town of Williams in Colusa County; and in 1888 he purchased the River ranch in Yolo County, nine miles from this city, where he is now engaged in raising alfalfa and fine stock. His home on H street, which he built in 1873, combines the comforts and ele- gance which aifluence alone can give; and here, in the autumn of his days, he is able to enjoy the material results of a well-spent life. In his political principles, Mr. Barber is an outspoken Republican, and has twice been honored by his party with a nomination for County Treasurer. He is a veteran Odd Fellow, being a member of Sacramento Lodge, No. 2, and is also a member of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. He was married September 3, 1863, to Mrs. Julia A., daughter of Peter Gallup, a native of Connect- icut. By her previous marriage she had one daughter, Ella A., who is now the wife of A. G. Folger, of Sacramento. Mr. Barber has one daughter, Laura R.. now the wife of Frank Hickman, of this city. T-'tTKXDALL KERTH, capitalist. Among \/\/,, those who, coming to the United States l'==sj;^' from a foreign land, have achieved af- fluence under our benign institutions, may be mentioned the subject of this sketch, — Wendall Kerth, of Sacramento, a native of Bavaria. The story of his early struggles and his later tri- umphs carries with it a lesson which many of the present generation might do well to heed. He was born at Gravenhausen, on the Rhine, March 15, 1819, his parents being Henry Kerth and Mary (Hauk) Kerth, the father, by occupa- tion, a small Bavarian farmer. Compulsory education was the law in his native country then, as now, and also a term of service in the Landwehr (the German army). At the ex- piration of his term of service his parents were both dead, and he determined to emigrate to America. He set sail from Havre on the 15th of January, 18-t7, and, after a voyage of tifty- tive days, landed at New Orleans, where he had a relative, Mr. Henry Sibel, a butcher of that city. There he remained two years. The trials of a foreigner in a strange land are graphically described by Mr. Kerth. He was determined to "get on;" he picked black- berries, drove a cart, worked for Sibel at $10 a month, and, after a time, made sufficient money to buy a stand in the market. When the Cali- fornia gold fever broke out in 1849, he was making $70 to $80 per month. He sold out to Sibel, however, and came to California via Pa- nama, paying $175 passage money from Cha- gres to San Francisco. During the voyage the captain was drunk, they ran short of water and IIISTOHT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. were nearly wrecked, but finally, after a trip which will not soon be forgotten, they reached San Francisco. There he met an old acquaint- ance, Gerald Spone, and together they went to Nevada City and the Grass Valley mining dis- tricts, and began mining. lie was not very suc- cessful, but at length, after many vicissitudes, made a little money at Cook's Bar. He was glad to leave the place, however, and return to Marysville and Sacramento, where, little by little, lie gained headway and made money. In 1862 he went to Europe, and visited the scenes of his boyhood, being gone three years in all. Returning to California in 1865 he made two investments, one being a seventeen-stamp quartz mill in Amador County, the other a ranch on the Cosurnnes Kiver of 2,000 acres. In 1872 he made a second trip to Europe, and was absent about eight months. He has since acquired an interest in another large ranch on the Cosurnnes River. Mr. Kerth was never married, but makes his home with his sister, Mrs. Louis Nicholaus, of this city. :i^. tATHANlEL JEROME BRUNDAGE, retired farmer of Sacramento, was born in Erie County, New York, in Pendleton Township, near Niagara Falls, five miles from Lockport, April 9, 1823. When he was a small boy his parents removed to Genesee County, that State, where he received his education, at- tending the common schools during the winter, and working on the farm during the summer, until he became of age. Going then to Alex- andria, same county, he was employed by J. C. Farnham, a marble dealer, and learned the trade of stone-dressing and lettering, working for his board. In 1845 he went to I^eroy, that county, and worked for five years for Orrin Starr, of the firm of Starr «& Gordton, proprietors of marble works. September 6, 1849, he married Miss Mary O;innon, a native of England. In 1850 he moved to K(ind du Lac, Wisconsin, with his family, "took up" a quarter-section of land. built a log cabin and began clearing the place for cultivation; but he soon rented it and worked at his trade for a year and a half in Milwaukee, while his family remained on the farm. On this homestead his three children, Mary Jane, Virginia and Nelson W., were born. On quitting Milwaukee Mr. Brundage went to Sheboygan, Wisconsin, and for a time was engaged in the marble business. He moved his family to Oshkosh, that State, for a season, and then returned to the farm, and for several years alternated between that place and Sheboygan. His wife died at Sheboygan in 1856. He then moved to Fowd du Lac County and entered into partnership with Michael McNeal in a stone quarry, and in lime works. In the autumn of 1857 he married Mrs. Phebe Riley, a daughter of James Meader, who was a farmer of Canada East. At the time of this marriage she had four children: Ann, who af- terward died at the age of sixteen years; Emma, now the wife of Charles Pinkerton, of Iowa; John, who died at the age of ten years; and Addie, now the wife of James AV^ood, of Iowa. By the present marriage there have also been four children: Frank, Leroy, Ella and Warren; the last named died at the age of six years. Mr. Brundage continued to reside in Fond du Lac County, working at his trade in marble and granite, and also conducting his farm until the fall of 1872. His wife's sister, Mrs. William Daniels, then residing in California, wrote to them of the glories of this State, and Mrs. Brundage came and visited her. She was so well pleased with the country that she desired to make it her permanent home. Accordingly Mr. Brundage came and bought 200 acres of land near by, in Franklin Township, about six- teen miles south of Sacramento, this county, whe'?-e they lived seven years. Then he bought property on M street, in the city, where he has since resided, enjoying the well earned comforts of an industrious life. In his political sym- pathies he is a Republican, but does not take a public part iji civil affairs. He is a member of Metomen Lodge, Wisconsin, I. O. O. F., and Ul STORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Mrs. Brundage is a member uf tlie order of Daiighttrs of Ilebekah. fR. E. J. SWANSON, specialist, Sacra- mento, was born in the city of New York, in 1854:. His early education was ob- tained at the public schools of that city, at Clin- ton Colleoje, at Philadelphia and at Charleston, South Carolina. He has practiced his profes- sion in New York, St. Louis, Chicago and New Orleans, and came to the Pacitic Coast, in Aug- ust, 1887, locating in Sacran.ento, corner of Tenth and 1 streets, making a specialty of chronic diseases, and has over 2,500 patients. His laboratory and parlors are commodious and elegant, and the Doctor is a man of remarkable perceptive powers. His business is rapidly in- creasing here and throughout the United States. fNNE A. KRULL. — Among Sacramento's worthy citizens who have amassed a for- tune by the cultivation of the soil, the gentleman whose name heads this sketch stands at the front in results attained. He was born December 6, 1834, in Holland. His father, Ayelts Krull, a native of Hanover, died when the subject of this article was but one year old. During those times Holland was a scene of turbulence, and Mr. KruU's maternal uncle, Klaas Swart, who was a Liberal and opposed to a monarchial government, came to America in 1844, and traveled over a considerable portion of the United States, and determined that at some future time he would return here and make this country his jiermanent home. Re- turning to his native country, however, it was some years before he could satisfactorily dispose of his large and landed interests and personal property; but after completing his business he came to the land of opportunity, in company with an elder brother, Folkert by name, and his mother, nee Catharine Swart. They came by the United States mail steamer Arctic, and after many delays they reached New York city about the 1st of June, 1854. His uncle went directly to Elkhart, Indiana, and bought a sec- tion (640 acres) of land. The two younger KruUs purchased a small farm of forty acres near by, on time for the larger portion of the purchas-e, and began working by the month fur the means whereby to pay the balance. After four years of hard labor and economical man- agement, they had not only paid this debt, but had $700 in cash, with which they determined to come to California. Accordingly, they went to Chicago, then down the Mississippi River to New Orleans, crossed the Gulf of Mexico and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and thence to Acapulco, connecting there with the steamer Pacific, of the Panama line, and arriving at San Francisco December 28, 1858. About the 1st of Januai'y following they came to Sacra- mento, went down the river fourteen miles and found employment on the ranch where Lewis Winter lives. Afterward they purchased a ranch on Merritl's Island, and engaged in the raising of potatoes and garden products, haul- ing their produce to Placerville and other mining districts, where excellent prices were obtained. Thus they continued for six years, when Mr. Krull's brother returned to Indiana. In the meantime, in 1866, Mr. Krull bought 336 acres additional on Merritt's Island, paying for it $1,500. This tract he afterward sold for $30,000! In 1868 he exchanged property for 480 acres in Lee Township, and subsequently acquired property in other localities. In 1881 he bought his present 350-acre farm near Florin, and resided there five years. In the meantime, in the fall of 1886, he purchased a residence on the corner of Nineteenth and M streets, and moved his family into town. In 1887 he sold this property and purchased his present place of residence, 2201 O street. Of later years Mr. Krull has been largely interested in live stock and the growing of alfalfa, making a specialty of alfalfa seed. His crop of the latter for 1887 alone was valued at $3,300. In his religious UltiTOIiY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT V. relations Mr. Krull is a member of the Presby- terian Churcli, and in politics a Prohibitionist. In 1888 he was a candidate on the Proliibition ticket for supervisor of the county, and he ex- pects to live to see his principles vindicated at the polls. He was first married in 1872, to Miss Rebecca Schlater, a native of Ilolstein, Germany, who died in 1875. January 1, 1879, he married Marietta Savage, a native of New Brunswick, Canada. Mr. and Mrs. Krull have two children, Delia and Albert. ^j^ M. LUCKETT, general foreman of the ■^fflL locomotive department of the Southern "opl® Pacific Railroad shops, Sacramento, came here in 1873, went to work in the machine de- partment as a machinist, was appointed foreman of the machine shops at Terrace, Utah, re- mained there two years and eleven months, and returned to the Sacramento shops and served as gang foreman for eleven months. Then he left the company and entered the employ of the Virginia & Truckee Railroad, and was foreman of the shops at Carson for two years; next he went to Bodie, where he became master me- chanic for the Bodie & Benton Railroad about a year. Leaving Bodie on account of his health, he returned to Sacramento and re-entered the employ of the Central Pacific as gang foreman, in 1882. Two years later he was promoted to the position of foreman of the machine shops, and since that time has been general foreman. He is a native of Maryland, born in Frederick County, October 1, 1849, was reared there and learned the machinist's trade in the Baltimore & Ohio shops at Grafton, being there four years all together. Next he was employed for a time in the Mt. Clare shops at Baltimore; then en- tered the Pittsburg Locomotive Works, and later the shops at Louisville for the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company; was gang fore- man there two years. In 1873 he came to California and entered the railroad shops as mentioned. His parents were J. C. and Mary A. (Graham) Luckett, his father a native of Maryland, and mother, of Virginia. They now live in Hamilton, Loudoun County, Virginia. Mr. Luckett has evinced a great capacity for heavy responsibilities, being energetic and thoroughly competent. l^ENRY EHRHARDT was born in Germany IB] in October, 1835, his parmts being John ^1 and Theresa Dorothy (Gehrholdt) Ehr- hardt. The mother was born November 4, 1800, and died on the same day in 1847. The father died in June, 1887, in his seventy-seventh year. Henry lived with his grandfather Ehr- hardt, for whom he had been named, from the age of eight to fourteen. The father and step- mother with five children came to America in 1850, landing at Baltimore on the 20tli of Aug- ust. They went thence to Chariton County, Missouri, where three brothers of John Ehrhardt were already settled; and it took two months to get there by railroad and the canal boat on the Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. After two years the father came to Utah, and in 1853 to California, where he went to mining for a short time near Folsom, but with little success. Henry Ehrhardt came to California also in 1853, direct from Missouri, with 400 head of cattle. In passing along Blue River — all except six of the twenty men and two women were sick with mumps. Mr. Ehrhardt, being one of the well ones, stood guard night and day for the cattle during four weeks. After arriving here he mined about two months, in the spring of 1854, for $30 a month and expenses, in the employ of James M. Stephenson, for whom he worked in all nearly three years. He then went to herding sheep at $40 a month for about eighteen months. He had some knowledge of the business from boyhood, his grandfather having been engaged in sheep business in Hesse Cassel, where he lived. In 1857 his brother John and he in- vested $1,750 in sheep, for which they found free range on Govern meut a:id school lands. HISTORY OP BACRAMBNTO COUNTY. After three years and ten inontlis tliey sold out for $L4,500 in cash. In 1860 Henry Ehrhardt made his iirst investment in land, buying 320 acres; he has been buj'ing land at intervals ever since, and now owns about 4,000 acres. He raises wheat, barley, oats and alfalfa; keeps three to fonr hundred head of cattle and eighty to 100 cows for dpiry purposes. Mr. Ehrhardt has been School Trustee about twelve years; is a member of the " Christian" Church, and of the order of Chosen Friends. He was married April 12, 1803, to Miss Elvesta George, a na- tive of Iowa, and daughter of Andrew and Mary E. (Johnson) George, who came to California in 1852, settling first at Diamond Spring. In 1854 Mr. George came to this township, and kept the Twelve-Mile House on the Lower Stockton road for a time. In 1856 he Longht a ranch three miles farther south, and built a tavern and other buildings, the place becoming known as Georgetown, from the name of its founder. He died in 1869, aged forty-eight, and Mrs. George died in 1886, aged about fifty- six. Georgetown is now Franklin. f5,DWIX ALLYX BURR was born in the ': rity of Hartford, Connecticut. October 12, ^ 1822, and is a descendant of parents whose history dates back to Revolutionary times. His father, Chauncy Burr, died when Edwin was a boy, but his mother, Sarepta A., daughter of Ethan Allen, lived to an advanced age. Mr. Burr was the eldest of six children, — educated at the public schools of his native city, and like otlier Xew England boys was taught a trade, — that of saddler and harness maker. He served five years as an apprentice, two years more as a journeyman in the shop of Smith & Bowen, the now celebrated firm of Hartford. At the age of twenty-two he married Elizabetli O. Alcott. She was boin in Middletown, Connecticut, the granddaughter of Jonathan Alcott, of Hartford, Connecticut, who died when he was over 100 years old. At the age of twenty-three, he with his young wife emigrated to the wilds of Wis- consin, and settled at Beloit, where for six or seven years he carried on his trade. In 1851 Colonel Darius Fargo, then a resident of Cali- fornia, went to Beloit on a visit, and on his re- turn to the Golden State induced young Burr to join him, which he did, lea"'ing his wife be- hind; indeed, a large party was made up by the Colonel, who came direct to Sacramento. To save expense, for living was expensive in those days, young Burr began at once to work, receiv- ing only his board at first, then for monthly wages, in the confectionery store of George Nagle. In the fall of 1851 he bought out a bake-fehop on Sixth street, between I and J, and after about six montiis he returned East for his wife, determined to make California his future home; he intended to return at once but found it impossible to obtain passage, so great was the rush, and so limited the accommodations. He waited three months, and then paid $640 for two tickets. Upon his return to Sacramento, he engaged in the restaurant business on J street, still, however, retaining an interest in the bakery. The great fire of 1852, which swept the city from Eighth street to the Levee, "cleaned him out;" but with characteristic New England pluck he started again before the ashes were cold. Six or eight mouths later he started a confectionery business on J street, between Third and Fourth, and here he was burned out for the second time, in the fire of 1854, his bakery also being burned the same time. It was about this time that he went to Folsom, in this county, where he built the postoffice building and a bakery. There was no railroad to that point at that time, and he was compelled to get off at Alder Creek, on the Yalley Road, and walk the rest of the way. In less than one year he returned again to Sacramento, and opened a second-hand furniture store, corner of Third and K; and less than a year after he, requiring larger accommodations for his increased busi- ness, rented the corner lot. Fifth and K, for $150 per month, and built a one-story brick store house. His excessive losses however had IIISTOIIY OF SACItAMKNTO VOUNTY. crippled liis means, iiiid he gave it up finally and oni;a<;od fur a year as clerk with Jlillikin I'l-othiTS, on J street, and nt'torwanl they sent him lu (irizzly Flat, El Donidu C\)iiiity, to take charge of the store at that j)laeo, where he remained for another year. About this time the Goss & Lambert Couipany began putting up a ten-stamp quartz mill, anil Mr. Hurr was en- gaged to take cluu'ge of liie woik as superin- returned to yaeramento, and engaged iu the livery business on Nintii street, and later in the feed business on J street, where he was once more burned out he, however, started further c'own the street; but in the meantime he inter- ested himself in teaming, soon after the second fire, and ran three teams to Nevada City, Aurora and Silver Mountain, mining towns, and re- ceived 113^ cents per pound for freight. He was in the feed business until 1884, when he retired. In 1876 he made a trip East with his wife, visiting the Centennial E.\hibition at riiiladel- phia, and revisiting the old New England home. He was absent over three months, and returned fully convinced that, although there doubtless are other fine ami desirable places in the world, still California has no equal under the sun. For two and twenty years Mr. Burr and family have resided at their home on O street, in this city; there their two sons, Charles C. and Rich- ard P., were born; there they lived during the trying times of the floods of 18l)2-'63, when for throe months the only approach to the residence was by boat. Dreadlul times, indeed! but they survived, and the afHuence of to-day testifies to the i)luckand perseverance with which his many trials and disapjiointmeiits have been met. ills. C. II. SCHAPER, residing near Roseville, was born April 27, 1821), in Germany, cacne to America in 18-18, and married J. C. II. Schaper April 23, 1850, at St. Louis, Missouii. Mr. Schaper was born in (-ier- manv November 24. 1S2(). son of .Vn.lrew S.-ha- per, and was a carpenter by trade, which busi- ness he learned in Germany. lie also came to America in 1848, landing at Baltimore. The first five years in this country he spent at St. Louis, working at his trade. April 6, 1854, he started across the plains for California, and reached Sacramento October 1. As there was but little demand for work in his line in the city at that time, he went to the mines at State's Flat, and folhiwed mining eighteen months, except- ing four months, when he was in Sacramento. September 10, 1857, he purchased IGO acres, where he now resides and where he has built a house and made all the improvements there are on the premises, and added eighty acres to his real estate by purchase from the railroad com- pany. June 29, 1885, he was burned out with great loss; but he soon afterward rebuilt. The place is sixteen miles from Sacramento and three miles from Roseville. Mr. Scliaper died Janu- ary 31, 1889, at the age of si.xty-eight years, two months and six days, leaving a wife and lour daughtei's to mourn his loss, which indeed is a severe one, for he was a kind husband and father. He was a member of Roseville Grange, No. 1(U; also a member of the United Ancient Order of Druids, No. t>. The children are: Augusta Louie, and Willie, deceased; Caroline, wife of William Harms, of Yolo County;* Will- helmina, wife of Edward Palm, of YoloCount3-; Doretta and Lutzina. The two latter are twins, and are at home to lighten the burdens and sor- rows of their mother. The farm, which is in a gooil state of cultivation, is devoted to grain and hay. •^•■ ? . ] .. i . S ^-?T miCHAEL O'MEARA, (Miief of the Fire M/ y l>epartinent of Sacramento city, was ~~nir" born in St. Louis, Missouri, October 10, 1850. Two years later his father, Michael M., Sr., left home and came to California, where the family joined him two years afterward. Early in life, "Mike," as he was called, began to make bis own way in the world, selling papers on the UlUTOHY OF tiACUAMBNTO COUNTY. Streets of Saoriiineiito, outside of scliool hours. During tliis time lie took special interest in all that pertained to Confidence Hose, No. l,of the old volunteer tire department, of which his father was at that time steward. For this he acted as "torch boy" wlien only twelve years old. At eighteen he became "e.\tra man" for that company, and afterward treasurer and fore- man. At the age of twenty-one he became a full member of the engine company. This was before the organization of the paid department, in March, 1873. i3ut Mr. O'Meara had some- thing else to do besides running to the fires with the boys, for under the superintendence of Joseph Eailey he was learning the trade of bricklayer, working upon the Capitol building, which was in process of construction at that time. In this occupation lie was employed until 1881. Upon the formation of the paid fire department he was appointed Assistant Chief Engineer, which position he held until July, 1887, when he was made Chief of the de- partment. Mr. O'Meara is one of the self-made men of the city. To liis native sense and energy are due tiie self-reliance and prompt decision so peremptorily ngcessary in the trying position wliicii lie occupies. Notwithstanding his busy life, he has found time to devote to several fra- ternal and benevolent societies, among which may be mentioned Capital Lodge, No. 87, I. O. O. F.; Columbia Lodge, No. 42, K.of P.; Red Cloud Tribe, No. 41, L O. R. M., and the Coven- ant Mutual, lie was married in May, 1874, to Miss Margaret, daughter of T. Foley, of this city. [ILLIAM GUTENBERGEK, i)rominent among the enterprising manufacturers of Sacramento, was born August 25, 1828, on the river Rhine, in Western Prussia. lie is a descendant of the celebrated Joliann Gutenberg, who invented the art of printing in 1438. His father's name was Philip. His mother, wliose maiden name was Catherin Kluinp, was a native of the town of Ellerii Kohlener, Germany. When fourteen years old, William was sent to Coblentz, where he served his time learning the trade of molder in one of tlie factories on Stepliane Strasse, one of the principal streets of the city. Here he was em- ployed for seven years, and then took a contract for manufacturing stoves; afterward he went to Bremen and engaged in the same business. In 1852 a party of five young men from tlie Bre- men shops, among whom was our subject and William Klump, a relative, embarked on the German ship Ilepublic for America, the land of opportunity. Storm tossed and nearly wrecked for forty-five days on the ocean, they landed in New York November 1, 1852. Soon afterward Mr. Gutenberger was engaged by Mr. D. D. Reid, of Hampton, Connecticut, and •began working in the malleable-iron shops, and con- tinued there two years, receiving as wages the first year $1 a day, boarding himself, and the next year did contract work. Subsequently he was employed at Waterbury, Meriden and Hart- ford, until the spring of 1855', when he emi)arked for California, on the Northern Light from New York to tlie Isthiuus, and thence by the steamer Sierra Nevada for San Francisco, arriving May 28. His first employment in the Golden State was iu Shasta County, on what is known as the Middletown Ditch; then he came to Sacramento and for seventeen consecutive years was em- ployed in the Sacramento Iron Works, and now in the G. & N. Foundry. Commencing here as a journeyman, in less than two years he was promoted as foreman, which position he held during all the fifteen years Ibllowing. Then he started in business for himself, in company with Julius Leeman, a " Switzer," in the old Wigwam on Front street, between L and M, and was there two years and nine months, and then the boiler was blown up by an Italian named Garibaldi. He then bought out his partners and started alone; after that he bought the property where now located, and since then carried on the business alone. Within three years he had bought the entire business, and lllsroitY OF S.WHAM/CNTO VOUNTY. also tlie pniperty, 85 x ISO feet on Front street, for wliieli lie paid $S,000; and in lS7l-'72 he erected on this the huihlinj^s whicii wci-c Imrni'd July 17, ISS-J, l.y whifh iu' K.st $(Ut,(l(H», an.l tiiii-tv nuMi \V(MV thrown out ol eniploynienr. II.' I'chuilt and was hnrnt out ai;'ain, Octohcr 7, 1SS7; hi' iii^ain roiiuilt during the succ-eedini^ winter. Mr. (}utonlK'r_!j;or was elected City 'IViisU'c in 1S81, when, although a Democrat, ho rcccivi'tl Ihcsupportofinany Rejtuhlican friends, lie was married in 1S57 to Catharine Schweit zcr, a r.avarian lady who came to California in 185(1. She was a niece ol'(ieor,-v Nuhss. Mr. and Mrs. Cuteidierircr have two children, viz.: Julia, now Mrs. llunken, aiid Wiliielmiua. Mr. (Tutenl)er{i;er is a member of El Dorado Lodge, No. 8, I. (). (). F., in which order lie lias held all tlR»otHces except that of Noble CJraiid; he is Kniirhlsof rvthiasand Kni.ditsof Honor. r.rin-hl, jNTON ^rK^•K^:, hopr ;nship, was born in Dalhauscii, prov- ince of Westphalia, Prussia, now in the of Cermany, May 22, 1822, a son of Carl and Mary Meuke. His mother died in 1844, at the age of sixty-four years, and his father in 1854, at the age of seventy-two. They Inul one son, Anton, and one daiiglitor Christine, who was married and died in the old country, the mother of several children. Marv Afenke. how- •y " form msband. Dierkes, had two sous: Frank, who died in New Orleans in 1852. after living there one year; anil Charles, who died ill Europe. Mr. Meuke, the subject of this sketch, was brought upon his father's farm until he was nineteen years of age, wliiMi, with the consent of his father, he weni f.. work f.r Anton Dierkes, from whom he learned the trade ot basket-making, remaining with him a year; tlieu he was salesman a year for Carl Uoecker; the next year he spent with Harry Spiudler, and then, in September, 18-1:3, he sailed (or America on the ship Agues from Hrenieu, commanded by Captain Bosso. After a voyage of fifty-two days he lauded in New Orleans, June 12, 1844. The worked radc fordiU'erent parties until May, 184(), when he enlisted in the Mexi- can War, in the Fourth iiOuisiana Kegiment, with the six-iiionths men. They were stationed at Matainoras until their time expired. Mr. Menko then followed his trade at the Crescent City. May 18, 1848, lie married Mary Wolker, a native of Oldenburg. In September, 1851, lie moved to St. Louis, Missouri, with three children, one of whom was born on the way. He worked at his trade in St. *Louis for a short time, with a man named Taylor, and in 1852 he stai'ted out in the furniture business for him- eelf. April (i, 1854, he left for California, over- land, witli a party consisting of eighty-two men, winnen and children, arriving in Sacramento October 2. Here he commenced work at his trade, making baskets, cutting his wilhiws on the American River. In the spring of 1855 he tipened a fruit and confectionery store in a rented building on the Plaza, meanwhile continuing the maiml'aet are of baskets. lu ISof) he sold oul, rented a farm five miles north of Sacra- mento on the road to Marysville, where he fol- lowed agi-icultiire and the rearing of live-stock until iSlUI. Ketiirning then to Sacramento, he purchased a lot on J street between Ninth and Tenth, erected upon it the two-story building now occupied by Martin's hardware store, and lived there a sliort time. Then he followed farming again until the fall of 1S()2, on the outskirts of Sacramento, on the Nevada road. Returning again to the city, he opened a store on J street, between Fifth and Sixth, and dealt in music and fancy goods until the fall of 1876, when lie sold to John F. Cooper. In the spring of 1875 he rented a farm near Routier Station for the purpose of raising hogs, in which busi- ness he has ever since been engaged. In 1880 he purchased the place, consisting of 114 acres. In 1883 he bought the place where lie resides, comprising 113 acres, and a short time previ- ously 215acres. All these places are in Hrightou Township, on the American River. One sea- ^ ^/^^^^C^ /^/^^^tyM H/STOny OF SArUAMENTO COUNTY. son, 1885, he made an exliibition of liops at New Orleans and Louisville, Kentucky, receiv- ing a diploma at each place. He has 200 acres devoted to this crop. For the last five years he has raised more hops than any other man in the world. During the years 1887-'88 he raised 2,200 bales each year. In 1883, when hops were scarce, he sold his crop of over 78,000 bales at a net profit of §60,000, which would have been still larger if he had held on a little while! In fruit he has eighty acres, — 20,000 trees. Mr. and Mrs. Menke have four children: Josie, born July 13, 1853, in St. Louis, Mis- souri, and now the wife of John J. Glocken, of Sacramento; A. R., born April 7, 1855, in Sac- ramento; Henry George, born April 28, 1861; and F. W., February 13, 1863. They h ive lost four daughters and three sons, all dying young. What remains to be told is the credit, so cheer- fully accorded by him to Sarah, his wife, the co- builder of his fortune, the companion of his years; for to/ier industry, /;«;■ foresight, the ever vigilant, constant care of every detail, to her ac- tivity, business enterprise and what is called thrift, is due to a great extent the remarkable success which has been attained. Her name and her fame has gone al)road, and wiierever in all this broad land the raising of hops is known, there the name of " Mary Menke, the hop-wo- man of Sacramento " has become a household word. She has stood well by her husband in his life-work, and, possessed of a discriminating mind, has ever been a ready counselor and a helping hand. Not content with the ordinary methods in vogue, they have sought out and adopted new methods and new appliances. Their buildings, kiln-dryers, presses and appur- tenances are marvels of completeness, and mod- els of their kind. They spend large sums of money every year in these improvements. The Menkes find their chief market for their pro- duct in the great cities of the East, and with characteristic attention to detail they give also to this matter their pjrsonal attention, making frequent journeys to the Eastern markets, so that in all the great business centers not only are their names but their faces are known. Only fourteen years ago (1875) they " rented a small farm for the purpose of raising hops." That was the beginning; to-day they are known in every business center of the United States and Europe as the most extensive growers and deal- ers in the world. A few short years ago they were making baskets with their own hands, from willows cut from beside the softly flowing river; to-day they stand foremost among the most highly respected and honored of Sacra- mento. fAMES WEIR, deceased, ivas born Novem- ber 21, 1827, in Shieldmains, Ayrshire, Scotland, his parents being John and Eliza- beth Weir, who were farmers in Scotland, where they lived and died. They had a family of five children: Elizabeth, Jane, John, Jeanette and James. James was raised in Scotland. He had access to the public school, and received a good education in the higher branches. He wa< em- ployed as clerk in a grocery store, learned the trade, and followed it till he grew tired of it, and determined to come to America and try his fortune in this country. In 1853 he left Scot- land and landed in Canada, where he remained a short time, then went to Ohio and was there engaged a year at farming. In 1854 he started for California, coming via New York and Pana- ma. While crossing the Isthmus he was robbed of his baggage, consisting of his clothes and some valuable books which he prized highly, so that on landing in San Francisco he had noth- ing but the clothing on his back. He came iminediatel}' to Sacramento and went to the mines at Coloma, where he remained a year, but was not very successful. Abandoning it at last, he came to Sacramento County and ob- tained employment with John B. Taylor and Mr. Criies, but remained with neither very long. He then took up some land in Brighton Township, at that time a part of the Folsom grant, and had to pay the price of it several Uli^TOUY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. times over before the grant was confirmed. In 1802 he sold tliat place, which is now owned by C. M. Boyce. He had an intention of return- ing to Scotland, but changed his mind and bdiight a place from llobert Patterson, on which he lived until 1875, when he bought the place adjoining, from Newell Kane. It contains 700 acres of tine land, and has all the best improve- ments. Mr. Weir was married to Mrs. Ellen Sullivan, widow of Ccrnelius Sullivan, by whom she had one child, in April, 1863. ller maiden name was Kennelly. She was born in Ireland, and emigrated to this country in 1853, settling in Ontario County, New York. She was there married to her first husband, who died in 1858, and came to California by water in September, 1851. Mr. and Mrs. Weir had five children, all of whom are living. Mr. Weir died De- cember 12, 1888, after an illness of about three weeks. lie was a man of strong convictions, and once forming an opinion generally abided by it. He took an active interest in farming, at which he was very successful, and gave most of his attention to it. To his family he was kind and good, taking pleasure in supplying all the wants of his children. He was a highly respected citizen in the community in which he lived, and his death caused the loss of a much honored neighbor and friend as well as a good husband and father. He was raised a Presby- terian from childhood, and lived up to the doc- trines of his religion to within a week of his death, when he embraced the Catholic faith. He left five children: Mary Elizabeth, Catharine Jane, Jeannette, Margaret Ellen and James M, «h..,+|*Jmj*|+ AD.VME ALMA vo.n TILLOW Th / \/ V lady whose name appears at the head of ~~~" this biographical notice is one who has endeared herself to the hearts and homes of the people of Sacramento, and we offer no apology in according to her this space in the historical work of the county, believing that too much cannot be said in ])raise of the work that she has set herself to do, or of the results which are being accomplished by her now popular method. A brief mention of her career cannot but be in teresting to the hundreds of people whose little ones will some time need the fostering care of just such a teacher to guide their youthful foot- steps along the rugged pathway to knowledge. The Madame is a native of the State of New York; was brought up amid the refinements of the most highly cultured society in the Empire State. When by the death of her husband in 1879, in Wadsworth, Nevada, the duty of pro- viding for her boy devolved upon her unaided eflibrts, she bravely but quietly proceeded to make the most of whatever opportunities lay nearest at hand. She at once began teaching vocal and instrumental music, traveling from Eeno to Battle Mountain each week, to reach her pupils, who resided in all the larger towns between the above mentioned places. This proving too arduous, in the spring of 1881 she accepted an engagement with a conservatory of music in San BVancisco. Always a lover of little children, and peculiarly fitted by nature to have the care of them, she became interested in the study of the system of kindergarten as taught by Miss Emma Marwedel, of San Fran- cisco; and very soon became an assistant at the pioneer kindergarten of that city. In March, 1883, she came to Sacramento and started a small class on G street, beginning with but five pupils; but she was thoroughly imbued with the spirit of her work, and accomplished re- sults which eventually brought the patronage and the support of the leading people of the Capital City. She advocates principles for all departments of school life, and claims for this application the fact that her school so much re- sembles a large, busy family affectionately in- terested in each other's work and play, though widely separated as to age. The day pupils, numbering over forty, are conveyed to and from the school in a handsome wagonette, being always accompanied by a teacher. Among them may have been noticed the children of the Governor of the Stale, Secretary of State Hen- lIlSTunr OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. dricks, Chief Justice Beatty, Judges Van Fleet and Blanchard, Prof. E. C. Atkinson, A. L. llart, L. L. Lewis, Frank Miller, Preutis Smith, and most of the leading professional and linsitiess men of the city. The system of kindergarten and object-teaching for younger chiJdren, and the oral method for more advanced scholars, is becoming more and more popular wherever it is properly introduced; and it is to the lasting credit of Sacramento that such schools are receiving the patronage of her best citizens. Nor can too much credit be given to Madame von Tillow, through whose instru- mentality this system of teaching was first made a success. fOHN EIIRIIAPtDT was born in Germany, October 8, 1837, his parents being John and Theresa Dorothy (Gehrholdt) Ehr- iiardt. The mother di^d in 1847, aged forty- seven; the father survived her forty years. The subject of this sketch received about five years' schooling, and then became a helper to his father in iiis occupation of shepherd. The father, stepmother, and five children came to America in 1850, landing in l>altimore, Mary- land, August 20. Thence they proceeded to Missouri, by railroad for about two hours from Baltimore to the canal, then by the canal to I'ittsburg, by the Ohio to Cairo, by the Mis- sissippi to the mouth of the Missouri, and by the Missouri toward their destination in Chariton County, Missouri, where three brothers of the elder Ehrhardt were already settled. It took about two mouths to make the trip, owing chiefly to low water in the Ohio and Missouri. Arrived at the farm of one of his uncles, who owned about a section of land, John went to work as a sheplierd. In 1852 his father and he were hired to drive 7,000 sheep across the plains. They wintered near Salt Lake, and the herd was reduced to 2,400 when they reached Placerville, California. They arrived on the Cosumnes, within the borders of this county, June 20, 1853, fourteen months after they had set out from Missouri. The subject of tliis sketch soon afterward went to work as a shep- herd for Long Bros., in Yaca Valley, Solano County, at §50 a month, remaining two years, and then for Mr. llucker about fifteen months. In 1855, in partnership with his brother Henry, he bought $1,750 worth of sheep. Af- ter ten months they were sold at Colusa at $14 a head, and the proceeds invested in another lot, which they sold three years later for $14,500. In 1860, being in poor health, Mr. Ehrhardt went East, being absent from March to Septem- ber, and on his return traveled to various points on the coast for about three years. 1^ 1863 he bought 1,240 acres on the Mokelumne for $4,000. There he raised cattle and horses and hay for feed, and for a time did a dairy busi- ness, milking eighty to 100 cows. In 1871 he drove some cattle to Modoc, where he bouo-ht a ranch, which he kept ten years. In 1876, find- ing his ranch on the Mokelumne too much sub- ject to overflow he sold it for $10,000; and in May, 1876, he bought his present location, two miles north of Franklin, 805 acres, wlicre he has since made his home. He has settled down to raising wheat mostly, b>it has not entirely abandoned his life-long interest in the gentle sheep, of which he keeps about 200. He also raises some horses for his own needs, and a few to sell. He tried cattle-raising, but did not find it profitable. He, however, owns a ranch of 440 acres in Modoc, bought in 1887, wliich is devoted to cattle-raising, under the care of his eldest son. In 1865 Mr. Ehrhardt was married to Miss Caroline Hollman (see below). They are the parents of six sons and one dauo-li- ter: George Edward, born February 5, 1867; Frederick William, July 25, 1869; Henry Les- ter, July 25, 1872; William Gardner, January 18, 1876; John Amos, February 23, 1880; El- vesta, JSIovember 19, 1882; Newton Julian, Oc- tober 9, 1885. Besides the usual district-school education George E. took an academic course in Sacramento, and Frederick W. spent three UlSTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUJSTY. terms at Washington College, in Irving, Ala- ijieda County. Mrs. Caroline (IloUman) Elirhardt, wife of John Ehrhardt (see above), was born in Chili, Jnly 28, 1847. Her father, William IIoll- nian, a native of the State of New York, a millwright and miller by trade, had gone to Chili to do some work in his line, and was there married to Miss Ellen Mar McAra, born in Scotland in 182P), daughter of Thomas and Jeanett (Jackson) McAra, who afterward emi- grated to Chili. Mr. McAra was an arcliitect, and was killed by a fall from a building. In 1S4'J Mr. Ilollman left Chili for California with his wife and family, including the aged grandmother, Mrs. McAra, but died soon after his arrival in San Francisco, leaving four chil- dren: Frederick William, born March 12, 1843, was drowued in the overflow of the Mokelnmne in 1862; John, born in 1845, now rents 350 acres of the Fay ranch, near the Ehrhardt place. He married Miss Emma Chapman. They are the parents of four daughters and one son; Robert, born iu 1877; Caroline, now Mrs. John Ehrhardt; Theresa, born in July, 1848, now Mrs. George W. Fountain, living below Courtland. They are the parents of two daugh- ters and one son. For Mrs. Ellen Mar Ilollman, by her second marriage Mrs. Marcus Lowell, see sketch of Amos M. Lowell. In her child- hood Mrs. Ehrhardt, with her brothers and sis- ter, attended the first Sunday-school in San Francisco, founded by liev. William Taylor, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1850. Her grandmother, Mrs. McAra, is thought to have been the first white grandmother in San Fran- cisco; she certainly was the first that went to the Sunday-school. The HoUman family has been settled since about 1827 near Teekskill, New York, the present representatives of the homestead being Gardner, Hannah and Caro- line, all well advanced in years and unmarried. The house is a historic landmark, having been the resting place of Major Andre for one night on his way to Albany after his capture. Mrs. Ehrhardt, on a v'sit there in 1888, accompanied by her third son, Henry L., slept soundly in the historic chamber, but was much more interested in revisiting the scenes of her father's boyhood. Her grandfather, Frederick William Hollraan, a native of Berlin, Germany, was at one time owner of the Croton Mills, which were removed in the construction of the Croton Aqueduct, and it was he who purchased the present home- stead of the family. There are two other sisters: Louisa and Mary; Louisa was never mar- ried, and makes her home with her married sister. Mary Ilollman is the wife of William O'Donnell, a music-dealer in New York city. They are the parents of four children: William, Marcus, Gardner and Annie. The two oldest are writers on the metropolitan press; Annie is the wife of Walter Hamilton, a business man of that city, and Gardner is still eiigaged in per- fecting his education. tEGRAND R. DAfIS, of Sutter Township, was born May 16, 1824, in Prince William County, Virginia, son of Isaac Davis, a native of Kentucky, and a farmer, and Malinda Davis. His father had four brothers: Jilson, James, Travis and Harrison. Travis was stabbed and killed by a negro who was endeavoring to escape. Isaac Davis returned to Louisville, Kentucky, and remained there the rest of his life, dying at the age of fifty years; his wife died at the age of thirty- five years. In their family were three sons and three daughters: Mary J., Julia. Lyman R., Legrand R., Maria N., wife of L. Iv. Figg, of Louisville, Ken- tucky; and William, deceased. The subject of this sketch was raised on the farm. When young he worked at painting with the intention of learning the trade, but he abandoned that project and resorted to farming. Starting for California in 1849, he proceeded as far as St. Louis and there his funds gave out, and he heard of so much sickness on the Isthmus that winter that he was persuaded by his friends to remain. He then engaged in brickniaking for HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. \i. AY. Williams, and the next spring started again for California overland, leaving tiie Mis- souri River at the point where Kansas City now is; was four months making the trip, and had but little trouble with the Indians or with sick- ness. At one place they were halted by the In- dians, and one of the company exchanged horses with them. They overtook the whites and de- manded $20, which was given them. Near Ft. Laramie, Mr. AViiiiams was placed in command of this train, to succeed the previous captain, who had died; and Williams was afterward killed by a man named Hunter, at or near Salt Lake. The train halted, and the lawyers and judges whicii were in it conducted a formal trial of Hunter and discharged him. After that there was no trouble. They arrived at Sacramento August 20. Mr. Davis' first night's sleep liere was where the Plaza now is. Until February 10 he worked in the Soutliern mines, and then one summer season on Feather lliver, being moderately successful. In the fall of 1851 he went to Benicia and burned brick for Timothy Sage two months. N"ext he purchased a tract of land four miles below Georgiana Slough, con- sisting of three-fourths of a mile or more. On tiiat he choppsd wool for about two years and sold it. In 1853 he sold that land, went to San Quentin and made brick for a season, for Gen- eral Taylor. At that place he lost about $600. During the next fall (1853) he purchased the sluop Bianca, of sixty tons register, said at that time to be the fastest boat on the river; and he used it for floating and hauling wood to San Francisco, in which business he made money. Ill the fall of 1854 he sold it, and it was after- ward sunk on the Sacramento. He had to take it back, at considerable loss, raise it, repair it, and he sold it again. About that time he pur- chased the place where he still resides, four miles from Sacramento, oft' the lower Stockton road. At that time it was a claim of about 200 acres, and he commenced at once to fence and improve it. He followed teaming over the mou itainsto Virginia City, his ranch being kept up mean- time. Since then he lias given his wliole atten- tion to agricultural pursuits. At present there are 200 acres of the home place, on which he mostly raises wheat, with remarkable success. He has also other land in crops. Altogether he has 500 acres in wheat, 140 in barley and 100 in oats. Besides, he has about 2,000 vines and plenty of other fruit for family use. He is a member of the K. of P., and of Sacramento Grange, No. 12. Politics, Republican. He has made three visits to his home in Kentucky, and has crossed the Isthmus five times. He was married in 1870 to Emma L. Lennon, a native of Kentucky, and they have eight children: Newton B., Legrand R., Jr., George W., Lydia N., Florence M., Benjamin C, Raymond I. and Nellie P. tENRY FREDERICK WILLIAM DET- ERDING, deceased, was born in Han- over, Germany, June 11, 1818. At the age of fourteen years he was apprenticed to the wagon-maker's trade, at which he served three years; then, according to the custom of his na- tive country, he was sent out to spend five years in traveling and to learn the ways of the people and earn his own living, which was to serve as a part of his education. At the expiration of this time he returned to Hanover and opened a carriage and wagon shop, where he prosecuted the business until 1845, when he emigrated to the United States, landing in New York. Pro- ceeding on to St. Louis, he established himself there in his trade until 1851. In March of this year he started with two yokes of cattle and came overland to California, arriving in Sacra- mento September 24, 1851. The train con- sisted of five wagons, and they did not separate until they arrived at Shingle Springs, El Do- rado County. On arriving in Sacramento Mr. Deterding opened a shop on the corner of Ninth and J streets, where he carried on his trade with prosperity until April, 1853. Selling out, he removed to Diamond Spring, El Dorado County, where he openeil a general store, which was HI^rORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. managed by his wife while lie turned his at- tention to mining. This he continued until Fonie time in October following, when he sold out liis store and took a contract for hauling logs to a saw- mill at Mud Springs, now the city of El Dorado. In the fpring of 1854 he moved to Logtown, and again engaged in merchandis- ing. The next fall he moved his stock to Griz- zly Flat, same county, and carried on the business there until May, 1857. He then bought 520 acres of land in Sacramento County, which still remains the same and belongs to two of his daughters. In the fall of 1857 he built a quartz-mill and dam about sixteen miles from Car.-on, Nevada, and did quartz-crushing there two years, his family meanwhile remaining on the farm here. The quartz business, however, ])roved to be an unsuccessful venture, as he lost the $30,000 which he had put into it. Alter that he returned to the iarm. On this place was a hotel which he conducted, it being on the main thoroughfare for all the teaming and travel between Sacramento and Virginia City and that section of country. In 1879 business was entirely suspended and the hotel did not pay so well; but it was still kept open. The house is still standing. Mr. Deterding was successful in almost all his business pursuits, being a good manager and financier. In his political sympa- thies he was a Democrat. He died August 26, 1879, and his wife June 18, 1885. Their mar- riage occurred in the old country, in 1845; she was a native of Germany and her maiden name was Wilhelmina Rosenberg. They brought up ten children, six daughters and four sons, as fol- lows: Mary, who died while crossing the plains; Louis, who died at tlie age of seventeen years, June 18, 1867; Christina, who died December 14, 1885, at the age of thirty-three years; Julia, who died October 25, 1888, also at the age of thirty-three years; Charles William, Matilda, Isabella, Wilhelmina, William, who died in 1869, aged five years; and Frederick, who died June 25, 1875, aged only one month. Charles William Deterding was born at Grizzly Flat, El Dorado County, May 19,1857, and madehis home with his parents until after the death of his father. His present place of 290 acres was purchased November 14, 1883, since which time he has been employed there. Previously for six years he also worked the home place. He has had from 800 to 1,800 acres in cultivation at one time. His orchard of 140 acres com- prises peaches, apricots, pears, plums, French prunes, figs, walnuts, almonds, oranges, lemons and limes, all of \Vhich are bearing. The vine- yard of tw^enty-live acres has Tokays, Muscats and a variety of wine grapes. Fine buildings adorn the premises. October 1, 1884, Mr. Det- eiding married Miss Mary, daughter of John Shields, whose sketch appears elsewhere, and they have had two children: Charles, born De- cember 10, 1885; and Mary, Ixirn February 27, 1886. |=^JIIAM RIPLEY BECKLEY was born in WM Athens County, Ohio, March 2, 1835, his ^C parents being Lucius Ripley and Mary Ann (Gorsline) Beckley. The father was a native of Ohio, and the mother of Indiana, her parents living near Fort Wayne. Grandfather Daniel Beckley married a Miss Camp, and both lived to a good old age, perhaps sixty years. In 1844 the parents, with three sons and a daughter, moved to Van Buren County, Iowa, where the father was engaged for a time selling the product of a local pottery, chiefly to dealers. He after- ward moved to Lee County and went to farming near Montrose for two years, when he returned to his previous pursuit in Van Buren County. The grandparents also spent a few yeais with him in Iowa, but afterward went back to Ohio. In 1850 L. li. Beckley, with his wife and chil- dren, crossed the plains to California with three ox teams and some cows, forming part of a com- pany of over 100 persons and a train of thirty- eight wagons. The Beckleys left Bonaparte, Iowa, Ajiril 5, but did not cross the Missouri until about May 1, not daring to venture into the interior because of the backward condition ninruJiY OF SACliAilENrO COUNTY. of the grass that season. They arrived in Hang town, now Placerviile, September 20, 1850, whence the fatlier soon went forward to Sacra- mento to l)uy flour and other supplies with which lie started a bakery at Diamond Spring for a few months. In December, 1850, they moved to Sacramento, where the fatlier built the Wash- ington Hotel, corner of Fifteenth and J streets. After a few months he rented it to another party, and he conducted the Prairie House on the Placerviile road. There the mother died, June 5, 1851, and the family returned to the AYashington Hotel in Sacramento. In the spring of 1852 he was again married to Mrs. Plicebe Shaefier, a widow having one son. He was burnt out in the great fire of November, 1852, and soon afterward bought the Monte Cristo House on the Coloma road, which he carried on about three years. In 1855 he moved into Franklin Township, and the fortunes of the family have been connected with this township ever since. He first took up 320 acres about two and a half miles west of where Franklin now stands, with a frontage of one mile on the road to the Sacramento River. Soon afterward he bought about 1,000 acres five miles north of Franklin. He was elected Supervisor for the years 1855 and 1856, and was afterward Public Administrator for one term. He died M=iy 15, 1859, after two or three years of broken health, leaving three sons and a daughter born of his first marriage: Benson D., born about 1833, now a rancher of Calaveras Coutity, and the father of four cliildren; Edmund J., born in 1886 or 1837, a hotel-keeper in I'ortland, Ore- gon, and the father of one child; Mary Maria, born in 1838, by first marriage, Mrs. Isaac Allen, and by second, Mrs. S. F. Wheeler, who lived in tiiis county from 1850 to 1883, and died in Nevada County in 1885. P. R. Beckley, the subject of this sketch, worked with his father, and afterward ibr a time in charge of his ranches, almost continuously from boyhood until the death of the latter in 1859. Meanwhile he had bought 160 acres adjoining his father's place on the road from Franklin to the Sacramento, and about 320 acres of low land near the river. Mr. Beckley was married December 30, 1858, to Miss Sarah Clark Walton, born in Delaware, January 3, 1838, a daughter of William and Maria (Fountain) Walton, both now deceased, — the father, May 27, 1877, aged seventy-eight; the mother, December 25, 1885, aged seventy- six. The father was of English, and the mother of French descent. Their son, John Henry, died in Franklin, November 24, 1888, aged forty- two, of blood-poisoning, from what seemed at first a trifling wound in the hand. Another son, William J., died in Iowa, in 1854, at the age of nineteen. A daughter, Elizabeth J., was married to Dr. B. H. Pierson, one of the first residents of Woodland, Yolo County, and pre- viously for fifteen years a practicing physician in Sacramento. He died in Franklin, January 10, 1883, leaving three children, now living with their mother in Auburn, Placer County. Another daughter, Esther Ann, was married to T. J. IloUowa}', a rancher of Santa Barbara. Tli"y are the parents of four daughters and two sons. Mr. Walton with his family came to Sacramento in May, 1856, from Iowa, where they had settled in 1849, at Farrington, Van Buren County. In 1857 they moved from Sacramento to the Twelve-Mile House on the Lower Stockton Road, which Mr. Walton car- ried on about three years. Early in 1859 Mr. Beckley built a new house on his place, which, however, he soon sold, being invited by his father to live near him on his upper ranch. The father's death in May threw the estate into court for distribution. In 1860 Mr. Beckley took charge of the Twelve-Mile House j)revi- ously run by his father-in-law. In 18(51 he bought the ranch of 320 acres now owned by Weller Freeman, about two miles east of Frank- lin. In 1864 he was elected County Assessor for two years. In December, 1866, he sold his ranch and settled in Georgetown, now Franklin, of which he has been a second founder. He bought four acres along the west side of the road, on which he has since erected the most substantial buildin;^s in the valley. He first HISTOliT OP SACBAMENTO COUNTY. put up a slore and dwelling, the former being now used as a saloon, having been replaced as a store in 1881 by the large two-story brick, a consp cuous landmark for miles around, of which the upper-story is used as a public hall. The dwelling of 1867 is embodied in the two-story building known as the Franklin Hotel, begun in 1885 and finished in 1887. In February, 1867, Mr. Beckley opened his plajje for business as a general store which he conducted until 1875, at the same time carrying on general farming on the McCraken ranch of 400 acres adjoining the village j.lat at its soutiiwest cor- ner, which he continued until 1885. Being elected Supervisor in 1875 he sold out his stock of goods and rented the sto.e. He entered on the duties of his office on the first Monday in October of that year, and retained it by re-elec- tion until 1882. After an intermission of seven years in official life he was appointed after the election of 1888 to the position of sub-sheriff, and entered on the discharge of its duties on the first Monday in January, 1889. He has been postmaster continuously since 1868. Mr. Beck- ley is a member of the Masonic brotherhood, and is a highly esteemed and public-spirited citizen of Franklin Township — a sort of genial head-center of all local interests. Mr. and Mrs. Beckley are the parents of ten children, the crown and glory of their useful, industrious and unpretentious lives: Lucius Ripley, born No- vember 23, 1859; William Walton. June 3, 1861 ; Mary Maria, January 8, 1864; John Augustus, December 26, 1865; George Irville, December 16, 1867; Lizzie May, May 1, 1871; Isaac Freeman, May 25, 1873; Sarah Esther, March 11, 1876; Laura Alice, January 14, 1877; and Ora Edna, July 17, 1883. Of these, the oldest daughter, Mary Maria, was married June 29, 1882, to John W. Hall, a native of Canada, son of John E. and Jane Elizalieth (Benjamin) Hall, then residing in this township and now in Yolo County. John W. Hall had taught school in Georgiana Township nearly four years, when, at the age of twenty-six, he was accidentally drowned, April 1, 1884, while hunting ou the Whitcomb place, leaving two children: Elmer Ernest, born April 25, 1883, and a posthumous child, Myrtle Gertrude, born September 4, 1884. The children and their mother are members of the Beckley household. Lucius E., the oldest son of P. R. Beckley, owns 160 acres in Jenny Lind Township, Calaveras County; and William W.. the second son, owns an adjoining quarter section. ILLIAM CURTIS, rancher, was bora in ' Watertown, Middlesex County, Massa- chusetts, August 11, 1831. His par- ents, John Thomas and Mary (Bailey) Curtis, natives of Lincolnshire, England, came two years previously to America. His father died May 1, 1850, and his mother, now nearly ninety-one years of age, is living with him, the subject of this sketch. She has made three trips from Massachusetts to California, twice by water and once by land. Of her family of five children, only two sons are living. At the age of sixteen years young William commenced driving a milk wagon into Boston, and con- linued in that business until he left for Cali- fornia. February 5, 1852, on the steamer Prometheus, he left New York city, and cauie by the Nicaragua route. Embarking on the steamer North America for San Francisco, the vessel was wrecked when four days out, near land, at night. She ran ashore about ninety miles below Acapulco. Mr. Curtis then traveled to Acapulco on Mexican ponies. Many of the passengers, however, had to walk, as there were 1,100 of them. No lives were lost by the wreck. From Acapulco Mr. Curtis came in a sailing vessel to San Francisco, arriving May 10. Where he now resides his bi-other was then living. After stopping with him a \'ev/ days, he went to Beale's Bar, on the North Fork of the American River, and tried gold- mining for two weeks, quitting then for want of water. His brother was taken sick and after his recovery returned to Massachusetts, and re- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. mained there until December, 1888. In his absence William took charge of the place, and in the course of two years became the owner. Up to three years ago- he kept a large dairy of eighty to 100 cows. During the past twelve years he has been engaged extensively in thresh- ing, and during the past seven years he has had many cattle in Arizona; has 1,200 head thereat present. He makes annual trips to that coun- try to look after his interests. On his property in this county he has about ninety head of horses, young and old, and about forty head of cattle. He has 1,500 acres of land in cultiva- tion on the Haggin grant, which he has been conducting for the past six years. Of the homestead tract, on the lower Stockton road, there are 200 acres. In the flood of 1852 he lost heavily in stock. W itli that exception he has been fortunate, and his management has been attended with great success. January 1, 1862, is the date of Mr. Curtis' marriage to Susan AY. Potter, uf lone Valley, this State. They have two sons and three daughters, but the sons are deceased. William Roland died at the age of seventeen years, and Frederick P. at the age of four years and four months. The daughters are Carrie M., Alice Louisa and Edna. Politically Mr. Curtis has been a He- publican ever since the party was organized, and has been an active worker for the advance- ment of its principles, participating in the con- ventions, etc.; but he has never aspired to any office. He has always thought that his own business, well attended to, would pay as well as any other he could ever hope to reach. E. CHAMBERLAIN, one of the Cali- fornia pioneers, associated with Sac- * ramento since the early days, is a native of Dunstable (now Nashua), New Hamp- shire, born October 31, 1801, his parents being Elijah and Elizabeth (Kidder) Chamberlain. The Chamberlains are one of the early New Euicland families. Three brothers of that name came from England in the early colonial days, one of whom settled in Massachusetts. From him the subject of this sketch is directly de- scended. His father was an extensive Boston merchant, who had business interests at other places. The mother of the subject of this sketch was a native of Dunstable, New Hamp- shire, and her father was a minister there for many years. When W. E. Chamberlain, our subject, was an infant, she resided at Boston, but on account, of her health she went to Dun- stable to live. Daniel Webster, that great tigure in American history, was a relative, and sometimes made his home there, so that our subject was as intimately acquainted with him as with a brother. W. E. Chamberlain went to Hopkinton to pursue his education, and while there lived with an aunt, Mrs. Webster's mother. He attended school there and at Pel- ham and Hopkinton. While at Bradford he was compelled to quit school on account of being attacked with rheumatism. He wanted to go to West Point Military Academy, but his mother was unwilling. He entered a store at Andover, and in 1822 became a silent partner with Joel Carter in Boston. In 1824 the firm of Simpkins & Chamberlain, Boston, was founded. In 1827 Mr. Chamberlain went to Cincinnati, where he engaged as clerk in a store. He next went to Oxford, Ohio, where he engaged in business. In 1844 he went to Terre Haute, Indiana, where he was in business live years as a member of the exteusive firm of Craft & Chamberlain. On the morning of the 1st of January, 1849, he started for his place of business, when he met some one who told him his extensive lard works were burned down. He proceeded to the scene and saw that the re- port was only too true, and that everything was destroyed. 'At 10 A. M. he returned to his home. When asked by his wife what he in- tended to do, he said he was going to California. In connection with three or four others a party was formed for that purpose, hue the others left Mr. Chamberlain out of the arr mgements, con- cluding he was too old. He, however, not dis- HISTOllT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY couraged, arranged with two other men, and tliey ontfitted and started, proceeding to St. Joseph, Missouri. They found it difficult to cross the river, and after that was accomplished many obstacles appeared ahead. There was a vast emigration ahead of them, and the grass was short; so they sold their wagons, having concluded to pack across. Before they got to Big Blue (two or three days after leaving the Missouri River), the signs of cholera became so numerous that Mr. Chamberlain's partners, Messrs. Ketchum and Barber, became alarmed. In the morning, after a very stormy night, they came to Mr. Chamberlain and proposed to go back. He told them he would not, but would give them $100, and take two mules and part of the supplies, and go ahead. Two of the party that had left Mr. Chamberlain out on account of his age, Mr. Crawford and Colonel Hook (afterward sheriff of San Joaquin County), were overtaken, and he joined with them. The three proceeded on to Little Blue River, and there Colonel Hook was taken sick. Crawford then insisted on going back, but Mr. Chamberlain would not have it that way, and proposed in- stead to wait until a train came along, and put Colonel Hook aboard. This was done, and the two others proceeded on their way. After making the last crossing of the Platte, and after they had proceeded out of sight of it, Mr. Chamberlain became very sick with the dysen- tery. He said, " I will have to stop and rest;" but the Indian encampment could be seen in the distance, and Mr. Crawford refused to wait, as he said they would be killed by Indians. Mr. Chamberlain put up his little tent, and they finished tlieir work of separating. Mr. Craw- ford was about leaving, when a train appeared over the hills, approaching them. The first wagon was that of a yonng Virginian, named Wilson. He put one of Mr. Chamberlain's mules into his team, and they proceeded to- gether. Mr. Chamberlain reached Sacramento August 23, 1849. A few days later he went with a young man from New York, to a point on the Mokelumne River, five miles from lone. and went to mining; but their efforts proved ' futile. He then went up on the Cosumnes River, and remained at Cook's Bar until spring, when he returned to Sacramento and purchased a little store from Lindley & Booth. Mr. Dye built a store on the Plaza to rent to him, and after renting it about a year, Mr. Chamberlain purchased it. He carried on business there until burned out by the great fire of November, 1852. He was elected city treasurer, taking the office in 1854, and serving one year. The next year he was elected city clerk and auditor. In the spring of 1856 he became connected with the bank of D. O. Mills & Co., and has so remained ever since. For a time he held the position of vice-president and director. He has been city treasurer also in 1863, 1864, 1867, lS6S-'72,and two years since the last-mentioned date. Mr. Chamberlain was married in Sears- port, Maine, while a resident of Cincinnati, to Miss Charlotte A. Kidder, a native of Sears- port. She was a daughter of Nathaniel and Sarah (Averton) Kidder, and granddaughter of Dr. Averton, of Massachusetts, a celebrated physician. Her father was a Boston merchant, who, on giving up business, retired to a farm. Mrs. Chamberlain came to California to join her husband in 1853, via the Nicaragua route. The children did not come until two or three years later, having remained in Indiana, under the tuition of Dr. Scott, Mrs. President Harrison's father. Three children have been born to them, viz.: Edward (deceased), Florence L. and Will- iam Edwin. Mrs. Chamberlain departed this life June 1, 1888. Edward, the oldest son of W. E. Chamberlain, completed his education in Sacramento. He studied medicine with Dr. Moss, of this city, and assaying with Henry Hawks, of San Francisco. He became con- nected with smelting works, and went from there to Arizona to look at some mines. He prac- ticed medicine there, and was hospital steward at Fort Yuma. He afterward went to Mexico, where he contracted yellow fever, and died in 1884, aged forty-three years, leaving two chil- dren. Florence L. is the oldest living cliild of HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Chamberlain, and was born in Maine. She is the wife of Benton Julian, a native of Indiana, and they have three children, viz.: Edwin Benton, Harvey Hartley and Wal- do Emerson. Mr. Julian has been intimately associated with educational matters in Sacra- mento in the past, having commenced teaching in the public schools in a business college in San Eraiicisco in 1856. William Edward, the thirJ child of W. E. Chamberlain, and a native of Oxford, Ohio, was educated at Phillips Academy and at Harvard, where he took the full course. He has been connecred with a business college in San Francisco, and is a resident of Oakland, with business in San Francisco. He is married and has two children, viz.: William Edward and Florence Gladys. f«gllLLIAM HENRY FRYE was bora in |«^'| Bourbon County, Kentucky, May 28, i^31iri 1813, his parents being James and Eliza beth (Baxter) Frye. The father died July 23, 1822, at about ttie age of forty-five, the mother surviving until April 24, 1847, then in her six- tieth year. Grandfather James Frye was the first of the family to settle in Kentucky, having moved thither from Virginia. Soon after the birth of W. H. Frye his parents moved to Mis- souri, settling in Pike County. His formal edu- cation consisted of three months' schooling, but on this scant foundation his thirst for knowl- edge, aided by exceptional natural ability and great industry, has reared a superstructure of wide and varied information of which a college graduate need not be ashamed. He niade such progress by private study that while yet a young man he taught school with success, occasionally referring to an older teacher in difKcult cases. As his judgment and power of reflection grew witii his years and experience he came to be rec- ognized as an exceptionally well informed man, and now, at seventy-six, though physically aged bis intellectual powers retain their wonted vigor, enhanced by special acuteness of perception, the ripened fruit of his many years of independent thought and close observation. In early years Mr. Frye worked on iiis father's farm, and in young manhood had the courage to buy out the interest of the other heirs, but the panic of 1837 made the burden too heavy and eventually compelled the sale of the place. He afterward traded for some two years, chiefly in pork and tobacco. In March, 1849, he started across the plains and readied Weaverville September 6. He had a pleasant journey. He started in a large train, but two wagons separated from the train and came through by themselves. In 1852 he commenced buying and selling cattle; and in 1853 raised his first crop of barley on what is now his liomestead ranch, sixteen miles south of Sacramento, on the lower Stockton road. He first took up 160 acres, then unsur- veyed, to which he has since added by purchase three other quarters of as many adjoining sec- tions, thus becoming the owner of 640 acres in one body. He also owns 170 acres five miles north on the same road, now occupied by his oldest son. Mr. Frye raises wheat and barley, and until recently raised considerable stock. I For some years he also carried on a dairy busi- ness, but now gives his chief attention to wheat, raising only such stock as he needs on his ranches. Mr. Frye was married January 7, 1854, to Mrs. Sarah Hough, born in Cortland County, JS'ew York, October 20, 1823, the daughter of Rodney and Sophia (Watts) Sanford. The father, a native of New York State, born March 16, 1793, died in Ohio, March 18, 1840. The mother, a native of New York, also died in Ohio, under the age of fifty. Her grandfather Sanford reached a good old age, and grandfather Isaac Watts was over eighty when he died. Mrs. W. H. Frye has had four brothers, all born in the State of New York: Arthur W., born P'ebruary 15, 1816, became a Presbyterian min- ister in Ohio, served as Captain in an Indiana regiment in the Civil War, and died in Detroit, Michigan, in Marcli, 1887; Whitfield, born April 30, 1818, a lawyer by profession, has re- sided for some vears at Wahoo, Nebraska; UISTOUY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Philo Watts, born January 14, 1821, is a farmer in Palo Alto County, Iowa; DeWitt Clinton, born October 14, 1827, is a fanner in Ohio, and served in the Civil War. All have reared fami- lies. Mrs. Frye is a lady of a high order of intellect who also takes a deep interest in the welfare of humanity. Tiiough well advanced in years she still presides over the local Sunday- school, a labor of love for the rising generation. She is not only a loving wife and devoted mother but her maternal solicitude embraces all chil- dren within reach of her influence. Her four sons have grown to intelligent and upright man- hood under her loving cure and watchful over- sight, and her heart still reaches out toward the young for whose moral welfare she labors with unflagging zeal and earnest sympathy. The home is a large, handsome structure, containing all the comforts and luxuries necessary to a ra- tional enjoyment of life, and thoroughly per- meatei with wholesome intellectual and kindly spirit of both parents. Mr. and Mrs. Frye are the parents of four sons: Edward William, born January 21, 1856; Charles Thomas, June 13, 1858; Eugene Hough, January 1, 1861; Jacob Henry, September 28, 1863. Each went to school from about the age of seven to eigliteen, and all have inherited and cultivated a love of rejidiiK^. Edward William was married Sep- tember 7, 1881, to Miss Mary Hustler, born at Marysville, California, October 11, 1856, daugh- ter of Asbury B. and Martha J. (Humfreville) Hustler, both now living in this county below Conrtland. The father is a native of Maryland and the mother of Ohio. Both have been in California since 1854, the father having made his first visit to the State in 1852. Grandfather William Hustler, also a native of Maryland, died at the age of about eighty at Carlisle, Ohio. Grandmother Fanny (Burke) Hustler, born in Wilmington, Delaware, died at Carlisle, Ohio, of cholera, contracted while nursing the sick in the epidemic of 1832. Grandfather Jason Hum- freville, born near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1804, died near Courtland, California, in 1875. Giandinofhcr Mary Ann (Ellsworth) Humfre- ville, born in Springdeld, Massachusetts, in 1811. died near Courtland, California, Septem- ber 21, 1881. Mrs. E. W. Frye was educated in the district schools, and afterward taught school for some years before her marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Frye are the parents of two sons: Har- bert Henry, born June 25, 1883, and an infant son, born August 1, 1889. Charles F. Frye was married October 12, 1886, to Mrs. Mary (Day) Bascom. The other sons are unmarried. tERMAN HUBER, deceased. The subject of this sketch was born in Switzerland in 1835, and came to this country with his parents in 1844. They were people of means, and settled in St. Louis with their nine chil- dren. The father, Henry, first came out with a colony of Swiss, most of whom settled in St. Louis. Both parents died young, the father at the age of forty-eight, and the mother still younger. Mr. Herman Huber came to Califor- nia in 1851 and went to mining in Hamburg Caiion, Placer County, and continued in tiiat business until 1869. He made a good deal of money, but sunk a considerable part of it in un- profitable ventures. On leaving the mines he first came to Sacramento, but soon moved to Colusa, where he went into business as a money broker. In October, 1867, he was married to Miss Augusta J. Faulkner, a native of this county, born on Mormon Island, daughter of Charles Dix and Elizabeth (Binninger) F\aulk- ner. His father was a native of Petersburg, Virginia, of Scotch descent; the mother was born in New York city, December 25, 1826, of German parentage. They were married in Sac- ramento January 15, 1850. On the evening of their wedding they attended a largo ball at Sut- ter's Fort. They had to go iu a skiff from the Pioneer Hotel, which was kept by Mrs. Huber's grandfather. This hotel was the first brick house in Sacramento. During the floods in 1850 they lived for several days on the table, and had to have the stove up there to do their HISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNT T. cooking. The father, Jacob Binninger, lived to the age of seventy -four. Mrs. Huber was edu- cated at tlie Franklin grammar-school in Sacra- mento. Her parents came to California in 1849 and settled in Sacramento. The father died in March, 1857. The mother survived him twenty-seven years, and was married to Louis Binninger. They kept the Pioneer Hotel for many years. She survived her second husband eight years, dying in 1884, and leaving two daughters: Maggie, now Mrs. Henry Ward Watkins, of Oakland, who has a son born in July, 1884, and a daughter bom in February, 1888; the second daughter, LenaM. Binninger, lives with her half-sister, Mrs. Huber. In 1870 Mr. Huber bought a ranch in Yolo County, about sixteen miles south of Sacramento, on the river, to which he added by further purchase until he owned 645 acres in that region. He did a large dairy business, milking from 140 to 200 cows in two places not far apart. In 1877 he bought 400 acres on the north line of Frank- lin Township, six miles south of Sacramento, increased by purchase in 1883 to 645 acres, de- voted to general farming, chiefly wheat, barley and alfalfa, besides some horses ior ranch use. Mr. Huber was killed by a fall from his horse within a few miles of his home in Franklin Township, February 3, 1889, leaving two sons: Charles Henry, born December 11, 1869, in Todd's Yalley; Herman Louis, in Sacramento city, January 30, 1873. Charles H. was gradu- ated at Sacramento Business College, and Her- man L. is now taking a course in the same institution. Mrs. Augusta J. Huber has been for six years a member of the order of Chosen Friends, Merritt Council, No. 141, which meets at Clarksburg, in Yolo Coimty. fLE O. GOOURICH, nursery man and orchardist, Sutter Township, was born February 22, 1840, in Norway, son of Ole ami Ida Goodrich. His father, a farmer, came with the family to America in 1852, purchasing land, and locating in Dane County, Wisconsin, and died there in 1854; his widow survived un- til 1859. They had eight children, named Christian, Ida, John, Julia, Butler, Isabel, Ole and Eliza. All except John are living. Olo was twelve years of age when he came to America, landing in New York city. Proceed- ing at once to AVisconsin, he there learned the photographer's art, and worked at it until 1863, when he sailed from New York on the steamer Ariel, and came by the Isthmus to California, landing at San Francisco in December, on the steamer St. Louis. For a while he was em- ployed in a restaurant at Benicia, then he was cook on a ranch, which has since been included within the city of Oakland; next he herded sheep for a short time; next traveled among the mountains taking photographic views; then was employed by Flint & Olsen, here in Sacra- mento, as foreman in their hop yards, remain- ing with them Ave years; then worked awhile for Mr. Williams in the nursery business; next was in partnership with J. S. Harbersoii for eleven years, and then during the two floods he lost heavily each time. In 1883 he went out and purchased thirty-ibur acres of J Burke, and commenced to set out a nursery and orchard. In 1888 he purchased seventeen acres more of D. Kocca, and he now has altogether fifty-one acres, all of which is devoted to nursery and fruit. The place is three miles south of Sacra- mento, and a half mile east of Sutterville. He has been experimenting with fruit for thirteen years, and has introduced several new kinds into the market, among them two very excellent varieties of peach named by Mr. Hoyt the " Goodrich " and " Sacramento," which comes in after all the other good varieties are gone; also a very early apricot; they are gaining iupop- ularity , and Mr. Goodrich has no trouble in dis- posing of all his young trees, as well as the fruit. He propagates and sells all varieties of fruit trees. lie is a very energetic man, a hard worker, hon- est in all his dealings, and therefore reliable as a nurseryman and horticulturist. Mr. Good- rich was married January 1, 1876, to Miss Mary ni^rvJir of .saoiumento vou^ty. (Tnindon, of Ktiglish ancestry. They have three children: William, Elizabeth and Minerva. fRSlvlN C;UL<;i<:iv. ordiardist, Sutter Town- ship, was born in Comity Tyrone, Ireland, June 12, 1832, son of Robert and Catha- rine Greer. In 1834 his father died, and in 1836 Ills mother, witli a family of twelve children, sailed from Londonderry for America, landing at Philadelphia, where they resided five or si.x years, and then emigrated further AN'^est, settling in Schuyler County, Illinois, in what was known as the Military Tract. Mrs. Greer lived there until her death, in 1856. Ten of her children are still living, viz.: George, Joseph, John and Alexander, in Schuyler County; Mrs. Lucy McClintock and Mrs. Jane Williams in Adams County. Illinois; Mrs. Charles Miller, Mrs. El- len Hamilton, .Vntlrewand Ersldn (irccr in this county. Mr. Greer, the subject of this bio- graphical sketch, has earned his own livelihood ever since he was si.x years of age, never Iiaving a dollar given to him during his youth; and be- sides, lie has aided in the support of liis mother and sisters until he was twenty five years of age. From tlie time the family located in Illinois, in 1842, he lived in Schuyler County until 1850, during which time he was employed in his brother's store as a clerk. Afterward he learned the cooper's trade, and carried on that business on a large scale, employing a iiuniber of men, until he came to California on account of ill- health. March 18, 1850, he left Illinois with three others, and after arriving at Independence, Missouri, a party of thirty or forty was organ- ized to cross the plains with ox teams. They liad no trouble until they reached the Big Blue River, where the Sioux and Pawnees were at war, and they captured a number of emigrants, not knowing whether they were friends or enemies, but as soon as they became satisfied they were friends would release them. These were the first hostile Indians Mr. Greer had ever seen. At Pacific Springs, near the summit of the Rocky Mountains, they met with Asiatic cholera. They arrived at that point about two o'clock in the afternoon, and before night they helped to bury a number of people of other trains who had died of that fearful scourge. The ne.xt morning Mr. Greer and his party left that place to avoid the epidemic. After passing Fort Hall they ran short of provisions, and a de- tacliment hastened on to this State to procure some of the necessaries of life. At this time there were ten or tifteeu men in the train, with whom Mr. (ireer remained, taking charge of the cattle. Had they not found a sack of corn in one of the wagons the party would probably have starved to death. At the head-waters of the Humboldt their supplies were so reduced that they ventured to kill one of their cattle; but the flesh proved to be so alkaline that they could not eat it in any shape. In that part of the route they also found the cholera prevailing in other trains, and the grave of William Burn- side, brother-in-law to Mr. Greer, a member of their own party, who had started in advance to this State for provisions, and who had died of that epidemic. Along the Humboldt, too, the Indians were troublesome. In two localities not far distant they had attacked trains and committed intirdor. Provender was also scarce, and their horses and cattle suffered. The first supjilies they received were at the sink of the Humboldt, from a relief train sent out by Ral.-*- ton and others. Thence forward they could buy what provisions they wanted, if they could only aft'ord to pay nt the rate of a dollar a pint, which was the price of every commodity! In crossing the forty-mile desert Mr. Greer saw, in both man and beast, more suff"ering than he has ever witnessed in his life before or since. At the old Mormon station they found a plenty, but the prices of course were exorbitant. The route over the Sierra Nevada was exceedingly rough. They arrived at Hangtown, September 6, 1850, disposed of their cattle and went to mining, which they followed until spring. Then they began prospecting toward the south, going be- low Fort John to a place called South Grass HISTOMY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Valley; but after incurring heavy expenses in rcacliing the place, they found the reports they had heard concerning tiie region were all hoax. There being a heavy snow on the ground, they were compelled to remain awhile, and even feed their oxen with flour to keep thein from starv- iTig, thus limiting their own bread supply. Dis- posing again of their cattle and wagon upon tlieir return to Ilangtown, they took their blank- ets U])on their backs and started out again pros- pecting. Mr. Greer was compelled to give up miner's life on account of ill-health, although while actually employed in mining he had good siicces;;. Working in water and exposure in camping out brought on rheumatic troubles, from which he nuvei' has entirely recovered. Coining into the Sacramento Valley he engaged liimself upon the ranch of Jerome C. Da/is, and cut a large amount of hay during the summer; and next began hauling goods to the mines. In 1853 he settled upon a rancii within Ave miles of Sacramento, almost due west from his pres- ent place, and began stock-raising and farming. In 1855 he visited his old hoiue in the East, returning to California well pleased with the visit, but disgusted with the country there. He was very successful in his pastoral and agri- cultural pursuits until 1861-'62, when the great flood carried away everything he had; but, un- daunted, he continued in the good work of recuperation. In 1803 he entered the employ of the Sacramento Valley Railroad Company, J. P. Robinson, superintendent, llis particular station was to superintend and cultivate a large ti-aet of land belonging to the railroad company in the neighborhood of Freeport, which position he filled about four years. During this time, September 22, 1864, lie married Miss Harriet Ellis, a native of Rushville, Schuyler County, Illinois, and a daugiiter of Hon. William Ellis, for many years judge of the Circuit Court there. In 1868 he became part owner of the railroad tract just referred to, buying out the entire town site. His position was one of re- sponsibility. A great deal of business of the town of Freeport was under his supervision. His erection of a hotel on the property in 1864 was the beginning of the town. Business here was lively until the railroad was bought up l)y the Central Pacific Company, and the track taken up. Mr. Greer remained in the employ of the company, and as proprietor of the town site up to the time of this transfer. In 1874 he sold his pi-operty and removed to Sacramento, where he bought other property at 812 K street, and also at the corner of Ninth and K, \»here the Hale block now stands, and engaged in the grocery trade for about ten years. In 1882 he bought his present ranch of 100 acres, when it was entirely devoid of trees and devoted to the raising of grain ; but it is now one of the pretti- est places in Sacramento County, and the right distance from the city to have all the advantages of both city and country, and the disadvantages of neitJier. It is situated three and a half miles from the city, between the upper and lower Stockton roads. It is called Fruit Ridge Home. The state of everything on the premises exhibits the ambitious and well-cultivated designs of the owner. For the past two years Mr. Greer has also had the superin tendency of what was j formerly known as the Winters ranch, or Rancho del Rio. In political afi'airs Mr. Greer has always been a consistent Democrat, versed in the principles and baptized with the spirit of Democi-acy. He was an ardent admirer of Douglas in his day, and still believes in the doctrines of that great statesman. For two years he served as justice of the peace of Frank- lin Township, and while in ofiice he was gener- ally able to settle about four out of every five cases without bringing tlieni to formal trial. In 1854 he drew up the subscription paper for building the first school-house in the Freeport district, then called the West Union school dis- trict. That building is still used as a school- house, but has been moved four or five times to suit the convenience of the people. Mr. Greer has also served as School Director in West Union, and also in Capital school districts. During his residence in Sacramento city he served on the Board of Education two years Hisroar of sacramento county. with marked efficiency; and since November, 18S8. lie lias been a member of the Board of County Supervisors. Mr. and Mrs. Greer liave two children: W. Walter and Robert E. fETER A. MILLER, retired contractor, Sac- ramento, was born in Cliristianstadt, Swe- den, in July, 1827. His father was a merchant farmer, who died when he, the subject of this sketch, was twenty-two years old, and for the next six years he had charge of the business of the estate. In 1855, however, he determined to emigrate to the United States, sailing from Hamburg on the 1st of May, in the ship '• Howard." It proved an eventful voyage for them. While in the English Channel they col- lided with a Frencii transport bringing troops to Sebastopol, and in consequence were detained for six weeks at Dover, England, for repairs. However, they were eventually landed in New York, and Mr. Miller went direct to Galesburg, Illinois, wliicii place was his home for some time. There he learned the trade of brick- layer, becoming an expert. He afterward lived in Knoxville, Illinois, for about live years, and in 1860 left for Califoinia. Having a friend at Napa, Peter Littengre, whose brother made one of the party, he went directly there and obtained work on the stone bridge, then in process of biiildi'ig, and remained there until the fail of that year, 18til. He then came to Sacramento, stopped at the What Ciieer House, and ob- tained employment at his trade. When, in 1862, the City of Sacramento bought and pre- sented to the State Agricultural Society the grounds for its exhibitions, he got the contract for the brick work on the walls, etc. He also had the linililing of a stone residence at Putter Creek Canon, Solano County, for John Wolf skill, a pioneer of 1845. The stone from which this dwelling was constructed, and which was taken from the Putter Creek Cailon, was so soft and so free from grit that it could be readily cut with a common saw. It hardened by exposure, and the old '■ Wolfskill House " still stands, in a perfect state of preservation. In 1865 he was engaged in laying the brick in the erection of many buildings in the city, among them the St. George Building, D. O. Mills' Bank, Hastings Building, the Gregory Building, Pioneer Bakery, and the El Dorado Bank, where Wells, Fargo tfe Co. now are. In 1866, he built the Washington School-house, corner of G and Thirteenth streets, and later on engaged in brick-making at the Gra:ie-vine brick-yards, on the Yolo side of the- river. These brick took the first prize in San Francisco. In 1880, he had the contract on the Washington levee, and in 1881 was engaged in similar work under Le Roy & Pierson, and in the reclama- tion district, near Courtlaud, and at other points. Mr. Miller has always been a Republican in politics, and in social relations an Odd Fellow since 1862, a member of Sacramento Lodge, No. 2, also of Sacramento Lodge, No. 40, F. & A. M., and of Chapter No. 3, and is also mem- ber of the State Agricultural Society. He is a man of domestic habits, married in 1857, to Johanna Johnson, a native of Sweden, who came to California in 1854, with her brother. Tliey have tive sons and one daughter, and they are all living at their pleasant residence, situated on M street. Ipi^ON. EUGENE J. GREGORY is not only fS) the Mayor of the city of Sacramento, but ^(s also occupies a leading and representative position as a young business man; is in fact one of the best examples that can be cited of what the younger generation of business men ought to be. The firm of (iregory Bros. Company, of which he is the head, has a reputation and a trade coincident only with the borders of the United States, and has aided no little in placing our California products before the world. The house was established in the year 1S52 by Mr. Julius Gregory, a native of France, but a resi- dent of California since the days of '49. The IITSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. members of the present firm are Messrs. Eugene J. and Frank Gregory, sons of Julius Gregory, who died in May, 1871, after a life of activity in more than onedirection that proved beneficial not alone to this city and its growing trade interests, but as well to the community in general. Eu- gene J. Gregory was born in San Francisco on the 15th day of August, 1854, and is therefore a " native son," both by birth and connection with the order of Native Sons of the Golden West. He has grown up in this State, obtaining a thorough preparatory business and academical education in the schools of California. Ten 3'ears ago he assumed the management of the business of the firm of whicii he is the head, and has since that time been actively identified with the introduction of California products to other portions of the country. It is rather, however, in his public capacity as Mayor of this city, that we wish to speak of Mr. Gregory, lie became a candidate for that office at the earnest and repeated solicitation of his friends, although contrary to his own private wishes in the matter, on the occasion of the municipal election in 1887. The party lines are usually drawn pretty close in Sacramento, and the party forces are also pretty evenly divided, majorities usually being very small. Mr. Gregory, although a Republican of decided yet liberal principles, was nevertlielass elected to the position of Mayor by a majority of no less than 1,919 votes, the largest plurality ever secured in the city. His great popularity and the entire confidence re- posed in him by the citizens of every class is the secret of this gratifying vote. His course as Mayor has justified the confidence of the peo- ])le in the choice they made, as since his elec- tion to that post, the purity of subsequent elections, the rectifying of abuses in various de- partments, and the careful oversight of appoint- ments to minor offices, have been in every instance secured. This is no wonder, for, as he himself stated to the writer, he believes in running the city upon the same principles he adopts in car- rying on his private business. His prompt and decisive action has in more than one direction | been the cause of saving large sums to the city. Mr. Gregory is looked upon generally as a "com- ing man," and if the feeling of tnis community, which knows him best, is any test, he will ere long be called upon to fill other posts of a more honorable, if not more responsible, nature'. He is an active member of the Masonic order, in which he is a Past Master, and also of the Odd Fellows, as well as others of the leading orders. Personally, he is a man of captivating presence; to meet him is to be his friend; possesses in the fullest degree the esteem and confidence of every one irrespectiveofsect or party, is an ora- tor of no mean merit, is favored in social circles, and worthily wears his honors as Chief Execu- tive of the Capital City. He was married July 3, 1874, to Miss Emma Crump, a native of Sac- ramento. - They have one son, Julius, now nearly thirteen years of age. ILLIAM STARK MANLOVE, M. D. Doctor Manlove's ancestors were origi- nally from Yorkshire, England. Grand- father Christopher Manlove was commissioned Surgeon or " Apothecary's Mate," to his Majes ty's Hospital in North America, August 5, 1761, during the reign of George III, King of England, by General Amherst, Commander-in- chief of the British troops in this country. This was before the Declaration of Independ- ence. He settled first in New Jersey for a few years, and then moved into Virginia; was mar- ried in Petersburg, and resided there until his death. He had five sons and five daughters. His third child, John Manlove, was born in Dinwiddie Counts', that State, on a plantation adjoining the city of Petersburg. There he grew up to manhood, studied medicine under the tutelage of his father, and was a prominent phj-sician of that county for eighteen or twenty years — until his death, whicli occurred in 1825. He married Miss Ann Kino irginian, ivho survived him for about thirty-five years, and died in 1857. They had one son and one daugh- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ter. This son, the subject of this sketcli, was born December 9, 1824, at the old Virginia lionestead in Dinwiddie County. His prelimi- nary education was liad at private schools, he then attended an academy, and then the Univer- sity <5f Virginia at Charlottesville, and subse- quently he attended medical lectures, and after- ward a course in the medical department of the "University of Pennsylvania." at Philadelphia, graduating there in 1847. He practiced his pro- fession in his native State until 1849 when a stock company of about 125, then organizing in Kich- moiid,Va., for atrip to California during the gold excitement. Dr. Manlove became a shareholder. They sent a committee to New York, who pur- chased the ship "Mary Ann," brought it to Richmond, loaded it with supplies, and in March embarked on their long journey around Cape Hurn. Four days oat the vessel sprang a leak, and from that until they reached Rio Janeiro tiiey had to keep a gang of men pumping, pas- sengers alternating with the sailors at this labo- rious task. At Rio Janeiro they spent an enjoyable month, repairing the ship and recruit- ing. They celebrated the Fourth of July at the Faulkland Islands. The weather was cold and rough as they rounded Cape Horn, but the eight days which they passed at Port Conception, Ciiiii, were delightful; they arrived at San Francisco on the last day of September. The company then disbanded, sold the vessel and effects, and scattered to various points in the State. After remaining some six weeks in San Francisco, Dr. Manlove went to the Southern mines in Amador County, and was there until tlie spring of 1851, mining, trading and practic- ing medicine. Then selling his interest, he went to Nevada City, and mined and prospected through the mining regions in the northern part of the State. Not meeting with success, and tired of roaming, he selected this county for a permanent residence, purchasing his pres- ent place, consisting of half a section of land, and here he has since remained, farming and practicing his profession, with the exception of two years, when he was sheriff of Sacramento County, 1857-'59. Among the very first to re- alize the future of grape culture in this favored locality, as early as 1858, he began planting the Mission variety, which was at tliat time thought to be the best; out of his abundant experience he now favors the " Burgundy," and the liner varieties of table grapes, Tokays, Muskats, Cor- nichons, etc., of these having fifty acres, or about one-half his vineyard. The Doctor is the standard authority in his section on all questions pertaining to fruit culture, and he thinks cher- ries the best paying crop; he has half a hun- dred acres devoted to them, and to plunis, apricots and peaches of the best varieties. The Seedling orange does well, — trees seventeen years old, well tilled with luscious fruit. He has more orange trees than any other man in this section, including a considerable plant- ing of trees obtained from Florida direct. He also has pecans, butternuts. Eastern and English walnuts, Japanese persimmons, dates, etc., all fruiting. Politically the Doctor has always been a Democrat, and lias filled many positions of trust and responsibility, beside that of sheriff for two years, to which reference has already been made. In 1887 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Bartlett a member of the State Board of Viticulture, a position which he tills with credit, but perhaps his greatest public work has been his connection with the " Patrons of Hus- bandry;" sixteen years ago he was chairman of the Farmers' Association, which was merged into the " Grangers'," or " Patrons'," movement. He was chosen the first master of the new or- ganization in this county, and was organizing "deputy" for the district composing El Do- rado, Amador and Sacramento counties tor the three first years, during which time he organ- ized and put into successful operation no less than fourteen local granges. Of his home life we need say but little. His wife, to whom he was united in September, 1859, is a daughter of the late Hon. Sliubel N. Baker, who came to California from Coldwater, Michigan, at an early day, was a merchant in the city of Sacramento, and associate county judge under the old Con- HISTORY OF .SACHAMEXTO COUNTY. stitution; he was afterward a rancher in this count}', where he died some fifteen years ago. Tlie family comprises an only son, J. Edward, wiio takes charge of the various farming opera- tions, and a daughter, Catherine A. The home- stead is situated on the old " Jackson road," seven miles east of the Capital City; the Placer- ville railroad cuts it in twain, and affords them a convenient station almost at tiieir gates. The house a commodious modern structure, shel- tered by gigantic " black " oaks, and surrounded by beautiful flowers, tended evidently by some loving hand, is a picture of home comfort and genial hospitality. Here then we see resting from his labors a man whose life has been one of more than usual activity, truly a representa- tive man. one who has done much to advance the agricultural and fruit-growing interests in this favored section of the State, and we gladly accord to him a prominent place in the annals of this county. Ji|LIVER PLUMMER, a rancher of Cosum- ^MU nes Township, wa-! born in Yates County, ^^ New York, November 26, 1829, his par- ents being William and Delilah (Fitzsimmons) riummer. The family moved to Illinois in 1844. The father, a native of Pennsylvania, lived to be seventy-six, and the mother to be seventy-four. Grandfather George Plummer, a native of New Jersey and n Revolutionary sol- dier, lived to the age of niuety-one, and his wife, Hannah McMurtrie, reached ninety. Re- ceiving a limited education in the district schools, Oliver worked on his father's farm until he set out for California. Crossing the plains, he arrived in Sacramento, September 20, 1852, and went to tetmingwith the two horses he had driven from Illinois. After eight tnonths he opened a miners' store. on Dry Creek, near Dry- town in Amador County, which he carried on about three years. xVlr. Plummer was married at Cosumnes, May 18, 1856, to Miss Mary L. Wilson, born in South Bend, Indiana, Septem- ber 8, 1839, her parents being William D. and Elizabeth (Garver) Wilson, both natives ot Ohio. The father was born April 3, 1810, and the mother in 1813. They left Indiana "for Cali- fornia in 1847, but wintered in Missouri, and in 1848 resumed their journey. The father was captain of the emigrant train. On the way they heard from returning Mormons of the discovery of gold in California. Mr. Wilson and part of the company concluded to seek the land of gold, while others kept to the original design of go- ing to Oregon. On his arrival Mr. Wilson mined for a short time on Mormon Island and then moved to Hangtown, now Placerville, where, in the winter of 1848-'49 he built the first house erected in that place. The family then com- prised six children; five more were born in California; nine grew to maturity and seven are living in 1889. In the spring of 1850 he moved down on the Cosumnes and purchased 6,000 acres of the Hartnell Grant, and built a tavern, long known as Wilson's Exchange, across the river from what is now the Cosumnes postoffice. He was postmaster from the establishment of that office until 1868. He was by trade a millwright and built the first suspension bridge on the Co- sumnes. In 1868 he sold oi.t his ranch and hotel and moved to Gilroy, Santa Clara County, where he died November 22, 1869. His widow, by her second marriage, Mrs. W. A. Angel, died at Los Angeles, July 13, 1877. Meanwhile Mr. and Mrs. Oliver Plummer rented Wilson's Exchange in 1857 and carried on the tavern business for three years. Mr. Plummer also rented some 600 acres from his father-in-law and went into cat le-raising and general farming, in which lie continued until 1870, after the place had been sold by Mr. Wilson. In 1871 he bought 230 acres about three miles higher up on the Cosumnes. where he still resides, and of which about 100 acres are bottom land. He does general farming, and makes a specialty of corn and alfalfa on the home place. He also owns 280 acres below Sebastopol and rents 2,000 acres, as sheep range, of which he usually keeps about 2,500 head. Mr. and Mrs. Plummer have UISTOUY OF SACUAMENTO COUNTY two daughters and one son: Mary Emma, born November 13, 1857, and Alma May, born De- cember 24, 1862. These fondly cling to the homestead, a help and comfort to their parents. The son, Harry AVilliam, born April 3, 1860, was married at San Jose, January 1, 1884, to Miss Annie Fischer, born in New York, a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Fischer. They have two children: Oliver Christian, born September 28, 1884, and Gertrude, born July 28, 1886, who are equally at home with their grandpar- ents on the Cosumnes or their parents in Sacra- mento. tRNOLD D. PATTERSON, deceased, was born February 25, 1804, in Carlisle, Penn- sylvania. His father, Robert Patterson, was one of seven brothers, and born in Virginia. He and a younger brother, Benjamin, were both Indian scouts in the employ of the Government during the war of 1812. At the battle of Black Rock, where the city of Buflfalo now stands, he was wounded. He was in all that frontier war, serving with distinction. He piloted Colonel AVilliamson, who was sent over by the Earl of Pultney with 800 emigrants to settle the estate in Steuben County, New York. He and Uri Stephens acted as pilots for those emigrants, taking them through about 200 miles, to the estate, before the war uf 1S12. A. D. Patterson came from Pittsburg, Pennsyl- vania, to California in 1849, leaving in March, and reaching Weaver Creek, El Dorado County, in August. He .opened a store at Ringgold Coming to Sacramento for supplies, his wagon broke down near Joseph Routier's place, and he turned out liis cattle that night, and they were stolen. This event incidentally led to his set- tling in this county. He located on what was then the northeast corner of Sutter's grant, taking up 160 acres; and his partner, Charles Thorn, took up the same amount adjoining. About a year afterward, in 1852, Mr. Patterson boucrht out Mr. Thorn, who went down into the redwoods of San Mateo County. During this year Mr. Patterson's family arrived from New i^ork, leaving there July 10, and coming by way of Panama, landing at Sacramento August 20. The family then consisted of Mrs. Patter- son and five children: James G., Mrs. John E. Plater, of Los Angeles; Mrs. C. H. Watt, of San Francisco; Mrs. J. C. Foster, of Sacra- mento, and Francis, married and living in Can- ada. They lost one daughter. Mr. Patterson was married in Steuben County, New York, in 1836, to Mary Starkweather, a native of Scho- harie County, New York. Her father was agent for the estates of Rutgers and Livingston, and Livingston and Van Rensselaer. The latter covered almost three counties, during the time of the a iti-rent riots. Mr. Patterson lived on his farm until 1856, when he moved to Folsom and built ami ran the Patterson House, in part- nership with J. M. Waters, until 1865. Waters took the farm here, and Patterson the Folsom property. In 1865 Waters was accidentally killed, and in 1868 Mr. Patterson leased out the hotel and moved back upon the ranch to settle the Waters estate. He built a station on the railroad three-fourths of a mile below Rout- ier station; in the fall of 1870 the building was i)urned, he moved further up, and during the following winter built the present station- house at Routier. He died December 4, 1884. He was postmaster over twelve years. The postofiice was first established in 1869, at May- hew's station; in 1872 it was changed to Rout- ier, and Mr. Patterson appointed postmaster. In September, 1851, he was elected sheriff of Sacramento County, and held that office in 1852-'53, and during his term three men were executed by hanging in Sacramento, the first men banged by the authorities in this county. James G. Patterson was born in Steuben County, New York, August 21, 1837, and came to California in 1852. In 1860 he went over to Carson and Virginia City with a wagon, crossing the summit of the mountains May 10, and spent a year there in mining; then he was a year at Austin, Nevada; then a year and a IIISTOHY OF SACUA.UENTO COUNTY. half in this county, and then was in Nevada till 1870. i^ext he mined at Salt Lake until 1872; spent eight months in Lower Califoj-nia, to trace up a copper mine which he had heard of at Salt Lake; traced the mine for five miles, sunk a shaft forty feet deep and took out sixty tons of ore, which proved to contain twenty- eight per cent, of copper by an assay of 100 pounds made in San Francisco. This was the last of his mining, with the exception of acting as foreman of the smelting works in Sacra- mento about a year. He is a mining expert. He came to his present place in 1875, which comprises thirty-three acres, all in a vineyard of choice grapes. December 8, 1884, he was appointed postmaster, and was appointed ex- p;-dS3 agent February 4, 1885. He was mar- ried in Njveraber, 1878, to Mary Crew, adopted daughter of Dr. W. S. Manlove. They have one son — Arnold D. fOLOMON RUNYON was born in Wilt County, Illinois, in Xoveuiber, 1827, his parents being Armstead and Anna (Harn- backer) Runyon. The father was a native of Kentucky and of American descent for some generations, but the more remote ancestry was probably French. The mother was a native of Ohio, of German or "Pennsylvania Dutch" parentage. Grandparents Michael Runyon and wife, the latter an American lady by birth, but of English parentage, lived to a good old age. Grandparents Harnbacker were also quite old wli ley died. The father, Armstead Run- yon, first moved to Preble County, Ohio, and afterward to Will County, Illinois, of which he was one of the early settlers, locating near Lock- port. The subject of this sketch had but scant opportunities for education in his youth, just enough to learn to read, write, and keep accounts in his own way. He worked on his father's farm until he was twenty-one, and since then lie has labored to some a June 18, 1869; Edgar George, October 14' 1873; Edna May, iXovember 18, 1878. Two of these are deceased: Nellie F. died February 8, 1882, and Edgar George. April 9, 1876. Carrie Rosina is the wife of Joseph Holmes, and they have an infant daughter who has two great-grandmothers still living. Thus there are four generations residing at one time in the sairie house. Mr. Rich has taken considerable interest in political matters. His first Presi- dential vote was cast for Stephen A. Dotiglas, in 1860; since then he has generally voted the Re- publican ticket, but is discriminating in his choice of candidates. He has been an active worker and a member of a number of county conventions. One year he was justice of the peace of Sutter Township. He is a member of the Pioneer Society of this county, and of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Pacific School Sacramento district. Has been superintendent of the Sunday-scliool, and in many ways he has been efficient in measures for the public welfare. He has been successful in business, contributing largely to the agricultural and horticultural in- terests of his locality. For a year he was editor of the Sacramento Valley Agriculturist, and was also special corresj^ondent of the Rural Press and California Patron for Sacramento County for a number of years. Six years he was a member of the board of directors of the G. B. C. A., during which time he was secre- tary. In 1881 he was appointed by the State Master of the order of Patrons of Husbandry, to the office of Lecturer for the Grangers in this county, which position he filled two years. At one time he was also Master of a Sacramento grange, and filled different chairs in that society at various times. Postoffice address, 1008 K street, Sacramento. tYSANDER MAKEPEACE LINCOLN, one of the most prominent pioneers of Sacramento County, was born in Taunton, Bristol County, Massachusetts, January 18, 1824, a son of Benjamin Lincoln. There were Benjamin Lincolns for five generations born in the same house where L. M. was born. His mother, nee Sophia Makepeace, was born in Norton, Massachusetts, December 17, 1795, and died in June, 1853. His father was a cotton manufacturer, and built and ran a factory iu Wareham, Massachusetts, where the family moved in 1824. After following that business a number of years, the hard times of 1837 came on. He died in that place December 25, 1841; he was born December 11, 1789. He had seven sons and two daughters, of whom six are now living. One is Mrs. Sarah W. Edwards, an old resident of this county, and the widow of Thomas Edwards, an old Californian, who came here iu 1850, and brought his family in 1852. He died June 7, 1877, in his sixty-third year. James L., the eldest son, is an old sea captain, who has recently come to California, ^r. Lin- coln, whose name heads this sketch, went to sea when he was fifteen years old, in a whaling vessel, and followed ocean life for nine years, making voyages to the principal ports of the world. Leaving New Bedford in the latter UISTOUY OF SACnAMKNTO COUNTY. part of 1839, lie went to Cape Verde Islands, spent a season in the soutliern part of the Indian Ocean, and then went to the Sunda Islands, whore he witnessed a curious sight, namely, the suttee, which consists in burning the body of a living widow with the corpse of her deceased husband! Then he went to Cocos Islands; next passed a season ag.iin in the Southern Indian Ocean, and thence came home by way of Madagascar, the Cape of Good Hope, the Island of St. Helena, etc. Afterward he visited the Azores, or Western Islands, and various other places along the western coast of Africa, Soutii America and the West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, etc. For his fourth voyage he started in December, 1845, and came around Cape Horn, and passed three seasons on the upper northwest coast and on the Japan Sea. In the meantime he, with the crew of his vessel, saved the crews of two other wrecked ships, one I'rench and one Gernum, and never received any reward. On ai'riving at the Sandwich Islands, they found the people frantic in coming on board to buy every article of merchandise they had, even paying exorbitant prices for them. On inquiry as to the cause, it was found that they had received iievvs of the gold dis- covery in California, and they were preparing to come hither as soon as possible to supply the market in the mining camps. Here Mr. Lin- coln left his ship, which was homeward bound, drew his §200 and took the schooner Honolulu for San Francisco, arriving in October, 1848. With a party of five others, mates and second mates, they rushed on to the mines at Phicor- ville, where they spent the ensuing winter. While there, Mr. Lincoln saw three robbers hung, by lynch law, the execution giving the name of Ilangtown to the place; it has long been called Placerville. In the spring he sent to his old home in Massachusetts the first Cali- fornia gold ever sent to that neighborhood, and it created great excitement. He wrote to the people there that if they could prove that that specimen was not gold, then California was a humbug. He mined at points between Placer- ville and the several forks of the American liiver until July, 1852. At this time Thomas Edwards and family arrived, and Mr. Lincoln came down to the valley and engaged with Mr. Edwards in a d.iiry. They first leased Mr; Brock- way's ranch for a year and tiien bought a set- tler's claim for the Edwards property on the Freeport road, a mile and a quarter below the city limits. In two or three years Mr. Lincoln sold his interest to Mr. Edwards and became one of about thirty to buy settlers' titles to land in the Sutter grant, his being near Sutterville. Twenty-one years elapsed before the lawsuits over these matters were finally settled, and Mr. Lincoln came out with about 150 acres of land. Since that time he has sold oft' a portion of this tract, leaving him about ninety acres of the best land in the valley. Asa liepublican and public- spirited citizen, Mr. Lincoln has taken active part in various county, congressional and State conventions. For twelve or fifteen years he has been justice of the peace and school trustee for Sutter Township. He is a life member of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers, hav- ing two shares of. stock in their property and franchises. Mrs. Edwards has four children living, — three sons: Eustes R. went to Massa- chusetts and learned the trade of machinist and now is engaged in farming and fruit-raising; Benjamin Lincoln, on home farm; George, a graduate of the State University, and now em- ployed l)y the Bancroft Publishing Company; Sophia E., now Mrs. Gay, at home. Mr. Gay is in the freight otHce of the Southern Pacific llailroad. The home place consists of 279 acres, and there is also a farm of 105 acres on the -^^^ ®M. KKESK, contractor and builder, Sac- ramento, was born in Dansville, New "* York, .lune 14, 182(5, the third of a family of five children, four of whom were sons. His father, John Reese, was a native of Penn- svlvania, anil was reared in his native State. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO CUUNTY. 443 After reacliing manhood he enlisted and served in the War of 1812. After his return he emi- grated to New York State. The subject of this siietch received a common-school education, and learned the trade of carpenter and joiner with his two older brothers, and afterward worked at his trade in Rochester, New York, and also in the city of Buffalo. On the 24th of February, 1852, he went to New York and embarked for California, on the ship Georgia, which was dis- abled and put back. He was transferred to the Ohio at Havana, and iinally arrived at San Francisco on the 1st of April, 1852. He went to Stockton, and fi'om there on foot to the southern mines, and returned to S^icrameiito in the same manner, and went to work at his trade for George Wallace, the builder. In 1860 he went to Virginia City, Nevada, and was there during the Indian war, in whicii General Mere- dith and Mr.jor Ormsby were killed. In June, 1864, Mr. Reese M'as married to Miss Carrie E. Trimble, daughter of John Trimble, of New York, and they have one son living, Charles E. Reese, enoaged in mercantile business on J street, in this city. Mr. Reese returned to Sac- ramento in 1868 and engaged in contracting, and since then for the past twenty years has been prominently identified with building in- terests iu this section of the State. He has erected a large share of the finest bnildings in tiie Capital City. He is a member of Capital Lodge, No. 87, I. O. O. F., also a member of (Accidental Encampment, and a member of Patri- archs Militant, and served as District Deputy Grand Patriarch. For the past fourteen years he has resided at his present comfortable, at- tractive home on H street. fAMES RUTTER was Iwrn in August, 1S27, in Cornwall, England, his parents being James and Elizabeth (Barrett) Rutter. He was educated and learned iiis trade (at which he worked two years) in iiis native town, llaylc Cop'perhouse. In tiiis town the engine used to pump the water out of Harlem Lake, in Hol- land, was built. He came to America in 1849 and settled in New York, where he worked at his trade for a year as journeyman; then left New York for the West, going up the Missis- sippi River to Churchville, then down the river to Quincy, Illinois. He stayed there nntil 1851, working at his trade. In January of that year he started for Galena, Illinois, leaving his tools at Quincy, as there was no mode of conveyance til! the navigation opened up in the spring. He traveled parallel with the Mississippi till he struck Rock Ishuid, then took the stage. He found Galena very dull but managed to make a living at his trade nntil spring; and when spring arrived commenced working regularly. In the fall of 1851 he married Tomsine Penberthy, a native of Cornwall, England, located about six or seven miles from where he was born. In April, 1852, he and his wife came across tiie plains by means of ox teams with a train of twenty wagons and sixty- persons. They reached the Sink of the Humboldt without having en- countered many thrilling events. From there they started to cross the desert at about nine o'clock in the morning; had dinner at one o'clock at a place where the ground was literally covered with the accumulations of the iron works from the wagons that had been inirned there to cook food. After resting about an hour they continued their journey to Carson Valley. The last ten miles of the journey was the hard- est on account of the sandy roads. They noted that the sand was springy, which was caused by the accumulation of the carcasses of animals that had died there and over which the sand had drifted; they traveled over these bodies for a distance of ten miles! About the 5th of Au- gust they reached Diamond Spring and stop- ped there. Mr. Rutter worked at his trade at Hangtown for awhile, but soon went to Sacra- mento city, where he worked at his trade in the Overton iilock on Third and J streets. During the fire of 1852 his tools were destroyed and he also lost his wages; after that he was occupied in helping to rebuild the city, at $10 a day. lll.STOUy OF SAVltAMKNTO COUNTY. Jamiiiry 1, 1858, lie moved upon his present riincli at Florin, lie first pre-empted it and afterward located it under the laws of the State. The place is beautifully situated about eight miles from Sacramento, and is the dividing line hetvvcLMi Ijrighton and San Joaijiiiii townships. The ranch is what is calletl plains lanti; the formation is of a bed rock three feet from sur- face, commonly called " hard pan," and the water is eight feet from the surface and of first quality. The soil will grow anything that can be raised in California. The land was unim- proved, and there was Spanish cattle ruimingon it when he first went there to live. The first year he planted 600 peach-trees, which grew up nicely, but the grasshoppers came and destroyed all but 158 of them; he renewed them and got a fine growth. In 1861:, on account of the drought, ho had td inipniviso s< nie method of watering thorn; he did so and obtained a fine growth; this was the commencement of irriga- tion. There was very little fruit in the market that year, and he could command almost any price for his; one-half the proceeds from the first crop paid ofi' the mortgage on his farm. The first year he also planted a small vineyard, principall}' fine Muscats; they fetched from 25 to 50 cents per pound for the first lots, lie kept increasing his vineyard yearly. lie sent the first grapes on the railroad, when it was completed to Chicago, and realized a large figure at that market. His vineyard now consists of 100 acres in bearing. He has been shipping to Martin & Co., of Denver, for the past seven years. lie produces a great many wine grapes which are consumed hero. In 1872 he was awarded the diploma at the American Institute at New York city for the display of Muscats, Ale-vandria and Flaming Tokay. In 1873 he was awartled the silver medal by the American Pomological Society in Boston for the best collection of grapes grown west of the Rocky Mountains. In 1874 he sent a fine collection to Nebraska and was awarded the modal by the Horticultural Society of that State. Some, of the clusters of fruit were selected and sent to other fairs. I'\)r the last twelve years he has held a regular ex- hibition at the California State Fair, and has re- ceived hundreds of dollars in premiums. At tlie California Fair held in 1879 he was awarded the golden prize by the California State Agri- cultural Association for wine grapes, table grapes and raisins. He is a member of the California Fruit Union and the Dried Fruit Association (a new society started last fall). Mr. liutter has one daughter, Agnes, wife of L. M. Landsborough, resident in Sacramento. ^H-l- LLIAM II. UOniNSON, farmer and fruit-raiser, Brighton Township, was born in Conneaut, Ashtabula County, Ohio, April 6, 1832. His father, Israel An- thony Ilobinson, was of English descent, and his mother, nee Delia Lake, of Dutch, and proba- bly born in New York, and they, with one or two other families, were among the very first settlers in the neighliorhood of Conneaut. They reared niiie children, all k)rn in the same log house, si,x sons and three daughters, to the years of maturity. Their fatlier died there about 1830, and their mother in 1840 emigrated to Aurora, Kane County, Illinois, where she passed the remainder of her days, leaving the scenes of earth in 1873. Their children were: Henry, who died in 186!) in Sacramento; Robert, who resides in San Francisco; Henrietta, who resides in this county; Charles, died in Placerville in 1850, and Sally died in this county about 1876; "Will- iam II., whose name heads this sketch; Frank, who died in the interior of Oregon while on a mining expedition. The boyhood days of Mr. William II. Robinson, our subject, were spent at home in Ohio and Illinois till he was about fourteen years of age, when he went to the lead mines in Wisconsin and spent two years with a surveying party in Minnesota, when the settlers we're few. He was kept on tlu; frontier so steadily in his younger days that he never saw even a railroad until 1853, when he took his first ride from Madison, Wisconsin, to New IIISTOIIY OF HACHAMKNTO COUNTY. York city, on the way to California. On arriv- ing at New York lie took passage on tlie steamer Ohio to Panama, and came tlience on the steamer John L. Stephens. Leavinfr New York some time in December, he landed in San Francisco in January, 1854. First he prospected about Hangtown a year. The next spring he went upon the police force at Sacramento, which posi- tion he retained a year. March 12, 1857, he located upon his present place at Florin. The land was perfectly barren, and lie raised his first two crops without a fence, and herded the stock off the place nigiit and day. He has made this farm his home ever since, witli the exception of two years when he was deputy sheriff under E. F. White, 18G9-"71. His iarm contains 100 acres, devoted to fruit and grain. Has thirty- five acres in trees and vines, mostly the latter, and the remainder in grain. In the first place he set out 100 orange trees eleven years ago, but the frost has killed them all out except six, four of which are in bearing. Politically Mr. Robinson, as well as his father, was a Whig, and has been a Eepublican ever since that party was organized. He has been a delegate to every Republican county convention except one since 1871. He was married January 24, 18G0, to Lydia E. Smith, daughter of Thomas M. Smith. She came with her parents to California, arriving December 1, 1854. Mr. and Mrs. Robinson Lave one son, Frank T., born April 8, 1866. fOHN P,. STUDARUS, orchardist, etc., Brighton Township, was born in St. Gall, Switzerland, December 10, 1824, brought up on a farm, and when seventeen years old learned the trade of baker, following it five years in one locality. In 1847 he sailed from Havre to the United States in a sailing vessel, landing at New York after a voyage of forty- two days. With him came an old schoolmate named Nokear Stahele, who remained with him two years before separating. It was Mr. Stud- arus' intention to go to Cincinnati; but on reach- ing Pittsburg he found the Ohio River so low that it was impossible to go down on the boat. He remained at Alleghany City, adjoining Pitts- burg, until 1850, engaged in gardening, etc., for other parties, and then with his friend rented a dairy farm. He drove a milk wagon for his friend until his brother arrived from Switzer- land; then he worked for another dairyman until the fall of 1848, when he went down the Mis- sissippi to New Orleans; was there about three weeks without finding any work that suited him; and he left there, the Asiatic cholera breaking out in the city at the same time. Going to Cin- cinnati, he found employment. For the first three weeks he was engaged on the packet steamer running between Cincinnati and Madison, Indi- ana, in 1849. Became sick and lay up at a boarding house in Cincinnati for a few days. Being also out of money, he was obliged to ac- cept the first offer of work that was made, and he drove a milk wagon in that city seven months, during the time the cholera was raging. Over 5,500 ])eople died there in three months. In August he went to Pittsburg, sick. His old comrade took him to his house until he recov- ered; and while there he nlet a young lady whom he had known in Europe, Mary Reach by name, and married her, in Alleghany City, rented a couple of rooms and worked at whatever he could find to do until he heard of a family near Wellsville, West Virginia, named Arbuckle, who wanted a farmer to take charge, preferably a German. He and his wife went there and worked for wages six months, and then took part of the place on shares. Remained there until March, 1853, when with two children they came overland to California. They were. delayed two weeks at Weston, Missouri, twenty-eight miles below St. Joseph, by sickness of children. They arrived at Diamond Spring, El Dorado County, about the first of September; and a few miles from there, at a place called Logtowii, Mr. Studarus commenced mining, being- there somewhat over a year; then he came down into the Sacramento Valley, near where Brighton now is, and rented a farm on the American JIISTOnr OF SACRAMENTO COUNTr. River for six years. He then, in 1857, bought tlie squatters' title to the place where lie now lives, a part of the old Folsoin grant. The place comprises 338 acres, all in one body, most of it being river bottom. For several years his principal crop was barley; afterward brooin-cori;, Indian corn and melons. After the Central Pacific Railroad was completed the demand for fruit increased, and he commenced setting out trees and vines, until he now has 120 acix-s cov- ered, nearly all in bearing condition. Mr. Stud- arus is one of the charter members, and at present a director, uf the Sacramento Cannery, which was established in the summer of 1888, and he is also a charter member of the American River Grange. In his political sympathies he was a Republican during the war, but recently he has been Democratic. His wife died in Oc- tober, 1872, the mother of fourteen children, of whom nine are now living, three sons and six daughters. The following year he married Bar- bara Bollenbacher, who died December 10, 1884, the mother of three children: a son, Joseph and a daughter, are twins. ip^ON. JOSEPH STEFFENS.— California is %m\ '^ wonderful land; its inhabitants have ■^(1 become renowned the world over for a spirit of energy, enterprise, pluck and perse- verance, that has never been seen elsewhere; it is a land of gigantic undertakings, and grand achievements, even in this country of great at- tainments, its success is unparralleled. Here, as elsewhere, the moral is true, that a steady and persistent following of right courses, diligent attendance to business, and the adoption of cor- rect methods, is the truest source of successful advancement. It is a pleasure to write the his- tory of the lives of Californians; there is always variety, instruction and interest; yet never in the recollection of the writer has he undertaken a sketch more full of all that is valuable for the purpose of either private reading, or of public study, than the life of the Hon. Joseph Steffens. No man in this part of California occupies a positionof more prominence as a public-spirited and far-seeing citizen than he. In his office oE President of the Board of Trade of this city, lie has accomplished a great work for the develop- ment, not only of Sacramento, but also of Cen- tral and Northern California. It is impossible to do full justice to this subject, yet facts and particulars can be given, which will enable one to form as close an acquaintance as can be had, without a personal meeting. lie was born Janu- ary 15, 1837, in the township of York, Upper Canada. In 1840 the family removed to Car- roll County, Illinois, where they resided for many years. As with so many others of our prominent men, the early life of Mr. Steffens was passed uponafarm, the summer being spent in work, and the winters at school; and it was there that he laid the foundation from which he has reached his present height. Not being of a very robust nature, his parents feared that he could not endure the severe labor of regular farm employment: accordingly, when nineteen years of age, he entered the Rock Island Semi- nary, where he took an academic course; later he entered " Bell's Commercial College," Chi- cago, as a student of mercantile branches; upon completingacourse, he taught school for several terms; but, being anxious to devote himself to commercial life, he became a clerk for C M. Clayton, dealer in paints and oils, at Freeport, Illinois, in 1859. He remained with this firm three years; and there perfected himself in the line of trade in which he has been constantly engaged ever since. Desiring to test for him- self the truth of the stories current in the Mid- dle States, and to take advantage of the oppor- tunities afforded an ambitious young man in this glorious State, he decided to come hither. In the summer of 1862 he crossed the plains with Levi Carter of Stockton, passing through Sacramento on his way, and arrived at San Fran- cisco, September 9, of that year. He found employment almost immediately with Fuller & Heather, dealers in paints and oils, as book- keeper, the salary being but $50 a month. His HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. abilities in this line of trade, his knowledge of the business, and his active attention to the in- terests of his employers, won their confidence, and he was soon promoted to better positions. He remained with this liouse until its consoli- dation with that of Cameron, Whittier & Co., under the name of Whittier, Fuller & Co., now so well known in the paint and oil trade; it be- ing the leading firm on this coast. Fuller & Heather had bad two houses, one in San Fran- cisco and the other in Sacramento. Upon the consolidation, the stores of the two firms were merged into one, located on the corner of Fourth and Pine streets, where Mr. Stefi'ens continued for a year; at the end of tiiis time, in 1869, he was sent to Sacramento, to take charge of the busi- ness here. He continued to act as manager of the Sacramento house until 1874, at which date he was admitted a member of the firm; and has since that time been a resident partner, controll- ing the financial affairs of the house in this part of the State. He is director of the California State Bank. Such in brief, is a record of the life of the Hon. Joseph Stefi'ens; but to give a fair un- derstanding of the importantpart performed by him, in tiie liistory of tliis section, would be to almost write the history of this period; so ac- tive a part has he taken in all public matters. He has been President of the Board of Trade since December, 1882, and is the most active and responsible member of that valuable board; the annual reviews issued by the Board of Trade are documents of great value. We shall not, however, in this place, refer to this subject at greater length, as in another portion of this vol- ume the matter is treated' fully, wjth the as- sistance of both president and secretary of tiie board Mr. Steti'ens is also an active member of the Sacramento Improvement Association, and is President of the California Museum As- sociation, and takes a most lively interest in it. He is distinctively a business inan_ but interests himself intelligently, in local and national poli tics, as they effect the well-being of the nation, and the community in which he resides, and where lie lias so mucli at stake; he is not a poli- tician, however, although frequently importuned to enter political life. In 1884 he was induced to permit his name to be used in the city elec- tion as a candidate for mayor on the Republican ticket. So close was the election that after one week's canvass, out of 4,000 votes polled, he lacked but thirty-one of being elected, — a higli tribute to the esteem and jjopularitj' of a busi- ness man, whose hold on the hearts of his fel- low-citizens had been gained by a life of intel- ligent devotion to their common welfare. Mr. Steffens is a gentleman of quiet and pleasant manners, captivating address, and of social and cultured tastes; he is an eloquent and effective speaker, and a graceful writer. His speeches are full of matter worthy of preservation; being sound, thoughtful, and argumentative; grace- fully and clearly expressed, and interspersed with wit and happy humor; noteworthy among them, may be mentioned the address at the opening of the Exposition of the Citrus Fair at Ashland, on the completion of the California and Oregon Railway, where he appeared as a representative of this city; at Placerville, where he likewise represented Sacramento, on the com- pletion of the railroad to that point, and his letters and address at the time of the Margaret E. Crocker flower festival. Tiiese are not only interesting and valuable for their referrence to important events and persons connected with the history of Sacramento, but they reflect the highest credit upon their author, for ability, culture and taste. The letters written by Mr. Steffens to theRecord- Union, dinvmg the course of a journey made through the East in 1881, in company witiiJMr. Albert Gallatin, during which they traveled some 12,000 miles, are of peculiar interest, and contain thoughts and suggestions •eat value; and a noteworthy feature about them is the correctness of the forecast, and pre- dictions as to what the future would bring forth in this happy land. Mr. SteflenS is the owner of much property in this city, his palatial resi- dence at No. 1224 H street, being one of the most notable structures in tiie city, and is pointed out to strangers with pride by our citi- JlltiTOh'Y OF i^AUnAMKNTO COUNTY. zens. Mr. Steffens was_ married January 15, 1805, in San Francisco, to Miss E. Louise Symes, of Iloboken, New Jersey; they have four chil- dren, whose names are Josepli Lincoln, Lulu, Laura and liOttie. ^-^•%¥ tLEXAiN'DER STEVENSON was born in November, 1S31, in Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York, his parents being Alexander and Letitia (Wallace) Steven- son. His grandparents on both his father's and mother's side came originally from Scotland. Those on the paternal side emigrated to the United States prior to the Revolutionary war, and located in Virginia. Some time after, while they were making a tour through Ireland, Alexander, the futhor of the subject of this sketch, was b irn. The grandfather was a soldier in the war, and his wife was a nurse and helped to care for the wounded soldiers. His mother's grandfather Wallace came to the United States, remained awhile, then returned to Scotland, where he died. Two of his sons located in Maryland, where the mother of our subject was born. Alexander Stevenson, Sr., with his wife and family moved in 1839 or 1840 from Dutchess County, New York, to Michi- gan, locating in Oakland County. Mr. Steven- sun died there August 15, 1848. By trade he was a miller, which business he followed till he went to Michigan, after which he engaged in farming. Mrs. Stevenson died February, 1849, after the death of her husband. They had eight children, six sons and two daughters. Alexander is the only member of the family who came to California. He was «*|-' fA. WHITE, M. D., County Physician, was born in Howard Ccunty, Missouri, ® December 20, 1848; came to California in 1804; attended school in Sacramento, and here also studied medicine in the office of Dr. G. L. Simmons, in this city, and continued his studies in the office of Dr. II. L. Nichols; graduated at the Long Island Medical College in the class of 1869, and at the Jeflt'erson Medi- cal College at Philadelphia, in the class of 1870. Returning to California he first practiced his profession at Davisville for three or four months, and then removed to Sacramento and became an assistant to Dr. A. C. Donaldson, the county physician, who had partially retired from practice. The County Hospital, was then at the corner of Tenth and L streets, in Sacra- mento. The next year the patients were re- moved to the new building, and the Doctor changed residence accordingly. Owing to the increasing infirmities of Dr. Donaldson, Dr. White was appointed to succeed him in office in March, 1872; and since that date, with the ex- ception of one term of two years (1879-'80), he has held that position. (See history of the hospital elsewhere in this volume.) In 1S(^)8 Dv. White married Miss Cora J. Smith, of Butte County, who had emigrated from that part of Missouri where the Doctor had passed his boyhood, and even during the same year that he came West. They have two sons and two daughters living. Their eldest daughter and youngest son are deceased. The Doctor is a member of the orders of Freemasons, Red Men and United Workmen, and in politics is Democratic. Is also a metnber of the national and the county medical associations. tON. WILLIAM CARY VAN FLEET, .fudge of the Superior Court of Sacra- mento, California, was born March 24, 1852, in Maumee City, Ohio, near which place his father still resides, now at an advanced age. Upon the father's side he is of an old family that emigrated from Holland, while on the mother's side he is connected with the histori- cal American families of Boone and Lincoln, his grandmother's father being a Boone, while her inother was of the family from which sprang Abraham Lincoln. He was brought up and edu- cated to the point of leaving school, in his native town, and in the city of Toledo. In 1869 he came to California, remaining in Sacramento, where he immediately began the study of law in the office of Messrs. Beatty & Denson, the former of whom (his uncle by marrjage), the well-known and universally esteemed Judge H. O. Beatty, was formerly Chief Justice of the State of Nevada, but has now retired from ac- Ill,'AVnAMENTO COUi^TY. of the Ctolden Eagle, llv. crossed tlie plains with ox teams, bringing with hin? his wife and two children, — William H., his younger son, was born in Sacramento, — arriving hei'ein Sep- tember, 1849, having been six months on the tedious journey; they camped on the corner of Filth and JVI streets, and duiing the Hood of the follt>wing year lost everything. Procuring a team lie began teaming to the mines, the mother t; king in washing and having a few boarders. In the spring of 1851 he bought a lot on K street, near the corner of Seventh, and erected thereon a frame building, which in its turn was destroyed by the great lire of that year. Hotel accoinuiodations there were none, and lodging almost impossible to obtain. He erected a iai'ge canvas tent with bunks similar to those tound on river steamers, and later on trailed a span of horses for a small frame building which was erected beside the canvas tent. This hotel soon became headquarters for all the speculators and horsemen in the city, drawn thither by its proximity tt) the horse market, which was lo- cated on the same square and carried on by Toll, Captain Smith, AVrightmire, and other celebri- ties of those days. Toll's livery stable was across the way, and this was the busiest corner of the city. One day Wrightmire, with a piece of chalk, drew upon the canvas lent the picture of an eagle, and from that day Callahan's place was known as the (Julden Eagle. After the fire the corner lot was purchased and a more com- modious building was erected, which eventually grew into the imposing edifice of the present day and was kept by Callahan u.itil 1874. He was a man of many friends, generous to a fault, fond of sport; his •' pack of hounds"' were known by all, and many a good story is related of mine host of the Golden Eagle. A politician, a Democrat, but numbering among his friends men of all parties, when in 1876, he was brought forward as the candidate for the office of County Treasurer, an office which he filled for seven years; he was elected by the handsome majority of 2,000 votes, in a district clearly Republican by at least 1,880 majority, lie die.l in 1883; his wife at tliis writing still survives him. His son, George W. Callahan, received his prelimi- nary education in the Sacramento schools, and was brought up in his father's hotel. He was united in marriage to Miss Minnie A. Howell, daughter of L. V. II. Howell, of Sau Francisco. He left the hotel in 1874 to become Deputy Sheriti" under the atiministratiou of Hon. 11. M. LaKue, after which he was connected with the Sacramento Bank. In 1881, he went to Deming, New Mexico, where for a year he kept an " eating house." Later on he went East and traveled extensively throughout the States. Returning, he became interested in silver min- ing in Chawanda in the Dolores mining district for a time, returning again to California; was at the time of his father's demise, in charge of his extensive ranch in Placer County, an occupa- tion which he still follows. His address is Diamond Spring, F^l Dorado County. fOIIN SCHEI.L, a Sutter Township farmer, was born in Christiania, the capital of Nor- way, April 15, 1852, the son of John and Jennie Schell, in whose family were two sons and four daughters. Four of these came to America, namely: Jacob, who is now residing in this county; Carrie, residing in Jamestown, Dakota; Autonia, in St. Petei-s, Minnesota, and John, our subject. At the age of twenty years, in 1872, Mr. Schell, after having learned the trade of blacksmith, came to the United States, landing at Portland, Maine. He worked at liis trade nearly three years in Chicago, and then came to California; stopped six months in San Francisco; then four years was engaged at his trade at New Hope, San Joaquin County, on the Mokelumne River, and since then has fol- lowed agricultural pursuits. Renting a piece of land near the same locality, he worked into farming and out of blacksmithiug gradually. After raising eight crops there, in the fall of 1883 he purchased his present place on the upiier Stockton road, five miles from the (^iiiitol UISTOUr OP SACIIAMENTO COUNTY. building. The 230 acres he has here are devoted to fruit and grain. Tlie orchard consists prin- cipally of poaciies. The vines are mostly of wine grapes. Half the peach-trees are bearing, and all the vi leyard. The residence is on a high knoll, giving a line, commanding view of a large extent of country. Shade and ornamen- tal trees are gracefully set around, among them a few orange and lemon trees. The soil is a reddish, sandy loam, peculiarly well adapted to fruit. Mr. Schell began in California with almost nothing, and the present comfortable home attests his industry, economy and good judgment. In San Joaquin County, his farm was among the tules, and the high waters caused him a loss of §5,000 one year and $3,000 another; and it is indeed wonderful how well he has succeeded in getting ahead. He used to raise a good deal of live-stock. He is a member of Industrial Lodge, No. 157, of Sacramento, I. O. O. F. He was married in 1872 to Laura Hansen, a native of Norway, who came to this country about the same tim j that he did. _^ 'IIANCIS A. BURKE, a farmer of Sutter Ipl Township, was born in April, 1848, in TJ*' Boston, Massachusetts, a son of John A. and Sarah (Chandler) Burke, the father a 'na- tive of Ireland and mother of Massachusetts. His father came to America at the age of ten years, was a farmer by occupation, married in Boston and came to California in the fall of 1850, from Boston, by way of Cape Horn, the trip occupying about six months; mined Mormon Island two years, with moderate suc- cess; and in 1852 his wife and one child (the subject of this sketch) cajae to California by way of the Isthmus. He then started a board- ing-house and conducted it until 1854; then settled in the country on the Sutter grant, made several changes of residence, but finally located on tlie Freeport road three and a half miles fnnn town, on a place now consisting of 260 acres. He died in Sacramento, in January, 1884, at the age of fifty-seven years, and his wife is still living in Sacramento. In their family there were only one son and one daughter. The daughter, Sarah, died at the age of twenty-two and a half years, in 1857. The son, the subject of this sketch, was reired on a farm, and still has the old home-place as above described. He has been a resident of Sacramento ever since he was four years old. The floods of 1861-02 almost covered his farm with water, and ha lost most of the fencing and some of the farm ani- mals. A great abundance of furniture lumber and otlier goods was lodged upon his farm by the flood and afterward identified by the owners. He remembers many amusing incidents connected with those times, one of which was this: A pair of pantaloons was recognized by one who said he thought he ought to know them, as he was mar- ried in them three times! The Fourth and Fifth Regiment were encampad at that time on what is now his ranch. Mr. Burke came to this place >vhen it was utterly wild, but by getting a start in the world by the dairy business he has improved the ranch so that it is now one of the best in the country. At present he conducts a general farm- ing business. As to society relations, he is a member of the Y. M. I. of Sacramento. He was married in 1871 to Miss Lottie, dauo-hter of John G. and Margaret Hoffman, father a native of Pennsylvania, and mother of Ireland. They have three sons: Geoige, born June 27, 1872; Howard B., December 17, 1874; and William A., July 9, 1882. THO SHAW GRIM, rancher of Lee Town- ship, was born in Ohio January 20, 1833, his parents being Andrew and Polly (Mor- rison) Grim, both deceased, the mother several years ago, in Iowa, and the father, in Nebraska, about 1883, aged seventy-six. O. S. Grim was reared on his father's farm, first in Ohio and afterward in Iowa, and in 1852 came across the plains to California. In the same party when made up at CoumcII Hluffs was the Timmoiis ursroHY OF sachambnto vountt. Ikinily of four sons and two daughters with their father, the mother having died in Iowa. AVith the help of a minister whose station they reached on tlie way, (). S. Grim was married August 10, 1852, to Miss Sarah Frances Timinons, born in Illinois, February 3, 1880, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (Caldwell) Timmons, and reared in Lee County, Iowa, whither her parents moved in 1837, being among the tirst settlers of that county. The father died near Richland, on the Sacramento, in 1858. On their arrival in California, in the fall of 1852, Mr. and Mrs. tirim wei.t to work to make their first "stake," she in douiestic work and he as a miner in Plunket's Kavine. After three months they rented a small place on the Sacramento River, near Richland, where Mr. Grim went to raising vegetables. In 1854 he became owner and con- tinued the same business until 1866, when he sold out, and moved to Placer County, near Auburn, afterward to Modes to in 1875, to Stockton in 1877, near Stockton in 1881, and, in 1888 to the place they now occupy in Lee Township, then owned by William Edward Tim- mons, the brother of Mrs. Grim, who needed her care, being in broken health. He had al- ways been rather weakly and had never married, and at his death, September 11, 1884, Mrs. Grim inherited his ranch of 1(50 acres, where the fam- ily has since remained. It is well adapted to general farming in all kinds of grain, and Mr. Timmons had some success in fruit-growing, but the orchard has not been renewed. Mr. and Mrs. Grim are the parents of seven living chil- dren, all born in this State: William Ira, born February 16, 1855, married in Stockton, Janu- ary 2, 1878, to Miss Nancy Elizabeth Tew, born in California December 27, 1860, and now liv- ing in Woodland, Yolo County; has two chil- dren — Laura Emily, born December 6, 1878, and Walter, born October, 1880; Mary Ann, born April 23, 1858, was married in Modesto, October 3, 1874, to Bergen Erocaw Halsey, now of Clipper Gap, Placer County: has one child — - Earl, born June 16, 1888; John Henry, born October 28, 1800; Charles Augustus, November 10, 1867; George Andrew, May 10, 1869; Frank Edward, April 10,1875; Albert, June 16, 1880. All the children have received a district-school ed\u-ation. fBEN RICIITER PARVIN was born in Donegal Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, October 17, 1815, his par- ents being Artlmr Davis and Catherine (Knab) Parvin, both natives of that State. The Parvins were of the William Penn immigration; were Quakers then and as far as known are Quakers now, followers of the golden rule, laying more stress on moral conduct than on religious dog- mas. The father was a farmer and miller as was his father before him, and bjth lived to be about seventy-eight. The mother of E. R. I'ar- vin lived to be eighty-four, and the known mem- bers of both families have been long-lived peo- ple. The formal education of the subject of this sketch was limited to about three nionths' schooling, but he learned farming and milling in the school of experience. He also did some work on steamboats, and picked up carpentering, and learned to distil liquor but not to drink it. In 1849 he came to California and mitied four months, but ditl not take kindly to it, and soon wei't into teaming, which suited him better. Has always been fond of a good team ; had one when young on his father's farm and has one now at the age of seventy-four. He carried on the freighting business from Stockton south- ward to the mines about six years. In 1855 he sold his team to the United States and came on the Sacramento River where lie engaged in chop- ping wood, grubbing and clearing lands, often receiving payment in mortgages. In 1859 he tirst bought land on Grand Island, where he now resides, about four nules below Courtland. He lost heavily by the flood of 1862, the mortgaged lands losing a great part of their value, and purchasers being few at any price. Original surveys and records were so inaccurate and poorly kept that he has had to buy a part of the IIISTURY OF tiAGRAMENTO COUNTY. 457 650 acres he now owns, three times, first from an alleged owner, then Irora the State and lastly from the General Government. But he has out- lived all those annoyances, has made his title clear, and now has ninety acres in orchard, with a fine home, one of the most substantial and im- posing on the river, planned by himself and built with a view to firnniess and durability, un- der his personal supervision with careful atten- tion to every detail. It was erected in 18S2 at a cost of S15,000 and supplemented in 1885 by the erection of a large tank, a warehouse and storehouse, at a cost of several thousand more. Mr. Parvin was married in San Francisco in 1861 to Mrs. Eliza (Kelly) Henderson, a native of Ireland, where her father, William Thomas Kelly, fought in the Rebellion of 1798. She came to San Francisco in 1859, and was there married to her first husband, Henderson, who died without issue. She has a brother residing in Brooklyn, New York, named Joseph Kelly, and a nephew on this coast named Joseph Ab- bott. ..« fAMUEL HOWARD GERRISH, for many years a foreman in the railroad shops of the Central Pacific Railroad Company, in this city, was born December 27, 1834, at Ports- mouth, New Hampshire, The family is one of the oldest in New England. His father, Will- iam Gerrish, was born at Lebanon, Maine, one of a family of thirteen children, twelve of whom were sons. He was a clock manufact- urer and a merchant. He died in 1837. The founder of the family in America was Captain William Gerrish, of the British army, born in Bristol, England, who emigrated to America during Cromwell's time, in 1638. (3n his mother's side he is a descendant of the well- known Hartford family of New England; his grandfather Hartford was a New Hampshire farmer and a soldier of the War of 1812, in which war he died; Samuel Howard, for whom he was named, was his maternal grandmother's father and was a Revolutionary soldier. When in 1837 his father died, our subject was two and a half years old. Although later on his mother removed to Boston, lie remained in Dover to attend school. His brother-in-law, John B. Wood, was editing a newspaper at Great Falls, and at the age of fifteen years young Gerrish proceeded to that village to learn the trade of printer. After about one and a half years he went to Boston and worked at his trade in a job office on Washington street. After a year had passed he concluded to learn the trade of machin- ist and went to Northampton, Massachusetts, where he worked for Dimock Bros, six months; then went to Holyoke, where he worked for the Hadley Falls Company one and a half years. Leaving there, he worked for a time in Boston and New York. His brother-in-law, R. M. Whitehouse, was foreman of the Connecticut River Railroad repair shops located at North- ampton, Massachusetts, and he went there and worked seven years. In 1860 he came to Cali- fornia, with George A. Stoddard, leaving New York June 5, coming by the Panama route and arriving in San Francisco on the 28th. He be- gan working for E. T: Steen and continued with him for a year and a half. For the next four years he was engineer on the United States dry dock in the Mare Island Navy Yard. Then he came to Sacramento and was employed by Goss & Lambard, proprietors of the Sacramento Iron Works. In May, 1866, he was employed for the railroad company and ran the first engine for the Central Pacific shops, where he worked and made the first tools used. His brother, J. L. Gerrish, now of Oakland, was also employed at the time in the same shops. He has held many positions of trust, — among them that of trustee of the City Library and secretary of the board. He has been a Freemason since 1863, when he joined Naval Lodge, No. 87, of Vallejo; he is now a member of Concord Lodge, No. 117, of Saeran)ento, and has been a Master of that lodge during three years. He is also a member of Industrial Lodge, No. 157, I. O. O. F., of which he is a charter member. He was also a mem- J/I.STOJiy OF t^AVHAMMNTO COUNTY ber in 1866-67 of the California National (iiiards, Company D, Infantry, Captain Dason- ville. l5oinfi; of a scientific and statistical turn of mind, ho has kept a record of the rainfall and temperature in his experiments in acclimating tropical trees ever since he came to Sacramento, making, as a voluntary observer of the Uiiited States Signal Service, monthly reports to Wash- ington. Of his home life we need say but little. lie was married September 4, 1S55, to Sarah J. Kogors, a native of J^orthampton, Massachu- setts, whose ancestors came over on the May- flower in 1620. Her father, Thomas Rogers, was a carpenter, builder and contractor. Mr. Gerrisii has four daughters and one son. Their home is on Ci street, where they have lived for tvvciity-one yeiirs. S -^^ l,l,i.\M K. DIXON" was born October ::■.', 1S57, son of AliVed and Martha i~-o^i (^Higgot) Dixon; the former a native of New Brnnswick and tiie latter of Ohio. Alfred, the father, was raised on a farm and went with his parents to Ohio in 1837, where lie resided until 18-13, when he went to Quincy, Illinois. Tiu're he liegan the study of law with tiie iirm ot IJrowning & Rnshneli, remaining with them for two years, and lie was there admitted tt) the bar. He removed to Porter County, Indiana, and engaged in the practice of law, farming as well, which he continued until 1860, when he came to California, crossing the plains. They brought horses witii them, which they sold on reaching California. Their journey lasted six months, the iirst halt being made in Sacramento County. He soon purcliased a farm in this county, northwest quarter of section 30 and southwest quarter of section li), to.vnship 6. The farm is one of those through which the old overlantl road used to pass. He gave up his |)ractice of law to a great extent and engaged in farming and stock-raising. In 1880 he went East on a visit, and while in New York city he was out ill the wet, and the result was pncu inonia, which resulted in his death, September 10, 1880. His wife was with him during his last hours. He was a very ambitious man, de- termined and persevering in all his undertak- ings. He will be long remembered by his many friends in this county. William E. Dixon, the subject of this notice, was raised on a farm and came to California with his parents. He was married April 26, 1882, to Miss Julia I. Barnes, a native of New Brunswick. They have live children: Edna B., Anna M., Alfred C, Aubrey E. and Jennie 11. Mr. Dixon is one of the best farniei's in this county; one among the largest graiii-raisers. PF. BEANS lives one mile from Elk (rrove, which is his postoffice, and sixteen miles ® from Sacramento. He was horn in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1839, and lived there until 1856. At the age of sixteen years he came to California across the plains, first set- tling in El Dorado County, where he remained until 1803; he then settled in this county, on his present farm. Mr. Beans was married in 1870 to Mrs. Mary E. McFall, a native of Rome, New York. fORMAN I. STEWART was born Febru- ary 25, 1833, in Oswego County, New York, son of Samuel and Fannie (Cronk) Stewart; the father, a farmer by occupation, is a native of Massachusetts, and died in Oswego County, New York. In his family were eight children, six of whom are still living, three in California. Norman was raised on a farm and remained at home until 1852, when he came to California, sailing from New Y'ork October 12 on the steamer Pacific to the Isthmus, which he crossed by going up the Chagres river, then having his choice of locomotion for the remain- der of the distance (twenty-flve miles) walking or riding on mule-back. After a close inspec- imsronr of haguamknto gounty. tioii of the mules lie decided to walk. It was during the rainy season and liis journey can be better imagined than described. On reaching tiie coast he took passage oil the steamer Cor- tez for San Francisco, where he remained but eight days, then came to Sacramento by boat, remaining here during 1852 -'53, engaged in the wood business with his brother, Henry Stewart. He was here during the flood and re- members it well; they used their o.\ team and wagon as a ferry-boat to transfer people, as well as merchandise, about the city. In the spring his brother purchased a ranch and employed him for the followingyear at $675. In January, 1854, he took up 320 acres of land, where ho now lives, fourteen miles from Sacramento, on the upper Stockton road, which at that time was a vast plain covered with the roving herds of Spanish cattle. After being in California twenty-one years he returned East on a visit to his old father and mother, seeing them for the last time, as he has never been back since. His ranch is now one of the best ranches in the county. He does a general farming business and has five acres in vineyard. He was married November 4, 1858, to Miss Jane E. Thompson, daughter of Thomas J. Thompson, whose sketch appears elsewhere in this book. Mr. and Mrs. Stewart have seven children, viz.: Mary, born October 28, 18G0; Henry C, February 2, 18G5, and died July 23, 1884; Samuel P., born De- cember 1, 18(37; Fannie, born May 30,1869, • lied February 11, 1888; Jennie, October 14, 1873; Norman I., April 9, 1877; and John II., October 30,188-1. fll. STEWART was born in the town of Williamstown, Massachusetts, April 28, * 1823, of Scotch parents. He learned the carpenter's trade at Oswego, New York. In early manhood he married Miss Charlotte Woodworth, and made his home at Rockford, Illinois, until 1850, when he came to California. Vfter remaitiing two years in the upper part of the State he went East for his family, and re- turned with them to his new home. Subse- quently he removed to Cloverdale, Sonoma County, where his wife died, leaving him two sons, Clarence and IJicliard, who are now citi- zens of this county. In 1858 he inai'ried Miss Martha I). Kenfield, the good wife who for twenty-nine years, with incessant afi'ection, has ministered to his every want during his abiding affliction, — paralysis of the lower limbs, render- ing him a cripple for life, unable to walk witli- out aid, — which came upon him in 185!), the effect of hardships endured in early manhood. In 1805 he came to San Bernardino and pur- chased a valuable property, and from that time has been one of the foremost workers in the ad- vancement of the in atei'ial interests of that county. He was one of the projectors of the Silk Center Association, by which the water of Santa Ana River was diverted upon the then barren plains of Jurupa at Riverside, where are now nestled among the orange groves thousands of happy homes. While acquiring for himself that com- petence he has enjoyed and now leaves to his family, he has at the same time enabled others to do that tending to their prosperity. As a friend he was steailfast and true in fair weather and foul; as he was tender in sympathy for the misfortunes of his neighbors, so was he cheerful in their prosperity. With him, in all the rela- tions of husband, father and friend and brother, the whole flow of years has borne a uniform flow of affectionate regard and unselflsh love. :^=i^:S.c^"^^A ^'"^ fOIIN R. WILLIAMS, proprietor of the Michigan Bar Pottery, was born in Eng- land April 7, 1844, his parents l)eing J. S- 15. and Hannah Elizabeth (I*awsey) Williams. The father was a physician, and the family is well connected, more especially on the mother's side, several of her immediate relatives ranking pretty high in the East India Company. One of Mr. Williams' cousins, a certain Mr. Simp- son, who was in Califoi'nia in 1847, and went inSTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. from here to Australia, is now the owner of many millions in England. J. B. Williams ran away from home in 1854, and went to sea in a vessel bound for St. John's, New Brunswick, and went back in April or May, 1856. He was then apprenticed to an uncle, George J. Pawsey, a iiricU-mason and builder. Early in 1858 he again ran away and went to New Zealand. Ee- turning to England and his trade, he became a skilled workman in that line. Yielding once again to his roving disposition, he came to this country in 1801, but with no intention of mak- ing his home here, and after some wanderings went back to his home and settled down to work. Mr. Williams was married in England, August 21, 1866, to Miss Susannah Sach, a daughter of John and Mary Ann (Bowtell) Sach. The father is still living in England, aged sixty-four, and the mother died there at the age of forty-seven. The only child of Mr. and Mrs. Williams, Emma L., was born in England May 2, 1867. She is now doing business as dressmaker on her own account in San Fran- cisco. Mr. Williams set out for America with a view to make it his permanent home in 1869, arriving in New York the day after Christmas, and getting to Chicago, January 2, 1870. He worked at his trade in that city, and was there joined by his wife and child in June, 1870. He grew with Chicago, and took contracts of vari- ous kinds in brick-work. The rebuilding of that city after the great tire of October 9, 1871, increased his opportunities, and he profited by them. In August, 1874, he left Chicago for California, and went into business in San Fran- cisco in 1875 as contractor for sewer pipe and brick-work, and agent for supplies in those lines. Among other interests he became agent for the sale of the products of the Michigan Bar jjottery and sewer-pipe manufactory, then owned by Mr. Addington. He leased the work in 1881, and bought them toward the close of 1884, coming to Michigan Bar as owner thereof on January 1, 1885. In April of that year he was seriously hurt in his left arm, which is still somewhat weak, and he occupies himself chiefly with the sale of the stoneware product of the pottery in the cities and villages of this section. The sewer pipe department he has leased to the San Francisco Sewer-Pipe Association. In 1888 he discovered a valuable surface deposit of fire- sand on an adjoining piece of land, and bought forty-five acres, of which twenty-five acres are covered with the deposit. He also owns ninety- five acres, including the Orr bank, which is thought to be the best clay in the State for the manufacture of stoneware. With his recent acquisition of fire-sand he is well equipped as to materials for sewer pipe, stoneware, tire-brick, as well as white and yellow ware. He will probably form a corporation for the more ex- tensive production of those commodities in the near f.ture. He owns twenty-two acres ad- joining his other realty, but situated in Ama- dor County. Of the 162 acres about eighty are devoted to general farming, a little fruit and the raisinsj of some cattle and horses. W^ J- SMALL, superintendent of motive Ifffll power and machinery at the railroad *^Ig ® shops in this city, was born at Cobourg, Canada, in 1848. His father, Benjamin Small, was the superintendent of the rolling mills at Toronto, and prominently connected with the building of the Grand Trunk Railroad of Can- ada. He grew up in the city of his nativity, and was taught "pattern-making" in the shops under the supervision of his father. He be- came an iron-worker in the shops of William Hamilton & Sons, where he also acquired the machinists' trade. He spent three years in the shops of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad at Chicago, and afterward went to Wyandotte, Kansas, with the "Kansas Pacific Road" (now part of the Union Pacific). After staying with that cora])any two years he received the appoint- ment of chief draughtsman of motive power in the shops of the Northern Pacific at St. Paul, Minnesota. After two years he was called to the Wabash road as chief draughtsman. Two IILsrOUY OF HACHAMENTO COUNTY. years later his services were transferred to the International & Great Northern Railroad, and he was with them when their shops were re- moved to Palestine, Texas, and when the Galves- ton, Houston & Henderson was absorbed by the International & Great Northern, he was made master mechanic by General H. M. Ploxie (since deceased) at tiie time when the gange of that road was changed to standard. Two years later he was offered the position of gen- eral master mechanic of the Texas Pacific road, with headquarters at Marshall, Texas, filling that position for three years. For five years he was assistant superintendent of machinery at Brainerd, Minnesota, for the Northern Pacific system, and in 1887 held a similar position with the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad at Read- ing, Pennsylvania. He left that position one year later to accept the position wliich he now holds with the Southern Pacific. Mr. Small was united in marriage, in 1880, at Marshall, Texas, to Miss Mary Planch, daughter of Major E. A. Blanch, who for years was the chief engineer of the original Southern Pacific Railroad. Their family consists of four children, three of whom are girls. — — t^-^^^*!— — imLFRED GREENE McMANUS was born SI April 28, 1828, in Murray County, Ten- ^=5=- nessee, his parents being Jonathan and Susan (McCaslin) McManus, both natives of the same State. The subject's great-grandfather was an Irishman from the north of Ireland, and his grandmother on his father's side was a Scotchwoman, and a cousin of General Greene, of Revolutionary fame. AYhen the subject of this sketch was f(Mir years old his parents removed from Tetmessee to Illinois, locating in Madison County, where his mother died in 1836, leaving four children, one son and three daughters. His father was married again, to Elizabeth Kell. They moved to Texas, locating on Trinity River, where the father died in 1862. By his seco:id marriage there were four children, one son and thrte daughters. Alfred G. McManus remained with his parents in Illinois till he was twenty-two years of age, then worked in various places in that neighborhood. AYhen twenty- one years old he bought eighty acres of Govern- ment land in Madison County, borrowing the money for that purpose, and giving a mortgage on the property as security, which he paid by hard work at $12 a montli. He made improve- ments on it and rented it. October 6, 1853, he was married to Clarissa Clementine Best, a na- tive of Madison County, Illinois. In the spring of 1854 they moved upon his farm, and lived there until August 22, 1875, when they started for California, renting the farm for the next two years; they afterward sold it. They arrived in Sacramento on the 5th of September, entire strangers in a strange land. He rented the Van Trees ranch on Deer Creek for one year, and in April bought his present ranch of 320 acres in Brighton Township, on the Jackson road, twelve miles from Sacramento, which is chiefly devoted to general farming. Politically he is a Democrat. Mr. and Mrs. McManus have two children: John Franklin, born Oc- tober 26, 1861; and Albert Greene, born Janu- ary 16, 1858, who married Emily Lee April 22, 1880, a native of Sacramento County, California, daughter of Dr. Richard Henry Lee. Albert Greene married Enuly McManus, and they have one son, born December 31, 1880, named Albert Wesley. fOEL D. BAILEY.— Joshua T. Bailey, the father of the subject of this sketch, was a native of Virginia. For a time he resided in Ohio, and in 1832 emigrated to Wisconsin, where he carried on the business of smelting for six or seven year.~. He was married at Fort Mineral Point, Ohio County (now Fayette County), January 13, 1833, to Miss Susan Hughes, daughter of David and Sarah (Pense) Hughes, who born February 28, 1815, in Licking County, Ohio. Her father emigrated UlSTOHY OF 8AUHAMENT0 OOUA'Ti. from Ohio to Illinois in 1818. He served under General Harrison in the war of 1812, and died in Illinois in 1823. In 1828 Mrs. Bailey went to Wisconsin with her mother and step- father, Samuel Townsend, who has been dead several years. Her mother is still living in Gi'ant County, Wisconsin, at the age of ninety years, where she was a pioneer. She has had many experiences in pioneer life; she has gone out into the liarvest field with the men and held her own, cutting grain with sickles, although a small woman, for she had a strong constitution and great strength. Mr. Eailey, with' his son Joel, came to California in 1849. In 1853 he went back to Wisconsin after his family. His wife and two daughters, and Mrs. liailey's sister-in-law, Susan Hughes, came with a party ot twenty-two men, bringing with them some large heavy stock, such as horses, oxen, mules and cattle, also seven wagons to hold provisions; as soon as one wagon was emptied they dis- carded it. They were seven months in coming across, having to stop in order to allow their cattle to feed by the way. On arriving, Mr. Bailey bought land on the little dry hill close to where the family residence now is. The house was put up in 1854; it was built by degrees, a small portion being put up first in order that they might occupy it. He set out a fine vine- yard of wine grapes in 1862. He died June 11, 1886. Mrs. Bailey is still living and enjoy- ing good health at the present writing. She is seventy-two years old. They had eleven chil- dren, viz.: Mrs. Belle Plumer, resident in Lee Township, Sacramento County; Kachel Ann (deceased), wife of Mr. Ross, of this county; Joel D. Bailey, Joseph James (deceased), George W., resident in Templeton, San Luis Obispo County; Frank, resident in Arizona; William Henry (deceased); Mrs. Nellie i51air, wife of Albert Blair, of Sacramento; Charles 11., resi- dent near Hicks ville, Sacramento County; Joshua T., resident in Brighton Township; and Edwin, who died young. Mrs. Bailey, in her girlhood, was in Wisconsin during the Indian troubles, and hud to go to I'"'ort Funk for protection in the month of April, and did not get out until the following October. She and another girl made cartridges for the garrison when the am- munition was exhausted. Joel D. Bailey, the subject of this sketch, came to this State in 1849 with his father, landing in Placerville the 10th of September. From that time he wan- dered about from place to place in the northern part of the State. When his father located on White Rock Spring, in Sacramento County, he was with him and remained there for about six months. Then he went to Yreka. In the winter of 1851-"52 he started for Wisconsin via Panama, stopping at Tehama on the Sacra- mento River. In 1853 he returned to Califor- nia, crossing the plains with cattle and bringing them to this county. In 1857 he took up 160 acres adjoining his father's ranch. He was married September 27, 1871, to Nancy New- iiigham, a native of Hancock County, Illinois, born January 18, 1844. In 1852 she crossed the plains with her parents, Absalom and Mary Newlngliam, one sister and a brother. On the journey her father died of cholera. Arriving at Portland, Oregon, the family stopped there a short time, then came to Sacramento County in December, 1852. Her mother is now the wife of R. II. Lee, and resides in Brighton Town- ship. She started for the East in 1854, on the Yankee Blade, and when twenty-four hours out the steamer struck a rock and was wrecked ; thirty lives were lost, but Mrs. Newingham and her family were saved. Mr. and Mrs. Bailey have two sons: William Francis, born Septem- ber 27, 1872, and Charles Augustus, born Octo- ber 17, 1874. tARON DOTY OAKLEY, a rancher of Natoma Township, Sacramento County, about eight miles from Folsom, was born in Essex County, New Jersey, June 25, 1817, his parents being Aaron and Sarah (Doty) Oak- ley, both natives of that State. The father, barty were Captain Page, Foster and Guliifer. At San Francisco they found an old captain, with the brig North Bend, who insisted upon their going to Oregon; which they did, and spent the winter there. h\ the spring of 1850 Captain Foster made a trij) with Banks and others on a bateau up Honcut Creek. Securing teams, they proceeded on up to Stringtown and mined there awhile. They undertook to turn the river, co-operating with others; but even after that should be done it was ascertained that they could not work the grounds. After i-e- maining there some four or live months, tliey went down the river early in the fall to wiiat is now Jackson, and a week later Captain Foster, being still an invalid, came to Sacramento. Johnson, the second mate, was at this time the captain of the old schooner, E. A. Slicer. Fos- ter saw him leaving the levee at Sacramento, and in a brief conversation he asked him what he was doing; and he said, "Jump on." Page came through from Oregon with the Governor Joe Lane party and found Mr. Foster on tlie schooner; they went up to Shasta together and followed mining tiiere eight or nine months, and then, with a view of finding a more profit- able business in steamboating, they posted them- selves on the amount of freight goitig north. In September, 1851, they started at a point not 200 yards from the present Middle Creek Station on the California & Oregon Railroad, and canoed down the Sacramento, sounding all the way. Foster selected Red Bluff as the head of navi- gation, which was soon proved to be correct. He bought an interest in the steamer Orient, which was running to Colusa at the time, hav- ing made a few trips. They bought this vessel with the understanding that when tiie water arose it was to go to Red Bluff; and it was the first to go there, in November, 1851, Mr. Fos- ter being the second pilot. On coming down the river, the water fell quickly and they were caught on a bar at the Lassen place, now tiov- ernor Stanford's Vina ranch. Digging a canal til rough the bar to deep water they got away. January 3, 1852, they left Sacramento with a half load of freight for Red Bluff. On that trip Mr. Foster was the first pilot. The journey there and back this time was made in five days, and they never scratched bottom. After this the captain made regular trips to that point during high water, and as far as Colusa during low water. The rate of freight at that time be- tween Sacramento and Red Bluff was $100 a ton; and they had more than they could carry even at that high rate, one or two trips ahead being always pre-engaged, until the Marysville boats commenced running and brought the freight down to $70 a ton; but the Orient re tained a plenty of trade, on account of its repu- tation. (In low water they used to run as far as Colusa, and in high water they went all the way through.) When the Steam Navigation Company was formed, March 1, 1854, the Ori- ent was turned in with the rest of the vessels. This arrangenieiit continued three or four years, and finally they got to running steamers with barges all the way up to Red Bluff. Captain Foster sold out his interest in the Orient in 1853, and purchased an interest in the Cleo- patra, with which he made his first trip Decem- ber 12, that year. He went into the Navigation Company on its formation, and continued in the same trade. He made the pioneer trip up the American River, during the flood, to Patterson's ranch, about eighteen miles uj). He liad to go out to where they could connect with teams. He went on routes where they could get no one lllarom' OF SACUAMENTO COUNTY. else to go; ran on the Napa route a short time. In 1865 he went on the steamer Chrysopolis from Sacramento to San Francisco, and was with that vessel until 1872, when he was taken off to straighten things out on the San Joaquin River. When they built the wharf at Knight's Landing they sent him there to inaugurate the business: then, in May, 1873. they gave him charge oF all the lighr-ivater boats, with Sacra- mento for headquarters, until 1882, and then was made superintendent of river steamers, and since then has held that position. Captain Foster was married in Oakland, December 12, 1853. to Miss Charlotte Brown, a native of Maine, born at Clinton. She came to California in 1852, with her mother. Of the four children in the family of Captain Foster, only one is now living, namely, Frank L., who was born June 27, 1864, and is now a pilot on the river. Tlioie who died were: Ericsson, born June 3, 1855, and died July 16, 1863; Annie X., born December 27, 1857, died July 21, 1863; Albert C, born De- cember 26, 1861, died August 20, 1864. The father of Captain Foster, Samuel C., was born August 6, 1798, and died in 1885. His mother, whose maiden name was Mary Smith, was born Marcli 28, 1801, and died in April, 1887. Cap- tain Foster, being one of tlie most prominent citi- zens of Sacramento, deserves more than ordinary mention in the history of this community; and we have given considerable space to his early life on the Sacramento River because it consti- tutes the most important part of the histc^ry of navigation in this part of tiie State. ||9^AN1EL H. BUELL, fruit-raiser, was born fl|fl May 7, 1832, in Groton, Grafton County, -i^ iSew Hampshire. His father, also named Daniel, was a native of the same State, but his forefathers were Welsh. In 1844 he located in Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, for five year?, and then was seven years in Avon, Lake County, Illinois, and until 1864 at New Hampton, Chickasaw Countv, Iowa, then until 1871 in Nemaha County, Nebraska, and finally he came to California. Since his residence in Illinois he lived witJi his son, the subject of this sketch, until his death, January 7, 1887, at the age of eighty-lour years. He was a member of the Grange, and in politics a Democrat. In his family were one son and two daughters; .both the girls died when young. Daniel H.'s mother, whose maiden name was Abigail Anable, was a native of New Hampshire, and died in Illinois in 1853, at the age of fifty years. Mr. Buell, our subject, was married in 1854 to Miss Susan D. Arnold, of Illinois, born June 10, 1832, of Vermont parents. Mr. and Mrs. Eii#ll have had six children, in the following order: Edwin A., born July 17, 1855, and died January 7, 1881; Charles L., born March 15, 1859; Frank H., October 9, 1860, died December 31. 1880;Celia v., born April 5, 1864, and now the wife of George W. Carlisle; Julius H., September 11, 1867; Daniel S., October 26, 1873. The living are all residents of California. Mr. Buell came to California in 1871, settling immediately upon his present property of 160 acres, which he purchased of Calvin Siddall, twelve miles from Sacramento, four miles from Elk Grove and three and a half from Florin; here he devotes his attention principally to the production of fruits. He has fifteen acres in a vineyard of table grapes. For a time he raised many straw- berries. Sixty acres of his place has been di- vided up among his three children. All he possesses he has made by hard labor and econo- my, and he has iiad many drawbacks. He is a member of the Grange at Florin. In politics he is a Republican. L. DAVIS, farmer, was born March 28, 1827, in Dayton, Ohio. His parents ® were Jacob and Mary (Humphreyville) Davis, the former a native of Virginia, who emigrated to Ohio in early day with his father, and followed the blacksmith business most of the time. He removed to Iowa while it was IIJUTOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. jet a Territory, and was engaged in agriculture near Tipton, Cedar County, until his death, at the age of seventy-one years; his wife died in the same county at the age of sixty-live years. They had six daughters and four sons. The names of the latter were: Charles D., D. L., Jaton li. and Jacob. Charles was in both the Mexican war and the war of the Rebellion, and died at Baker City, Oregon, in 1875. Jason H. is also deceased; and Jacob is in Nebraska. Mr. Davis, our subject, left Iowa in 1851 for California, sailing i'rom New Orleans to tlie Isthmus and landing at San Francisco March 8, 1852. On the same evenin:^ he took a boat to Sacramento, landing liereat the tiuTC of theflood and was taken by boat to the old fort. He im- mediately started for the mines near Hangtown, where he followed mining until the fall of 1853, with moderate success. Returning to the Sac- ramento Valley, he located on what is now known as the Jane Mahan ranch, plowed the land with ox teams and raised a crop of gi-aiu. He continued there seven years, being very suc- cessful in agricultural pursuits. In 1800 he returned to Iowa by water, by way of the Isth- mus and New York city, and the next year came again to California, this time overland, ar.iving here in July, the trip hither occupying about four months. The greater portion of this journey was made by himself and family, con- sisting of wife and four children. He located upon his present ranch in 1861, the only man on that plain at the time; to-day he has one of the finest ranches in this locality, well furnished with a good residence, beautiful yard and taste- ful arrangements throughout. Although he came to this State without means, he now has a splendid ranch of l,12t) acres, all in a state of good cultivation. His politics may be known by the fact that he cast his first vote for Taylor and last vote for Harrison. In 1849 Mr. Davis married Miss Elizabeth Murray, and they have six sons and three daughters living; three chil- dren are deceased. The living are: John J., in Oregon; Mary, wife of D. Watkins, of Nevada; Henrietta, wife of C. Cantrell; Lizzie, wife of Ed. Riley; D. L., Jr.; Alexander, at home; Jason H., Thomas N. and Charles D. fRANCIS EDWARD CONNOR, a rancher of Cosumnes Township, was bcjrn in Lis- more, County Waterford, Ireland, January 1, 1815, his parents being John and Kate (Geary) Connor, both now deceased, the father at the age of seventy-three and the mother at sixty- five. Grandfather David Connor was quite old at his death. The grandparents Geary were also well advanced in years when they died. One of Mr. Connor's fondest recollections of his boyhood is having seen printed and manuscript books in tlie Irish language, the property of his uncle Edward Geary, who was not only an adept in the lore of his people, but was also a good English and classical scholar and made a busi- ness of preparing young men for the univer- sities. Mr. Connor received an elementary education and was brought up on a farm. His people on both sides were of the class of small farmers. He came to America in 1847, and was for some years variously employed in the East, one of his most pleasant occupations being that of companion and nurse for sixteen menths to a Mr. Ilalsey, of Providence, a wealthy gentle- man who traveled much in the eastern section of the country. About 1850 he went South, and January 22. 1854, he left New Orleans for California, by the Panama route, arriving in San Francisco on Washington's birthday. Had his share of the gains and losses of a miner's life for seven years, and in 1861 bought the 420 acrejs which he still owns and occupies about two miles from Michigan Bar. F. E. Connor was married in New Orleans in August, 1853, to Miss Mar- garet Hassett, also a native of Ireland, born near Tralee, County Kerry, March 22, 1827, her par- ents being James and Catherine (Ready) Hassett. She came to America at the age of twenty, and to California about six months after her marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Connor are the parents of the fol- lowing named children: James Blennerhassett, IHSTORl' OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. born June 9, 1854, was married May 17, 1887, to Miss Margaret Roach, a native of this county, daiigliter of Michael and Mary (Dalton) Roach; Kate, born May 6, 1856, now Mrs. John Weizel, of Sacramento, has one child, John Edward, born November 22, 1886; Arthur, born January 17,1859; Richard Albert, December 6, 1863; Margaret Ellen, Jan nary 19, 18G7. jis^|||ILLIAM FLOYD NEELY was born November 18, 1821, in Maury CountV) ^^ Tennessee, son of John and Margaret (Stewart) Neely, the former a native of Virginia, and the latter of Tennessee. When eighteen years old lie went into the hotel at Pontotoc, Mississippi, owned by W. L. Dogan, where he remained five years, having sole charge and man- agement of same. During the latter part of his stay the proprietors of the hotel, who were owners of keel-boats, proposed that he should take charge of one of the boats, which lay at the head waters of the Yazoo River. He fol- lowed this business for several years in different boats, connected in all cases with cotton ship- ments. One of his vessels was destroyed by fire and the men had to swim or float ashore. He met all such trying incidents with courage and a cool head. In 1852 he and eight other young men, all chums, started for California via Memphis and Greytown, where the party hired five of the natives to take them across Nicaragua Lake in a sailing smack, at a cost of $10 apiece. They arrived in San Francisco after a journey of seventy-six days. Going to Sacramento, Mr. Neely obtained work in a hotel as waiter at $60 a month, which was soon raised to $75; at the end of two weeks he was offered $100 a month if he would only stay, but he re- fused. The autumn of 1852 found him at the mines, where he remained si.x months, lie next went to teaming, receiving $100 a montli. At the end of two months he opened a store in a mining district, where he remained a year. Next he purchased teams and commenced freight- ing, following the same for nearly fourteen years at Virginia City and other places. This was the beginning of his success. In August, 1867, he purchased his present ranch. He was married, August 27, 1867, to Miss Martha Whit- ten, a native of AYashington, Maine, and on the 27tli they took their supper iti the log cabin erected on the ranch, and from that time till the present have been constant residents of Sacra- mento County. They have built and improved their home till it is now one of the nicest in the county; and in this home you will meet with that hospitality rarely met with except with the old Californians. Their farm is principally planted in orchards and vineyards. Oranges were eaten by the writer of this biographical sketch at lunch, which were the fruit of trees planted by William Neely when they first set- tled on the ranch. Mr. Neely was a Democrat, politically, until Fort Sumter was fired on, "when he changed and has been a Republican from that time to the present. tLFRED COFFMAN, farmer of Sacra- mento County, was born in Hamilton County, Illinois, June 12, 1823, son of Jacob and Ayre (Fowler) Coffman. The father, Jacob, a native of Germany, came to this country when four years old and settled in Kentucky, where they subsisted by digging the ginseng and selling it, and hunting deer and dressing their skins. He was well acquainted with Daniel Boone. He moved to Illinois, and was there during the Black Hawk war, in which he took part. He was the first man to settle in Burlington, Iowa, which place he found while swimming the Mississippi River after Indians for whom he had a deadly hatred. When sixty-two years of age he moved to Missouri, to a town called Jamestown, five miles from St. Joseph. He became so fond of frontier life that he followed it until his death, which occurred in Illinois, at the age of seventy- two years. He shot his last deer in Illinois, nhsTonr of sacrambnto county. wliile (111 luirsc'liack, ^luirtly ln'ibn^ his deatli. His s.iM Alfml liiis Ilio ol+^ I^AXS PEDER CORNELIUS, a Sutter |W| Township farmer, was born in Zealand, *^sl| Denmark, February 20, 1846, son of Ras- mus and Chirsten Cornelius. Rasmus died in November, 1888, and Chirsten is still living in the old country. They brought up six children, four of whom are now living: Hans, Frederick (a merchant in Rjngsted, Zealand), Anna, So- phia, in Copenhagen, and Marion Christina, in Sacramento. Mr. Cornelias remained with his parents until he was twenty-two years of age, obtaining a good education and learning the carpenter's trade, and also working some in the woolen mills where his father was superintend- ent. He was then in tlie Government service six months; next he went to Greenland, where he was employed in making shafts and other equipments for mining camps for gne summer. October 15, 1869, he left for the United States and landed at Philadelphia December 4, unable to speak a word of English'. Accordingly he found it difficult to obtain employment. He went through New York State and Michigan to Chicago, where he obtained a situation, through an employment agency, away down in the State of Mississippi, sixty miles below Memphis, at Friar's Point, on the bank of the Mississippi River. He was there employed, with interrup- tions, for five years, running a saw-mill there four years. Life in this depressing climate was to him quite a contrast to " Greenland's icy mountains," and he found it to be advantageous to his health and his spirits to drift northward. During this period he was married, in May, 1871, in Chicago, to Anna Tromena Johnson. He was a carpenter in Chicago, a part of the time in the shops of the Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroad Company. He came to California in 1875. locating in Sacramento and engaging for the railroad. A year afterward a siege of sickness compelled him to give up his place there. After his recovery he entered upon his present place, where he has since resided; it contains ninety acres, and is located on the up- per Stockton road three and a half miles from the city limits. He started in here raising hay and grain, but for the last three or four years he has turned his attention more to fruit-raising. His wife died January 3, 1886, the mother of four children, as follows: Lizzie, born July 29, HISTOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY . 1873; Mary, N^ovember 24, 187^; Robert, Jan- nary 25, 1879; and Johnnie, March 9, 1882. Mr. Cornelius married his present wife April 24, 1889, wedding Mrs. Margaret Sparrow, of this county. fYRUS TOWLE, fartner, was born in Co- basset, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, October 2, 1829; his parents, Ezra and Sybil (Barnes) Towle, were natives respectively of Cohasset and New Hampshire. Ilis father, whose principal vocation in early days was that of a sailor, was about eighteen years of age when he went into Massachusetts, and commenced a seafaring lite, which he kept up for about thirty years. The summer season was devoted to mackerel iishing, and the winter to the coast trade of the Soutiiern States, chiefly New York, Baltimore, and so on southward. He was en- gag in the business of carrying oysters from Baltimore to Boston, and corn and other products from the different Southern ports to New York and Boston. From the time he was twenty-one he was master of a ship until he quit the sea. He then followed farming for a while in Massa- chusetts, and rain a stage line from Cohasset to Hingliam. to connect with the steamer May- flower, running from Hingham to Boston in oppositi(jn to a railroad company. This business he followed until he died. His widow survived him a number of years. They had six children : Cyrus; Joanna Maria residing in Cohasset; Sybil Barnes, in Chester, Vermont; Mary Eliza- betli, in Cohasset; Ezra, who died in 1865, in Cohasset; and Benjamin Barnes, who died some- time in the '60'6. Cyrus Towle was reared in Cohasset, Massachusetts, and lived there until 1852. During the summer lie followed mack- erel fishing from the age of sixteen to twenty- one, and during the winter he worked at shoe- making. After he was of age he entered the dry goods business in Cohassjt, continuing therein until 1852. May 3d, that year, he left home, went to New York city and bought a ticket for California, embarking May 5 on the steamer Northern Light, which took him safely to Grey- town, then called San Juan del Norte, at the mouth of the San Juan lliver; was a week going up that river and crossing Lake Nicara- gua to the Pacific Coast; remained at San Juan del Sud twenty-six days, being in all thirty-two days on the Isthmus; left there on the steamer S. S. Lewis and arrived at San Francisco July 5, and at Sacramento two days afterward. In a few days he reached Baker's ranch in Placer County, and hired out as a mule-packer. He worked at that four or five months, at $100 a month and boarding and lodging furnished. This work consisted in conveying goods and provisions from the store at Baker's ranch to the mining camps, along a mule trail on the sides of the hills, by mule train, there being no wagon road at that time. One of the amusing incidents occurring on one of these journeys happened as follows: A keg of butter was knocked ofl' the pack in passing a rock, and rolled down a hill at a declination of about forty degrees and traveled about a mile before it landed at the bottom. Only a "grease spot" was left! That winter, after quitting business, he engaged in placer mining for a short time, with varying success, making from 25 cents to $16 a day; some days he worked hard and ob- tained but 25 cents, and on one day, by working only three hours, he obtained $16. He worked at mining until his health failed, and he had to quit when he was making $4 a day. During the last of February he bought a mule team and engaged in hauling freight from Sacramento to Bird's Valley, near Michigan Bluff", till about the 1st of December, 1854. Then, exchanging his team for lumber and hay, he started a hay yard on the corner of Ninth and K streets, Sacramento. The next spring he sold out this business and engaged in teaming again. Lo- cating his present ranch daring that summer, he put in his first crop, in the winter of 1855-'56, and continued teaming meanwhile. He cooked his first meal, a supper, on this ranch, August 1, 1856, and since that time that place has been HISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY liis home. It first comprised 160 acres; in 1867 lie sold hnifof it. At first he raised liay and grain, and for the last twenty years he has been principally engaged in fruit-raising. When tlie postoffice was first started at Florin, in June, 1869, he was appointed postmaster, which po- sition he filled until January 1, 1876. In po- litical matters he has always been a strong Kepublican. He is a member of the Grange, joining at Sacramento in 1873. Mr. Towle was married January 1, 1874, to Anna Maria Ames, who was born in Lunenburg, Essex County, Vermont, February 27, 1832, and came to Cali- fornia in 1873, arriving at Sacramento April 12. Tiiey have no children. fEORGE TIIISBY, deceased. Tiie subject of this sketch was born in Scarborough, England, May 15, 1828, his parents being William and Mary (Trattles) Thisby. At about the age of twenty-one George Thisby came to the United States and among his earliest occu- pations in this country was that of night-watch- man on a Mississippi steamer for two or three y-ars. In 1852 he came to California, being employed to drive cattle across the plains by the southern route to Los Angeles. He afterward went to mining for a year or two in the neigh- borhood of Nevada City, with such ill success that lie came down on the Sacramento in the spring of 1854, having only 10 cents in his ]iocket. He was employed by Mr. Madge at $40 a month, and in the autumn of that year he be- came his partner, the arrangement continuing two years. He then bought fifty acres on Georgiana Slough, about thirty-two miles south of Sacramento, with a cabin of 10 x 12 feet upon it, and only two or three acres cleared, paying $350 cash and 3 per cent, per month interest on an equal amount, and proceeded to clear it. He also rented twenty acres on Grand Island, pay- ing one-third of the proceeds. In 1859 he ran a trading boat of five tons' burden frotn Walnut Grove to Sacramento and Stockton. In the flood of 1862 he lost all his stock except a span of horses and one cow. In November, 1862, he paid a visit to his old home in England, re- turning in June, 1863. In the autumn of 1864 he bought the sloop Franklin, of thirty-five tons, and was her captain for three years in the San Francisco trade. In 1868 he planted an orchard of about ten acres on his slough ranch, now in- creased to about thirty acres by his widow. In 1867 he bought for $5,000 the place of 222 acres, on the river, still occupied by the family, thirty-two miles south of Sacramento, having rented it for the preceding year, and put it in charge of Henry Hebb. From 1868 onward he gave his undivided attention to farming. It had only three or four acres of orchard when pur- chased, which he increased to about fifteen. He was a director of the California Transportation Company from its organization, being the first man to pay $1,000 cash for stock in the new concern, and was vice-president of the company at the time of his death. Mr. Thisby was mar- ried August 8, 1869, to Miss Rebecca Elliott, a native of Ireland, born in Enniskillen, March 26, 1848, daughter of Henry and Sarah Elliott, both of the same name but not related within any known degree of kinship. The widowed mother came to America in 1865, and to California in 1870. She died February 21, 1885, aged eighty, at the home of another daughter, Mrs. Anna Sidwell, of Rio Vista. Mrs. Thisby came to America in 1861, accompanied by her oldest sister. She found employment in New York city for five years, first as a nurse-girl, and afterward as seamstress, and in 1866 came to California, arriving at Rio Vista on Thanksgiv- ing Day. Here she worked chiefly as seam- tress and milliner, and at general housework for one month, for which she received $45. She has one brother and two sisters living: John, a farmer in Sullivan County, New York; Ellen, now Mrs. J. M. Gleason, of this (Andrus) isl ind; Mrs. Anna Sidwell, of Rio Vista. Mr. Thisby was accidentally killed on his own ranch by fall- ing from a wagon loaded with hay and being dragged along by his team. September 24, 1880, in STORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. dying twenty-four hours later, witliont liaving recovered sufficiently to explain the circum- stances. The surviving children of Mr. and Mrs. Thisby are: Piiilip Henry, born June 1, 1870; Mary J., December 28, 1871; George, September 24, 1873; William Jolin, October 15, 1875; Robert Francis, June 4, 1877; Leon- ard Charles, October 2, -1878. Philip H. has taken a course at a business college in San Fran- cisco; Mary J. was educated at Mills' Seminary in Oakland, an(J afterward at Irving Institute in San Francisco; and the other childreti are at- tending the district school. Since the death of her husband Mrs. Thisby has added eighty-one acres of the adjoining Westfall ranch to her place on Georgiana Slough, has increased the acreage in fruit, cleared up some more land, and improved the home place very tnaterially by the erection of a new bam at a cost of about §2,000, and the expenditure of about $4,000 on tiie house, making it a very comfortable home for the family. ►>4J^V-^ fULLlVAN TREAT, deceased, in his life- time here a prosperous farmer and exem- plary citizen, was born in Aurora, Erie County, New York, January 18, 1811. Ilis father, Timothy Treat, was born in Rutland County, Vermont, and when a young man moved into New York State and married there his first wife. The only child by this marriage was the subject of this sketch. Mrs. Treat died, and Mr. Treat afterward married again and brought up a family of eleven children. One son died in the late war, and a daughter died at the age of three years. Two sons and three daughters are in this State. Timothy Treat served with distinction in the war of 1812, and in 1839 he moved from New York State to Cass County, Michigan, when the primitive condi- tion of that country occasioned him many hard- siiips and monotonous periods of privation. He lived there until 1865, when he came to Cali- fornia and made his home with his son, Sullivan Treat, until his death, which occurred March 3, 1875, when he was eighty-nine years of age. He was a very healthy, stout man, and did as much work as two ordinary men should do. He was very strong and in good spirits up to within a few days of his death, and, like John Wesley, " ceased at once to work and live." For his second wife he married Miss Bentley, who died in Michigan. The subject of this sketch was brought up in Erie County, New York. When of age he started out with no means but his brain and muscle, to make his own way in the world. After working some time in his native county, he went to Berrien County, Michigan, in 1836, three years before his parents moved to that State. Two years afterward he went to Cass County, Michigan, settling in Silver Creek Township, where he entered 240 acres of Gov- ernment laud; 200 acres of this was in heavy timber, which he cleared excepting a small grove reserved for wood. He resided there until he came to California; and while living there, December 25, 1843, he married Miss Caroline M., daughter of Cyrus and Mahala (Wiltsey) Gage, who was born in Ledyard Township, Ca- yuga County, New York, March 11, 1824, and in her sixteenth year came with her parents to Wayne Township, Cass County, Michigan. They have one daughter, Alvira H., now the wife of Julius Everson, a sketch of whom ap- pears in this volume. On account of Mr. Treat's poor health there, lie and his family left Michi- gan for California May 10, 1859 — eleven of them altogether in the party — coming overland, with three wagons, three tine horses and twenty- two head of pure-bred cattle, some of them fresh cows; but all were yoked together and used as teams. All the cattle but one died on the way by the use of alkaline water! On ar- rival here, Mr. Treat rented a place the first year witiiin four miles of Elk Grove, and the follow- ing season bought 160 acres about a quarter of a mile east of the uppar Stockton road, and east of old Elk Grove. At that time the plains were bare of improvements. There he followed farm- ing, and also raised some fine sheep and Iiad niSTORr OF SAGMAMBNTO COUNTY. many fruit trees. He was tlie first to raise imicb fniit fiict'essi'ully in tliis section. He also introduced tlie custoni of deep plowing and suuimer-lalliiwiiig-, with signally good results. He had also other land, — 640 acres elsewhere in this county and 176 acres in Yolo County. At the time of his death heowned 976 acres, wliich, with the exception of that in Yolo County, is still in the possession of his widow. His death occurred January 21, 1880, after he had just passed his sixty-nintli birthday. He never saw a sick day after coming to California until his last illness; nor has Mrs. Treat yet seen a sick day since coming here. He was a quiet man in his manner, attending to his own business, and was a good neighbor and citizen, greatly assist- ing all public local institutions and bestowing many charitable contributions known only by the beneficiaries themselves. In his political sympathies he was a Republican. ^^-^ ■ tC. TEAINOR, prominent in the live- stock trade, is a resident of Sacramento. * He was born in New York city, June 1, 1830, and while yet small he was a " tly boy " iu the Ilerald otKce, of that great metropolis. Tiiat was the day of old-fashioned presses. Ar- riving at the age of fifteen years, he was em- ployed by his uncle, iiobert McKinnin, in the ol(> Catharine Maiket in that city. Seven years later, namely, in January, 1852, he came to California in the ship Ohio, Captain Whitney, by way of Panama, arriving at San Francisco April 8. His first work there was in the" em- ployment of William Montgomery. Subse- quently, being acquainted with Bishop Goodrich, of Sacramento, who kept the Queen City Mar- ket, corner of Seventh and J streets, he came liere in June, 1852, and was employed by him until November, when the market was burned out. They at once bought a read^'-made house, and in ten or twelve days resumed business at the old stand. Mr. Trainor afterward associated himself with Andrew Weston and Christopher Green (whose sketch as one of the mayors of Sacramento appears in this volume elsewhere), in a little shop on J street, between Front and Second, where the Tremont House now stands, ai'd where they were at the time of the great flood. In September, 1853, in company with Mr. Goodrich, he went first to Shasta, and Jan- uary 1, to Yreka, near the Oregon line, and in May returned to Sacramento. Mr. Trainor then began in business for Rolla & Werner, for whom Mr. Green was then book-keeper. In 1856 he formed a partnership with Mr. Green, pur- chasing the interest of Rolla & Werner, and this business they continued for many years. About 1860 they acquired ranch property in Yolo County, eight miles northeast of Dixon, in what was called "the pocket," and there they had at one time as many as 5,000 sheep. The native breeds were crossed with the Spanish and French Merinos. The firm continued in sheep- raising, in connection with the market, until about 1874-''75; but in the meantime, in 1SB9 or 1870, they bought a ranch in Placer County, where they had 5,000 sheep, and also had some 1,600 acres of land in grain, Mr. Trainor being the active outside business man of the firm, while Mr. Green attended more particularly to the interests of the market. They are still en- gaged in the live-stock business iu Arizona, where thej' now have 5,000 head of sheep and 2,000 head of cattle. In 1867 Mr. Trainor built a house on H street, where R. S. Carey now resides, and lived there many years. He now resides at 1222 Tenth street. He is a prominent member of El Dorado Lodge, No. 8, 1. O. (). F. Peing one of the '-boys," he took an active interest in the volunteer tire depart- ment; became a member of the Exempt Fire- men's Association. He was also the cliief or- ganizer of the Washington Guards, a Yolo County organization, Captain Miithews, which in 1862 was attached to the Sacramento Battal- ion, and served during the war. Mr. Trainor was early an active Democrat, a member of the County Central Committee, and chairman of the same; but he was never an office-seeker or in STORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. an office-holder. His father, Charles Trainor, was a native of Donegal, Ireland; was a "free- lander," and compelled to emigrate to the "land of the free," America. The maiden name of the mother of the subject of the foregoing sketch was Mary McKinnin, and she was a native of the city of New York. His grand- mother was a Quakeress, a native of Dublin, who came to New York in tlie year 1799. In 1858 Mr. Trainor was married to Rose Toland, daughter of George Toland, of Sacramento. Their children are named Daniel, Isaac, Charles, Frank, Alfred and Walter. fHARLES EDWARD ADAMS, proprie- ter of the hay and feed store at 1108 and 1110 J Street, Sacramento, was born in Randolph County, Illinois, March 28, 1841. When seven years old his parents moved to New Orleans. In 1853 he took steamer for California, coming to Sacramento; spent about two years in the State, during which time he at- tended school. In 1855 he returned East, going to Massachusetts, for the purpose of com])leting his education After graduating he went to St. Louis and entered the office of the Missouri Repuhlican with a view of learning the printing business; he went to New Orleans in 1859, stay- ing about six months. In the fail of the year he determined to come to California; taking steamer, he arrived in San Francisco early in 1800 and came directly to Sacranieutu. Shortly after his arrival he entered the grocery store of James I. Felter, remaining till the breaking out of the war in 1861, when he enlisted in Com- pany F, Second California Cavalry, foi- the period of tliree years, holding the position of Quarter- master Sergeant. Part of his company was assigned to provost duty, with headquarters in San Francisco, where it remained until the e.x- piration of term of service, when he was mus- tered out. In February, 1865, he went to Mazatlan, Mexico, and opened a hoel; this place was then occupied by the French. Mr. Adams, however, being a loyal citizen of the United States, had his wife make an American flag, which he flung to the breeze July 4, 1865. This was the only emblem of the Republic dis- played, and his courage and patriotism were amply repaid by the universal respect it com- manded. In December of this year Mr. Adams thought to improve his circumstances by going to the mines. Accordingly, he sold his hotel and went to a mining camp near Durango. He remained here about a year with varying fortunes, when the clamor of war raised his war- like spirit, and, believing himself safer in the Mexican army than the disturbed condition of the country would warrant as a civilian, he dropped the pick and shovel, and, going to the city of Durango, where Americans were at a premium, he was given a commission as Cap- tain of Engineers. At this time the campaign against the French under Maximilian was being vigorously pushed. Shortly after his commis- sion was received, orders were given to lay siege to the city of Queretaro. After some bombard- ments and numerous engagements, which lasted about two and a half months, Maximilian surrendered the city unconditionally May 15, 1867. The next move was upon the city of Mexico, and thither tiie army went, under com- mand of General Forflro Diaz, the present pres- ident of the Republic of Mexico, and had the satisfaction, on June 31, 1867, of forcing the city to capitulate. In his capacity of Captain of Engineers, Mr. Adams was very close to General Diaz, and speaks of him in the highest terms. He remained with Diaz until the end of the year, when he went to the State of Zaca- tecas, determined to make his fortune or "bust," by again engaging in mining. He returned to California in Fei)ruary, 1875, making a " bee line" for Sacramento. In 1876, Mr. Adams opened a hay and feed store, which he has car- ried on ever since, meeting with good success. In 1864 Mr. Adams married Miss R. D. Hite, of Sacramento County, who accompanied him to Mexico, sharing all the hardships and privations of a soldier's life, as well as the dangers. They HISTORY OF SACHAMENTO COUNTY. have been blessed with three children, two sons and one daughter. In politics Mr. Adams is a stanch Republican, and in 1860 took a very active part in the Lincoln campaign, though not old enough to vote. He takes a great interest in the local government, and though he has done his party great service, has never been an aspirant for political honors. Mr. Adams is a prominent member of the G. A. R., having joined Sumner Post, No. 3, of this city, in 1867. He has creditably filled all the offices in the Post, including that of Commander. Is also a member of tiie Masonic fraternity and of the Knights of Honor. In the latter order he has been Assistant Grand Dictator and for a number of terms has held the office of treasurer in the local lodge of which he is a member. Mr. Adams' success in business is due to his strict integrity and careful attention to the wants of his patrons. He is devotedly attached to Sacra- mento, and although he has seen much ot the world, has found no place so attractive as the city he has chosen for his home, and where — his wanderings having ceased — he is willing to end his days. -^•^ j)»^ fAMES THOMAS CHINNICK was born February 19, 1843, in Devonshire, England, son of Robert and Sarah (Wooland) Chin- nick, who came to the United States in 1874, locating in Philadelphia. The former died Feb- ruary, 1877, and the latter in F'ebruary, 187G. There were nine children in the family, of wliom live — two sons and three daughte-s — are dead. Four died in the old country, and one, Eliza- beth, in New York city, at the age of thirty- two years, the mother of one child, who is also d'ead. The living are William John, resident near Trenton, New Jersey, a florist and farmer who grows a great many flowers for the New York markets; Robert Henry, blacksmith and machinist, resident in Erie, Pennsylvania; Ed- win, carriage blacksmith and spriug-maker, resident in Philadelphia. James Thomas, the subject of tliis sketch, was raised in Devonshire to the age of fourteen years, then went to Bris- tol, where he commenced learning his trade of carriage blacksmith and spring-making, lemain- ing there until he was past seventeen years old; then he went to London, and continued in the same business until 1872. In July of that year lie sailed for New York, landing there July 2, 1872; thence to Trenton, New York, where he made a short visit to his brother. Going to Railway, New Jersey, he worked at his trade for a man named Pennoyer. In the fall of 1873 his employer shut down, and he went to work for Hatfleld & Jackson. In the fall of 1873 he went to Philadelphia, and worked there for Petrie, Grizel & Co., large carriage manu- facturers. In the fall of 1875 he left there for Ravenna, near Cleveland, Ohio, where he en- gaged with Merts & Riddle, remaining there until April, 1876. During all this time he was working at piece work, as it paid better than day work. Next he went to Camden, New Jer- sey, where he worked for Charles Coff'ery, a large carriage-builder, and remained with him till September, 1876, when he met a man named Schreb, who was in partnership with Dolan. They were patentees of carriage springs, which were being manufactured by William Pritchard, corner of Eighth and K streets. Mr. Schreb urged him to come here and work for Pritchard by the piece, which he did. In 1879 he went into business for himself at Elk Grove. He has been very successful, and is doing a good deal of machine work, carriage work and general jobbing. He is a natural mechanic. Early in life, when a mere boy, he evinced a strong de- sire for and interest in mechanical arts. He entered upon tlie duties of acquiring the pro- fession of his choice, and in due course of time was able to master its many intricate difficul- ties. He is possessed of a strong inventive faculty, and his busine--s has been built up by the tirst-class work he turns out. He was mar- ried August 17, 1878, to Benicia Walton, daughter of Elijah AValton, an old pioneer of this State. Mrs. Chinnick was born in Sacra- niSTOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. meiito County, Jainiar}' 25, 1S55. Thej have one daughter, Etiiel Blanch, born August 17, 1882. One child died in infancy. Mr. Chin- nick is a member of the Masonic order of Elk Grove, Lodge No. 173. flMOTHY LEE.— About a year prior to the beginning of this century, there was born in County Kerry, in the south of Ireland, Timothy Lee, who grew up to be a plasterer by trade, and was married to Louisa Kuach, a native of London, England, but of Irish parentage. He emigrated to the New "World in 1847 or 1848 settled in New York city, and, in 1849, sent for his family to join him there. He was the father of thirteen children; he is at this writing ninety j^ears of age and still enjoys life in the City of Churches. When the younger Timothy, subject of our sketch, joined his father in New York he was about fourteen years old. He was educated there and learned his father's trade. In 1855 he removed to Madison, "Wis- consin, where for some years he carried on his trade. In May, 1858, a party for California was made up, which our subject joined. Tliey crossed the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, went north of Salt Lake, through Sublette's cut- oft' and located at Bear Creek in Shasta County. They were engaged in mining until 1862 on Middle Creek, and then went to the Nez Perce mining district. In 1863 he built a bridge across tiie Spokane River, getting a charter from Idaho to do so. This bridge was located about si.xteen miles below Cordalaine Lake and twenty miles above Spokane Falls and near the scene of Colonel "Wright's battle witii tiie Nez Perce Indians, at which time 960 head of ponies were destroyed. In the year 1868 he sold out his bridge and made a trip East, going to New York and "Wisconsin, where, in November, he was married to Miss Minnie Helm, and upon his return to the coast he came to Sacramento; since that time he lias made it his home. In 1876 he held tiie office of deputy siierift' for | four years, in the year 1880 was a member of the police dep-irtinent, and later w.is under- sheriff' during the administration of Sheriff' Estell. At the expiration of Estell's term, he was employed by the Central Pacific Railroad as one of their special officers. In 18S8 he was elected chief of the Sacramento force, which position he holds at this writing. He well deserves tlie respect of his fellow-citizens. tOBERT ALLEN was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, about eight miles from Zanesville, October 25, 1825. His father, Jacob Allen, a farmer from New Jersey, fol- lowed teaming during the war of 1812, and in Ohio followed farming during the summer, and during the winter drove horses east of the mountains. The maiden name of Robert's mother was Fisher: she died when he was nine years old, and his father then discontinued housekeeping. Mr. Allen, the subject of this sketch, went to Farmington, Van Buren County, Ohio, where he learned the blacksmiths' trade. This he followed, in partnership with another man, and a year later opened a shop in company with his brother Charles. "When the California gold fever broke out they started for this State. Leaving Farmington, they attached themselves to a party of forty, crossed the Missouri River May 10, and came by way of Fort Kearney, Fort Hall and the Lassen route, with ox teams. They divided their train into caravansaries of fifteen wagons each at Independence Rock, and Mr. Allen and his brother came on in company with one other man. They struck the Sacra- mento River at what is now Stanford's Vina ranch. For the first three weeks they followed mining at Salt Springs, near Shasta; then with teams they came to Sacramento, arriving No- vember 15, 1849. Here tiie subject of this sketch began teaming. On iiis first trip he took 1,600 pounds of whisky and flour to Auburn, at $1 a pound, being eleven days on the way. Next he made a trip up to Blue JILSTony UF SAGliAMENTU COUNTY. Eaiiks, above Monnoii Island, and moved a fam- ily to Mud Springs. Returning to Sacramento he turned his cattle out; then rented a bar in tlic old Kentucky House on J street, between Fifth and Sixth, and ran it until the fall of 1850. JJel'ore the water had fully receded he went to ilarysville, and thence to Cox's Bar, where he loUowed mining during the ensuing summer. In the fall he came down to Sacramento, and at-- tended bar in the old Sutter Hotel on Front street for two months or more. In 1851 he en- gaged in teaming from here to Nevada, buying goods here and selling them on the streets there. He had a fine four-horse team and two i.x teams. This business he followed during the fall and winter of 1851-'52. Then he was at Shasta for a while, but did no mining there. In two or three weeks he bought an interest in a blacksmith-shop on J street, in Sacramento, in partnership with Mr. Woods; si.x months after- ward he bought out his partner's interest and conducted the shop alone until the latter part of 1852, when he injured his back and was laid up for two months. Quitting blacksmithing he worked for L. R. Beckley on the Coloma road, at the Monte Cristo Exchange. Then he and Mr. Sullivan entered the grain and feed busi- ness on J ttreet, the firm name being Sullivan & Allen. Continuing thus until the spring of 1854 Mr. Allen went to Placer County, to a place called Carlton, tliis side of Auburn, where they followed merchandising until 1859. Mr. Allen then came to Sacramento and went into a barley speculation, in which he lost $11,000! In 18G1 Mr. Beckley's place, on which he had a lien tor services, fell into bis hands. He bought some young cattle and worked with them until 1864, in the meantime engaging to some extent in the cattle trade. June 24, 1802, he married and began keeping house at the Monte Cristo^ Exchange. From 1863 to 1866 he was employed in the cattle and dairy busi- ness in Yolo County. Returning to Sacramento, he engaged in the saloon business, keeping the Norfolk saloon on K street, between Fifth and Sixth, until January, 1868, when he rented the fair-ground for the years 1868-'70. In 1871 he with his family made a visit to the East, the gVeater part of the year, returning in August- In January, 1872, he rented the fair-ground again, and left it January 1', 1873. He was then engaged in the clothing tratle until the lat- ter part of 1877, on J street, between Fifth and Sixth. In 1878 he obtained the fair-grounds for the third time, holding the lease during the years 1878-'80. In 1881 he engaged in con- tracting for street improvements. From 1883 to 1885 he had the Agricultural Park for the fourth time. Mr. Allen is a Democrat in his politics; is a member of the Pioneer Associa- tion of Sacramento Lodge, No. 40, F. &. A. M., and also of the Chapter and the Commandery, and is a veteran Odd P'ellow. His wife's maiden name was Catharine Elizabeth Davis; she was born seven miles from Shawneetown, Illinois, November 5, 1844; her father, James A. Davis, was a sea-captain, and her mother was formerly Miss Jane O'Neal. After the death of her father she came with her mother across the plains to California, locating in Sacramento, and resided here and at Alder Creek. Her mother died in February, 1887. Mr. and Mrs. Allen have two children: Edward P. and Jennie, and another son, Robert, who died at the age of twenty-two months. ^-^-.^i tARVEY ALVORD, a representative farmer of Lee Township, was born in Sep- tember, 1816, in Syracuse, New York, being a son of Ashael and Eva Regine (Mang) Alvord. The Alvords are American for more than one hundred years, the ancestry being Welsh. Miss Mang was a German by birth. The grandfather Alvord, and one son, fought in the Revolutionary War. Ashael Alvord was a farmer, and his son, Harvey, having received the usual district-school education of sixty years ago, afterward helped on his father's farm. At twenty-one he went to farming on his own ac- count, and in 1845 removed to Missouri, where UISTOUY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. lie lionght a farm in Caldwell County. In 1849 lie sold out and came to California, iirst going to njining in Placer County, where his lather, who had accompanied hira,died soon after their arrival, in November, 1849, aged about sixty- tive. Mr. Alvord worked at mining some seven or eight months, and in the spring of 1850 went to ranching on Coats' ranch, and ferrying across tlie Cosumnes. He carried on the ferry business for about three years, and farming un- til 1857, having become owner in 1852. In 1858 he sold out and went East, but in 1860 moved West again, settling in Nevada, Color- ado, where he again followed mining until 1863. He then went to Montana, where he engaged in building and running quartz mills, having learned the business while in Colorado. He remained in Montana about eighteen years; and in 1882 moved into Wyoming. His health breaking, he returned to tlie Cosumnes in 1884, and bought a small portion of the old Daylor ranch from the Grimshaw estate, containing only about twenty acres, but with an excellent house upon it, where he is tranquilly spending his declining years. In 1844 he was married to Miss Mary A. Alger, a daughter of Elijah and Penelope (Rector) Alger, of Syracuse, New York. The father was a salt manufacturer, and lived to the age of seventy-two. The mwther is still alive, is eighty years of age, and makes her home with Mrs. Alvord. The Algers are American for some generations. Mr. and Mrs. Alvord are the parents of two daughters: Mary Penelope, born in New York State, now Mrs. Orlando North, whose husband owns and super- intends large stock-ranches in Nevada and Wyoming; and Frances Lulu, born on the Cos- umnes, now Mrs. Lewis C. Rockwell, whose husband is a lawyer in Denver, Colorado. Mrs. Rockwell has seven living children: Harvey K, born in 1873; Clinton Alvord, in 1877; Lewis Orlando, in 1878; Mary Frances, in 1881; Emerson Everett, in 1883; Annie Lulu, born November 20, 1884, in Denver, Colorado; and Paul Nellis, in 1887. During the absence of Mr. Alvord in Montana, Mrs. Alvord conducted the Alvord House at Idaho Springs, two and one-half years; fit Golden City about eighteen months, and from 1876 to 1879 in Denver. When the Windsor was put up in that city in 1879 she felt that it would overshadow the Al- vord, and not only being willing to run a sec- ond-class hotel she sold out and retired from the business. She was married when quite young, and is still hale, heartj- and cheerful. tBSALOM MORGAN ADDINGTON, a potter by trade, and at one time owner of the Michigan Bar pottery, was born in Wayne County, Indiana, September 28, 1824, his parents being Morgan and Jane (Menden- hallj Addington. His great-grandfather Ad- dington was an English emigrant to Virginia in 1776, probably then in middle age. A great- grandmother, known in later life as Mrs. Town- send, whether his wife or not is not known, died in Wayne County, Indiana, in 1837, at the remarkable age of 104 years. - A brother of the Virginia immigrant settled in the State of New York, and from these two it is thought the American Addingtons are descended. John Addington, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, died in Wayne County, Indiana, many years ago, aged sixty-four. The grand- parents, Mr. and Mrs. Absalom Mendenhall, cf Fountain County, Indiana, were both about ths.t age when they died. Mr. and Mrs. Morgai; Addington moved to Fountain County in 1830, and the father was a farmer there until his death in 1837. A. M. Addington began to learn the trade of potter in Green County, Wis- consin, in 1840, spending two years there. He afterward spent two years at a puttery in Foun- tain County, Indiana, going to school both winters. He then worked at his trade for six years at different points in the East. In 1850 he came to California and went to mining eight years. In 1859 J. W. Orr erected the Michigan Bar pottery, Mr. Addington helping to build and afterward working for him as potter, 'flu; 4b8 HISTORY Ob" 8AGUA3IENT0 COUNTY. works were moved to tlie present location at Orr's claj-bank in 1862, Mr. Addington still remaining connected with the niamifacture of the goods. lie tiled pre eni[ition papers to 100 acres. In 18C5 lie bought the land and pottery of Mr. Orr, and continued the manufacture until he sold out to the present proprietor, J. 13. Williams, in 1884. He still works there, but his family icsidence is in Oakland. Mr. Ad- dington was married in Knoxville, Illinois, in 1852, to Miss Martha Boyd, born in Ohio, July 3, 1830, lier parents being Robert and Jane (McKibben) Boyd, both deceased. The father was born in Kentucky, the son of a Scotchman, and the mother in Pennsylvania, of Scotch-Irish parentage. Mr. and Mrs. Addington are the parents of four living children, born in this State: David Morgan, February 9, 1853, now a physician at Upper Lake in Lake County, and the father of three children: their mother, before marriage was Miss Abbie Yates, being also a native of this State; Anna, born July 19, 1859, now Mrs. William Beaugner, of Oakland, has one child; ThoniaS M., born February 15, 1862, is now living in Felton, California; Charlie Boyd, born November 20, 1870, is learning the potter's trade from his lather. JPSENRY ALLTlfCKER, of San Joaquin l^n Township, was born June 6, 1844, in ^fii Germany, a son of George and Maggie (Swick) Alltucker, farmers, who never came to this country, and are both deceased. Henry was reared on a farm in the old country, came to America in 1866, landing in New York city, resided one year in Pennsylvania, working at odd jobs, and in 1867 came to California, by way of the Isthmus, being three weeks on the voy- age. The first year here he was fireman at the Pioneer Flouring Mill and two years at the Lambart Mill; next he was one year on a por- tion of Jack Korti ranch; from there he went to Owen's place, on which he remained eight years, and Qnally he purchased his present property of 846 acres; he also has 320 acres near Sheldon. He raises mostly wheat and live-stock. All his ])resent wealth he himself has accumulated by his own industry and shrewd judgment. He has otie of the best of ranches. It is located six miles from Elk Grove and twenty miles from Sacramento, and only two miles from the railroad station; it is part bottom land, hounded on the south by the Cosumnes River. A small but good vineyard is on the place. Mr. Alltucker is a member of tlie orders of I. O. O. F., F. & A. M., and K. T. In 1874 he married Miss Christina Olson, a native of Sweden, who died in 1885, leaving two children, Emma C. and George H. 1 '^■^■^ l.KXANDER BROWN was born in Ports- mouth, New Hampshire, March 10, 1849, his parents being John and Agnes (Rob- ertson) Brown, who had emigrated from Scot- land about 1839. They moved to Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1851, where t!ie father died in 1858. The mother came to California in 1861 with three children, John, Christina and Alexander, of whom the two last went East in 1862, but returned to California in 1866. The mothei* who was born in 1821, is living with her daughter, Mrs. S. Y. Drury, of Newcastle, California. Grandfather Alexander Brown was eighty when he died. The maternal grandpar- ents were also long-lived and died in Canada, whither they had emigrated from Scotland. The subject of this sketch received the usual educa- tion till the age of twelve, but when he went East in 1862 he became a clerk in a grocery store for four years. On his return to Califor- nia in 1866 he went to work in the pork-packing business in San Francisco for some years, and then to butchering on his own account for a year or two, and afterward into the Iruit and produce business for wages for five or six years. February 11, 1879, he came to Walnut Grove and helped his mother in the hotel business for two years, and then bought and sold fruit for ^Ar/A )t <:^^<^^ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. about two years. April 23, 1883, lie opened a general store, and on June 1, 1886, he suc- ceeded his mother in the hotel business. Mean- while, in 1884, he had rented 300 acres in the Pearson district, since increasing it to 3,830 acres. On this he raises barley and all kinds of vegetables, making a specialty of beans. In 1887 he raised two crops of barley on a portion of it, and fully 2,000 acres in the district are capable of yielding two crops every year, but labor cannot always be economically used to produce that result. Besides his hotel, store and ranch business, Mr. Brown is agent for the Southern Pacific Railroad's line of steamers, Wells, F'argo & Co.'s Express, the Western Union Telegraph Company, is assistant post- master, owns and conducts the warehouse, and as can readily be imagined is very busy indeed. But this list doe.s nut quite exhaust the cata- logue of his industries. In September, 1887, he bought a ranch of 4,385 acres in Colusa County, and entered into possession of the same on April 23, 1888. This is devoted' chiefly to stock-raising. Mr. Brown was married Febru- ary 14. 1871, to Miss Kate Stanford, born in this State, April 21, 1854, daughter of C. P. and Helen (Emmons) Stanford, of San Francisco. Mrs. Brown's parents and maternal grandparents are still living. Her paternal grandparents died some ten or twelve years ago, about two years apart, aged about eighty. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are the parents of five living children: John Stanford, born October 14, 1873; Arthur Alex- ander, July 6, 1878; Frank Emmons, February 1, 1888; Agnes Helen, April 27, 1884; Alex- ander, Jr., September 2, 1888. -^^€@:»-^— ^ON. DWIGHT HOLLISTER.— On the TOj\ east bank of the Sacramento Biver, six- ^sls teen miles south of the Capital City, in Sacramento County, we find the home of the Hon. Dwight HoUister. To say that he is a representative man, while it is true, does not express the position which has been attained by him in the State, in the county, and in the neighborhood; for in all these he has been prominent for many years. The historical vol- ume of Sacramento County would indeed be in- complete without at least a brief page from the story of his life, and a glance at his ancestry, which will be read with interest by the many friends and acquaintances which his public service, his well-known hospitality, the pre- eminent qualities of head and heart, have gath- ered into his life. Born September 27, 1824, near Marietta, Ohio, his parents being Sereno and Mary A. (Ryan) HoUister. His mother was a native of the Emerald Isle, but brought up in the Buckeye State from a child. His father, a native of Connecticut, moved to Wash- ington County, Ohio, near Marietta, in 1820, and was married there February 22, 1823. He died September 2, 1880, aged eighty-three years. Grandfather Roger HoUister was born in Connecticut, May 23, 1771, and was there married to Miss Hannah Stratton, October 11, 1792. He was the fifth in descent from Lieu- tenant John HoUister, who was born in England in 1612, and emigrated to Connecticut in 1642. The Strattons are also American for several generations. Dwight HoUister was educated in the district schools, and afterward took an academic course in Marietta. At the age of twenty he began to work on his own account. He clerked in a dry goods store about three years, and did some flat-boat trading down on the Ohio and Mississippi. His health not being ot the best, he came to California by way of New York and Cape Horn in 1849, mainly with the view of receiving some benefit from the long voyage. Learning in one of the South American ports that the discovery of gold in California was an assured fact, he went to mining for one 3'ear in Placer County. His success was not phenomenal, and he went to trading among the miners. In company with a comrade he conducted a trading post and tavern for another year. A third year was spent in the position of a hotel clerk in Sacra- mento. In 1852 he went into the nursery 490 UISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. biibiness as joint partner in the tiriii of Wliite & Ilollister, in which he lieid an interest for twelve years. Meanwiiiie, in 1857, he went back to Marietta, wliere he was married on De- cember 8, to Miss Nannie 11. Alcocic, a native of that place, born of an English father and a Virginia mother. Returning to California, he boiicrht the ranch on which he still resides, two miles north of Courthuul, on the Sacramento River. The ranch cmitains over 600 acres, all bottom land, hut some uf it is too low for culti- vation. He uses a part for dairy purposes, keeping about 100 cows, and raises all the pro- duce necessary to their sustenance. But the great work of his life has been the growing of California fruits. He is widely known and esteemed as the "pioneer fruit-grower" of this section of the State. As early as 1852 he first engaged in the nursery business, and it was this foresight into the undeveloped possibilities of California as the fruit-raising center of the world which has brought affluence and opu- lence to the subject of our sketch. Mr. Hollis- ter has been for many years closely identified with the Masonic fraternity as a Knight Tem- plar, and in political matters has taken a promi- nent part, affiliating with the Republican party since its organization. He has been called upon to fill many ofiices of trust and responsibility, a duty which he has not shirked because of the many personal inconveniences to which it has necessarily subjected him. He was chosen to represent his constituents in the Legislature of his State in the sessions of 1865, and again in 1884. He was known among his associates as one true to the interests of his section, fearless in the expression of what he believed to be right, and tireless in his efforts in the direction of wise legislation. Of his home life we need say but little, although much might be said with propriety of the individual members of his household, which is composed of Mr. and Mrs. Ilollisterj two sons, Charles Edwin and Frank E., and one daughter, Blanche, all of whom have received superior educational advantages. Both sons have attained to the degree of M. A., and the younger qualifying himself for business life by extended experience in a commercial house at San Francisco. They are both inter- ested with tlieir father in his extensive farming and fruit-growing interests. Here, then, we see the picture of one of the fair homes which industry and thrift has built up beside the softly -flowing Sac.amento, in this land of golden sunshine. Looking backward we see the turbid tide, the trials and hardships incident to the pioneer days. Looking forward we see a laud flowing with milk and honey, a fair domain rich in the development of the bounteous resources of nature, while for the present we see the con- spicuous land-mark of a happy home, not built, it is true, in a da}', but the outcome of years of painstaking labor, a monument to a successful life. ILLIAM BREEDING, rancher of Co- sumnes Township, was born in Virginia, January 8, 1826, his parents being Squire H. and Sally (Burton) Breeding, both natives of Virginia and of long-lived parentage. The father, born in 1801, and the mother, about 1807, died in 1862, being separated in death only fifteen minutes. Grandfather Jeremiah Breeding, born and brought np in Shenandoah County, Virginia, lived to be sixty, and his wife, a Miss Husk before marriage, was about seventy at her death seven years later, about 1845. William was reared on his father's farm, learned farming chiefly and worked at home until his removal to Missouri in 1851, where he worked for others in the same line. He arrived in Sacramento September 26, 1853, and was engaged in mining fifteen years. In 1868 he bought his ranch of 120 acres, two miles south of Michigan Bar, and has been farmingever since, raising chiefly cattle and hay. In May, 1866, he was married to Mary Ann Thornburgh, born in Virginia, August 19, 1833, daughter of William and Catherine (Rickey) Thornburgh. They moved to Missouri in 1837. The father, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. a native of North Carolina, died in his sixty- ninth year, in P^ebrnary, 1846; and the mother was eight-fonr wlien she died March 18, 1886. Grandmother Elizabeth (Hoflf'mon) Rickey, born in Pennsylvania, saw her ninety-ninth birthday. Tl)e liickeys were of French and the liofFmons of Dutch origin. Grandmother Thornburgli was a Miss Martha Ballinger before her mar- riage. Mr. Breeding's education was also rather limited but sufficient for all ordinary purposes. Mr. and Mrs. Breeding are the parents of four living children: Emmett, born May 20,1867; Martha Alamo, January 10, 1870; Una Catha- rine. July 1, 1872; William Walter, April 18, 1876. All have had or are receiving a good education. fA. BRANSCOMBE, a farmer, was born September 30, 1850, in Canada, son of * John and Elizabeth (Clark) Branscombe, natives also of that province, both of whom also died in that country, the father September 28, 1882, and the mother January 21, 1889. In tlieir family were four daughters and five sons, as follows: Katie, Sallie, Hannah J., Sophia, William, Samuel, Robert, Arthur and Samuel; six are still living. Mr. Branscombe, our sub- ject, was reared on a farm in Prince Edward County, Canada, and came to California in 1870, and for a while worked for wages. Three years afterward he returned to Canada with the in- tention of remaining there; but before lie crossed the Sierras he was liomesick, and when lie reached the coUl climate of Canada he de- termined to settle in California for the remainder of his life. Although he was offered good in- ducements by his father to stay thei'e, he refused them and returned here in 1874. He rented land until 1881, when he purcliased his present farm of half a section, which appeared to most people at that time to be very poor; but the' very first crop paid for the land. He is a good manager of his ranch, following general agricul- ture and having a small vineyard and orchard. Indeed, he has been more than successful, as his premises demonstrate. lie is a man of untiring energy and undiminished ability. Although he has suflfered several severe accidents, by runa- ways and by being run over by the cars, etc., he is still in good health. December 29, 1880, he married Miss P. A. Tice, daughter of George and Vashti (Woodward) Tice, herfather a native of New York and lier mother of Indiana. They have no children. 'Y^OBERT BARNETT, Revenue Collector - K^ for the Fourth District, United States of ■^ii America, just entering the prime of life and the zenith of his popularity, was born at the St. Charles Hotel, New Orleans, on the 29th of May, 1847. His father, Robert Barnett, M. D., a practicing physician of the Crescent City, migrated to the shores of California in 1849- when the younger Robert was but three years of age, and died at Colusa in 1857. In 1862 young Barnett left school to make a start in life for himself, and became a cattle herder, follow- ing a band to the mountain pastures; this oc- cupation he followed until 1868, when he began clerking in a hotel in the town of Colusa. He was so popular that in the following year he was chosen by the Democratic party for the position of town treasurer, which otfice he held two terms, and afterward was returned as one of the "city fathers," as the trustees were termed. AYas elected countytreasurerof Colusa County, and re-elected, serving in all seven years. In 1884 he was elected to a seat in the State Legislature and served in the session of 1884 and 1885, and then resigned to accept the position he now holds, the Collectorship of Internal Revenue, taking possession of his office August 1, 1885. In the session of the Legislature of 1884 and 1885, he was one of the twenty Democrats, the Re])ublicans that year being in large majority, lie interested himself especially in the irriga- tion bill, and others of minor importance. Speaking of his having held the ofiice of treas- IIISTOBT OF tiACRAMENTO OOUJ^TY. nrer of Colusa County, a singular fact is recorded of his wife's family. This lady, Mary (Vincent) Baruett, a daughter of Williaui Vincent, who was treasurer of Colusa for two terms, was the widow of J. Hop. Woods, who was treasurer foi' ten years; and her uncle, John Dunlap, also held the office, as the genial ex-treasurer remarks; "quite a family aftair." Mr. Jiarnett was prom- inent in organizing the order of Knights of Pythias, in Colusa County, being a charter member and was also a prominent Odd P^'ellow there. He is a member of the Chapter and of Colusa Lodge, No. 2t0, F. & A. AI. fOHN T. BARRY, proprietor of the Valley Press Printing House, Sacramento, was born in Louisburg, County Mayo, Ireland, in 184:0, emigrating to the United States in April, 1848; was partially educated at St. John's College, Worcester, Massachusetts; spent some months in New York city. In 1857 he joined the army that was sent to Utah to sub- due the rebellious Mormons and establish the supremacy of the General Government. He resigned his commission in 1858, and came westward, arriving in Sacramento in November following. Within a few days he went to San Francisco and obtained employment in a news- paper office, where he remained until 1860. Thence, going to Virginia City, Nevada, he be- came part owner of the Territorial Enterprise, then a weekly paper. In 1862 lie was com- missioned by Governor Nye as First Lieutenant of a company of Nevada volunteers, and was placed in command of the infantry at Fort Churchill, Major McDermit being in command of the fort. He resigned in 1864, returned to Virginia City, and in connection with Hon. William Woodburn and others, started the Daily Constitution, which, after a short time, was abandoned. He then returned to California and was commissioned Major in the Mexican army by President Benito Juarez, and in con- junction with General Williams and Colonel D. E. Hungerford (father of the now celebrated Mrs. John W. Mackay), organized an expedi- tion to help drive the Maximilians out of Mexico. Among his officers weie the now celebrated Henry George and the Hon. J. F. Linthicum, Receiver of the United States Land Office at Sacramento. The expedition proved a failure, and in November, 1865, in conjunction with a gentleman named Lyons, he purchased The Monitor, a weekly newspaper of lai'ge cir- culation, then and now printed in San Fran- cisco. This ])aper he published until 1877. Having soon after lost most of his means in mining stocks, he resumed his business as a printer, and worked in various offices until the inauguration of Governor Stoneman, when he came to Sacramento and worked in the State printing office until after the election of Gov- ernor Bartlett. He then went to San Diego, where he owns considerable property; finally returned to Sacramento, and in August, 1887, bought the interest of Rev. C. M. Davis in the Valley Press Printing House, associating him- self with Charles D. Monagan, whose interest he also purchased in February, 1888, becoming the sole proprietor of the establishment. The Valley Press is one of the best equipped book and job offices in Sacramento. In politics Mr. Barry is a Democrat, and was nominated for State Printer in 1871, but with his whole party was defeated. August 15, 1868, he married Miss Kate E. Fenton, of Santa Clara. They have had three children, two of whom are living, a daughter and a son. The son, Charles J., graduated last year first in the first class of the Sacramento Institute; and the daughter, Marcella J., graduated from the State Normal School at San Jose, in July, 1889. fOSHUA JAMES BAILEY was born in Adams County, Ohio, March 27, 1828, his parents being Isaac E. and Polly (McNeil) Bailey. He was reared on his father's farm, and was educated in the district schools. The IIISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY family removed to Wisconsin in 1840, and in 1849 he began to work for liimself, bnt still on his ta'her's farm. In 1S5U, with his father and brother, he came to California and went to mining, chiefly in the foot-hills of the Xevada, where he remained until 1855, with little actual net results. He then came down into the valley of the Sacramento, where he went to work on ranches and at teaming. In 1861 he rented about 160 acres from H. C. Ross, remaining on that place fourteen years. In 1875 he bought 627 acres of Mr. Wolcott, which he still holds. Only twelve acres are bottom land, on which he raises corn, alfalfa and fruit. On the uplands he raises wheat, barley, oats and grapes, besides cattle, of which he sells a few hundred dollars' worth every year. The Bailey family to which he belongs are of old Virginia stock. J. J.'s grandfather, Joel, whose wife, a Perkins, was of English descent, moved into Ohio. In 1878 he was married to Mrs. Louisa D. (Joiner) Benton. They are the parents of live living children: LEary Lauretta, born February 24, 1879; Isaac Xewton, May 13, 1880; James William, May 22, 1884; Alice Josephine and Alfred Willis (twins), May 29, 1886. Mr. Bailey is a worthy and respected citizen, and has been twice elected a school trustee. He was reared a Baptist, while his wife is a Methodist, but church opportunities of any kind are few on the Cosumnes. [:;)RS. MARY E. MclXTYRE, the widow of Bernard Mclntyre, was born in this county, April 6, 1853. Her husband, a native of Ireland, came to California in 1852, and for two years labored as a gardener along the river for a Mr. Kelley, who ran away owing Mr. Mclntyre a large sum. Then he worked for Mr. Aiken a year, and finally in 1861, bought the present homestead of fifty-four acres, where his family now resides. Being an industrious and economical man, he converted the original wild tract of land into a profitable ranch. He died January 9, 1887, and is re- membered by the community as having always I)een an honest and upright gentleman. The children are Mary L., Bernard P., William J., Sarah A., Philip A., Francis A., Cecelia i). and Robert E. T-^TII.LIAM A. BIRCH, farmer, San Joa- i A / niiin Township, was born June 13, 1836, i'=b;^ and was a son of George and Frances L. (Wright) Birch, father a native of Scotland and mother of Long Island. His father, a farmer, came to this country about 1820, landing at New York, was married about 1830, on Long Island, and in 1835 settled in Livingston County, Michigan. They had two children: Jane E., who is the wife of John McCullough and lives in Amador County, this State; and William A. The parents came to California in 1854, with ox teams, and located near Diamond Spring, where the father followed mining for some time. They are both now deceased, the father dying in July, 1870, and mother June 4, 1864. The subject of this sketch came with his parents to this State in 1854. In 1864 he married Miss Razelo Jane Campbell, who afterward died, March 9, 1881. J3y tiie first marriage there were three daughters and one son: Frances R., born July 25,^1870^ Polly J., June 13, 1873; Augusta, November 28, 1874; and William U., August 8, 1877. The second time Mr. Birch married Mrs. Fanny Jones, who was born in Brockton, Massachusetts, and by this marriage there v?ere two children: Frank, born June 24, 1886, and died June 26, 1888; and Martin, born May 4, 1888. After arriving in California, Mr. Birch followed mining, both here and in Idaho, with varying success; and since 1857 he has been farming in San Joaquin Township, fifteen miles from Sacramento and eight miles from Elk Grove. There he has 480 acres of land and devotes special attention to the rearing of horses. He commenced his struggles in this county without any means, and all he has in possession 494 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT}-. he has made by his own unaided efforts. His rancli is well improved. Is a kind and generous- hearted man. His first vote was cast for Doug- las; but he has long been a stanch Republican. He still carefully preserves in a scrap-book a specimen of the ticket which he first voted. fRS. G. VERNON EWING AND ELIZA- BETH W. EWING— Dr. G. Yeruon Ewing was born in Hayesville, Ashland County, Ohio, February 12, 1831, and was edu- cated at Vermillion Collegiate Institute. He began the study of medicine and surgery at the age of eighteen years as a student of the cele- brated Drs. Armstriiig and Glass, of Hayesville. After pnrsiiing his studies one year under these popular pliysicians, he entered the Cleveland Medical College, of which the late Prof. H. A. Ackley, the celebrated surgeon, was a professor. He graduated in the class of 1852, of which the late distinguished Dr. Bliss was a member. After graduating he returned to Hayesville and immediately entered upon the practice of his profession, devoting specal attention to surgery and diseases of I'emales. In 1858 he was mar- ried to Martha S. Kuhn, daughter of Rev. J. Kuhn, professor of languages in Vermillion Collegiate Institute of Hayesville. She died in 1867, leaving five chiklrwi, four of whom are still living. In 1854 he settled at Rock Run, Stephenson County, Illinois, where he continued in practice for fourteen years, when in 1869 he removed to Chenoa, Illinois, where he practiced till 1880, when he opened an office for practice in Chicago and at the same time took a special couroe of one year in Rush Medical College, in surgery, under the late Prof. Moses Gunn, and diseases of females under Prof. Byford. In 1883 he came to Amador City, California, for the benefit of his health, and in a few months removed and settled permanently in Sacramento, where he continues to devote his time prin- cipally to the practice of surgery and the dis- eases of females. In these branches of prac- tice he has had very extensive experience and is a snccessful operator, having performed many of the most important and critical operations. The Doctor was married the second time in 1870, to Elizabeth Wilson, a native of Lexing ton, Ohio; her father was a native of Pennsyl- vania, and emigrated to Oiiio in early days, settling at Lexington; her mother was Isabel McCoy, who was of Scotch-Irish descent. She was born in 1839, educated at Lexington Semin- ary, Ohio, under the care of Prof. Richards Gailey, and graduated at Washington Female Seminary, Washington, Pennsylvania, and was engaged in teaching for several years and was a successful educator. When she married the Doctor in 1870, she engaged in the study of medicine and graduated in 1884 at " The Wo- man's Hospital Medical College of Chicago;" soon after she joined her husband at Sacramento and entered with him in practice. She has devoted special time and attention to female dis- eases, and is doing a very large practice in these "n connectioT with a general practice. ^-#-h-^« fOIIN B. BROWN, vineyardist, was born in Ilarrisburg, Virginia, March 10, 1844. His father, Fleming T. Brown, also a native of that State, was a millwright. In 1851 he purchased property in Iowa, and lived there six years. Selling out then, he came to California across the plains with ox teams, being five months and four days on the way, and having no considerable difficulties. One night there were four shots fired into their camp, but without damage. The first two years here Mr. Fleming T. Brown spent at a ranch. (His wife, nee Jane Southern, also a native of the Old Dominion, died December 21, 1857.) Ne.xt he followed teaming a year, and then in 1859 he located upon a ranch in San Joaquin Township, wliere he resided nine years. This lie sold in 1868. In 1870 he went to Oregon and remained two years. He has made one or two other trips to that State. HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. He is still living. He has had one daughter and two sons, as follows: Mary A., born June 5, 1839, and is now the widow of Albert FrHser, of San Francisco; George M., born April 30, 1841, and died February 14, 1888; and John B., born March 10, 1844. The latter was mar- ried December 9, 1868, to Miss Catharine Reese, a daughter of John Keese. Their children are: Mary F., born September 29, 1869; John F., April 29, 1872, and diea June 4, 1874; George D., May 19, 1874; Lloyd E., April 24, 1876; Fred E., September 12, 1880, and Jessie J., December 29, 1883. Two, unnamed, died in infancy. Mr. John B. Brown j.urchased his present property, forty acres, in January, 1883, ten miles from Sacramento and one and a half from Florin; and on this p'ace he devotes his attented to the raising of toble fruits. He has also 210 acres of land in Placer County, excel- lent for general farming. He is a member of Elk Grove Lodge, IS^o. 274, L O. O. F., and in his politics is a Republican. fMOS MARCUS LOWELL was born in San Francisco, January 25, 1852, being a son of Marcus and Ellen Mar (McAra) Lowell. Tiie father, a native of New York State, came to California in 1849, and followed mining for two years. In 1851 he went to making brick in San Francisco, and was there married in 1851 to Mrs. Ellen Mar (McAra) Hollinan. See sketch of Caroline (HoUman) Eiirhardt. After two years at brick- making Mr. Lowell moved to Sacramento with his family, including the four children of Mrs. Lowell, liy her former marriage. He conducted an academy tor young ladies for about two years in that city, and was afterward engaged in the freighting business for some years. Li 1858 he took up 160 acres on the Mokelumue, and afterward became owner of 2,500 acres there, a large ])ortion of wliich was overflowed or swainji land. In the great flood of 1862 he lost heavily, and, becoming disgusted with such lands, he sold out and returned to Sacramento, and resumed the freighting business. In 1864 he was again in San Francisco engaged in con- structing a macadamized road toward the Cliff House, on which he again lost a considerable amount through damage by heavy rains, re- quiring the reconstruction of the road. Back again to Sacramento County, he went into the business of distilling at Brighton for three years, and lost about $20,000 in that venture. Since 1867 he has been engaged in various trading ventures, even to Honolulu once or twice, but has never recovered fully from past disasters. Mr. and Mrs. Marcus Lowell are the parents of the following children: Amos M. (see above); William Harrison, born June 12, 1853; Charles Henry, February 22, 1859; Isa- bel Mary, October 12, 1860, now the wife of Charles Suramermacher, a native of Sacramento; Ira Nehemiah, born February 28, 1862, and Emma Matilda, born in 1864. The subject of this sketch left home at the age of thirteen, and went to work on a farm for Mr. Henry Ehr- hardt. In 1870, with his brother William H., he rented a dairy of seventy-five cows from Mr. Ehrhardt, which they carried on for two years He then rented, with his brothef-in-law, George "W. Fountain, the John Julian ranch of 216 acres, where they carried on a dairy business of sixty cows, besides raising some fruit and hay. In 1873, again with his brother William H., he carried on a milk business at Winneinucca, Nevada, for two years, returning to this county in 1875. In 1876 the two brothers rented 6,000 acres at Fremont, on the Sacramento, where they milked 350 cows, and had 1,100 head of cattle all told. There they engaged in making cheese, and did very well, but by the floods of 1878, 1880 and 1881, they lost all they had made, and withdrew from the business. In 1881 the subjcL-t of tiiis sketch went into the brick-making business for one year at Mountain View, in Santa Clara County. He then rented the Freeman ranch of 400 acres, eleven miles south of Sacramento, on the lower Stockton road, for two years. In 1885 he superintended HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the construction of the levee in the Pearson dis- trict, and afterward went to work in the railroad shops in Sacramento, in the carpentering de- partment, for two years. In November, 1887, lie went to work for the Sacramento Transporta- tion Company as superintendent of their brick- makingbusiness, just below Freeport, where he is still employed. In 1881 Mr. Lowell was married to Miss Ida M. Davis, born in Illinois, daughter of J. Y. and Mildred (Butler) Davis, now of San Francisco. They are the parents of two children: Amos Marcus, Jr., born May 16, 1882, and Mildred Ellen, born August 24, 1884. "T r.s. M \/ V held. MARY LEE was born in Spring- Bradford County, Pennsylvania, *^^^ January 4, 1820, her parents being Austin and Nancy (Harkness) Pennock, both natives of the New England States. They were married in Salem, New York, and afterward moved to Pennsylvania, where they made their home from 1809 to 1833, when they moved to Carthage, Hancock County, Illinois, where they farmed until 1867, thence moved to Beloit, Wisconsin, where Mr. Pennock di6d in October, 1868, in his eighty-fifth year; his wife died in November, 1871, in her eigthy-ninth year, near Osage Mission, Kansas, where she had moved after her bereavement. They had seven chil- dren, of whom four are now living, viz.: Silas, resident in Minnesota; Daniel, resident in Be- loit, Wisconsin; John, resident in Sacramento County, California; and Mrs. Lee, the subject of this sketch. Mrs. Lee was in her fourteenth year when her father moved from Pennsylvania to Illinois, where she was married in 1840 to Absalom Newnham, a native of Ohio. In April, 1852, a party of thirty families, called Callison's Company, was organized to go to Oregon. They all met at the Missouri River, where they separated again into smaller companies. They had no trouble with Indians on the way, but many of the children were sick with the measles, and cholera was raging on the plains, and three of their party died with it, viz.: Mr. Newnham, who died about seventy miles below Fort Laramie, on the north side of the Platte River, on the 1st of June; Mrs. Briston two days later; and Mrs. Browning, who died this side of the Snake River, near Fort Hall, about the 1st of August; she had contracted the dis- ease by eating salmon bought of the Indians. They crossed the mountains about the 7th of September, traveled up the Willamette River about 100 miles until they reached Mount Pleasant, in six months and seven days from the time they started. They stayed there till the 1st of December, then went down to Oregon City, remained there three weeks waiting for the steamer. Mrs. Lee came by water to Sacra- mento; the voyage was very rough and stormy, lasting seven or nine days. They arrived in Sacramento a few days before Christmas, 1852. In the fall of 1854 Mrs. Lee (then Mrs. Newn- ham), with her family of four children, started for the East with the intention of remaining there. About the middle of October they left San Francisco on the steamer Yankee Blade, which was then considered to be a good steamer, and had been previously sold to other parties, and was then making her last trip for the old company. After she had been out twenty-four hours she struck a rock and beat a hole in her. The crew could do nothing, and she finally sunk. There were about 1,400 passengers on board, of whom, as far as could be ascertained, thirty-seven were washed ashore during the night. They were buried the next day. Mrs. Lee, with two children, were taken on a small boat, in order that they might be taken to land; but when she saw that two of her children yet remained on the boat she insisted on returning, saying that all should die or be saved together. About nine o'clock she and the children were taken to shore in one of the sniall boats. They lay in the sand, with others of the passengers, a week before they were taken back to San Francisco. Their food consisted o^' mussel sonp, with a few crackers washed ashore from the wreck. They used the cans to make the soup niSrORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. in, pearl oyster shells for spoons, and life-pre- servers for buckets to carry water, which had to be brought about a mile. As it was consider- able trouble to get the oysters, and crackers were scarce, they had only one meal a day, and that about noon. On the last day of their so- journ there, just as they were about to partake of their soup, the joyful news came that a steamer was waiting seven miles down the coast for them. They drank a little soup and started, having to make their way through the trackless sage-brush and sand. It was a weary walk, but they were very thankful for the opportunity to get away from the desolate place. They all got safely on the boat before dark, and were kindly received, and a bountiful supper was prepared for all. They arrived at San Francisco the next day, about ten o'clock, and Mrs. Lee returned to Sacramento. After this event Mrs. Lee re- mained here until 1869, when she made a trip East, with no intentions of remaining there, however. She met with a stormy voyage, whicb, however, did not jirove fatal to any one. The children of her first marriage are: Mary J., wife of George Cirby, resident near Ilose- ville. Placer County; Nancy A., wife of Joel D. Bailey, of this county; James, resident in this county, and Alice E., wife of James Patton, of Sacramento County. Mrs. Lee was married to Ptichard H. Lee in October, 1856, by which marriage there is one child: Emily, wife of Al- beit G. McManus, of Sacramento County. Mrs. Lee is now making her home witli her son, James Newuham. \MES McCLEERY, a pioneer of 1849, was born in Beaver County, in tiie western part of Pennsylvania, January 11, 1817. The McCleery family are ail of Scotch origin. Tiie grandfather of the subject of this sketch came to Beaton in tlie early days. liis mother, nee Sarah Welch, was a Pennsylvania Quakeress, a native of Westchester County, that State. After a limited schooling, Mr. McCleery learned the trade of wagon-maker, at the manufactory of James AVilsou, at New Brigliton, Pennsylvania. At the end of three years he went to Warren, Ohio, and started in business there for himself*" in 1855, in company with an older brother. Moving tiience to Galena, lilinos, he followed his trade there for eleven years, under the firm name of McCleery & Pitts. In the spring of 1847 he married Miss Sidney, daughter of Cap- tain George Garritt, of Philadelphia, who had moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and died there in 1840. In February, 1849, Mr. McCleery started with a party for California, and crossed the plains with o,\ teams, by way of the Truckee route and Sublette's cut-off, arriving in this State August 17. His first business enterprise was the manufacture of shingles, getting his stock from the redwood timber back of and near where the city of Oakland now is. Shingles were then worth $40 per thousand. But the news spread abroad, and one day in February, 1850, there arrived in San Francisco twenty-one ships laden witli shingles and lumber, and the price went down to §6 ])er thousand! and this ended the enterprise. Then Mr. McCleery came to Sacra- mento, and proceeded to the Oroville mining district, thence to Big Bar, on the American River, thence to Todd's Yalley, and afterward, in company witii the late Charles E. Green, of Davisville, he went to Shirt-tail Canon, in Pla- cer County; thence he went to Nevada City, being attracted by reports of the Gold Lake dis- coveries, which were a humbug. In 1851 he returned to Sacramento, arriving on the day of the first case of cholera here. He soon formed a partnership with Charles Fitch in tiie I'urniture trade, on Fourth street. At this time he was in very poor health, owing to e.Kposure in the mines, and the doctors advised him to return East if he wished ever to see his kinsfolk. He made the trip, joined his family at Philadelphia, and soon afterward left for St. Joseph, Missouri, expecting to locate there; but the severity of the climate induced him to locate in St. Louis, which he did in 1852; but he could not be satisfied there, and on Christmas day started for IIISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. CaliFornia. Coming direct to Sacramento, be engaged in the wagon-manufacturing business in partnership with Ed. Kimball, a brother of the famous wagon-manufacturer of Sau Fran- cico. Continuing in this business until 1865, he was elected by the Republican party to the ofhce of third trustee for the unexpired term of David Kendall, and was re-elected for the next full term. Subsequently he was Deputy Assessor for three years, and again lield the office of third trustee. Still [later he acted as Deputy State Census Marshal, and School Cen- sus Marshal. In 1838 he became connected witli the Odd Fellows, and is now the oldest member of Sacramento Lodge, No. 2, of which he was Director and Secretary for over ten years. He has also passed all the chairs of the subor- dinate lodge and encampment, and was a mem- ber of the Grand Lodge of California for ten years. He is a member of the Exempt Fire- men's Association, of which society he has been president; and was also secretary of the Pioneer Association 1883-'84. WILLIAM H. LUTHER, a prominent fruit-grower who resides in Sacramento, was born in Salina, now a part of Syra- cuse, New York, April 4, 1827. His parents, Constant and Aurilla (Williams) Luther, were natives of Rhode Island. His father emigrated from that State to New York in early day and engaged in the manufacture of salt and in fann- ing, and died when our subject was a lad. The latter graduated at the Monroe Institute at El- bridge, Onondaga County, New Y'ork, in 1839. For four years he was clerk in the store of Noah ^Yuud, in his native town; next he spent a year with Alfred Ilaydin, learning the carpenter's trade; then for two years he had charge of the grain department of the mercantile house of Daniel Dana; and thence until IS-iG he was in the service of Kingsley & Hollister, wholesale grocers. February 14, 1849, in company with an elder brother, he left New York city on the ship Elizabeth Ellen, Captain Truman, and came by way of Cape Horn to California, arriving at San Francisco September 18. Here his first venture in a business way was to secure passen- gers for arriving ships which were bound for Sacramento and the mining districts. In this capacity he operated for Captain Vale, of the schooner Yalasco, and was quite successful, as he secured 400 passengers, in addition to a cargo of freight. On arriving at Sacramento he and his brother had but little cash on hand; never- theless, they pushed on to Placerville, then called " llangtown," and camped out at the diggings near by their friend James Alvord, who had previously located there. Not being successful, they became discouraged and were about to return to Sacramento, when one day William took a stroll over to Cedar Ravine and found a vein of gold, or rather of slate laden with gold. From the first panful he obtained about $50 worth of the shining metal. Com- municating the all-important discovery to his brother, they went to work together and iij; the expiration of the first month they had " a large pickle-jar full of gold!" A fitting illustration of the ups and downs of mining fortune may here be given in Mr. Luther's own words: " It was growing late in the season, and nearby our claim was the cabin of two miners who had been uniformly unsuccessful. Having no pro- visions, we bought their supply at an outlay of about $600. This afterward proved a valuable find ; for the roads were well-nigh impassable, provisions advanced in price, and at times were not to be had at any price. Here we remained until spring, when, lured by stories of opportu- nities in El Dorado Canon, we sold our claim and went there in April, locating between the North and the Middle Fork of the American River. Tiie snow was very deep and we re- mained there until July, but never 'struck the color,' and 'we then learned that the parties to whom we had sold our claim for $600 had in the meantime cleared $15,000. In 1851 we put in a flume above Spanish Bar, on the Middle Fork of the American. We called it the Indi- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ana Ripple. After weeks of toil we found that it was useless, because of another flume below us. "We then stacked our fluiue and material on the river bank; but before it could be trans- ferred to another location it was all swept away by the floods. Nothing daunted, however, we secured 300 feet below the other flume and went to work. Here we found a crevice which pan- ned out §100 to the foot. In tiie spring of 1852 we formed the Empire Company, and by unit- ing our forces s,ucceeded in turning the river from its channel. On Mondaj' morning, after this work had been going on for some time, I arose very early and found that Indiana Ripple had gone dry in the night, and, unaided, I took out over fifty pounds of gold during that morn- ing, and the company realized over §165,000 during the following six weeks." In October, that year, Mr. Luther went to his New York home on a visit. Returning the next April, by way of the Isthmus, he joined his brother in this State, who in the meantime had bought a ranch in Amador County. Here he remained until 1857, when he made another trip to New York State and married Miss Sarah J., daughter of D. Alvord, and a native of Farmington, Con- necticut. Returning abnost immediately with his bride, he settled on his ranch in lone Val- ley, where he made a specialty of vegetables and fruit. In 1879 he came to Sacramento to reside. In 1863 he joined the Pioneer Association, in which society he has been a director for ten years. His family comp ises a wife and three daughters. '^■&-^ EORGE ALEXANDER McDONELL, farmer, was born April 28, 1829, four miles east of Cornwall, Canada, and went to Brighton, on Lake Ontario, about eighty miles from East Toronto, when eight years uf age. His parents wqtg Duncan McDonell, mer- chant, born in Canada, of Scotch parents, who was in the war of 1812 and was a half- pay officer at the time of his death, in 1852, and Mary (Chisolm) McDonell, also a native of Canada, daughter of Colonel Chisolm, who was at one time a Member of Parliament. She died February, 1877. In 1859 G. A. McDonell was in Kansas freighting goods by wagon across the plains from Atchison and Fort Leavenworth to Pike's Peak, where he was at the time of the excitement there and witnessed some strange things. Returning to Canada, he went to the Cariboo mines in British Columbia, going by steamer to St. Thomas and to Victoria, and there took river boats up the Eraser River to Fort Douglas; thence he packed across the mountains, following the river, crossing two or three small lakes on the way, and arriving at the mines about the middle of July. Finding there that the cost of a square meal was §3.50 and everything else proportionately dear, and not having much money, he concluded not to remain; September 5, 1862, he i-eached San Francisco with §1.50 in his pocket. He found that city full of discontented men seeking for work. He went to an employment office for a job and was sent to Alviso, above Red Wood City, where he went to Avork bailing hay; then cooked for awhile for §40 a month; next went to pitching hay. After finishing there he re- turned to San Francisco, saw an advertisement in the paper for a wood-chopper, obtained a let- ter of introduction from a friend in this city and came to Sacramento. He took a contract for chopping wood along the line of the Valley railroad, from Mr. Robinson. That winter he cut 800 cords of wood, and the next hauled 1,600 to the railroad track for shipment. Next he followed teaming over the mountains for several 3'ears, until the railroad was built past Reno, Nevada. In 1869 he purchased his pres- ent farm, which is about eleven miles east of Sacramento. He has 160 acres devoted to grain and ten acres in vineyard and orchard. He was married April 23, 1873, to Eliza Fisher, daugh- ter of Philip Fisher, who was born in Sacra- mento County, April 4, 1856. They have six children, three sons and three daughters: Mary, born March 15, 1874; Ida, May 15, 1876; UlUTOUY OF SAOBAMENTO COUNTY. George, July 8, 1881; Archie, July 22, 1882; Grace, February 7, 1885; and Eddie, July 2, 1887. fREDERICK MEYERS was born in Ilan- o?er, Germany, June 8, 1822, his parents being Henry and Sophia (Klingenberg) Meyer, by American iisage Myers or Meyers, the latter spelling being preferred by this branch of the family. The fatlier died in 1847, aged fifty-two. Grandfather William Meyer reached the age of 103 and his wife was nearly eighty. Frederick Meyers received the usual common - school education of his country and was brought up to farm work. In 1857 he came to Cincin- nati, Ohio, and thei-e worked for two years in a starch factory, and afterward in various pur- suits for two years. In 1859 Mr. Meyers was married in Cincinnati to Miss Katrina Yerbarg, also a native of Hanover, born October 21, 1840, daughter of Diedrich and Margareta (Kattnm) Verbarg. Her father died in September, 1888, in his eightieth year; the mother, born in 1813, is now living with another daughter, at North Vernon, Indiana. Mr. Meyers, who had been a soldier in his native land from the eighteenth to the twenty-eighth year of his age, serving against Denmark in 1848, he entered the Union army in 1861, enlisting in the Fourth Ohio Cavalry, and became a corporal, in Company F, his imperfect knowledge of English alone preventing his further advancement, tieserved under General Mitchell, and was discharged for wounds received in the service. On his recovery, lie worked in different lines for a few years, and in 186(5, with his wife and two children, accompanied liis brother, H. AV. Meyers, on his return to California. Arrived on Grand Island, he bought seventy-two acres of his brother. The land was mostly in willows and tules then, but he has now twenty acres in orchard, besides raising other marketable prod- ucts. He has a comfortable home, and expects to become rich by the thorough reclamation of Grand Island. In August, 1883, he bought a fruit farm of twenty acres on Schoolcraft Island, Solano County, now occupied by his son. Mr. and Mrs. Meyers lost their oldest child, Caro- line, at the age of seventeen, and have two children living: Henry Frederick, born in Ohio, December 19, 1865, and Anna Aurelia, born in California, January 2, 1870. Miss Meyers was educated in St. Gertrude's Academy at Rio Vista, and besides the usual acquirements has attained special proficiency in music. She is also an artist in crayon work of more than ordi- nary ability, and has embellished her home with many line pieces of work from her own pencil, as well as with some artistic needlework. fOSTER N. MOTT, the pioneer peach- grower of the State of California, was born in 1819 in the city of New York, educated at Rockaway on Long Island, attending the common schools during the winter and laboring on his father's farm during the summer, and learned the trade of smithing in New York, after which he worked as a journeyman for several years. In 1848 he married Miss Frances L. AVood, datighter of Captain Thomas Wood, of the New York and Savannah Steam- ship Line. lie became one of a company of young business men who expended $20,000 for machinej'y and traps and came to California around Cape Horn, in the ship Daniel Webster, being 156 days on the voyage. The ship was laden with two years' provisions, a saw-mill, machinery and lumber for building a scow, and with the latest inventions for gold-washing. The latter, on their arrival in California, were found to be nselet^s. Tlie party arrived in San Francisco July 21, and proceeded to build a stern-wheel steamer or scow, 20x40 feet. This took two months' time. This steamer was the first to leave San Francisco and arrive at Sacra- mento without accident or delay; but running up the American River they stuck on a bar, and after several fruitless attempts to free the vessel, they abandoned it forever. Mr. Mott IIlSTUKr UF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. tlien proceeded to Cigar Bar, on the Yuba River, with a party made np of nine of the original company; bnt becoming severely afflicted with the malarial element uf that section, their num- ber was soon reduced to four, and in September, 1850, Mr. Mott gave up mining altogether. Going to Marysville, he bought an interest in a bakery there. During the summer of 1853 he returned to New York, wliere he remained two years. Returning with his family in 1855, he located upon a ranch in Y'olo County, and en- gaged in stock-raising and fruit-growing. Dried peaches from Chili were being brought here in large quantities for consumption, and from the stones of these he raised the iirst peach seed- lings ever grown in the State. These trees started the celebrated G. G. Briggs fruit ranch in Yuba County, from which, in 1857, $70,000 worth of peaches was sold in San Francisco that season. In 1874 Mr. Matt purchased 2,700 acres of land in Sacramento County, and for tlie next ten years he devoted himself to sheep-raising. He moved to Sacramento in 1875, where he still resides. In 1885 he bought and planted a raisin vineyard at Fresno, from which, at its second year, he marketed seven tons of raisins; the third year, forty-live tons. Mr. Mott, in his political principles, is a Re- publican. He voted at the iirst election in 1849, for Americans, but has never been a politician or aspired to office. He is a director in tlie Pioneer Association at Sacramento. fAMES B. McGUIRE, pioneer manufacturer of iron doors, 520 K street, Sacramento, was born August 13, 1824. His parents, Lawrence and Mary (Highland) McGnire, came from County Kings, Ireland, and settled in Connecticut in 1827. Here he attended school taught by a brother of the celebrated Lorenzo Dow. In 1832 the family removed to Cincin- nati, where he remained until 1849, when he joined the Dr. "Woodruff train and came to (Cali- fornia across tiie plains; but, as with so many who came in that manner, dissatisfaction arose and the party was broken up. Mr. McGuire joined James Huff and Henry Greathouse, and proceeded westward. At Fort Hall they left their wagons and packed their effects upon their horses. They came by way of the sink of the Humboldt, crossed the valley and came into Sacramento August 21, 110 days after leaving St. Joseph. Mr. McGuire made a prospecting tour to the Spanish Bar, on the American River, and those two weeks were the first and last of his mining experience. In the fall of that year (1849) he started in business in Sacramento, locating on Third street, between J and K, but varying his occupations during the winter months by making trips to Marysville on trading expeditions in a whale-boat. Later he built a shop on Sixth and J streets, where for many years he conducted his business, in 1860 he located on J street, where he still car- ries on the business. Mr. McGuire was married September 1, 1856, to Miss Mary, daughter of John Cofl'ee, who came to California in 1849 from Boston, and kept a hotel on Fifth street, between J and K. Mrs. McGuire died in 1879. The children are: Joseph, Belie, Agnes, Lillian and William. The subject of this sketch has never been in any sense a politician, but has always been interested in the affairs of the city, lie early became identified with the volunteer fire department; was foreman of Hook and Ladder Company No. 2, and is a member of the society of Exempt Firemen. He is also a mem- ber of the Pioneer Association, and has been both a director and president of that society. ►^^ fTEPHEN TURNER MORSE, deceased, was born in Canandaigua, Ontario County, New York, May 15, 1820, his parents be- ing Stephen and Sarah (Turner) Morse. Stephen Morse was born in Connecticut, went to Florida, at the age of twenty-one, as one to form a colony, and was compelled to leave on account of the Indians. From there he went to Canada; cleai-ed HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. a farm and was prosperous; but was compelled to either lose his farm or enter the king's serv- ice; he chose the former, and went to New York State, where, for a long time, he drove a stage between Buffalo and Albany. There, when he was forty years of age, he married Sarah Turner. To them were born ten children, seven sons and three daughters. Of these, one son and one daughter died there. In 1847, with his family, he removed to Lockport, Illinois, where, a few months later, he died of dropsy of the heart, at the age of sixty-seven. Sarah Morse, his wife, was a native of Erie County, New York; was married at the age of twenty, and diedatPlain- lield, Illinois, aged seventy-six years. The sub- ject ot this sketch was brought up to work on a farm, but afterward learned the trade of black- smith at Warsaw, Wyoming County, New York, and in his early manhood worked at it at vari- ous points in Missouri, Mississippi and Alabama. In 1844 he went to Lockport, Illinois, working at his trade there nntil 1849, when he came to California and engaged in mining, off and on, for three years or more. Abont 1853 he came down to the Sacramento River and worked at his trade for some years at Onisbo, two miles below Courtland. About 1854 he bought a ranch on Miner Slough in Solano County, and afterward a second one in that neighborhood. In October, 1858, he bought the 156 acres at the head of Sutter Island, on which his family still reside. For many years he devoted his attention chiefly to alfalfa, but in later years he turned towards frn it-growing. There are now over thirty-five acres in orchard along the river, and alfalfa is still grown in large quantities in the rear. They also own 200 acres of the old pur- chase on Miner Slough, a part having been sold by Mr. Morse some years ago. Mr. Morse was married in October, 1859, to Miss Martha A. Bur- son, born in Oliio, November 12, 1839, daughter of John and Eliza (Massy) Bur&on, both Ameri- can and both now deceased, the father reaching the age of seventy. Grandfather Thomas Massy was a native of Virginia and a soldier of the Revolution. His wife, Elizabeth, lived to be eighty-eight. Mr. and Mrs. Moise are the parents of four living children: Sarah Eliza, born April 30, 1861; Annie Leona, October 18, 1867; Henry Hare, November 27, 1872; Edith Martha, July 18, 1877; William Turner, born June 9, 1863, died August 17. 1865. Sarah Eliza was married, December 21, 1881, to John C. Smith, a rancher of Yolo County, about nineteen miles below Sacramento, on the river. They are the parents of three children. Early in 1889 a great calamity befel this happy family by the sudden death of the husband and father. While loading hay from his barn, on January 10, he slipped and fell upon his head, breaking his neck and dislocating both wrists. Death was instantaneous and in that resjiccta merciful dis- pensation to him. To the children, and especi- ally to the wife, the shock was something awful, the recollection of which is still almost as pain- ful as the actual experience. Mr. Morse had been a Mason for over thirty years and was buried with the honors of the order, January 13, in their cemetery at Sacramento. By his neigh- bors he was regarded as an honest, reliable man, whose word was as good as his bond, and his death was imiversally regretted. |P^ENRY O. MORGAN, a farmer and fruit- IBi '■**'*^'"> ^^"^^ born in Essex County, New -i^ Jersey, January 16, 1828, son of John and Elizabeth Morgan. When of age he left his parental home to take care of himself. In 1845 he emigrated to Brown County, Illinois, and was a resident there most of the eight years he was in that State. April 11, 1853, he started for California, with a small party who were coming with ox teams, and arrived at Sacra- mento September 7 or 8. His first work here was to assist in threshing grain, then was em- ployed two months on the R street levee, and ever since that time he has been engaged in farming, excepting the three months he spent in mining in Sonora. His present farm he pre- empted from the Government. At first it com- UISTOUY OF SACRAMENTO ChUJSTY. prised a quarter of a section, but he has since sold half of it. It is devoted to fruit and grain, is situated on the Fruit Ridge, in Sutter Town- ship, two and a half miles from the city limits, between the upper and lower Stockton roads, and the soil is well adapted tofruitsof all kinds. Mr. Morgan was married in 1860 to Elizabeth Young, a native of Germany, and they have one son and four daughters, named Jennie, George, Lottie, Katie (deceased) and Sallie. aLLIAM McLaughlin, who has been .,,,„ recently elected to the office of Second Trustee of this city, was born in County Donegal, in the extreme north of Ireland, in 1842. His father, a small farmer, having died when he arrived at the age of eighteen, he emi- grated to America, where he had two brothers and two sisters living. He came in a sailing vessel from Londonderry, at the mouth of the river Foyle, and, after a long but uneventful voyage, landed in the city of New York, going directly to Philadelphia to join his relatives, where he lived for nine years, acting as a private watchman in a mercantile house. In the mean- time his two sisters had become residents of Sacramento, and were delighted with the place and the prospects here. They urged him to join them, which he finally did, leaving New York on the Colorado, August 16, 1865, cross- ing the Isthmus and steaming through the Golden Gate on the 9th of September. He came soon afterward to the Capital City, engaged in the draying business on his own account, and, it is needless to say, has prospered. Always a Democrat in politics, his personal popularity induced his party to bring him forward in 1880 as their candidate for County Supervisor, but he was defeated, it being a bad year for Demo- crats. In 1883 he was again nominated for the same office and elected by a handsome majority. In 1886 he was put forward as the regular nominee for the office of trustee, and failed of being elected by only 250 votes, notwithstand- ing that a branch of his own party had put another candidate in the field. In 1889 he came up again as the choice of his party and re- ceived the endorsement of a handsome majority of his fellow-citizens, being elected to the office of second trustee and supervisor of streets. He is a typical gentleman, full of energy, yet court- eous and affable in manner, an efficient officer and a warm personal friend. He is a member of Concord Lodge No. 117, and also an active member of Chapter No. 3, Council No. 1, and Commandery No. 2, F. & A. M. Mr. Mc- Laughlin has been twice married, first in 1864, at Philadelphia: wife died leaving one sou; and in 1876 he was married for the second time, to Mios Mary Ferrell, a native of Philadelphia, a daughter of Thomas Ferrell, who came to Sacra- mento in the early days. They have had two children, only one of whom is living. fAMUEL H. MERWIN, a Sutter Township farmer. The Merwin family are of Welsh origin. About two and a half centuries ago, three brothers came from Wales to this country, one of whom settled in Connecticut, and afterward became connected with Eno-lish and Irish families by marriage. Daniel Mer- win, grandfiither of Samuel H., was a native of Connecticut, and died in 1820. In his family were four sons and one daughter who grew up, all born also in Connecticut. Two sons, Sam- uel and Lewis, were Methodist ministers. Dan- iel moved to New York State when all his children were very young, and they passed their lives there. Lewis, a farmer and local preacher, and the father of Samuel H., married Ruth Rey- nolds, a native of New York State. Her grand- father, Eli Reynolds, was born in Ireland. In Lewis Merwin's family were three sons and si.\- daughters, all born in the Empire State. One of tiie daughters now resides in that State, and the others in Los Gates, California. Samuel H. Merwin was born in Delaware County, New York, May 1, 1826; was six years old when his UI STOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. mother died, and he was then taken care of by relatives. In 184-7, during the Mexican War, he went to New York city lor a year, and tlien was employed upon various farms until 1856, when lie came to this State. He sailed from New York on the steamer George Law to the Isthmus and tlience to San Francisco on the Golden Age, arriving during the last of May, when the vigilance committee were hanging two men, Casey and Cora, who had killed the editor of the San Francisco Bulletin. The voy- age was unusually long and tedious. Com- ing to Sacramento, Mr. Merwin entered the hard- ware store of Massol, Merwin & Co., as a clerk, on J street between Third and Fourth. That Merwin was his brother. lie remained with them until they closed business in 1869. He then purchased his present place, five miles from the State House. It comprises 160 acres, and is devoted to general farirjing, in which Mr. Merwin is signally successful. He is a member of the Grange at Sacramento and of the Method- ist Church. Was a Republican until recently, being now a Prohibitionist. He was married February 26, 1863, to Sarah P. Young, a native of Cumberland County, Maine, as were also her parents and grandparents. Her grandfather, Nathaniel Young, was one of General Wash- ington's aides in the Revolutionary War. She came to California in January, 1862. Mr. and Mrs. Merwin have three sons and three daugh- ters, as follows: Ruth H., born February 7, 1864; Charles L., June 1, 1866, and died July 21, 1867; Henry, born May 25, 1870; Ella F., April 8, 1872; Willie C, August 4, 1875, and died March 22, 1886; Mary E., born February 28, 1877, and died May 19, 1877. ^ENRY WATSON (in German, Watzen) ^m\ was born in Hanover, near Bremen, Sep ^ftf tember 5, 1836, his parents being Albert and Mary (Bohrmau) Watson. The father died in 1877, and the mother in 1879, in Germany, at about the ago of seventy; and grandmother Mary Watson lived to be over seventy. Henry Watson received the usual schooling of his country from his sixth to his fourteenth year. Befoie he was quite fourteen he went to sea, and suffered much abuse in that service. In 1851, on a voyage from Nicaragua to New Orleans, a German- American passenger of St. Louis, prom- ised his protection, and young Watson availing himself of the kind offer, fled from his persecu- tors, accompanying his friend to St. Louis, and going to work for him. In 1852, still in his employ, he helped to drive cattle across the plains, arriving in Sacramento August 12, 1852. After working a short time on a farm he went to mining that winter in Amador County, and continued at that work for over eight years. In 1861 he went to teaming from Sacramento across the mountains to Nevada, and followed that business for three seasons. In 1864, witli a partner, he rented the 260 acres on which he still resides, and in 1865 they bought it, and in 1871, the adjoining 240 acres. In December, 1872, Mr. Watson bought his partner's interest in the 500 acres, and in 1887 he purchased the 480 acres adjoining on the west, making a ranch of 980 acres in one body. He raises wheat and cattle, and does a dairy business of between twenty and thirty cows. November 28, 1872, Mr. Watson was married in Sacramento to Miss Christina Hashagen, born in Hanover, near Bremen, February 14, 1844, a daughter of Diedrich and Meta (Brugemann) Hashagen, both deceased, in Germany, aged about seventy. They are the parents of four children: Meta C, born October 15, 1873; Albert H., April 17, 1875;^ George F., August 30, 1878; Katy M., October 25, 1885. Mrs. Watson came to Sac- ramento direct from Germany, in 1869, where she worked until her marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Watson are members of Sacramento Grange, No. 12; and usually attend the meetings of the Methodist Episcopal Church held in the Pacific school-house, on the lower Stockton road, where their children also attend school and Sabbath- school. They now occupy a good, substantial, handsome and convenient home, replacing the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. " cabin " which so long constituted tlie resi- dence of tl)e thrifty Mr. Watson in his bachelor days. — '^■m-^^ — fEORGE WILSON, rancher, Brighton Township, was born in Greenup County, Kentucky, four miles from the Big Sandy River, the dividing line between Kentucky and Yiiginia, December 8, 1815. His father, Thomas Wilson, was born on James River, Dinwiddle County, Virginia, and died about 1845, at the age of sixty-three years. He en- tered the war ot 1812 as Orderly Sergeant, and was mustered out as Captain. George's mother, whose maiden name was Mary Isabelle Pogue, was a native also of Greenup County, Ken- tucky, and was one of thirteen sons and daugh ters. His grandfather, Stephen Wilson, a native of Virginia, had seven sons and six daughters, the most of whom passed their lives in their native State. The eldest of these was Thoma?, wiio in 1828 emigrated to Illinois, lo- cating in Vermilion County, and in 1836 to Iowa County, Wisconsin, and afterward, in September, 1837, to Lee County, Iowa, where he died. His wife died in Illinois in 1829. In their family were four sons and two daughters, viz.: Robert, who has resided in Iowa County, Wisconsin, ever since 1832; George, Mary Isabelle, in Benton County, Oregon; James P., in Lane Countj', Oregon; Elizabeth, who died in Iowa County, Wisconsin; and Stepiien H., who died on the plains during the Pike's Peak excitement. George Wilson, our subject, at about the age of nineteen years, in company with four others, made an exploring expedition into Illinois, examining the Rock River region, and then Iowa. He located Government land in Cedar County, in the latter State. In 1836 he juade a trip into AVisconsin. Returning to his home in Vermillion Count}', ho voted for General Harrison for President in 183G, and he lias never missed a vote since, not even at minor elections. He then sold his Iowa claim and bought a quarter-section in Vermillion County, and the following March sold it, took teams up into Wisconsin, and engaged in hauling lead and breaking prairie until the fall, when he went to Lee (bounty, Iowa, where he took up land, improved it and lived until 1850; and during his residence there, February 9, 1838, he mar- ried Rhoda C. Kilgore. In 1844, during the agitation that existed between the States of Iowa and Missouri concerning their boundary line, he responded to the call for troops for ten days, raising the first battalion company under the call, and was on the frontier. No blood was shed in that affair, however. At the first elec- tion held in his township he was elected town- ship clerk; shortly afterward he was elected county assessor for two years, and still subse- quently school inspector also for two years. He was also postmaster of Van Buren postofKce, in Lee County, for about seven years. In 1847 he raised a company of cavalry for the Mexican war, but it was never called into service, as the war was soon closed. In 1850, after selling out there, he bought three quarter-sections of land in Appanoose County, and made his home there until he came to California. It was in that county, one year before starting to this State, that his wife died, April 28, 1851. December 31, that year, he married again, that time Leaner Flinn. Leaving his farm May 5, 1852, he ar- rived in this State, October 10, coming overland with eight families and a hundred head of stock. After passing a month in San Joaquin County he came to this county, where he has since re- sided excepting one year, from JSIovember 1, 1854, to about the 1st of November, 1855, in Santa Clara County. In the latter year lie bought a place on the Sacramento River, and about the same time took up 160 acres, where he now lives. The former place he sold in 1859. For five years he also owned 1,2S0 acres on Staten Island. He has since purchased 240 acres more, of which a part has since been dis- posed of. At present he has 240 acres. By his first marriage Mr. Wilson had five children: Mary Isabelle, Elizabeth E., Cyrus P., Amanda HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO C'OUNTT. M. and Matthew K., all born in Iowa. The youngest died there; the four others came to this State. By the second marriage were born Sarah Ann, at Carson Valley; Edwin A., Julia F., Dexter T., Ilayden F., Ida May, Georgia Ivy, Ulysses Grant and Cerita Alice, all of whom are now living in this State. — 1->^^>- fOSEPH WISE was born in Missouri, April 1, 1830, his parents being Philip and Nancy (James) Wise. The father was born in 1802, in North Carolina, whence his parents moved in 1807 to Missouri. He was three times married, Miss James being his sec- ond wife, by whom he had five children. Of these three are still living, the subject of this sketch being the oldest. Philip Wise lived to be sixty-four, and his mother reached the age of seventy-five. Joseph Wise came to California in 1852, accompanied by his half-brother, David, now living near Corning, Tehama County, aged sixty-five. They mined five or six months in El Dorado County, with no great profit. In 1853 Joseph Wise came down to the Sacra- mento and worked on the place he now owns, less than a mile north of Walnut Grove. In 1856 he bought out the owner's right, and eventually perfected title to 304 acres. He had an orcliard for fifteen years, but of late years his principal industry has been raising beans. He is now preparing to plant a new orchard of about twenty-five acres along the river front, continuing to raise vegetables on the back land. Mr. Wise was married October 22, 1856, to Miss Nancy Jane Phipps, a native of Indiana, born October 22, 1840, daughter of George W. and Nancy (Hall) Phipps. The father was a native of North Carolina, and tiie mother of Pennsyl- vania. The father came to California in 1849, and in 1851 went back to Iowa, and returned with his family. The mother died in 1854, and the father in 1860. Grandfather Phipps died in Missouri at a very advanced age, believed to liave been 105 years, though a newspaper stated it to be 115, perhaps through a typographical error. Mr. and Mrs Wise are the parents of seven living children: Philip, born October 18, 1857, married Miss Mary Lucilia P)each, born near Freeport, on the Sacramento. They have two children: Joseph Clinton, born August 20, 1886, and a girl baby, born in May, 1888. They reside about a mile north of Walnnt Grove- Louisa Jane, their second child, is the wife of II. T. Lufkin, merchant, Walnnt Grove. Nancy Cordelia, born March 27, 1861, is still a faith- ful helper to her mother in her liousehold cares. Joseph Lincoln, born October 5, 1863, has pre- empted 160 acres about four miles from Brad- ley, Monterey County; William Francis, born November 19, 1865, has biniglit 160 acres near his brother, Jessie, born July 16, 1869; and David Daniel, July 12, 1876. Mr. Joseph Wise has been a school trustee twenty years, but has filled no other office, being fully occupied with the care of his farm and family. iRS. MARV NICHOLS, a ranch-owner in Cosnmnes Township, was born in Illinois in 1841, her parents being Hosea and Freelove (Hawkes) Armstrong. The father was a native of Kentucky, and the mother was born in Missouri, in 1813, of New England parentage. The latter died August 27, 1867; the former, November 27, 1870, aged sixty-one. Grandfather Joshua Armstrongdied in Kentucky at an advanced age, and his fatiier is said to have reached nearly 100 years. The subject of this sketch came to California with her parents in 1850. The family lived at Ne/ada City, in this State, for a short time, and settled in Amador County in 1852. Siie was married April 22, 1855, to Edwin Nichols, a native of New York State, born iii 1830, son of Willard and Elizabeth (Jewell) Nichols, both being of New England parentage. The father died in Ohio in 1876, aged about seventy; and the mother, born about 1808, is now living* with her son Willard, in Kansas. Epwin Nichols came to California in IITSTORT OF SACRAMENTO GOUNTT. 1850; followed mining for about four years, and then went to fanning in Amador County. In December, 1860, Mr. Nichols bought 240 acres on Willow Springs Creek, in the southeast corner of the township, 200 of which are still in the possession of the family. The land is adapted to the raising of any kind of crop known to north California husbandry, Mr. Nichols died in September, 1875, leaving seven children. Charles E., the oldest, died in 1876, aged nine- teen. The six children living in 1889 are: Albert F., born in December, 1859, married Miss Lizzie Kneiss May 29, 1889, and is now in business as a blacksmith at lone, California; Nellie, April 16, 1862; Clara Belle, August 19, 1864, now the wife of AVilliani G. Lyn, an orchardist of San Bernardino, has one boy, born February 7, 1888; Grant, November 5, 1868; Emma Lenora, February 17, 1872; Walter Roy, April 18, 1873. fF. WOODWARD, a pioneer, was born December 30, 1827, on the island of * Ceylon in the East Indies, where his father, William Henry Woodward, a native of New Hampshire, had been sent as a missionary bythe Board of American Missions. His mother's maiden name was Clarissa Emerson. He was the oldest of four children, and at the death of his father was sent to Chester, New Hampshire, and was cared for and educated by his uncle, Nathaniel French Emerson, and principal of the High School at Chester. At the age of seven- teen he left school to learn the trade of brick- layer; he served for one year only, and as he was troubled with asthma, he went into a store in South Boston, Massachusetts. Then he started on the long voyage around Cape Horn to Cali- fornia in 1849, on Sunday, April 1, on the brig Crononicus. He had but a vague notion of what lay before him, for it proved a tempestu- ous trip, and it was on the 2nd of November before they entered the Golden Gate and set foot on the sand dunes of San Francisco; but the worst feature was that he was entirely out of money and a stranger. He found employ- ment with a brick mason at $6 per day, but not being satisfied with this and having made three acquaintances, he started for the mines, via Sacramento. They first went to Larkin's Store, sixteen miles south of Nevada City, in the Deer Creek mining district, but soon started for Gold Lake. They packed across the mountains, but were driven back by a snow-storm in June; the history of these eventful days in the mountains ■would jiloiie fill a volume, but the scope of this work forbids their repetition; suflice it to say that at length, weary of that kind of life, he re- turned to Sacramento iind resumed work at his old trade. In 1855 he began taking contracts on his own account, being largely interested in bricking up buildings raised to the new grade. In the fall of 1861 he enlisted in Captain De Merrit's company of Sacramento Rangers, Com- pany F, Second Cavalry, and did garrison duty at San Francisco, being in active service for over one year. Mr. Woodward has been twice mar- ried ; first in 1858 to Mary F. De Puy, adopted daughter of S. F. De Puy, of San Francisco; she died in 1858, and in 1863 he was again married, to Jane Maria Leet; their children are: Florence Annette, Edward Clarence and Blanche Myrtle. fAMES B. WELTY, a prominent citizen of Sacramento County, was born in William- son County, Illinois, April 15, 1832. - His father, Jacob Welty, was born near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and was but a child when his parents emigrated with him down the Ohio River into Kentucky. In 1818 they removed to Franklin County, Illinois, into that portion which was subsequently set olF as Williamson County, with Marion as the county seat. It was in that county that he married Mary Ann Keaster, whose acquaintance he made in that State. They made that their home until they came to California, in 1869, and they are now living in Lake County. They have six sons HISTORY OF SAOEAJifENTO COUNTY ami four daughters, of wlioin four are now living, viz.: William Bradford, deceased; John Frank- lin, who died in infancy; Nancy Eineline, who resides at Creal Springs, Williamson County, Illinois; Rachel Parmclia, deceased; James B.; Madist)n Warren, deceased; Lewis Alexander, residing near Lalceport, Lake County, California; Levi, who died in childhood; Martha Jane, re- siding at Creal Springs; and Mary Elizabeth, who died in infancy. Jacob Welty is now eighty-nine years of ago, and his wife four years younger. Mr. James B. Welty, our subject, in his younger days worked on his father's farm, and just before he was of age he started, with his father's permission, for California. Engag- ing as driver of horses and cattle across the plains for Darris & Huston, of Platte County, Missouri, he left Fort Leavenworth, May 6, 1853, and arrived in this State September 15. In his party were fifty persons and fourteen wagons. The journey was comparatively a pleasant one. Only one of the party lost his life, and he was drowned in Green River. On arriving here, Mr. Welty began work on the R street levee, at $50 a month and board; but two weeks afterward he went down below Sutterville and chopped wood all winter for Clarksoti C. Freeman. In the spring he came to the city and engaged in brick-making for the same man. The next winter and for a year longer he cut wood again, opposite Sutterville, and then went into the wood business with a team and wagon, hiring others to cut the wood and taking a part- ner, James Ilaworth, and opening a wood-yard in Sacramento. Finding this business rather unjirofitable in the course of a few months, they in company with Michael Shields, purchased the lirick-yard ranch, of 120 acres, located below Sutterville on the west side of the river. At the end of the first year, Welty ■& Haworth bought out Shields' interest, and two years later Mr. Welty bought out Ilaworth and be- came the sole proprietor, remaining so until October, 1876. During his residence there lie was the witness of many pleasant and some very sad scenes. During the floods of 1861-'62 his brother Madison Warren was drowned. On this ranch Mr. Welty raised a considerable quantity of fruit and vegetables. While a resi- dent there, May 2, 1871, he married Mary A. Bader, in Sacramento city. She was born near Cape Girardeau, Missouri. After selling out that ranch, in 1870, he bought his present place a quarter of a section, in Sutter Township, about five miles from Sacramento, between the upper and lower Stockton roads, where he is en- gaged in general farming. He is a member of ' Sacramento Grange, No. 12, and also of Cali- fornia Lodge, K. of II., and of Harmony Lodge K. & L. of H., all of Sacramento. He has always been an industrious, economical, and honest citizen and a judicious philanthropist. His children are: Mary May, born March 22 1872; Eugene Edwin, October 8, 1874; and James William, February 2, 1883. fEORGE S. WILLIAMSON, farmer, was born July 22, 1845, in St. Louis, Missouri, a son of Peter Thomas and Ruth (Shaw) Williamson. His father was born February 26, 1818, in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, and his mother January 27, 1820, in Lucerne County, that State. Parents were married April 1, 1841, in St. Louis, Missouri, whither Mr. Williamson had emigrated at the age of seven- teen years. He there learned the carpenter and joiner's trade and was employed for a number of years by Captain Case, a noted contractor and steamboat builder. In 1849 he crossed the plains to California, leaving his wife in St. Louis. Making his first stop at Nevada City, he opened tnere a ten-pin alley. The next year he returned East by way of New Mexico, and in 1851 he came again to this State with his family, over- land. He first settled on the Norris Grant and followed teaming. In the meantime he resided at several points on the grant. During the flood of 1852, while living in what is now the eastern part of Sacramento city, their family were res- cued from their house by a boat. The water HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. rose to the second-story windows. Their daugh- ter Joscaline was born there. The winter of 1853 they passed on the property now owned by D. Cantrell ; and the next spring he settled upon the tract wliere he spent the remainder of his life, dying there September 6, 1884; his wife died October 14, 1875. When he first set- tled here the country was a bare plain, with scarcely a resident upon it. He was an ingeni- ous and industrious man, deliberate in his judg- ments, kind in his disposition, and remembered with the highest respect by all who were ac- quainted with him. In his family were five children: Delia, born December 21, 1841, died December 31, 1845; Luzette, born September 12, 1843, died, September 6, 1846; the next was George S., whose name heads this article; Payne, born October 3, 1848, and died March 11, 1882; and Joscaline, now the wife of James Sales, of Sacramento. George S. still conducts the old homestead, which comprises 181 acres. The farm of his sister Joscaline consists of 258 acres. His farm is choice bottom land and in good cultivation. Has three acres of fine fruits. He is a practical mechanic and engineer. Mr. Williamson was married December 11, 1872, to Miss Ellen Hanley, a native of Massachussetts. He is a member of Elk Grove Lodge, No. 274, I. O. O. F., and of Elk Grove Lodge, No. 173, F. & A. M. ilLLIAM ELWELL EASTMAN was born in Vermont in 1828, his parents being William Elwell and Mary (Walker) Eastman. He is of tiie Concord (New Hampshire) branch of the Eastman family, his great-grandfather being the first male child born in Concord. He lived to a good old age, being over eighty when he died. Grandfather Phineas Eastman, a blacksmitli by trade, moved into Orange County, Vermont, and lived to be eigiity; his wife, Lucy Cogs- well, was about sixty-five. William E. East- man's maternal grandfatiier, Lieutenant Walker, of Vermont, was a hero of the Revolution, and lived to be seventy -five, dying at the home of Mr. Eastman. Grandmother Walker survived him ten or twelve years, and was over eighty when she died. The mother of the subject of this sketch was sixty-five at her death, and the father, who kept a grocery store for many years at Manchester, reached the age of seventy-nine. William E., Jr., spent three or four terms at the Canaan Academy, and at the age of nine- teen went into his father's store, where he re- mained until 1857. He then entered the flour and grain business on his own account, running a mill and dealing in flour at wholesale. Li 1865 he moved to Chicago, where he went into the retail grocery business, and was burned out six years later in the great fire, recovering only four and a half per cent, of his insurance. He lost everything, house and store, stock and fur- niture. Resuming business, he found himself crippled through want of adequate capital, and in 1875 he came to California and settled at his present place, about two miles north of Walnut Grove, on the Sacramento. Here he bought 200 acres at $15 an acre, now assessed at $80. He suffered from overflow lor some four years. In 1888 he added to his rancii, wliich is now about 250 acres. His orchard of ten acres has been increased sevenfold, and ofl" his back land he sold 1,000 tons of alfalfa in 1888. He raises some horses, having usually between thirty and forty, and also pastures a good many for others. In 1866 Mr. Eastman was married, in Concord, New Hampshire, to Miss Lucy Carter, a native of that city, daughter of Simeon and Eliza (Ab- bott) Carter, tier fatlier, who was a native of New Hampshire, died comparatively young, in 1850; but her mother, also a native of Concord, is now living at Hopkins, New Hampshire, aged eighty-two, having a sister, Mrs. Mendel Sampson, who is eighty-eiglit, both remarkably well preserved in mind and body. Her grand- mother Carter lived to be eighty-eiglit. Mr. and Mrs. East nan are the parents of two chil- dren, both born in Chicago: Arthur Carter, April 17, 1869; Ella Gibson, August 30, 1874. HISTORY OF SAORAMBNTO COUNTY. Both children received tlie usual district-school education, and the son is a willing helper on the farm. ^-^--^ fOHN BLACK, the father of Andrew Black, Supervisor of Sacramento, has had an event- ful and interesting history, a brief outline of which is given below. He was born in County Sligo, Ireland, about the year 183G. He emigrated with his parents to Toronto, Canada, when a boy, and in 1850 we find him a cabin boy on one of the lake vessels; later on, before the mast in a voyage of six or seven months to the Bermudas. He then came to San Francisco and obtained employment as a clerk at $150 per month. In July, 1851, he came to Sacramento and was employed as roustabout in unloading a cargo of flour. Whether this early dealing with of life had any connection with his the after occupation, we leave for some other chronicler to record; suffice it to say that very soon after we And him engaged with William Crowley, the joint owner of a lunch stand on Front street, between J and K, and doing a lucrative business. They called this place the Union House, and after eight months of pros- perity, sold out just before the great fire of 1852. Then, securing a contract for furnish- ing the Navigation Company, he bought the property on L street and started a bakery, and for twenty-five years lie continued in the busi- ness. In order to supply his trade he bought a cracker machine and began the manufacture of crackers. In 1862 he moved to his present quarters. No. 1119 Front street, putting in the most approved machinery, Ruger's Centennial Self-Scrapper and Hall Bros.' Reel Oven. His trade now e.xtends over the entire coast. In 1856 Mr. Black was married to Rosa Leavy, a native of Ireland, who died in 1883, leaving two sons and two daughters, the eldest of whom, Andrew Black, is the youngest member of the Board of Sup'rvisors of Sacramento County. He was born July 12, 1858, in this city, and is a graduate of the public schools. He early be- came interested in the business of his father, and in 1874, after his return from a visit to Australia, he settled down to business and was foreman of the shop for several years. Although a young man, he has already made his mark as a politician, being on the County Central Com- mittee of his party frem 1884 to 1888, at which time he secured the endorsement of his party for the office of Supervisor, receiving a hand- some majority vote at the ensuing election over his Republican competitor, Mr. S. J. Jackson. fEORGE DART, M. D., Homeopathic Phy- sician, was born at Brockville, on the banks of the St. Lawrence River, in Leeds County, Canada, February 25, 1828. He re- ceived a common-school education there and learned the trade of cabinet-maker. He after- ward read medicine and studied in the office of Dr. I. S. P. Lord, of Batavia, Illinois; took a partial course at Rush Medical College, and be- gan the practice of his profession in Warren- ville, Illinois, and then removed to De Peyster, St. Lawrence County, New York, where he lived three and a half years. During that time he attended the Detroit Homeopathic Medical College, and graduated at that institution, Feb- ruary 11, 1875. He became a member of the American Homeopathic Institute in June of that year. For many years the severe northern climate of New York had materially affected his health, which at length became so much im- paired that he was obliged to seek a milder climate. Accordingly, in the fall of 1879 he came to Sacramento to visit his daughter, Mrs. P. F. Pierson, of this city, and was so much pleased with the salutary climate here that he determined to remain, and opened an office on J street, where he remained five years. In the spring of 1881 he made a trip East, and return- ing in the fall of that year, decided to locate on the Bay. He went direct to San Francisco, but the humidity of the atmosphere brought on his UlSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. old trouble, bronchitis, and after spending a year and a half there he was compelled to aban- don a rapidly growing practice and return to Sacramento. Here he has had the good fortune to regain his health, and speaks highly of the advantages of the climate here. The Doctor was married in Canada, when twenty-three years old, to Miss Orilla Able, whose father was a Yankee Quaker. They have three daughters and one son. The Doctor has been a careful, painstaking student all his life, and well de- serves the confidence which his friends repose in hiin. He is a gentleman of culture and of great urbanity of manner. fLISHA DALY, an agriculturist of Center Township, was born November 23, 1823, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, son of John R. and Hannah (Doyle) Daly, the father also a native of that State, and the mother of Delaware; both lived and died in Harrisburg, Pennsylva- nia's capital, and both at the age of about thirty- two years. There were five children in the family: John R.,Eli8ha, Mary S., Elizabeth, and William, who died in Placerville. Mr. Daly, whose name heads this sketch, is a carpenter by trade. He worked in a woolen factory when a boy. In 1844 he went to Rock Island, Illinois, and worked at his trade there ten years, in com- pany with his brother John R. In 1854 he came to this State, being four months on the way and stopping first at Placerville. He spent six months on Schofield's ranch on Dry Creek; then he purchased property on Thirteenth and K streets, Sacramento, and resided there until 1859, teaming; and tlien he moved up on his present property in Center Township, fourteen miles northeast of Sacramento and eight miles from Folsom. Tliere are 472 acres in the ranch, which is in the best farming district in the township. He has been justice of the peace in this township. He is a member of Roseville Grange, No. 161, and politically is a Republi- can. In 1853 he married Miss Eliza Ramsey, of Davenport, Iowa, and a native of Ireland, and they have thirteen children, viz.: Elisha R., Jane E., wife of Charles W. Summers, of Sacra- mento; Hannah, wife of Jonathan Churchman, of Sacramento; Louis S., Josephine E., Mar- garet P., wife of Charles Johnston; George W.; Mary R., a school teacher; Engene M., Emma H., John S., Arabella C. and Minerva C. George and Louis are proprietors of a general store in Antelope, where they have also the postotiice, telegraph otfice, and the express business of the Wells-Fargo Company. Mr. Daly, who is quite feeble, still manages his own affairs. Mrs. Daly's father still lives in Rock Island, at the age of ninety years. She visited her Eastern home in June, 1885, but says she is content to remain in California the rest of her life. Captain J. Daly, grandfather of Elisha, was a native of Ireland, a sea captain, and died at New Orleans. He was the owner of sea vessels in 1812, during the war with Great Britain. fOHN C. DOLSON, a San Joaquin Town- ship rancher, was born in Orange County, New York, April 7, 1823, a son of Freder- ick and Margaret (Moore) Dolson. His father was a native of Germany and a farmer by occu- pation, and in his family were five sons and four daughters. He died at the age of fifty-one years, and his wife at the age of sixty years, in Orange County, New York. Mr. Dolson, of this sketch, was brought up on the farm and came to Cali- fornia in 1850, by way of Panama, being three months on the route. He followed mining four years at Pilot Hill, near Georgetown, but he did not make much money, although the mines had been very rich. In 1854 he returned to Orange County, New York, again by way of the Isth- mus; and during this year he was married to Hannah O'Conor, a native of Ireland. In 1855 he came again to this State and resumed mining for two years on the American River, with rather poor success. In 1857 he settled on his present ranch, a half mile from Elk Grove, and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. liere he has prospered as a general farmer, as he lias well deserved to do. lie lias eight children, in the following order: Oscar J., horn Octoliei' 1, 1855; John J., November 17, 1857; David r., January 4, 1861; Maggie M., May 4, 1863; Willie, May 22, 1865; Mary E., August 23, 1869; Alice E., December 31, 1871; and Joseph II., October 23, 1874. fEORGE HARVEY KERR was born Oc- tober 1, 182U, in Washington County, Pennsylvania. (For his ancestry, see sketch of Josepli Hampton Kerr, elswhere in this work.) He had the advantage of the public schools of Mercer County, where his parents moved when lie was three years old, and also of the academy at West Greenville, county seat. From there he went to Jefferson College, located at Can- iionsburg, which was afterward removed to Washington and consolidated with the college tliere. At intervals between his schooling and after leaving school he learned the carriage- making trade, serving an apprenticeship and following the business three years. April 15, 1852, he determined to come to California, and accordingly made his way to New York, where he took the steamer Illinois to Panama, and from there to San Francisco the ill-fated vessel Golden Gate. lie was taken sick on the way; lay in Sacramento State Hospital for thirteen weeks, a private patient, paying $3 a day. He spent the summer of 1853-'54 teaching school at Diamond Spring, El Dorado County, lie came to Elk Grove and took up a quarter-sec- tion of Government land in 1854. In 1857 he started a fruit-growing business, and in con- nection witli that farming. Believing that fruit cannot be grown successfully without irrigation, lie lias in general used that method except for grapes, and been successful. He has ten acres devoted to orcliards of various kinds of fruits, and fifty acres are devoted to vineyard, — two- thirds table and raisin grapes and the remain- der wine grapes. Has cured his own grapes for the past twelve years, and the best judges say that there are no better raisins produced in the State of California than the Elk Grove. Mr. Kerr is a member of the First Presbyterian Ciiurch at Elk Grove, having first joined the church in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, in 1845. He took an active interest in building the church property and the Grange Hall. One of tlie first things he was interested in on com- ing to Elk Grove was establishing Sunday- schools at San Joaquin. Politically he is a Republican, and has voted for every Republican Presidential candidate since that party has been established. He was married in 1864 to Mrs. Mary Springsted, a native of Aylmer, Canada. She was a widow with two children, both of whom are married and residing at Elk Grove. fAMES M. FRALEY was born in Maryland, November 24, 1827, his parents being Frederick and Ellen (McIIenry) Fraley, both natives of Frederick County, Maryland. They were the parents of nine children, all now deceased e.xcept tlie subject of this sketch and a younger sister, Mrs. Dr. iivart, of Baltimore. The father had learned the trade of wagon-maker, at which he worked for some years in Frederick and Cumberland. About 1840 he moved into Alleghany County, Maryland, where he owned a farm and kept a public house. He had been reared on a farm until the age of eighteen. James M. was educated in the district schools to the age of fifteen, supplemented by a two years' course in a high school. At the age of seven- teen he was employed in driving iiis father's team, usually from Cumberland to Brownsville, and sometimes to Wheeling, besides helping occasionally in farm work. In 1849 his mother died, and the family was soon scittered into four or five States. James M. went peddling with a team, dealing mostly in copper kettles, for a manufacturer in Cumberland, and remained in tiiat business until February 1, 1852. He then niSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. went to Wliiteliall, Greene Count}', Illinois, where he had three married sisters, and spent a year there. On March 29, 1853, in company with Dr. Boyse, of Wiiitehall, and some others, he set ont for California. The party comprised ten men and six women, with four wagons drawn by ox teams. At St. Joe, Missouri, they joined a larger party, but soon separated and proceeded by themselves, suffering no special inconvenience They came by the old emigrant route to Carson Valley, and then by Johnson's cut-ofF into California. They arrived at Ris- tine's ranch, just eight miles below Sacramento, having been si* months in making the journey. For a month or two he drove a team for $75 a month, but was taken sick with typhoid fever, and for four months was unable to work. Early in 1854 he went to work for the California Stage Compan}', taking care of their horses, at which he was employed for nine months, when he was again taken sick. In 1855 he engaged in farming on the shares, putting about 165 acres in grain which was destroyed by the grasshop- pers, involving a loss of quite a sum of money and his time. In 1856 he went to work for A. M. Plummer, who kept a public-honse on the old Jackson road, about thirteen miles from Sacramento, remaining with him about three and one-half years. In 1860 he purchased an outfit and went to teaming, chiefly over the mountains into Nevada. In 1865 he bought a farm of 320 acres, near the Twelve-Mile House, but continued teaming until 1869, after which he gave undivided attention to his ranch until he sold it in 1879. He kept the Twelve-Mile House two years, when he sold out and moved into Sacramento, where he kept a saloon for nearly two years. November 1, 1882, he rented the Slough House, about eighteen miles from that city, which he still conducts. Mr. Fraley was iirst married, in 1848. to Miss Sarah Ellen Lawson, a native of Maryland, and daughter of a farmer on the Potomac. She died ten months later of childbirth, the child also dying. In December, 1881, he was again married, to Miss Addie Laurell, a native of Portland, Maine. She died in March, 1885, without issue, leaving him again alone in the world. fEWELL*KANE was born July 1, 1842, in St. Joseph County, Indiana, his parents being Newell and Arminda (Stiles) Kane. His father spent his boyhood days, up to Octo- ber 4, 1826, in Raleigh, North Carolina, where he was born April 27, 1802, and there learned the millwright's trade; then moved to Detroit, where he was married February 16, 1832; thence went to Jonesville, ninety miles from Detroit, and bought a farm, which he cultivated, at the same time working at his trade. He built a mill in Homer and lived there a short time, then moved to Marshall, and in 1840 went to St. Joseph County, Indiana. He bought land in Noble County a? a speculation. Prom Indi- ana he returned to Michigan and resided on his farm of 320 acres until the winter of 1851-'52, when, having caught the gold fever, he sold out and started for California, January 1. He sailed from New York via Panama, on the steamer Pioneer, and landed in San Francisco on the 6th of March from the steamer Golden Gate. He went immediately to Sacramento, thence to Mor- mon Island, where he kept hotel through the sum- mer. In 1853 he returned to Sacramento for the purpose of going into business, but the flood prevented him from so doing. Going to Brighton Township, he bought 205 acres of land, the locality then being called the Thirty- mile Desert, owing to the scarcity of water from Sacramento to the foot-hills sotne thirty miles distant. The land was covered with brush and trees, mostly white oak, and wild animals were plentiful, the California lion and wild cattle causing at times great fear among the settlers. He worked upon the place, cultivating and im- proving it to what it now is. August 28, 1887, at the age of eighty- si.x years, he died. Mrs. Kane, his wife, was born in Palmyra, New York, April 2, 1813, and came with her parents, David and Elizabeth (who was of Scotch descent, daughter niSTOBT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ot'-lolu) Cutnmings, wlio was at one time sheriff of New York) Stiles, to Michigan. Slie is of a liardy race; her great-grand I'atlier Stiles came over in the Mayflower; her grandfather lived to the age of 115 years; and her father, David Stiles, lived to the age of 107 years, and the year before he died could put his hand on a seven-rail fence and juinp over ii! Other mem- bers of the family also lived to a good old age. She died July 8, 1889, gangrene having set in in her right foot, and alter suflfering great pain for months, lier foot decaying by inches until amputation became necessary, after which she survived but a short time. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Kane are: Maria Louise, who, a few days before her death and while she was then conlined to her deathbed, wrote the follow- ig poem : MY IJDUIAI,. Where shall the dead and the beautiful sleep* In the vale where the willow and cypress weep; Where the wind of the west breathes its softest sigb, Where the silvery stream is floating nigh, And the pure clear drops Of the rising spray Glitter like gems in the bright noon's rays; Where the sun's warm smile may never dispel Night's tears o'er the form they loved so well ; 111 the vale where the sparitling waters flow; Where the fairest, earliest violets grow. Bury me where my sister lies, Bury me there beneath the skies. Where shall the dead and the beautiful sleep V Where the wild flowers bloom in the valley deep; Where the sweet robes of spring may softly rest In purity o'er the sleeper's breast; Where is heard the voice of the sinless dove, Murmuring gently its soft note of love; Where no column proud in the sun may glow. To mock the heart that is resting below ; Wliere pure hearts are sleeping forever blest; Where the wandering Peri love to rest; Where the sky and the earth are softly fair, — Bury me there, bury me there Sylvina Josephine, born March 8, 1835, and died February 17, 1853, in Sacramento; Edward, born March 2, 1837, died February 5, 1853, in Sacramento; Delia Caroline, born July 14, 1839, died August 8, 1841; Theodore F., born June 4, 1845, and now resident in Portland, Oregon: Alfred, born December 13, 1847, died September 12, 18G2, on the farm; Maria Caro- line, born October 15, 1849, wife of W. W. Brison, of Sacramento. Newell Kane, Jr., coin- meiiced to earn his own way in the world when eighteen years of age. He took 300 acres of land, ill 1860, adjoining tlie home place, and afterward bought 500 more, east of the home place, called the Oak Tree Farm. In 1878 he disposed of it and moved to Sacramento, where he bouglit property on the corner of Seven- teenth and J streets, and lived there till the summer of 1879. Then he inoved to Oakland and resided there about three years. Next he took a trip to Washington Territory, up the Skagit River, during the gold excitement at that place. Frotii there he wandered to Port- land, Oregon; stopped there a short time and then returned to Oakland, where he kept hotel about two years. Then he sold out his business and removed to Idaho, where he speculated somewhat in town and mining property. He made his liome there about one year, when he returned to California, and has made Sacramento County his home ever since. He has been at the home farm since his father's death. He was married on April 16, 1865, to Miss Franeelia Ann Hatch, daughter of N. V. Hatch, of Sacra- mento city. They have three children: Joseph- ine Eunice, born October 21, 1868, now the wife of Montgomery Pike, of Santa Maria, Santa Barbara County; Arthur Edward, born October 16, 1869; May Louise, born February 19, 1872. ^ mON. REUBEN KERCHEVAL, deceased, ^m\ the subject of this sketch, was born in "Wi Ohio, in December, 1820, his. parents be- ing Louis and Mary (Runyon) Kercheval. The father was born in Virginia about 1796, and rendered some service in the war of 1812. The mother was a Ke ituckian. Grandtather James Kercheval, by birth a Virginian, moved with his family into Kentucky, and his son, Louis, was there married. The Kerchevals are of nisrOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Huguenot extraction, their ancestor, Louis, leaving France upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He found refuge in Switzerland, then in England, aid finally in America. He was of Dijon family, whose castle on the liliine was in existence as late as 1854. The name denotes horse-lover, the initial C being changed to K for euphony. The parents of Reuben Kercheval moved from Kentucky to Ohio about 1818, and thence to Will County, Illinois, in 1830. The pon's formal education consisted of a single term in a district school, but being fond of reading he became a well-informed man on general topics and public affairs. He came to California in 1850, and tried mining for six weeks. Reared on a farm he discarded the uncongenial business of mining, and with his brotiier, Albert F., now of Los Angeles, settled on Ryer Island, on the Sacramento, before the close of 1850. After a few years he and his father bought tiie place on Grand Island, and subseque itly he bought out his brother's inter- est, and became owner of 334 acres, in one body, at the head of Grand Island. In 1856 he vis- ited his old home in Will County, Illinois, re- maining several months. In June, 1857, Mr. Kerciieval was there married to Miss Margaret Brodie, born in Ohio, daughter of Clement and Sarah( White) Brodie, who afterward settled in Will County, Illinois. They were the parents of live daughters and one son: the latter, Robert John, of New Lenox, Illinois, died in Decem- ber, 1872, leaving three children: E-ther, John Clement and Sadie. One daugliter is also de- ceased, leaving three sisters of Mrs. Kercheval still living in 1889: Sarah E., now Mrs. A. Smith, of New Lenox; Mrs. Maria Page, of Joiiet; and Mrs. Louisa Stevens, of St. Paul Minnesota. Grandfather Robert Brodie was a Scotch emigrant, and tiie father of four sons: Clement, the father of Mrs. Kerciieval; James, an export in diving, lost his life in the exercise of his ciUing; Joseph, who died young in the fifties; John, who died at Lafayette, Indiana, in 1885, aged eighty-two. Thomas, the youngest son of John, served in the Union army, in the Civil War of the Republic, is now a member of the Gratid Army, and lives with his family near Williamsport, Indiana. Grandfather John White, who died in the girlhood of his daugh- ter Sarah, was the son of an English emigrant. Another son, known as Judge White, lived near Whiteleysburg, Delaware, where also one or two of the older sisters of Mrs. Kercheval were born, her only brother being born in Columbus, Ohio, lierself at Qrbana, in that State, and the younger sisters in Wells County, Indiana. Soon after the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Reuben Kerche- val they set out for California, arriving on Grand Island, in August, 1857, where they con- tinued to reside together for nearly twenty-four years. Later on public duties shared in Mr. Kercheval's time and attention, with his busi- ness of fruit-grower and the cares of his family. He was elected to the Legislature for two terms, 1872-73 and 1877-78. He was also a Mason, and at one time Master of Franklin Lodge,' as well as fourth officer, and a thirty- second degree member of the Scottish Rite 'Consistory of California. Mr. Kercheval died in May, 1881, leaving four children, born on Grand Island: James Louis, in 1858; Howard Douglas, in 1860; Josephine, in 1865; Hartley, in 1868. Besides the usual local schooling, all the children have been given the opportunity of a higher education: James L. at the California Military Academy; Howard D. at the Cali- fornia Military Academy, then at the Berkeley Gymnasium, and finally in the University of California; Josephine at the Irving Institute, then as -pupil of Professor Michelson, then in crayon portraiture and music, as pupil of Pro- fessor Hartinann, and in 1889 as a member of the class of Mrs. Fish, — all of San Francisco; Hartley, at Sackett's Academy in Oakland. James L. was inirried in 1885 to Miss Nellie Kelly, of San Francisco, where he is employed as freight clerk of tiie steamer J. D. Peters. Howard D. was married in 1882 to Miss Mattie Stewart Barkley, of Sacramento. They have three boys: Reuben, born in 1883; Elbert, in 1885; and Howard Gholdsen, February 12, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 1888. Mr. H. D. Kercheval was for some years in the service of the California Transportation Company, and in 1889 is deputy assessor of Sacramento Connty, and trustee of Grand Island Reclamation District No. 3. Hartley was married to Miss Mamie Hall, of Grand Island, in May, 1889. Since the death of Mr. Reuben Kercheval the estate has been enlarged under the able management of his widow, Mrs. Mar- garet B. Kercheval. She has purchased eighty acres three miles below, and sixty-eight two miles farther. She has erected a handsome two-story residence, now occupied hy Howard D., about a mile below the family mansion at the head of the Island, and more recently a less pretentious, but scarcely less elegant, one-story and basement cottage, on the eighty- two acre place, now occupied by Hartley. The new pur- chase, live miles below, is being cleared of tim- ber, and will be all planted before the close of 1889. There are now about seventy acres of orchard on the other ranches. The year 1889 is also signalized by a combined effort to fully reclaim the whole island, in which work Mrs. Kercheval is actively interested. With untir- ing industry and a business ability truly re- markable in a lady, Mrs. Kercheval is ever busily engaged in enlarging, improving and beautifying her landed possessions. ^ICIIAEL KEEFE, an extensive farmer six miles south of Sacramento, was born in P'ort Carrington Township, Franklin County, New York, October 4. 1841. His parents were John and Margaret (Murphy) Keefe, natives of Ireland. Three weeks after their marriage in 1835, they came to America, landing at Quebec. Thence they went to New York State by way of Montreal and Lachine. Mr. Keefe had a brother in Franklin County, New York, and after sojourning with him f.n- a while settled upon a place of his own. He died in 1868, at the age of sixty-seven years. His widow is still living there, at the age of seventy- six years. In John's father's family were six children: David, John, Daniel, Michael, Mat- thew, and Mary, all of whom are now dead. John Keefe had twelve children: two died in infancy, and those who grew up are David, Johanna, Bridget, Michael, Mary, Margaret, Abigail, Daniel, Katie and John. X\\ these are living excepting Bridget, who died in Wiscon- sin. The others are scattered over the United States, two of them — John and Micliael — being in this county. Mr. Michael Keefe, whose name heads this notice, has made his own way in the world since he became of age without a dollar of help from anybody. He packed pork four months in Chicago; worked for Isaiah Strong, a cattle-dealer in La Salle County, Illi- nois, ten months; then he visited a point above Green Bay, Wisconsin, where his sister had just died; then in Chicago again for a short time during the cold storm of the winter of 1864; then worked a short time for Abner Strong, brother of Isaiah, La Salle County; then, on account of the sickness of his father, he returned to New York and remained there with his par- ents until May 19, 1864, when he started for California. He sailed upon the steamer Illinois to Panama, having some trouble to effect a landing, hs it was during the war; and on the steamer America to San Francisco, landing there June 27. For a short time he worked for Colonel McNasser, in Franklin Township, this county, and then for Silas Carle, Mr. West, William Curtis in Sacramento, H. Wittenbrock, and then Mr. Curtis again until 1871. He then married Nora Egan, and continued to make his home there lor two years. His eldest son, John, was born there, February 3, 1874. He next moved upon the place owned by Oliver C. Carroll and lived there a year and a half; then, in 1875, he moved into Sacramento for four months. His second son, George Michael, was born there, October 3, 1875. He then bought a half interest in the Hayne & Cheney ranch and moved upon it December 4, that year. There his third son, Daniel Stanislaus, was born, September 1, 1877, and his fourth child, Mar- lllSTOUr UF SACRAMENTO VOUAXXr. 517 garet Ann, July 13, 1881. December 22 of the latter year he moved upon his present place, which he bought in January, 1881, and wliicli contains 200 acres. It is bounded by botii the upper and the lower Stockton roads, a .d is six miles from the city limits. His fine residence there was completed in March, 1883. His interest in the Ilayne & Cheney ranch consists of 402^ acres; and he began life here with nothing. He devotes liis attention to general farming and stock-raising, especially horses, — work Jiorses and roadsters. fOSEPH HxiMPTO?^ KERR. This gentle- man's father, Samuel Kerr, was born in New Jersey, probably in Newark. When be was a boy his father's family moved to Washington County, Pennsylvariia, and in Cannonsburg, that county, he, Samuel, learned the blacksmiths' trade. The ancestry of the Kerr family are from Scotland. His great- grandfather, Nevin, came from County Antrim, Ireland, to America when his (Samuel's) grand- father was a boy. He was of Scotch descent. Samuel Kerr, who was born in 1785, moved from Washington County to Mercer County, same State, and died there September 12, 1844, and his wife survived several years. He first married October 6, 1814, Margaret McGregor, who died October 21, 1820, and had three chil- dren, namely: Margaret, born October 15, 1815, and still living, in Missouri: Lewis Hampton, born April 3, 1818, and now deceased; and Samuel, born December 27, 1819, also now deceased. Mr. Kerr's second wife, nee Jane Nevin, was born February 10, 1799, and died January 12, 1867. By the second marriage there were ten children, namely: John Nevin, born July 22, 1822; Joseph Hampton, March 18, 1824; Mary Jane, November 1, 1825, and died December 12, 1886; Andrew Wiley, born July 12, 1827; A. W. Kerr has taught in the public school of California thirty-two years; George Harvey, October 1, 1829; Martha M., February 5, 1832; Sarah . Elizabeth, February 27, 1834; Charlotte Isabel, October 27, 1836; Samuel M., February 8, 1839; Robert Alex- ander, October 14, 1841. All these except one are still living, and four of them residing in California. The subject of this sketch resided in Pennsylvania until the spring of 1852, when he came to California, leaving New York April 27, on the steamer Ilias, in company with his brother, George H., a sketch of whom is given in this volume. At Panama he took the steamer Golden Gate and reached San Francisco May 27, and Sacramento the next day. He followed his trade, blacksmithing, in Nevada County, until 1856, in September of which year he located at old Elk Grove, which was then a postoffice and stage station. There he bought a squatter's title to a quarter-section of l%id, and afterward he purchased the tract. A wai-rant was depos- ited in the general land office in favor of Lieu- tenant John McDowell, a veteran of the Mexican war, who in turn assigned the land to Joseph H. Kerr. On this place Mr. Kerr has been en- gaged principally in raising hay and fruit. Has had two orchards His present young orchard of four acres is an unusually promising one. In the vineyard are about twelve acres; and on the premises are many tine shade and ornamental trees, among them some orange trees nine to ten years old, the varieties being the Navel and Mediterranean Sweet. One, a seedling, was set out twenty years ago. A thrifty palm, nine and a half feet round and twenty-five feet liigh, flourishes in the front yard, set out in the spring of 1878. The handsome residence was erected in 1877, at a cost of $3,000. Mr. Kerr's ambi- tion leads him to excel in the care of his prem- ises, and indeed to success in all his undertak- ings. He is fond of the chase, and sometimes takes trips to the mountains to fish, hunt, and recreate generally. Both himself and wife are leading stockholders in the Elk Grove Building Association. Politically Mr. Kerr has always been a Republican. His first Presidential vote was cast for Zachar}' Taylor, and lie has lost only two Presitletitial vt)tos. He was married December umrouY OF sachaajknto county. 28, 1858, to Angelinje Worthington, a native of Juckson County, Iowa, and they have two cliil- dron: James Harry and Eva. fAMES W. KILGORE, fanner, Brighton Township, was born in Lee County, Iowa, May 30, 1840, a son of Matthew and Massa (McGuire) Kilgore, the former a native of Ross County, Ohio, the latter also a native of Ohio. Ilannali Gilgore. aunt of James W., was the second white child born in that county, namely, where Cliillicothe now is, January 18, 1799. Mattiiew resided in that county until 1827, when he moved to Tippecanoe County, Indiana; in 1837 he removed to Lee County, Iowa, and in 1852 he came to ttdifornia, by way of Council Bluffs, crossing the Missouri River on the 23d of May and arriving here October 10. He brought his family here in 1852, making both trips across the plains. The second time he was with a large train, starting with thirteen wagons, and they were six months on the journey, but had no special trouble. Anjongthe party were George and James Wilson, of Oregon. The family then consisted of five children: George, since deceased; Teresa, who married James Wilson and has since died; Elizabeth, David and James. The eldest son, William, had pre- ceded them to this State in 1850, with his father. They first located in Yolo County, on the Sacra- mento River, fifteen miles below Sacramento; in the spring of 1853 they moved to Santa Clara County, and in 1855 returned to this county. From 1858 to 18G4 they were residents again in Yolo County, and then finally settled in this county'. Matthew Kilgore died March 16, 1882, at tlie age of eighty-one years. His wife died April 8, 1875, at the age of seventy-seven years. Of the family three are now living — David, Elizabeth and James. The latter was twelve years old when he came to this State, and re- mained with his parents until their death. The home place originally contained 324 acres, of which seventy-seven acres now belong to James in Brighton Township, and eighty acres in Lee Township. Elizabeth married Archibald Cris- well, and they have four children: Alice, wife of W. F. Biyan; Martha, William and George, all residents of this counly. ^wS- fOHN A. GRAHAM, the genial liost of the American Exciiange Hotel, in Folsom, is a native of Tippecanoe, Harrison County, Ohio, being born there March 23, 1849. His father, John Graham, a pioneer of this State, was a native of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, edu- cated there, and moved into Ohio about 1842. where lie married Sarah J. Dicks, a native of that State, whose parents se'tled there when it was a wilderness. John Graham vvas a justice of the peace in Tippecanoe, and made his home there until 1849, when he came overland to Cali- fornia. He mined on Feather River, near Oro- ville, accumulated a little fortune, returned to Ohio in the fall of 1850, and in 1853 brought his family here by water, lauding in San Fran- cisco December 17. lie went to the mines in El Dorado County, where he owned some valu- able ditch property, and engaged in keeping hotel, conducting it as long as the mining camp continued there — four years. Then he pur- chased the hotel called the White House, on the Wire Bridge and Placerville Road, and kept that hostelry twelve years, or up to within a short time of liis death, which occurred April 5, 1873, when he was aged fifty-eight years, and engaged in the live-stock business. His wife died in 1869. In John Graham's family were nine children, of whom seven are now living, all residents of this State. John A. Graham, our subject, was four years old when brought by his parents to this State in 1858. When of age he attended the San Jose Institute, then clerked in a dry-goods and grocery store in Yountville, Napa County, for R. K. Berry, two years. Upon the death of his father he returned home and took charge of the estate. For the ensuing thirteen years he conducted the hotel at Shingle UIHTOUr OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Springs, El Dorado County. Xext he went to Lake Talioe and invested in a resort there, which proved unprofitable, and he came to Folsoni and leased the American Exchange Hotel, the lead- ini^ commercial and family hotel in the place. He is a whole-souled, accommodating and kind host, thoroughly understanding how to make his guests comfortable and contented. His pat- ronage is steadily increasing. As to the frater- nities, he is an Odd Fellow often years' standing, being now a member of Cosumnes Lodge, No. 63, of Latrobe, El Dorado County, and at the last session of the Grand Lodge held at San Francisco he represented his lodge. He was married in 1877 to Miss Amelia Meyer, a native of Shingle Springs, and they have four children: Albert Herman, Edwin Laurin, Ira Morrill and Hazel Rae. fOHN WESLEY HEATH, merj3hant and postmaster at Michigan Bar, Cosumnes Township, was born in Adams County, In- diana, November 18, 1846, his father being George W. Heath (see sketch). John W. Heath came to California in 1854, aid received a fair education in the district schools. He did some mining for wages when a young man, but was chiefly employed as clerk. In 1877 he be- came junior partner in the Arm of West & Heath, dealers in general merchandise, and was appointed postmaster in October of that year. Since 1885 he has been sole proprietor of the business, and is owner of the store and some other buildings with the acre and a half on which they stand, besides forty-four acres outside the village. Mr. Heath was married in 1873 to Miss Elizabeth C. Brown, a native of Arkansas, daughterof James M. and Felicia (Carter) Brown. The family came to California in 1854; the mother died in 1887; the father is still living on his place about two miles from Michigan Bar, aged sixty-three. Mr. and Mrs. Heath are the par- ents of six living children: Nettie Bernice, born December 25, 1877; Lena Maud, April 19, 1879; Myrtle Elizabeth, December 17, 1881; Edna Alice, December 25, 1883; George Mon- roe, October 12, 1885; John Edward, February 13, 1887; Bertha Felicia, October 11, 1888, died June 21, 1889. '^^r^ Jj^ J. JACKSON, deceased, formerly a rancher iBll ^" ^*^" Joaquin Township, was born Feb- -^* ruary 12, 1819, on the sea, being the son of a sea captain, and was brought up in Penn- sylvania near the Susquehanna River. When he was about sixteen years of age his parents removed with him to Upper Canada, where they resided about four years. July 12, 1840, he married Catharine Kennedy, a native of Maine. After a residence on the Detroit River, near Detroit, Michigan, three years, he moved in October, to Iowa, settling in Jackson County, nearthe Mississippi River. April IG, 1861, he started overland for this coast, and arrived in Sacramento September 15. He located almost immediately upon the ranch in San Joaquin Township where he spent the remainder of his days, dying July 27, 1866. He had five sons and four daughters: James Thomas, Mallet Case, Henry William, Hattie, wife of Wesley Simons, 1708 N street, Sacramento, Mary Ann, wife of L. S. Dart, Joseph Edward, Kate, wife of William Johnston, Nannie, wife of Fred French, and Jack Lincoln, — all residing in this county. ►>^ fOSEPH HULL was born January 24, 1813, in Steubenville, Jefferson County, Ohio. His grandfather Hull was a native of New York State; after his marriage he removed to Ohio, settliiig where Steubenville now is before Ohio was even a part of the Northwest Terri- tory. He had seven children, of whom Joseph, the father of our subject, was the third; he was born in 1792; married Jane Luckey, also a native of Steubenville. When tiio subject of HltiTOBT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. our sketch was two years old liis father removed to Zanesville, Oliio; thence, ir 1825 to Cler- mont County, eighteen miles east of East Cin- cinnati. Jose I h Hull, our subject, here learned his father's trade, saddle-making, but as it did not suit him he began teaching school, which, as he says, did not require much education at that time. He was examined by the school board and was given a certificate to teach, which he did for five years. Upon leaving Ohio he was given the following endorsement, dated Perin's Mills, Clermont County, Oliio: "To whom it may concern: — We, the un- dersigned, citizens of Clermont County, take pleasure in recommending the bearer, Joseph Hull, Jr., to their attention as an honest, sober, industrious and worthy man, worthy of the con- fidence of any community, having proved him- self as such to our entire satisfaction after an acquaintance of more than twenty years. "Harvey Pkrin. •'John Williams. ''John Hall. "CoLTON Spence, M. D.'' About 1S40 he became a member of a rifle company, and occupied the position three or four years. August 21, 1844, he received a commission from M. Bartley, then Governor of Ohio, as Major of the First Rifle Regiment, Third Brigade, and Eighth Division of the State Militia for the term of six years; he took the oathof office, but resigned his commission thefol- lowing year when he left the State. April, 1845, he determined to go to Oregon, his health being somewhat impaired; accordingly, he went to Independence, Missouri, and joined a large train, consisting of 600 wagons and a large number of cattle. On the 5th day of May, of that year, the train, well organized and equipped, started for Oregon. At Malheur River, which empties into Snake River, the party was divided by an old trapper who represented tliat he knew of a short cut to Willamette Valley. About fifty or sixty persons joined hiin. They reached Oregon City, December 8, 1845, two months -ater tlian the party who came by the old trail. Mr. Hull immediately took up a claim about lifteen miles east of Oregon City, of 640 aci-es, set out an orchard, made improvements, built a house and inclosed some ground; remained un- til 1848, when, iiaving heard of the gold dis- covery here, he determined to come to California. He joined a train of forty-two wagons with Peter H. Burnett, who was aftervv^ard the tirst Gi>v- ernor of California, as captain, and started on the 12th of September. They came through that portion of the Klamath region where the lava beds are located, and struck Pit River, which tbey followed into the heart of the Sierra Nevadas. There they found old Peter Lassen with a train of Eastern emigrants, whom he was taking to his ranch on the upper Sacramento River. Their wagons were disabled and they had been there a mouth; their stock of groceries were exhausted. Mr. Hull's party took them through to the valley. They reached Park's Bar on the Yuba River, October 5. Mr. Hull remained t4iere mining until January 3, 1849, when he started to return to Oregon, by water, going to San Francisco via Fort Sutter. He was forced to wait several days in that city for a vessel, but finally took passage on the Jeanet, on board which was old General Joseph Lane, who had been appointed Governor of Oregon Territory. They reached Oregon City in due time. Mr. Hull remained there until April, when he again came to California, bringing his family with him. He mined on the Mokelumne River until October of that year, when he moved to Benicia and entered into the business of making lime, which then commanded as high a price as $15 a barrel, with two Eastern men who pretended to understand the business thoroughly. They made a failure of it because of heavy importations of lime from the East as ballast. In 1851 he came to Sacramento, where he followed teaming until ihe fall of 1852; then moved upon his ranch near Brighton, where he has remained ever since. In 1863 he was elected supervisor of this county; he was president of the board two years of that time and went out of office in 1867. Politically J^^yiJT^i.^^.-^ UIHTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 5n he has been a Republican since the birth of that party in tliis State, but ot hite years has seen much in the dealings of that party which has greatly lessened his enthusiasm, although he usually votes the party ticket. He has always paid considerable attention to edu- cational matters and started the first district school in this part of the township, contributing a large amount of his time and means in order to do this. He followed surveying while in Oregon. He surveyed the claim where East Portland now is. He has done considerable of it in this county. Mr. Hull has been twice married. His tirst wife was Sarah Ann James, a native of Ohio. She died leaving one daugh- ter, Margaret, who is now the wife of Ethan A. Grant of this county. The second wife was Susannah Cazel, also a native of Ohio. She died in Sacraiiento County, in 1858, the mother of five children, four of whom are still living: Tliomas, George, Joseph, and Mary. The three sons are living in L(js Angeles County, and the daughter, Mrs. Hasley, resides in Solano County. fENNIS ROCKWELL HUNT was born in Vermont, April 23, 1820, his parents being Albinus and Hannah (Robins) Hunt, both of New England descent for sotne gener- ations, and both now deceased, at about the age of seventy. The family moved into the State of New York when I). R. was about two years old. Li youth he got a limited education in the district schools for four or five years, and at the age of twelve hired out on a farm. From that time on he worked for wages in diS'erent lines until 1848, when he bought, in partner- ship with his brother, 150 acres, whicii he helped to till one year. In 1850, leaving the farm in charge of his brother, he set out from New i'ork by the Isthmus route for California, where he hoped to reap a golden harvest. Ar- riving in due time in San Francisco he made ills way to the El Dorado, on the south fork of the American River, above Mormon Ishiiiil. After spending about eight months in the mines with no large results he went to work for W. R. Grimshaw, on the Daylor ranch on the Co- sumnes. After three months he was hired at $8 a day to go to mining, but the enterprise not proving profitable he returned to work on the same ranch. Before the close of that changeful year, 1851, he filed his claim for 1(50 acres on Deer Creek, now owned by S. I>. Moore, of Lee Township, and in 1852 raised hay and barley on his own place. But the fortune of life was still adverse, and his whole crop of hay and barley, in stacks, to the value of over $12,000, was destroyed by fire. It took many years to recover from this heavy loss, but he held on to the land, raised twelve more crops, and sold out in the autumn of 1863, being then worth over $16,000. Mr. Hunt went into the gr-ocery business in Sacramento for si.\ or eight months, and in 1865 returned to New York, where he bought a farm in Madison County, and stocked it with the expectation of making it his permanent home. He, however, soon fonnd farming in New York was no longer con- genial, and he sold out the following year. Re- turning to Sacramento he purchased a livery and sale stable, which he kept about two years. In the autumn of 1868 he bought the 500 acres he still owns near Freeport, on the Sacramento. He carries on a dairy business of about eighty cows, which is his chief industry, supplemented by minor farming activities. In August, 1855, Mr. Hunt was married to Mrs. Nancy A. (Turn- wait) Cotton, the mother of two sons, Albert T. and Joel S. Cotton. Mr. and Mrs. Hunt are the parents of five sons: Major Clarence, born on the Deer Creek ranch in September, 1859; Frank Linn, in October, 1862, at the satne place; Mark Twain, in Sacramento, in November, 1865; D. R., Jr., also in Sacramento, February 3, 1868; George Grant, at Freeport, in Decem- ber, 1870. Major C. has been twice married, having one daughter by his first ivife, Anna Thorne. The second wife bore tlie name of Maud Hetherington until her marriage. Tliey are living at Tulare, where Mr. Hunt fills the UISrORY OF 8A0RAMENT0 COUNTY. positioif of book-keeper, having the reputation of being an expert in that line. Mark T. is married to Miss SnsieHubbell, a native of Marin Conntj, California. They are the parents of one son, born in 1889. In 1885 Mr. Hunt moved his ftiinily to Napa for the better edu- cation of tiie ciiiidren. lie there owns a resi- dence, and the half block on wiiich it stands. All the sons have been entered at Napa College at different titnes. Major C. won distinction in tlie business course; and D. R., Jr., who is now following a full college course of four years, will graduate in the class of 1890. The young- est son is also a student there in 1889. Mr. Hunt is a member of Sacramento Grange, No. 16; and has been a school trustee about twenty years. '^W^^ ^ALLET CASE JACKSON was born in Jackson County, Iowa, March 7, 1845, son of Harry J. and Catharine (Ken- nedy) Jackson. He made his home with his parents in Iowa until 1861, when he came with them to California. The trip was accomplished in exactly live months. They located in Sacra- mento, lie followed farming the first ten years. In 1872 he bought a farm of 200 acres about a mile and a quarter west of Florin, and seven miles from Sacramento, just east of the upper Stockton road. I'''or the next five years ho ran a windmill and box factory, since which time he has been building windmills, and also a con- tractor and farmer. In the winter of 1877 his factory burned down. Before that he seldom had less than eight or ten men employed, and averaged about $5,000 worth of work a year, sometimes ranging as high as $7,000. He still manufactures windmills, making the Jackson mill, his own invention, patented April, 1879. He has put up about 400 of them in this county, it being about the only one used about Florin, where he lives. It is' a good mill, docs excel- lent work, and gives entire satisfaction. He has been at that business for the past sixteen or seventeen years. He also does all kinds of manufacturing work, and can make almost any- thing that g. person could want. Mr. Jackson was married January 9, 1880, to Mary E. Quinn, a native of New York State. She died Decem- ber 6, 1880, the mother of one child, Annie Mary, born November 20, 1880. He was again married March 6, 1882, to Laura E. Dodson, his present wife. They have had one child, Marion Raymond, born March 9, 1886. Mrs. Jackson was born in Missouri, March 24, 1860, aiid is the daughter of Marcus H. and Mary Dodson. When she was two years old the family came to California, and settled in El Do- rado County, where she was principally raised. Mr. Jackson is a member of Florin Lodge, Nc. 130, F. of H.,and of the Elk Grove Lodge, No. 274, I. O. O. F., having joined the lodge in 1887. fDWA-RD HEALEY, rancher, was born in England, July 28, 1826, son of John and Betsy (Kershaw) Healey, cloth manufac- tureri-. Young Edward learned the trade of a carder, then became time-keeper on a railroad. In 1851 he emigrated to America, landing at Boston, where he was again railroad time- keeper, employed by an uncle for about eleven months. In the fall of 1851 he came to Cali- fornia by way of Cape Horn and the Sandwich Islands, being six months on tlie journey, and arriving in San Francisco in November. The first three months he followed gold-mining in the Big Ravine near Auburn; the next two years he was mining on Johnstown Creek, El Dorado County, with moderate success, say about $5 a day; thence he went to Ford's Bar, where he was engaged when the rise of the river drove them out. His company took out $10,000 in four months. Then he came down into Sac- ramento County and purchased a tract of land at $3.50 an acre, on the Daylor's portion of the Siieldon grant, and commenced buying tine cows, with reference to stock-raising, etc. By HISTUHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the great flood of 1856 he lost ninety head of cattle, besides fences and 30,000 feet of Jnmber. The grown cows liad cost him on an average about $50 a head. lie continued ranching until 1863, when he went into the mercantile busi- ness at Sheldon, where he still has a nice little store. In 1869 he sold one ranch, and the last one, which he ha(j[ greatly improved, he sold to Mr. Kelley in 1878. He purchased his present property in 1882. It is located on the line of the Sheldon grant, eighteen miles from Sacra- mento. In 1853 Mr. Healey returned to Georgia and married Emilina Ivillingsworth, a native of Atlanta, that State.* They have six children, four of \\liom are living: John E., born in 185-4; Mary, born in 1857, and died while an infant; Mary A., wife of James Peer- less (deceased), of Sacramento; Jennie, now Mrs. George Stillson, of Florin; Joseph, at Elk Grove; Emma, who was born June 5, 1866, and is her father's main support, — housekeeper, business agent, etc. Her mother died in 1868, at the age of forty-four years. ^' ■ ''-l^- d '^'- • *- fOim HERINGA was born March 16, 1819, in the province of Groningen, Holland, his parents being Peter and Geertje. The latter died when John was but seven years of age, and the for:ner died two years later, in 1829. In the family which survived them were two chil- dren, one son and one daughter. They both lived with their grandmother, but when John was twelve years of age he was bound out to farm work for six months in the adjoining county of Birum, at the expiration of which time he went to live with an uncle in Appinge- dam, and kept a dry-goods store and manufac- tured woolen goods. He remained with him nine years, and learned his trade (weaving), at which he worked part of the time, and part of the time at farming. The following nine years he served in the army, then in 1855 he was en- gaged on the police force in the town of Oppen- huczen. While there he met Geertje Joustra, a native of Oppenhuezen, in Friesland, born January 29, 1835, whom he married in 1857. During the time they lived there they saved $1,100. July 19, 1868, they started for America, sailing from Liverpool and landing in Boston; thence to New York, where they arrived after a voyage of fourteen days. After stopping in JSi'ew York three days, they took the steamer for Panama, thence to San Francisco, landing September 14, 1868. The next day they came to Sacramento, where a friend and countryman of theirs sold them a small ranch of thirty acres for $600. They also invested $300 in cows and started in the dairy business. Mrs. Heringa, having been reared on a dairy, understood the business thoroughly. They lived there three years, then sold the place for $1,000 and bought their present place, which consists of 160 acres, and is devoted to general farming. They con- tinued the dairy business there and do so still, always having some good milch cows on the ranch. They have made a success of their business, having been industrions and economi- cal. They own a ranch of 160 acres in Lee Township, which is run by their son. They have had six children, viz.: Peter, born Sep- tember 27, 1859; Joseph, October 6, 1861; John, June 12, 1863; Jennie, March 9, 1866, and Charles, December 4, 1877. HILIP HOGATE GARDINER was born W in New Jersey, August 29, 1846, son of John W. and Sarah (Hogate) Gardiner, of the New Jersey families of those names. Grand- father Andrew Gardiner died at about the age of seventy, and grandmother Uphan (Dubois) Gardiner, at eighty. Grandfather Hogate lived to be ninety-three. The mother of P. II. Gar- diner died in 1853, but the father, born in Au- gust, 1818, is still living in his old home. He paid a visit to his son in 1884, staying about three months. The subject of this sketch arrived in San Francisco January 1, 1868, and worked about a year on a farm in Contra Costa County. HIHTOltY OF SAOliAMENTU COUNTY. Ill 1869 he went to Nevada and spent two years prospecting in the White Pine Mountains, but did not strike anything rich enougli to induce him to stay. In tlio spring of 1871 he returned to he Sacramento Valley and worked a year on a farm near Rio Vista. June 17, 1872, he went to farming on iiis own account, renting 250 acres on Hraniiaii Island, raising grain and veg- etables. Early in 1875, in partnership with J. F. Wilcox, he built the store he now occupies, and on Marcii 5 opened it for trade with a stock of general merchandise, under the style of Gar- diner & Wilcox. January 9, 1878, he bought out his partner and has since done business as P. H. Gardiner. He has been in charge of the postofJice since its establishment, March 13, 1879; was the agent of the California Trans- portation Company for twelve years to January 1, 1887, and is agent for Wells, Fargo & Cu.'s Express. He was instrumental in establishing a school district for this section, and has been a trustee thereof a good part of the time. He rents a considerable tract of land across the river, on Grand Island, on which he raises horses and cattle. Mr. Gardiner was married July 3, 1878, to Miss Ida Pool, a native of Isleton, daughter of Josiah and Sarah (Free- man) Pool. The father owned 600 acres includ- ing the village site, until the spring of 1881, when he lo-.t his property by the floods. He is now living in Arizona, aged iifty-nine. Thomas Freeman is still living, at Linden, San Joac^uin County, aged sixty-nine. His brother. Dr. Hugh Freeman, died March 17, 1889, aged seventy-two. Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner are the parents of three children: Lucretia Garfield, born July 5, 1881; John Wilbur, February 15, 1884; P. H., Jr., February 8, 1886. ►^M^ fEYTON RUSSELL, farmer, Brighton Township, was born December 28, 1818, in Ross County, Ohio, his parents being Lawrence and Mary (Huff) Russell. His father, also a farmer, was a native of Greenbrier County, Virginia, and his mother was born in Salem, Highland County, Ohio. Lawrence Russell, after his mari'iage, moved to Ross County, Ohio; next to Warren County, Indiana; and twelve years afterward removed to De Kalb County, Illinois, where he resided from 1841 to 1856, when he died, aged about seventy-one years. His wife died in 1865, at the age of about seventy-two. They had thirteen children, six of whom were sons. Twelve grew uj). The name of the deceased were: Matilda, Susan, William, Sarah, Eliza and Rebecca Jane. The living are: John, a prominent farmer in De Kalb County, Illinois; Mary Ann, wifeof Rob- ert Robb, in Kansas; Peyton, subject of ihis sketch; Milton, in Kansas; Harriet, wife of Mr. Luce, in Belvidere, Illinois, and Sanford, also in Kansas. Peyton remained at his paternal home until he was of age, the last three years of this period being the chief assistant of his father. He then went to farming on his own account, on his sister's place near by. The next year he went to Mercer County, Ohio, for three months; then worked four months on the farm of Wil- hoyt & Orr, in Moi'gan County, Illinois; next, returning to his father's place in Indiana, he ac- companied his father and some other members of the family to De Kalb Count}', Illinois, where his father had ])urchased a farm, and worked it for two years. While engaged there, in 1842, he married Elizabeth Carnes, a native of Penn- sylvania, who died in 1844. He then went to Linn County, Iowa, near Cedar Rapids, remain- ing about three months with his mother-in-law; was next a short time in Illinois, eight months in Tennessee, five months in Georgia, four in South Carolina, at a point about twenty-five miles above Savannah, — at all these places en- gaged in farm work, usually as overseer; was then two years in Florida, and returned by way of New Orleans to Illinois, where he was en- gaged five months on his father's farm; was next six weeks in Donaldsonville, Louisiana, leaving there on account of sickness (bilious fever); tiien in Texas five months, and finally, by way of New Orleans, leaving there July 7, Hisrour OF sacrasiento county. 525 he came to California by the Nicaragua route, arriving at San Francisco July 31. After look- ing around througii several counties here for three months he took a ranch of 160 acres thir- teen miles east of Sacramento, cultivated it two and a half years and sold it. Ne.xt he followed butchering three months in Sacramento, sold out, followed the auction business live months, was in Oroville, Butte County, in 1856, three months; in Spanish Town, in the same county, four months; in Oroville again four or live months, and followed mining in that county in 1867-'e Ms Mar •ga; et O'Shea at Oro- ville, he left the same day for 'Santa Cruz, and was there three months; returning then to this county, he settled upon his old ranch, which he rented from the owner. A year afterward he rented another ranch, on which he remained a year. In 1S60 he bought a quarter-section of land from Dasonville in Brighton Township. In 1874 he purchased his present ranch of 150 acres, upon which he lias remained since 1876. For twelve years he had seven acres in orchard, chiefly peaches. He has one child, Mary, by his first wife, and she married William Baker, and resides in Placer Countv. fllARLES AUGUSTUS KUMAN,orcliard- ist at Michigan Bar, was born in Hanover, Germany, April 3, 1839, his parents be- ing Frederick Augustus and Louisa (Romer) Human. The father was by business a miller; and of the grandfather, William Ruman, tiie grandson only remembers tliat he was quite old. Charles A. Ruman arrived in San Francisco, California, November 15, 1853, direct from Hamburg, the voyage taking seven montiis, of which, however, about six weeks were spent in repairing the ship at Valparaiso. For the lirst fifteen years he was occupied in mining and prospecting, the former mostly at Michigan Bar, and tiie latter over a wide range, even as far as Idaho. For the last twenty years he lias been variously engaged. He lias raised cattle more or less since 1867; peddled beer for a time; ke])t a saloon from 1876 to 1888; a toll-bridge from 1877 to 1879, when he sold out to the county for $1,500; was road overseer and con- stable from 1877 to 1880; established his home on about twelve acres at the village end of the bridge; planted an orchard of about five acres across the river; and rented some land for pas- ture of his cattle, of which he keeps forty to fifty liead. Mr. Ruman was married in 1868 to Miss Mary Louisa Yager, born in Ohio, June 30, 1849, daughter of Peter and Elizabeth (Silent) Yager. The father was a baker and confectioner at Delaware, Ohio, and came to California with his family in 1853. The mother died in March, 1885, aged sixty-two; the father, born in February, 1826, is still living in this State. .Mr. and Mrs. Ruman are the parents of four sons: Edward Theodore, born January 25, 1869; Louis Augustus and Peter Francis, twins, October 24, 1875; Charles Blaine, Octo- ber 31, 1884. ILLIAM F. PARKER, deceased, form- erly a farmer, was born in the city of Murfreesborough, Hertford County, North Carolina, February 10, 1826. From 1838 lo 1849 he followed the sea, being steward of a sh the West India trade; also made few trips to foreign countries. During one of the journeys he came into the port of Francisco in 1849, stopped here and became cook at Mormon Island for the miners. A year afterward he went upon the old Patterson place, on the American River, and began farming. Although it was a new industry to him, he soon found that he liked it, became enthusiastic in the calling and therefore successful. He pur- chased the present homestead of 320 acres in 1857, and lived there until his death, April 9, 1887. His marriage to Margaret Lindsay was celebrated March 20, 1862. The widow is now conducting the farm. They had four children: Fanny, wife of C. V. Osborne, a pruuiinent 526 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT 1. teacher in this locality; Alice M., also a teacher here; Dorsey W. and Benjamin J. They lost one daughter, Annie L., at the age of nineteen) in 1883. She was a well educated young lady, having a first-grade certificate for teaching. Mr. Parker was an active member of the Baptist Clinrch, being several years deacon. The church building where he worshipped is situated on his farm. The society here was once a strong one- He also took great interest in educational mat- ters. Although he was in early life left an orphan and was de])rived of a school education, he saw the necessity of such education and did all he could for the cause. He was a jovial and good-natnred man, and kind and indulgent in his family. ]{e gave his wife's mother a home to enjoy in her declining years; they were very considerate of each other's welfare. For the last three years of his life he was an invalid, afflicted with consumption. Mrs. Parker was born in Dearborn County, Indiana, and when she was fifteen years old her father, V. D. Lind- say, died in 1854. In 1861 she came to Cali- fornia with her mother, who died in December, 1872. — ^€^®W^ — fOHN N. ANDREWS, merchant, post- master, etc., at Elk (irove, was born in Atliol, Worcester County, Massachusetts, September 28, 1829. His father, Collins An- drews, a cabinet-maker by trade, and also a fol- lower of other ])ursuits, died in Petersham, in liis native county, in 1886. He, the father, was born in Pittsford, Rutland County, Ver- mont, married in Massachusetts, and a few years later retui-ned to Vermont, where he lived twelve years, and then spent tiie remainder of his life in Massachusetts. Just before the last war an Episcopalian minister. Rev. Charles West- ley Andrews, D. D., an uncle of Mr. Andrews, who was a graduate of Middlebury College, Vermont, in 1827, began to admire a Southern lady of Armfield, Clark County, Virginia, named Sarah Walker Page, who was in the pos- session of $30,000 worth of slaves. They were married on condition that she should liberate these slfives. Some years afterward the direct heirs of the estate brought suit to recover dam- ages on account of snch emancipation. At this time the minister was in charge of his church at Shepherdstown, Virginia; he was also an author. The suit was at length carried up to the Supreme Court of the United States, which decided against the claimants. This event is said to have been the exciting cause of the great Re- bellion. Collin Andrews was born July 81, 1807, at Pittsford, Vermont. His father was Zelotes Andrews, of Brimfield, Massachusetts, who was born November 25, 1768, and the father of three sons and two daughters. Col- lins resided at Petersham, Massachusetts, where he was a magistrate and mechanic. He had five sons: Alonzo, Lorenzo, John Nichols, Charles Herman and James Curran. Alonzo and James Curran are not living. Lorenzo is now secretary of the State Board of Health of Iowa, and residing at Des Moines; Charles is living on the home place in Massachusetts. The ancestry of the Andrews family is a noted one, and traces its history back to England. The earliest ancestor now known was William An- drews, a native of Hampsworth, England, ai.d shipped about the 6th of April, 1085, from Hampton, England, with some fifty-three others, many of whom had wives and children with them. From 1643 he had a family of eight persons, not including servants. In 1639 he was chosen one of twelve to select the seven pil- lars of the church to order its foundation. He was one of the sixty-three who met in Elder Robert Newman's barn, which stood on the site of Noah Webster's place, and who formed the constitution of Quinnipac, or New Haven col- ony. In 1648 his estate was valued at £150. He was a carpenter by trade, and in 1664 he contracted to build a brick meeting-house for the New Haven colony, and furnish the brick. Some of the tools brought from England were in 1871, and are possibly yet, in the possession of some of his descendants at East Haven, (yon- U I STORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. necticnt. William Andrews was the progen- itor of a numerous race of industrious and respectable people, some of whom are highly distinguished. John Nichols Andrewe, at the age of nineteen years, left home for California. Leaving New York city April 17, on the steamer Crescent City, within eight days he reached Ciiagres; waited on the Isthmus nearly a month, and arrived in San P'rancisco June 13, 1849, on the steamer Oregon, on her second trip. Going to Smith's Bar, on the American River, he fol- lowed mining there for a short time, when the scnrs'v and Panama fever seized him with con- siderable violence, and he came to this city and for about two months lay under a tree at the foot of K street, with no relative or acquaint- ance to attend upon him. On recovery he re- sumed his trade here, — that of tinsmith. Late in the fall he became sick' again, and while con- fined to his bed the flood came, and he e.xerted himself sufSciently to get on board the steamer Senator and go to San Francisco, the passage fare being ,$32; he had but $30. Friends took care of him there, and in a few days he was well. Trying his luck again at mining, on the South Yuba River, he had a little success, and he returned to Sacramento and remained here until 1872, engaged in engraving and other mechanical jmrsuits. He lost more or less in all the fires and floods occurring during that period: in 1853 he lost everything by flood and tire. In 1872 he obtained an appointment as agent for the Southern Pacific Railroad Com- pany at Elk Grove, ami also as postmaster and as agent for the Wells- Fargo Express Company. He has been here ever since, engaged in general merchandise, and still holding oflicial positions, notwithstanding the special efforts of the Democrats against "offensive partisans:" he is a Republican. In 1861 or 1862, during the w-ar, a company of sharpshooters was organized at Sacramento by Colonel Ed R. Hamilton, who was then elected captain, and William M. Sid- dons, First Lieutenant, and J. X. Andrews, Second Lieutenant. Mr. Andrews was married i 1 Sacramento, May 8, 1867, to Miss Jennie, daughter o^ Find ley McClelland, of Scotch de- scent, and they have had three children, daugh- ters, of whom only one is living — Nellie Melita, born July 2, 1868. The others were May Eliza- beth, who died in Elk Grove at the age of seven years, and one died in infancy. .^i».K|v tMARIAII JOHNSON was born about nine miles from Paris, Illinois, in 1823, tlie third son of his father, Isaac Johnson, who, thirteen years later, moved with his family to Iowa, where he was a farmer. When Ama- riah grew to manhood, he learned the trade of carpenter and builder with his two elder brolhers at Fort Madison, Iowa. In 1844 he began business for himself at Fort Ma,dison. He went to St. Louis a year later and worked with Messrs. Whitehall & Weston and with II. H. Wright, remaining in that city till January, 1850. When Fremont came to California in 1845, our sub- ject tried to get into his party, but was too late, every place being tilled. In December, 184'J, his father and younger brother came on to St. Louis with a party of nine others, all bound for California. He joined them, leaving St. Louis on the 4th of January, 1850. They were unable to get tickets but secured passage to the mouth of the Rio Grande, on the steamer Globe. They then came via Fort Brown (now Brownsville); then, following the route taken by General Tay- lor up the Rio Grande, thej packed 1,300 miles across to the coast; there they engaged a sailing vessel and came up the coast, landing at San Francisco on the 28th of March. Our subject came on to Sacramento, thence to Marysville, and finally to the mines on the Ynba. After a varied mining experience there and on the Feather River, he took a contract to erect a hospital building at Nevada City and then came to Sacramento, arriving just after the squatter riots, and secured employment on the Orleans building, then in course of construction. He, however, soon started business on his own ac- count, locating his shops on the site now occu- HISTORY OF SAORAMBNTO COUNTY. ])io(l l)j tlie yards of the Sacramento Lumber ( 'Oiiipaiiy, on Second street, where lie was caught hy till' jL(rc;it fire of 1852, by which lie lost about $5,()()0. lie soon started again, however, this time on Fourth street, between K and L, and, taking in AVilliani Shumaker as partner, con- tinued in the business for many years. In 1857 he made a trip home to Fort Madison, Iowa, and was there married, June, 1858, to Miss Eliza Jane, daughter of John S. Ivemifdy; im- mediately afterward he started with iiis hriile for the far West. He bought property on N street- and built his family residence, twenty- two years ago, where he has resided over since. lie has one son, Howard; and one daughter, Kate E., wife of Dr. Reid. rOlIN W. UICIIMONI), a i)ioneer I man, and tlie proprietor of Ui( Miry- nond •^ Grove, one of the ])leasantest resorts of Sacramento, was born at Churchville, about fourteen miles from Rochester, New York, August 24, 1818. His father, Billings Rich- mond, was a native of Woodstock, Connecticut, and when a young man went to Monroe County New York, for the purpose of teaching school. There ho bought fifty acres of land. Returning home the following year, he married Miss Susan Willey, a native of Massachusetts, and became one of the first settlers of the village of Church- ville, Monroe County. lie was a stock and wheat raiser, and dealer in cattle, and also a woolen-mill owner. John W., the subject of this sketch, learned the trade of wool-carding and cloth-dressing; and when he became of age his father gave him and his older brother an in- terest in the mill. He afterward ran a woolen mill at Bloumtiuld, a half interest i,i which was owned by his uncle. This mill was huriiel in 1847; and in 1848 he went to Illinois for a drove of cattle, and took them to Boston for sale. In the spring of 185Q, in company with his brother Henry, he started for California, by way of the Isthmus, in the steamer Ohio At Panama tliey were compelled to wait four weeks for the arrival of the steamer Northerner, Captain Bob Waterman, who had come around Cape Horn; and upon board of that vessel they ar- rived at San Francisco, August 16, 1850. The brother, who was a blacksmith by trade, re- mained in San Francisco, while he, John, came on to Sacramento and obtained employment in a livery stable at $5 a day. lie and his brotlier had brought eighty pairs of kip bf)ot8 with them to California, and the latter made a trip to the Shasta mines, where he worked at min- ing during the week, and selling out the stock during Sundays at $16 a pair. He returned to Sacramento, bringing $600 as the proceeds. In the meantime he had saved up some money, and he and his brother concluded to inve-t their means in a dairy. Buying three poor "immigrant" cows at $100 apiece, they fur- nished hotels, et?., with milk, for wiiich they received $3 per gallon. Their stock increased, as did also the price of the milk, for which they at one time received not less than $1 a quart. They sold eggs at the rate of $3 per dozen. In 1851 Mr. Richmond, the subject of this sketch, bought a pre-emption claim and fourteen cows, of Smith & Bradley. This 1 iiid was within what is now the city limits, and included the Richmond Grove property. In the fall of 1853 he went East, and during the month of May following married Miss Julia A., daughter of Merritt Moore, a merchant, and the next spring came with his wife to California. I'urchasing his brother's interest in the ]ire-emption claim, and in the stock, etc., he continued in the dairy business. His present fine residence at 1818 P street was built in the summer of 1884. Mr. Richmond was a Democrat up to the day that Fort Sumter was fired upon, since which time ho has been an ardent Republieaii. In iiis so- ciety relations lie has helped to build several churches; been both a Freemason and an Odd Fellow, but lie has not affiliated witli these orders since coming to the coast. His only liv- ing child, a daughter, is now the wife of A. K. Tower, of Bufltalo, New York. His first wife HIsroRr OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. died in 1857; and in 1804 he married Elizabeth A. Cornwell, i.if Warsaw, New York. They had one child, Uattie, who died when only two years old. ''**V'5' ''''el" "" l^jETER TIETJENS, of Sacramento, was j |i^ horn in Hamburg, Germany, in 1823. His ^C lather, a ship carpenter in the English serv- ice, died in 1841. His mother's maiden name was Maria Schroder. They had seven children, two of whom were boys. One of these, George, was a seafaring man. One of the daughters, Teresa, is an eminent musician, well known as a singer in the great operas, as Lucretia Borgia, etc. Another daughter was a resident of New Orleans when Peter came to this country, land- ing at that point to join her. He left Hamburg April 27, 1846, and reached New Orleans in sixty-three days. Having learned the trade of cigar-maker in Hamburg and Bavaria, he re- sumed that business in the Crescent City for three years. During the cholera siege there he went to Louisville, Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio. Returning to the old coantry he married in December, 1852, Miss Maria Schlink, a na- tive of Gutenberg, South Germany. In the fall of 1854 he started again for the land of golden opportunity, and, sailing from Bremen, landed at San Francisco in October, 1855. Coming on immediately to Sacramento, where his sister, Mrs. John Bell, was residing, he established a saloon on K street, between Fourth and Fifth, which he conducted until 1870. Mrs. Tietjens died in 1887. Their daughter Marie is a mu- sician, who has spent several years in Europe in pursuit other musical studies. EORGE THOMAS CARR was born in [errimac County, New Hampshire, June 18, 1837, liis parents being Thomas Tyler and Caroline (Coimor) Carr, both of the same county and State. Thomas Tyler Carr was the son of John Carr, and was the youngest of liis family of live children, viz.: Samuel, Abigail, Almira, Emma and Thomas Tyler. He grew up on the old homestead and made his home there before and after his fatlier died, living to see his children g. ow up to manhood and woman- hood. He died at the home of his son Frank, February, 1889, and his wife died there in the fall of 1876. They had six sons and two daugh- ters, viz.: Philip A., born August 15, 1833, died March 22, 1844; John A., born May 30, 1835, resident in Boston, Massachusetts; George, born June 18, 1837; Thomas T., born April 2, 1839, resident in Texas; Frank H., born Feb- ruary 4, 1841, resident in New Hampshire, near the old homestead ; Charles, born J uly 10, 1845, who was wounded in the Shenandoah Valley, and died from the effects of it November 24, 1864; Caroline E., born January 27, 1849, resident in Concoid, New Hampshire; and Helen B., born June 27, 1851, died about 1878. George T. Carr, sul)ject of this sketch, was raised on a farm. He lived with liis parents until he was twenty-one years of age, then went to work on a neighboring farm; he was after- ward engaged at a sash, door and blind factory, at North Ware, till the war broke out in 1861. In April of that year, he enlisted in the United States Navy as a landsman on the receiving ves- sel Vermont, subject to a draft to supply crew for different vessels in the service. He re- mained there but a short time and was then drafted and placed on the United States sailing vessel Supply, which was lltted out with an arm- anent similar to that of any other man-of-war. Their business duty was to carry provisions and necessaries to other vessels stationed on block- ade. He served one year when he was dis- charged, his time being up. He returned liome, where lie stayed until the next April, when he started for California. He left New York on the 1st, came via Panama and arrived in San Francisco after a voyage of twenty-eight days. He went to work on a farm in Marin County, remaining there until June; thence to Austin, Nevada, and worked at farming there about two HIsrORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. years. He then went to work in the mine?, Btill working I'or wages, and Ibllowed tliat pur- suit for nearly a year. He next came to Sacra- mento County and bought 680 acres on the Liigoon, just Leiow Buckeye Valley. In 1875 he sold that place and purchased a ranch of 700 acies on the Cosnmnes River, three miles south of Elk Grove; lie aiteiwaid told 5C0 acres, and the remaining 200 form the ranch on which he makes his home. He has improved it greatly, and the line appearance which it ofl'ers to all jafs-ers by is entirely due to his skill and indus- tiy. His fine new lesideiice was erected at a cost of $3,000. Mr. Carr cast his first presi- dential vote lor Abrahjim Lincoln, in the fall of IbCO, and since that time has always acted with the Eepublican party. He was united in mar- liage on the 14ih day of February, 1872, to Eliza C'oppin, a native of Canada; they have six children, viz.: Charles C, Caroline E., George, Eliza, John and Gracie. ^ ^-^-^ «HAELES FEEDEKICK TRASK, an orchardist and rancher of Franklin Town- ship, on the Sacramento River, about twenty-six miles below the city, was born in Mobile, Alabama, February 24, 1847, his parents being Charles Frederick and Jane C. (French) Trask. The father was a native of Massachu- etts of the early-settled New England family of that name. Grandfather Manasseh Trask died at Beverly, Massachusetts, in 18C3, aged eighty- one, and his mother reached the remarkable age of 101. Her husband, the father of Manasseh, fought in the Revolution. George Trask, a brother of the elder C. F. Trask, was a well- known temperance lecturer and writer who died iu Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1879." C. F. Trask, Sr„ was a captain in the merchant marine service, iiis vessel being owned in Boston. Among the experiences of his career as sea- captain was the barbarous treatment by pirates on the southeastern coast of Africa, who cut otf his ears in the vain eH'ort to wrest from him the knowledge of where the ship's money was con- cealed. He went into business in New Orleans for a short time, and in 1841 he moved to Mobile, where he kept a hotel and was also engaged in the business of unloading vessels. In 1843 he M-as married to Miss Jane C. French, who was English by birth, but had been reared in Canada. Being leit a widow by the death of Mr. Trask, September 15, 1847, she conducted the hotel for one year. Being btaten in a legal contest with an int-uiance company, she took her orphan children to Beverly, Massachusetts, the home of their father, and set out for California by the way of Cape Horn. After being delayed by shipwreck and consequent return to Valjaraiso, she did not reach San Francisco until some time in 1850. Proceeding to the mining regions in Tuolumne County, she hired out as cook at 100 dollars a month, and accumulated quite a sum of money. Removing to Sacramento, she was induced to invest her money in mining property and lost. In 1855 she was married, at Iowa Hill, to J. M. II aw ley, who kept a store and saw-mill at Monona Flat. In 1863 Mr. and Mrs. Hawley mo\ed to this county and bought a220-acre ranch about three miles above Walnut Grove. Meanwhile Mr. C. F. Trask had been brought up by his uncle AVilliam Woodbuiy of Beverly, Massachusetts. After the marriage of his mother to Mr. Hawley he came to Cali- fornia in 1855, but soon returned to Beverly to be educated. After eight years schooling, the last half year at an academy, he again came to California and lived with his mother and step- father on their ranch. In 1867 he went to San Francisco and learned the trade of ship-carpen- ter. His mother died November 8, 1808, leav- ing two children, liimself and sister, Mary Trask, now Mrs. Elijah Billington, of Santa Barbara. In 1869 Mr. Trask was induceiJ by his stepfather to return and take charge of the ranch, and he has been ever since engaged continuously in that business. C. F. Trask was married February 13, 1873, to Miss Adelia A. Rice, born near Galena, Illinois, in 1849, a daughter of Oliver and BeataCalvarine(Adkins) Rice. Her father HISTORY OF SAGRAMBNTO COUNTY. died December 22, 1888, aged seventy-six; her mother, bora in 1828, and her grandfather, Abner Adkins, born in 1803, are both living in 1889. Mrs. Jrask was educated as a scliool teacher in the normal scliool at Plattville and taught for two years in East Dubuque, Illinois, and for some time in Wisconsin. She came to California in 1872. Mr. and Mrs. Trask are the parents of three children: Alice Maud, born May 25, 1874; Oliver Frederick, November 23, 1875; Charles Raymond, December 22, 1877. They own eighty acres, of whicii lifty are in orchard; and rent 252 acres devoted to general farming. ^^4^,i^„K- fOUN ROHR, of the firm of Rohr & Loch, proprietors of the Pioneer Bakery, Sacra- mento, is a native of Germany, born in Hesse-Darmstadt, near Heidelberg, on the 8ch of January, 1864, his parents being John, Sr., and Margaretha (Schmidt) Rohr. He was reared at his native place and there received his educa- tion between the ages of si.x and fourteen years. He then went to learn tiie baker's trade at Kreuz Steinacli, and served an apprenticeship of two years with a man named Iiuhoff. He then went to Manheim, where he worked one year. He then came to the United States, working in different establishments in New York for a year and a half. From there lie came out to Portland, Oregon, and three months later came to Sacramento and went to work in the Empire Bakery. After six months there he went in l)usiness for himself in connection with Mr. Brown. This partnership continued until January, 1887, when the firm of Ruhr & Loch was formed. July 1, 1889, Loch sold his interest to Mr. Rohr. The Pioneer Bakery is the oldest establishment of the kind in Sacramento. It was originated by George Schoth in the early days of the city, and he carried on the business until 1882, when he sold out to Josejjh Gernscli. The latter continned the business ahjine until Mr. Rohr came into the tirm, since which time changes have occurred as before en imerated. Mr. Rohr is a Noble Grand of the Schiller Lodge No. 105, I. O. O. F., and is a mombsr of the Union Visiting Committee of the Hermann Sons. Mr. Rohr is a genial and courteous gen- tleman with a host of friends and withal a push- ing, successful business man. fOHN AMOS SIMONS, rancher, of Brighton Township, Sacramento County, was born March 15, 1836, in Ava, at that time the capital of Burmah, being the second 'son of Rev. Thomas Simons," a Baptist missionary to Burmah. The father was born at Dofarnbach, Cardiganshire, Wales, July 15, 1801. Con- verted at the age of fifteen, he forthwith evi- denced a strong purpose to devote himself to the service of religion. At twenty he came to the United States, landing in Charleston, South Carolina. Becoming connected with the Bap- tist Church, he was sent as teacher to the Creek Indians at Eaton, Georgia, in 1823. Desiring to become a preacher, he first studied for the ministry at Edgefield, South Carolina, and after- ward at the Newton Theological Institute in Massachusetts, which he entered in 1829. Two years later he was appointed missionary lo Bur- mah, and was ordained at Augusta, Georgia, December 18, 1831. He reached Maulmain, Burmah, January 1, 1833. Here he was mar- ried by Rev. Dr. Judson to Miss Caroline Jenks Harrington, of East Brooktield, Massachusetts, June 23, 1833. About the close of 1835 he removed to Ava, but after a few months' resi- dence he was obliged by political disturbances to leave that city and return to Maulmain. In 1843 Mrs. Simons died, leaving four children, witn whom two years later the father returned to America. Having made provision for the education of his children, he went back to Bur- tnah in 1847 to resume his missionary labors, ^n 1851 he married Miss Lydia Lillybridae, and they had two children, of whom one sur- vives. In 1854he removed to Prome, on tlielrra- Ul STOUT OF HACRAMENTO COUNTY. waddi, where he labored for twenty-two years, dying there Febriiary 19, 1876, after thirteen days' ilhiess, of cholera, or rather of the ex- haustion which followed it. The older brother of the subject of this sketch was born in De- cember, 1834, at Mauhnain, Burmah; and on the return to America, already mentioned, he was placed at school at West Boylston, Massa- chusetts. After completing his course of studies, graduating at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, he went to Georgia, among the early friends of iiis father, and taught school there for a time. He soon came North, how- ever, and entered the law school at Albany, New York, and afterward the otiice of the law tirm of Courtney & Cassidy. After a few years in Albany, through the influence of Mr Court- ney, he became assistant in the United States District Court in New York, under Daniel Dickinson, and subsequently under Pierpont; and when the latter became the Attorney-Gen- eral of the United States, he was given the office of Assistant Attorney-General in the Court of Claims, and retained that position under suc- cessive administrations. Upon the inaugura- tion of President Cleveland he voluntarily resigned, and in September, 1885, formed the law tirm of McDonald, Simons & Bright, at Washington, District of Columbia. He died June 19, 18S6, jirobably of overwork. The only daughter of the first Mrs. Simons, named ,Iane Olivia, returned to Burmah, married there, and there died of cholera. The younger brother, Charles Jenks Simons, is a physician in Chicago. The subject of this sketch, as before stated, came to America in 1845, at the age of nine. Sent to school with his brother Thomas at West Boylston, he did not exhibit a desire to study, and after a few months returned to his maternal relatives at East Brookfield. Here, with an uncle for a time, later with his grandparents, and afterward with a cousin who was a shoe manufacturer, he spent about six years. From the cousin he learned some little of the shoe- making trade. Meanwiiile he ran away twice to Boston to go to sea, but was rejected as too yoi At the age of fifteen he was induced by his older brother to take an academic course, which he proceeded to do, at Middleboro, Massa- chusetts; but he did not quite complete his course of four years, as an opportunity arose to satisfy his longing for going to sea. His imagination had been fired by his six months' voyage from Burmah at the age of nine, wiiile his judgment was not mature enough to dis- criminate between the position on shipboard of a boy passenger in the cabin and a "boy" be- fore the mast. His illusion was now about to be dispelled. Taking leave of his relatives at East Brookfield, he went to Boston and shipped on the Challenger, under Captain fiurgess. for a voyage around the world. The voyage to San Francisco was not specially ever.tful, they having encountered only one severe storm, in which, however, one man was lost and the sails were torn to shreds. He found the captain and second mate friendly, while he formed an aver- sion to the first mate. The voyage lasted four months and a half, and when he received his wages as a ship's boy, amounting only to $21, he went ashore to try his fortune. This was in 1855, and he was nineteen. An ill-fortune he found it, both at that port and at Sacramento Mining, in which his imagination had pictured millions, was hopeless. His money was soon exhausted and his spirits sank fathoms deep, finding liimself penniless and without work. He haunted an employment office in Sacramento, and finally obtained a job, only to find himself defrauded of half the promised wages, receiving at the end of two weeks $10 instead of $20. With a heroic integrity that deserved good for- tune, he paid $4 of that amount to the em- ployment otfice as fees for the old job and a prospective one. Despairing of getting this, he struck out in search of a job. This he secured on the river, about ten miles below Sacramento, where he spent nearly two years in vain at- tempts at making a "raise" by manual labor. His discomfort was aggravated by an attack of fever and ague. Shortly after this he began a career as teacher, amounting to fifteen years and IIISTOUY OF SACRAMENTO COUJ^TT. extending over a period of twenty years, 1858 to 1878, liis last sciiool closing at Gait, in this county, on May 17, 1878 The live years in- terruption to his cai-eer as teacher was the period from 1864 to 1800, which he spent in Albany, New York, where he was identilied with the bar after a course in the law school, and where he practiced for a few years. But the glorious climate of California lured him back, and he resumed his career as school- teacher, becoming also owner of a ranch of 160 acres, which has since been enlarged by recent purchase to 355 acres. June 15, 1876, Mr. Simons married Miss Fanny Prior, a native of El Dorado County, this State. She is the daugh- ter of Harlow Prior, who was born in Hartford, Connecticut. They have one child, Jennie Belle, born June 8, 1879. fETER HANSOX was born in 1838, about fourteen miles from Cliristianstadt. Swe- den, his parents being Andrew and Charsta (Peterson) Hanson, both now deceased, the mother in 1855, aged fifty, the father in 1881, aged ninety-one. They had two sons and two daughters. Andrew Hanson's father lived to be eighty-iive and Andrew's sister, Mrs. Lawson, was 106 when she died. The subject of this sketch came to America in 1856, with some knowledge of farm work and carpentry and pos- sessed of a fair education. He first went to the Swedish settlements in Minnesota, but, being too young to enter Government land and not liking the ciiances of labor presented there, he ])roceeded southward as far as Moline, Illinois, wliere he worked in a saw-mill for .year or more. He next went to farming in that neighborliood for two years. le 1859 Mr. Hanson came to California, landing in San Francisco. He then proceeded to Sacramento, and tiience to tiie mountains, but not being suited he returned to the city and soon afterward found work on a ranch near Clarksburg on the Sacramento River. Tliere he remained one year, and then worked near Rio Vista two years, lii March, 1862, he bought tiie ranch of 121 acres which he still occupies on Grand Island about thirty-seven miles below Sacramento. He has about twenty acres in orchard, fruit being the chief market- able product. In 1886 he built a comfortable house of ten rooms on his place; and in 1888 he bought eighty acres near Clements in San Joa- quin County. Mr. Hanson is unmarried. Miss Tilda ISTeiison, a granddaughter of his sister, Mrs. Peterson, of Princeton, Illinois, has charge of his household. tODOLPHUS BUKEr HALL was born in Kentucky, September 7, 1825, his par- ents being Sliadrac and Mary (Greathouse) Hall. The father was born in Virginia, Jan- uary 19, 1789, of American parentage but of Scotch descent on the paternal, and English on the maternal side. The mother, a native of Kentucky, was of German or Pennsylvania- Dutch descent on botli sides. Her father, Her- man Greathouse, was a native of Pennsjdvania and a soldier of the Revolution. He lived to be over eighty and his wife, by birth Massey Ann Bukey, was seventy-five at her death. Grandfather Shadrac Hall, a Virginian, was f, Presbyterian minister and his wife, by birth a Miss Walker, was also a Virginian. The par- ents of R. B. Hall were married in Kentucky about the close of 1814, and a large portion of their children were born in that State. Thej afterward moved to Spencer County, Indiana, where Mr. Hall was elected siieriff for four terms, eight years, and afterward coroner. He had previously been a tanner, but had retired from that business. He died February 28, 1856, eleven years after his wife, who died No- vember 21, 1844. They were the parents of a large family: Mary Ann R., born October 9, 1815; America G., October 29, 1816; Eliza B., March 30, 1818, by marriage Mrs. Wright, died October 17, 1844; John \V., June 28, 1819; Randolph B., April 7, 1821, didd November 5, HISTORY OF SACllAMENTO COUNTY. 1873; Harmon G., September 30, 1822; Mas- sey Ann G., January 23. 1824, by marriage Mrs. Pierce, died Septeuiber 27, 1846, Ko- dolphns Enkey, the subject of this sketcli, -was born September 7, 1825, in Spencer County, Indiana; Jemima G., March 11, 1827; Isaac G. (see sketch); Elizabeth O., September 23, 1830, [attingly, died July 8, "y marriasre Mr 1869; Luther G., January 8, 1832, a resident of Fresno, California, since November, 1888, when he came out from Kentucky; Nathan ¥., November 17, 1833; Jonathan P., August 22, 1835; Shadrac, December 28, 1837, died Feb- ruary 4, 1838; Joseph W., July 29, 1838; James Wellington, July 24, 1840, became a physician and came to California in 1878, re- mained here through the winter of 1878-'79, went to Oregon in March, 1879, returned here toward the close of 1880 and died at San Diego, January 12, 1881; Virginia F., December 5, 1843. The subject of this sketch served in the Mexican war in the Fourth Indiana Infantry from April 8, 1847, to August 25, 1848. was Sergeant of Company E, sftid is a pensioner of that war. He caine to California across the plains in 1852, arriving in August at Placer- ville, where he went to mining. For many years, at various points, but chiefly at Michigan Bluffs and Forest Hill, he continued in that business, making and losing money, with but little final gain. September 9, 1861, he arrived on Grand Island by invitation of his brother, Isaac G. (see sketch), and was half owner of the ranch until the return of his brother in 1880, when he sold out to him and removed to Santa Rosa for the better ed\ication of his children. He rents 200 acres on Andrus Island, just be- low Isleton, on which he raises alfalfa chiefly. R. B. Hall was married March 4, 1864, at San Jose, to Miss Ellen D. Hawkins, a native of Vermont, a daughter of A. M. and Candace (Rising) Hawkins. The mother, born in Al- bany, New York, died June 7, 1845. The father, born in Georgia, Vermont, in 1809, a lawyer by profession, was appointed postmaster at Starksboro, Vermont, under Jackson, over fifty years ago, and held the office until Cleve- land's administration. Mr. and Mrs. Hall are the parents of six children: Hattie Virginia, born June 27, 1866, has learned the business of telegraphy and is employed in San Jose; Josie Elizabeth, born March 10, 1870; Rosie Grace, May 27, 1872; Carrie Elmira, November 24, 1874; Lyman Bukey. December 25, 1875; Nel- lie America, February 23, 1877, atid died ot heart disease at Santa Rosa, June 1, 1889. ^ • -'^V^^ — • fACOB SCHULTZ was born in Holstein, Germany, in 1851, his parents being Henry and Gesche (Wobcke) Schultz, bothof whom are still living in Germany. Grandfather Schultz was about seventy at his death; and grandmother Eliza Schultz survived him many years, dying in 1859, aged eighty-two. Jacob Schultz re- ceived the usual education of his country be- tween the ages of six and sixteen, working in the summer months when old enough, chiefly at farm work, which he continued until he came to America in his eighteenth year. He came direct to San Francisco, arriving in July, 1869, and thence to Sacramento, where he worked in a brick-yard two months. In October he went to work for a farmer in Sutter County at $1 a day for soTue months when he returned to the brick- yard for a season. In 1871 he came into Trank- jin Township where he worked on Mr. Iverth's ranch at $26 a month for five years. In 1876 he rented the place he now owns from Mr. Korn, carrying on a dairy business with about forty cows and raising some cattle. In 1880 he rented the Stone place of over 1,100 aci'es, dairying with about eighty cows; about ten years in both places. In 1887 he bought the Korn ranch of 800 acres, just before the boom in farm lands. He runs a dairy as before, of about thirty cows, raises a few cattle for the market every year, and sows a few acres to bar- ley. Mr. Schultz was married in Sacramento, April 6, 1883, to Miss Eliza Zarnig, who is al.so a native of Holstein, a daughter of Wilhelm IIISTURV Oil' SAGltAMENTO COUyi'V. 535 and Anna (Knrtz) Zarnig, botli deceased, the father at the age of forty-eight and t.ie mother at fifty-seven. They are the parents of Annie and Katie, twin sisters, burn July 8, 1886. ,^,.^^^3^.^ l^ROFESSOR E. P. HOWE, of the Sacra- 1^ mento Normal Institute, most favorably ^C known as a prominent educator, was born near Marietta, in Ohio, 183S, but removed when a child with his parents to Mount Pleasant, a sm ill town in Iowa Territory. Here his father, a celebrated teicherof tliat time, opened an insti- tution of learning, in which young Howe was thoroughly drilled for the profession of teaching. At the ag3 of fifceen he omrnenced his life- work, and, with the exception of a few years, during which he finished lii? course, he has been continuously engaged in the cause of education. Attheageof twenty he was placed in charge of the Mount Pleasant Union High School, the number of pupils in attendiuee bjing over 200. At the close of this erigijreinont hs wis chosen Princi- pal of the Normal Sihool of this place, over which he presidsd mmy yeirs. Farinington High School and Bonapirte College was organ- ized and put in successful oper,itio:i by the subject of this sketch. Subsequently he was connected with tli3 public schools of New York and Michigan. It was whilst he was superin- tending the schools of Bonaparte, Iowa, that he was induced by friends and relatives to visit California, and in 1872 was elected Principal of Sacramento Union High School. In 1873 he established Howe's High School and Normal Institute, which is to-day the leading private Normal School of the State. The best and most intelligent families of Sacramento patronize this institution. More than fifty teachers, drilled and disciplined by Professor Howe, and who received their certificates to teach whilst under his care, have been, since the establishment of his institute, connected with the public schools of Sacramento. Some have married, others have resigned to take positions elsewhere, and a few have gone to that " undiscovered country fr.)m whose bourne no traveler returns." At tlie present writing more than half of tliit nunib.u- still hold their ptsitioiis and aro doing goDd work. Since the establishment of this institu- tion in 1873, sufSaient time has elapsed to ascertain the effict of its training on the minds and characters of its inmates. The thorough and practical scientific knowledge it imparts, the complete system of mental discipline it pur- sues, the moulding of the mind to intelligence, and the heart to virtue, the energy and zeal it inspires in the pupils, are more and more felt and appreciated. From no private institution are so many able teachers supplied to the State, and from none are they so eagerly sought. — ^€(i:5i^-^— tDOLPH SGHUCH, wood turner and scroll* sawyer, Twenty-first street between J and I streets, was born in the city of Berlin in 1827; his father, Ernest Sehuch, was a dep- uty of that city for many years. The subject of this sketch showed an aptitude in early life for mechanical pursuits, and learned the trade of scroll sawing and turning, in which he be- came an expert. One of his uncles had come to America and settled on a farm in Ohio, and in 1850 Adolph determined to join him. Upon arriving in New York and hearing of the won- derful opportunities to advance in the rapidly developing new country, he determined to come to California. He landed in San Francisco in November, 1850, and at once obtained employ- ment, and three years later started in business for himself on Market street in t.liat city. Later on he came to Sacramento, where he has re sided ever since, accumulating a competence by industry. In 1871 he bought the corner lot en Twenty-first street, between H and I, and heie he has his residence, work-shops, etc. It was here that he perfected liis winding-twist turning machine, a marvel of simplicity and ingenuity, upon which he was granted a patent June 21, 1887. Mr. Sehuch married Miss Eva Asehenauf r. HlarORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ii native of Eavaria, in I860, and their only (laughter is now the wife of Mr. Otto Willhelin of this city. Mr. Schnch has had too hnsy a life to devote any amount of time tu the frater- nal organizations, but he early became identified with tlie Red Men. as a member of tlie Sacra- mento Wigwam, IS'o. 124. Such, in brief, is the history of one of onr German-American citizens, sliowing what industry and intelligent enterprise will do. fXCIL FAY RAYMOND, of Flint & Ray- mond, ranchers in Cosumnes Township, was born near Prattsbnrg, Steuben County, >sew York, April 12, 1852, his parents being Julin ('.and Sarah Ann (Corey) Raymond. The father, born March 24, 1826, died January 22, 1879; the mother, born Ai gust 24, 1828, is now' Mrs. Truman C. Corey, of Linneus, Linn County, Missouri, where the Raymond family settled in 1868, on a sixty-acre farm adjoinii.g the town. A. F. Raymond came to California in April, 1874, and worked on a farm. He was married November 25, 1874, to Miss Nettie Harriet Flint, born in New York city, December 1, 1856, of Swayne S. and Ellen M. (Nelson) Flint. Mrs. Raymond iiad preceded him to California, arriving in June, 1873. After mar- riage Mr. Raymond spent about two and one- half years in Missouri, engaged in stock-raising. In 1878 lie returned to California. February 22, 1881, he rented 29.55 acres of the Haggin grant for hop-raising. In 1882 lie raised on it 90,000 pounds of hops, a result never excelled in this State. In 1883, after his third crop, he surrendered his lease and made a visit East, re- maining until March, 1884. Soon after his return he bought one-third interest, which he still owns in the Flint & Raymond ranch of 1,312 acres on the Cosumnes, near McCabe bridge, Mr. Daniel Flint, of Sacramento, the uncle of Mrs. Raymond, being the senior mem- ber of the firm and owner of a two-thirds inter- est. Tlie ranch is devoted to raising hops, hay and cattle. There are about thirty-three acres in hops and about 200 in alfalfa. Of cattle, mostly Durhains, there are 200 head, and of horses about twenty. Perhaps 300 acres are bottom land. The new irrigating ditch runs through the ranch for about one and a half miles. There is a small orange grove of about 250 trees. Mr. Raymond is a member of Sac- ramento Grange, No. 12; was its secretary in 1881, overseer in 1882, and master in 1883. He is also a member of Capital Lodge, No. 87, I. O. O. F. ; has been conductor, warden, etc. He was elected justice of the peace in 1886, and in 1888, in the general election and special election which followed, he and his competitor on both occasions received an equal number of votes, when both agreed to withdraw. EORGE MAURICE COLTON, farmer, was born in Stephenson County, Illinois, [arch 16, 1845, a son of Lewis and Maria A. (Orton) Colton, the former a native of New York, and the latter of Erie County, Pennsyl- vania, who emigrated to Illinois about 1843. Lewis Colton bought land there and remained until 1854, when lie came with his family to California, with ox teams, having a compara- tively safe journey. lie arrived in this State in October, locating first in Nevada County, about seventy miles north of Sacramento. He bought 160 acres of land there, in Penn's Valley, about twelve miles from Nevada City, toward Marys- ville. During the two years he remained there, he owned a rich surface mine near Rough and Ready, and took out $16,000 or $18,000, and built a toll-road from Penn Valley to Rough and Ready, a distance of two miles. Then he lived over two years at Washoe, 1861-'68. The first winter there was a hard one, on account of floods. Putting up a quartz mill at Washoe, he ran it about a year. He iiad a partner in this enterprise, named David Smith. Meeting with reverses in business there, he exchanged his interest in the mill for 160 acres of land in UrSTURY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. tliis conntj', on tlie upper Stockton road near the Lake House. A year afterward he sold it and went to Idaho and followed mining there about three years. Ever since then he has made this county his home. There were six children in iiis family, of whom five are now living: George M., Mrs. Elizabeth Bader, Amanda, the widow of Andrew K. Wackman, who died in 1884; Benjamin F., California, wife of Willia.>: Clough, of San Francisco, and J udson, who re- sides at Martinez. Mr. Colton, whose name heads this sketch, was eight years old when he came to this State. In the autumn of 1876 lie went into business for himself. That year he lived with Mr. Bader, his brother-in-law, and the next year got down to business. In part- nership with B. F. Colton he rented the widow Bayless farm and conducted it three years. Xext he rented the old Harrison Wackman place, of 500 acres, for j'onr years; then he bought the place of the heirs. George Colton and his brother now own 1,229 acres of land- They not only cultivate and pasture this land, but also run a threshing machine, in which the cleaner used is invented by Mr. Colton but not yet patented. It is the most successful cleaner yet introduced. Mr. Co. ton is ".low making preparations for running a large dairy and rais- ing more cattle. He was married February 16, 1881, to Miss Louisa Poston, a native of Illi- nois, but brought up in Davenport, Iowa, whither her parents had emigrated. She came to Cali- fornia in the fall of 1876 and kept house for liur uncle, Harrison Wackman, as long as he fanned here. Mr. and Mrs. Colton have three children, viz.: Blanche Oston, born July 6, 1882; Chester Leland, November 16, 1884, and Grace Poston, Marcli 27, 1885. Mrs. Colton was born in Rock Island County, Illinois, Au- gust 20, 1850. Her parents, William and Mary Poston, moved across the Mississippi River into Scott County, Iowa, settling six miles from Davenport, where her father is still a resi- dent. Her mother died February 28, 1858. In their family were two sons and three daughters. Only two are now living — Mrs. Colton and Elias Poston, the latter in Cook County, Illi- nois. William Poston for his second wife mar- ried Aima Carroll, who is still living. By this marriage there were nine children, of whom live daughters and three sons are still living, all in Scott County, Iowa. •^■^■'^ ^— |RS. JULIA ARMSTRONG, ranch- owner of Cosnmnes Township, residing about twenty-four miles from Sacra- mento, was born in Ireland, January 19, 1836, her parents l)eing Michael and Mary (Maher) Doheny. The mother died in 1857, aged sixty- two, and the father, January 24, 1866, aged eighty-nine years and eight months. The par- ents emigrated to America in 1847, accompanied l)y their four daughters: Julia, the subject of this sketch; Nellie, by marriage Mrs. Patrick Cahill, deceased in San Francisco, in November, 1884; and Annie, now JVIrs. James Nolan, of that city, and Kate, now Mrs. James J. De Bony, now living in Baltimore, Maryland. Miss Julia Doheny was married October 30, 1862, to Mr. William Armstrong, born in Ire- land in 1828, son of John and Nora Lawlor Armstrong. The father died while AVilliam was quite young, and several years later, in 1849, the mother came to America with her two chil- dren, Mary Ann, afterward Mrs. Patrick Mur- phy, and William, and settled at Waukegan, Illinois. William came to California in 1852, and went into business as a butcher at Placer- ville, which he carried on for several years. About 1854 he began to pasture cattle on the open lands, where he afterward located, and in 1863 he quit butchering and settled near where his family now resides, buying some from the Government and still more from individuals, until he owned 1,060 acres in one body. Since his death, May 1, 1873, Mrs. Armstrong has bought 120 acres adjoining. The whole ranch is adapted to cattle-raising and general farming. Mrs. Nora Armstrong, for many years a resident of this township, survived her son, dying in UrSTORY OF SACRAMENTO VOUNTY. December, 1886, aged ninety-two. The chil- dren of William and Julia Armstrouo; were seven, four dying young, one before- the father and three since. The three living are — Jeffer son, born April 14, 1864, was elected justice of the peace November 6, 1888; James, born Au- gust 28, 1865- Mary Agnes, born February 9, 1867. Miss Armstrong has received an aca- demic education in San Francisco. The three children live with their mother in a neat and pleasant home recently erected. fAMES BITCHELL, 1117 L street.— A few more years and the meii who came as pio- neers to Sacramento, men who endured the hardships and privations of early days, trials by floods and tires and all the troublous times inci- dent to frontier life, will be gathered to their fathers! Who shall tell their story so full of stirring incident, and lessons which it were well indeed for future generations to heed, if not told by the biographer of to-day? Our only regret is that the scope of this volume does not permit ns to give that detail which the subject would warrant, but a brief page even of the man whose name heads this sketch will be found both interesting and instructive. Born in the city of New York, in 1827, his preliminary edu- cation was had at the public scliools of that city, lie early entered the publishing house of Mark H. Newham, and there acquired the thorough knowledge of the business which as his life-work he has made so marked a success. The stirring events of California in 1849, — the discovery of gold, the influx of population from all over the world, the building up of populor.s cities, as if by magic, — ofi'ered inducements to ambitious young men to seek their fortune in the "land of golden promise." They came, drawn from widely divergent conditions of life. The farmer left his plow, the merchant his counting-house, the artisan his work-shop, to stand side by side and shoulder to shoulder be- side the softly flowing waters of the Sacramento, any a jurden whose auriferous sands brought to golden harvest, and to many more " of barren regrets." It is not to be supposed, however, that all came with the idea of going into the mines. Many were attracted by op- portunities to go into commercial enterprise, men with " long heads," endowed with foresight into the dim and misty future, to whose pre- scient minds "coming events cast their shad- ows before." To this class belongs the subject of this sketch. When a friend in whose busi- ness integrity he had the utmost faith, offered to launch out into the " swirl of the seething tide," he readily lent his aid and encourage- ment to the enterprise, assured that if properly managed it could but succeed; but it was not properly managed, and the consignment of goods into which he had put his confldence and his money, brought him no returns. Hoping to save at least a remnant, he hurried to the coast, but too late to avert the disaster. Having in mind the old-time adage, "That the place to look for your money is where you lost it," he courageously ordered a second consignment of goods from the East, and while awaiting the arrival engaged in the grocery business in a small way. U[)on the arrival of the merchan- dise in June, 1851, he at once opened a book store on J street, adjacent to the lot on which he afterward erected a iire-proof building, and which is now occupied by " Sam " Morris, the bookseller. His business flourished here until the tire which occurred on the night after the Presidential election in November, 1852, when, with others, he was burned out. After this tire he went to San Francisco and bought one of those ready-made Yankee frames for a build- ing which was warranted to "tit," and would indeed have fitted some other lot much larger than the one of which he was possessed. Find- ing that either the frame was too large or the lot too small, and furthermore being a "person of fashion " he followed the prevailing fashion and erected a canvas building, which corre sponded in every essential detail with those of his neighbors, and his frame was carefully laid HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. away to rest until his lot should " grow." Two years later he had purchased the lot adjoining, and proceeded to erect thereon a lire-proof brick building, having iron shutters and doors, fore- seeing that at no distant day the injlaniuiable character of the structures in the neighborhood would result in fire. This building was nearly completed, when, one hot day in July, 1854, his fears were realized. A fire started lurtherdown tlie street, and, summoning what assistance he could command, he began moving his stock into the new building, which, altiiough not com- pleted, was sufiiciently so to be deemed fire- proot. In the e.xcitement and turmoil, he soon saw that his neighbors were taking advantage of his foresight, and stocks of every description were being flung pell-mell into his building for safety from the advancing flames, crowding out his own goods, and even tilling up the gang- ways, which were with ditflculty closed against the encroachments of the devouring element. When the morning dawned and the tire had burned out, his tire-proof building alone stood, black and bleak, amid the ruins of so many cherished hopes; a monument to the qualities of foresight which was then, and still is, with him so marked a characteristic. For twenty years he continued to occupy the same building, con- ducting successfully a business which grew with the growth of the Capital City, and under his fostering care brought a harvest of golden shekels. Re has been twice married; his first wife, to whom he was united in 1846 when he was but nineteen, survived but a few years, leaving a son "Zach," who is now a farmer in Solano County. His second marriage was made in New York, in 1855, to Mrs. Mary E. Gray. Mr. Bitchell lias never been in any sense a poli- tician, while steadily and earnestly interesting himself in all the aifairs appertaining to tlie advancement of the city, and could doubtless, had he desired to do so, have held many oflices of trust. He laughingly refers to the one cam- paign of his life, when as he says, "Abraham Lin- coln was at the head of the ticket and he (I'itchell) at the foot, being a nominee for school director;" he says he got more votes in his district than Lincoln, and that the board to which he was elected, consisting of Henry Mil- ler, John Millikin, Dr. Simmons, John Craw- ford, A. C. Sweetzer, and others, was a very respectable crowd. - — '^■m-^ — fAMES H. STURGES, watches and jewelry, Folsom, an honored and old-time citizen of this county, and of the town of Folsom, where he occupies important positions, was born in the town of Wallkill, Orange County, New York, Decetnber 27, 1828. His father, Will- iam L. Sturges, was also a native of the same place, as was also his grandfather. William L. Sturges married Miss E. Price, a native of Orange County, New York; her grandfather was a Welshman, and this is the only point in the history of the Sturges family that is trace- able to a foreign country. When the subject of this sketch was five years old his parents moved with him to the city of New York, and lived there five years. His mother then died, and he returned to Orange County, and remained there three years; then he resided in New York again until he came to California in 1851. At the age of fifteen years he entered a jewelry store, and continued there until he came West. February 28, 1851, he sailed from New York and came by the Panama route to this State, arriving in San Francisco April 2, 1851. He went to the mines on Yuba River for a short time, and then was on tlorse-Shoe Bar, on tiie American, until 1854; then one jear in the neighborhood of Coloma, and then three years in the neighbor- bood of Negro Hill, opposite Mormon Island, and finally concluded to fall back upon his old trade, in watches and jewelry; but before get- ting a start in this, and after he had obtained his outfit of tools, he acted as water agent for the Negro Hill Ditch Company for a time. He opened his present business in Folsom in De- cember, 1860, and since that time he has un- interruptedly "and faithfully prosecuted this HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. coniining business. In political matters he has been a Ilepublican ever since the part}' was organized; prior to that he was a Whig. His iirst vote for the Presidency was cast for Gen- eral Wintield Scott, in 1852, and the second for John C. Fremont in 185(5, with the majority of the Northern Whigs. In 1881 he was ap- pointed justice of the peace for Granite Towu- ship, and at the succeeding election elected to the same office, which position he has ever since held. In educational matters he has always taken a great interest. Has been school trustee tive successive terms of three years each. He has been a member of the Masonic order for thirty years, and for the past live years secretary of Natoma Lodge, No. 64. Is also a member of the O. C. F., and secretary for seven years, each time unanimously elected; and he also belongs to the order of the Golden Shore. His marriage was celebrated May 1, 1861, when he wedded Miss Henrietta C. Wadleigh, and they have had two sons and one daughter: Cliarles H., Mary Louetta and James H. The daughter was mar- ried January 5, 1881, to General J. G. Marti ne, of Sacramento, and died July 30, 1888, the mother of two children. The elder son is resid- ing at Folsom, in the employ of his father as assistant postmaster, J. H. Sturges. now having charge of the postoffice under C. L. Ecklon, postmaster, and the younger son is at New Castle, in the employ of the New Castle Fruit Company. ^OAH BISHOP GILL, a rancher of Co sumnes Township, was born in Kentucky January 16, 1886, his parents being Rev James William and Susannah (Bishop) Gill The father was born in Virginia in 1808, and became a preacher of the "Christian" o Campbell ite Church. He was married in Pu laski County, Kentucky, moved to Delaware County, Ohio, thence to Indiana, and from that State to Iowa. In 1852 he came to California, and returned to Iowa on Christmas day, 1853. In 1854 he bought a larm in Marion County, Iowa, wliicii he sold three years later. In 1857 he again came to California, and died in 1869. The mother, Susannah Gill, was a daughter of Joseph Bishop, a Kentucky farmer, and died comparatively young. Grandfather Thomas Gill, a native of Ireland, was a soldier in the war of 1812, and afterward worked at his trade of blacksmith in Virginia, where he died in 1855, aged sixty-live. His wife, Grace Ellen, was of German descent. N. B. Gill came to California with his father and stepmother, across the plains, arriving in Stockton, October 6, 1857, after a journey of 163 days from Omaha. He soon went into the teaming busi- ness, his tirst job being the driving of a twelve- mule team for two months. He afterward became a cattle-herder, his occupation taking him into Nevada, Utah. Montana and Idaho, spending three years on the frontiers, during two of which he saw no whites except his com- rades of the same calling, and was frequently in danger from iiostile Indians. An unpleasant experience of that period was traveling on one occasion with four companions for iive days without food, and the difKculty of restraining his comrades, — lie being the oldest and captain of the band, — from a too free use of food when they reached plenty. He afterward worked in the Michigan Bar pottery in various capacities ten or twelve years, and in the copper works on Copper Hill two years. He entered 160 acres at his place, about three miles south of Michi- gan Bar, in 1871, filed pre-emption and home- stead papers, and has but recently secured a patent from the general Government. He lias sold a portion to tiie owner of the neighboring pottery, and retains tiie title to about eighty- four acres, well adapted to general farming, and with irrigation capable of raising fruit. In 1882 he was taken sick with pneumonia, and was in feeble health for three years, losing the use of one eye, with the other somewhat impaired. Mr. Gill was married May 20, 1860, to Miss Mar- garet Lorinda Baker, born in Indiana, in May, 1841, her parents being Regnal Prather and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 541 Mary (Holmes) Baker, both deceased, the mother in 1873, aged sixty-two, and the fatiier in 1883, aged seventy-two. Grandfather William Holmes, a native of Kentucky, died in Missouri in 1843, aged eighty-seven; his wife, by birth Margaret Quinn, was eighteen months younger, and sur- vived him eighteen months. Great-grandfather Holmes, whose name was also William, was an English emigrant, and lived 100 years, lacking one month. Grandfather William Baker died comparatively young, but his wife, by birth Helen Pratlier, the daughter of a German father and English mother, lived to be sixty- five. Mr. and Mrs. Baker, witii their three children, came to California in 1853, and located at first in San Jose Valley. Mr. Baker put in a crop, but it was almost destroyed by squirrels. In 1854 he came to Michigan Bar and went to mining. He filed pre-emption papers on 160 acres, about one and a half miles south of the village, which is still occupied by some of his heirs. Mr. and Mrs. N. B. Gill have had four sons and one daughter, of whom only one, Al- fred Allen, Ijorn June 18, 1869, is now living. fETER B. GREEN was born in Bretzen- heim, in the Rhein province of Prussia, his parents being Philip and Christina (Yaeger) Green. His grandfather, Joseph Green, was over seventy when he died, and his grand- mother Green was well advanced in years when slie died, through an accident. P. B. Green was educated in Prussia. He left home direct for California in 1858, on the ship Triton, via Cape Horn, and arrived in San Francisco in 1859, whence lie came to a point on the Sacra- mento River near where Courtland now is, and went to work on a farm. h\ 1862 lie went to school at Walnut Grove, to perfect himself in the English language. In 1864 he tried mining in Inyo and Mono counties, and also did some mining at Aurora, in the State of Nevada. He helped to form the county of Inyo, was ap- pointed justice of the peace at Inyo, and was afterward elected his own successor in 1867. He studied law for a time, and also took a course of instruction at E. P. Heald's Business College in San Francisco, and worked for a commission house in that city in 1869 and 1870. Mr. Green settled permanently on the Sacramento River in 1871, and by different purchases he became the owner of the place he now occupies on "Handall Island," which is no longer an island, though when first he saw it in 1859 there were perhaps twenty feet of water in the slough which formed its southern water front. His land is well adapted for fruit culture, and that is his chief industry. He has erected on his place a handsome residence of fourteen rooms, making a very comfortable and elegant home. Mr. Green was married October 17, 1871, to Cynthia L., daughter of Austin and Mary Ann Sims, and a native of Greene County, Illinois. Her (Mrs. Green's) parents reside at Courtland. Both were born in Kentucky in 1805, and are well preserved both mentally and physically. Mr. and Mrs. Green are the par- ents of six children, of whom five are living, viz.: Delina, Ulmer, Bernice, Boyd and Les- tenna. Both parents, with their children, at- tend the services of the Richland Methodist Episcopal Church. fBEN" OWEN was born in in Portland, Maine, November 26, 1812, his parents being Eben and Sarah (Bartlett) Owen. The grandfather was also named Eben or Eben- ezer. Father and grandfather both lived to a good old age, longevity being, as far as known, a hereditary trait in the family. Grandmother Owen was a MioS Cotton, and the Cottons and Bartletts are of New England stock for many generations, the former of New Hampshire and the latter of Maine, from which they have spread in various directions throughout the country but are still most numerous in the East. The father of the subject of this sketch kept a gro- cery store for many years in Portland, and the HISTORY OF 8AORAMENT0 COUNTY. son helped in the store in boyliood. Was edu- cated in the city schools, and when working in the store, he attended night scliool. In 1838 he went to New Orleans with a view of getting a clerkship, in wliich he was disappointed. Learning of a cliance at Jackson, Louisiana, he went there and remained ten years, filling differ- ent situations. In the fail of 1849 he set out for California by way of New Orleans and tlie Isthmus and arrived at San Francisco, February 22, 1850, sixty-nine days being spent in the voyage on the Pacific. His comrade was Harvey D. Smith wlio with himself and three others formed a small party of five. When in San Francisco, they liired a rcom about ten feet square, for wliicli they paid $50 a month, and tlie landlord complained bitterly of tiie heavy de- cline in rents. In Marcli they went in a small sail-boat to Stockton, paying $20 each. After a trip of five days on the river, they camped on tlie peninsula, and there remained several weeks, tiie roads being too bad to travel. They then left for the Stanislaus River, paying $20 a hun- dred weight to a teamster for freight on their mining outtit, with tlie privilege of riding occa- sionally on the ox team. They walked a good part of tiie way, the roads being still in bad condition. Stopped short of tlieir destination and went to mining on a branch of the Cala- veras, where they spent the summer of 1850. Afterward mined at different points — Moke- lumne Bar, Jackson Creek and Indian Dig- gings, in all about two years; net result to Mr. Owen only about $1,200. He then came to Sacramento and went to clerking for Mr. Briggs, a stock buyer, grocer and speculator, to whom his friend Smith had loaned a considerable amount, and himself a few iuindreds. Mr. Briggs becoming embarrassed through over speculation and ruinous rates of interest, Mr. Smith became owner of the grocery business in partial settlement of his claim, Mr. Owen con- tinuing as partner. In the fall of 1852 Mr. Smith died of sporadic cholera, leaving liis estate in charge of Mr. Owen, witii directions to send §1,0Q0 to a crippled brotlier and the rest to his father, in New York, wliich was done. The firm of Smith & Owen lasted but two or three months. Needing a reliable assistant, he sold Mr. Smith's interest to a Mr. Haskell, but only for about three months, when Mr. Haskell, urged by his wife to return to his home in Michigan, settled with Mr. Owen on the basis of wages for the time he had been in tiie firm, pleading that " domestic happiness is worth more than money." The firm then became Owen & Estes, for a year or more; then Owen & Chamberlain for about the same length of time. In 1854, Mr. (3weu bought the Central Hay- yard on Tenth, Eleventh and T streets, which he rented for more than ten years. It, when purchased, rented for $3,000, and wiien sold was renting for §300 a year. In 1855 he sold out his old business to Charles S. White and went back to Portland, Maine, where he was married to Miss Mary W. Dole, a native of that State, of an old and respected family. In 1857, after eighteen months sojourn in Port- land, during which he was chiefly occupied in erecting and fltting up ahomeand some income buildings for his parents, he returned to Califor- nia. In 18G0 he bought the ranch he still owns on the Cosumnes in Franklin Township, contain- ing about 1,250 acres of good average land, ciiiefiy cultivated for wheat, but on a part of which he has now a young orchard. He at one time owned a ranch in Solano County, on which he raised sheep and grain, but losing nearly 2,000 sheep in one dry season he gave up the business there and sold the place. In 186G Mrs. Owen died at the early age of about twenty- eight years, leaving two boys: Eben Bartlett, born October 25, 1861, and Harry Dole, born December 26, 1863. In 1868 he moved on the ranch, but returned to Sacramento some years afterward for the better education of his sons. In the country, they rode five miles to the dis- trict school. Besides the usual education there and in the city each took a course in the Atkin- son Business College. Both are now engaged on the ranch, each having charge of a dieflnite portion of the estate. The father usually resides in the city where he retains liis old home, and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. visits the ranch occasionally. He is an earnest spiritualist and iinds much comfort in that faith, in which he has believed for thirty years. He is possessed of niediinnistic powers and is con- trolled by spirits other than his own, as he be- lieves. Harry Dole Owen, the younger son, was married December 15, 1885, to Miss Maggie Utter, a native of Franklin Township, daughter of Dowty and Amanda (Hall) Utter. The father was originally a book-keeper, and afterward a rancher two and a half miles south of Franklin on the lower Stockton road. He died in 1869, at the early age of tliirty-two; the mother is now Mrs. J. W. Moore, of the same place. Mr. and Mrs. Harry D. Owen are the parents of two children: William Eben, born November 15, 1887, and May Gladys, born May 31, 1889. :ILL1AM MILGATE, a rancher of Na- toma Township, about eleven miles from Folsom, was born in England, December 24, 1812, his parents being William and Hannah Margaret (Pyles) Milgate. The mother died near Newham, and the father emi- grated to America in 1824, witli seven daugh- teis and two sons. James, the only brother of the subject of this sketch, is living in Cleve- land, Ohio. The grandfather, also named Will- iam, lived to the age of eighty. The father first settled in Lyons, New York, but afterward moved to Darien in that State, where he died. The subject of this sketch was apprenticed to a shoemaker in Geneva, New York, in 1829, and learned his trade partly tliere and partly in Canada, where he spent most of the year 1831. He was married in Buffalo, in March, 1832, be- fore he was twenty, to Miss Hannah Gilkey, born in Cayuga County, New York, in 1813, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Carey (rilkey. Mr. Milgate worked at his trade in and near Bufialo for about five years, and afterward traveled to more distant points, still working at his trade. In 1849 he established a shoe store in Savannah, Missouri, which he sold out two years later, when he moved to Council Bluffs, crossed the plains with his wife In 1853 he d children, two sons and a daughter, and worked at his trade one winter in Salt Lake, where another daughter was born. In May, 1854 they pro- ceeded on their way until they reached Buckeye Flats, where Mr. Milgate mined that season. In 1855 be moved to Sacramento, where he kept the Globe Hotel on K street, but only for a season. In the fall of 1855, with his two sons, he came to what was then known as Wall's Diggings, where they mined with fair success, and in 1856 the wife and daughters joined them at "Walltown," which has ever since been the home of the family, though the town has grad- ually faded from the landscape. It had at one time a population of over 200, besides being a trading center for an extensive mining district, with three general stores, two taverns, two butcher shops, two billiard saloons, a clothing store and a bakery. In 1858 Mr. Milgate opened a saloon, and in 1859 bought one of the general stores, carrying on business in Wall- town almost to the end. He did not see its rise, but he has witnessed its decline and fall. Meanwhile he had filed the necessary papers and received a United States patent to 160 acres, dated October 20, 1875, and eighty acres June 4, 1887, which he uses chiefly as cattle pasture. He has also done some quartz mining in later years, but has done little of anything since I 1886. He had a stroke of paralysis in that year, from which he partially recovered after j sixteen months, only to be again stricken down June 14, 1888. He is still bedridden, a year later, but is otherwise in fair health and spirits. Mrs. Milgate died August 22, 1866, leaving four children: George Carey, born in Buffalo, April 19, 1833. He learned the trade of plumber and tinner, and in 1871 went into business in that line at Council Bluffs, Iowa. He was there married in 1874 to Miss Eliza Catfle. i)orn in England, a daughter of James and Eliza Catfle, barty, and an effective worker for all interests which he is persuaded conduce to the public good. He is a member in high standing of the Masonic order, belonging both to Council and Chapter, and is also a member of the Knights Templar, Commandery No. 2. He was married in California, to Miss Elizabeth Lum, of El Dorado County. They have a son and a daughter. In conclusion it should be stated that Mr. Frost is both a popular and an efficient officer, a gentleman of genial bearing, and one who fills a place of acknowledged im- portance in the community. I^EV. JOHN F. VON HERRLICH, B. D., |f^ LL. P., the rector of St. Paul's Church, "^4)1 Sacramento, whether as a pulpit orator of power and acceptance, an active and efficient head of his [larish, or as a beloved and popular pastor, has won a position of deserved promi- nence among the clergy of this coast since his arrival here. Called from a similar position in one of the most important cities of central New York to accept a post of labor and responsibil- ity in a church that had suffered almost from the first from a series of the most untoward cir- cumstances, that had militated seriously against all its best interests, lie has in the short space of one year made a compact and enthusiastic body of his ])arishotiers, has infused new life into both the spiritual and temporal status of the church, and has now under way a series of ma- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. terial improvements that will make St. Paul's one of the most worthy aTid beautiful "Houses of God" in California. Mr. Von Herrlich was born in the State of Ohio, although this was by one of those curious haps of fortune that seldom occur, as his parents were residents of New York, and there Mr. Von Herrlich spent his childhood and youth. His father was Mr. Louis Von Herrlich, of New York city, in regard to whom we cannot do better than transcribe a por- tion of an article published in the city papers at the time of his death, a short time since. '• Louis Von Herrlich was seventy-two years of age, and up to a few months before his death was strong and vigorous. He was highly educated at Ger- man universities, a thinker and philosopher, one of a distinguished family that has given to the German Empire some of its most distinguished lawyers, doctors and statesmen, Ludwig von Herrlich, the uncle after whom the deceased was named, having been at one tin)e the friend and confidant of the German Emperor. Louis von Herrlich was one of three brothers who came to America about 1844, the deceased being the last of his generation in the family. He was identi- fied, socially and politically, with a well-known coterie of New York Germans, — the Gilseys, Gunthers, Quids, Ottendorfers and others — now nearly all passed away, but for the past ten or twelve years having retired from all active business life, he spent his time in quiet and travel," for which, we may add, his ample means gave fullest opportunity. He left two childi'en, tae one being the subject of this sketch, and the other, Frances E., the wife of James C. Elliott, of Cleveland, Ohio, nephew of Bishop Elliott, of South Carolina, and cousin of Dr. John Elliott, rector of the Church of the Ascension, Washing- ton, D. C. Mr. Von iferrlich is a university graduate, and an LL. B. of Columbia, as also a graduate from the law college of Columbia, in the class of 1878, and of the General Theologi- cal Seminary of New Y''ork city. His first par- ish was the Irving Memorial Church (St. Mark's) at Tarrytown, on the Hudson. In 1883 he accepted a call to Elmira, New York, where he became rector of Grace Church and Chapel. After a residence there of four years he re- moved to Sacramento, and assumed the rector- ship of St. Paul's Church, January 15, 1888. At the time of his departure the Ibllowing ap- preciative notice appeared in the New York World: "Rev. John F. von Herrlich, at one time rector of the Irving Memorial Church at Tarrytown-on-Hudson, has for the past four years been at the head of Giace Church, Elmira, New Y'ork. He has just accepted a call to St. Paul's Church, Sacramento, California. Mr. Von Herrlich has been one of the most success- ful clergymen of the Protestant Episcopal Church in this country. He cleared off a debt of $25,000 which hung over the Irving Me- morial Church, and his rectorship at Elmira has been highly acceptable." Such, in barest outline, is a sketch of the life of Rev. John F. von Herrlich. He is a young man of learning, energy and power, such as is met with only oc- casionally among the clergy. His discourses, especially upon the more abstruse and recondite themes of Christianity, have aroused consider- able attention, and both as a writer and speaker his services are in demand. Sacramento is to be congratulated in his coming to assume his present charge, as to do so he declined most at- tractive calls to larger eastern cities. Since he has been here he has thrown himself heart and soul into the work of building up St. Paul's, and in tiiis has had signal success, his own con- siderable personal means enabling him to ac- complish things that others might not have attempted. His popularity is very great, a circumstance not to be wondered at by one who has met him; and he has proven himself a true pastor of his people. In its proper place will be found a description of the material improve- ments effected through his instrumentality upon St. Paul's Church. He is an unmarried man. We should be neglecting a matter of in- terest and importance did we fail to state the fact that as a writer and a poet Rev. Mr. von Herrlich has taken a forward place among the molders of thought of this country. His poems HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. are beautiful in thought, strong in purpose, rhythmical in flow; his prose teacliin<^s, — for all his writings are teachings, — are terse, pointed, cogent and epigrannuatic. I^EORGE NESCHE, a farmer of San Joa- inW quin Township, was born in Hanover, W^ Germany, August 1, 1829. His parents, Henry and Joanna (Bicli) Nesche, came to America in 1880, landing at New York city. Having learned the miller's trade in the old country, Mr. Xesche, the father, worked about six months for a man by the name of Moore, in a flour-mill at Little Beaver, on the Ohio River, in the State of Ohio. In April, 1837, he proceeded on to Hermann, Missouri, and there worked for different parties until 1849, when he purchased laud in Gasconade County, that State, and lived there until the time of his death in 1851. He had four sons and four daughters. Only two are now living, namely: Elizabeth Mahone, of this county, and the sub- ject of this sketch. The latter, as he grew up, worked at the tanner's trade and in a flouring- mill. In April, 1852, he left Hermann, Mis- souri, with a company of fifty men and families, and came overland to this State with o.\ teams, having no trouble with the Indians. In Sep- tember, after a journey of six months, he reached White Rock, si.\ miles above Hang- . town. He followed mining about six years with moderate success, working on the ranches during the summer. At the end of this time (in 1858) he returned to Missouri by way of the Isthmus of Panama and New York. Visit- ing there hrc six months, he returned again to this State by way of New Orleans and the Isthmus. la 1859 he purchased 240 acres near Sheldon, in partnership with Mrs. Bader. In 1869 he sold his share of tliis land, and in Octo- ber returned to Hermann, Missouri, by railway, and married Miss Julia Hoft'man, a native of Hermann, Missouri, whose parents both died there. He returned again to California in March, 1870, by overland railway. After renting three years, he purchased his present property of 160 acres in San Joaquin Township, twelve miles from Sacramento city, four miles from Elk Grove, and throe miles from Florin. He found his place comparatively unimproved, but he has brought it up to a line condition. The vine- yard comprises seven acres, and orchard three acres, consisting of peaches, pears, plums and apricots. This property is one of the best in this locality. In his political views Mr. Nesche is a Republican. His children are: Caroline, born November 26, 1870; George H., January 7, 1872; Johanna, April 25, 1876, and Celia L., February 12, 1880. -m-^ — ■ fAMES EDWARD ENOS was born Angus 16,1841, in Chicago, Illinois, his parents be- ing James Myron and Jane Eliza (Foote) Enos; the former was born March 21, 1813, in the town of Lester, Addison County, Vermont, the son of Sessions and Mehitable (Lyon) Enos. Sessions Enos was a native of Scotland, who emigrated to Vermont, thence to Chicago, Illi- nois, in 1836, and died October 10, 183S, in his fifty-seventh year; his wife died August 23, 1839, in her fifty-eighth year; they had five chil- dren, viz.: Minerva, Benjamin,James, Martha and Sessions M., of whom Martha is the only one now living. James married Jane Eliza Foote, whose family came originally from England; there were three brothers who came in the Mayflower; one of them, Nathaniel Foote, settled in Con- necticut, and the third generation from him was Elisha Foote, whose daughter Jane Eliza was born in New York State, in 1816f and became the wife of James Enos. James was raised in New York city; in 1852 he came to California, across the plains; two years later he returned East on a visit. In 1855 he again crossed the plains, with his family, and came to Sacramento, settling at Florin. Ho died October 10, 1886; and his wife died April 25, 1887. They had six children, of whom three are still living. James HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Edward Eiios, the subject of this sketch, was raised in Ciiieago to the age of fifteen, when he came to California with his parents 1855. In 1860 he began learning the carpenters' trade. In 18G9 he went to San Francisco and there attended Heald's Business College, from which he graduated in August of that year, and is now a life member of that institution. He then went to Lukeville, Sonoma County, and there carried on building and contracting for fourteen years. At the end of that time, in 1885, he re- moved to Gait, remaining there two years in the capacity of manager of the Gait lumber yards of the Friend & Terry Company, of Sacra- mento; he put in their lumber yard for them, and made various other improvements while there. He owns considerable property in Gait. At present he lives on the home property, con- sisting of eighty acres in Brighton Township, Mr. Enos has been a member of the order of Odd Fellows since he was twenty one years old. fALMER CLARK was born in the State of New York. At the age of twelve he was one year on the Erie Canal, between Schenectady and Albany. In 1810 his father, who was a farmer, sold out and the tamily mi- grated to Elgin, Illinois, where our subject found employment on the farm owned by his father until he was twenty-four years old. On the 10th of May, 185^, a party composed of our subject, his cousin Oliver Flummer, and many others, started overland by horse train for California. They crossed the Missouri River at Council Bluffs and saw no habitation until they reached the Mormon settlement in the Car- son Valley. They went to the north of Salt Lake, via Sublette's cut-off; George Masters, a friend, fell in with them on Platte River, Ne- braska, and together they arrived safely at Soda Springs, Idaho. Masters went to Oregon about the 7tli of October, and Clark got to Hangtown on the 8th of October, 1852. Our subject was a young man of resources and quite ready to take advantage of circumstances. He " had not come for his health," and when one morning a man offered him $2.50 per day to catch fish with hook and line in the softly flowing Sacra- mento, he closed the bargain forthwith, and is proud to state that success attended his efforts and his wages increased to $3.00 after the iirst day. Shortly after he began teaming and for the succeeding seven months was hauling goods to the mines. Then for a time he drove a stage. Subsequently he kept the Eureka stables on K street for a year, and later on the Fountain House on the road to Grass Valley, sixty-iive miles from the capital. Then went to Tehama County and engaged in teaming, and after two years once more returned to Sacramento and engaged in stock dealing at the Horse Market on K street. He left California for his old home in the winter of 1859, going via New York. His father died in March following. He purchased a band of horses and drove them across the plains; his mother, two sisters, two brothers, two cousins and Mr. J. Soverign, now of Woodland, being of the party. By this en- terprise he made money; horses which cost $56 readily brought 8300 in the Sacramento markets. Having disposed of his stock he again returned to Illinois: crossed the plains in 1861, 1862 and 1864. On the last trip, when sixty-live miles from Fort Laramie, the Indians succeeded in getting away with his horses; he returned to the fort for assistance, and six mounted men started in pursuit, but, after going some thirty, miles, became frightened and returned. Clark then continued on his way on foot, a journey of about 800 miles, during which he was obliged to swim rivers and resort to all sorts of expedi- ents to avoid the Indians. Arriving at Salt Lake he met N. C. Alexander, of whom he borrowed $1,300; he spent six weeks in trading, after which Alexander employed him to come to Cal- ifornia and bring seventeen mules and three trotting horses, and to conduct all the ladies of the party to Clear Creek; thirty-five days later they met again at Sacramento. In 1865 he brought another train for Alexander from Atciii- HIHTOHY OF SAC 11 AM EN TO OOUATV. soil, Kansas, to Salt Lake, and liad exciting times with tlie Indians. During the followinj^ year lie made two trips, making eight in all. In August of the following 3'ear he started for Chicago with a medicine company, and was with them for eighteen years, traveling during that time over the greater portion of the United States. In 1871 Dr. AVilliam A. Johnson, of Chicago, compounded a medicinal remedy under the name of "Vigor of Life," purely vegetable and possessing wonderful curative qualities. Our subject came into possession of the copy- right a few years later, and, removing to the Capital City, established his headquarters here in August, 1887, making this the distribnting point for an extensive trade, extending over the entire coast. He sells direct to the trade both here and in the Eastern cities, where the Vigor of Life has already an established reputation. Besides employing many men to travel through different sections, selling and advertising ex- tensively, Mr. Clark gives his personal attention to the business, making extended trips and necessarily being absent from his office a con- siderable portion of the time. During these trips the office remains in charge of his wife, an estimable lady of great business ability. To any one who has the happiness to meet Mr. and Mrs. Clark under their own roof-tree will be opened up to a most delightful view of genuine California hospitality. f^ILLIAM HENRY ELLIS, of Brighton f'Wk Township, was born in Kentucky, Au- l^=ik^ gust 10, 1824, son of William and Rachel (McCaull) Ellis, the former a native of Kentucky and the latter of Tennessee. They were married in Kentucky, and in 1826 moved to Eugene, Vermillion County, Indiana, where the mother died, in 1828. The great-grand- father of the subject of this sketch was James Ellis, who had as brothers John and William; his grandfather John had as brothers James and William; and his father as brothers John and James; and the subject himself had Jolin and James as brothers; and these were all the male descendants in the line mentioned. When William H., our subject, was six years old the family moved to Parke County, Indiana, across the Wabash ; and when he was eight years of age he was bound out to William Brockway, who lived in the northern part of Parke County, and was to give young Ellis nine months' schooling, a good suit of clothes and a good horse, saddle and bridle, — a common condition in those days in the matter of indenture of orphan children. The boy remained with him until twenty-two years old, a rarity; and Mr. Brockway gave him two years' schooling, the horse, saddle and bri- dle and two or three suits of clothes. Mr. Ellis followed the river several years, making nine trips to New Orleans in eight years. On the second trip he made $100 net, by steering the boat. From 1852 to 1854 he ran canal boats. The first locomotive after the first railroad built into Terre Haute, was brought down by the canal, and Mr. Ellis took it from Lafayette to Terre Haute, and rode on it during the first trip it made from the latter. The railroad was then completed to a point only five miles east of the place. It was the first railroad ride Mr Ellis ever had. He also boated coal from Coal Creek to Lafayette and did carpenter and joiner work, which he learned from Mr. Brockway. He in- herited a mechanical genius and also made wagons and cabinet furniture. Abont 1848 he was taken sick and lost about $5,000 in gold, and at tiie end of five years he was $10 in debt. He next lived in Ottumwa, Iowa, two years, and then in Oskaloosa, that State, until 1853. A man named Joseph Battou intending to come to California, with his family, wanted three men to come with him, and Mr. Ellis joined him. May 8th they started, and came by way of Salt Lake, the Humboldt, Carson Canon, and reached the summit of the Sierras October 8. They proceeded to Grizzly Flat, and there Mr. Ellis remained until Mr. Batton went down to Tuolumne River. He made shingles, while another man took charge of the stock. Next HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. be went to mining six miles above Diamond Spring and followed tiiat employment tluee years, within ten miles from tlie place be com- menced; sticking to tbe old place proved bis wisdom. He bad good success in tbe winter time, making $2,000 to $3,000 every winter and sinking it in tbe river during tbe summer. At one time they were $4,000 in debt Tbey tore up tbeir fiume and carried it down tbe river a mile and got about $80. Tbey collected gold at tbe rate of only fifty to seventy-five cents a day; l)ut tbey obtained $4,080 one day, and Mr. EUlis at once went to Placerville and secured tiie coin, and returned and paid off bis debts, and tben tbey bad $8 apiece. After accumulat- ing $200 or $300 be came into tbe Sacramento Valley and entered' 160 acres of land, put in a crop and began improving tbe place. Wben be came there it was a wild place. There was no bouse within a mile, and there was not 200 acres of land fenced within four miles. Mr. Ellis worked at carpentering a great deal and at repairing wagons, etc., at which lie made $5 to $12 a day. On the night of July 7, 1880, lie went to Sacramento with a load of iiay, return- ing home about eight o'clock in tbe evening. Just as he opened tbe bars a tramp stepped out of a place of concealment, the horses became frightened and I'an away, dragging tbe wagon over Mr. Ellis and knocking him senseless. His wife was not at home, and he lay there all night. Although it was four days before he became fully sensible, tbe ne.xt morning he arose, went into the house and told tbe parties there to go to work. He suffered no pain for a month, but be has not seen a well day since. His splendid constitution enabled him to recover so far as be has, although tbe doctors thought he would die. He received no injury below his shoulders. He possesses re- markable good judgment, as bis career shows. His memory is good and he relates many in- teresting anecdotes. July 8, 1858, he married Miss Nancy Elizabeth Pressley, a native of Tennessee, and reared in Missouri. Her father died when she was an infant, and she also lost her mother when young ami was hound out with her brother to a man named Neal in Missouri. She lived with him until she was nearly twenty years of age. In 1857 she came with some triends oveilaiiil to California. Tbey lived with Mr. ISell until October 27, 1858, wben they moved to the present place, where they liave ever since resided. When Mr. Ellis' first child was an infant his wife was taken sick, and she has been an invalid ever since. Tbey have five children: Urania Ann, born A\>v\\ 12, 1859, now the wife of George Cat^ey, and living in Sacramento; Sarah Louisa, born November 29, 1860, now the wife of Arthur B. Casey, and living in Brighton Township; James Franklin, born October 14, 1862; John Grant, born Feb- ruary 20, 1865; and William Sherman, born February 7, 1867. Urania Ann lias four chil- dren, namel}': William George, Efiie Amber, Bertha and Frank ; and Louisa also has four; Amanda Elizabeth, Jesse Sylvester, Vina May and Nora. ,ON. WILLIAM EVERMONT BRYAN was born in Kentucky October 29, 1821; resided in Campbell County until thirty- two years old, except one winter he spent in Indiana, wben he emigrated to California with ox teams. After a long and tedious trip of seven months he arrived in El Dorado County in September, 1853. After a few days of non- success at mining, he turned bis attention to freighting to the mines and mining towns, first with horse teams and later with ox teams and lastly with mules and horse teams, which busi- ness he continued during the gold and silver excitement of Nevada, and until the railroad crossed tbe Sierras, in 1867, wben he sold most of bis teams and turned bis attention to farm- ing and sheep-raising. In tbe meantime be located on the Folsom grant, thirteen miles from Sacramento, and purchased 4,200 acres. Continued in the sheep business with tbe sons until 1876, when he divided the land among his four children. Mr. Bryan was Hiaruur uf saguamento vounty. iiian-ic.] Octxhi'i- 21, 1S45. t.i Mi.-s Mury (iivgg Hern. Ion, also a native of Kcntncky. There were live eliildren: Mrs. Magi^io C. Morris, a native of Kentucky, born August 21, 184B, Alonzo W., a native of Kentucky, born Sep- tember 30, 18+8; Elijali 11., also a native of Kentucky, born December 20, 1850; Mary J)., born also in Kentucky, antl William F. Bryan, a native of California, born August 3, 1855. Mr. Bryan in early life was a Whig, but has since inclined to the huiepondent party, which, in 1873, elected him a member of the Assem- bly, where he served one term with distinction. He lias always taken an active part in public affairs. In September, 1880, he removed to Alameda, where he has since made his home. Diirinii; his residence in tlnit city he was twice elected a member of the board of city trustees, and was sought after to again take a seat, but owing to pressure of business and other arrange- ments declined. fEOUGE ALLEN STODDAUD, mechani- cal engineer and draughtsman at the .shops of the Southern Pacific Company at Sac- ramento, who has been intimately connected with the development of the mechanical depart- ment of the company from its infancy, was born at Brattleboro, Vermont, in November, 1833. His father was a well-to-do farmer, of Scotch ancestry, ins mother being of English descent, lie graduated at the high school in his si.xteenth year, and after one season on a farm and a term in the academy, he, in the fall of 1850, entered a machine shop at Hinsdale, New llam|)shire; iiut when only a few months at work he received an injury that disabled him for manual labor. He at once went to teaching school until he was able to return to the shop and finish his first year, for which the wages were $5 a month and board. He then entered a shop at J^rattelboro, as he could see a wider range for improvement. Here he remained for fifteen months, and then turned his attention to railroad work, in Febru- ary, 1853, entering the shops of the Connecticut Kivcr Railroad at Northampton, Massachusetts, under Master Mechanic John Mulligan, at $1 a day, which, during the following year was in- creased to $1.50, the full wages for journeymen. Mr. Mulligan seeing that young Stoddard was ambitious and willing to work, and finding him good at figures and general mechanics, took great interest in him. The shop had no draughts- man, but nee., Louisa, Sophia and Lamira. Of this number, three daughters are dead, and the remainder of the family are scattered in Ohio, Michigan and California. Mr. Sprague, whose name heads this sketch, was brought up on a farm; when eighteen years of age he went to Huron County, Michigan; thence he traveled through the Manmee Swamp to the railroad at Sylvania, where he took the cars for Adrian, that being the first train of cars he had ever seen, except at a distance. He remained in Michigan until 1841, employed in farm work; and (one season) as carpenter and joiner in Adrian. He next purchased fifty acres of land in Hillsdale, Michigan. In August, 1841, he went to Steuben County, Indiana, where he followed the trade of carpenter until he started for California March 18, 1852. He went from St. Louis to Council Bluffs on the steamer " Robert Campbell," being eleven days on the trip. May 9, 1852, the train crossed the Mis- souri River, the first movement on its long journey "across the plains," arriving in Hang- town August 27. From there he went to Stock- ton, and after visiting several points came to Sacramento the day before the election of Frank- lin Pierce as President of the United States. He was permitted to vote at the election. He was married February 17, 1846, to Miss Nancy M. Smith, who was born in Otsego County, New York, xipril 14, 1821, of New York parents. In March, 1854, she came by way of the Nica- ragua route to California, reaching Sacramento May 6. Until August following Mr. and Mrs. Sprague were In Colusa County; they then located upon the place where they now reside. It contains 135 acres, and has been improved until it is equipped with all that is necessary to make lite comfortable. In 1876 Mr. Sprague visited in the East, meeting his father and his brothers and sisters, but was willing to return to California to spend the remainder of his life. He is a member of Sacramento Grange, No. 12, Patrons of Husbandry, and is still an active and busy man, prospering in the vocation of farm- ing and dairying. Mr. and Mrs. Sprague have a family of three children, namely: Helen 1., now Mrs. E. W. Brainard, of Sacramento County, California; Frederick D., of Seattle, Washington, and Hattie S., widow of Hugh C. Jones, of Sutter County, California. fEORGE G. DAVIS, attorney at law, of the firm of Hart & Davis, Sacramento, was born in Nevada County, California, Janu- ary 21, 1858. His father, Aaron Davis, crossed the plains from Wisconsin, in 1849, and was engaged in mining at Park J^ar, Yuba County; and in connection with his partner. Captain Richardson, is said to liave had the largest find 554 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. of gold that was ever discovered in one pocket, it being sixty-three pounds. When George G. was nine years old, his parents moved to Sierra Valley, Sierra County, where they still live. Here lie was educated, graduating at the gram- mar schools, then tlie highest grade in the county. For two years after graduating he taught school in Sierra Valley, Sierra County. Being desirous, however, of entering one of the professions, and his predilection being toward that of the law, he gave up teaching, and, com- ing to Sacramento, entered the law office of Armstrong & Hinkson, then one of the most prominent iirihs of the city. Here he prose- cuted his studies with energy and determina- tion, and in 1885 was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of California. In 1886 he received the nomination for justice of the peace on the Republican ticket, and was elected by a handsome majority. On the ex- piration of his term of office in 1888, he formed a partnership with E. C. Hart, ex-city attorney. Mr. Davis is one of the rising lawyers of Sac- ramento, and he and his partner enjoy the con- fidence and esteem of the public; and his friends confidently predict tiiat at no distant day he will be one of the shining lights of the Sacramento bar. Mr. Davis has been prominently connected with the Sacramento Hussars, and has enjoyed the distinction of having been First Lieutenant and Captain of that company of soldiers; is also a member of the Sunset Parlor of the N^a- tive Sons of the Golde i West, and of Eureka Lodge, No. 4, of Odd Fellows. t^Mfi ^^^- fAMES H. SULLIVAN was born in Mon- treal, Canada, in 1830, but of an American family. When but a little shaver his father removed to New Jersej*, and in New York city, adjoining, Mr. Sullivan learned the cooper trade. Upon hearing the electrifying news of the gold discoveries in California he took passage for the voyage rfiund Cape Horn, on the ship " Balance," of which John L. Dur- kee, a well-known resident in San Francisco, was mate. The passengers numbered thirty persons, one of them being W. K. Hopping, sheriff of Shasta County, and a leading man of the northern part of the State. The voyage was made without serious * mishap, and the Golden Gate was reached September 4, 184'J. Mr. Sullivan started at boat-repairing, at tiie prevailing high rate of wages, and a month later went at his trade of coopering. He was succeeding well, owning a coiisiderai>lc piece of land on Montgomery street, between Sacra- mento and California streets, with houses upon it that were bringing in very comfortable rent- als. The big fire of May, 1850, burned him out, however, and, discoura-jed by the disaster, he sold the land for $1,200, which to-day is very valuable. He then went to the mines, and at Coloma succeeded well, so well, in fact, that after three months' time, thinking he had made enough to satisfy himself for the remainder of his days, he decided to return East «nd enjoy life. The route chosen was by way of Panama. On the voyage, however, the vessel was disabled upon the coast of Mexico, and taken in this condition to Acapulco. Here Mr. Sullivan fell in with other adventurous spirits, and with them went to Nicaragua, then a very favorite route for passengers. Having plenty of means at their command they secured a monopoly of the trans- portation of passengers, and also dealt extens- ively in horses and cattle. During the year they spent at this they made money very fast, and seemed in a fair way of "heeling" them- selves for life. One of the party was a rogue, however. By knavery he managed to get hold of all the money belonging to the company, and got away with it. This left them almost bank- rupt, and when just after this time the Pacific Mail Company, which was running to Panama, managed to buy off Vanderbilt, who was run- ning to Nicaragua, this capped the climax. With $500, which was all Mr. Sullivan saved from the wreck, he turned his face again Cali- fornia-ward, came at once to Sacramento, and has been since that time prominently identified IIlSrOKY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. with the city's be?t interests. This was in 1851. He opened a cooper shop at once, and continued in this business until 1856, when lie was elected city treasurer. Two years later he was appointed Deputy State Comptroller, holding this office until he resigned, to resume coopering. In 1866 he became deputy sheriff"; in 1868 was chusen under-sheriff, and from 1870 to 1872 was Mianager of th.e sheriff's office. After that he made contracts for public improvements," performing much of the work done in raising the grade of the streets between that time and 1882. In that year he opened his well-known and leading real estate and insurance office, first at the nortiiwest corner of Fourth and J streets, and afterward at 1007 Fourth street, where he has since conducted a large business. Mr. Sul- livan was married in Sacramento August 9, 1859, to Miss Emma Anderson. They have five children, four girls and one boy. Their names are as follows: Julia C, Sophie E., Alice F., Lizzie J. and Robert W. His handsome residence on the southwest corner of Fifteenth and H streets, in the heart of the best residence quarter of the city, is one of the finest and most comfortable to be found anywhere. — ^■«i:i)»-^ — f^ L. WISE. — Among the self-made men /m now prominent in business and manu- '^W^'^ facturing circles of Sacramento is the gentleman whose name heads this sketch, who was born in Ricliland County, Ohio, April 26, 1846. His father, Hon. .Jacob Wise, was born in Cumberland 'County, Pennsylvania, and was the son of a gentleman w'hose father had come from Germany and located there. He learned the carpenter's trade. He removed to Ohio, and then followed farming. He was an active man, and figured largely in political history there. The mother of the subject, whose maiden name was Lydia Hibbard, was born in i'erks County, Pennsylvania. M. L. Wise was but eighteen months old when his parents re- moved to Fayette, Fulton County, Ohio, where he spent his boyhood days. The breaking out of the civil war roused in the youth the patriotic ardor, and in the spring of 1861, though a mere boy in years, he enlisted in the service of the Unittd States. Going to Camp Chase, Colum- bus, he was assigned to Company K, Thirty- eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. After organi- zation they proceeded to Camp Dennison, thence to St. Louis, and from t^ere marched to Crab Orchard and Corinth. His first battle was at Perryville, Kentucky, and he took part in the engagements of Corinth, Triune and Mnrfrees- boro, the latter on the 22d of July. He was engaged at Chickaniauga, and after the rendez- vous at Ringgold, Georgia, proceeded on the inarch to AtlaTita, and was engaged, among others, at the battles of Dalton, Atlanta, Jones- boro, Buzzard's Roost and TuUahoma. He was wounded three times at Jonesboro, in the left arm, left breast and head, and was taken from the field to Atlanta. He was next sent to Nashville, and from there to Jeffersonville, In- diana, where he lay in hospital for three weeks. He was after this sent to Camp Dennison, and was there discharged on the 18th of June, 1865, having served honorably throughout the entire war. He was in the Third Brigade, Third Di- vision of the celebrated Fourteenth Army Corps, under General George H. Thomas. He went to Cincinnati after his discharge, and from there home. There he remained until September 12, 1868, when he started for California via New York and Panama. He leit New York on the last opposition steamer, October 5, 1868, and crossing the Isthmus, took passage on the steamer Santiago de Cuba, for San Francisco, where he landed October 30, 1868. He came to Sacramento and went to work for his brother, W. E. Wise, on the following Monday morning, to learn the blacksmith's trade. He remained with his brother nine years and a half, then en- gaged in business for himself at the Telegraph Shops, on J street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth. On the 1st of October, 1877, he purchased a lease on the property on the corner of Eleventh and J streets, and the firm of Wise U I STORY OP HACIiAMENTO COUNTY. & McNair was organized and coinmencied busi- ness tliere. In tlie fall of 1879 Mr. Wise bought liis partner's interest, and has since carried on the business alone. He has made many im- provements on tiiis property, the latest being a large painting department, 40 x 40 feet in ground area, and two stories in height. He has a frontage of forty feet on J street, and 160 feet on Eleventh street. He has built up an exten- sive trade in the lines of blacksmithing, carriage and wagon-making and carriage painting, and gives constant employment to from twelve to fifteen skilled workmen. Mr. Wise was married in Sacramento County, on the 20th of October, 1875, to Miss Alice P. Taylor, who was born in this county, and is a daughter of J. B. and Ann E. Taylor, a sketch of whom appears in ex- tended detail in another portion of this work. Mr. and Mrs. Wise have one child. Miss Me- linda Belle. Mr. Wise is a member of Sumner Post, No. 3. (t. a. R. He is one of the active, pushing men of Sacramento, and is deserving of much credit for the fine showing he has made in a business way in this city. ->^ fEORGE PYBURX, M. D., Eleventh and H streets, Sacramento, has been a practic. ing physician here since 1878, at which time he first came to California from the State of Colorado, where he liad been located for some time. He was born in Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, March 31, 1831. His father died while he was still yonng, and he had to "go to work " early, in order to earn at least a part of his living. At the age of fourteen he entered the office of John and Benjamin Green, archi- tects and civil enginieers, and at eighteen was "articled," or apprenticed, to them for three years to learn the " art and mysteries " of that profession. After the completion of his seven years of actual apprenticeship, he worked for other firms as clerk and draughtsman, ulti- mately going to Reading, in the south of Eng- land. Being desirous, however, of studying medicine, he came, in 1854, to Toronto, Canada, where he iiad the opportunity of a favorable situation, in which he could earn something whereby to defray his expenses while studying. Tiie situation was that of assistant in the office of Cumberland & Storm, architects and design- ers of the beautiiul Toronto University, in Queen's Park. Saving up meanwhile sufHcient means to pay his fees, etc., he went to the West- ern College of Homeopathy at Cleveland, Ohio, where he graduated in 1859. Previous to this, however, he had practiced some in Port Hope, Canada, where, to quote the words of an ably written notice in a record of ])rominent homeo- pathic physicians, he had the honor, if not the profit, of introducing homeopathy, in 1857-'58. After receiving the degree of M. I), at Cleve- land, he traveled — or as he prefers to say, " roamed"-— through the United States, sojourn- ing in various cities for periods of various length. Besides others, he was in Indianapo- lis, Cincinnati, Louisville, Nashville, New York and Washington, engaged perhaps quite as much in literary labor as in the practice of med'cine. While in Cincinnati, besides con- tributing to the daily press, he became associate editor of the Scientific Artisan, a weekly jour- nal published by the American Patent Company and occupying a similar position in the West to that of the Scientific American in the East. In 1864 he settled in Indiana, first at Shellby- ville and later at Logansport, where he remained for over six years and built up a large practice, establishing a reputation for ability and success. He then became interested in the Union Col- ony, founded by the late Father Meeker; and in 1870 he went to Colorado. There, besides endeavoring to lay a practical foundation for a treatise supplementary to Horace Greeley's "What I Know About Farming," by raising potatoes for the Doryj>hora decemlineata and other " truck " for the Caloptenus spretus and two per cent, a month for the gold-bugs, he laid out irrigation ditches, hunted " Government corners" and antelopes, felt pulses, ordered pills and set bones, secundein artein, Remov- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ing, in 1875, from Greeley to Georgetown, a prosperous mining camp in tlie Rockies at an altitude of over 8,000 feet, he devoted himself entirely to the practice of his profession and the study of botany, that region being peculiarly rich in its flora. From that point, in 1878, he came to Sacramento, as already stated. From youth the Doctor has been a rigorous investiga- tor into the secrets of nature, and is known among his acquaintances as an assiduous culti- vator of science and a successful physician. While living in Toronto he was made, when only twenty-four years old, a member of the Canadian Institute, a body composed of the leading scientific and literary minds of that country. In 1872 he was elected a member of the Indiana Institute of Homeopathy; he is also a member of the American Society of Micros- copists. As a writer, the Doctor is an author of merit, being a contributor to tlie Popular Science MoutJdy and other journals, medical and scientific. His article a short time since in the Popular Science Morthly, on "Home- made Telescopes," attracted great attention on account of its practical value. He has also pub- lished a number of minor brochures on various medical and scientific subjects, which have had wide circulation and marked popular effect, ntitably his publications on homeopathy. As a botanist, he is an indefatigable collector. As such, his labors at present are mainly directed to the formation of an herbarium for the Cali- fornia Museum Association of Sacramento, of which body he is one of the founders and directors. Being also an enthusiastic mineralo- gist, he was employed to prepare the catalogue of the State mineral cabinet, now in the lecture- room of the E. B. Crocker Art Gallery, and is one of the three trustees of that treasure. The Doctor also takes much pleasure in microscopes, telescopes and other optical initriimants. Lastly, he is a theoretical musician, and, as he says, he '• extracts much honey from harmony, and mel- lifluous melolie; incite medicating motions in the atoms which go to make up his be(e)ing!" In conclusion, it siiould be said that Dr. Pyburn is a self-made man, in the typical and American sense of the term. He has made his way and a name for himself against odds that would have discouraged most men. As a physician he has had quite flattering success, and wherever he has been he has always had as large a practice as he cared to attend to. About a year after his arrival in Sacramento he was appointed physician and superintendent of the county hospital, and held that office until the wheel of politics and "other things" "let him out!" For two years, from 1879 to 1881, he was also a member of the city board of health, being secretary of that body during the latter year. ?^^^- 1^ D. STEPHENS, Postmaster, Sacramento, f^ and one of the best known citizens of ^V»® Central California, is a native of Fulton County, Illinois, born April 14, 1837. Nathan Stephens, father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Steuben County, New York, and came of an old Eastern family. He was married in New York State, to Miss Alba C. Bostwick, and they afterward removed to the neighbor- hood of Canton, Illinois. They removed to Peoria County, Illinois, and there in 1841 his wife died. In April, 1849, the family started for California with two teams. They crossed the Missouri River at St. Joseph, continued the trip by the old overland trail, by Sublette's cut- off, and by the Carson route into California, arriving at Weaverville on the 16th of October, 1849. They wintered a mile and a half from there, on Weaver Creek, and that winter en- gaged in surface mining. In February, 1850, they started for the valley country for the pur- pose of locating land, stopping three weeks at Rhodes' Diggings (more recently Prairie City). On the 1st of April they located nine miles from Sacramento, in Brighton Township, on the American River, and this location proved to be a very valuable one. There the elder Stephens put up a hotel and CDnducteJ it until the time of his death, which occurru(J January 25, 1875. HIHTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTy. He was a Democrat politically, and always took an active interest in public affairs. Of his children, live are living, viz.: Mrs. Jane E. Booker, of Fresno; Mrs. Kebecca Vandersloot, of Farinington, Illinois; Jerome, of Fresno; Mrs. A. M. Hood, of Sacramento, and R. D. Stephens, subject of this sketch. Nathan Stephens was a member of the society of Cali- fornia Pioneers, and was a prominent Mason. K. D. Stephens, with whose name this sketch commences, crossed the plains with his father at the age of twelve years, and is therefore a pioneer. He was reared to manhood in this county, and his first schooling in California was received at Brighton, which was three miles from his home. Later, however, he had the opportunity to attend school nearer home. He is, to a large extent, however, a self-educated man. He was reared to farm life, and when he was twenty engaged in running a threshing- machine. After about four or live years he bought one of his own, and carried on business with it successfully. In the fall of 1859 he made his first entree into politics, and was then elected constable for Brighton Township. In 1869 he was elected to the Legislature of Cali- fornia, and served in the session of 1869-'70. He was warrant clerk in the State Controller's office from 1875 to 1880, and in 1882 was a candidate before the convention of the Demo- cratic party for the office of Controller of State. He was elected to the State Constitutional Con- vention of 1879, and took an active part in the work of that important body. On the 21st of September, 1885, he was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland to the office of postmaster of Sacramento, and assumed his new duties on the 1st of November. It is due Mr. Stephens to say that he has made a splendid record in this office, which has attracted wide-spread attention under his management, and many times elicited the compliments of the Department, whose officials say that there is not a better conducted office in the United States than that of Sacra- mento, under Mr. Stephens. He has intro- duced several innovations in the methods of handling and distributing mails, which have been to the great advantage of the business men and public generally. Mr. Stephens is one of the best known fruit-growers in Central California, and he has achieved great success in this line. On his place of about 100 acres he has seventy acres in orchard, and twenty acres in vineyard. His grapes are of the finest varie- ties and are splendidly cared for, the result being that they bring prices ranging from 30 to 40 per cent, higher than any grapes shipped from California. The orchard is composed of carefully selected trees, and no trouble or ex- pense is spared in obtaining the best possible results. As a result the yield of the various fruits is far above tiie average, while the prices brought are the highest, and the goods are always in demand, even on a full market. One of the most important features about this in- teresting place is the irrigating plant, which is a wonderful aftair for a private ranch. This can be understood when it is stated that the plant has a maximum capacity for throwing 17,000 gallons of water per minute. Mr. Stephens is generally recognized as the wheel- horse of the Detnocratic organization in this portion of the State, and certainly no man has done more toward contributing to its success. An active, ]>ushing man, he enjoys an extensive acquaintance and great personal popularity with the masses, and withal possesses powers of leadership and organization which render his services of inestimable benefit to his party. I^ON. WILLIAM B. HAMILTON is county IB) ^'^'■'^ 11°^ ^^^ '''^ third term, having been ■^(s elected to that office for the first time in 1885, re-elected in 1887 and now again in 1889, on the two latter occasions being nominated by acclamation by the Republican party, and each time elected by majorities running away ahead of the rest of the ticket. Mr. Hamilton was born in England in 1848, of mingled Scotch and English parentage, his father being a native of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the "Land o' Heather and Thistle" and liis mother an En<;lisli\vonian, but before he had reached the mature age of one year, the family removed to America, landing at New Orleans. Tlie father came on the following year to Cali- fornia, being thus an " Argonaut." This oc- curred in 1853, when Mrs. Hamilton, after stay- ing with friends for a short time in Kentucky and Ohio, rejoined her husband, making the journey by way of the Nicaragua River. Am- erican Flat, El Dorado County, was where the elder Hamilton was working an(J at that point young •' Billy," for so his intimate friends know him best, spent the three years until 1856, when he came to Sacramento and has resided liere ever since. In this city Mr. Hamilton received his education in the schools of the place, and tinaljy became a student of law in the ofKce of Coffroth & Spaulding, the eminent attorneys of former days. Unfortunately Mr. CoftVotli's death occurred in 1874, and as young Hamilton was without means, he was forced to take hold of the iirst thing that presented itself. He was appointed clerk of the police court under Judge W. R. Cantwell. Upon the expiration of his term in 1876, he received the ajipointment of deputy county clerk under A. A. Wood, and held it under the succeeding terms of Col. T. H. Berkey and C. M. Coglan. At the e.xpiration of the latter gentleman's term in 1884, Mr. Hamilton received the nomination upon the Re- publican ticket, and was elected by the handsome majority of 1,301 votes. Again, in 1886 he was the unanimous choice of his party and was elected by a plurality of 3,000; and now at the last election he was also the Republican candi- date without opposition and received the rous- ing majority of 2,104. Of course, he is a true- hearted Republican to the backbone, and an enthusiastic worker for the principles of the "grand old party;" but that does not hinder his great popularity among men of the otiier faith as well as his own, as is shown by his enormous vote. Mr. Hamilton is a member of the Masons' order in high standing, the Red Men, the A. O. U. W., and is an ardent lover of held .sports, at present occupying the presidency of the Forester Gun Club. Mr. Hamilton is an unmarried man, but takes a pleasure in caring for the wants of his aged parents, both of whom are still alive, and are now, in the decline of life, enjoying the comforts that their years demand at their son's home. As an indication of the kind of man he is, we can relate only one inci- dent out of many. Every year there comes to Sacramento, a bowed and decrepit old Indian. He was once of gigantic frame and of strength and energy corresponding, but the hand of time has touched hiin, gently it is true, yet ineffaceably. It is the old chief, Coppa-hembo (the name means bear- slayer), once the head of a powerful tribe that dwelt in the foot-hills of the Sierras. Like the race in general, this tribe has almost disappeared. vice, indolence, tire-water and the heavy hand of the white man having worked their ruin. Coppa-heinbo, an exception among them all, was sober, temperate and careful and still lives in humble style with his squaw among his na- tive canons. In 1854 Indians were numerous about American Flat, and among them several tribes and chiefs, the one named heading one tri be. At that early day white boys were very scarce in the mining regions, and hence little Billy Hamilton, then a sturdy, independent urchin of six years of age, was a favorite with every one, Indians as well as miners. One day Coppa- hembo's tribe of Indians and another tribe had a dispute over some cause and came to blows. They were ranged on opposite sides of the mountains near American Flat, and arrows and bullets were flying thick and fast. Little Billy heard the shots and, boy-like, heedlessly ran to the spot, and although warned away by the In- dians, who all knew and liked him, and who cried out " Wheelland, come away," stayed watching the fray. Presently there was a lull, and Coppa- hembo, taking advantage of it, sprang upon a pine stump and began an oration, striving to pacify the opposing bands. In the midst of the pacific effort, an arrow suddenly whistled across the gulch and pierced Coppa-hembo's thigh. HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. bringing him to the ground. Tiionghtlessly and overcome with grief at the fall of his friend' little Billy dashed to him and strove to help him, in immiinent danger of his own life. This pnt an end to the battle, for the Indians knew that the result of any hurt to Billy would mean a terrible revenge on the part of the miners. Old Coppa-hembo remembers this, and so every year is witnessed the touching spectacle of this feeble old man making his Avay to this swarm- ing city from his lonely wigwam to renew old memories with " Billy," now our honored county clerk. They go down to a restaurant together, have a salmon broiled in a peculiar way, a spe- cial treat to an Indian, and sit long over the rustic feast. AKKUS GRAF, one of the old-time j,|,;^ r residents of Sacramento, is a native of ^^M^ Germany, born at Mnhlhausen, Baden, on the 24th of April, 1830, his parents being Jolm and Helen (Relim) Graf, the father a grocer. Markus Graf was reared at his native place, and there received his education, attend- ing the public schools from the age of six until he was fourteen, and the Sunday-school to the age of eighteen. When he had reached the age of fifteen years he commenced the tanner's trade with a man named Handlosser, and served an apprenticeship of tliree years. He then traveled as a journeyman throughout Wurtem- berg, Bavaria, Saxony, Switzerland, etc., in all about four years. He then went home and at- tempted to start in business, but not finding prospects good, concluded to go to America. In October, 1851, he sailed from Rotterdam on the sail ship "Rhine," and proceeded on his way to the United States. The vessel encountered heavy weather off the Atlantic coast, and at a point nearer Philadelphia than Xew York she was beached on the sand. They cut the masts down and filled the hold with water to keep the vessel from drifting and toppling over, atid waited for day to come. The next day the wind was moderate. The next day two men got away from the vessel, and, proceeding to New York, secured a steamer to come down and res- cue the people on board. The passengers, who had ren)ained all this time on the upper deck exposed to the weather, were taken oft" on boats and landed, then taken to hotels and houses. After two or three days there they were taken to New York by the steamer. The exposures to which they were subjected from the weather may be appreciated when it is stated that they were stranded on the 6th of January. After Mr. Graf and others of the rescued passengers had been in a boarding house in New Y^ork two or three days, their landlord was informed that their baggage had arrived, and it was then brought to them. The voyage had lasted sixty- seven days, and as he had not had enough to eat or drink for some time, Mr. Graf was taken down with sickness and lay in hospital a couple of weeks. After recovering he obtained work with a man named Keifer. After this he en- gaged with a Mr. Hoffman, and finally at a fac- tory on Emma street, with a man named Guiding. He worked for Golding then, and in his factory, near Albany, also, until the lattei- part of 1853. In December of that year he took passage on a steamer at New Y'ork for Acapulco, then crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and proceeded to San Francisco on the steamer "Golden Age," landing in January, 1854. A couple of days later he proceeded to Coloma by way of Sacramento and Marysville, and went to work mining on Sutter Creek. After this he worked- two months for a farmer, and in 1855 came to Sacramento, and worked a year in Pen- nock's brewery. He then bought a turning lathe, and opened a shop in Sacramento, and in partnership with P. Gossner manufactured bill- iard outfits until 1861. The business was quite extensive, and gave employment to five or six workmen. Since that time Mr. Graf has been in business at his present location. He was married in Sacramento in 1874, to Miss Matilda Metzer, a native of Wurtemberg. Mr. Graf has been a member of Schiller Lodge, I. O. O. F., UISrOHT OF SACBAMENTU COUNTY. 561 since its organization, in 1862; has been secre- tary and treasurer of the lodge; and is a veteran Odd Fellow. lie is a member of the Sacra- mento Hnssars. and has h«ld the rank of cor- poral in that orojanization. Mr. Graf has been identified with Sacramento for over a third of a century, and has seen manj' changes in the city and surrounding country since that time. He is a popular man, and has a large circle of friends. fEXERAL R. H. ORTON.— Since the great importance of the National Guards of the various States of the Republic has come to be so generally recognized, California has not been backward in the military spirit, and has been unusually fortunate in the class of men who have given their personal efforts to- ward the advancement of the condition of her State service. In the office of Adjutant-Genera she now has General R. H. Orton, whose name heads this sketch, and who is peculiarly ijuali- fi ed for that important position by nature and by training. General Orton is a native of Oneida County, New York, born August 23, 1838, his parents being James M. and Rudy Hart (Gillett) Orton. Both parents were natives of Windsor, Connecticut, his father's ancestors having settled there in 1638. His father was a furniture manufacturer, and had learned the cabinet-making trade with Mr. Cheney, father- in-law of Horace Greeley. R. H. Orton, s-ub- ject of this sketch, was reared in his native county, and there received iiis education. He cauje to California in 1858, taking the steamer "Philadelphia" to Havana, the "Grenada" to Aspinwall, and the ".Tohn L. Stephens" to San Francisco, where he arrived on the 15th of May. He engaged in the business of manufacturing furniture, which engaged his attention until March, 1863. He was a strong Union man in his sympathies, and had only abstained before from entering the Goveiriment service as a soldier on account of the great distance from the seat of war. In March, 1863, however, he of- fered his services in behalf of his country's flag, and was mustered in as Second Lieutenant of Company F., First California Cavalry. The company was ordered to New Mexico, and on arrival in the tield of operations, Lieutenant Or- ton was detached and made Quartermaster and Commissaryof the camp on the Mierabres River. After being stationed there three months he was ordered to take command of Company C, and extend the outposts of the lines in Texas to San Elizario, the next post being occupied by Con- federate troops. He was in command then about eight months, and during that time saw much acti.-e service in the field. He made five raids into old Mexico after deserters and stock thieves, being each time successful. He partici- pated in the pursuit of Comanche Indians as Adjutant under Kit Carson, commanding the First New Mexico Cavalry. He was promoted to the Captaincy of Company M during the lat- ter part of the summer of 1865, and assumed his command in November. He commanded the expedition that went to the relief of the town of Harness, in old Mexico, 300 miles over the border, which was beleaguered by Apache Indians, and as a result the town was relieved when nearly ready to succumb. He was next stationed at Fort Sill, and while there his men were consolidated with another company, and he was placed in command of an expedition, also acting as quartermaster. In the fall of 1866 all California volunteers were ordered back to the State, and he started with his men on the 17th of September, reaching San Francisco on the 28th of December, losing only one horse and one wagon, a really remarkable record for such a journey. All the troops were mustered out on December 31 except the subject of this sketch, who severed his connection with the armj' on the 4th of January, 1867, being the last Cali- fornia volunteer in the United States service. He went back to his old home in New York, visiting there from February to Thank-giving day, and returning to California in December. He then re-engaged in furniture manufacturing, lUtjTOltY OF 8ACMAMENT0 COUNTY. but afterward embarked in the insurance busi- ness, which engaged his attention until tlietime of liis appointment to the ofhce of Adjutant- General of California, in 1887. He was, how- ever, identiiied witli the National Guard of California from its organization, in 1861. He commenced at that time as Lieutenant, and promotion has ever since marked his connection with the military. The Civil War transferred iiim to active service in the field. In 1875 he became Captain of Company D, First Infantry. Four years later he was made Major of the Cav- alry Battalion, which included all the mounted companies in the State at that time. After hi incumbency of that position lie was on the re- tired list four years, and resumed his connection with the military as Major of the First In- fantry. He was ])romoted Lieutenant Colonel a month later, and served in that capacity until called to his present position. General Orton was married at San Francisco in 1874, to Miss Dora Carioll, a native of Oneida County. .New York, born in the same neighborhood as him- self. At a point 100 yards from her birthplace the tirst American tiag was hoisted. The siege of Fort Steinwich (the scene of this incident) commenced June 27, 1777, and on the 17th of August the flag flying under Are on this occa- sion was adopted as the National colors. Gen- eral Orton brings to his office unusual quali- lications in his long military training, and his zeal in the eflbrt to place the National Guard of California in the first rank of similar organiza- tions in this country. fOWELL S. LAWSON, President of the Sacramento Society, California Pioneers, is a native of New York City, born Au- gust 17, 1829. His father, Martin L Lawson, was a ship carpenter by trade, and his ances- tors in this country, who were from Holland, were among the first settlers of New Amster- dam. He spent the latter years of iiis life on a farm in Ulster County, where he died, about 185G, aged 106 years and 7 months. His mother, whose maiden name was Hannah Linas, was a native of Ulster County, and was also from cme of the oldest families of the Empire State. She died in December, 1849, in her fifty-ninth year. Powell S. Lawson, tiie subject of this sketch, was reared in New York city, and in her public schools received his education. He served his time as tinsmith, coppersmith and sheet iron worker with Charles Zimmerman, at No. 232 Hudson street, remaining with him till he had reached the age of nineteen years, and then worked at iiis trade as a journeyman. When the discovery of gold in California was made, he was like every one else, excited thereby, and his mind was soon made up to go in person to the scene. Early in 1849 a party was organized for this purpose. They purchased the bark " Galindo," and left New York April 7, under the command of Captain Macy, there being seventy in the party. The voyage was a pleasant one until oflf the month of the Amazon River, when their first rough weather was e.xperieneed. Ofi" Cape Horn they lay for thirty-two days under close- reefed sails, whilst the vessel was one mass of ice. During two weeks of this time they had no fire even to cook their food with. At the conclusion of the storm they started to resume their voyage, but the rudder-head was bursted, and they had to steer by a spar over the stern of the vessel. When they got to Valparaiso they refitted, and thenceforward had a pleasant trip to California. They arrived at San Fran- cisco November 22, 1849, and Mr. Lawson ob- tained work at his trade with Thomas H. Selby & Co., in the alley between Sacramento and California, Kearney and Dupont streets. He remained there until March, 1850, and when working piece-work on stoves, would make from $30 to $45 per day. He then came to Sacra- mento on the propeller McKim, and a few days later proceeded to Marysville, being introduced on the way to General Sutter, at the hitter's farm. At Marysville he engaged an ox team, and with John Kehoe and John Lawrence went to the South Fork of the Feather River, and UIHTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. took up a mining claim two miles below String- town. They dug a long ditch, and commenced mining. Mr. Lawson here took out his first gold, his " find " weighing 73 cents. The party mining next below them backed the water upon them, and they were thus unsuccesst'ul. On the 3d of July he started for Nelson's Creek, and remained there with better snccess, until August 20, when he went to Orion Valley. The first night lie camped there was the most memorable one of his life. A terrible storm came up, the night was bitter cold, and in the morning there was eighteen inches of snow all about him. He left there and went to Long Bar, on Feather River, and thence to Smith's Bar, where he mined till February. Then, witii his com])anions, he went to Rieli Bar, on the North Fork of Feather River. Soon after their arrival they were snowed in, and being out of flour, they made an attempt to go over to Las- sen's ranch to lay in a supply of that article. Starting early in the morning, they reached the top of the mountain that night, and there en- camped. The next morning the journey was resumed. There was a heavy crust on the snow, and it was necessary to cut a trail down the mountain for the mules. Only a portion of them were taken at first, and when a bench of the mountain was reached, a halt was made, and the animals tied for safe-keeping, while a trip back was made for those left behind at the camp. On arriving there it was found that one was missing, and a search revealed the fact that she was lying on the side of a mountain against a log. In order to release her it was found neces- sary to cut down a sapling and let the log I'oll away. This was done, Mr. Lawson having hold of a rope to keep the mule from going down. When the log started the mule tried to get up, but slipped and started to roll, the skin being torn from Mr. Lawson's hands. The mule rolled down and down for fitty yards, and was finally stopped with feet in the air by the two pack saddles which she carried. Mr. Lawson went down and shoved her over, remarking that she was " all right." It was a laughable inci- dent, but it was nearly night when they got back to the bench on the mountain to camp for the night. The next morning the trip was re- sumed. But when they got to the Xortli Fork of the North Fork of Feather River, it was found that the bridges were gone, and they could not get across. So they went back to Rich Bar, and a few days later to Long Bar. Mr. Lawson went from there to Marysville, thence to Sacramento, next to Stockton, and from there to Smith's Ferry, on Merced River. After mining there a couple of weeks, he went to Fly- away Gulch," seven miles from Coulterville, and then he and his companions struck a claim which they worked a month by means of a rocker. There they averaged §22 a day to the man. The Kern River excitement then came on, and in June, 1851, he started for the new fields. After prospecting on Kern River for a time, he left there, and on the 1st of August got back to Pleasant Valley, on the Merced River. He worked off and on in the river and gulches until September, 1852, and then went to San Fran- cisco, and entered into partnership with Joseph Vaile in the roofing business, which continued until February, 1854. He then went East, but returned in June, via Panama, and went in business for himself in San Francisco. On the 1st of January, 1855, he went to Mariposa. In July he came to Sacramento, and from here went again to San Francisco. In August he pro- ceeded to Shasta, and mined about two miles above Redding until April, 1859. He then [ came to Sacramento, took up his permanent [ residence here, and went in partnership with George Boehme in the metal-roofing business. Alter eleven years this partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Lawson has since carried on business alone. He was married on the 5th day of Oc- , tober, 1862, to Miss Alice Carrington, who died ! in 1882. Two children were born to this mar- riage — May Frances, who died at the age of six years, and Miss Alice Belle. Mr. Lawson was again married, his present wife having been Miss Hannah A. Towner. Mr. Lawson is an old-time Mason, liaving joined Sacramento HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Lodge in December, 1859. He joined Sacra- mento Royal Arch Chapter in 1860; Sacramento Council, the same year; Sacramento Command- ery No. 2, in 18G5; and the Scottish Rite, and Grand Council in 1868. He is a member of Sacramento Lodj^e, No. 2, I. O. O. F., and of Occidental Encampment, No. 42. In the days ot the volunteer lire department he was a mem- ber of Knickerbocker Company, No. 5, and was its [iresident live years. He is past pre.=,ident of the E.xempt Firemen. He joined the Society of California Pioneers in December, 1859, and has ever since taken an active interest in the welfare of the society. He was elected presi- dent of the local body in 1888, and re-elected in 1889. He is also a member of Union Lodge, No. 21, A. (). U. W., and was a charter member of the first lodge of Knijrhts of Honor organ- ized here. He has been a Republican in poli- tics since 1861, though he was previously a Democrat. Mr. Lawson is one of the most re- spected and honored citizens of Sacramento, and his open-hearted ways have won for him the respect and esteem of all with whom he has como in contact. Having been a resident of California since the early mining days, he has been an eye-witness to the great changes and progress made since that time, and has an e.x- teu'led acquaintance throughout the length and breadth of the State. pronii- 1 repre- ^-^-^ R. STRONG.— Among th nent citizens of California a l^'^ri*' sentative business men of Sacramento, is tlie gentleman with whose name this sketch commences. W. R. Strong is a native of Cay- uga County, New York, born May 12, 1817, his parents being Ezra and Betsey (Dunning) Strong. His father, a physician, educated in Connecticut and a native of that State, was a descendant of Elder John Strong, who landed in Massachussetts shortly after the settlement of Plymouth Rock. The Dunnings were also an old Connecticut family. In 1821 Dr. Strong and family removed from Scipio to Rochester, and there the Doctor practiced his profession for years, and afterward lived a retired life until the time of his death. AV. R. Strong was reared in Rochester, and educated in her public schools. He commenced work as a clerk in a dry-goods store, but after the firm went out of business, he engaged in the manufacture of gloves, and after- ward in the manufacture of whips. The latter business still continues, and is now carried on by the extensive lirm of Strong & Woodbury, the first named member of the firm being a nephew of our subject. Another nephew. Dr. A. II. Strong, is president of the Rochester Theological Seminary. In 1849 a party of sev- enteen was organized in Rochester for the pur- pose of going to California, Mr. Strong among the number, and on the 2nd of October of that year they sailed out of New York harbor on the steamer Ocean Queen. The trip was made via Panama, where they lay for three weeks after having spent four days crossing the Isthmus. A body of 170 people chartered a sailitig vessel, the bark Eliza Ann, for the purpose of contin- uing the journey to San Francisco, and Mr. Strong was one of the number. They were si.xty-seven days on board the vessel, being de- layed outside the Heads by adverse winds, and passed through the Golden Gate into the harbor on the 12th of January, 1850. Mr. Strong re- mained in the city about a week, then proceeded via Stockton to the Southern mines, locating on Wood's Creek, below Sonora. He remained there but a short time, and was soon going from place to place, following the untrue stories of others, who claimed to have made great gold discoveries at different places. In the fall he engaged for a time at a hotel seven miles this side of Dry town, but soon afterward went to Nevada City. In July, 1852, having prospected throughout the Northern mines, he reached Sacramento. Here he engaged, in company with Edward Fay (now of Buffalo, New York), •n mercantile trade on the site of the present j Red House. In November, while Mr. Pay was I in San Francisco, buying goods, the great fire U I STOUT OF SAGUAMENTO COUNTY. oecnrred, and their store and stock were swept away. Mr. Strong snceeeded in removing a few traps upon a vacant lot, and, paying §500 per tliousand feet for lumber, proceeded to put up a shed. This was done, when, on the 9th of No- vember, occurred the great flood, which devas- tsited the city, and the water reached up over tlie counter of his store. He rigged up a raft and floated a few goods out to the place where Hoboken was started. He sold goods there eight weeks, then returned to Sacramento, and started again in tiie old place. The ground was very soft, and iriud boats, hauled by o.xen, were used to convey goods to tlie store. Goods were delivered in tlie same way, the oxen going down to their bellies at nearly every step. In the following year the business was closed out on account of disasters and independent specula- tions, and the partnership theretofore existing between Messrs. Strong and Fay was dissolved. Mr. Strong then engaged in trading in cattle or anything he could get tu handle, but finally, soon engaged in partnership with a Mr. Gordon, he re-established himself in mercantile business where the California State Bank now stands. July 13, 1854, the store was burned down- The thermometer at the time registered 110 in the shade, making it difticult to prevent the spreading of the flames. Mr. Strong got a few goods out into the street, but they were burned there. About §100 worth were taken down on Fourth street below K, and there were saved. Mr. Strong was overcome by exhaustion and the intense heat, and lay insensible until between eight and nine o'clock that night on the steps of a church. He then went inside, and made his bed that night on a seat. Two days later he had re-commenced business on the corner of Second and K streets. He occupied that location about two years, and was then induced to take a partnership in a candle factory on M street, opposite the old Pavilion. It was an unfortu- nate partnership, and the business proved un- successful for him. In 1857 he went back to the old place where the Red House now is, and remain" d in business there until 18B5, wlien Booth «fe Co. removed to the present location, and Mr. Strong moved down and rented the building where he is now located. For a long time he carried on the business alone, then Mr. Robert Williamson came into the firm, and later Mr. Phileirion E. Piatt, forming the firm of "W. R. Strong & Co. The business of this house is now very extensive, and they are known through- out the United States, which is the field of their business. Besides this great commission busi- ness, they have their own orchards and nurseries, which are alltiost equally noted. Mr. Strong has been twiCB married; tii-st in New York State to Miss Elsa J. Brewster, wlio died at Rochester. His present wife, to whom he was married in 1854, was formerly Mrs. Eliza J. Martin. Her maiden name was Davis, and she was a native of New Brunswick, New Jersey. By this mar- riage there are two children, viz.: Ella J., wife of Ellery J. Turner; and Charles B., who is in his father's store. Mr. Strong became associ- ated with the First Baptist Churcii of Rochester, New York, when but fourteen years of'age, and has been a church member ever since. He be- came associated with the First Baptist Church of Sacramento in 1852. He was one of the organizers of the Calvary Baptist Church, has been an officer nearly ever since, and is now deacon. While a Republican politically, he has never been in public life, preferring to leave that to others, though he was a candidate for the ofiice of public administrator in 1857. He was a Whig in the days of that party, but when the Republican party was organized he was one of the first to join the new movement, and helped organize the party in Sacramento. He has been treasurer of Pioneer Council, Legion of Honor, from its organization* Mr. Strong has always been recognized as one of the most honorable, active, pushing men in the business career of Sacramento, and made a success even in the face of untoward obstacles. No citizen has ever en- joyed in a greater degree the confidence and es- teem of the community than he. Coming here among the pioneers, he has seen and taken an active part in the great growth of (.'alifoiiiia. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. aud lias always been in tlie van in all movements calculated to advance the true welfare and in- terests of the State and city of his adoption. -H^H*-^' fC. SWEETSER, one of the old-time resi- dents of Sacramento, and a California ® pioneer, is a native of Waterville, Maine, horn November 3, 1819, his parents being Rich- ard and Sarah A. (Low) Sweetser. Ricliard Sweetser, a shipbuilder, died at the age of forty-seven; he was a son of a Revolutionary veteran, who lived to be ninety-four ye-.TS of age. The mother of the subject of this sketcli was a native of Maine, and was a daughter of Rev. Robert Low. A. C. Sweetser was in his seventh year when the family removed to Bel- fast, Maine, and there he was reared and educated in public and private schools, and also in the schools of Winterport, Maine. He was but a mere !ad when his father's death occurred, and on arriving at suitable age he went to learn the trade of house and ship joiner. He followed that business in all its branches at Belfast and Frankfort until 1847, when he engaged in the shoe trade at Carabridgeport, Massachusetts, but was induced to leave tliere to go into business at Boston. The latter part of the plan was not carried out, however, and instead he embarked in contracting. In the fall of 1848 he became interested in the talk of California, then agitat- ing the country, and became associated with one of the companies being organized to go to the new El Dorado. The movement resulted in the formation of the Boston and INewton Joint Stock Association, consisting of twenty-five men. One year's proviHons were purchased, and sent to California around Cape Horn, while the party left Boston April 16, 1849, proceed- ing to Buffalo, thence by lake to Sandnsky, by rail to Cincinnati, and by steamer to St. Louis. Thence they went by steamer to Independence, where they completed their outfit. Saddles and liarness they brought from Boston. The next stopping point, Mr. Sweetser went on to St. Joseph to look after provisions, and returned with supplies to Independence. From the lat- ter place the party started on the 16th of May. They followed the regular route to Salt Lake City, and there sold their wagons and harness, purchasing pack-saddles instead. After a rest of ten days at the Mormon capital, they re- sumed t.lieir journey to California, making their first stop in this State near Placerville, and pro- ceeding next day to Sacramento, where they ar- rived on the 27th of September. Sending to San Francisco for their provisions, they sold their horses, mules and trappings, divided out the provisions, and the party broke up. They had had a rather enjoyable trip, and most of them had got in the habit of walking a great deal. Their last provisions were eaten at Shingle Springs, whe^e they lodged the last night be- fore reaching Sacramento. Mr. Sweetser and two others camped tlie first night at Sacramento north of the ridge, and the first they had to eat for that entire day was a loaf of bread and some syrup that one of the party brought out there. The next day they came down to what is now the State Capitol grounds, and there they sold for $400 a large military tent wliich cost them $60. Mr. Sweetser had to wait for his tools, which had gone around Cape Horn, and then he took charge of a company of men engaged in clearing oti' lots. He next took charge of a gang of men unloading the brig " Belfast," at $10 per day. He next proceeded, with five others, to the North Fork of the American River, four miles north of Beal's Bar. A few days later he came back to Sacramento with a team to get provisions to sell to the miners. The roads were bad and it took two days to get to Sacramento. The rain came down in torrents while they were here, and Mr. Sweetser told one of his companions that he "guessed he would take his chances in Sacramento," at the same time offering to sell his interest for $100. The offer was accepted, and he remained. He made $16 to $20 a day, and in company with a school-mate bought a lot where Campbell's furniture store now stands, for the purpose of HISTUHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. putting up a buildins:. Willow poles were util- ized for posts, and Mr. Sweetser paid §20 for a board, which he carried up to tlie building on his back. The structure was covered over with canvas, and tarred, and when it was completed a building for a residence was put up on the alley. One side of the roof was coirtpleted when the weather cleared up, and the north wind caused a rise in the river. About four o'clock in the afternoon the water was running down the alley like a river. They were living in a tent, but they i)nt down a floor three feet above ground, and on this put their little cook- stove and their bedding. Before moi'ning the water was above their floor, and they had to pack up and move. They hired a Ijoatman to take tliein down on the levee, where they boarded a brig. A friend of Mr. Sweetser had charge of the brig, and kept it as a boarding-house, and as the berths were wide Mr. Sweetser was taken into that of his friend. Board was $30 a week, and there was plenty to eat, although there was no butter. Mr. Sweetser got some lumber at $400 per thousand, and with the assistance of another man, built a boat, for which, on com- pletion, he was oflfered $100. One evening, on one trip, he took in $7 with the boat. On a pile of lumber, with water all around, he made from $10 to $20 per dav, making boats and oars. He made a lot of bath tubs, and built a bath liouse for a man, at $20 per day. When the waters receded, he went up to his own building, fitted it up, and engaged in contracting, fitting up stores, etc., which he followed until the fire of 1852. After this he turned his attention to architecture and the superintending of build- ings. He also embarked in mining to some extent, but without success. In 1860 he com- menced in the real estate and insurance busi- ness, which has ever since been his vocation, and in which he has met with deserved success. Mr. Sweetser was married in Sacramento, in December, 1853, to Miss Sarah S. Pratt, a na- tive of Portland, Maine, who came out here from Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, in 1852. They have had one child, Sarah Emma, who died in November, 1857. Mr. Sweetser is a member of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers. He is the only one of the organizers of the Congregational Church now among its members or living here. The next year after organization he was elected deacon, and has tilled that post for a l/ 1. 2, 1824, in Garrard County, Kentucky, '^-.;-^ adaughter of John and Dorcas (McLin) Banks, both natives of Virginia. The family moved to Kentucky in an early day, thence to La Fayette County, Missouri, where the mother died. In the spring of the same year the father came to California, returning in the fall. He died shortly after, at the age of seventy years. The subject of this sketch was married Septem- ber 21, 1837, to George W. Maxfield, a saddler by trade, and a native of Kentucky. They came to California in 1859, crossing the plains and stopping a year at Salt Lake City. On arriving in California they put up at the Fifteen-Mile House. They went to Liberty, remaining a year; thence to Elk Grove, where they lived three years on the Charley Price place. From there they came to their present home, where Mr. Maxfield died October 14, 1872. With the assistance of her older sons, Mrs. Maxfield has made her home one of the most attractive and fruitful places in this county. There is always to be found at her home that generosity and hospitality which is seldom found save in the houses of people of her nativity. She always has a welcome and a kind word for the needy stranger asking alms, and none who are thought to be honest go from her door hungry. She has had twelve children, five girls and seven boys, nine of whom are living, viz.: Robert B., Margaret J., Gershom B., George W., Samuel P., Louisa, John C, Clara, Richmond G., Charles F., Mary M. and Anna O. ^UGH McELROY LA RUE, a leader among |B\ the representative business men of Sacra- ■^Ife mento, was born August 12, 1830, in Har- din County, Kentucky, north of and adjacent to the county which bears his family name. At that early day the State of Missouri was being rapidly settled up, in great part by some of the best Kentucky families. About the year 1839 the family removed to Lewis County, Missouri, when the Indians, even if nothing else, were plentiful. Mr. La Rue-early evinced a desire to extend his travels to the far West, and as early as 1845, when he was but fifteen years of age, he began talking about his intention to cross the plains. It is not, therefore, surpris- ing that the excitement resulting from the dis- covery of gold should lead him to become a member of a party in V. A. Sublette and Dr. Conduitt's expedition across the plains. This party, however, had been formed before the news of the gold discovery had reached there. They crossed the Missouri River at Booneville, and April 29, 1849, left Independence, that State, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. which was their last point within the limits of civilization. They came by way of the Platte River, and the South Pass, by Sublette's cut- off and Fort Ilall (the Oregon trail), and came into this State, crossing the Truckee River about twenty-seven times in thirty miles; and about August 12 reached the Bear River mines at Steep Hollow. N"ear this place, during the following six weeks, Mr. La Rue had his first mining experience. After visiting Grass Val- ley, Nevada, and Deer Creek, he located at Fid- dletown, Amador County, now called Oleta, being one of the first party of white men to build a cabin at that point, and discovered and worked the first mines there. The name "Fid- dletown thus originated: Soon after the arrival of Mr. La Rue and his party at that point, a number of men from Arkansas, among whom were several violin players, settled near them, and, the winter being rather too wet to permit of mining comfortably, they passed their time largely in violin playing, card playing and danc- ing. In this Arkansas party were the Gentrys, Logans, Rubottoms and Bettis. Mr. La Rue next went to Willow Springs, four miles west of Drytown, bought out a small eating-house there and conducted it until about the 1st of March. From there he went to Marysville, and thence made, in the spring of 1850, a trad- incr expedition to Shasta with a stock of grocer- ies and provisions, which he sold directly from the wagon at that place to the merchants and miners at very remunerative prices, as his goods were the first to arrive .there. His flour he sold at 40 cents a pound; pork, ham, sugar, coffee and rice, $1 to $1.25 a pound; whiskies and brandies, about $8 a gallon; and other articles in proportion. After making one moie trip to that point, he came to Sacramento, in June, 1850, and engaged in blacksraithingand wagon- making. The cholera epidemic of that year broke up the business and he went out upon the Norris grant (Rancho del Paso), rented a piece of land and began the cultivation of vegetables, and afterward grain, and thus employed himself until 1857, when he planted an orchard of seventy-five acres, principally in peach trees, — the most extensive orchard in this vicinity. In this enterprise he was doing well until the floods of 1861-'62 damaged his orchards. Noi'ris failed that year, and Mr. La Rue bought the property; but the floods of 1868 utterly de- stroyed this tract and ended the venture. In 1866, however, Mr. La Rue purchased 800 or 900 acres of land in Yolo County; but after a wiiile he felt the necessity of moving his family into town, for the sake of schooling his children, and also for the sake of being nearer to the Yolo ranch, to which he had added by purchase from time to time until it reached 2,000 acres. After the floods of 1868 he sold his interest in the Rancho del Paso tract and gave his undivided attention to the Yolo ranch. He now has about 100 acres of vineyard, sixty acres of almonds, grain of difl'erent kinds, 250 mules and horses, and about 100 head of cattle, Heiefords and Durhams; and is making a specialty of mules, importing jacks from Ken- tucky. This interest is now in charge of and managed by his son, J. E. La Rue. In 1885 he bought a vineyard of ninety acres — in a 140-acre tract — at Yountville, nine miles above Napa; it is now all in vines. This place was settled in 1846 by Charles Hopper. It is remarkable for its fertility, and is in charge of another son, C. L. La Rue. Of his political and public career, it may be mentioned that in 1857 the subject of this sketch made a canvass for slieriff of Sac- rament County on the Democratic ticket, was elected by a small majority of seven or eight votes, but, the case being contested in the courts, he lost the office. In 1873 he was again a candidate for the same office and was elected by a handsome majority. In 1879 he was a member of the State Constitutional Convention, elected from the Second Congressional District. Id 1863-'64 he was a member of the Assembly, and was speaker during both sessions. He was a prominent actor in the movement for the erection of the exposition building of the State Agricultural Society; also in the revision of the general railroad laws, in the county gov- HISTOUT OF SACMAMENTO COUNTi' ernmeiit act, the bill reorganizing the Senato- rial and Assembly districts, the laws relating to taxes, etc. lie was the Democratic candidate for Senator in 1888,' in which canvass he ran ahead of his ticket. He has been a member of the State Agricultural Society since 1867, Was its president in 1879, 1880 and 1882, and has been a director since that time, and sunerin- ipe tendent of the pavilion during the exhibitions. While Speaker of the Assembly and President of the State Board of Agriculture, he was ex officio member of the Board of Kogents of the State University, and he has held, and is hold- ing, many official positions of less notoriety. He has been a member of Sacramento Lodge, No. 4:0, F. & A. M., for thirty one years; and is also a member of the Royal Arch Chapter. In 1856 he became a member of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers, in which body he is a member of the board of trustees; he is also a member of the Sacramento Grange, of which lie is the present master. Mr. La Rue was married in Colusa County, this Stcite, in 1858, to Miss E. M. Lizenby, daughter of Thomas Lizenby, formerly of Lewis County, Missouri, and a half-sister of the Rev. Dr. William M. Rush, of the Missouri Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and of Judge John A. Rush, formerly of Colusa, and now At- torney-General of Arizona. They have four sons : Jacob Eugene, Calhoun Lee, Hugh McElroy, Jr., and John Rush. Their only daughter, Marie Virginia, died in 1888, — an inexpressible loss. — K..„«a.>,w%._.. — fDWARD F. AIKEN, a pioneer of Sacra- mento. In the little village of Halloweil, Kennebec County, Maine, August 22, 1827, the subject of this sketch was born, destined to become at length one of California's pioneer settlers and a prominent fruit-grower of Sacramento County. His father, Jesse Aiken, was a merchant and ship-owner well known throughout New England, while his mother, nee Mary A. Fuller, daughter of Judge Fuller, was a descendant of the Weymouths, a Puritan family of Plymouth. Edward received his early education at the Halloweil Academy, after which he attended Bowdoin College. At the age of sixteen years he started on a trip around the world, in the whale-ship General Pike, Captain Pierce, of New Bedford, and visited Portucral, the Western Islands, the Cape of Good Hope, the Island of Desolation, Auckland, New Zea- land (at that time a town with about 800 in- habitants), the Feejee Islands, Wallace's Island, Samoa, Tongatoboo, the Society Islands, ana Moai, a port of the Sandwich Islands, where the vessel lay up two months, and where Mr. Aiken received letters from home and met friends. John Ladd, who was the American Consul at the port, was a relative of liis. Thence they crossed to the Japan Islands, the Seas of Kam- tchatka and Okotsk, and after seven months returned to the Sandwich Islands, and on to California in the fall of 1845, in pursuit of sperm whales along the coast. They landed at 'Monterey, which was then only a whaling station, consisting of about a dozen adobe houses. While there he learned that gold had been discovered by Antonl, a Portuguese sailor. After this voyage of nearly three years 'he re- turned home, spent six months in his father's store, and then started on another voya»e, going before the mast in the new ship Italia, Captain Baker. This was a vessel of 900 tons, a large ship for those days, and with it they sailed for Charleston, South Carolina, Liverpool, and thence with 500 passengers to New Orleans. Mr. Aiken was promoted second mate. They returned to Liverpool with a cargo of cotton, tobacco and rice; thence to Cadiz for salt, and returned to Bath, Maine, after an absence of over a year. Afterward he sailed again to Charleston for a cargo of rice, going out as second mate with Captain Warren; thence to London, and returned to Boston with railroad iron. During the year of the great famine in Ireland he made three trips to Liverpool, as mate on the sliip Requa. Next he made two HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. voyages as mate in the packet ship Mary Ann, Captain Patten, and bore all the responsibility during the return During one storm he was on deck fur sixty-five iiours without inter- ruption, wlien it was covered with ice. Return- ing to Boston, iiis attention was called to the discovery of gold in California by Marshall, and he then recalled the story which he had heard of the Portuguese sailor, Antoni, at Mon- terey. A stock company was in process of formation, and he and his friend D. 11. Has- kell, an old classmate, became shareholders in the enterprise. Of those who joined the com- pany, nine had been before the mast, and six liad been ship captains, and among the others was the genius, llev. Ferdinand C. Ewer, wiio afterward had charge of St. Paul's Episcopal Church at Sacramento, and was editor, author, etc. The company secured the ship York, and as cargo brought to California material for several houses, ready to he put up, also for a small steamboat, tools, seeds, provisions, etc. Leaving Boston April 1, 1849, and coming by way of Cape Horn, they arrived at San Fran- cisco September 12. There, on account of dis- ao'reement, they disorganized, and most of them sacrificed the largest proportion of their original investment. Captain Aiken improved the tim.e in superintending the removal of a small build- ing, receiving $16, which was the rirst money he earned in this State. Coming to Sacra- mento the second week in October, with five others, they camped out on the banks of the American River, about where the railroad shops now are. The river then was a clear stream and deep, and a ship of 600 tons could safely ride at anchor off Third street, with eleven feet of water under her keel. For live years lie was employed with others in conducting the wood station, twenty-two miles south of town. In October, 1853, he went East and married Miss Mary Wright Lee, daughter of Thomas Lee. His father being opposed to his returning West, he came here to dispose of his interests; but not being able to do this in a satisfactory man- ner, he concluded to remain, and the next spring his wife arrived. They lived on the river until the fall of 1861 or 1862, when he bought the Ralston tract; but he had become interested in horticulture ^even or eight years previously, starting the first nursery on the river, and obtaining his stock from Oregon and elsewhere. By the year 1861, when he sold out, he had over 7,000 bearing trees. In 1863-'64 he changed bis location to Sutter Township, east of the city limits, where he re- mained until recently, devoting his attention almost exclusively to fruit-growing and intro- ducing many new varieties from abroad. Lately he has purchased property on G street in Sacra- mento, where he expects to spend his declining years. In his political views Mr. Aiken is an independent Republican. Was instrumental in organizing the first Union League at Richland, of which Mr. Nathan Williams was the first president, and Senator William Johnston and J. B. Green were prominent members. He was for many years an active member of the Masonic fraternity, and also of the A. O. U. W. ; was a charter member of Lodge No. 1580, K. of H., being organizing deputy of this order for the State and also for the K. & L. of H. ; organized the first farmers' club, which three years later was merged into the Patrons of Husbandry, of which order he was lecturer for three years. He was Supreme Representative of the Knights and Ladies of Honor to the convention in Cleveland, in September, 1889. fOIIN T. GRIFFITTS, capitalist. Sacra- mento, was born in Burlington County, New Jersey, in December, 1885. His father, Samuel Powell Grifiitts, was engaged in mercantile pursuits and farming, but m 1849 he-removed, with his family, to Mishawaka, St. Joseph County, Indiana, the former home of Charles Crocker. Indeed, when Mr. Griffitts, our subject, came to California ten years later to reside, it was under an engagement to Mr. Crocker. Landing in Sacramento in April, lIISTOliY OF SACliAMENTO COUJS'TY. 1856, he at once entered Crocker's store. In May, 1863, he Iwught out Mr. Crocker's inter- est. The store was then located on J street, lietvveen Eighth and Ninth, and tlie firm was Duell, Gritfitts & Co. During that year, 1863, the Sacramento Light Artillery was organized, composed of professional and business men. Edgar Mills was the first captain, and the sec- ond was S. S. Montague, chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad. Mr. Grittitts became corporal, and served with the organization several years. In 1872 he bought out his re- maining partners in the store, and continued alone until February, 1877. In the fall of that ye;ir he embarked in the real estate and insur- ance business, and a year afterward became a member of the firm of E. H. Stevens & Co. Mr. Griffitts has held many positions of trust. In 1878 he was a member of the board of edu- cation, and was pre.«ident of the same two years, and during his term Jarvis Johnson established the School of Technology, the Capital Grammar School building was erected, and other improve- ments made; he was also a fire commissioner for six years, and during his term as such the department accjuired the property on Seventli street, between K and L; and for four years he was county assessor. Of late he has in some de- gree retired from the more active duties, be- coming interested in fruit-culture at Courtland since 1S84. He has also located many tracts of State land for settlers, having much experience and a thorough knowledge of the topography of the State. He has at all times taken an active interest in politics. He voted for John C. Fre- mont in 1856, and has ever since then been a loyal Republican; has been a member of the City Central Committee, and of various con- ventions. At Laporte, Indiana, in 1860, he married Miss Georgiaua Root, a native of New York State, and daughter of Colonel Root, well known as a colonel of militia in this State. Mr. and Mrs. Griffitts have a son and a daughter. The family with which Mr. Griffitts is connected is a very prominent one in the city of Phila- delphia. His father was a native of that city, born in 1794; and the latter's father was also a native of the same city. His grandfather, Wil- liam Griffitts, was born in Wales in 1724, emi- grated to Philadelphia, and married Abigail Powell, daughter of Samuel Powell, both fami- lies being "Friends." Powell's avenue in Phila- delphia was named foi- them, and Dr. Samuel Powell, a near relative, was a very prominent physician there. EINSTOCK, LUBIN & CO.— The his- tory of Sacramento would be incom- plete without some description of its greatest retail dry-goods establishment. It is a modern institution, and its growth has been phenomenal. The store building, which is on the southeast corner of Fourth ami K streets, is 120 X 160 feet in dimensions. The proprie- tors, who are half brothers, began here in 1874, in a small way, in a building 16 x 24 feet, on the corner where they are at present, and they have so increased their business that at least for a large portion of each year, 250 to 320 em- ployes are required to do the work. As their patronage extends throughout the coast much of their business is transacted by mail, and for this alone many hands are employed. They have offices and buyers in New York city, San Francisco and other large cities. They have added to their business the feature of co-oper- atioii, a"d named their magnificent establish- ment the Mechanics' Store. The method adopted in the sharing of profits is as follows: The em- ployes are divided into four grades, — the first, who are permitted to be stockholders, being a few of the most trusted hands; the second, the heads of departments, who hold executive and important positions; third, the juniors, who liold subordinate positions, and have served a certain length of time; fourth, the remainder of the employes. As promotion is strictly accord- ing to merit, a book account is kept of the con- duct of each employe, and small fines are iinp'ised for shortoomings. The fund thus arising HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. is divided j?ro rata among the class from which it had arisen. The proprietors take an active in- terest in the welfare of their employes, adopt- ing means for interesting them outside of business hours. An educational department has been created, and teachers employed for the different branches. All persons under seventeen years of age in the employ of the house have the benefit of this instruction. The iirm name was Weinstock & Lubin until the beginning of 1888, when the association was incorporated under the name of Weinstock, Lubin & Co. The officers are now: H. Weinstock, president; D. Lubin, vice-president; Albert Bonheim, secretary and treasurer. The board of directors consists of the above-named officers, together with Wil- liam Skeels and Charles Phipps. The proprie- tors are public-spirited gentlemen, and have done much for |he improvement of the city of Sacramento. '^■&-^ ^ON. ROBERTWHITNEY WATERMA?^, |m\ Governor of the State of California. Per- ^^ haps no study is of either a deeper interest or a greater value, more especially to the young, than that of personal history and the deline- ation of character. In material of this nature the records of American citizenship are peculiarly rich, furnishing us some of the most striking instances possible of what can be achieved, even under the most untoward circumstances, by force of diligence, determination, and strict in- tegrity. Moreover, while such examples can be culled from the annals of almost every section, no State of the Union presents so rich a field for the biographer and historian as does Cali- fornia. Her population has no equal in any other portion of the world either in independ- ence of character, in strong virtues of manhood or the accomplishment of great success. For these reasons it is, that no apology is necessary when the name of a true Californian is men- tioned. Especially is this the case when the subject chosen is one who stands deservedly and honorably so, a type and representative at once of the large manhood of the West, and as well the civic head of the great State of California, Governor R. W. Waterman, one who owes more to the capital embraced in a splendid physical organization and a well poised brain than to the wealth inherited from a line of ancient ancestry. Robert Whitney Waterman, seventeenth Gov- ernor of California, was born in Fairfield, Herki- mer County, New York, December 15, 1826. His father died when the son was ten years old, and in very moderate circumstances. Two years later the son removed to the West and located at Sycamore, Illinois, and later acted as clerk in a country store until his twentieth year, in Bel- videre, Illinois, where he engaged in business for himself as a general mercliant in 1846. In 1848 Mr. Waterman removed to Genoa, Illinois, where he engaged in mercantile business, and in 1849 became postmaster under President Taylor, but, carried away with the early tide of the gold-seeking emigration, he crossed the plains in the following year to California. During the years 1850 and 1851 Mr. Waterman engaged extensively in mining on the Feather River, and paid frequent visits to Sacramento to purchase goods, hauling them thence to the scene of his mining operations, little dreaming at that time that he should return again to Sacramento nearly forty years later to fill the gubernatorial chair of a State with over a mil- lion inhabitants. In 1852 Mr. Waterman re- turned to Illinois, locating at Wilmington, and engaging in an extensive general mercantile business, at the same time giving considerable attention to agricultural pursuits. In the fol- lowing year he entered the fields of journalism, and published the Wilmington Independent. lie was a delegate to the now historical con- vention, held at Bloomington, Illinois, in 1854, that gave form and name to the Republican party. At this convention he was associated with such men as Abraham Lincoln, Lyman Trumbull, Richard Yates, David Davis, Owen Lovejoy, Richard J. Oglesby, S. A. liurlbnt and Allen C.' Fuller, all of whom he counted HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. amoncr his valued and intimate friends. While Go7ei-nor Waterman has never been known as a politician, he lias always taken a lively and clear-sighted interest in the affairs of the nation. Although not a voter he did effective work dur- ing the campaign of Henry Clay, for whose character he has always had an ardent admira- tion. He was instrumental in raising the first brass band outside of Chicago. He took a very active part in Fremont's campaign, and also in the Senatorial contest between Lincoln and Douglas. Under President Lincoln he took the office of postmaster of Wilmington, Illinois. There were thirteen applicants for the position, all of whom wanted it for the money there was in it. Mr. AVaterman took it, however, not for the sake of office, but to turn it over to the first one of the "boys in blue" who came home wounded. A man with only one leg got it. Not- withstanding numerous and important duties and interests at home, on the outbreak of the war he enlisted more than 1,000 men, and also rendered valuable services as bearer of dis- patches for Governor Yates, tnaking several trips to the front in 1861, and afterward actively taking part in the reorganization of the hospital service at Cairo, Bird's Point, and Mound City, Jllinois, and Fort Holt and Paducah, Kentucky. In 1873 he returned to California and estab- lished his home at San P>ernardino the following year. He had already acquired a practical and val- uable mining experience, and soon started out asa prospector. After undergoing many hardships and meeting obstacles that would have dis- couraged most other men, he and J. L. Porter were finally successful in discovering a series of silver mines in a locality which has since become famous as the Calico Mining District in San Bernardino County, and has added materially to the wealth of the State while giving profit- able employment to very many men. He had always retained his fondness for agricultural pursuits, and with the increased means thus placed at his command, he soon made his Hot Springs ranch, on the mountain side near the city of San Bernardino, one of the most charm- ing and beautiful homes in tiie State. This place, with its picturesque surroundings, is the admiration of tliousands of visitors every ye ir . During the presidential campaign of 1884 he and Richard Gird were the principal projectors and builders of a large "wigwam" or pavilion in San Bernardino for the use of political meet- ings. At the Republican Stite Convention held at Los Angeles August 27, 1886, Mr. Wa- terman was nominated for Lieutenant Governor, and in the following November he was elected by a plurality of 2,500 votes, the Democratic State ticket being successful with but two other exceptions. Pie came to the chair of the Senate without previous experience as a presiding officer, but acquitted himself in a manner that commanded the respect and inspired the con- fidence of that body and of the people, and suc- ceeded in winning over his severest critics of opposite political faith. Upon the death of Governor Washington Bartlett, September 12, 1887, Lieutenant Governor Waterman was called to the duties of Chief Executive and was in- augurated the following day in San Francisco, where the oath of office was administered by Justice McFarland, of the Supreme Court. The course pursued by Governor Waterman since his election to this position has been sub- jected to the severest hostile criticism by per- sons of the other party, yet so equitable, firm and fair has it been, and so manifestly and honestly watchful has been the guardianship of the State's best interests, both in the exercise of patronage ami of the prerogatives of office, that Governor Waterman stands to-day as per- haps the most generally popular, as he is one of the best, governors California has ever known. During recent years he has engaged in numerous business enterprises in various parts of the State. He is owner of the famous Stonewall gold mine in San Diego County, and has extensive ranch properties in Southern California. He is presi- dent of the San Diego, Cuyamaca & Eastern Railway, and is prominently connected with many other enterprises tending to the develop- ment of the State. Governor Waterman was 584 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. inarried in 1847, at Belvidere, Illinois, to Miss Jane Gardner, she being a native of that place TLey have had seven children, of whom six are living, two being sons and four daughters. Their names are as follows: James S., Mary P., Helen J., Waldo S., Anna C, and Lou A. fAMES E. CAMP was born in Bennington County, Vermont, January 28, 1840, his parents being James and Betsy (Jepson) Camp. His father was of German descent, his ancestors having come to this country from Ger- many and settled in Vermont; he lived in Ver- mont until about thirty-five years ago, when he and his family removed to Henry County, Illi- nois, where he died in 1876, at the age of sixty-four years. Ilis mother, Betsy Camp, was a native of Vermont; she died in 1887. There were nine children in the family, five sons and four daughters: Dexter, resident in Pawnee County, Kansas; Swasey, in Nebraska; David, in Sacra- mento County, California; Charles, deceased; James E.; Eliza, in Nebraska; Betsy, in Ne- braska; and Adeline, who died in Iowa. The subject of this sketch was raised and educated in Vermont to the age of sixteen years, when he went with his parents to Illinois, continuing his schooling there for three years. At the age of twenty he commenced farming for himself in Knox County about seven miles from his father in Henry County. September, 1865, at the age of twenty-five he was married to Miss Ardell Burnason, a native of Otsego County, New York, who died in California in 1876, leaving three children: Charles, born May 15, 1867; Clarence, June 15, 1869; and Lottie, November 6, 1873. Mr. Camp resided in Knox County for six or seven years, then moved to Benton County, Iowa. Most of the time he followed farming and for three years ran a livery stable in Belle Plaint, Iowa. Then he emigrated to California, stopping six months in Missouri. Arriving in this State he located in Sacramento County, on the Haggin grant in American Township; then he went to Sacramento City for the purpose of educating his children. In 1882 he bought his present farm of 270 acres, bordering on the American River in Brighton Township, moving upon it in 1885. The land is a sandy loam, rich and productive. Ho has about ten acres in or- chard and raises peaches, pears, and plums; but the principal crop is hops, which average 2,500 to 3,000 pounds per acre. In 1882 the price of hops was %1 a pound, and has fluctuated from that price ever since. Mr. Camp is thoroughly posted in the art of raising them. He also raises stock and is well known as being a successful man in this business. His stock is as fine as any in tne county and consists of beef for the the market, besides some thoroughbred stock. His thoroughbred stock consists of Durhains imported from Kentucky, which ranks the best in the United States; and the Aberdeen Angus, imported from Scotland. Most of the improve- ments on his place he has put there himself, and it is one of the finest ranches in the country, everything being kept in first-class order. Mr. Camp has been a member of the Odd Fellows for about eleven years, and belongs to the Sacra- mento Lodge. He was married to his present wife, Nettie M. Taylor, daughter of Henry Taylor of Clinton County, New York, March 17, 1880. They have one son, Edgar J., who was born December 18, 1885. tNDREW ROSS, one of the best known of Sacramento's business men, is a native of Germany, born at Aschbach, Bavaria, October 20, 1830, a sou of George Boss, a hotel keeper and butcher of that place. His mother died when he was a child of two years old. Andrew attended the public schools from the age of six until he was fourteen, and then learned the butcher's trade. In June, 1849, he embarked at Havre-de-Grace on a sailing vessel for New York, the voyage occupying twenty- eight days, then the fastest time on record. He went to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and obtained HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. work at his trade, remaining a year and a half' then proceeded to St. Louis, where he remained, with the exception of seven months, until the spring of 1853. Then he and three companions decided to come to California, and in May, 1853, they started. They proceeded to St. Joseph, thence by Ft. Leavenworth, Kearney and Lara- mie to Salt Lake, where Mr. Eoss stopped for two weeks. He purchased a couple of ponies and resumed the journey, which he made there- after all alone to California. He brought up at Hangtown in August and went to mining, which occupation he followed there, at Georgetown, Coloma, Kelsey, etc., until the early summer of 1854, when he came to Sacramento. Here he obtained employment at his trade with Bennett & Eamsey, at the Queen City Market. Six months later they sold the business to Fred Cross, Mr. Koss remaining with him until 1855. He then started in business on his own account, on Seventh street, between H and L The pres- ent firm of Ross & Ankener was formed in 1880. Mr. Ross was married in this city, on the family place where they now reside, April 15, 1858, to Miss Catherine Faber, a native of Wurtemburg, Germany. They have four living children, viz.: Caroline, Paulitie, William and Katie. Mr- Ross was one of the charter members of Schiller Lodge, L O. O. F. and has always remained an active member. He was one of the organizers of the Sacramento Hussars, was First Orderly Sergeant, and afterward elected First Lieutenant, ile is a Republican politically. No man in Sacramento has a higher reputation for honesty and integrity than Mr. Ross, and he enjoys the confidence and esteem of the community. ^*3-^^ IILLIAM RITTER, deceased. Tlie sub- ject of this sketch was born in Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania, in 1831, his parents being William and Margaret Ritter. The father was in prosperous circumstances, and the son had the advantage of a good educa- tion. With two or three young companions he struck out to try his fortune in California, and was remarkably successful. With his experience in actual mining came larger plans, in which he was also prosperous. Being one of the dis- coverers of the Manzanita mine at Nevada City, he sold out his interest therein and embarked in the business of constructing mining ditches. He had mining interests at Michigan Bar as early as 1855, having been then five years in the business. Mr. Ritter was married in Sac- ramento, to Miss Jennie Byam, daughter of Seth and Leath (Pettie) Byam. She had come to California with her widowed mother in 1858, being brought out by her brother, H. S. Byam, who had come here in 1849. The mother died in 1880, aged seventy-six. She was of the Pet- tie family of Vermont. The Byams are of the early settlers of Massachusetts, the first immi- grant of that name having settled in Plymouth Colony about 1640. In 1857 Mr. Ritter laid the solid foundation of a dam and "sea-wall" on the South Fork of the Cosumnes, in Music- dale Canon, and thus began the construction of the Prairie Ditch, extending about twenty-one miles to Michigan Bar, completed about 1858. He afterward bought some of the smaller ditches that had been excavated by difi'erent parties from time to time since 1851. His outlay is estimated at $300,000 between 1857 and 1865. In July, 1865, during the absence of his wife and child on a visit to Philadelphia, Mr. Ritter was killed by robbers. While driving with some friends from Michigan Bar to his home at Sebastopol, he was recognized by the freebooters as a richer prey than the country store they were plundering. Being high-spirited and impetuous, he tried to beat them off, when he was shot by one of them and died twenty-four hours later. He is buried in Sacramento. His unresisting companions escaped with the loss of what little money and valuables they had in their possession. In 1865 the ditch properties of the Ritter estate were combined under the title of the Amador and Sacramento Canal Company, incorporated under the laws of Cali- fornia. The active superintendence of this cor- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTy. poration has been for sixteen years in charge of Mr. Henry S. Byam, the brother of Mrs. Ritter. Meanwhile Miss Eugenie Ritter finished her education at Madam Mears' Academy in New York in 1874, and accompanied her mother to Europe, where she attracted much attention by her grace and beauty. Siie was married in Paris to Viscount Henry Honssaye, an officer in the French army, and more recently a writer of distinction, the son of Arsene Honssaye, an antlior of international reputation. Mrs. Ritter has paid repeated visits to their beautiful home in Paris. From a comfortable but unpreten- tious' house at Michigan Bar, far removed from the great centers of luxury and reiinement, to a grand mansion in a fashionable quarter of the brilliant metropolis of modern civilization, is quite a change; but Mrs. Ritter, a true type of American adaptivity, is equally at home in the Parisian palace and the California cottage. A new and valuable use of the water facilities of the Amador and Sacramento Canal Company has been devised, and put in operation in 1889. This consists of an irrigating ditch extending from the old canal, by a winding course of twenty-two miles, into Dry Creek Township, near Gait. A great enhancement in value of the back lands of the Cosumnes is anticipated from this enterprise, more beneficent and far- reaching in its results than all the gold- washing of the canal in the days of its greatest useful- ness. The stock of the company is owned by Viscountess Eugenie Iloussaye and Mrs. Jennie Byam Ritter. -5v.f. fOHN McFARL AN D, one of the most noted farmers of Sacramento County, was born March 4, 1824, in Starlingshire, Scotland, son of John and Jeanette (Sands) McFarland. His father was a cooper by trade, but also car- ried on the mercantile business in Canada. He came to the Udited States in 1834 and returned to Canada, where he died in 1847. The mother died August 10, 1834. They had eleven chil- dren. Tiie subject of this sketch was raised on a farm until he was fifteen years old, when he started out for himself, learning the carpenter and joiner's trade, and also the vocation of a machinist. In 1834 he came to the United States, and worked in Buffalo, Chicago and Cleveland, and in 1850 came from La Salle, Illinois, overland to California, with horse teams, stopping at Placervilie only a few days previous to the squatter riot at Sacramento, and saw some come into his town for protection. He also saw one of the men who were shot, and for a long time kept as a relic a piece of bone that came out of the arm of the wounded man. Starting from the States March 10, Mr. McFar- land was about five months on the route. He stopped at Salt Lake, and helped to build a car- riage or chariot for Brigham Yonn^; he had charge of the work. This vehicle was built for a large celebration to be held July 25. It was drawn by twenty-four horses, and contained twenty- live young ladies, representing the twenty-fifth anniversary of their arrival at Salt Lake. On the upper deck of the chariot was a band with twenty-live instruments. One of the ladies is now Mrs. Clark, of Gait. On this trip Mr. McFarland rode from Salt Lake to Carson City on four scant meals. He rode about forty miles a day, and four days he had scarcely any food. He had no trouble with the Indians to speak of, but the train sufiered much for want of provisions. On arrival in this State Mr. McFarland went to mining in Coon Hollow, and was the first man to br »g water into El Dorado for raining purposes in 1851, selling it at $1 an inch. Being the originator of the en- terprise and the chief stockholder, he was elected president of the company. He made some money, but afterward lost it at Mokelumne Hill. In 1857 he sold out and located upon his present place, which he had purchased four years previously. It then consisted of 640 acres, but now there are 1,600 acres; he is cul- tivating 1,400 acres. This ranch is one of the finest and best improved in the country. There are about three acres in orchard and vineyard. UISrOBT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. On tliis place is the largest fig tree in tlie State of California. Mr. McFarland cast liis first Presidential vote for General William H. Har- rison, and remembers many interesting inci- dents connected with the celebrated hard-cider and log-cabin campaign of 1840. He is a mem- ber of Gait Lodge, No. 983, I. O. O. F., and of the Encampment. During the past ten years he has made several journeys to distant points. fAVID KEESE was born August 7, 1849, in Llsaint, Carmarthenshire, Wales, his parents being John, born in 1817, and Elizabeth (Anthony) Reese; they were both na- tives of Llsaint. John Reese learned the shoe- marker's trade when a mere boy and worked at it until 1854. In February of tliatyear, he with his wife and three children, emigrated to Amer- ica, sailing from Liverpool and landing at New (Jrleans after a voyage of eight weeks. From there he sailed up the river to Kansas City, where he outfitted for a journey across the plains, bringing up at Utah. He bought land here and followed stock-raising for six years. In 1860 he sold out and started for California, stopping about two months in the Sierra Moun- tains; he arrived in Sacramento in October. He bought land in San Joaquin Township, and made his home tiiere until his death, which oc- curred September 11, 1869; his wife died Feb- ruary 6, 1889. They liad five children, as follows: Catliarlne, wife of John B. Brown, resi- dent in this neighborhood; David, John, Eliza- beth, wife of W. W. Kilgore, resident in Colusa County; and Thomas, who died while crossing the plains to Utah. David Reese, the subject of this sketch, made his home with his parents until his marriage in October, 1879, to Mira Kilgore, daughter of William Kilgore, who was born in Sacramento County, California, where she was principally raised. In 1878 he bought his present place of 275 acres, and after his marriage moved upon it. He owns 253 acres in Colusa County, part of which belongs to his mother's estate. Mr. Reese has been a success- ful farmer. He commenced with nothing but his own energy, good judgment, and persever- ance, and now owns one of the prettiest and most valuable pieces of property in this county. His vineyard of forty-three acres is in good bearing. The oldest part of it was. planted in 1863, by James Hooker, of Sacramento, who was in partnership with his uncle; one of them died, however, before their plans were realized and the place was sold. Mr. Reese is a mem- ber of the Odd Fellows' Society, Elk Grove Lodge, No. 274, and of the Florin Grange, No. 130. Mr. and Mrs. Reese have five children: Edward E., born August 2, 1880; Ethel M., September 1, 1882; Percy D., May 31, 1884, John K., December 30, 1886, and Shrank L., July 14, 1889. YRON SMALL GREEN was born in Richmond, Vermont, May 17, 1838, his parents being Iddo and Louisa (Wliitcomb) Green. The mother died in 1S8T, aged seventy-six; the father, a carpenter by trade, is still living, aged eighty, on January 9, 1889. Grandfather Isaac Green was over seventy when lie died. Grandmother (Stevens) Whit- comb also lived to a good old age, dying of apoplexy. M. S, Green received a limited edu- cation in the district schools, and at the age of fifteen came to (California with his uncle, James Whitcomb, helping to drive cattle across the plains. The uncle had come to California in 1850 with his brother Silas. They were the owners of a large part of the Whitcomb ranch, now owned by N. M. Fay. Young Green helped around on the place until near the close of 1856. On December 20 of that year he left San Francisco for Vermont, where he spent one year in an academy at Underbill Centre. Re- turning in April, 1858, he went into the butcher- ing business in Sacramento. He also bought and sold stocks, and of this he has done tnore for less ever since. For some years his uncle niSTORT OF 8A0RAMENT0 COUNTY. James Wliitcomb, carried on a large butcliering business in the raining regions, rnnning five shops at as many points, and in these enter- prises Mr. Green was often an assistant, and at other times did butchering on his own account or for others. In 1871 Mr. Wliitcomb bought a fruit randi of 103 acres on the Sacramento, about four miles above Courtland. In 1873 he was seriously injured, resulting after a few months in paralysis of the lower linilis, which proved incurable. He had recourse to various kinds of treatment from 1873 to 1876, but all proved ineffective. In 1876 he settled down in the new house he had just built on his fruit ranch, and lived there ten j'ears, dying July 18, 1886, aged sixty-one. Mr. Green now occupies the place, and is administrator of the estate. There are about twenty acres of orchard, and forty of alfalfa, the other chief industry being the raising of horses and cattle. In 1865 Mr. Green was married in Virginia City to Miss Frances J. Field, a native of Keokuk, Iowa, daughter of Edward and Eliza (Moran) Field. Mr. Field was a native of Vergennes, Ver- mont. Mr. and Mrs. Green are the parents of three children: Clara Louisa, born in 1869; James Whitcomb, in 1871; and Edward, in 1880. WILLIAM C. SHELDON was born Feb- ruary 26, 1848, on the well-known Sheldon ranch, being the oldest child and only son of Jared D. and Catherine F. (Rhoads) Sheldon. The father was original grantee of what was then called the Omochum- ney Ranclio, which, being afterward divided between him and his partner, became better known as the Sheldon and Daylor ranches. Will- iam C. successively attended the Rhoads and Wilson district schools until he reached the age of fifteen. In 1863 he entered Benicia College, taking a full course of three years, and after- ward a business course of one year m San Fran- cisco. At the age of nineteen he returned to the farm, and in 1873 he received title to his individual share of the Sheldon estate, on which he still resides. It contained 630 acres, to which he has since added ninety. Of this about 230 acres are bottom land. On September 26, 1872, he was married to Miss Anna V. Cook, born in Burlington, New Jersey, of American parentage. They are the parents of six chil- dren: William Jared, born July 26, 1873; Catherine Polly, March 9, 1875; George Tru- man, October 18, 1877; Jessie Cornelia, Oc- tober 14, 1879; Laurin Murat, August 12, 1882; and a girl baby, not yet named, born March 25, 1888. .>^^. fARED DIXON SHELDON, deceased, was born January 8, 1813, in Underbill Centre , Vermont, his parents being Truman and Polly (Dixon) Sheldon. The father served in the War of 1812, and was engaged in the battle on Lake Charaplain. When visited by tiieir grandson, William C. Sheldon, in 1871, the old couple werj hale and cheerful at the ages, re- spectively, of eighty-nine and eighty-seven, and both died in 1876. Truman Sheldon was the seventh in descent from one of three brothers — Isaac, John and William — who were among the early arrivals in Boston. Those who write their name Slielden are descendants of William, and all of either form in the United States are de- scendants of the three, except one family in New Y.ork city and one in Buffalo, New York. Truman Sheldon learned the trade of tanner and currier from his father, who worked at that trade, but Truman himself spent most of his life on a farm. Jared D., and an older brotiier, Orville, had to work on the farm in youth to help pay a debt for which the father had become security. The education thus limited was after- ward supplemented by special eff"orts. As com- pensation for their sacrifice, the father made them a gift of the remaining years to their majority. Both went West, and became teach- ers of district schools, using the intervals be- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. tween school terms in perfecting their own education by attending college and by private study. Jared Sheldon taught school at Quincy, Illinois, in 1832, at $16 a month, which he then regarded as a fine salary. In 1884 he taught in the township of Berne, Indiana. In May, 1835, he wrote from Dayton, Ohio, "a place of about 4,000 inhabitants," and alluded to the fertility of the Miami Valley. At some time in those years, 1831 to 1837, he was mar- ried in Iowa to Miss Edwards, who died six months later. In 1837 he was farming near Quincy, and in 1838 was the owner of 160 acres in southern Indiana, the sale of which he entrusted to his brotlier, who accounted for the same to the heirs in 1872, with interest. In the spring of 1838 he went to St. Louis, Mis- souri, where he engaged as a guard to some ex- pedition to Santa Fe. There he transferred his services to a party — probably a hunting and prospecting party — bound for California. The Lewis and Clark exploring expedition is thought to liave supplied the incentive to this marked change in his career. On the journey he became sick and was necessarily left behind to follow as best he could. Among the trials of that lonely journey, he used to recall in after life as the most disagreeable, was the effort to sustain life by eating coyote. He made his way to Cali- fornia, and is known to have arrived in 1839. He spent one season in sea-otter hunting — it may have been in 1839-'40. His later educa- . tion included some knowledge of surveying and building, and it is also assumed that he was a regular carpenter, but this idea arose from his having had so much to do with building, while in fact, so far as known, it was rather as a con- tractor or superintendent than as a practical mechanic. lie erected the first sawmill on the Pacific slope, at or near Los Angeles, the saws being transported on pack-asses from Mexico, wrapped in raw-hides. The mill was put in cumplete working order in 1841, but the owner dying during its construction and the widow not being required by Mexicans then to pay her husband's debt, Mr. Sheldon was left in the lurch. Meanwhile he had contracted some debts in the prosecution of the work, and being un- able to pay he was sentenced to imprisonment. Learning this, he took refuge among the In- dians, and became of such service to his new friends on their raids into the plains that the Governor annulled his sentence, and he returned to civilized life. He is known to have traded in horses between California and Chihuahua one year, and it is not improbable that it was at this period of his eventful life. He was engaged for two years in building a custom-house in Mon- terey, for which he received from Governor Micheltorena, in 1844, a title to what was then known as the Omochumney rancho, one league wide on the right bank of the Cosumnes and extending to the upper crossing of the trail to Stockton from New Helvetia. It was afterward called the Sheldon ranch, and, after the division with his partner, William Daylor, the name of each owner was given to his share. About this time he built the first flour-mill on the Pacific Coast, in the Russian settlement at Bodega; and in June, 1844, he built one at San Jose In 1845 Mr. Sheldon first came to settle perma- nently on his ranch, which had been attended to by his partner, William Daylor, and his as- sistants, to fulfill the requirements of Mexican law in regard to occupation and improvement. Three hundred head of cattle had been obtained of Dr. Marsh in exchange for some job of build- ing by Mr. Sheldon. Other herds were re- ceived on the place on shares. Altogether the ranch afforded ample occupation for both part- ners. In March, 1847, Mr. Sheldon was mar- ried by Alcalde Sinclair, at liis place on the American River, to Miss Catherine F. Rhoads, aged fifteen, a daughter of Thomas Rhoads, who had arrived in California in the fall of 1846, and was then living on Dry Creek. In 1847 Mr. Sheldon's flour-mill on the Cosumnes was in operation. His extensive lands and immense herds made him the natural prey of the free- booters of the period. His wealth was great and his losses heavy. In 1851 Mr. Sheldon erected a dam near Clark's Bar for the irriga- IIISrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. tiou of his lands. The water was flowing on his grounds in nice shape wlien the miners in that region undertook to tear it down as inter- fering by back water with their labors. Accom- panied by bis workmen, Mr. Sheldon sought to protect it against an overwhelming force of angry miners. He was threatened with death if he went on the dam. Perhaps thinking their threats to be mere bravado, he paid no heed to their warnings. The miners fired and one of his men fell dead and another was wounded, Dazed by the crime or despising danger, he made no effort to escape, though the angry mob was shouting " Now for Sheldon," and at the next volley he was shot dead — July 12, 1857. He left a widow, aged nineteen, and three chil- dren. Of these the second was accidentally drowned a few years later; the oldest, William C, was three years old, and the youngest, Cath- erine D., was only fifteen days. She became the wife of Joel S. Cotton, but died in 1873, leav- ing two children: Katie Irene and Joel S., whose birth the motiier survived but a few days. The father died in 1878. fELSON WILCOX, farmer, Sutter Town- ship, was born May 18, 1825, in Madison County, New York, a son of Sanford K. and Climena (Hunt) Wilcox. Edward Wilcox, his grandfather, was a native of Rhode Island, emigrated to Nevv York, and lived to the age of ninety-nine years. He had three sons and two daughters. One son, R. B., went to Wisconsin and became wealthy. Sanford R., a carpenter by trade, and one sister, lived and died in Madison County, New York. Nelson's mother was a native of Vermont, and died in 1885. In this family were seven children, only two of whom are now living: Nelson and a sister. Helen M. died in Hamilton. Sophia Clark still lives in Madison County. Nelson, the second in the family, has made his own way in the world ever since he was' twelve years of age, be- sides assisting in the care of other members of the family. In 1844, the day after Polk was elected President of the United States, he be- gan to learn the carpenter and joiner's trade, of Charles Gardner, in Madison County; worked with him three years as an apprentice, and then bought out his time and worked for him for wages three years longer, and then was a con- tractor and builder until he came to California, October 1, 1858. After thirteen months in Sac- ramento County he returned East, making one of the quickest trips then on record, being only eighteen days and twenty hours from San Fran- cisco to New York. In March, 1860, he came again to California with his family, locating first on the Cosumnes River two years; then he lived four years on a ranch in Brighton Town- ship; next he came into the city and engaged in contracting and building until 1884; worked on the State Capitol over two years. He purchased his present ranch of 122 acres, five miles from Sacramento city, on the lower Stockton road, in 1883. Here he raises grain and fruits; has many raspberries and strawberries. Once he had over two tons of ripe strawberries on the vines. He has about nine acres in vineyard and eleven acres in other fruits, among which are forty orange trees, a very large number for a ranch. With the aid of his estimable wife Mr. Wilcox has been successful in bis life's work, having made a comfortable home. Elowors and shrub- bery most tastefully adorn the premises. One specimen of the shrubbery is a rose bush which is possibly the most magnificent one in the county, spreading out as it does to an expanse of ten feet, and yielding beautifully-colored and finely perfumed flowers. September 11, 1847, is tiie date of Mr. Wilcox's marriage to Miss Abigail Keyes, a native of New York. Their first child was born, and died on the anniversary of that day, at the age of one year. They had eight children altogether, and six died in in- fancy. The two living are Gussie N. and Nelson H. Mrs. Wilcox died December 5, 1888, at the age of sixty-two years. Mr. Wil- cox is a veteran Odd Fellow, being a member Sacramento Lodge, No. 2, I. O. O. F., and of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the Encampment, No. 42; he is also a member of the K. of P., Lodge No. 12; of I. O. R. M., Lodge No. 14; and of P. of IL, No. 12. His first vote for President of the United States was cast for a Whig, and since then he has been a Republican; has been several times a delgate to county conventions. fOIIN WILD, farmer, near Folsom, was born in England, May 1, 1810, son of Benjamin and Ann (Winters) Wild, na- tives also of England, and occupants of the farm where the subject of this notice was reared. At the age of nineteen years he commenced work- ing away from home occasionally, and when twenty-one he went out for himself altogether, learning tlie machinist's trade in Rochedale, England, and followed the same until he came to America in 1844, sailing from Liverpool to New York city. The first four years in this country he spent at Hood's Island, working at his trade; ne.xt he was in Massachusetts; in 1850 he came to California by way of the Isth- mus, on the steamer Philadelphia, the trip oc- cupying six weeks and three days. Coming on to Sacramento he at once found employment in a blacksmith's shop. In one half-day he re- paired a starting-bar for a steamboat, for which service he received $50. Six weeks after arriv- ing in Sacramento he went to Mississippi Bar and mined two weeks there; the ensuing six months he was at Dolan's Bar, and then at Mormon Island, atid at all the mines in the vicinity of Placerville, that of Stony Dam being the principal one. He was successful in his mining career, which extended over a period of twenty years. In 1852 he settled upon his property, which now comprises 300 acres of land, all sujiplied with water and well adaj)ted to general farming. This tract he found in a perfectly wild state, and he has made all the im- provements that now exist upon it. He has been a member of I. O. O. F. for fifty years or more, has been past officer for over fifty-one months in the lodge, No. 91, of Warrington, England. In 1830, in England, he married Miss Ellen RoUinson, and they have two sons: James and Benjamin, both born in England, and both now residents of California, and min- ers by occupation, at present being located in the Amador mines. Mr. and Mrs. Wild live by themselves in their quiet cosy home half a mile from Folsom. He has been a man of great energy, and is still vigorous and of a happy disposition. fOE SILVA, one of the well-known ranching men of Sutter Township, was born in 1822 in the AVestern Islands, and in 1855 emi- grated to California, and was first engaged in mining gold on Negro Bar near folsom, in which business he was successful. Soon after- ward he bought his present place of ninety-five acres six miles from Sacramento on the river road, where he is doing well in raising vege- tables. His wife, Mary, was also born on the AVestern Islands, but they were married after coming to Sacramento. Tiieir children are three in number: Joe, Manuel and Mary. ^^BRAM WOODARD, farmer, San Joaquin l»l Township, was born in Hoosick, Rensse- ^^ laer County, New York, February 9, 1822, a son of Phineas Woodard (who also was born in that county near the east State line), and Phebe, nee Phillips, who was born in the town- ship of Grafton, same county. His grandfather on his mother's side was John Phillips, a Qua- ker who came from England and settled on the Van Rensselaer grant in the township of Graf- ton. His paternal grandfather, Jonathan Wood- ard, was born in Dutchess County, New York, of German descent, and was a soldier in the Revolutionary War. When Burgoyne sent a detachment of 500 English and 100 Indians to destroy the stores collected at Bennington, in UI8T0RT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Vermont, he was under the command of Gen- eral Stark, who, with 800 Vermont and New Hampshire militia, killed and took prisoners the most of this detachment; but Mr. Woodard was not at the battle, as he had been previously sent to Albany with the provision wagons. Word had been circulated that were the English successful the Indians were to be allowed to massacre the women and children, which would have seemingly been easy, as all the men were at the battle. Mrs. Woodard, acting upon the strength of this report, collected about thirty women and fortified them in a log cabin, armed with scythes, sticks and other crude weapons of defense, and waited the outcome of the battle. The next day she went upon the battle-field to see if her husband's body were among the killed. She turned over more than 200 bodies in her search, but, as stated before, he was not at the battle. While she was searching she came to a wounded English officer, who asked her to give him a drink of water, and she politely complied with the request. He was under the command of General Gates at the battle of Stillwater and the surrender of Burgoyne. He survived during the entire war. Mr. Abram Woodard's grand- father, Phillips, on his mother's side, was a roy- alist and was captured while trying to make his way to Canada and placed in prison. An in- stance of his prison life was this: When Wash- ington was reviewing the troops the royalists were brought out of prison and compelled to lift their hats to him. This Mr. Phillips posi- tively refused to do, fur which he was heavily ironed and sent back to the prison, where he remained until the close of the war. Phineas Woodard was a farmer in New York State all his life, dying in the winter of 18G7, at the age of eighty-four years; and his wife died three years afterward, at the age of eighty-six years. AVhen she was about eighty she made a trip from New York State to Minnesota, and returned without an escort, showing what a strong and active woman she was at that age. They had five sons and five daughters, of whom three are now living, and only two even left the State of New York. Mr. Abram Woodard, whose name heads this sketch, was brought up on his father's farm and lived there until 1849, in the meantime making a trip to Wisconsin in 1844. During the year 1849 he left New York for the home of his married sister in Janesville, Wisconsin. During the following winter he was employed by a Mr. Clark. About April 10, the following spring, Mr. Woodard left for the Golden West. Going first to St. Louis, to buy provisions, he ascended the Missouri River to St. Joseph, where he joined the overland train of three wagons and a number of horses. He was elected captain. Crossing the Missouri River May 11, at the end of eighty-five days he reached Ring- gold, near Diamond Spring. Until 1853 Mr. Woodard worked in the mines there, while his partner, David Cook, who was not able to work in the mines, remained on the Sheldon and Day- lor grant on" the Cosumnes River, buying and trading in live-stock with the money Mr. Wood- ard furnished him. June 1, 1853, they left for New York by water and the Isthmus, landing there in twenty-three days. After a visit home they went to Wisconsin and put up 100 tons of hay, bought 426 head of cattle and twenty-two horses, and kept tliem on that hay during the following winter; and the next year, 1854, drove them across the plains to California, as- sisted by fourteen men. Arriving here October 22, they sold their stock, realizing high prices for some of it. After a little war-cloud between the squatters and the grant owners had blown over, Mr. AYoodard and his partner bought 1,000 acres of land, which was afterwards divided equally between them. Crook sold his land to Dr. James Caples, and Mr. Woodard has ever since occupied his first purchase. About half of it is bottom land, very rich and productive. He has 170 acres in wlieat, forty in hops, and about the same amount in alfalfa and corn; the remainder is pasture. He has about seventy head of horses and cattle, counting old and young. Politically Mr. AVoodard was in early days a Douglas Democrat, and since then has been a Republican. He was married January iiwronr of sachamento county. 9, 1856, to Miss Elizabeth Sampson, who was born in England, August 28, 1839, daughter of Henry Sampson, who was a farmer, and who came to this country in 1844; was a business man in St. Louis a number of years, came to California in 1852, and died in February, 1863. Mrs. "Woodard was only two years old when her mother died. Mr. and Mrs. Woodard have three children: Julia, wife of Richard Bilby, of this county; Irwin, who married Miss D. A. Witt, and resides on a part of the home place; and Flora, at home. They have lost two children; one died in infancy; the other, Joseph, died in 1878, at the age of nineteen years. children, namely: Barbara, born December 5, 1883; and Frank Antoine, April 12, 1885. fRANK D. SCIIULER, a farmer of Sutter Township, was born in Switzerland, July 15, 1850, a son of Carl D. and Regina (Aj^pert) Schuler; was reared in his native place, and in 1872, after spending eight montlis in P"' ranee, emigrated to the United States, landing at New York. He worked in dairies three years near St. Louis, Missouri, then, coming to California, he resided in San P>ancisco four years, on a dairy. Coming then to Sacramento, he opened a saloon on K street, between Front and Second, and ran that two years. In 1881 he purchased his present place in Sutter Town- ship, between the upper and lower Stockton roads, about four miles frojn the city. The ranch contains tifty acres, and is devoted prin- cipally to fruit-raising, and partly to hay. There are apples, tine grapes, strawberries, blackberries and Bartlett pears, all of which are bearing. On arriving in this country Mr. Schuler had noth- ing; but as he has always been a hard-working man and a good manager, he has acquired a fine and productive place. He was married in 1880 to Babette Stadier, a native of Switzerland, and a woman of excellent worth. She came to the United States in 1872, worked in the States about six years, visited the old country for half a year, and came to California about cluvom the age of fifteen years to eighteen he began to make his own way in the world. In 1844 he went to Missouri and re- sided in Barry County two years, then one year in Lawrence County and one year in Dade County. April 18, 1849, he joined a company of 300 men, women and children, with ox teams for the gold Helds of California. After a journey of five months on the usual route thej reached Grass Valley, and four days afterward Sacramento, and two days after that again they arrived at Hangtown ibr winter quarters. In October Mr. Wells and another man named "William Wells (from the same county but not a relative) came to Sacramento with six yoke of oxen and a wagon, and obtained provisions for the winter, coming by way of the Darling ranch on the Cosumnes Kiver, in order to get provender for the cattle. One night they camped on the bank wliere the Slough House now is, and the coyotes stole tiieir provision sack which had been left out of the wagon and dragged it entirely away. This performance left the Wellses without anything to eat. The day they started from Placerville (Hangtown) it commenced to rain, and continued for ten days, the trip consuming fifteen days; and during that time they never had their boots off their feet; and for a whole day after the coyotes stole their provisions they had nothing whatever to eat; nor could they have found anything liad they tried. The rain continued pouring. They could not sit on tiie wagons to drive, for they had oxen and immigrant cattle, the latter being so poor they would not travel without constant urging. The next night they encamped on the bank of the American River, about half a mile from the place where he now lives, and, going to an adobe house, to obtain food, succeeded in getting some bread and salt pork, which indeed was about all he had expected. The next day they reached Sacramento and purchased ten bar- rels of flour, at $75 a barrel, and some other articles. On the return journey to Hangtown they found the roads so bad that they had to halt until they dried up somewhat. It was still raining. After the rain ceased they took off the wagon box, put poles on the axles, roped the barrels upon them and proceeded. During the ensuing winter they mined at Placerville, when the weather would permit; it was a very rainy season. The price of vegetables and almost everything else eaten was $1 a pound, and very scarce at that. Beef was fifty to seventy-five cents a pound. In the spring of 1850 big sto- ries of gold finds elsewhere caused a tremendous stampede from Hangtown. One night, in the big tent where gambling was in progress, fire was accidentally dropped into a keg of powder and the explosion killed five or six men and wounded others. Probably 200 men were in the tent at the time. Mr. Wells left that neigh- borhood June 10, and came to the valley, where he has remained till the present, excepting a short time in 1863 when he was in Carson Val- ley, Nevada. He was at Sacramento during the riot, and saw many exciting scenes here. In 1803 lie commenced farming on his present place, which he had purchased in 1850, on the Placerville road nine miles from Sacramento. The farm has 110 acres. Grapes are his main crop, and alfalfa to a considerable extent. His vineyard embraces thirty-two acres, comprising Tokays and Mission grapes three and four years old and in good condition. The remainder of the farm is devoted to hay, barley, etc. In 1872 he put up his fine residence, and all the buildings on the premises he himself has erected April 23, 1873, he was married to Mary E. Gore, ^vho was born in Lexington, Kentucky, January 17, 1849, and who came to this State in April, 1870. They have three children, viz.: Lewis J., born March 12, 1874; Charles E., Imrn November 18, 1876; and Frank D., December 20, 1880. In early times Mr. Wells was a insTOUY OF SACRAMUNTO COUNTY. Democrat, but since the beginning of tlie last war he has been a Republican. fOSEPE TOMLINSON, a rancher of Nato- ina Township, about four miles from Fol- som, was born April 8, 1814, in what is now West Virginia, of same parentage and de- scent as his brother Lewis, whose sketch is sub- joined. The subject of this sketch received a limited education in his youth, opportunities in that direction being scant. lie is, however, a well educated man, mainly as a result of his labors in self-education. He picked up the trade of ship carpenter, and some light-draft boats of his design and construction, in which his father and brothers were also engaged with him, have plied on the Ohio over thirty years ago. He also carried on, for fifteen years, the saw-mill built by his grandfather on Grave Creek in Marshall County, West "Virginia, and successively conducted by three generations of Toinlinsons. Steamboating on the Ohio was the last business followed in the East by Mr. Tomliuson. He came to California in 1850, and engaged in mining more or less steadily for a dozei years. his ventured in other lines was the building of the sloop Far West, in Sacramento, aud runniug her for about a year between San Francisco and Benicia, aud some other points in that section. Of late years he has been occupied with mechanical inventions, one recently piteiited by him being known as Tomlinson's Chock Wrench, a very ingenious device in its line. In 1872 he bought the 160 acres where he lived on the Placerville road, twenty-three miles from Sacramento. Mrs. Elizabeth (Tomliuson) Biggs, sister of the pre- ceding, and residing with him since 1876, was born on the family homestead in Marshall County, West Virginia, November 18, 1812. She was married in 1842 to Joseph Biggs, a native of Ohio, his parents being Benjamin and Rebecca (McKnight) Biggs. His grandfather, Joseph Biggs, had moved from Virginia to Ohio, and the Biggs family is said to have con- tributed seven sons to the army of the Revolu- tion, the youngest of whom was this Ohio pio- neer. Mrs. Elizabeth (Tomliuson) Biggs lost her husband some thirty years ago, and of their six children three are still living in 1889, and residing in this county: Theodore, May and Lewis. Theodore is married to Annalene Lo- rain, and they have six children: Dora, John, Alice, Joseph, Charles and Elizabeth. May Biggs is the wife of Samuel Pelton. Lewis is married to Nanny Lorain, and they have eight children: Ida, Asa, Annie, Frank, James, Sam- uel, Florence, and a baby not yet named. tEWIS TOMLINSON, deceased. The sub- ject of this sketch, for many years a resi- dent of Natoma Township, was born in what is now West Virginia, in 1816, his par- ents being Samuel and Lovisa (Purdy) Tomlin- son. The grandparents, Joseph and Elizabeth (Harkness) Tomlinson, natives of Virginia, had moved westward into Marshall County, where among other enterprises Mr. Tomlinson laid out a village, and named it Elizabethtown, in honor of his wife, the first white woman settled in those parts. It is now known as Mound- ville, eleven miles below Wheeling. Both lived to be ai)out eighty. Samuel Tomlinson died in January, 1846, aged sixty-six, and his wife in 1854, aged sixty-live. Grandfather Jonathan Purdy, a native of New York, was a soldier of the Revolution, and died about 1839, aged eighty-two, having entered the service of liis country, like so many others, while quite young. Grandmother Eunice (Dickinson) Purdy died at the age of sixty. Their son Louis fought in the war of 1812. Lewis Tomlinson was raised on his father's farm, receiving such education as was accessible in those days in a pioneer settle- ment on the Ohio, and was fond of reading and self-improvement. He came to California in 1850, and went to mining in Placerville, and afterwards in Rhoads' Diggings. In 1854 he HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. went East, and in December, 1855, was married to Miss Alta McMillan, born in Boone County Kentucky, December 10, 1832, daughter of George and Ellen (McNinch) McMillan. The father died at the aoje of fifty -live; the mother died July 28, 1852, aged sixty-live. Return- ing to California in 1856, Mr. Tomlinson re- sumed mining, in which he continued, more or less, almost until his death. His judgment in that line was above the average. In partner- siiip with his brother Joseph he bought 160 acres alsojn 1856. He afterward entered 160 acres under the liomestead law, but of this he was deprived through legal chicanery. He secured by pre-emption the 160 acres on which the family still resides. Mrs. Alta Tomlinson, since the death of her husband, has added largely to the realty, having purchased 260 acres, of the railroad company, and other ranches of private individuals, making in all 1,000 acres, used mostly for pasturage. Some hay is raised in favorable spots, but the chief marketable products of the ranch are sheep and turkeys, tiiere being usually over 1,200 of the former and 700 of the latter. Some forty head of cattle, including cows for a small dairy, and some horses, mostly for use on the ranch, complete the list of stock. Mrs. Tomlinson has also a small but thrifty orchard of mixed fruits for family use. Mr. Tomlinson died May 28, 1876, leaving five children, all residing with tlie mother: Ida, born March 18, 1857; Lewis, July 8, 1858; Frank, June 8, 1860; Joseph, January 28, 1862; Samantha, January 18, 1864. f!l|D. F. TAYLOR, land and mine attorney, L Sacramento, was born January 25, 1836, '' at New Carlisle, Clarke County, Ohio. His father, Jonathan Taylor, a native of Win- chester, Virginia, emigrated to Ohio in 1822, and his mother, nee Elizabeth Robinson, was a native of New Jersey. He came to California in 1855, arriving in San Francisco March 28, and the next day went over to the mines in El Dorado County, wliere he was engaged in busi- ness until 1869. In the fall of that year he came to Sacramento, and lias ever since been connected with the United States Land OfRce, first as clerk; in 1878 he was appointed Regis- ter, and acted as such until in the fall of 1886. At present, besides officiating in the capacity of land and mine attorney lor the district em- bracing Sacramento, Placer, Nevada and Ama- dor counties, and a portion of Calavei'as, Tuolumne and Alpine counties, he is also en- gaged in farming in Butte County. Mr. Tay- lor has also held the office of mining recorder, justice of the peace, etc., and was a member of the Legislature in 1865-'66, being elected on the Republican ticket. In public affairs he has been active and efficient. He was married in 1859 to Miss Susan Woods, a native of Ken- tucky, who came to California in 1855. ^-^SB--^ fACOB MEISTEK, a rancher, was born in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, Au- gust 28, 1817, a son of George Meister, a farmer, and Marianna, nee Zeigler. In 1854 he etnigrated to America, whither his brother had come two years previously. He was six weeks on his journey from Switzerland, coming to California by way of New York and the Isth- mus, and arriving at San Francisco January 17, 1854. By way of Sacramento, he went directly to the Greenwood Valley and mining district, and several months afterward went to Nevada, where he found employment in a brewery. Re- tnrning to Sacramento, he started in the dairy business, in 1855, in partnership with his brother, on a farm near Sutter's P^ort. After- ward they purchased 270 acres of land across the American River, and from time to time they added to their area of land until 1876, when their tract contained 945 acres. In the meantime they had bought another ranch on this side of the river. In 1876 Mr. Jacob Meister sold out his interest in the dairy busi- inSTOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ness to liis lirotlier, and tlie property was di- vided, he retaining tlie rancdi in American Township. He had carried on the dairy busi- ness for twenty-one consecutive years. In 1873 he removed with his family into tiie city, locat- ing on D street. In 1879 he bought the lot situated at the corner of I and Seventeenth streets, and during the following year erected what is now his family residence. This is indeed a commodious, ornamental, well-built and well- furnished mansion. It was built by the noted contractors. Carle & Croley, according to plans and specifications drawn up by !N. D. Goodell, one of the best known architects in the city. Especially worthy of this mansion is Mr. Meis- ter's noble wife, intelligent and refined. Her maiden name was Catharine Kopp. She is a native of Baden, Germany, came to this country when a child, and speaks English as well as any one. They were married in Sacramento, May 22, 1862, and now they have four children living; two have died. Their names are: Minnie, who died at the age of sixteen years; Kate, Laura, Emma, Willie and George Jacob. In May, 1887, Mr. Meister started on a trip to Europe, for the sake of improving his health; but exposures prevented the good that might have been ob- tained. He was gone six months on this visit. He is a Republican in his political principles, but is not a "politician" or ottice-seeker. fAPTAIX A. MENDIS was born on the Western Islands, Portuguese possessions, January 13, 1888, son of Jose and Maria (Loper) Mendis. His father was a carpenter, and when thirteen years of age young Mendis went to sea, and during his career as a sailor he traveled ail over the known world, — China, Bra- zil, India, Africa, England, Austria, etc. In 1853 he came to tlie Pacific coast, and in 1855 he bought a sloop fr.nn a clipper sliip wiiich had come around Cape Horn, named Leonaide. In 1854, previously, he did some mining at Negro Hill, Rattlesnake Creek, etc., at difterent periods along until 1861; and was so engaged in Mariposa and Sliasta counties, and at Fraser River and other places. Jieturning to Califor- nia, he was employed in the Bay trade with the schooner Rising Sun, between San Francisco and all points inside the Bay, and to Sacramento, Stockton, etc. Next he bought the vessel Ma- tilda Heron, which he ran until May, 1864, being engaged in the lumber trade from Bodega Bay and other inside and outside ports. He then settled down in Sacramento, and October 18, 1864, was married, and has remained a citi- zen of this city ever since. He has been inti- mately identified with river transportation during all this period, owning an interest in several well-known vessels,— among them the barge Caroline, the Two Brothers and the May Elizabeth. In the winter of 1869 he built the Mary Ellen. In 1868 he became a member of the Steam Navigation Company, but afterward sold his interest in it. He bought the Neponset No. 1, and afterward built the Neponset No. 2, in 1883-'84. He now has the barge Alameda No. 2, with which he is engaged in the wood trade. In this business, indeed, he has been employed ever since the summer of 1864, with the exception of seven years, 1871 to 1878, when he was ranching in Sutter County. Mrs. Men dis' maiden name was Elizabeth Preston; she was born in County Mayo, Ireland. The chil- dren's names are Jose, Minnie, Antoine, Helena and Katie. flMEON S. SLAWSON, a farmer of Sut- ter Township, was born in Sussex County New Jersey, May 13, 1841, a son of De Witt and Elizabeth (Ilorton) Slawson, natives of Orange County, New York. His paternal grandparents, Elihu Slawson and wife, were natives of New York State, and had four sons; — De Witt, Locke, Milton and John B. Locke died in the State of New York; Milton resided a number of years in New Orleans, returned to New York and died there; and John B. was 600 HISTORY OF SACMAMENTO COUNTY. eiiiiiient in the street-car business in New Or- leans; lie started tlie first street-car line in that city, and is the patent^se of the cash box for col- lecting fares on short lines now in use through- out the United States. He was in New Orleans during the war, and afterward was in New York city, and then in Europe, wiiere he introduced his invention and became wealthy. De "Witt, father of Simeon, went to New Jersey about 1826, and continued his residence there until 1847, when he moved to Perry County, Illinois. He had seven sons and four daughters, eight of whom are now living: H. H., Joseph N., Mrs. Fanny J. Hoge and Mrs. Mahala Pyle, reside in Terry County; J. P., W. H.; Mrs. E. M. Combs resides in Jefferson County, Illinois; and Simeon S. resides here in Sacramento County. Their parents passed the remainder of their days in Perry County, their father dy- ing in 1872, and their mother in 1875. Mr. Slawson, the subject of this notice, was born May 13, 1841, anJ was very young when the family moved to Illinois, and that section was in its pioneer stage of development. In 1863, at the age of twenty-two years, he came to Cali- fornia by way of New York, on the steamer Golden Age to the Isthmus, and landed in San Francisco on the last of June, after a voyage of twenty-three days. After visiting Copperopolis and Mokelnmne, in Calaveras County, he went to Nevada, near Carson City, and worked there about fwo years, getting out timber for the mines. Coming then to this county he pur- chased, in 1867, eighty acres of land near the lower Stockton road, about four miles from the city. In 1878 he bought 135 acres adjoining, and the public road now bounds the whole on three sides. Here he is following agricultural pursuits. Has about four acres of vineyard, and larger fruit enough for family use. Tliis prop- erty he sold in 1887 to S. P. Smith; but he still resides upon it. He has been successful. Com- ing here without means, he has made all he has by honest industry, and the place is well im- proved. Although he has sold it, he has no intention of returning East. Mr. Slawson is a | member or the Sacramento Grange, No. 12. He was married February 13, 1870, to Mrs. Anna A. Ilite. They have one son, George II., who was born December 27, 1875. Mrs. Slawson was born in Schuyler County, Illinois, January 20, 1852. Her parents and family of ten children removed to California across the plains by ox teams in 1853, being six months on the journey. Upon their arrival here they immediately settled on a farm in Sacramento County, where they resided until the death of her father, Alexander Ilite, which occurred De- cember 30, 1885. He was a native of Shenan- doah County, Yirgiuia, born February 3, 1806. Her mother, Arrabella (Mathews) Hite, was born in Licking County, Ohio, January 1, 1811, and is still liviuir. .^^-.^. ILLIAM II. SLAWSON, a prosperous rancher on the Sacramento River, was born in Sussex County, New Jersey, July 30, 1835, a son of De Witt and Elizabetii (Horton) Slawson. When he was twelve years of age the family removed to Illinois, locating in Perry County, where the subject of this sketch lived for about ten years, employed upon a farm. He then started lor the golden West, going to New Orleans by steamboat, thence by the steamer '-Philadelphia" to Ha\'ana, the Granada to Aspinwall, and after crossing the Isthmus, by the steamer "Golden Gate" to San Francisco, arriving March 2, 1857. He soon went to the Sonora mines, where he followed gold-mining for a siiort ])eriod, with but little taste for it and corresponding success, and then he resorted to his favorite calling, that of agri- culture, which he has ever since pursued, and in which he has enjoyed signal prosperity. He was on the tract of land adjoining the Tuolumne River until 1865, when he located in this county. Here he first bought a farm of 160 acres on the Freeport road, a part of tiie Win- ters ranch, where he made liis home about three years, then he moved down upon the Cosumnes lIWrOBY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. River and bought 540 acres near Benson's Ferry. In 1875 he moved upon the Lower Stockton road, adjoining the place of his brother, S. S. Slawson, and resided tliere live years; he tlien sold that place and moved further up, to Wliibky Hill, and bought a place there, occu- pying it two years; and in 1883 lie purchased his present place on the river road about four miles below the city, where he owns 156 acres of land as fertile as the valley affords, on the banks of the river. In 1866 he married Mrs. Catharine Kendall, nee Clingenpeel, a native of Dayton, Ohio, and a daughter of an old Vir- ginian. She was but five years of age when her parents moved with the ♦aniily to Fulton County, Illinois. She married William S. Kendall, and they came to California in 1857. After resid- ing in this State a few years they went back to Canton, Fulton County, Illinois, where Mr. Kendall died in January, 1863. By that mar- riage there was one son, William Smith Ken- dall, now residing in Sacramento. Mr. and Mrs. Slawson have an adopted son, named Cliarles fl. Slawson, who was born March 15, 1876. fPIlENTIS SMITH, vice-president of the National Bank of D. O. Mills, was born '^ in the city of St. Louis in 1841, the son of Saul Smith, the distinguished actor, author and scholar, who died in 1869. The Smith family are eminently American; the father is a native of New York State, and grandfather Smith, a New Englander, took part in tlie Re- volutionary War, and was wounded at the battle of Bunker Hill. On the maternal side tiie family is almost equally well known, the mother, Elizabeth Pngstey, was a native of Westchester County, New York, and a member of the fam- ily of that name, who for generations have had their home on the banks of the far-famed Hud- son River. Brought up and educated in his native city, in early life he witnessed the dire sectional feelings and animosity developed by the Civil War. His experience as a financier and banker has been both comprehensive and varied, first as a bank clerk, and later on as cashier in the United States Sub-treasury in his native city, and as a private banker in Illinois; in these and other enterprises he has gained en- viable i-epntation as a financier prior to his com- ing to San Francisco in 1875. He there accepted the position of executive secretary and con- fidential factotum to D. O. Mills, and, when in 1885 Mills withdrew his San Francisco office to the city of New York, Mr. Smith was invited to come to Sacramento, and, in conjunction with Cashier Miller, assume the management of the Mills bank, having been appointed to its vice- presidency. Mr. Smith was married in the city of St. Louis, in 1865, to Miss Alice Vaile, who is a scion of an old French family, and a worthy representative of her ancestry. Thej are much respected in Sacramento, and move in the best circles of society. fVAN MA REN, farmer, was born in Mer- ced County, California, August 5, 1861. ® His father, a native of Holland, died in 1876, at the age of fifty-four years. The son is now on a ranch of 600 acres, which is indeed a fine property. It is divided into five parts for his children. Mr. Van- Maren's wife, now de- ceased, was born in Germany and came to this country in 1850, and died August 16, 1879. fOSEPH SIMS was born in London, Eng- land, in 1832. His father emigrated to Canada a few months before his birth, and the mother followed soon after that event. Both died in Toronto, aged about si.xty-two. Wlien about thirteen years of age Mr. Sims first came to the United States, but soon went back and spent one winter at school to supplement the scant education of his earlier years. After- ward through life by reading and private study niSTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. he has still farther supplied the negligence of liis boyhood in that regard. In 1847 Mr. Sims went to New York and enlisted at Fort Hamilton in the regiment of Colonel Jonathan Stevenson, now a resident of San Francisco. The original regiment had left in 1846 for California to take part ill the Mexican War in that quarter, and had arrived in 1847. The new recruits, about 200 in number, reached Monterey in 1848, and Company D, Henry M. Nagley, Captain, of which Mr. Sims was a member, was sent by the same vessel to Lower California. They were in active service si.\ months. Company D was the last command to leave Mexican soil at the close of the war; left the field August 31; and were mustered out at Monterey in October, 1848. With his partner, Charles H. Ross, and several otliers, the subject of this sketch went to mining at Mokelumne Hill in Calaveras County. They crossed the San Joaquin at Stockton by the ferry, which was a mere whaleboat, requiring the taking to pieces of a common cart for shipment. Dissatisfied with results at Mokelumne Hill, they remained only a few weeks, and on Christ mas-day, 1848, Mr. Sims and Mr. Ross were on the Sacramento on their way to Sutter's Fort, with a light snow falling, the first they had seen in California; so the subject of this sketch ante- dates by at least a few days the earliest forty- niners, and he has never since been absent from Sacramento County for over three months at a time. In April, 1849, with his partner and about forty others, mostly ex-soldiers and Oregonians, Mr. Sims went up the American River. They had a brush with the Indians, who tried to raid their pack-stock, but the Oregon- ians, who had a special hatred of them, and the ex-soldiers constituted a very different party from what they had usually encountered and a few Indians were killed. AVhen they reached the diggings all seemed to be doing very well, some making eighty dollars a day, each, but the demon of unrest seized most of the party and after two or three weeks they went off looking for richer deposits. Mr. Sims and his partner, who was only two or three years older, did not feel it safe to remain alone, and Mr. Ross returned to Sacramento. Mr. Sims went forward toward Shasta with some others, but hearing un- favorable reports at Cottonwood Creek he too returned to Sacramento. In the autumn of 1849 Mr. Sims and Mr. Ross located a few miles below Freeport, built a cabin, and cut some wood, but the flood of 1849-'50 swept all away. They concluded that it was not the proper sec- tion for their purpose, which was the raising of cattle, and they fell back to the interior, selling their claim on the river. In 1850 they took up a large body of laud, east of what is now some- times called Sims Lake, of which 1,100 acres were finally patented to them by the United States Government or the State of California. They were the first actual settlers for miles around, though some parties were temporarily occupying natural-grass lands in the neighbor- hood. The first year they too confined their labors to cutting the natural hay on their low lands; but soon varied their industries by rais- ing cattle, sowing grain, and dairying-. In 1860 Mr. Sims bought his partner's interest, the whole having a frontage of about one mile on the lower Stockton road, about ten miles south of Sacramento, and running west to the lake already mentioned. Besides general farming — grain, hay, cattle and horses — Mr.Sims has thirty- four acres of vineyard, six of which were planted twenty years ago, thirteen in 1883, and fifteen in 1888. In 1877 he built a new residence of nine rooms, making a comfortable and well- appointed home in the midst of his vines and fig-trees. In 1860 Mr. Sims was married to Miss Mary L. Moor, April 13, 1835, a native of Bennington, New York, the daughter of Thomas and Mahala D. (Highley) Moor. The latter, a native of Connecticut, is still living in full pos- session of all her faculties at the age of eighty- three. Mr. Moor, who was a native of New York, died in 1864, aged about si.xty-five. The Moor family crossed the plains in 1854, settling in this county. Mr. and Mrs. Sims are the parents of three living children: Hattie May, born November 8, 1862; William Moor, July HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 30, 1865; Paul Revere, November 23, 1869. William M. took a full business course of two years at the Napa Collegiate Institute, and Paul R. is at present in the same institution, where he will graduate in May. Miss Hattie M. re- ceived a grammar-school course and also learned music. The family lived in Sacramento three or four years some ten years ago for the better education of the children. Mr. and Mrs. Sims and the two oldest children, are members of Sacramento Grange, No. 12, Mr. Sims being master in 1889. He is a member of the Pio- neer Society. fOHN T. STOLL, manufacturer of and dealer in saddles and harness. No. 610 K street, Sacramento, came to this city a poor boy; to-day he leads in his line of business, with a trade extending througiiout the Pacific coast. He was born in Ober-verrieden, Bavaria, Ger- many, January 6, 1843. His mother's maiden name was Margaret Ladeo. His father, Carl Stoll, and his grandfatliers for three preceding generations, were saddlers and harness-makers. Even before lie was six years of age he had learned to do some work in this line. Visiting at his grandfather's one day, the latter, who also carried on a shop, asked him if he knew any- thing about the business, and he replied, " Not much." Beinggiven the task of sewing a buckle upon a hame- strap, he succeeded so well as to elicit the praise of his. grandfather and uncle, who gave him presents of money as testimonials. At the tender age of fourteen years he embarked from Bremen for California, on the sailing ves sel Laura, with no money of his own but witli $500 in coin belonging to his uncie, to meet him here. He arrived at New York, and thence came by way of the Isthmus to San Francisco, arriving November 7. He worked steadily at his trade with his uncle at Stockton until the Fraser River gold mining excitement. He went there and worked in a liotel about three months and then returned to his uncle at Stockton. He soon earned enough at odd jobs to pay his uncle the $253 he owed him for passage money. In partnership with Charles Wagner, a newly formed but intimate acquaintance, he began buying mustang ponies. Starting to Sacra- mento with a load of leather, drawn by two mustangs, one of tiie animals gave out as they were crossing Dry Creek about twilight in the evening; and Warner, being taller and stouter, carried the leather across the creek on his back. When all were across it was quite dark. That night they obtained little or no sleep, but in the morning they found they had been lying beside a small building containing hay. Of this they gave a quanity to the horses and then lay down on the hay to finish out their sleep. By noon they found a farmer three miles distant, who came with his team to their assistance and helped them along until they were across the Cosumues River, receiving $2.50 for his reward. Arriving at this city Mr. Stoll liked tlie place, remained here and was employed by Wagner & Gehring in their saddle and harness shop, at $25 a month. Work becoming slack there in about six weeks, he had to find another place, which turned out to be at the shop of Samuel Roth, on J street, where he had great ambition to excel in his calling. The flood of 1861 sus- pended this establishment, and Mr. Stoll went to Stockton to visit his sister who had a short time before come over from Germany, and he worked for his uncle again for two weeks at from $18 to $21 a week. He was then per- suaded by a friend to try his luck in Calaveras County; but just before going there he re- ceived a letter from Mr. Roth, desiring him to return to him. He came here, but only to set- tle up with him, and he went again to tiie moun- tains to open up business, having only $60 in cash. His friend Charles Wagner and his brother lent him a stock of leather. As yet he was but eighteen years of age, and did not seem to be over fifteen. People coming in would ask iiim where the boss was. Tliis embarrassed him, but lie made his headway by doing good work, and in five months he was worth $600. He HISTORY OF SACRAMBNTO COUNTY. went to Murpliy, and soon all the men from Murphy to Silver Creek wei-e owing him from $10 to $40, making a total of $800. He in- vested in silver and copper stock, and in two years' time was worth a little over $1,500, and had spent nearly half of that amount in mining speculations. Tlie building of the Central Pa- cific llailroad checked his business, and after visiting, in company with his old friend Eber- hardt of Sac.amento, the mines of Silver Moun- tain, Carson and Virginia City, he returned to this place. Their trip through the mountains atid in Nevada was tilled with romantic inci- dents. J\lr. Eberhardt i)urchased the interest of Frank Geliring in the firm of Wagner & Geh- ring, and he wrote to Mr. Stoll, who had gone temporarily to Murphy's, to come down and buy out the. other partner. This being done, the business there was conducted by Eberhardt ife Stoll until 1867, when Mr. Stoll bought Mr. Eberhardt's interest, and he has since carried on the business alone. When he brgan alone here he employed but one workman and did only a retail business; he now employs forty men, and since 1885 has been doing an extensive whole- sale business. He manufactures his own stock, making a specialty of saddles, for which he has gained a wide reputation. His trade extends through California, Oregon, Washington Terri- tory, Nevada, Utah and Idaho. In 1865, when he came to Sacramento, he had but $850 in coin. He paid that as part of the purchase price ($2,650), for Mr. Wagner's interest, giving his note for the balance; within a year and a half after that he had paid that balance. The year subse(|Uontly he bought out Mr. Eberhardt and still had money loft. Next he bought tiie building, and soon had that paid for. Mr. Stoll was married iu February, 1867, to Miss Orsillia Haag, a native of (icrtnany, who came to Amer- ica when a child of three years, her people set- tling in Ciucinnnti. She was left an orphan at an early age, and came to California with rela- tives. Mr. and Mrs. Stoll have four children, namely: John C, Albert G., Horatio F., and Edwin P. Mr. Stoll has long been connected with the Turn-Verein, of which society he has been leader and secretary. He is also a mem- ber of Sacramento Lodge, No. 2, I. O. O. F., having passed all the chairs. '^■^^■^ fAMUEL M. HOOVER, deceased, was born June 5, 1828, in Blair (then Bedford) County, Pennsylvania, the son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Sprecher) Hoover. The former was born January 1, 1793, and the latter Octo- ber 21, 1798. They were married February 23, 1819, in Lancaster County, Penns3dvania, both being natives of that county. The term of their married life extended over forty years. They removed from Lancaster County to Bedford, and afterward to Martinsburg, Blair County, where the subject of this sketch was born. In 1854 they sold out and went to Illinois, locating on a farm in Whiteside County, adjoining the city of Sterling, where they made their home for the remainder of their lives. Mr. Hoover died July 14, 1859, and his wife August 3, 1870. They were the parents of nine children, viz.: Catha- rine, George, Sarah, Samuel M., Louisa, John, David, Elizabeth and Henry. Excepting the eldest daughter, Catharine, all are living, and, with the exception of John and Louisa, are the heads of families. Samuel, our subject, was raised on his father's farm. The country there was new, and the children were brought up very differently from the children of to day, having to endure many hardships. Samuel Hoover had to walk three miles to school in the winters through the snow. In the summer they could not spare him, but kept him at home to work on the farm. When a boy, especially on wash- days, he was sent out into the fields to pick up stones and pile them in a heap, ready to be hauled away. Many times he has worked at it till his fingers bled. Often his lunch was sent out to him, in order that he would not bother the folks at the house. On cold, fi-osty morn- ings he was sent barefooted after the cows. These are oidy a few of his early experiences. IIISrORi' OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Poverty was not the cause of this, as his parents were considered to be rich and were prosperous farmers, but it was the custom of the country. All the lads of the neighborliood were brought up in the same way. He was a great help to his father in many ways when he grew older; lie assisted him in building their house, barns and other buildings. When he was twenty-one years old he determined to go West. He told his father, who tried to dissuade him, telling him that if he wished to marry and settle dowu he would give him a fine start; but young Hoover was determined to see more of the country. Accordingly his father gave him $300 and told him to go and see for himself, and if he succeeded in finding a better country than Pennsylvania, the old gentleman might be in- *duced -to sell out and emigrate. In 1850 he started for Burlington, remaining about two weeks, then returned to Pennsylvania. He traveled all the way back by land. His route was to Rock Island, then across to Peoria; there took the stage for Indianapolis, the stage route being over corduroy roads. The passen- gers stood it as long as they could, then got out and walked into Indianapolis. At Zanesville they bought horses, and Mr. Hoover started down the turnpike on horseback, crossing the Wheeling bridge, and then on into Pennsyl- vania, arriving home after the hardest riding he ever did. The following spring he and his brother George started back for Iowa and Illi- nois, buying a couple of fine stallions in Penn- sylvania before starting, taking them to Illinois. On arriving there, George returned to Pennsyl- vania, and reported to his fatiier that it was a pretty good country, which was the cause of the old gentleman selling out and moving to Illi- nois. Samuel and George had arranged to go to raising horses in Illinois before George re- turned East, leaving Samuel there, where he remained till spring, and during that time made considerable preparations for going into that business. Then the California gold fever broke out, and he began making the arrangements necessary for a trip across the plains. He bought a wagon and four horses, and secured three pas- sengers who paid him $150 each for their pass- age through and board. Early in the spring of 1852 they started from Council Bluffs, follow- ing the main road of travel via Salt Lake. They took in a few more passengers on the road, among whom were ex-Lieutenant-Governor Charlie Fish, and a man named Durgae. The wagon train they joined was commanded by Captain Conda, who had about forty men with him and a large band of horses. Mr. Hoover's and Conda's parties continued together until they neared Salt Lake, where they separated, Hocver going via Salt Lake, and Conda going by a northern route; some of Conda's men joined Hoover. The party stopped in Salt Lake City a week, taking in supplies. They finally continued their journey, and arrived in Califor- nia in August. At Ragtown Mr. Hoover sold his horses and wagon, with the exception of the stallion which he had brought all the way from Pennsylvania, and which was almost too weak to walk, to an old stage man named- "Bill" Hamilton, for $700. He received the payment in inch slugs, vYhich he packed on his person, as his horse was not able to carry them. At Mud Springs he sold the horse for $500. Then, unin»umbered, he returned to Placerville, and he and the man named Durgae took a contract for putting down a slide or siioot to pass lumber down to the ditch to build a flume. For this they received $500. He came to Sacramento and at last decided that he wanted a ranch. Ac- cordingly he and a Dutchman who had come out with him started for the Debago country, in the neighborhood of the red-woods. They found the people there very much averse to having any new-comers there, on account of the trouble they were having with the squatters' claims, and as he was very politely but forcibly re- quested by several men to leave, he concluded he had better do so; so, mounting their horses, he and the Dutchman came straight back to Sacramento. Not long after that he bought out a restaurant between J and K streets, which he ran two or three days, and finding it to be a HI8T0RT OF SAORAMENTO COUNl'T. good business, bought out another on Front street. Three weeks later the big tire of 1852 came, and he was the loser by about $1,500, to- gether with the improvements he had laid out on the place. This left him only $400, $200 of which he gave to a man and commissioned him to go to San Francisco and buy a stock of cakes, cherry brandy, etc. When the goods arrived from San Francisco he was unprepared to re- ceive them, and as part of them were of such a nature that they had to be disposed of immedi- ately, he spread out his cakes on the top of his barrels, and sold out all except his brandy. He was well satisfied with the results. He then decided to try mining, and accordingly sent for his Dutchman and went to Sonoma. They v/orked two weeks and got nothing. Mr. Hoover iiad his own and his friend's expenses to pay; so wlien his funds were reduced to $20 they started for Sacramento. Arriving at Stock- ton, he had but $5, not enough to bring them both to Sacramento; so he told his friend to work his way up. When he arrived in Sacra- nento he had but 25 cents in his pocket. With this he bought some pie, then crept into a hay- stack, where he spent the night, the first and last night he ever spent in a like place. Next morning he hunted up "Bill" Ilamiltoti, the man who bought his horses, told him he was "dead broke" and wanted a job. Hamilton took him to the Bee House, gave him his break- fast, and told the landlord to board liim as long as was necessary; then gave him two horses and told him to go to work for himself, and when he was able he could repay him. In the course of two weeks he had made $700, besides paying Mr. Hamilton. This was during the floods, and the streets of Sacramento were all afloat. He hitched his team to a boat and took passengers through the streets. This only lasted two weeks, and then the streets were once more tit for foot travelers. He then tried hauling freight, and continued until the railroad was built. Finally he purchased his present place of 1,200 acres on the Cosumnes River, where he carried on a successful business, the ranch being fertile and productive. He was one of the largest hop-growers in the county; also raised grain and cattle. He owned another ranch of 1,600 acres on the Sacramento River, which is devoted to stock-raising. He tirst commenced raising hops some eight or nine years ago. The year hops commanded such a high price he hauled the most valuable load ever hauled through the streets of Sacramento; it consisted of 105 bales loaded on four wagons, and drawn by nine mules and a horse. He took it to Front street, and delivered jiart of it to Booth & Co., and the rest to Mebius & Co. It brought $10,000- The home place is one of the tinest in the coun- try. The building is a handsome structure, and the place is kept in tirst-class order. Mr. Hoover was married April 18, 1861, to Marga- ret Van Zandt, daughter of John and' Lydia Van Zandt, all natives of Mitflin County, Penn- sylvania. She was born November 25, 1838, and resided in her native place till she was six- teen years of age; then she went to Huntingdon County to school, and afterward taught school as long as she was in that State. From Penn- sylvania she went to Illinois, thence to Missouri where she was married. She left there for Cali- fornia April 21, 1861. Mr. and Mrs. Hoover had one son, Ben Van Zandt Hoover, born No- vember 24, 1863. "^ fOSEPH F. STILL.— The parents of Mr. Still, Joseph W. and Rachel (Fugitt) Still, were Kentuckians. In 1807 they moved into Missouri and settled in the Boone's Lake country, now Howard (bounty. A few years later Mrs. Still returned to Kentucky on a visit, with two children, traveling all the way through Illinois and Indiana into Kentucky on horseback, in company with an old lady and a gentleman named Horn. She picketed the horses out at night. It was an exceedingly rough and ad- venturous journey ibr even a man to make in those times; but she belonged to that sturdy class of pioneers who were inured to hardships HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. and the wild experiences of a frontier life. While Mrs. Still was in Kentucky Joseph F.) the subject of this sketch, was born November 18, 1812. As soon as she was able to stand the journey, Mrs. Still, now with three children, started on the same road back to Missouri on horseback. In Missouri, the settlers were few and they all had to use special means to pro- tect themselves against the Ir.dians. In the war of 1812, which was opening at this time, the Indians were in sympathy with the British and kept up their hostilities even after the war had closed; and during this dangerous period Joseph W. Still was killed in Randolph County, at a point to which he had followed the savages. When the subject was ten years old, his mother married a man named Brown, and then the . family moved into Clay County, same State, still further out upon the frontier, Missourian- like. At the age of eighteen Mr. Still started out in the world for himself, and hired out to a house carpenter to learn the trade, and contin- ued with him until he was of age. September 12, 1837, he married Mary B., daughter of Rev. Thomas Turner, an old Baptist minister. Then, with his bride, he moved into the Piatt purchase, in Missouri, and lived at different places in that section, always keeping as far westward as he could get, until 1849, when he started for Cali- ibrnia, in a train with ox teams, crossing the Missouri River May 6. At noon the first day out they elected James Long as the captain of the train. They traveled up tlie Piatt River to the vicinity of the mouth of the JS'orth Piatt, crossed the South Fork by way of Ash Hollow, went up the valley of the North Piatt to a point near the mouth of Sweetwater, crossed the North Fork of the Piatt, traveled up the Sweetwater to the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains and on to the Big Sandy, where the road divided; one branch, known as the Fort Bridger road, leading to Salt Lake, and the other, "Sublette's cut-off." Taking the latter, via Fort Hall and Snake River, they came on to the long-looked-for point of destination. On rea-;hing Bear River, July 4, they fired a salute for American Independence. On the desert they passed two days and two nights with only a five-pound powder-keg of water. They reached Placerville August 28, 1849, after a long, tedious journey. Mr. Still then began making rockers for gold mining, tearing up his wagon bed for this purpose. He made $6 a day at this busi- ness. Within forty steps of where he was at work they were taking out pounds of gold dust, which was more than -he could stand ; and he commenced mining also, but without col- lecting much gold for several days. He mined in Placerville until February, 1850, when he went over to Canon Creek, El Dorado County, at a point called George's Flat and mined there with varied success. The best day's work was when three of them took out over $2,200. On the last day they took out $1,600. Then they sold out for $4,000 and settled on the D ranch in lone Valley, which point derived its name from a large brand they placed on their cattle. They arrived here on the 1st of July, entering the live-stock business. In October following Mr. Still returned to the East, leaving his in- terests here in charge of his partner. Taking steamer at San Francisco he reached Panama in twenty-one days, landed at New Orleans upon the Havana and arrived in Missouri after a voy- age of fifty-one days from San Francisco. On leaving the Golden Gate he turned around, waved his hat and bade good-by to California, feeling perfectly satisfied to return East and re- main there; but after he had spent two years in Missouri the excitement in the beautiful land he had left was too much for him, and he and his wife, in 1852, came again to the Golden State, overland, leaving the Missouri River May 5 and reaching Sacramento August 27, making the same trip he had made in 1849 to a day. The first winter here he spent in a hotel which he rented called the lone. It was merely a stop- ping place, situated four miles east of Stanislaus River, on the Stockton and Mariposa road. Then he spent a year and a half at Redwood City. Moving back into Mariposa County, he remained there until the fall of 1856 and then JIISrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. be located two and a half miles above Gait, on Dry Creek, wbere he now has a ranch of 500 acres. Two years ago he moved into Gait. In 1887 Mr. and Mrs. Still celebrated their golden wedding, having all their cliildren and grand- children excepting one with them; also one great-grandchild. In their own family were six children, two having died. They have tweuty-fonr grandchildren, and have had four great-grandchildren,, but only one is living. ■>, .^..t.,r-^. r fAVID W. TAYLOIl, farmer, was born in Frederick County, Maryland, February, 29, 1840, and in 1844 the family removed with him to Seneca County, Ohio, where they lived thirteen years. Thence they moved to Wisconsin, and two years later came to Califor- nia, arriving September 15, 1859, at San Fran- cisco on the steamer Boluck. He proceeded to the vicinity of Hangtown, where he worked for his brother, John B., one year on his ranch and then started out for himself. He purchased his present place in 1881, where he raises grain, hay, cattle and hogs. In 1863 lie married Emma Jane Thomson, who was born September 9, 1845. The children are Clarence E., Frederick P., Budd II., and Edith M. fOHN RICHAUDS was l,„rn in Cornwall, England, August 20, 1826, his parents be- ing Charles and Honor (Warner) Richards. The father was a miner of metals — tin. lead, copper and silver, and also occupied a small farm. John received due initiation in both lines of work, and w'len he came to the United States in 1845 he naturally sought the lead mines of Wisconsin, seventeen miles from Galena, Illinois. When the gold fever broke out in 1848, he started with three fellow-miners and six ox teams for the new El Dorado. At St. Joe they were joined by three other Yonng adventurers, having each one ox team. Tliey left St. Joe April 7, 1849, and arrived at Dutch Flats on September 9, of the same year, and went to mining without delay. Mr. Richards struck a good claim, and took out $5,000 in six weeks. In his find was one nugget worth $252. In 1851 he went East, mainly for the purpose of getting married, and having happily fulfilled that errand he invested his money in cattle, which he drove across the plains with the help of seven men, in 1853. He purchased the squatter right of one McHenry for $1,500, but afterward relinquished it under the ^advice of John P. Rhoads rather than contest the Mexi- can grant to the Sheldon ranch, in which it was included. The administrator of the Sheldon estate, Mr. Gunn, obtained judgment against others, and he preferred to save the cost of litiga- tion. In 1855 he bought nearly 500 acres of the same estate which he still holds, and after- ward about 1,000 acres of Government land. He still owns some quartz mines in Am- ador County and has been from the first more or less interested in mining operations. About 250 acres of his ranch are bottom lauds on the Cosumnes. He raises various kinds of fruit, but mainly for home use only, besides the usual grain crops and some cattle. Mr. Richards was married November 17, 1851, to Miss Elizabeth Mitchell, born January 31, 1830, the daughter of Joseph Mitchell, a farmer of Lafayette County, Wisconsin. They are the parents of ten children, of whom two died in infancy and eight are living: Ellen Alrena, born November 2, 1852, now the wife of Mr. Lafayette Miller, teacher of the school near Cosumnes postoffice; Emily Jane, born Novem- ber 26, 1854, now the wife of Alexander Milne, for thirteen years foreman in the office of the San Francisco Bulletin; Annie Sopliia, born Februarj 8, 1857, now Mrs. Henry Band, of San Francisco; Lizzie Viola, born March 4, 1861, now Mrs. William A. Johnston, Jr.; Charles Joseph, born May 30, 1863; John ^1.!- coln, August 22, 1865; Mary Hattie, January 31, 1808, now Mrs. E. A. Piatt; William Free- man, December 22, 1870. Mr. and Mrs. -tl^aA^cc lUSTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Richards made one trip East, with the Pioneer Society in 1869. ^^.^^^^.^.^ A. GETT, Jr.— It would he indeed difticiilt to point to a better instance of what may be accotiiplished by a young man of pluck, perseverance and principle, than i.s presented in the life history ot the gen- tleman whose name figures at the head of this sketch. Although but twenty-six years of age, he has already risen, almost unaided and alone, to a position of ease and prominent rank in a profession where hard, honest work tells per- haps more surely than almost any other line of life, namely, the legal; that, too, from the nar- rowest circumstances of his early days, and against serious and discouraging obstacles. He is a native of Sacramento, has lived all his life in this city, and it would hardly be saying too much to state that he has not an eneinj^ upon earth. A genial, good-hearted, honorable, lion- est, hard-working and talented gentleman, in the truest sense of that word, he deserves every whit of his success, and tlie bright future that lies before him is amply due to liis energy and ability. As before stated, Mr. Gett was born in the city of Sacramento, the date being July 11, 1863. His father is Captain W. A. Gett, once a prominent business man, and still a well- known and, although reduced, an honorable resident of this city. He is a veteran of the Mexican war, where he saw much active service. He was a native of Woodford County, Ken- tucky, ant! an intimate friend of J'oung Clay, who fell at the battle of Buena Vista. The (iett family is indeed one of the old families of Kentucky, having settled there in the early days. Upon his mother's side Mr. Gett is sprung from the old Rogers stock of Tennessee, a family well known and jirominent there. Captain Gett is a pioneer of the golden days of '49, and was at one time a !nan of wealth and [)Osition. Business reverses, more the fault of others than his own, overtook him, a di>aster 38 from which he never recovered. The subject of this article was reared and educated in this city, attending different private and public schools. For a time he devoted his attention to engineer- ing and surveying, but being naturally of a busy and aspiring turn of mind, soon abandoned those pursuits for the study of law. He entered the law office of Jones & Martin, well-known attorneys of this city, and two weeks after at- taining his majority passed a brilliant examina- tion before the Supreme Court of California during its term in San Francisco, and was ad- mitted to practice before the bar. He immedi- ately ''hung out his shingle," and by his quick- ness of judgment, legal skill and careful study of his cases, has won a position in his profession of which any lawyer of twice his age might be proud. He believes firmly in the dignity of his profession, and will never lower its standard by any act unworthy of an adviser. He owes his great success quite largely to the effective course pursued by him of singling out the most salient point of. his case, letting the rest go, and re- serving all his strength for that point. Mr. Gett is a Democrat of unwavering views. He has been tendered the nomination for many offices of responsibility and honor, but has always declined them, wishing first to win tlTe right of accepting office at the hands of the peo- ple by placing himself at the very lead in his profession. That the future has much in store for him we feel assured, for in the end offices of trust and responsibility always come to those who are worthy of them, whether they seek them or not. Mr. Gett has, nevertheless, been of great service to the party by taking the field and doing effective work as a speaker and worijer during several campaigns. As is natural with a gentleman of such an active disposition as Mr. Gett, he is a member of many beneficiary orders. He is a I'ast Bresident of Sacramento Parlor, N. S. G, W., and has been a delegate to several Grand Parlors. He has held several important commissions for the orderj at times of great responsibility. He has _ been First Chieftain of the Caledonian Association; is a HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. nnmber of the Masonic order, lidding at present an office in Tehama Lodge, and a member of El Dorado Ltdge, I. 0. O. F. It should be stated tliat he is tiie ordnance officer on the staff of the Colonel of the First Artillery Regiment, N. G. C. The subject of this sketch is a young bachelor. ^-3-^¥ J^ENRY HOLMES, a farmer of Sutter |B\ Township, was born in Yorkshire, Eng- ■^ land, February 26, 1829. His father, William Holmes, was a manufacturer of woolen goods in the old country, and also carried on farming. In 1842 he came to this country and spent a few months in Wisconsin: but, being sick while there he returned to England to spend the remainder of his days there. He was born in 1805, and died in 1880; his wife, Elizabeth, died in 1836, the mother of four sons and one daughter. Two of the family are now living, — one son in England, and. Henry, the subject of this notice. The latter in his younger days was an assistant of his father, both on the farm and in the woolen mill. He became an expert in spinning and dyeing, tak- ii?g charge of the business to a great extent dur- ing his father's absence. In 1869 he bade adieu to his native land. Coming to America he spent the first year in Indiana, and afterward was in JSew York State; followed his trade as dyer in both States. In 1878 he came to Cali- fornia, and soon purchased his present place of 160 acres in Sutter Township, between the up- ])er and lower Stockton roads. He has also an interest, with his sons, in a section of land in San Joaquin Township. In his undertakings here, also, he is in partnership with his sons. He has been a hard worker, industrious and economical, and has been quite successful. He had but §500 when he commenced here, nine years ago. He was married in 1852, in Eng- land, to Mary Woods, a native of that country, who died in. 1871, the motiier of six children, four of whom are now living, as follows: Emilyj wife of James Spencer; Eva, wife of George Beiley; Joseph, wlio married Carrie Rich; and James W., who married Flora Canlield. fllARLES SCHREINER was born in Ba- den, Germany, in 1826, of Michael and Katrina (Hummel) Schreiner. The pa- rents, with Charles and two other sons, came to America in 1849. Their son George had pre- ceded them in 1845, and a son and daughter remained in Germany. The family settled on a farm in Jefferson County, Wisconsin. George settled in Boston, but after some years came lo Wisconsin, and went into the boot and shoe business at Fort Atkinson. Martin, who came with the others in 1849, afterward became a contractor and builder in Milwaukee, and was killed by a tall from a building. The mother died in 1874, aged about seventy-five, and the father in 1879, aged eighty-five. The subject of tins sketch was in the grmy of the Grand Duke of Baden from 1846 to 1849, and fought on the side of Prussia in the Schleswig-Ilolstein war; but in 1849 Baden was opposed to Prus- sia. He came to California in 1852, and went to mining on the Middle Yuba for the three months, doing fairly well, but losing in later ventures all he had made. He then went to Marysville and worked on a steamer, which was blown up three months later, while he was for- tunately on shore through sickness. After getting well he came to the place he now owns, seven miles south of Sacramento, on the Free- port road, and went to work keeping cattle for the owner, a Mr. Blanchard, and in 1854 he bought the ranch comprising 160 acres. He also owns 320 acres near Elk Grove. He raises wheat and barley, and keeps a dairy of about thirty cows at the home place. In 1860 Mr. Schreiner was married in Sacramento to Miss Christina Klenk, a native of Wirtemberg, who died in August, 1887, aged forty-eight, and was buried in Sacramento. 'Three children survive her: Elizabeth, Charles, Jr., and Henry. Miss UISTOMY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Schreiner has a good district-school education; and Charles was graduated from the Sacra- mento Business College. Henry has taken a course in the California Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, receiving his diploma June S, 1886. »^,^^«f-,^*.-... WILLIAM ADLUM SCOTT was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, October 9, 1833, his parents being James and Polly (Davidson) Scott. He was reared on his father's farm, and received the limited education of an occasional term in the district school. At the age of ten he hired out, driving horses and otherwise helping in farm work. In 1850 or 1851 he became an apprentice to a carpenter in Manslield, and in 1852 went to Sandusky city, where he earned high wages at his trade, because of the cholera then prevailing, he hav- ing escaped the epidemic. March 26, 1853, he left Mansfield for Califoinia, by way of Cin- cinnati, St. Louis, Soda Springs, and Sublette's cut-off to the head of the Humboldt; down the river to its '-sink," and thence across the desert to Ragtown, ai-riving in this State August 12, and in San Jose September 2, 1853. He worked at his trade two months, but was taken sick and became unable to work. He moved to El Dorado County, and did a little mining and ranching until March 10, 1854, when he again went to carpentering on a job at Shingle Springs. On its completion he moved to the Cosn Mines, May 31, 1855, and was engaged in building irrigating wheels at intervals for five or six years, meanwhile remaining at a small ranch of about eighty acres, of J. C. Austin, in 1856. In June, 1857, he was married to Miss Zilplia Moore, a native of Indiana, and daughter of a school-teacher of tluit name, who taught for many years near Lafayette. Mr. Scott made his first purchase of land in 1869, about 160 acres, since increased by later purchases to about 500 acres. For some twelve years he made a specialty of the fruit business, raising some and also buying of others to sell to the trade, but general farming is his principal business. He raises some horses, cattle and sheep, besides the usual grain crops. He has an orchard of about 1,000 trees, and has realized as high as $8,000 f'som its product in one year, but for the last five years the sales have not reached ten per cent, of that amount in any one year. Mr. and Mrs. Scott are the parents of two sons, stilJ liv- ing: George W., born in 1858, and Lewis M. in 1860. They were divorced, and Mrs. Scott left August 20, 1884. She is now living at Se- bastopol with her two sons. In November, 1885, Mr. Scott married Mrs. Sarah Muse, born in Kelsey, El Dorado County, in 1860. They are the parents of two children: William, born August 10, 1886; and Ellen Jane, September 7, 1888. ^^-M^« fDWIN F. SMITH, Secretary of the State Agricultural Society, and a resident of Sacramento, is a native of this city. He was born in February, 1853, the son of Captain F. C. Smith and Augusta J., ?tee Petrie. Captain Smith was a native of Pennsylvania, but removed in early life to HopkinsviUe, Ken- tucky, where he resided for many years; he was a pioneer on this coast, coming here in 1849. Tlie first business enterprise which engaged the sub- ject of this sketch was selling papers on the streets of Sacramento. Next he worked on a farm in Colusa for three years. In 1866 he was sent to the high school in San Jose, and there remained for three years, and there it was that he obtained the education which has so well fitted him for the honorable position which he has since been called upon to occupy. Upon his return to Sacramento in 1869, he entered the service of the Pacific Union Express Com- pany, and later on was with Wells, Fargo & Company, in whose employ he continued for eight years. After a three-years experience in mercantile pursuits in this city, he became Secretary of the State Agricultural Society in 1880, and has held this position since that time; HISTOMY OF SAOBAMMNTO C'OUIiTr. but in 1879-'80 he was Secretary of tbe Con- stitutional Convention, of wliicb body Hon. Josejb P. Hoge was President, and was Secre- tary of the Senate during the twenty-liftli and twenty-sixth sessions, and for the two extra se^- sio7is of 1884-'86. In 1876 be married Jeannie A. Miiir, a native Calilornian. They have two children: Ilabey Genery and Elsie. fllARLES H. JOLLY, grocer, Folsom, was born in Green County, Pennsylvania, June 18, 1842, son of Titus and Eachel Jolly, the former of Scotch descent and the latter a native of Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. Mr. Jolly never saw any of bis relatives, and does not know that he has any in America. He left home at the age of twelve years, went into Monongalia County, Virginia, and obtained such employment as he could, tbe first respons- ible position being that of salesman and deliv- ery boy in a cabinet and general furnishing store. Next he went to Hancock County, Hli- iiois, where he did carpenter work about two years; then he went into Kansas with a party of trappers, and sptnt tbe summer of 1857 in the Rocky Mountains. In 1858 be left La Harpe, Hancock County, Illinois, and came overland to this State with three others, one of 1 hem being a brother. They crossed the Mis- !-ouri March 24 and came leisurely along, as they were traveling more for sport than to reach a certain point as soon as possible. They passed the time hunting, trapping and fishing, and reached California November 20. Mr. Jolly first commenced mining at Rattlesnake Bar, continuing in the business there and at other places for about a year; next he followed car- pentering at Auburn, Placer County, awhile; then he was at Folsom a short time: then clerked five years in the store of Bradley & Seymour; then he followed teaming again in and around Colfax, Dutch Flat, Alta, Gold Run, etc., f\)r two years. Selling out this interest, be went to Virginia City, and for two years pros- pected in tbe wilds in that part of the country, in company with two others. The next year he was in this State not doing much of any- thing, until finally he bought an interest in a grocery store in Folsom, where he carried on the business under the firm name of Smith, Bishop & Jolly. The second year Bishop sold to Campbell; the third year the stoie was con- sumed by tire. May 6, 1872, uninsured, and the firm lost about everything. Mr. Jolly then re- mained out of business for six or seven years, during which time be was clerking, speculating, etc., until 1883, when he again began regular business for himself, which he has carried on to tbe pres-ent time. He is a member of Folsom Lodge, No 109, A. O. U. W., joining the order in 1879. May 24, 1869. he married Miss Eve- line Heaton, a native of Peoria, Illinois, who came to California in 1852 with her parents. Her father, James Heaton, was a well-known pioneer of Folsom. fHOMAS J. THOMPSON was born March 19, 1814, in Knox County, Indiana, his parents being Colvert and Jane (Mayfield) Thompson. The father was a shoemaker by trade and went to Indiana in 1822, settling finally in Vincennes, ihat State, where he died. He bad eleven children, four boys and seven girls. Tbe subject remained at home, working on his father's farm until twenty-one years of age. April 12, 1854, he started for California, crossing the plains with his family, seven in number; he arrived at Gold Hill, August 30, 1854, after a pleasant trip. He went at once to mining, continuing the same for about eight- een months, bi.t not being successful, be came to Sacramento, remained but a short time, and then went to harvesting for Joseph Kerr. He saved $30 and concluded to go on a ranch, the $30 being invested for lumber with which to build their cabin, but it was not sufficient and the neighbors helped them out. The first year's crop consisted of fifteen acres of wheat, which lIlSl\)Rr OF SACRAMENTO COUh'TY was a good crop considering the dry season. Thus lie struggled along, but to-day is amply paid for his energy and grit. lie has one of the finest homes in the county, lie was inarriedi March 17, 1840, to Miss Mary Atin Earls, who died March 16, 1872, leaving five children, namely: Henry, Melissa, Isidore, Theodore and Alonzo. He was again married in 1872 to Miss Agnes B. Thornell. He has sixty acres devoted to general farming, seven acres to vineyard and about 200 peach and fi-uit trees. tON. GROVE L. JOHNSON, one of the leading members of the bar of Sacramento County, was born March 27, 1841, in Syracuse, New York, where his younger days were passed, his education obtained, and where he was admitted to the bar when but a little past his majority. At the age of fifteen years he was left an orphan, without means, and from that time forward has made his own way in the world, — much of it by "fighting," as he him- self expresses it; but his "fighting" has been in great part for his friemls and the city of his adoption. He began the practice of his profes- sion in his native city, but with such close ap- plication that his physical forces began to yield, and he saw the necessity of a change of climate. Accordingly, in 1863, he came overland to this State, by stage, being twenty-two days and nights on the journey. In 1865 he selected Sacramento for his residence. The next year he was appointed swamp land clerk of the board of supervisors of this county, an office he held for over seven years, though the political com- plexion of the l)oard was twice changed during that period; and since May 1, 1874, he lias been busily engaged as an attorney, and to some ex- tent in politics. In the fall of 1877, with his colleague, he was elected as a Republican mem- ber of the Assembly; and two years later he was elected to the Senate. In 1882 he was again nominated for the Senate, but by politi- cal maneuvering he was counted out. louring his term in the Legislature he came prominently to the front as an unyielding opponent of the so-called " gag-law," and contributed signally to its final defeat. As a member of the Senate he was chairman of the committees on the Chinese and Chinese Immigration, on irrigation, water rights and drainage, and a leading memher of those on judiciarj', education, the State prison and the State library. In reference to this period of Mr. Johnson's life, we will quote sub- stantially from the Evening Post of San Fran- cisco, published at the time: Fierce struggles, deadly conflicts, great indecorum, restless wait- ing, bitter complaining, exaltation, defiant toil, tender feeling have been that man's portion in life, as one will see through his strange voice. This characteristic voice accounts for much of his power over men. Men strike hands with him and swear to stand by him, because his voice tells tliem that he has lived their life of pain and conflict. But this same voice in bitter sarcasm vibrates like the sting of a bee. His intense nature is of course variable in expression. While he is affable and accessible to all, whether friend or foe, he can confront harsh natures and cold-blooded critics with an icy coldness; his inner man hibernates in an alabaster cave. A cold-blooded calculation might silently torture Johnson, but a thousand enemies could never move him from a position. In debate he is ut- terly irresistible; in retort he surpasses all the attorneys of the State; in fact, in sudden re- partee he is terrible. His industry is appall- ing, and he is evidently a man of destiny. For two terms Mr. Johnson was president of the old volunteer fire department, and took an act- ive |)art in the founding of the Exempt Fire- men's Association, in November, 1872. In 1873 he became secretary of the association and served seven years; since then he has been its president. In the Odd Fellows' Order he has been grand representative to the Sovereign Lodge of America; of the Red Men, he has been grand sachem; of the Druids, past noble arch; of the Knights of Pythias, past chancellor; of the LJnitod Workmen, past masterworkman; of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. tlie Knights of Honor, past protector, etc. He was married at Syracuse, New York, in 1861, to Miss Anne de Monf'ridy, a native of Onon- daga Coutity, New York, and Mr. Johnson, after liis tirat trip to this State, returned via Panama for her, and brought her "West by the Nicaragua route. Their children are: Albert M. and Hiram W., associated with their father in legal business, and three daughters. — — €^->^'S^— — fEORGE W. MORSE, a farmer of San Joaquin Township, was born Angust 10, 1838. His parents, Lyman and Harriet Morse, were natives of Vermont, and emigrated from New York State to Rock County, Wis- consin, in pioneer times, and remained there until the father's death, at the age of sixty-two years. He was a farmer by occupation, but was running a hotel at the time of his death, having leased his land. In his family were two sons and one daughter: Harriet, deceased: George W. and Lucien H. Harriet married Alonzo Bowman, and lias since died. George "W. is said to be the first white child born in that county. He was reared on a farm, and after the death of his father he went, at the age of eleven years, to live with Jerome Vaughn, and remained with him until he was of legal age for the transaction of business for himself. April 10, 1860, he came across the plains and moun- tains to California with horse teams, and arrived in Sacramento September 1. The journey was a very pleasent one, the principal accident being a loss of five horses in a stampede. In the train were twenty wagons and about forty men, be- sides the women and children. On arrival here Mr. Morse at once began freighting from Sac- ramento to the mines, and followed that business ten years. The last trip was made from Elko to the White Pine country, where were mines. In 1870 he came down and settled in San Joa- quin Township, this county, on which there was not a stroke of improvement. Now his place of 800 acres is one of the best in the county. He purchased the land in 1862, about nine years prior to his location upon it. It is about six miles from Elk Grove, eighteen from Sacra- mento, and three and a half from the upper Stockton road. Mr. Morse was married in Sep- tember, 1870, to Miss Emma Russell, a native of Arkansas. Her people came to this State in 1860, locating in Sacramento. Mr. and Mrs. Morse have two sons and two daughiers: Eg- bert, born in April, 1877; Maud, June 14, 1879; Archie, August 26, 1881; and Eva, July 12, 1885. fDOLPH JEAN, farmer, Brighton Town- ship, was born in France, December 29, a son of Frank and Francoice (Goubert) Jean. The former died in 1854 at the age of sixty-seven years, and the latter a few years later. They had four sons and three daughters. One of these, Adolph Jean, was brought up on the fari!i, and in 1867-'71 he followed farming on the Island of Jersey, near the coast of France, and then came to America, landing at Quebec; he worked on a farm near Toronto, Canada, four months; went to Detroit, where a friend helped him to obtain employment in the Saginaw lum- ber camps; but one winter's experience there made him long for California, and hither he came, stopping first in San Francisco a few days endeavoring to find work, but in vain. Coming on to this county, he immediately found employ- ment in Brighton Township, cutting and putting up hay, receiving $40 for the month he was employed. The gentleman who gave him this employment was John Boey, now deceased. The rest of the summer he worked in a hay press for Charles Baker, and during the winter worked upon a farm. The next season he was engaged by John Scofield, who bought Mr. Baker's place; next he was employed by Dr. W. S. Manlove, on his farm, until March 1 1874. During the twenty-two months he worked out he saved $900 from his earnings, and this capital enabled him at the date mentioned to rent the farm of inSTOltV OF SACHAMENTO COUNTY. 615 Charles Baker. He remained on that place live years, when Mr. Baker was compelled to vacate the ranch. Mr. Jean then purchased the place where he now resides at $100 per aci'e, and during the last part of January he moved upon it into a small house iiastily put up. Ilis present handsome residence was erected three years ago. This farm contains sixty-six acres of as good land as can be found in the State. It borders the American lliver, and is on the Ooloma road, ninej^niJes from Sacramento. There are thirty acres in orchard, comprising prunes, ])lums, peaches, apricots and pears, and twenty-three acres in vineyard, in a good bearing condition. In September, 1888, Mr. Jean bought another ranch of 180 acres, on the Sacramento River, in Yolo County, above El Cajon. It is good pas- ture and dairy land. -^Mf. f^DMUNDG. MORTON^, Sr., is from " Rev- L olutionary stock." His father, William, a "I millwright and general mechanic, was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, about the time of the battle of Bunker Hill. It is related of his grandmother that during the battle she had to apply to General Gates for permission to leave the city. The father, being a skilled workman, was in demand throughout New Eng- land for his services as millwright, which occu- pation he followed for many years. He died at Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, at an advanced age. The subject of this sketch was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, July 24, 1824; attended the common schools of his native city, and graduated at the Berwick Academy in Maine. Not inheriting the mechanical genius of his father — whose mantle in this respect seems to have fallen upon iiis younger brother, Albert, now a resident of Florida — Edmund went to Boston, where his uncle, Edmund R. GritSth, was a dealer in paints and oils, and with him served an apprenticesliip; afterward he had charge of a portion of his uncle's work. In 1847 he started in his business for himself, in the same line, at the corner of Bedford and Columbia streets, and continued for six years. In May, 1852, he came to California, in the clipper ship "Stattbrdshire," Captain Richard- son, around Cape Horn, being 101 days on the journey. Captain Richardson was afterward wrecked on Sable Island, in 1856, losing both his ship and his own life. After his arrival in San Francisco, Mr. Morton suffered from ague for a considerable time. Before the expiration of the year 1852 he came to Sacramento, and after the tire erected a building at the corner of Seventh and J streets. The structure was hardly completed when the floods came and he lost every dollar he had. Returning to San Francisco, he engaged in the produce business for about a year. Then he went to " Indian Gulch," in Mariposa County, where his brother, James A., — who had come to the Coast in 1849, — was located as a trader, and joined him in busi- ness. Soon afterward they engaged together in mining on the Marseilles River and in assisting on the construction of a coffer dam of 1,200 feet, which was destroyed by a storm about the time it was completed. In mining theiy suc- cess was varied. They then went to tj^e San Joaquin River and engaged in quartz mining for several years. Next, for the sake of better school advantages, Mr. Morton concluded to change his locality. At this time he had three chil- dren. Accordingly he came and purchased a ranch of 300 acres on the American River, moved his family there and thes engaged in farming until 1884, when he sold the place and bought a lanch of 500 acres near Hickman, five miles from Colusa. This ranch is peculiarly situated with regard to facilities for irrigation, and is devoted to the culture of alfalfa, which matures in about three weeks' time, by irrigation, giving an average of ten tons to the acre per annum. Mr. Morton's wife, nee Adaline Hicks, was a daughter of William Hicks, a farmer and trader of Yarmouth, Maine. Her granfather Hicks was one of the survivors of the battle of Bunker Hill, and was present at the dedication of the Bunker Hill monument in 1848. Mr. Morton HISTORY OF SAGRAMENTO COUNTY. has iive daughters and two sons. The second daughter is the wife of B. F. Howard, the superintendent of the schools of Sacramento County. The youngest daughter, Mollie, grad- uated at tlie high school, and is now at tlie State University at Berkeley, completing her educa- tion. The eldest son, Edmund, Jr., has charge of the ranch. ^-m-^ ■ :1LLIAM ROBINSON GRIMSHAW, deceased, was born in the city of New Yiirk, his parents being John and Emma (Robinson) Grimshaw. The father was Englis^h, and of a family interested in manufacturing in Manchester. The mother was American for at least five generations, being of the Robinson family of Rhode Island. The father dealt in cotton or cotton goods and traveled much. William R. was taken to England when two years old, remaining three yeai-s, and again at the age of six, when he remained five years at school. Losing his father early in life, he was much indebted to Thomas Minturn, an uncle by marriage, for his support and education. On his return from England he was sent to Mobile, Alabama, where he lived four years in some school or college. Again returning to New York, he is known to have spent some time in Burlington, Vermont, and at some point in the interior of the State of New York, and again in New York city — in all six years, for the most part, as is supposed, spent in completing his education. Ho is also known to have been a drng clerk for a time before he came of age. At the age of twenty-one he " shipped before the mast" on the Isaac Walton, owned wholly or in jKirt by his uncle Minturn, and bound for Cali- fornia. Arriving at Monterey, he shipped on the Anita, a naval tender, which he left in Oc- tober, .1848, to accept the position of book- keeper for S. Brannan & Co. at Sutter's Fort, at a salary of $400 a month. In November, 1849, he went into partnership with William Daylor, and kept a store on his ranch on the Cosnmnes. Mr. Uaylor died of cholera in 1850, leaving no issue. In April, 1851, Mr. Grimsliaw was married to Mrs. Sarah P. (Rhoads) Daylor, the widow of his late part ner, to wliom she had been married four years before, at the age of seventeen. After some years they lived in Sacramento for a time, where Mr. Grimshaw was a law clerk with Winans & Hyerin 1857. By private study and from such experience of legal business as he had gathered in a law ofHceand his superior ganeral education he was deemed qualified to become a lawyer, and was admitted to the bar in 1868. He, however, quit the practice of law in the spring of 1869, not finding it as congenial as he had anticipated. He was a justice of the peace for fourteen years, and a teacher of the district school for six years, toward the close of his life. In 1876 he made a voyage to China for his health, but with no marked improvement. He died September 14, 1881. Mr. and Mrs. Grim- shaw were the parents of twelve children, nine sons and three daughters, of whom seven, with their mother, are now living: William R., born March 31, 1852; Em ma G., November 26,1853, now Mrs. William D. Lawton, of Sacramento; Thomas Minturn, August 15, 1856; George R., October 8, 1858; John Francis, June 1, 1862; Frederick M., May 9, 1866; and Walter S., Janu- ary 15, 1868. The mother was born in 1830 in Edgar County, Illinois, being a daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Foster) Rhoads. She has been a resident of the Cosumnes, with hut little interruption, since the arrival in California of her parents, with their fourteen living chil- dren and two or three grandchildren, in 1846. .■■ ii'^i i i i rr^ i. ■■. ILLIAM R. GRIMSHAW, oldest child of William R. Grimshaw, Sr., was bcrn in Sacramento, March 31, 1852. He was educated in the district school, also to some extent at home by his father, and in no small measure by self-education in later years. At the age of fifteen he began to help on the family HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT T. ranch, and lias ever since been engaged in farm- ing, lie now owns a very comfortable home and a small farm of forty acres, to which he gives his undivided attention. He was married in July, 1877, to Miss Alice Bean, a native of Mis- souri, but who was reared in this State, and is a daughter of Russell T. Bean. They are the parents of four living children: Emma, born February 7, 1880; William R., December 5, 1881; Sarali, April 17, 1884; Agnes, July 11, 1887. They lost their first born in infancy. ^\LTER ABOILE MILLER was born October 9, 1833, in Onondaga County, New York. His boyhood was spent on the liome farm. In 1846 when he was thirteen years of age, the family moved to Wisconsin and located in Walworth County, in the south- ern part of the State and adjoining the Illinois line, where they remained four years; thence to Columbia County near Ft. Winnebago, where Mr. Miller, father of Walter, bought 260 acres of land, and here they remained until 1860. The family emigrated to California in 1863 with the exception of one daughter. After seeing the family located, H. D. Miller returned to AVisconsin, settled his business there and returned, bringing with him the afore-mentioned daughter. On reaching California, AValter M. carried on the business of hauling freight from Sacramento to Placerville (then known as Hang- town) for two months. He then had sufficient money to purchase the necessary implements to start in farming, and provide for the family who, during this time, had no special place of residence or ready means to live on. For the first two months he rented land in Brighton Township, but in the spring of 1862 he and his brother, W. B. Miller, bought a squatter right to 160 acres of land and worked it together for two years, up to 1864, when W. B. Miller re- ceived a title to it from the Government. W. A. Miller bought and moved upon land adjoining it, and afterward found it to be railroad land and received title from the railroad company to 320 acres. Of this Mr. H. D. bought eighty acres, paying the same price for it as had been paid to the railroad company. Walter A. bought 160 acres more in 1875, making 400 in all. The farm is about one-half bottom land, of a dark loamy soil, particularly adapted to fruit and grapes; twenty acres are planted in orchard consisting of a general variety of fruit; thirty acres with grape, all in heavy bearing, there being some vines that have yielded 150 pounds to the vine; 100 of the vines are twenty- seven years old. For about seventeen seasons Mr. Miller had run a machine, the first six or seven seasons with horse power, and since that time steam power has been used. He has threshed from the Joaquin pretty nearly to the Red Bluff. He was married in Syracuse, New York, August 22, 1871, to Miss Florence H. Hall, a native of Syracuse and daughter of Upson S. and Jane C. Hall. Mr. and Mrs. Miller have two children: Carolina A., born May 29, 1872, wife of Frank Dahn; and Leroy H., born October 8, 1875. |EORGE BUCKMAN GREENE was born in Leesburg, Virginia, March 4, 1849, his irents being Josiah B. and Caroline (Beale) Greene, natives of New Hampshire. The father was in the jewelry business in Lees- burg for some years. In the winter of 1849-'50 he came to California, but returned East in 1852 and brought out his wife and child. In due time the boy attended the district school and afterward a private school at Petal urn a. As he approached his majority he became familiar with the farm work and dairy interests of his father. He went into business on his own ac- count in 1871, renting his father's dairy farm. He owns the place he occupies, which he bought of his father in 1886, and of whicli he received the deed two years later, having been on the place since 1877. It contains 114 acres, with a very neat home and well-kept grounds. Sixty HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNT)/:. acres are orchard, on which he raises pears, peaches and apricots, a few cherries and plums. Ten acres are devoted to vegetables, and the re- mainder is tule or swamp land, of which some fractional parts are being reclaimed from 3'ear to year. Mr. Greene was married January 1, 1875, to Miss Alice Stanley, a native of Cali- fornia, daughter of liarvey and Harriet (Hoag- land) Stanley. The father was born in Vermont in 1812, came to California in 1849, and died in 1862. The mother is still living. Mr. and Mrs. Greene are the parents of two boys: George Albert, born in August, 1876; Arthur Edison, March 16, 1885. A pretty and well designed two-story house, with carefully kept grounds and neatly trimmed hedges, constitute the home of the Greene family. Mr. Greene is a school trustee and a member of the Board of Swamp Land Trustees in District No. 150. He is a man of special talent in the line of mechanics and engineering. Without any formal training or apprenticeship he has constructed a small steam launch, which is the pride of this section, and of which he is the able commander and ..^ |mLBERT De FOREST MILLER, faVmer, 1^1 Brighton Township, arrived here with his ^P father, Henry Miller, October 12, 1860. He was born in Onondaga County, New York, February 7, 1844. His father was also a native of New York and his mother, nee Julia Adams, was a native of Connecticut. In 1846 his parents emigrated to Walworth County, Wisconsin, and in 1848 into Columbia County, that State, in which county one of his ueighbors, G. W. Scott, was keeping a general store, and is now a promi- nent citizen of Yolo County, living two and a half miles from Madison, having come to this State in 1851. The Miller family, numbering thirteen individuals, came to California overland with five wagons. Leaving their Wisconsin home May 7, 1860, they arrived in this county October 12 following. In the party were W. \\. Miller with three children, now living in Ven- tura County, this State; and one married sister, Mrs. James Powderly, with husband and three children. On his arrival here, Mr. Miller, Sr., located in Brighton Township, renting two years. In * the winter of 1862-63 he re- turned East for a year, and from 1864 till his death made his home here. Both finished their days at the residence of their son, the subject of this sketch. Their children wei-e: W. B., now of Ventura County, a farmer and stabler at times; Mrs. Schaper, whose sketch appears elsewhere; W. A., who lives in Brighton Township; Sopliia, who first married Mr. Pow- derly and afterward Mr. Towusend, and is now deceased; Allen De Lorin,of Sacramento; Sarah, who died in New York State between two and three years of age; the next in order of i)irth was the subject of this sketch; Sanford De Lorin, who died in Wisconsin, at the age of fifteen years, from poison given ignorantly by a drunken physician; George Alonzo, residing near Yreka, this State, when last heard of, about ten years ago. Frederick, a farmer in Oregon ; Miner Adelbert, a farmer in El Dorado County; Henry, living at Salmon Falls, same county, also a farmer; Josephine Elizabeth, wife of Henry West in Sacramento; and Sarah, now the wife of Charles Robinson of Sacra- mento. When his father went Jiast, the sub- ject of this sketch was left in charge of the family, all younger than he, farming on the river near Brighton. During the flood of 1861 -'62 he was on a piece of land rented from Mc- Cloy of Sacramento. A wind moved the house ten or twelve feet, upsetting everything within and carrying the kitchen fifty yards away, but injuring no one, although eight persons were in the house. They were rescued by boats. Mr. Miller plowed and sowed between floods and raised 1,700 bushels of wheat and barley that season, hauled it to Folsom and sold it at the low rate of seventy-five cents a cental (100 lbs.). In 1862 he moved upon the farm of A. B. Davis just south of Brighton. From 1863 to ■ 1867 he followed teaming, using six horses to HISTORY OF SAVRAMENTO COUNTY. 619 tlie wagon. In 1864 Mrs. Bennett, now Mrs. Schaper, came here a widow from Wisconsin with four cliildren, making the fainily to be supported aljout thirteen in number. That year he was cultivating ItjO acres, and it proved a liard year, tlie barley yielding only twelve bushels to the acre and bringing only four and a half cents a pound. During the fall of that year he worked on the canal in Yolo County, employing two teams; but, finding it nnremu- nerative, quit it at the end of si.xty days. In 1866 hepurehased eighty acresof land in Brighton Township, built a house upon it and followed fanning and teaming for others. In the fall of 1867 his mother died. Afterward he followed his agricultural pursuits and speculated in live- stock, hay, etc., and made money, — the founda- tion of his present good fortune. In 1868 he rented 320 acres in Yolo County, which he also cultivated. His farm in Brighton Township now consists of 240 acres, largely devoted to stock- raising. December 28, 1868, he married Mrs. Margaret J. Lea, who was born on Prince Ed- ward's Island July 4, 1848, reared in Boston, Massachussetts, and came to California in 1862. By lier first husband she had one daughter, in 1867, named Annie R. Mr. and Mrs. Miller have five children, besides one who died in childhood, namely: Mina Alberta, born Novem- ber 13, 1869; Arthur Eugene, February 27, 1872; Amy Elizabeth, July 23, 1874; Bertha Belle, September 9, 1877; Ruby May, who died February 19, 1885, aged twenty months; and Leland Stanford, born January 27, 1886. ^ENRY WILLIAM MYERS was born in |m^ Hanover, Germany, February 22, 1834, ^M his parents being Henry and Josephine (Klingenberg) Myers, originally Meyer. The father died in 1847, aged fifty-two. Grand- father William Meyer reached the age of 103, and his wife was nearly eiglity. H. W. Myers while quite young went to live with his father's brother, Frederick. He received the compul- sory education of that country, and learned farming with his uncle. In 1854 he came to this country, where his first employment was as a farm hand on Long Island. In 1855 he moved to Ohio, where he worked two years, and on March 10, 1857, he left New York for Califor- nia, coming out by the Panatna route. On his arrival on this coast he tried mining for one month, and on June 15, 1857, he catne to work on Grand Island at $45 a month, on the ranch he has now owned for a quarter of a century. They raised vegetables chiefly, the soil yielding heavy crops, for instance 11,000 sacks of pota- toes, of 140 pounds to the sack, on forty-five acres. After eight months he bought, in part- nership with another, a place on Sutter Island for $700, which he worked three years. In 1864 he rented the 250 acres on which he now lives, and bought it in 1865. In 1866 he paid a visit to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he had some relations, and was there married to Miss Sophia Kruhoff, also a native of Germany. On his re- turn he was accompanied by his brother Fred- erick, to whom he sold seventy-eight acres of liis ranch, reducing his own holding to 178 acres. Some twenty years ago he began to plant fruit trees, and has now about forty acres in orchard, besides fifteen acres on his 120-acre ranch on Miner Slough in Solano County. The greater part of his home place has been over- flowed since February, 1881, but the levee now being erected or repaired will, it is to be hoped, soon make overflowed lands on Grand Island a thing of the past, and transform its whole area into one of the garden spots of the earth. Mr. Myers built the present house, a comfortable and substantial residence of eight rooms, in 1876. Besides his ranches he owns considera- ble realty in San Francisco. Mr. and Mrs. Myers are the parents of four living children: Louis William, born October 27, 1869; Edward Henry, September 21, 1871; • Dora Sophia, March 4, 1873; Wilhelmina Carolina, June 12, 1877. The sons are now following a course at Atkinson's Business College in Sacramento, and the elder daughter is at the Irving Institute in UISTORT OF SAaUAMBNTO COUNTY. San Francisco. Miss "Minnie" is making the most industrious use of the local district school, to be followed in due time by a higlier educa- tion. tlCHARD J. MQUPHY, Captain of the guard at the Folsom State Prison, was born in San Francisco, September 4, 1854. His father, James Murphy, was a native of Ire- land, who emigrated to the State of New York about 1845, and resided in Troy. In 1854 he came to California by the Nicaragua route, landing in San Francisco in February of that year. After remaining there for nearly a year he went to the mines, lirst at Prairie City for a siiort time, and then to Weber Creek, El Dorado County, about iive miles from Coloma. He fol- lowed mining and raising cattle, taking land under the homestead law and also buying some from the railroad company. He is still raising cattle, and even raining to some extent. He and his sons are the owners of about 1,000 acres of land altogether. He was married in 1852 to Catharine O'Connor, who was born in Ire- land, but brought up in New York. She died in El Dorado, in June, 1872, at the age of forty- three years. In their family were five children, viz.: llichard J., George Henry, James, Mary and Francis. Mary is the wife of Henry Kipp, guard at the Folsom State Prison, and the otliers are residents of El Dorado County. After the death of his mother, Mr. Richard J. Mnrphy was clerk in a grocery in this city about two years, and for the ne.xt five years was employed at the railroad shops, in tlie boiler department, under Charles Shields, foreman, and completely learned the trade. When work in the shops became slack he went to mining in El Dorado County and working on the ranch, having an interest in two pieces of land, amounting to 160 acres. In July, 18S0, when the State Prison at Folsom was completed, he took the position of guard, and served in that relation all tiirougii Tiiomas Peckraan's administration, then warden. When McComb had charge of the prison he was made driver of the prison wagon between Folsom and tiie prison; next for about two months he was gate-keeper; then turnkey for three or four months; next Lieutenant of the guard two years; finally, v/hen Charles Aull be- came warden, he was promoted to his present position as Captain. He is a member of tiie order of Native Sons, and of the Young Men's Institute. Politically ho is a Republican, taking an active interest in public aifairs. He was married in March, 1883, to Mrs. Mary Milroy, a native of Canada, who has lived the most of her life in Folsom. She hid one son by her former marriage, Arthur Alilroy; and by the present marriage there is one daughter, Martha. — ^-m-^ — fllOMAS MOORE TAVERNER was born in England, April 5, 1833, his jiarents being George and Susan (Moore) Taver- ner. The father lived to the age of eighty-five. Reared (m his father's farm, Thomas received a limited education. In 1856 he emigrated to Canada, and went to work on a farm. In 1859 he came to California, and hired out on a farm near Elk Grove, remaining in that neighbor- hood until 1865. In the spring of that year he engaged in sheep-raising, in partnership with John Richards. In 1867 they divided the stock, and Mr. Taverner bought 1,100 acres of the Hartnell grant, and took his brother George into partnership in the sheep-raising business. In 1871 he purchased 1,700 acres, also of the Hartnell grant, and in 1874 they divided and traded some lands, leaving Thomas M. about 2,200 acres in one body, witli about twelve miles of outside fencing. Early in 1888, in partnership with Edward Lyons, he bought the Cave place of 544 acres, making him owner of about 2,500 acres. This partnership still con- tinues, and he conducts the sheep industry and raises all kinds of grain crops and alfalfa. He could raise fruit, Init not to advantage, through lack of railroad facilities to take them to mar- HISTUKY OF HACHAMENTO COUNTY. iet. Mr. Taverner ■was married in England in 1854, having by that marriage one son, who afterward came here, but \v;is accidentally killed in 1878, being run over by a loaded truck he was driving. On September 26, 1874, Mr. Taverner was n)arried in Sacramento to Miss Anne Hirst, a native of Ei.gland, and daughter of Eobert Hirst, an engineer. Mrs. Taverner's maternal great-grandfather, Richard Scholfield, of Burnley, lived to the age of 101 years and nine months. He was at one time a sea-cap- tain, and later in life a book-collector. She has in her possession one of those old treasures from his library, Josiah Burchett's "Complete History of the Most Eemarkable Transactions at Sea." London, 1720. Mr. and Mrs. Taver- ner are the parents of four children: John Thomas, born in ISI'o; George Moore, in 1877; Mary Ellen, in 1879; and Etfie May in 1881. -^-^*^«f-f--- fEORGE TAVERNER, a prosperous and worthy farmer of Lee Township, was born in Devonshire, England, in 1841, being the son of George and Susan (Moore) Taver- ner. He received but a limited education, en- gaging at tlie age of seventeen in the trade or business of a butcher, which he followed in England until he was twenty-three. In the spring of 18G4 he emigrated to America, and went to Lawrence, Massachusetts, where lie followed his old line of business for one year. In 1865 he was employed in the Pacific Mills, where he worked at running a printing ma- chine for about two years. In 1867 he came to California by the Isthmus route, and again re turned to his original business in Sacramento for one year. The ne.xt two years he tended sheep for Martin Monsch on the Laguna, work- ing for wages. In the spring of 1870 he pur- chased a half-interest in his brother's flock of 1,400 sheep. Tiiey also bought 2,144 acres of uplands for grazing. In the fall of 1873 he sold his share, 2,400 sheep, and his lialf of the land. For eight years he traded in mutton and beef, renting his present ranch for the last half of that term. In 1881 he purchased it, being 900 acres, which he has since increased to 1,600, all in one body. He also rents three sections of land from Mrs. Monsch, and 1,100 acres from Mrs. Miser, — all for sheep pasture, having generally from 3,000 to 4,000 head, and has had twice as many in years past, when the business was better. He also raises horses, keeping seventeen to twenty head. In 1888 he sold ofl' his cattle, finding they did not do well with sheep. Of the home ranch 180 acres are bottom lands on the Cosumnes, on which he raises ali'alfa and corn for feed. He employs five shepherds and farm help as needed. In 1883 he went to England, and was there mar- ried, in August, to Miss Mary Elizabeth Berry, a daughter of JSTathaniel Berry, of Westcot Farm, Devonshire. Mr. Berry is still living, at the age of seventy-one, and has one sister liv- ing, who was born about 1815. Mr. and Mrs. Taverner are the parents of two children: Mary Josephine Victoria, born September 30, 1884; and Frances Kate, born February 13, 1889. Mr. Taverner has been since 1883 a trustee of the Wilson school district, in which he resides, and he is also clerk of the board of trustees. ILLIAM H. XICIIOLS, of Folsom, was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, July 16,1848. In 1856 the family "re- moved to New York city, and lived there five years, and then came to Placer County, in this State, and soon afterward to Folsom, where William H. was engaged by the Sacramento Valley Railroad Company, headed by L. M. and J. P. Robinson. He was in their employ twenty years. Since then he has followed blacksmith- ing and draying. In his shop he employs four men, one wagon-maker and three horse-shoers. Eli L. Nichols, father of William, was also born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and died in Folsom April 6, 1888; and his mother, Lucy N., was fifty-six years of age when she died, in March, UIHTORT OF tiAGRAMENTO COUNTY 1881, also in Folsoin. August 21, 1869, Mr. Nichols, the subject of this paragraph, married Christina Wagner, a native of Pennsylvania. The names of their seven children are, Lena W., Willie, Charlie, Maud, Lawrence, Bertie and Minnie. fDWIN C. HOPKINS, referred to in the following sketch, is a gentleman of ster- ling integrity and marked business ability. He was born in Cambridge, Vermont, where he received his early education in the common schools. He started out in life as a farmer, but soon afterward became a clerk in a general store. February 22, 1869, he came to Sacra- mento and joined his brother in the news and book store, and was his successor at the same stand until 1886, when the present partnership was formed. He takes a prominent part in social affairs, being a Freemason, a member of Sacramento Lodge, No. 140, also of Royal Arch Chapter, No. 3, of Council No. 1, of Com- mandery No. 2, of Unity Lodge, No. 2088, K. of H., of Sacramento Lodge, No. 11, K. of P., of Capitol Lodge, No. 87, I. O. O. F., and of Red Cloud Tribe, No. 40, L O. R. M. "^"^^ fS. HOPKINS, senior member of the firm of Hopkins & Pro., dealers in wood and ® willow ware, 311-313 J street, Sacramento, is a veritable son of New England, possessed of ail the versatility, energy and pluck so charac- teristic of New England people. He was born March 21, 1837, at Cambridge, Vermont; his father, S. F. Hopkins, was a merchant; his mother's maiden name was Harriet Austin. The family is clearly of Welsh origin, and the direct line of ancestry can be traced back to the May- flower. Stephen Hopkins was one of the sign- ers of the Declaration of Independence. The .suUject of this notice was educated at Georgia, I'raiiklin County, Vermont. At the age of six- | teen years he began teaching school, in his na- tive town, and later at Grand Isle. In 1854 he emigrated to Crete, Illinois, a few miles south of Chicago, and taught school there four years. Thence he went to Blackjack and Cottonwood, Kansas, and was on hand to participate in the Kansas troubles in 1856-'57, between the settlers and the border ruffians. Returning to Vermont, he was employed in a bookstore at Burlington, and in 1861 enlisted from Burlington as a pri- vate in the First Vermont Infantry, going out with the three-months men, to Newport News. He participated in the disastrous battle of Big Bethel, and at the expiration of his term of en- listment was honorably discharged and returned to his home in Vermont. In 1862, when twenty- five years old, still unmarried and unsettled in life, he determined once mere to strike out for the far West, and came to the Golden State. Embarking on the steamer Ariel, he came by M'ay of the Isthmus, arriving in San Francisco June 30, 1862. His first enterprise was the management of a dairy ranch which he owned in Marion Count}'. This he sold in 1863, and he went to the Forest City mining district and engaged in dairying, saw-milling and mining. After a time he quit all these and resumed school-teaching, first in Solano County and afterward in Bloomfield, Sonoma County. In 1865 he became a member of the Maine Prairie Rifles in Solano, and was First Lieutenant ot that organization. Was justice of the peace in 1866-'67. February 4, 1868, he came to Sacramento and started a news office and book- store, and continued in this line for ten years; then, in 1878, he sold out to AV. A. and C. S. Houghton, who continued the business. Soon afterward he engaged in the wood and willow ware trade, in company with U. C. Billings- by. In 1886 his brother, E. C, succeeded Mr. Billingsby. Mr. Hopkins entered public life in 1876, as county supervisor for the unexpired term of J. A. Mason. Was a school trustee until 1888, aiid a director of the Free Library for five years. Is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 4, 1. O. O. F. ; a past president of the Society of IIISTOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Veteran Odd Fellows; a member of Sumner Post, No. 3, G. A. R.; of Sacramento Lodge, No. 80, A. O. U. W.; of Unity Lodge, No. 2088, K. of H. ; was president of the first Im- migration Society, wliich was organized in 1878, and two years afterward was merged into the Central and Northern, and of which he was president for two years; was also, in 1886, one of the founders, and lias been a director up to this time, of tlie Sacratnento Improvement As- sociation; and also was one of the original members and directors of the Sacramento Board of Trade, and since then chosen to the same position. Mr. Hopkins was married April 17, 1868, to Miss Harriet Hewes, daughter of Jona- than Hewes, of Vermont, and a descendant of Cy- rus Hewes, who also was a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence. Mr. and Mrs. Hopkins have three children: Stephen I., Grace E. and William. Such, in brief, is the outline of the busy life of one of Neft' England's sons. IgROFESSOR CHARLES A. NEAL, leader f^ of the First Artillery Band, is a native of ^C London, England, where he was educated. Very early in life he exhibited a peculiar fond- ness for music, and when at the age of fifteen he came to America he was already a trained musician. He spent one year in Savannah, Georgia, where he played in the local band of that city, and later on spent one season at St. Augustine, Florida; then near Charleston, South Carolina, taught school and tried his hand at farmi ig. In August, 1876, he received the appointment of Leader of the Marine Band on the flag ship Hartford, of the South Atlantic Squadron then lying at Norfolk; and for three years occupied that position. In 1880 he went to Colorado and tried mining for one year; at the expiration of that period he came to Sacra- mento, December, 1881, and at once became the leader of the Artillery Band, holding that po- sition easily by his superior attainments as a musician. The First Artillery is, it is hardly necessary to state, as it is so well known in Sac- ramento, attached to and a part of the First Artillery Regiment, N. G. C; it was organized in 1879, — the first leader being Mr. A. Davis, and is composed of twenty-one members, — about one-third of whom are professional musicians, while the balance are engaged in various avoca- tions and play in tiie band from their inherent love of the art. Under the leadership of Pro- fessor Neal, the band has attained a very high degree of excellence and has become one of the attractive features of the Capital City, their summer concerts in the capital grounds at- tracting immense crowds of pleasure seekers; and during the winter it is the custom to hold a series of concerts at the Opera House, which are attended by the elite of the city. — ^€(ii::®»-^ — fOHN NEAL, hop-raiser, Sutter Township, was born in Kennebec County, Maine, Feb- ruary 13, 1813, a son of Nathaniel and Betsy (Baker) Neal, the former a native of New Hampshire, and the latter of Maine. Both the parents died in Maine, at the age of eighty years. As a remarkable coincidence, both the parents of Mrs. Neal also died at the age of eighty years, and all four of these parents men- tioned died within five years of each other. Mr. Neal, our subject, was born in the township of up th. k'oods where New Portland, " away he passed his boyhood. When he was fifteen years of age, the family removed to New Sha- ron. Before he was twenty-one he went U])on the Penobscot River and became engaged in building mills and l)ridges, and " river driving," that is, driving logs from the camp down to the boom above Oldtown, where a crew of 100 to 300 men were employed in separating the logs and forming them into rafts. Every owner of logs had to pay a certain amount for " boom- age." After an engagement in this line for six years, in somewhat different capacities, he, in 1838, came to Illinois; and he was a resident of Dixon, that State, when General William Henry HISTORY OF SACMAMENTO COUNTY. Harrison was elected President; but Mr. Neal was at that time a Democrat, and does not boast now, as some do, of voting for that General when he did not; he, however, did vote for his grandson for his present position as President of the United States. Mr. Neal took Government land in Lee County, Illinois, and followed agri- cultural pursuits thereon until 1848; then he resided four years in Eock County, Wisconsin; then selling out, he left there May 3, 1852, for California, starting with oxen, thinking they would stand the journey better, but, finding a party who desired a greater speed of travel, he exchanged his oxen for horses. They took the old Fort Plall route, and after a qniet and com- fortable journey arrived in this county October 8. Mr. Neal claims to be a Yankee; at any rate he has the Yankee genius, — the ability to tarn his hand to ahnost anytlring. He has made wagons, followed farming and hop-raising, etc., and like every body else has had his " nps and downs." He is a genial, whole-souled gentle- man, and, notwithstanding his advanced age, is still in good health and active, able to make a full hand at manual labor. He has made his home on his present place ever since he pur- chased it in 1854; it is now all in hops. He had at one time eigiity acres in this crop, and one year he raised eighty tons of hops, about twelve or fourteen years ago, and that was especially remarkable for that time. In his political views lie lias been a Republican ever since 1852. He married his present wife in 1843. They have had two children: Charles, who died in his fourth year, and Edwin, who died in infancy. They have also two adopted children, — "William and I'enjamin. ?OHN NICHOLAS, farmer, has born in Arendal, Norway, November 27, 1828, a son of Terg and Karen Nicholas. In his father's family were four sons and one daughter, of whom two are now living: Aaron, a brother, who resides in Norway; another brother came to the United States when a young man and died in Chicago two months afterward, in 1851. John's father died in 1851, and his mother sev- eral years previously. He, the subject of this sketch, lived with his parents until he was four- teen years old, when he was confirmed by the priest, according to the customs of his country, and he struck out into the world for himself, going to sea as a cabin boy. He worked his way up from that to the position of an able-bodied seaman during the ten years he was on the ocean. His vessel made trips to nearly all foreign countries. In 1849 or 1850 he ob- tained from the authorities of his native country a passport that would enable him to travel in any country without being molested; and then he visited Havre, France, and then shipped as a seaman to New York; returned to Amsterdam, then to New York again, and Mobile. In the latter place he remained until the following spring, when, having teamed of his brother, Nels Nicholas, being at New Orleans, he went there in search of him; but upon arrival found that he had left there three days before. His brother died in Chicago that year. John then spent a summer in Ijoston, aad visited Phila- delphia, then New Orleans again, and then spent another winter at Mobile. Then he went up the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to Cincinnati, thence to Cleveland and Buffalo, and then to Chicago to learn the particulars of his brother's death. lie returned to Buffalo and New York, and to Mobile for still another winter. In the summer of 1853 he had a siege of the yellow fever. In 1854 he came to California, by way of New York and the Isthmus, arriving in San Francisco in October. For three years he fol- lowed mir.ing at Iowa Hill, El Dorado County, and around Grass Valley in Nevada County, etc.; and ever since 1857 he has followed farm- ing on a tract which he then purchased. All the improvements that exist upon it he himself has made. The place is well improved and in good condition; contains 160 acres; is six miles from Sacramento and between the upper and lower Stockton roads. Mr. Nicholas is an in- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. dnstrious and honest man, a faitliful and useful citizen. He was married first in 1852 to Eliza- beth Ourkirk, a native of Holland, who died in 1879, the mother of two ciiildren, both now de- ceased. In 1883 he married for his present wife Louisa Sorensen, a native of Norway, born November 19, 1851, and came to California in 1881. By this marriage tiiere are two children; Elmer, born December 20, 1883, and Edwin, July 19, 1887. They also lost a daughter, Sarah Elizabeth, who died October 13, 1886, aged one year, eight months and twenty days. fj. NAGELE was born in Rhenish Bavaria, February 5, 1846, his parents being Leon- ® ard and Susannah (Roedinger) Nagele; educated from six to fourteen in the town of Siebeldingen, near Landau; he grew up to man- hood there, and then left with the intention of being absent but fourteen days on a visit to his brother near Paris; but in the meantime decided to come to America. Taking passage at Havre on the C. R. Winthrop, after a voyage of seventy- one days he arrived at New York December 5. There he engaged in the ship-ciiandler house of L F. Chapman. Leaving New York May 23 of the following year, embarking at Pier No. 11, on the ship I. F. Ciiapman, he started for Cali- fornia. The voyage was somewhat uneventful until they had rounded Cape Horn, when the vessel sprang a leak and they iiad to return to Rio Janeiro for repairs. They were there tliree and a half months; and on starting again they encountered foul weather, ran out of provisions and had to turn into a Chilian port and obtain supplies; again putting to sea, they arrived at San Francisco May 4, 1864, being 351 days on the trip. In that city he went to work for Will- iam B. Cook & Co., wholesale stationers in Montgomery Block, remained with tliem nearly two years, and then started in business for him- self, in partnership witii George W. Wright, on Stockton street, between Vallejo and Broadway. He retired from tliis business and went into tiie employ of a paper-house, having two routes on the Chronicle and one on the Bulleti», one of them including the whole of Alameda. For the next live years he was brakeman on the western division of the Central Pacific, and then entered the sheep business back of Haywards, which he prosecuted one year with loss, on the Stony Brook ranch. He then went to railroading again on the North Pacific Coast road between San Francisco and Duncan's Mill.* June 15, 1877, he came to Sacramento, engaging with Mr. Meinke; he then bought the Five-Mile House at Brigiiton, which took the name of Jake's Five-Mile House. He returned to Sacramento again in 1881, and opened business at his present location on J and Third streets. At first he was alone, then in partnership with Mr. Steger, the latter being succeeded by his prerent part- ner,Svensson. Mr. Nagele married Agnes Free, who died in Alameda in 1874, leaving two chil- dren, — William F. and Mamie Agnes. He has been a member of the I. O. R. M. since 1870, is now Past Sachem, and is Grand Mishmana of the Grand Council of California; and is also Keeper of AVampum in Red Jacket Tribe, No. 28, which office he has held three years. He is also treasurer of Capital Lodge, No. 66, A. O. D., and a trustee of Council of Chosen Friends, and a member of the Turn-Verein. Politically he is a Republican, lie has educated himself in the English language, never having had any one to teacii him even to the slightest degree. He also taught himself how to write. He is a genial, popular man, and his ale vaults wiiere he is employed are first-class. --^^ m-^- fARL MUNGER, the well-known deputy assessor of Sutter Township, was born in the Territory of Utah, July 27, 1852, and was but nine weeks old when his parents removed with liim to California. They were a portion of a party of nine who came across the plains in wagons, being three months on the road. The only special trouble they had was UISTORT OP SACBAMENTO COUNTY. among the members of the party themselves soon after starting, resulting in a separation. Packing their mules, the most of the family walked across the Great Desert. Calvin Hun- ger, the father of Carl, was born at Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County, New York, in April, 1822, and died in July, 1875, at the residence of his son Carl, four miles from Sacramento, on the river road. Carl's mother is a native of Massachusetts, and was born in 18^*2. When the family arrived at their destination here, near where they now reside, they had but seventy- live cents left in the purse, and the price of one meal was$l. They immediately began mining, at the point called Golden Hill, and made money rapidly. They also kept the Oak Hall Plouse, near their present residence. This place now comprises 135 acres, devoted principally to the raising of hops and a small portion to hay. Calvin Hunger had three children. The two who are still living are Carl and Mary. Ig^ENRY SEYMOUR HILL, miller, Elk ^m\ Grove, was born in Litchfield County, ^wl Connecticut, September 11, 1825. His father, Samuel Hill, was born near New Orleans during the war of the Revolution and. the strug- gle with the British in that locality, his father being a soldier in the British sei-vice at that time. The maiden name of the mother of Mr. H. S. Hill was Laura Pitcher. Samuel and his family moved to Pennsylvania in 1828, where he died about 1845 ; his w-idow lived until 1852. They had located in Susquehanna County, on the line between that and Bradford County. Mr. Hill, the subject of this notice, the youngest of five children in the above family, was brought up in Pennsylvania and lived there until 1851. September 24, that year, in company with a man named Brown, a young physician just starting out in the world, he left Bradford County and took passage at New York on the steamer Brother Jonathan, on the lirst trip ever made by tliat vessel in the California trade. She was afterward lost on the Pacific coast while run- ning between San Francisco and Oregon. Mr. Hill landed at Chagres, took a small boat called the Bungo up that river to Cruces, with twenty- seven others, of whom three were women, and eighteen of them were from Bradford County, Pennsylvania. From Cruces they went to Panama across the Isthmus. Mr. Hill started with a mule, but shortly afterward gave it to a sick traveler, and he and Brown footed it the rest of the way. In a week or ten days he took the old steamer Panama, one of the first steam- ers on the coast, for San Francisco, with 1,200 passengers aboard, when it was registered to carry only 500 or 600. In twenty-one days he landed at the city of the Golden Gate November 4, 1851. There he waited for other passengers from Bradford County, who took the old pro- peller Monumental City, and were two weeks behind the other vessel reaching San Francisco. In the meantime Mr. Hill had been earning something in the city, and when his friends ar rived he was able to help them pay their passage to the mines, at Columbia Flats, Tuolumne County, where Mr. Llill and two others took some claims. On arriving at the mines they waited a month for water, with which to wash for gold; but Mr. Hill's patience gave out and he sold his share in the mines to two others, who remained there and made a fortune in two months, taking out about $80,000 ! Mr. Flill came to Sacramento and contracted with parties to build a mill in Eureka, Yuba County, and was there until the following July, then stop- ping in San Francisco until autumn, when, after the great fire, he came to Sacramento again. The next spring he went to the mines and struck some new discoveries in Placer County, in a spot near the Bear River called the Long Ravine. Then he kept boarding-house and provision-store in Eureka, and also did some mining there. Selling out, lie left there in June, 1853. He went to Foster's Bar, on the Yuba River, and in the fall to Marysville. In the spring of 1854 he went to SantaClara and remained there about a year; and then to Santa Cruz until 1861, where niSTORi' OF SACHAMENTO COUNTY. he had property and prosecuted the mill wright's trade; then, from the autumn of 1861 to 1869 he was engaged in the same business at Virginia City; was next in Sacramento until 1871; then built a mill at Lakeport, Lake County, being there about two years, working at different points. In 1874 he came to Sacramento again, and then to Red Bluff, where he was a member of a stock company who built a mill there. Mr. Hill constructed the whole building in 1875. Ill January, 1876, he bought property in Elk Grove, and in March following his brother and his family came to this place with him. During the latter year he erected a small feed-mill, which was run until 1878, when he enlarged it and put in machinery for making flour. It was rented out two years, ending April, 1880, since which time Mr. Hill has conducted it, in part- nership with Louis Bower, who in fact has been interested in the concern ever since 1878. Mr. Hill has been a member of the order of Odd Fellows ever since 1848, and now belongs to Elk Grove Lodge, number 274, and to the Occi- dental Encampment of Sacramento, No. 57, and also to the Veteran Odd Fellows' Association of San Francisco. He was married in Santa Cruz, in 1856, to Mary Uhden, a native of Ohio, and they have two children: Eddie and Laura. fEORGE PETERS, rancher, was born on one of the Azores Islands, April 26, 1833, and was reared upon a farm. In 1848 he emigrated to the United States, landing in J^ew •York; but he followed the life of a sailor for four years on American vessels. He then left Boston on board the clipper New Flying Fish for California, landing in San Francisco and ar- riving in Sacramento in the fall of 1852. Here he found employment in a flour warehouse, at a salary of $8 a day, and remained there two months. For the ensuing fourteen years he fol- lowed mining, with some success. In 1865 he purcliased his present ranch of 140 acres of choice river land on the Sacramento, six miles south of the city. It is the best in his neigh- borhood, and is devoted to general farming and stock-raising. He was married Ifovember 12, 1862, to Belle Nevis, and they have six children : Joseph, Anton, Manuel, Belle, Eliza and Mary. fHOMAS O'TOOLE, deceased, was born in Ireland in 1833, his parents being Patrick and Bridget (]?urke) O'Toole. The father was a tenant-farmer in Galway. The boy received a fair education in his youth. Left an orphan by the death of both parents, he was invited to this country by an older brother, James, living in Massachusetts,' and came in 1848. Being acquainted with farm work he followed that line for some years after his ar- rival in the United States. He was married in Roxbury, Massachusetts, February 12, 1856, to Miss Margaret Tympany, also a native of Ire- land, a daughter of John and Mary (Flaherty) Tympany, both now deceased. The father was over seventy when he died, but the mother died before she was sixty. Mrs. O'Toole came to America in 1853, having been preceded by an older sister. Immediately after their marriage Mr. and Mrs. O'Toole set out for California by the Panama route, and arrived in San Fran- cisco on Good Friday, 1856, with just §100. Both went to work in that city for six months, the wife receiving §5 a month more than the husband, owing to the scarcity of good female help. The husband then went to mining for two or three months at Drytown, Amador County. They afterward worked for two years on a milk ranch in Yolo County. Mr. O'Toole then rented 400 acres of John Rovney, in Brigh- ton Township,* in this county. He had two partners in that venture, and they raised wheat and barley. The following year Mr. O'Toole rented a farm on his own account, and put in a crop of wheat and barley, but lost it all by the flood of 1862. He then rented eighty acres and again put in wheat and barley, which came uut all right, and sold for five cents a pound for HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. wheat, and four and a halt' for barley. In 1866 lie bonght 160 acres in the same township, and now owned by Rovney. There they lived seven years, when they sold out and went to Kansas. Not liking that State they returned to Cali- fornia, and bouglit the 288 acres now occupied by the family at Freeport. Wheat, barley and alfalfa are the chief products. They carried on an extensive dairy at one time, but now milk only ten cows. They also own 413 acres at Sauislniry Station, devoted chiefly to wheat and barley, and now in charge of the oldest son. Mr. Thomas O'Toole died September 15, 1885, much respected in the community, and without an enemy anywhere. He was a model man in all the relations of life. He had worked hard for a living from an early age, and knew how to keep upright and honorable through all the hardships as well as the successes of life. The wife and five children survive him. These are: John Thomas, born May 4, 1860; James Jo- seph, February 17, 1866; and three daughters, vVgnes, Maggie and Nellie. Both sons belong to the Y. M. I. of Sacramento, and the oldest to the N. S. G. W., Parlor No. 3. All the chil- dren received an academic education in college or convent, and the daughters are ail accom- ])lished musicians, while Maggie is an artist in painting of decided ability. John T. is married to ]\[iss Mary Connelly, a niece of Mrs. Cather- ine McAnally, of Courtland. They have one child, Francis Joseph, born December 2, 1888. fAVID OSBARN was born in Clark County, Ohio, September 12, 1825, his parents being Isaac and Elizabeth (Rail) Osbarn. The father was a native of Ne^^ York and the mother of New Jersey. His grandfather, Jacob Rail, a native of New Y'"ork city, was a soldier of the Revolution, entering the army, with his grandfather, at the age of seventeen. The Ralls were of Dutch origin. After the war Jacob Rail owned a grist-mill in New Jersey, where his (laughter Elizabeth was born September 11, 1805. lie moved to Ohio, while his daughter was a little girl, and finally settled on a farm in Clark County. Isaac Osbarn died comparatively young, leaving two sons — the subject of this sketch and his brother, Jacob Rail, born No- vember 20, 1830. After some years the mother was married at Carlisle, Ohio, to Joseph Clip- pinger, a widower of that place. In 1876, on the occasion of Mr. David Osbarn's visit to his home and the Philadelphia Centennial, they were induced to spend the evening of life with him at Courtland. They enjoyed some years of serene tranquillity in the glorious climate of this section, and here they passed to the better land within a few months of each other. The mother died toward the close of 1885, having passed her eightieth birthday; and the stepfather had preceded her, aged eighty-three. They lie buried side by side in the Sacramento cemetery in a double grave constructed for their remains by the filial- care of Mr. Osbarn. Mr. David Osbarn left his home at Carlisle, Ohio, with nine comrades, January 24, 1850, and New Y'ork, February 12, for California, by the Isth- mus route, arriving at Chagres on February 22. Crossing the isthmus in those days was a pe- culiar experience for a man brought \\\y amid the civilized environments of an Ohio home. Mr. Osbarn and his companions ascended the Chagres River in canoes "poled" by half-naked natives. When they became overheated by their laboi-s iiiuler a burning sun these dark sons of the soil, often of mixed blood, did not hesitate to strip off their blouses, so that white ladies traveling that way have been known to disguise their sex in men's clothing to mitigate their mortification. At Gorgona they left the canoes to make the remainder of the journey to Panama by mules, along a narrow, jagged track with a dense thicket on either hand. Arrived at Panama, this particular company were con- fronted by a serious drawback of another char- acter. They were detained forty-eight days waiting for the steamer Sarah Sands, a propeller with four masts, which relied on her sails fully as much as on her engine for making headway. JlLSTUHr OF SACJLUIENTO COUNTY Mr. Osbarn and his party runted a place, bought their supplies and boarded themselves. Finally they left Panama, April 9, with about 300 pas- sengers and a ship's company of perhaps another hundred persons. They were soon put on short rations for food and water, the condensed steam being utilized and doled out for drinking. The supply of coal was exhausted, and on April 18 they put into San Simeon Bay in distress for wood, water and beef. Passengers volunteered and the seamen gathered about lifty cords of wood. On the 22d they left, but the wind be- ing unfavorable and the wood inadequate to get, ting up the required amount of steam power, it was found necessary to put back into the bay. A mounted messenger was sent forward to Monterey to procure coal, and the passengers were offered the alternative of going by land. Mr. Osbarn, who had suffered by Panama fever and had been taken aboard before convalescence, concluded to try the land passage to San Fran- cisco. About half the passengers, including Mr. Osbarn and five of his special party, set out by land by way of San Solidad and San Jose missions, and arrived at San Francisco, June 1. The hardships of the land trip had some com- pensations in the hospitality of the natives and the relief from ocean dangers. Mr. Osbarn and his five companions paid fifty dollars for a ride with a freighter from San Jose to San Francisco. On June 1, they waded knee-deep in sand in the present metropolis, and found but few good buildings. Aside from the cns- toni-house and postofiice there were one or two good hotels and gambling houses, the remainder being shanties and tents. Awaiting the arrival of their baggage and con)rades by the steamer for about a week, they bargained with the op- position steamer Hartford for a passage to Sac- ramento at §25 a head for a club of twenty-five, the fare being $50 each by the regular line. They found Sacramento a "half-dried-up mud- hole" and largely a city of tents and shanties. Tlie conspicuous exceptions were the Orleans Hotel and the El Dorado gambling-house. It has always Ijeen a matter of surprise to.thought- ful observers like the subject of tiiis sketch, how men could be such fools as to stake their all against professional gamblers skilled in all the arts of cheating. Before the close of June our party left for the mining region at George- town, El Dorado County, by way of Brigliton and Coloraa. After prospecting around, even into Xevada, and without pleasure or profit, Mr. Osbarn was taken sick. His fibre was not tough enough and the surroundings of mining life were disgusting. Recovering from a month's illness he bought a team, and making some money bought other teams, kept a hay-yard and a blacksmith shop and had an interest in a store at Michigan Springs After a time he super- intended his business frdm Sacramento, and suf- fered heavily with everybody else from the fire and flood of 1852-'53. His judgment prompt- ing him to return to the permanent and secure pursuits of his youth in Ohio, he bought 160 acres in Yolo County, opposite Courtland, March 4, 1854, where he remained until 1859. Traded his place for improved property in Marys- ville, which he kept only a year. In 1861 he bought land at Courtland, in this county, and has since become the owner of several 'ranches in that neighborhood or within a radius of five miles, developing the thick-brush land of those times into the fruit farms of the present. After ail these years and much experience and obser- vation, Mr. Osbarn thinks "there's no place like home," and that the valley of the Sacramento is the garden spot of earth. The subject of this sketch is a gentleman of strong religious and moral convictions, inherited from his Meth- odist parentage, but his views are rather evan- gelical than denominational. In politics, he was of the American party in 1854, and has since been a Republican, while he would probably be a Prohibitionist were he entirely satisfied of the wisdom of basing a political party on the tem- perance reform movement. He recognizes and regrets the tendency to moral decadence in the organized machinery of all political parties. Remaining unmarried through all these long years, Mr. Osbarn's kindly nature has taken a HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. very special interest in his brother and his family. Jacob Rail Osbarn came to California in 1855 and after remaining here about a year returned to Ohio, where he was married November 25, 1856, at Carlisle, to Miss Mary Martha Clip- pinger, a native of that State, born December 10, 1834, daughter of Joseph Clippinger, already mentioned. Jacob E. was a soldier in the civil war and after tilling his term of service, volun- teered again to repel the Morgan raid in South- ern Ohio. Some years later he moved with his family to tliis State, and they have since made their home with him, in city and country. Mr. and Mrs. Jacob R. Osbarn are the parents of three living children: David Horace, born in Ohio, March 23,1858; D..nna Elizabeth, Novem- ber 4, 1861; Martha Rebecca, "uncle's baby," July 31, 1875, now attending grammar-school in Sacramento. Dorma Elizabeth is married to Henry Elliott, a contractor and builder of Sacra- mento. They arc the parents of Ratie Elizabeth, born October 9, 1883; and of David Osbarn and Donna Orictta, twins, born June 25, 1888. David H. married Miss Agnes Dashiell, a native of this State. They are the parents of two girls. fHRISTIAN H. RAVE was born in Schleswig, a province of Germany, in the year 1820, his parents being Frederick, a cabinet-maker, and Rebecca Rave. He at- tended school until he reached the age of four- teen years, then was apprenticed to a locksmith at Hamburg to learn the trade, then traveled to complete his education. Having become an ex- pert workman he desired a larger field and bet- ter opportunities for advancement, therefore set sail in a packet ship from Hamburg for New York, and arrived after a tempestuous voyage of six weeks. Undeterred by the fact that he was totally unfamiliar with the English language, he found his way to Philadelphia, and obtained employment at his trade on Chestnut street. In 1849 he, with a party of nineteen mechanics, determined to make their way to the land of gold. They went to St. Louis and there se- cured an outlit and provisions, and started to cross the plains, but they were illy prepared for such a journey, and by the time they arrived at Salt Lake their teams had given out and they were obliged to reorganize, and bought some Indian ponies and packed the remainder of the way. Nor was this all, for, taking the advice of some officious parties who were sup- posed to know, they were induced to take a new "cut-off" across the mountains and the dreary, pathless desert, only to find later that the cut- off was in fact a much longer route; their pro- visions and water gave out, and they suffered terrible hardships, losing two of their number in death. Meeting another party on the Jesert who still had a small supply of water, our subject paid his last dollar for a cup of tiie precious fluid, and begged for more, but was sternly re- fused. When he arrived at Sacramento, with- out money, friends or even acquaintances, he was glad to find any kind of employment, sucli as unloading vessels at the levee and doing any odd job that came to hand. At last he obtained employment with one Woodruff, proprietor of a stove store, whose stock consisted in part of stoves which had been shipped around the Horn and had to be "set up" after their arrival here. These stoves often brought $300 or even $500. Woodruff became his friend, and event- ually assisted him to start a small shop of his own on Sixth, between J and K streets, where it may be seen to this day, a relic of the past. In this little shop was laid the foundation of a successful business, which, extending through the early years, broadened and grew with the growth of the Capital City. His business was to make locks, locks for the people, locks for the banks, hotels, and the jail and prisons, 1,400 be- ing made under contract for the latter; and not only locks but iron doors, which, because of many fires, became an important industry, and was carried on subsequently for many years. He returned to Europe in 1853 to visit his old home, and his father, who died the following sprmg, and to be married to Elizabeth Riemech- HISTORY OF SAOKAMfSNTO COUNTY. neider. Together they journeyed from the fatherland and took up their residence in tlie land of sunshine, and here tliey have lived for nearly forty years, having in the interval made three other trips to Europe. They are spending in well-deserved affluence the latter part of their lives at their pleasant home on Seventh street, surrounded by their children and their children's children. tL F R E D R A N D O L r LI, rancher. Dry Creek Township, was born July 15, 1831, in McLean County, Illinois, son of Gard- ner and Elizabeth (Stringfield) Randolph. His tather, a native of Virginia, emigrated in an early day to Tennessee and thence to Alabama, and from there to Illinois, settling in 1860 at a point he named Randolph Grove. Afterward he lived in Riley County, Kansas, and about 1871 came to California and died at the resi- dence of his son Alfred, in 1873, at the age of seventy-one years. He was a man of noble principles and a sympathetic Christian. His wife is now deceased. In their famil}' were seven sons and six daughters, and all the chil- dren except two of the daughters came to Cali- fornia. Alfred Randolph was raised on a farm in his native State, and in 1850, when he was- but nineteen years of age, he crossed the plains to this State withoxteams,beingabout four months on tiie way, and the journey was on the whole quite enjoyable. Stopping at Hangtown, he at once began mining and prosecuted that line of business for eight years, most of the time in the same district, and with moderate success. In 1858 lie came to this county, locating upon his present farm of 160 acres at that time, and there he has ever since remained. This ranch he has enlarged by purchasing additions until he now has 250 acres. It is twenty-two miles from Sacramento. He raises hay, grain and live- stock. He was married in June, 1877, to Miss Emma, daughter of William J. McFadden, and a native of Coshocton County, Ohio. They have three children: Harry Marvin, Estella B. and Clinton A. Mr. Randolph is a member of the A. O. 17. W., of Gait, and in his political principles in a Republican. fOHN H. HAYDEN, farmer, was born June 6, 1850, near Dayton, Montgomery County, Ohio. His father, Martin Hayden, is a na- tive of England, was a shoemaker by tfade, and came to California in 1876, locating in Sacra- mento. July 15, 1885, he was run upon by the cars at the intersection of Twenty-sixth and R streets, in the city, and nearly killed, since which time he has been unable to work. His wife, whose maiden name was Barbara Wise, is still living, and they are both residing with their son, the subject of this article. They have three children, viz.: Mary F., wife of John W. Chest- nut; Oscar H., residing in Iowa, and John H. The latter is a farmer and also a good carpenter and shoemaker. He was two years old when bis parent emigrated with him from Ohio to Missouri. A year afterward they moved to Iowa, and in 1873, to Kansas, where they engaged in farming and stock-raising; were there during the grasshopper scourge. Selling out in 1876, they came and located in Sacramento. John and his wife threw themselves into hard work by the day. He was employed by Mr. Todd, on the corner of Fifth and L streets, in the lumber yard, and was there three months when the property changed hands. From there he went toNicolaus, and next he and his wife wetit to the head of Feather River to work on a farm and in a dairy, remaining only two months; then they were two months at Spaulding's, and then in succession to iiis fatiier's place. Black Station; and then for a man on the lower Stock- ton road, and then they purchased a half block on Twenty-eighth and Y streets, in 1878, and later the same year the other half, at a cost of $850. In 1883 they sold the same for $950 and purchased six and a fourth acres on Tiiirty-lirst and Y, at a cost of $100 per acre: and in 1884 IITSTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. eight acres additional, at the same price. In 1888 thej sold the whole for $10,000. During the last year they purchased their present gar- den spot of ten acres, which is only one mile from the city. On this they have a very line new two-story honse, and' the whole tract they are improving by putting ont trees and planting vineyards, orchards, etc. It will soon be one of the finest residences on that road. There are live wells of excellent water ranging from twenty-six to sixty-six feet in depth, with a never failing supply. Thus it is seen what might be accomplished where husband and wife are faithful together with a single aim in view-, to make a comfortable home in which they can enjoy their declining years. In 1874 Mr. Hay- den married Miss Julia A. White, daughter of William and Elizabeth White, father a native of Virginia, and the mother of New York. They have had three children: Martin W., born De- cember 17, 1875, and died June 6, 1877; Alson, a little boy who died in infancy, and John B., who was born May 26, 1879. fOHN GEORGE PYJS'E, deceased, was a native of Ireland, born near Fermoy, in 1825, his parents being J. G. and Ann (Pyne) Pyne. The Pynes were originally Eng- lish, but V)eing long settled in Ireland, they be- came "more Irish than the Irish themselves," entirely identified with the interests and aspira- tions of that land so favored b}' nature and so abused by man. The parents of Mr. Pyne were blood relatives some degrees removed, and were people of wealth and high social standing. The grandfather, also named J. G., which seems to have been a favorite family name, was a prac- ticing physician of local distinction. The great- grandfather was Lord Chief-Justice Pyne of the King's Bench. The Pynes have a family tradi- tion that their ancestry can be traced back many hundred years. Be this as it may, it is unques- tionable that the late J. G. Pyne, of Courtland, was a man of education, refinement and culture. He was a college graduate and had studied ar- chitecture and engineering, and is known to have practiced the latter, being for some years in the employ of the Santa Fe Railroad as a civil en- gineer. In 1856 he owned a fiirm in Dubuque County, Iowa, which he sold before coming to California in 1862. With two brothers, Edward and William, he came to the Sacramento River, where they worked together for a time on a rented ranch. Willia.i: afterward went back to Ireland and died untnariied. Edward moved to Virginia City, where he engaged in mining. John G. worked for a time for one of the ranch- ers on the river, and in 1868 bought the ranch, increasing the acreage by later purchases to 118 acres, all planted in fruit trees. In 1877 Mr. Pyne made a visit to his native land and was married March 27, 1878, in St. Peter's Episco- pal Church, in the city of Cork, to Miss Kate Pyne Brown, a native of Inchigeela, in the same county, daughter of Richard and Henrietta (Pyne) Brown, a blood relative in the third de- gree, both being great-grandchildren of Chief- Justice Pyne, already mentioned. A grand- uncle of Mrs. Kate Pyne was celebrated for military prowess, and was called Captain Tala- veras I'yne for recovering some captured colors from the French in the battle of that name. After six years of married life devoted to pro- moting the happiness of his wife, and the en- joyment of learned leisure in the nice home he had erected and beautified, Mr. Pyne died in 1884, aged fifty-nine. Mrs. Pyne by a later marriage, since legally dissolved with the right of resuming her former name, is the mother of one ciiild, Dora Isabella, born September 3, 1887. f!|PHRAIM RAY, an old Californian, and L resident of Sacramento County since 1850, ^ is a native of the north of Ireland; he was born there June 10, 1827. His father, John Ray, emigrated to the United States with his family in 1836; stopped a short life in New Jersey, and was naturalized there, and then HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. moved to Illinois, settling in Clay Coutity; his death occun-ed about a year and a half after- ward. Mrs. Kay, whose maiden name was Jane Thompson, survived her husband about three years. In their family were seven children, six sons and one daughter; four of these are now living: AVilliam, Hugh and John in Clay County, Illinois, and Ephraim here in California. The latter was brought np as a farmer's boy, and has passed all his life in the same noble calling. After the death of his father he and his twin brother Robert went to live with their brother Hugh, the third in order of birth; and when they were sixteen or seventeen years old they secured teams and began hauling wheat from Rock River to Chicago. After accumulating some money they took some land in Ogle County, and commenced improving it at such times as they were not otherwise occupied. In the fall of the year they would make freighting trips between Chicago and Galena. Thus they were employed until the California gold fever broke out, and in tlie spring of 1850 they came with ox teams to Sacramento, arriving in Au- gust. There they turned out their teams upon a ranch upon the Cosumnes River and went to the mines at Folsom. They worked at Reale's Bar at the junction of the north and south forks of the river. After accumulating a little money they returned to Illinois. Robert married and remained there until his death in February, 1884. In the spring of 1852 Ephraim recrossed the plains with ox teams to his far western home; and here he engaged in hauling freight between Sacramento, PlacervilJe, Georgetown and other places and the mines. In 1854 he moved down to the Mclntyre ranch in Dry Creek Township, and he has since been engaged in agricultural pursuits and in the care of live- stock. In 1876 he disposed of his farm and moved into Gait, his present residence. He has always been a hard-working man, devoting his attention principally to the raising of cattle when it was on a good paying basis. When he quit the ranch he let out on shares what cattle he had, sending them to Pit River in Modoc County; six years afterward he disposed of them altogether. One thing can be said of Mr. Ray that can lie said of very few men: he has always conducted his business in such a manner as not to run in debt; and daring the many years he has lived in California he has never owed a man a dollar ! Often he refrained from buying when a good bargain might have been made be- caut-e he had not the money in hand. Mr. Ray is an Irishman by birth, a naturalized citizen of the United States, a supporter of the Union during the last war, and a Republican in his political views. He is a charter member of Gait Lodge No. 83, K. of P. fETER HOEY, farmer, Brighton Township, was born in County Lowth, Ireland, De- cember 23, 1839, son of John and Mary Hoey, farmers. Of the family of nine children six sons came to the United States. The iirst to come was Patrick, who located first in New Orleans and came thence to California. The next was John, who left Ireland in 1850, and also stopped a short time in New Orleans and came to this State with his brother, in 1854; but the first to come to California was Bridget, now Mrs. Stoner, who came to the United States early in 1851, and to California in 1853. Cath- arine Quail came next, in 1866; Mary Carroll in 1867; Peter in 1868. John died in Novem- ber, 1880; Patrick, in April, 1887; Michael, who never came to the United States, died in the old country in 1882. Thomas, still another brother, inherits tlieold home place in Ireland. Another sister, Margaret, now Mrs. Byrne, also resides in Ireland. Peter Hoey, the subject of this sketch, when a little boy, entered the em- ploy of Sir John McNeal, who manufactured tile and brick. After he learned the business he had the position of burner, and for sixteen years conducted the whole business on contract. Then he ran a portable threshing-machine for five years. He left home at the age of twenty- seven years, and he sai ed from Dundalk, Ire- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. land, in the spring of 1868, and landed in Sacramento June 5, coming by way of New York and Panama. He first stopped with his brother John, and the next year bought a farm of 163 acres in Brighton Township; and this is his present ranch. In 1882 he purchased another ranch of 170 acres, on the Coloma road, and since then he has sold half of it, and now owns seventy acres of the place. His total real estate is now 233 acres. He has followed agri- culture ever since his arrival here. The large ranch where he resides is devoted to grain, but it is also well adapted to fruit. On the smaller ranch he has fifty-six acres in vines and the rest in fruit trees, bearing. Mr. Hoey was married first in 1872 to Bridget Dunn, a native of Queen's County, Ireland, who died April 15, 1885, the motlier of four sons, of whom only one is now living, John J., born September 19, 1880. In 1886 Mr. Hoey married Annie Cur- tis, who was born in Ireland and came to this State in 1876. They have two children: Gracie and Gertrude, t .vins, born March 29, 1887. fDWARD KELLEY, of Brighton Town- ship, was born in Calais, Maine, March 4, 1822, son of John and Hannah Kelley, both natives of Ireland. He was reared in his native State. At the age of nineteen years, in 1841, he married Maria Kern, a native of St. Stephens, New Brunswick. In the mean time he learned to be a ship carpenter and calker, at Calais, Bangor and Eastport, Maine, at St. Ste- phens and in New York. At St. Stephens he worked on a ship called Fannie, for Eastman & "Wright Bros., of Boston. From Eastport they fetched a steamer named S. B. Wheeler, and this was placed in the ship Fannie, of 250 tons burden. The method by which this was done was the following, which was the invention of William Hines, of Kennebec, Maine, from whom Mr. Kelley learned his trade: they calked • the ship up to the gunwales, launched it, took it along side the wharf and sunk it into a cradle. by the help of the tide which rises forty to fifty feet there. Then they hauled the steamer into the ship and then the hull hauled upon the flats. Then as the tide ebbed they let the water out through a 1 x 8 foot scuttle, whicli let the steamer down in place. Closing the scuttle enabled the next flood-tide to set it afloat. But the deck of the ship was not put on till after it was hauled to the quays. The space between the ship's skin and the steamer was then filled up with 300 tons of coal, and freighted with flour and whisky, etc., all they could pack in, and then all was ready. They chen came around Cape Horn, landing in San Francisco May 10, 1851. First they discharged all the freight ex- cept the coal, which they afterward unloaded into a hulk that they bought for the purpose. The ship was then run up to Benicia and an- chored among the tules. Then they took the mizzen and main masts out excepting the fore- mast, and all the decks but the forecastle. Next, taking a six by ten plank out of the ship's side below water mark, they sank it again, the pres- sure of the water being gauged by a leather valve large enough to cover the aperture and guided by ropes inside and out. The S. B. Wheeler was then taken out of the ship, and run about two years between San Francisco and Stockton, commanded by Captain Spear. The engineer who came with it to the coast was named Lockett. The steamer was afterward run to the Sandwich Islands, whither Mr. Kelley -.vent and calked the deck, for Mr. Wright of the Islands. In 1852 he went to Madeira, near the San Quen- tin State Prison, and worked six months in a saw-mill called the Baltimore, perhaps the first saw-mill on the coast, for a Mr. Morrison. The next five months he was employed in a mill at Bolinas, Marin County. Then he purchased a lot of forty feet front at the corner of Dnpont and Washington streets, San Francisco, in part- nership with John McCloy. He brought lum- ber in his schooner from the mill where he was working and built a house on the lot, in 1853. His next move was to go with Meggs & Will- iams, who went up into Mendocino County, to niSrOBY OF SAGBAMENTO COUNTT. put up a mill, and worked for them seven months, at $130 a month. Returning to San Francisco, he leased a lot on Clay Street and built a house there torrent; but two years after- ward the extension of Davis Street prevented liim from obtaining what he had to pay for the ground, and he had to surrender the lease and the building with it. Next he made thetrip to the Sandwich Islands already referred to; and in 1856 he worked a short time in San Fi'aii- cisco, and then bought his place in this county from Captain Mace, for $1,100. Thenceforward he has been a resident of this county. There are 173 acres here, well improved. Mrs. Kelley died in 1852. They had five children, all of whom are dead. In 1855 Mr. Kelley married Elizabeth McCloy, and by this marriage there have been three children, two of whom are liv- ing; Jane, wife of H. B. Smith; and Elizabeth, now Mrs. Peter Robinson. The one who died was Maggie, who was burned to death when fourteen years old. fH. RUSSELL is a pioneer of Sacramento, who was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, ** July 11, 1825, the youngest of eleven children, five of whom were boys. His fiither, Francis Russell, was a native of Chester County, Pennsylvania. When a little over thirteen years old (April 1, 1839), he went to work as a clerk in his brother's hardware store, and for nine years, nine months and nine days continued with him. His friend in the store was John "Whiteside, and for several years the subject of "going West" was discussed between them. In 1846 he entered man's estate, and to celebrate the event he received $100 and a new suit of clothes, when he at once started off on a trip to "see the world." He went to Ohio, to Michi- gan (where he had a brother), and to Chicago, where he met a party of fifteen young men wlio were making a pleasure trip. There were no railroads out of Chicago at that time, but a stage line ran to fxaleiia, 198 miles, and the fare was $3. On this stage trip he first met (tov- ernor Stoneman, then a young lieutenant on his way from General Kearny. The stage was up- set and Stoneman and Russell became acquainted and went on to St. Louis together. Years after- ward, when Stoneman had become Governor of California, he met him again and the incidents above related were recalled. The trip made, his $100 spent, he returned again to the store a "wiser if not a better man." He came to the coasfin 1849, with two companions, Sam Crist and Henry Good, arriving in Sacramento on the 12th of August. They camped here for a month, and then went to the mines. The ups and downs of mining life need not be related liere. Suffice it to say that in February, 1854, he returned to New York, via the Nicaragua route, and on the 1st of May was married to Justice E. Banner, daughter of George Danner, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, a well-known Penn- sylvania man, who owned the receipt for the noted Hostetter's Bitters. Mr. Russell returned at once with his wife and engaged in the drug business, under the firm name of Fowler & Rus- sell, afterward Russell & Kirk; this was in 1860. In 1863-'64 he was mining in Nevada, and afterward was interested in land and was engaged in farming in Sutter County. In 1853 he was elected treasurer of that county. Re- turning to Sacramento in 1885, he was elected public administrator for two years, and latterly, with his son-in-law, F. Y. Williams, he has been ranching in Placer County. His family consists of one son and three daughters: Margaret, now Mrs. Grifiits; Caroline H., now Mrs. F. Y. Williams; Mary I., and B. tl. Russell, the youngest of the family. Their home is on II street. fO. KANE, a rancher of Dry Creek Town- ship, was born January 1, 1820, in Lon- ® donderry County, Ireland, son of John and Mary (McMaster) Kane. His parents came to the United States in 1830, by way of the St. •UAMICNTO aoUNTY. l.iiwri'iH'i^ liivt^r, Ituidiiij^ at, hmviHtdii, Maine; tlii'V livril ill NiiiMiint Coiiiily, Nfw York, iinlil lsil,,„„| Ihcn inuv.Ml I,,, Kimr ('..iiiil.v, lllinci.^, lil'iiM' il,.... w.'»l ,,1'St,. (l|iurl,..s, wliriv Ihcy iv- Hia.Ml on M raini until lln-ir .Iralh, llic rulln-r in isr.l, lit, iJin iif^'e i.f Hixty li\r yrarH, and llic ninllii.f in isr)li, 111, \\w a;r„ ..f IJI'ty.Mx ymi'H. 'I'lirv IumI liv duiiu'liliTK ami tlimo sons; flui lalhT were l'alri,rl(. I'.aer and .1. ( ). Tlif tAVu \'v\rv, ill ivIiiniiiiM- honn, in Isr.l, di.'d in Si. l.diiiH, MisM,,iiri, with A«iali.Mdiol,.ra. Mr. Kane, llid rtiilijccl of IhiH f,k.'lcli, wan lin.n-lil np i.n a I'arni. In isr)(), when iiJMnit. tliirty yi'iirH ol' ai^c, ii(^ ciinii' ai'i'oHh the |ilaiiis and nioiinlaiiiH to Calirornia, reaidiin^- liiinj^Mown, Aiijrimt, Jl), and lollnwed ininiiiM' Ihriv nnlil 1X54, with ^o^A HM.veHri. 'I'l he .•ain,. down lu Deor Valley and |.nirha I a ,i,|uallerV Idle near SheMon, and r.'inaiiMMl Mieiv nnlil IS^S. 'I'hen, „.'llin^- onl, he |)iii'cJiaHed liiH |ii'enent |U'o|ierl\' in I Iry Cividv TownHhii), MtU'tili iiiileM noiih of Call and one mile east of lIi(d. ( >, K., and ,d' I he order of K .ot' 1'. of Ih.. same pl.ac'e. I'nnn ISC.;! I,, ISSC. he was a jllslieeof Ihe |.eaee. In Isr.O he parlieipaled in \\u- Indian Ir.niM.vs of that year. fSiisse,\ County, N<^w .l.^rsey, in lS2t). In ISIS he moveii to liepul.lican, Ohio, and a sluM't time afterward, in 1S52, eame lo Call 'i'he I'.awi Il lull lorlnnalelv Ihiee months on the way. Hl,,de some of his .-allle, ;'oveiv,l Ihem. Arrivin- meiilo wilh a lew head of <-all,le, he s,dd Was Ihen .wiinlovnd l.y William Mnl- drow ipn.y Ihs, and d lAVonly. land and ho^'aii f^'ardunino;. T yoarfl iiftorward hu lioiii;ht throe Hpan of iiiuleH anil commmicod teaming over the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and this Imsiness h.* followe.l for ahoiit twenty years. JMiially he hoiiohl, llm raneh of -ISli acres wIunv he is now livino and whei'e ho is raisilljf all kind cd' slork, hay and j^rain. William DoKay, father of Seely, was also a native of Now .lersoy and diod in that Statu; and his wife luudiel, «,/■ iiamilhm, horn also in New .Jersey, died in KepnMie.an, Old... Mr. C5. S. !)(d<. ■n in London, faioland, in IS-iH, and ;e one ehild, ( I uy I'. — ^€(li:®i^*^ •gR^ClilN RANDOI.I'll KUNVON was l...rii Will C.nnly, Illinois, in IS.-Ji^ said lo ' the lirsl while. 'hild li.>rn in ihateounly, his parents h.dno Armslea.l .an. I Anna (llor'n- hi.eker) Kuiiyon. The molhor, a native of Ohio, died in ehihihirth, in ISiiil. Tlu> fatlior, a native of Koid.\icky, died at Santa lio.sa, ('HJifonua, ill lS7tl, a<;;od about aovonty-live. (iramliathor Michael Itunyon was nhotit eii^'hty at his death in ISoC. The father move.l wilh his family I.. Missouri in 1S|.|, ami th.aiee I.. California in ISlil, selllin^' soon afterwar.l on I he Sacraineiit.o Kiver, two miles l..d..w Courlland. Here tiie elder Mr. Uniiy..n lirsl l....k up U)0 acroa, to which he added l.y lal.r purehaso until heowuoil aliout a section of Ian. I, with a froutan'o of one mile on the river. O. U. Kuny,.n work.Ml r..r his fatlu'r fn.m l...yhood nnlil isr..-). ami ha.l luit little re>{idar scho.diiig in his youth. In 1855 ho returned to Lockport, Illinois, his birtii-place, and went to s(du...l in iieloit. Wis cousin, for three yi>ars. Kor several y»'ars he was in husinosa as a hoot ami shoe dealer in HISTORY OF SACHA.V/CNTO COUM'T. Lockport, and at "Waterloo, Iowa. He was also a hook-keeper for a short time at this period of his life. Mr. Rnnyun was married at Lockport, December 28, 1859, to Miss Martha E. Place, who was born at Oswego, New York, in 1835, daughter of Joseph and Malora (Wright) Place. Joseph Place died in 1865, at the age of eiglit}'- four, and Malora Place died in 1847, at the age of lifty-one. The Place family is American for several generations, and of English origin. Mr. and Mrs. Runyon are the parents of two living children, both horn in Lockport, Illinois: George, in 1863, and Laura M., in 1868. One child, Howard Wright, born in California, died at the age of five years. In 1870 Mr. linnjon re- turned to California, and went to Iruit-raising about two miles below Courtland, where he still resides. His ranch comprises 300 acres, of which, however, two-thirds is swamp land, and 100 acres are devoted to fruit and alfalfa. In 1875 his title was perfected, and in 1878 he built his present residence, one of the most beautiful homes on the river. It is a two-story and basement house of fourteen rooms, well built and handsomely furnished. Its dimen- sions are about 50x60 feet, and must have cost over $12,000 to build and finish, not to mention the additional outlay for interior ornamentation. Mr. Runyon has been school trustee of the Onisbo district for ten years. SAAC F. FREEMAN (" Uncle Isaac"), a prominent citizen of Sacramento County, was horn in Ohio, in the year 1814. As early as 1836 he made a trip across the country from Hamilton, Ohio, to the Black Hawk pur- cliase, now Burlington, on the west side of the Mississippi, crossing the river in a canoe run by Indians; and three years afterward he settled at Bentonsport on the Des Moines River west of Burlington. At that time the milling (corn- grinding) for the immigrants was done by Meeks & Sons at Bonaparte, and Dr. G. S. Bailey dosed out the quinine to the inhabitants all along the Des Moines River. In 1852, with a son, A. C, twelve years old, he drove a herd of live-stock across the plains, and walked all the way, sleeping every night with no tent cover- ing. Although the Indians were numerous along the route, they gave no trouble. After arriving in California, Mr. Freeman was en- gaged in the milk business forabout a year, and then returned East. In 1859 he came again to California, settling at his present home near Elk Grove. The country at that time was wild, and only the following settlers were in Old Elk Grove, then known as the " Illinois Ranch." Thomas and Thaddeus McConnell, H. Stewart, Judge Ilannon, Messrs. Beam, Foulkes, Buck- ner, Frye and James Whitcomb. There was no farming, stock-raising being the only industry; hay-raising began about 1861, but little or no wheat till later. Xerr Bros, set out the first grape-vines in that part of the county. The land grants made mnch trouble and impover- ished many of the original settlers. The flood of 1862 caused a great devastation, and reached nearly up to Georgetown, now F'ranklin. The plains were covered with cattle dying and dead, and a man named Meny was said to have made money by killing them and stealing their hides. In 1869-'70 Mr. Freeman was a member of the Legislature. He has been a school trustee for over thirty years, and he has filled various other positions. He has now been a farmer for sixty- live years, and has always been in favor of white labor and opposed to Chinese labor, Chinese citizenship and C'hinese immigration. fETER PLANALP, farmer. It is with pleasure that we record the life of such an old Californian as the subject of this sec- tion of our history. He is a marked type of those who came hither in early day. He was born in Switzerland, Xovember 20, 1828, a son of Peter and Barbara (Staliley) Planalp. In 1834 the family came to the United States, lo- cating in Dearborn County, Indiana, where they HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. made their home for a number of jears, during the more active part of their life. The old gen- tleman was a farmer by occupation, and when lie and his wife were somewhat advanced in years they went to Missouri, where they remained with some of their children nntil their death. They had three sons and four daughters, all of whom are living. Mr. Planalp, the subject of this sketch, is the only one of the family in this State. He was brought up a i'armer boy in pioneer times, at hard work and with but little schooling. At the age of twenty-four years, in company with a returned Californian, — Mr. Matthews, — he started, April 15, 1852, for the gold fields of this State. He came by steamer to St. Louis, and thence by mule teams, leaving Independence, Missouri, May 10, and arriving in Sacramento September 16, without any special trouble on the trip, although the trains ahead and behind them had troubles with the Indians and other accidents. When he arrived in Sac- ramento he had poor health. The friends with whom he came went up on the San Juan grant, on the American River, and obtained a ranch. Mr. Planalp obtained work from a neighbor living there, remaining with him three months. He then made a trip through the mines between Sacramento and Marysville, and up the Yuba River and on to San Juan and other places. Returning to this county, he obtained work upon a farm about where he is now living. Some two years later he again visited the mining region and worked about two years there. Pre- vious to this he had taken up land claims in Dry Creek Township, and when he returned from the mines he went upon his land, and since 1858 he has given his entire attention to farm- ing and stock-raising. In 1863 he sold his lands, went to Fresno County and entered the live-stock business there, remaining until 1867. Returning then to this county, he bought back his old place, which he now occupies. It com- prises 874 acres, and 240 acres adjoining belongs to his wife. Mr. Planalp is a most successful farnjer, beginning here, as he did, in early days without anything to help him except his industrious habits and business tact. In 1879 he erected his handsome residence in Gait, where he has ever since resided. In politics he has always been a Democrat, but not an active politician. In 1870 he married Mrs. Rosanna M. Need, widow of Michael Need, who came to this State in 1857. Mrs, Planalp has had four children, two by each marriage. The names of all are, in order, Sarah E. and George W. Need, and Rosanna and Henrietta Planalp. All are natives of the Golden State. — — -Ir^^-I-'- — fOHN G ARM AN HITE was born near Rushville, Schuyler County, Illinois, De- cember 28, 1848, his parents being Alexan- der and Arabella (Matthus) Hite. The father, born in Virginia in 1806, died on the place now owned by the son, in December, 1885, lacking only a few days of being eighty years old. The mother, born in Ohio in 1812, and there married in 1829, is living with her daughter Rachel, now Mrs. C. E. Adams, of Sacramento. The parents came to California by the northern route across the plains in 1853, arriving at Bear River, September 24, with six sons and six daughters. Their youngest child, Daniel Oren, born in Sacramento County in 1854, is now living with the subject of this sketch. One daughter died in 1861, aged fifteen; another is also deceased, and one son, Abram E., died in 1885. The father bought a place on his arrival, about three-quarters of a mile to the west of his later location, now owned by his sou, a quarter of a mile west of the Six-Mile House, on the lower Stockton road. This he settled on Janu- ary 9, 1855, taking up a quarter section, of which, however, only 120 acres were patented to him. He put np a house the same year. From 1858 to 1864 the family lived on the Haggin grant, six miles above Sacramento, the two oldest sons renting the father's ranch. J. G. attended the usual spring and autumn terms of the local schools during his boyhood and youth, and before his majority had also picked HISTORY OF 8A0RAMENT0 GOUNTY. up the trades of carpenter and blacksmith. Be- fore he was quite twenty-one he went into the threshing business, which he still follows now with much improved machinery, and in winter and spring he worked as carpenter. He also at one time clerked in a store at Freeport for two years. Mr. liite was married July 17, 1876, to Miss Lillian Rheil, a native of California, her parents being Philip G. and Mrs. Hannah (Bodge, by birth Weber) Rheil, both living in Freeport. January 5, 1881, Mr. Hite bought out his father, and built a new house of six good rooms. He raises grain and hay chiefly. He rents 400 acres in Sutter Township, across the road to the north of his line, mostly sown to wheat; and with a partner rents 240 acres more, devoted mainly to cattle and hay. For four to live months each year he is engaged in threshing for various ranchers, in and out of Sacramento County. Mr. and Mrs. Hite are the parents of two children: Lovella, born October 11, 1878: Waverly John, March 9, 1880. fOSEPH HANLON was born in West Meath, Ireland, in 1837, his parents being James and Catherine (Garrity) Hanlon They were the parents of four sous who grew to manhood, of whom three emigrated to America, and one remained at the old home, and another has lately returned there. The maternal grand- mother lived to the age of ninety-seven, the only relative known whose age extended beyond seventy. Joseph Hanlon arrived in New York in 1854, and soon afterward went West, going to work near La Porte, Indiana, in that year. In 1857 he came to California, and went to mining at Iowa Hill, Placer County, but with only moderate success. In 1858 he came down into the plains and went to work for the owner of the place he now owns. In 1859, he and iiis partner, Timothy McEnerney, rented IfiO acres of the same, and in 1862 they bought eighty acres, to which they added by later purchase until they owned 760 acres in 1875. They ran a dairy and did general farming besides raising cattle and horses. In 1881 Mr. Hanlon paid a visit to Ireland, returning in 1882; and in 1883 he bought out his partner's interest, becoming sole owner of 760 acres of land. September 21, 1884, Mr. Hanlon was married, in San Fran- cisco, to Miss Catherine Callahan, a native of Ehode Island, the only child of Michael and Julia (Gavegan) Callahan. The father, who was an assistant railroad superintendent, was acci- dentally killed at the age of twenty-nine years. The mother, who was fifty-five years old in January, 1889, resides with her daughter in the placid enjoyment of the health and vigor of well-preserved womanhood, with a fair promise of reaching the age of her father, who was ninety- eight years old at his death in 1883. Her ma- ternal grandparents, who were also named Gave- gan, — Matthew and Ann, — died at the ages of eighty-one and seventy-seven, the husband being two years older than the wife and surviving her two years. He was a leather merchant in Strokestown, County Roscommon, Ireland. Mrs. Hanlon is an accoinplislied pianist, and a singer of marked ability. Before her marriage she was a teacher of vocal and instrumental music in San Francisco, where her musical talent was in frequent demand for charity concerts and enter- tainments, her generosity and self-sacrifice being widely known to the benevolent projectors of such enterprises. Mr. and Mrs. Hanlon are the parents of two boys: Joseph Aloysius, born December 28, 1885, and James Ignatius, born August 24, 1887. -■V'" fAMES 11. II AJVllLTON, a rancher of Sut- ter Township, was born May 9, 1832, in Kentucky, and is the son of James and Sarah (Lewis) Hamilton, natives also of Ken- tucky. The grandfather of James II., also named Jatnes, was a native of Scotlaiui, came to America before the Revolutionary War, iu which he served as a soldier. In his family HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTT. were three children: William D., Mary A., wife of Boone McDonald, and they resided in Kentucky until their death, and James. In the family of the father of the subject of this sketch were thirteen children, six sons and seven daughters. The sons were: "William, John, Andrew, McCrager, Matthew and James H. The latter was brought np on a farm in Kentuck}' until he was seventeen years of age, when he learned the carpenter's trade, and fol- lowed it some three years in Kentucky, and eleven years in Callaway County, Missouri; he and his wife and one child, in 1864, came to Cali- fornia, overland, with mule teams, consuming four and a half months' time. Going direct to the Cosumnes River he commenced fanning fo.i himself, and was engaged in that pursuit two years. He then tried his hand at gold-raining, and found that, after a six-months trial, it took two dollars to make one. Quitting that he went to Sebastopol, in Sacramento County, and pur- chased land from the State, commenced stock- raising, and continued that business until 1881, with marked success. In that year he sold out and bought his present property of 120 acres, five miles south of Sacramento and one mile east of the Freeport road. This land is specially adapted to fruit. Four acres are in straw- berries and five acres in choice varieties of peach, plum, French prunes, Hungarian prunes, silver prunes, apricots, apples, Bartlett pears, nectarines, almonds, persimmons, English and black walnuts, and some of the finest grafted oi'ange trees in this part of the country. Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton have made one visit to his old home in Kentucky, and to his mother, who is still living in St. Charles, Missouri, at the age of ninety-one years. After making that visit he was glad that lie had a home in California^ to which he might return. Mr. Hamilton has been a member of Callaway Lodge, No. 105, I. O. O. F.; is now a member of Sacramento Lodge, No. 2, of the same order, and also of Sacramento Grange, No. 12. In 1856 he mar- ried Miss Rebecca La Rue, a native of Vir- ginia, born November 11, 1834, and a daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth La Rue, both deceased; mother died in 1867. Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton have two children: the daughter, Annie E., born in Callaway County, Missouri, June 14, 1861, is the wife of H. W. Foster; and the son, George L., born November 13, 1871, is now at- tending the Sacramento Business College. ->^ iERRITT C. PIKE, of Brighton Town- ship, has a ranch of 310 acres, all improved; 235 acres are in orchard and the rest in vineyard. The orchard com- prises apricots, peaches, French prunes, plums, etc. Of peach-trees he has about 15,000; of plums and prunes, 9,000; about ten acres are in almonds. Ages of fruit-trees, from four to eight years. The vineyard embraces Tokays, Muscats and other table varieties, and of Zin- fandels, Carignanes, Materos and Petit Bour- ger and otiier wine varieties, one to four years old. In 1888 he sold 24,600 l)oxes of wrapped fruit; had twenty-six tons of dried fruit, two tons of almonds from four-year-old trees, and also sold $2,000 worth of undried fruit to the cannery. He has also an acre and a half of blackberries, which produce 500 crates annually, worth in market 75 cents to $1.25 per crate. There are about a 1,000 trees along the drive- way, and bordering the ranch all around. Dur- ing the busy season of wrapping and drying he gives employment to fifty-five to sixty men. Has a twenty-five-horse-power engine to supply steam in connection with the two steam driers, costing $884 each; capacity, twelve tons of fresh fruit every twenty-four hours. Each drier has 120 trays. The main building of the dry ing establishment is 24x60 feet, with two wino-s 20 X 24 feet, for storing. There ai'e also a packing-house and other buildings. Of this place he purchased 190 acres in 1877 of G. G. Briggs, and 120 acres of J. T. Wight in 1885. The purchases were made by Montgomery Pike, Sr., and M. C. Pike, in 1877, who ran the business until January 1, 1888, when Mont- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT}'. goinery Pike, Jr., bouglit his father's interest, and for a while the business was carried on un- der the firm name of Piice Brothers, until W. S. Kendall, of Sacramento, bought Montgomery Pike's (Jr.) interest. At first the land was all heavily timbered with live oak, jack oak and willow. There are two kinds of soil: the bot- tom land is a deep, sandy loam, adapted to peaches, plums and apricots; the upland is the clay loam, good for grapes and almonds, never baking, and easily worked at any time of the year. Mr. Pike was born in Jefi'erson County, Iowa, December 2, 1859. His father, Mont- gomery Pike, first came to California in the spring of 1873, and made arrangements for the family; they came the next autumn. lie is now residing in Santa Barbara County, engaged in raising fruit. Mrs. Pike died in 1886. The family comprise Elias, born in Indiana; Jenni- son, born also in Indiana, and is a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Iom'm; Mary O., who died in 1882; Annie M., born in lowa^ now Mrs. McEwing, in Santa Barbara County; M. C, the subject of this sketch; and Mont- gomery, born also in Iowa. The latter owned a coal mine in Kirkville, Wapello County, Iowa, and ran it about four years; and since that time has been engaged here in the fruit and vege- table business. October 15, 1885, M. C. Pike married Lizzie A. Shields, daughter of John Shields, of this cour.tv. fOIIN PIERCE RHOADS, deceased, was born in Muhlenburg, Kentucky, October 5, 1818, being the third child of Thomas and Elizabeth (Foster) Rhoads. His parents moved from Kentucky to or near Vincennes, Indiana; and as early as 1830 to Edgar County, Illinois, where he owned h farm. John P. was brought up on a farm and his educational opportunities were limited. He used to tell of helping in his youth, among other jobs, in the construction of a section of the National Road, near the Wabash, for which his father held a contract. By pri- vate study and great industry he supplied the deficiency in his early education, and in mature life was regarded as a well informed man. At the age of eighteen he was married to Miss Matilda Fanning, also a native of Kentucky, probably on the eve of his family's removal to Missouri, in 1836. He farmed in Ray County, in that State, and six childi-en were born to them there, of whom three are still living: Thomas F., now a resident of Rapid City, Da- kota; Mathew M., of Modf)C County, California; and Mary E., now Mrs. William H. Taylor, of Hudson, Grant County, New Mexico. With the father and both families he came to Califor- nia in 1846. Separating at the Hastings' cut- ofi" from the Bonner party and following the old route the Rhoads family escaped the disasters that befell the Donners. When the news was brought, by the " Forlorn Hope" to Johnson's crossing, on the Bear River, where the Rhoads family were living, John P. was the most active in the effort to rescue the survivors. He im- mediately extemporized a small raft on which he crossed the swollen river and hastened across the plains oti foot to carry the dreadful news to Sutter's Fort. He was a member of the first and fourth relief parties, and among the heroic services rendered one grateful survivor, Naomi L. Pike, then a child, afterward Mrs. Schenck, since deceased, of the Dalles, Oregon, tells how he carried her over forty miles upon his shoul- ders, carefully wrapped up in a blanket. Early in 1847 he moved to Sonoma County witii his wife and children, but in the fall of that year he bought land on the Cosumnes, known as lot five of the Sheldon estate. With the discovery of gold in 1848 his farming plans were laid aside for a time, and he went to mining in Rhoads' Diggings, near Folsom. During that year, in his absence, twin sons were born to him in Sonoma, Andrew J. and James K., who are now in Tulare County. Later e year when the gold fever had somewhat chilled, he moved his family to his ranch on the Cosumnes, and engaged in general farming and stock-rais- ing. Here in 1850 another child, William B. HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. was born, but he was killed in childhood by failing f'roiii the second floor of a barn. In 1851 the mother died, leaving six surviving children. In August, 1852, Mr. Rhoads was Hiarried to Miss Mary Murray, a native of Ire- land. She bore him eight sons, five of whom are still living: John M., in 1853; Francis J., in 1854; Michael M., in 1855; Daniel C, in 1856, and Paifus H., in 1860. Daniel C. is married and is the father of one boy. Novem- ber 18, 1884, Rufus II. married his wife, Mary A., a native of this State, and a granddaughter of S. W. Taylor, a native of Pennsylvania, and for some years a settler on the Cosnmnes, but now residing, at the age of seventy-nine, in Hudson, Grant County, New Mexico. He now has two sons, — Emmet Francis and John R. Michael M. was married December 26, 1887, to Lizzie Murphy, of Toronto, Canada, and re- sides in Sacramento. In 1863 John P. Rhoads was elected a member of the State Assembly on the Republican ticket. He was a school trus- tee of the Riioads district for twenty years, and enjoyed the confidence and respect of his neigh- bors in all the relations of life. He died De- cember 20, 1866, his second wife surviving until February 9, 1869. Francis J. Rhoads, and his younger brothers, J. M., M. M. D. C, and R. H. Rhoads, besides the usual district school education, took a coui-se in St. Mary's College in San Francisco; Daniel C, afterward in the Pacific Business Collegeof San Francisco. tUTHER KURTZ HAMMER (deceased), a pioneer of California and one of the best known Sacramentans in times gone by, was a Dative of Hagerstown, Maryland, born Feb- ruary 7, 1826, and a son of Jacob Hammer When he was a mere child, the family removed to Mansfield, Ohio, and there he grew to man- hood and learned the jeweler's trade. From there he went to Illinois, where he worked at his trade. When the California gold excite- ment broke out, he decided to trv his fortunes in the new El Dorado, and in 1849 he joined one of tiie parties organized to cross the plains. The trip was more than ordinarily spiced with adventure. On one occasion, when attempting to cross a river on horseback, the horse was caught in the current and swept down the stream, while he himself was helpless. But a lasso was thrown at him from the shore, and catching it, he was pulled in and rescued when on the point of drowning. The horse, however, was lost. He was an expert banjo player, and as be had one of those instruments along, there was often music in the camp. The " Across the Plains" speaks of an instance where a train had gone into camp for the night, and among its people were several negroes. Mr. Hammer came into the camp with his banjo, and greatly entertained the people of the train with his music, while the negroes were rendered frantic with delight. On arriving in California he engaged in teaming between Sacramento and Jackson., afterward settling in the latter place and embarking in the jewelry business there. From there he removed to Sacramento and en- gaged in the music business in partnership with J. R. Tolles. A few years later Mr. Hamuier became sole proprietor of the business. He came to Sacramento a single man and married in this city to Miss Maria L. Tolles, a native of Mansfield, Ohio, both of whose parents died in Sacramento. Her father was engaged in the real-estate business here up to the time of his death. Mr. and Mrs. Hammer were the parents of four children, of whom only M. L. survived. The deceased are: Frank T., Frederick C. and Alice M. L. K. Hammer was a prominent Mason. He joined the order at Sacramento, in Sacramento Lodge, No. 40, and was a member of the Chapter, Council and Commandery. He was also a meml)er of the Pioneer Society. Since the organization of tlie Republican party he has been one of its supporters, and always took an active interest in pi iblic affairs. He held the post of school director for two terms, and was an incumbent of the office at the time of his death, wliich occurred November 27 HIsrORT OF SACEAMENrO OOUNTY. 1883. Mr. Hammer is remembered as one of the representative business men of his time. He was virtually the introducer of the Chicker- ing piano in this market, and was identified with that instrument for many years. M. L- Hammer, proprietor of the wiiolesale and retail music liouse at 830 J street, is the only surviv- ing child of Mr. and Mrs. Hammer, and is a worthy representative of the name of one of the California pioneers, as he ranks to-day, though a young man, among the leading business men of Sacramento. Mr. Hammer was born in Sacramento, October 25, 1864, was reared here and educated in the city's public schools. When his father's death left the music estab- lishment on his young shoulders, he had had but a year's experience in the business. But lie rose to the emergency, and instead of sinking under the load, has increased the trade of the house in every direction, and now has a larger trade in the general musical line than any house on the Pacific Coast, outside of San Francisco, while his business is now in better shape, than ever. Mr. Hammer is a member of Sacramento Lodge, A. F. &, A. M, and of Sunset Parlor, N". S. G. W. In politics he is a Republican. Mr. Hammer is an entertaining, pushing young man of excellent business quali- fications, and well deserves the success with which he is meeting in business. fLFRED MARTIN GUNTER was born September 3, 1842, in La Porte County, Indiana, his parents being Jacob and Jane (Sanford) Gunter. His mother is a native of Pennsylvania, and was born September 11, 1818. His father, Jacob Gunter, was also a native of Pennsylvania, and was born June 13, 1814. Tiiey were married February 23, 1836, in New York State. They went to Ohio and located near Cleveland, remaining for five or six years, thence to Illinois, then to Indiana, in both of which places they remained two or three years. Then they went to Jefferson County, Iowa, where they lived about five years. -In 1853, with others, they started for California. They took three wagons, drawn by ox teams, and about twenty head of cattle. They had no trouble on the way, exceptino' one night when they had to keep watch in order to keep the droves of buflalo from causing the cattle to stampede. They had the cattle tied to the wagons, there being no timber in that sec- tion. The parties Just ahead of them and be- hind were much annoyed by the Indians. After a journey of six months they landed in Pleasant Valley, El Dorado County, September 3. Mr. Gunter kept hotel for a time at Pleasant Valley, but afterward bought a ranch, which he sold after working it a year. Coming to Sacramento County, he bought a ranch in Brighton Town- ship. Twelve years later he sold out and moved to Inyo County, California. . His home is now in New Monterey. He and his wife are both living; he is seventy-five years old, and his wife seventy. They raised a family of twelve children, six sons and six daughters, one of whom has since died. Their names are as fol- lows: Efiama, born August 7, 1837, wife of J. M. Bell, resident in Pleasant Valley; Minerva, born March 2, 1839, wife of Joseph Power, resident in Inyo County, California; A. M.'; Adaline, born February 13, 1844, wife of Nel- son Shaver, of Sacramento; F. S. Gunter, born October 23, 1846, resident in Sacramento; A. T. Gunter, born October 18, 1848, resident in New Mexico; H. N„ born August 29, 1850; Eliza- beth N., born September 26, 1853, wife of Alley McGee, resident in Inyo County; Caroline, born October 28, 1857, resident in Inyo County, wife of John McGee; P. B., born October 28,1857, resident in Sacramento; N. J., born December 29, 1859; and Mary J., born June 11, 1862, and died an infant. A. M. Gunter, the subject of this sketch, has spent all his life, excepting the first eleven years, in California. He took up a ranch, which other parties were striving to get, when yet too young to hold it in his name. He went there and stayed in a little house wlwch was built on the land, and which he had to o-uard HISTORY OF SAUKAMBNTO COUNTY. night and day. After he had been there a suffi- cient length of time, his father obtained a title to the land in his name (his father's). In 1862 he went to Silver City with a load of freight, where he was exposed to the small-pox. He returned after an absence of twenty days, and was taken down with the disease, giving it to the other members of the family. During his absence his father had sold his ranch and spent the proceeds. But he gave him two cows, which he exchanged for oxen. With this team he went to baling hay, which occupation he followed for tiiree or four years. In this way he obtained his start in life. In 1870 he bought the place where he now resides; it contains 480 acres, and is devoted to general farming. It is situated on the road four miles east of Florin, in Brigh- ton and San Joaquin townships. Mr. Gunter is a member of the order of Odd Fellows, In- dustry Lodge, No. 157, of Sacramento, and the P. of H. He was married April 10, 1872, to Mary Margaretta Kent, born November 25, 1849, daughter of James and Martha M. Kent, who came to California in 1853 across the plains, settling in Sutter County, -.inhere .they lived fifteen years; then moved to Elk Grove, where her father died September 18, 1884. Mr. and Mrs. Gunter have eight children, six sons and two daughters: Alfred Franklin, born Au- gust 17, 1873; AVilfred Edir.ond, December 25, 1875; Mary Etta Leona, November 19, 1877; James Garfield, December 17, 1879; liufus Irving, March 27, 1882; Cora Alena Pearl, April 1, 1884; Orren Alonzo, July 25, 1886, and Larren Elbridge, August 31, 1888. FOSEPH GPtONDONA was born in Italy, jtember 6, 1819, and came direct to Cali- fornia in 1852, by way of New York and the Isthmus, walking across the latter, and landing at San Francisco in February, 1853. He first followed mining at Angel's Camp in Calaveras County, and then in Bear Valley, Mariposa, remaining there five years. Return- ing East, he was in Boston six months. Com- ing again to the coast by steamer, he went to the Bear Valley mines, where he remained two years, but not with much success. In Decem- ber, 1861, he went to San Francisco and then came to this county and rented a small piece of land two miles south of Sacramento, of Samuel Lardner, for five years; afterward he bought more land of Mr. Lardner, making sixteen acres, lie now has fifteen acres in orchard, and five acres in hops. This place was a swamp when he took possession of it, but he has made it a "garden of Eden." It is now about a half mile from the city limits, and near the levee road. The land is of the finest quality, and one can raise anything upon it any time of the year, as it is irrigated from the river, and able also to stand any amount of wet weather. The house is picturesquely situated in a grove of sycamore and eucalyptus, and fine fruit trees grace the surroundings. From the house the steamers are seen daily on the river. Mr. Groudona is still in good health and active, speaks good English, and is glad to spend the remainder of his life in this golden State. He was married in Italy, September 8, 1844, to Maria Pendola, and they have five sons and one daughter: Kate, in Italy, born September 14, 1845; Nicholas, born in Italy, April 13,1850; John, in Boston, November 17, 1852; Charles, born in Califor- nia, October 24, 1863; Frank, June 14, 1865, and Domingo, March 30, 1868, all of whom are living. fHARLES W. HARVEY, farmer, and one of the most worthy of the old settlers in Sacramento County, has been a resident here ever since 1853. He is a native of Herki- mer County, New York, where he was born August 18, 1831. He is a son of David Har- vey, some knowledge of whom and of the Har- vey family may be obtained from the sketch of Obed tiarvey, elsewhere in this work. When Charles W. was eight years of age, the family lIlSTJliY UF tiACRAMENTO COUNTY. moved from New York to Illinois, wliere he re- mained witii them until of age, a farm laborer. Being iiitellectuallj apt, lie obtained a good education, even with the limited advantages of the pioneer school. After his parents removed to Elgin he remained upon the farm in Kane County, till he left for California. November 25, 1853, he sailed from New York on the steamer Prometheus to Nicaragua, and thence on the Countess to San Francisco; thence on a steamer to Sacramento, and then he traveled by the stage to Hangtown (now Placerville), ar- riving December 24. The month afterward he located upon Dry Creek in the valley. At that time his motiier and brother had some school lands, upon which Charles entered and engaged in the live-stock business. About the same time he bought several claims for himself, which were afterward found to be a grant that superseded other school land. He continued in the stock business, in connection with his brother and others, for a number of years. After severing his connection with them, he continued in the same business and in dairying until 1873, when he purchased the Briggs House in Gait, then in poor condition, fitted it up, gave it character, and conducted it for eleven years, with good patronage. Since he left the hotel Mr. Harvey has been engaged in no particular business. He is a charter member of Phoenix Lodge, No. 292, I. O. O. F., of Gait, and also a member of the Encampment of the same place. He is a gentleman of liberal views, and has alwaj's been interested in the growth of his adopted town. He was married in 1862, in Illi- nois, to Martini Sher^j'ood, a native of the State of New York. Their children are: Obed V., Irvin and Lou. •^— fOHN ROONEY, farmer, Brighton Town- ship, was born in Ireland, August 14, 1826, a son of John andAnn (Garland) Roouey. His parents had nine children, of whom six lived to be grown up: Peter came to the Ll^nited States in 1835, and died in Alabama; Patrick came to Alabama in 1850 and to California in 1853, and died here; John was the third child; Mary came in 1835 to the United States, and died in Massachusetts; Mrs. Katharin Murray emigrated to America about 1842 and now re- sides in Peru, Illinois; and Bridget is still in old Ireland. Peter, the eldest, made that part of Alabama his home which the other members of the family also intended for their permanent residence. Mr. John Rooney, the subject of this sketch, came to the United States in 1847, when he was just twenty-one years old. lie was very young when his father died, being the youngest child at the time, and was brought up on the farm. He sailed from Liverpool to New York, and from there to Boston, near which place at Roxbury, his sister, Mrs. Mary Hoey was living. Two months afterward he went into King County, .Alabama, where Peter was living. November 20, 1849, he started for California, sailing from New Orleans to Cha- gres, Panama, and thence to San Francisco, landing there January 27, 1850. He arrived in Sacramento February 2, when this place was " all slough holes." Proceeding to the mines at Georgetown, El Dorado County, he remained there about nine months, and enjoyed gooJ suc- cess. At this time, in May or June, a friend from Alabama, John Hopper, obtained from him and his partner, Smith, $10,000, without security, for speculating purposes. By Christmas Hopper was " busted," and Rooney and Smith came down and took up this land for security. It consisted of 160 acres, about one and a half miles from where he now lives. They put in a crop of barley and made considerable money, about $5,000 net. Mr. Rooney carried on this farm and also the Alabama mine in El Dorado County, both which paid well, the mine yield- ing sometimes as high as $800 a day; his suc- cess, of course varied; but he netted $25,000 by 1858, since which time he has been farming. His first place he kept until about 1879, when he purchased his present place, consisting of 610 acres, five miles from Sacramento, on the Co- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Icnia read, loider ng the Airerican Eiver. It is a tine, productive place. Here liis principal ciops are all'alfa and bops, flis tine residence lie built when he purchased the place about ten jcars ago. In regard to political principles Mr. Kooney was during the war a Douglas Democrat; in 1864 he supported Lincoln, and i-ince 1868 he has been a Democrat. In 1853 he visited Alabama, and there married Mary Clark, a native of Ireland, who came to the United States with her mother in 1850. Mr. and Mrs. Rooiiey have had four sons and one daughter: John, the eldest son, died February 4, 1885, at the age of twenty-four years; the other children are living: Peter W. married Mary Powers; Mary is the wife of Thomas O'Xeil, of Sacramento; Steven A. married Mary Tagney ; and James is the youngest. The sons are all resident upon their father's farm. 13|\NIEL RODEN, deceased, formerly a InM farmer in San Joaquin Township, was ^^ born in Tennessee, March 21, 1831, his parents being Allen and Mary Roden, both natives also of Tennessee. When he was very young his parents moved with him to Laclede County, Missouri, where he remained until about twenty-three years of age; and during that time, in 1852, he married Elizabeth Brid- ges, who was born in Union County, Illinois, September 23, 1831, a daughter of Calvin and both natives of old Vin ■ginia. Prudy Bridges, In her father's family were eight suns and two daughters, all now dead excepting the two daughters. Mrs. Mary Jones, the other daugh- ter, resides in Laclede County, Missouri. When Mrs. Roden was yet a child her fathe);died, and afterward her mother moved with her family from Illinois to Missouri, where she. Mrs. Roden, was brought up. In the spring of 1854, Mr. Roden and his family started for California with ox teams, and arrived in Sacramento County October 4. It was a long and tedious trip. Two or three of Mr. Roden's horses and two head of his cattle were stolen by the Indians. The tirst year here he cultivated a ]iiece of rented laud, and then entered a Cjuarter section of land in the northwestern portion of San Joiiquin Township, and after that boughr another quarter section adjoining. Here he made bis home until the autumn of 1875, when he sold and bought the present homestead in the same township and on the border of the Cosumnes River. The farm property is now owned by Mrs. Maxtield and Mrs. Bates, widows. The present farm, of 320 acres, is rich land. Mr. Roden died March 14, 1881, and since then the farm has been managed by ills widow and son. Iti the family there have been six children, viz: Isaac, who mar- ried Eimira McLaughlin; Daniel, w'ho married Anna Maxtield; Jessie, wife of James Mitchell; Emeline, Benjamin and John, — all residing in this county. For many years prior to his death, Mr. Roden was not a very hale man phy- sically, but his intellect and disposition were admired by all in the community, and he was faithful and kind to his family; was Democratic in politics, taking great interest in the public welfare. J^ON. OBED HARYEY, M. D.— Nothing ^m\ can be of greater interest in connection ^11 with the historical volume of a county than a page from the life history of those who, having become identified with the material and social interests in tarly days, have contributed so largely to its growth and development, and lei't the impress of their personality upon their generation. As grandly illustrative of this remark we take pleasure in noting here the prin- cipal facts of the life of the subject of this sketch. Dr. Harvey is a native of New York State, and was born in Wayne County, near the shore .of Lake Ontario, September 7, 1825, the son of David Harvey, a farmer, and Nabby, nee Ainsworth, a native of Wilbraham, Massachusetts. The latter was of Welsh an- cestry, while the Doctor's ancestors came from JlLSTOJiY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTV Scotland; and it is a matter of familj' history tliat botli his great-grandfather and one of his sons died on a prison ship while serving their countfy during tiie Revolutionary war. A por- tion of Dr. Harvey's boyhood w^as passed at Gilbertsville, Otsego County, New York, where he attended the acadenny and began the study of medicine, under Dr. Eoderick. Later on he went to St. Charles, Illinois, where his par- ents resided, and, continuing his studies under Prof. G. W. Richards, was graduated with honor at the Rock Island Medical Institute, which •was subsequently merged into the University of Iowa, in 1848. After practicing his profession for two years at Genoa and Elgin, the discovery of gold in California was attracting the attention of the civilized world, and he became one of the pioneers who braved the difficulties and dangers of a trip overland, to the land of golden prom- ise, arriving with his party at Hangtow-n (now Placerville), in El Dorado County, August 3, 1850. Here he practiced his profession, and in conjunction with Dr. Asa Clark, now of Stockton, had charge of the El Dorado County Hospital; was also associated with Dr. Keen, a prominent physician and politician of that county; and during the years of his residence there he was interested in mining and in many enterprises of public moment. In 1859 he was a delegate and active member from that county tQ the first railroad convention ever held in this State; it was held in San Francisco and was one of the incipient movements in the final estab- lishment of a public highway across the conti- nent. On his way East in the fall of 1857, on the steamer Central America, he was wrecked, September 12, at 8:00 p. m., off Cape Hatteras, being one of forty-nine passengers saved out of about 425; they were picked up by the Nor- wegian bark Ellen, after having floated on a piece of the wreck about nine hours. The Doc- tor was entirely alone during the most of this struggle on a separate piece of the wreck; sighting a light in the rigging of the hark some distance away, he made his last vigorous effort in swimming, and by use of his voice attracted the attention of the crew and soon was alone side the vessel; and when a rope was thrown to him grasped it and was drawn up to the gunwales of the vessel, when the strength in his hands gave way and he dropped back into the water. This occurred three times. Finally a ship's lad- der was thrown him and in some way he tangled himself upon the end of it and was safely drawn on board, about four o'clock in the morning. Arriving in New York, the medical department of the University of New York conferred upon him an honorary degree. Also while there he attended as a delegate from the California State Medical Society the meeting of the American Medical Association held in the city of Wash- ington, District of Columbia, in 1858; this be- ing the first or second occasion the State Medi- cal Society of California was represented at a meeting of the National Association. Loud applause greeted the calling of his name by the secretary incident to his perilous voyage, and the Doctor was the recipient of many warm complimentary expressions and congratulations upon his almost miraculous, escape. He has made several other visits East during the inter- I vening years, but always returns with increased regard for the comfort and advantages of his adopted State. In 1869, when the town of Gait was started. Dr. Harvey located there; and having acquired a large landed interest he laid out the town, and since then has made his residence there. Having relinquished his med- ical practice, he has devoted his time to his I large and varied farm interests. He has abont i 3,500 acres, mostly devoted to dairying, grain I and stock, with a small orchard and vineyard of j choice selected fruits. He has taken an active I interest and leading part in raising means for I the erection of school buildings, churches, and the establishment of other public improvements; and it is in this connection especially that we may be permitted to refer to his remarkal)le wife, nee Susan Mitchell Hall, to wiiom the Doctor was united in marriage in May, 1868. She is a native of New Haven, Connecticut, and brought with her to this land of sunshine 048 IIISTOUT OB' SACRAMENTO CODNTT. not only tlie traditional "steady liabits" of her nativity but also the culture and inbred refine- ment and educational acu;nen tor which the Elm City is famous. Tiieir only son, following); a taste for scientific pursuits, is completing a course of study at the Institute of Technology at Boston, while their only daughter is a pupil at Ogoiitz, the celebrated institute for young ladies near Philadelphia. Thus each in a way is being fitted to fill the place in life which he or she is destined to occupy. Politically Dr. Harvey is a Republican. A Whig in the early days, he was largely instrumental in the organ- ization of that party in El Dorado County in 1852, and during the first Lincoln compaign he was brought forward by his friends and elected to tiie State Senate and served in that capacity for three years; and later served in the Assem- bly. Was one of the prime movers in the or- ganization of the Union party at the beginning of the last war. He has been an active, prominent director of the State Asylum for the Insane at Stockton for the past twelve years, and has filled many other positions of honor and responsibility. fRANK McNAMEE, deceased, for many years a resident of this State, was born in 1818, in County Cavan, Ireland. In 1847 he emigrated to America and lived in the East- ern States until about 1854, when he came to California. He was a farmer by occupation, the calling in which he had been reared. For the first two or three years here he mined at Prairie City and Alder Creek. The first thousand dol- lars he saved he put into the Adams Bank in Sacramento, and when that bank failed he lost all his mone}'. He continued mining, however, until he accumulated a little money again, when he embarked in the mercantile trade, in Fol- som, and continued in that business till the time of his death, June, 1878. He was a suc- cessful besiness man and earned some property outside of his regular business. His first wife was Mrs. Annie, nee Peniiock. They had two children; and she died in 1869. He married Anne Hoey, a native of Ireland, who came to California in 1867, and since that time has been a resident of Folsom. Since the death of lier husband, Mrs. McNamee has carried on the business which her husband left, and with that tact and enterprise which mark a successful business character. fAMES ROBINSON, farmer, was born in March, 1813, in the north of Ireland, son of Robert and Rebecca (Osboiii) Robinson. Hisfather, a farmer, lived and died in his native land; was engaged in trade a great deal, and hired men to carry on his farming. He died in 1840, at the age of eighty-five years. His widow afterward moved to Australia with one of the sons and died there. In her family were two sons and three daughters: James, Kate, Anna, Rebecca, deceased, and Robert. Anna is now Mrs. Funston, of Sacramento. James Robinson emigrated to tlie United States in 1882, sailing from Londonderry and landing in Quebec, Canada. Then be went to New York city in June, a short time before the Asiatic cholera broke out in that city and lived there three years. Was foreman most of the time for a great contractor, Christie Keys. Next he was in Philadelphia about eight months, and then he came to St. Louis and spent a winter, then he was in Galena, Illinois, seven years, and finally, in 1853, came to this State. Buying horses and wagons in Galena, and provisions at St. Joseph, Missouri, he came overland, stop- ping several places on the way; was a week at Salt Lake. He arrived in Sacramento in Au- gust. Within a short time his leg was broken in an accident, which compelled him to remain in this city for a long time. As soon as he was able he entered into the business of keeping cows, selling milk and butter, and followed it for a few years. In 1867 he purchased 157 acres of land in one place in Brighton Township and 800 in another. The former tract is where UISTOlir OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. lie now lives, having dwelt there most of the time since he bouglit it. Mr. Robinson was married in Philadelpiiia, in lS-4'2,to Ann Virtue, a native of Ireland, of Scotch and English de- scent, as well as her husband. They have two sons and four daughters living: Rebecca, Peter M., Anna, James V., Kate and Jennie. fAMES KEID, a pioneer, was born in Perth, about forty miles north of Edinburgli, Scotland, on the 10th of September, 1806; his parents being Peter and Jean (Jack) Reid, the father a cattle dealer, or drover, of Perth. The subject of this sketch was the oldest one of a family of eleven children, and when fourteen years old was apprenticed to a shoemaker, and served four years learning that trade. When he was twenty-two years old he decided to go, with his brother-in-law, who was preparing to emigrate to America. They set sail from Dun- dee in the brig Majesty, for New York, and after a voyage of six weeks' duration, landed safely in that city in August, 1829. He imme- diately obtained work at his trade, but found that making shoes in New York was very dif- ferent from making brogans in Scotland. In 1832 (known all over the East as the great cholera year), he was working in a shop on Eighth avenue, and to escape the dread disease went hastily to Connecticut. When the frosts of the fall had allayed the danger he returned, and established a shop on Eighth avenue and Nineteenth street. When the excitement con- sequent upon the gold discovery in California was at its height, he made one of a party of forty who purchased the brig John Anderson, fitted her out with a cargo of mining implements, (which were found to be of no earthly use when they arrived), a run of mill-stones, etc., and started merrily to make their fortunes in the land of gold. Alas, for human hopes and e.K- pectations! They made the voyage around the Horn in five and a lialf months; the captain died, and storms beset their pathway, botli ex- ternal and internal, for discontent prevailed among both passengers and crew; and when they arrived off tlie brig at Sacramento, lie was only too glad to realize $200, as his share of the investment of many hundredsof dollars. He had had the forethought to bring a stock of shoes and brandy: these he sold and in this way gained a start. He then opened a tin store, a leading industry in mining days when wash-pans costing "three bits" would sell for $6, and screens costing 30 cents would readily sell for $5 " in dust " He afterward started a bath- house near the bridge, and later on ke])ta saloon on the present site of the water-works build- ing. He continued in the saloon business till 1856; in the meantime he had acquired prop- erty, which was invested in a ranch on the op- posite side of the American River, and to this ranch he moved his family in the fall of that year, 1856. The floods of 1867-'68 absolutely destroyed his property, house, buildings, stock, everything, and he went into the railroad shops, where he worked in the boiler department for thirteen years. Mr. Reid was married in Perth, Scotland, in 1828, to Margaret McKewen. They have three daughters living. Their only son died at the age of fifteen years. Mrs. Reid died in April, 1889. -|-^«J- fEORGE WASHINGTON HARLOW, farmer, Brighton Township, was born in Franklin County, Illinois, on the National Road, 110 miles due east of St. Louis, August 12, 1828. His father, Isaiali Harlow, was born and brought up in old Virginia, eighteen miles from Richmond, on the sea-coast. His mother, nee Margaret Carr, was born on the place called Bnrke Garden, Tazewell Court-house, West Virginia, where she was married, and where she and her husband resided six years, moving to Illinois with three children and with live horses and a wagon, and settled in Franklin County. Mr. Harlow exchanged the wagon and three horses for the farm claim. The ])laco being II18T0HY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. heavily timbered, much time and arduous labor were required to clear it up; but he persevered until he subdued to cultivation a very large held. After living there about eighteen years lie moved to Dane County, Wisconsin, bought land upon the main road from Galena into the Wisconsin pineries, built a hotel and conducted it about four years, when he died. Mrs. Harlow continued to make that her home until her chil- dren were all grown up and married, and then she lived with them until her death, which took place February 14, 1882, at the home of her son Isaiah Harlow, in Howard County, Iowa. She had eight children: John, Cynthia, William, Eliza- beth, George W. (the subject of this sketch), Isaiah, Susan and Mary. George W. is the only one of these now living. After the death of his father the farm fell to him and his brother Isaiah, who conducted it some time. It was afterwards sold and he moved to Howard County, Iowa, where his mother lived with him until he came to California; she then went to live with Isaiah. Mr. Harlow followed farming, and in 1857 or 1858 built a saw-mill and ran it about five years, there being a large quantity of good tim- ber in the vicinity. May 2, 1863, he left home for visiting friends in New York State, prepara- tory to coming to California. In the spring of 1864 he took the steamer North Star at New York city and came by way of the Isthmus and the old steamer Sonora to San Francisco, arriv- ing May 28. Coming to Sacramento, he bought an outfit here and went over the mountains to Bodie, Mono County, California, and worked in the mines during the summer of 1863. Re- turning to this valley, he rented a farm in Yolo • County, three miles above Sacramento, and lived there during the season of 1864. In the fall he went over to Bodie again and followed team- ing, hauling material for building quartz-mills. In the fall of 1865 he located upon his present place, which he bought from the railroad com- pany and where he has resided ever since. His farm then had 160 acres with but very little improvements. There was a small shanty, in which he lived a4)out two years, and then built his present house on the ridge. There were no fences; there were some old ditches, and now and then a post stuck in the ground with a few nails in it. At present the place comprises 140 acres, under the best of improvements. Nine acres are in a good vineyard, and there are about 500 good fruit trees four years old, in full bear- ing. Off of four acres of four-year-old Zinfan- dels he sold forty-seven tons, and there were two tons besides wasted, which is about as good a showing as can be made in Sacramento County. Mr. Harlow is a member of the Masonic order, and of the Reorganized Church of the Latter- day Saints in Sacramento; he has been a mem- ber of this church thirty years. Since the outbreak of the Rebellion he has been a Repub- lican. The Republican County Convention in 1887 nominated him for the office of Public Administrator, and he was elected by a majority of 507, when, to administer the duties of the office, he changed his residence to the city. He was married February 4, 1848, to Ann Lee, in Wisconsin; she is a native of Norway. They have five children: John Marion, Justus, Jacob Jesse, Frances Matilda and Ida Laodicea. They lost three — Obadiah, Mary Docia and Dora Ann, all of whom died in the East. tOUIS GERBER, wholesale butcher, of Sutter Township, was born in 1854, in Buffalo, New York. His parents, Pan- talion and Sybil Gerber, were natives of Ger- many, and came to the United States in 1837; they lived twenty-three years in BuflPalo, where Mr. Gerber was engaged in the butcher busi- ness, to which he had been brought up in the old country. In April, 1860, he came to Cali- fornia, by way of New York and the Isthmus, and located in Sacramento; and here he fol- lowed his favorite calling until his death in 1878, in Germany, whither he had gone on ac- count of ill health. His widow is still living, at the age of seventy-five years, with her sons, on the ranch. In their family were four sons UISrOKT OF SACHAMENTO COUNTY. and one daughter: John, Henry, William E., Louis and Anna M., — all residents of this conntj. William E. is a director in the Oali- I'ornia State Bank in Sacramento, where he is einploj-ed; Henry is in the hutchering business and in the hop trade; and John and Louis have their cattle ranch in Klamath County, Oregon. In the home ranch here, two miles from Sacra- mento, they have 110 acres; and they also have 800 acres near Florin. It is all very fine prop- erty. Mr. Louis Gerber is a member of lodge JN'o. 42, K. of P., of Sacramento. He and his brothers, John and Henj-y, are yet unmarried. ...^|.^„f<^..« SAAC GREATHOUSE HALL was born in Spencer County, Indiana, October 22, 1828- ^ his parents being Shadrac and Mary (see sketch of R. B. Hall). I. G. Hall came to the Pacific Coast in 1852 by the Oregon route, ar- riving in Portland, September 3, without a cent. He first went to work in a saw-mill, but after one month of that drudgery he started on foot for the mines in northern Oregon, and made the journey of 300 miles, carrying his blankets, provisions and gun. Counting tlie 2,700 miles, more or less, across the plains, nearly all of which was also made afoot, his six months of almost steady travel, antedating the era of walking matches and tramps, pi-obably beat the record, but as will be seen presently it was only an .nitial spurt in the walking career of the subject of this sketch. He did some mining, but more prospecting, in Oregon, north, east and south, and in 1853 crossed into California. Here he mined for fonr or five years on Scott and Klamath Rivers, accuniulat, ing about $4,000. In 1858 he went into the business of freighting from Crescent City, Del Norte County, to the mities, whicli he followed two years, and then went to mining in Placer County for ten months. In the autumn of 1801 he came down to tlie Sacramento River and bought the ranch of 100 acres which he now owns on Grand Island, about twenty-five miles below Sacramento. Early in September of that 3'ear he made an arrangement with his brother, R. B., to take charge of the place and be half owner, leaving himself free to follow his bent for traveling, mining and prospecting. Ac- cordingly by the middle of the month he was ready for the road, and was not again seen by his brother for more than fourteen years. He first went to Idaho, where he mined a year and " f)-eighted " several years, w-ith a net result of losing in one great storm all he had made in six years. He then went to mining again, and soon again to freighting in Montana and Ore- gon, and afterward to working for another in the same line for a few months. Finally, in company with some others, he set out for the far north. Wintering in 1-869 on the head- waters of the Missouri, they traveled in the spring across the country to the head of the Columbia, then to the Eraser, which they crossed at the mouth of the Kanawl, then along the Russian telegraph line to Stewart Lake, then up the lake by boat to Lake Tattler, and again by land across the Rocky Mountains to Peace River, which they followed to Great Slave Lake, about 200 miles short of the shore of the Arc- tic Ocean. Here Mr. Hall spent two years prospecting, and then returned across Alaska, walking 250 miles over the snow to the head of Skene River, where the party, then about fif- teen in number, built a boat and came down that river to F^ort Essington at its mouth. In the spring of 1872 they came by a British steamer to Victoria, Vancouver Island, and thence to Puget Sound. Here Mr. Hall re- mained two years, and entered 160 acres, wliich he sold for $1,200, and returned to his home on Grand Island in 1876. Off again in 1879 he went to mining in Montana for three months, and afterward superintended the construction of a stage road from Bonanza (]ity to Blackford city, Ujah, for ten months, and once more re- turned to Grand Island in the autumn of 1880, by way of Salt Lake City and Sacramento. Concluding to spend ihe remainder of his years iinrler his own vine and tig-tree, he 1)ought his UlSTUIiY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. brother's half-interest in tlie ranch, and has since devoted his attention to its management. He has thirty acres in orchard and five in vineyard. He also raises some blooded stock, keeping eight or ten brood-mares and halt" as many short- horn Diirhams. Besides the extensive land travels already mentioned Mr. Hall has made a trip to Nevada, and half a dozen or more voy- ages from San Francisco to Fiiget Sound, on two of which he went as far as Alaska. In fact he has been a land and sea rover, with brief in- termissions, from 1852 to 1880, and may be said to liave some claim to be regarded as the great American traveler of the third quarter of this century. He carries as a memorial of his mining days a $220 gold watch, the heavy cases of which he had made in San Francisco of the gold he had first gathered nearly forty years ago. tLEXANDER GOLDBERG, farmer and orohardist, near Sacramento, was born in Berlin, Prussia, March 18, 1833, and re- mained with his parents until he was eighteen years of age. From the age of fourteen he worked at the baker's trade. After visiting Hamburg, London and Liverpool, in 1850, lie sailed for New York, arriving in December. First he was employed for four months in a brick-yard in New Jersey, near Washington; ne.xt, was engaged in a bakery in Washington eight months; then for two years he was cook for seveuty-five men employed in the brick-yard where he formerly worked; for the next nine months he was proprietor of a bakery on Mont- rose avenue, in Williamsburg, during whicii time he was married to Margaret Morn; and finally he came to California by the Nicaragua route, landing at San Francisco July 3. P'or the first three months he was employed in Winn's confectionery and ice-cream saloon, on Kearny street, that city; next he was employed in mining three weeks on Gutcher's Bar, on the Yuba River; then nine months at the Metro- politan Restaurant and ice-cream saloon, on Montgomery street, in San Francisco; mined awhile at Omega, Nevada. County, where he erected a building for a hotel, restaurant and bakery. A year and a half afterward he sold out this establishment, came to Sacramento and kept a saloon on Third street for a time. Sell- ing out this, lie entered a quarter-section of land in Yolo County, near Buckeye, now Winters. Followed farming there about ten years, sold out, went to New York and to Europe on a visit to his old home. Returned to Sacramento in 1867 and bought 640 acres four miles east of Elk Grove, and followed agriculture thereabout eighteen years. In 1880 he again visited Eu- rope. A year and a half after returning he sold his farm and moved into Sacramento and re- sided here one year. Then, in 1885, he bought Swiss Station, on the upper Stockton road, about a mile and a quarter from the city limits, and this is his present residence. The ranch con- tains 119 acres, and is devoted to fruit and grain; twenty acres are in grapes. Considering what little he liad to start with, and the expenses he has incurred in visiting distant countries, etc., it is indeed a wonder how well he has man- aged. He is a member of Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. (). (). F., of Sacramento. His children are: Fritz, Emma, Amelia and Gustavo. fOHN GOSLIN, a rancher, was born in Eng- land, September 20, 1830, a son of William and Jane (Tyler) Goslin, also natives of that coimtry, who left England about 1834 and set- tled in Oakland County, Michigan, near Pon- tiac, purchasing land there and following agricultural pursuits until their death, — he at the age of about fifty years, and she about forty. John left the old home in 1852 and started for California with a party of twenty-one, and in five months reached this State, after a compara- tively pleasant journey. Asiatic cholera was the principal disaster, but they were well equip- ped, having among them a doctor, a carpenter and a blacksmith; but the doctor was the only HItjTORY OF SACBAMENTO COUNTY. member of tlie party who died with the cholera, as he was peculiarly exposed. His death was greatly mourned. Arriving in Sacramento in September, Mr. Goslin immediately began work for wages, on Griffith's ranch, continuing about nine months. Then he took 163 acres of land where his home now is and cultivated it ten years. Leaving it, but not selling it, he went to teaming in the mountains. In 1861-'62 he lost everything by the floods excepting the land itself; the loss was estimated at $10,000. He resumed work upon his ranch and there he has since remained, improving it until he has made it a model home. Two and a half acres are in vineyard and small orchard for family use. He has 200 acres of tine land, and on the place is a good school, five miles from the center of Sac- ramento, on the lower Stockton road. He has seen his share of pioneer life in California, but feels well paid for his endurance. He was mar- ried in 1868 to Miss Cordelia, daughter of La- fayette Sheplar, a re.eident of Illinois, and pre- viously of Ohio. She came to California about 1858. Mr. and Mrs. Goslin have two sons and two daughters: Ida May, Bertha G., Norman E. and Howard L. George W. died at the age of live years. :YMAN MoMITCHELL, son of John and Zilpa (Eaton) McMitchell, both natives of Fairfield, Herkimer County, New York, was born September 20, 1820, at Little Falls, Herkimer County, New York. In 1849 he came to this coast, sailing on the brig Empire, Captain Baxter, on Sunday, Feb- ruary 16, 1849, from New York for Vera Cruz, came across Mexico to San Bias, from there by schooner to San Francisco, reaching there tlie last day of May. He came up to Sacramento from San Francisco in June, 1849, and engaged witli the Union line of steamers in lS51-'54. The river trafiic at tliat time was immense; with the C. S. N. Com|)aiiy might be mentioned the steamers Senator, New World, Wilson G. LIunt, the Confidence, and later the Bragdon, Grilda, which ran through to Marysville, and others. With this company and its successors, the Central Pacific Railroad, he has been all these years, having charge of the freight de- partment. October 11, 1859, he was married to Harriet Upegraff, now deceased, daughter of Captain James Upegraff, who came across the plains in 1849. He has one daughter living. fHE GLANN FAMILY.— The given name of the first progenitor of this family in America is not preserved in their tradi- tions. About a generation before the Eevolu- tion, a Scotch sailor, who was also part owner of the vessel in which he sailed, came to Turk Island for a cargo of rock-salt for the Liverpool market. He is said to have been also possessed of a title to an island named Yincent Island, in the ocean; the name thereof may have been changed. Be this as it may, the risks of the great deep soon swept away not only his pros- pective lordship of an island, but also his actual property, which was all aboard his vessel, and seriously jeopardized his life. While engaged in shipping the cargo, and when the vessel was almost fully laden, Mr. Glann was taken sick with a fever and became delirious. Then a terrific storm arose which wrenched the sliip from her moorings, and compelled the throwing overboard of the cargo. Every sail and mast and spar was swept away, and only the hull of the vessel and the lives of the crew were saved. They drifted about for many weeks, when they were finally picked up by a vessel bound for New York, and when they landed in that city Mr. Glann found himself in possession of a single groat! Then and there he soon came to the conclusion that he had seen enough of the vicissitudes of a seafaring life, and investing his groat in biscuits he puslied toward the country in quest of work. At Kingsbridge he fell in with a Dutch farmer who set him to threshing, and he wielded the flail with such energy and HllSTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNT y. success that lie got a permanent job. After three years he married a daughter of hio em- ployer, and continued to work for his father-in- law until he was able to run a farm on his own account. He lived and died near Kingsbridge. Of his ofl'spring, the branch of his family with which the history of Sacramento County is con- cerned, have knowledge only of two sons, — James, their grandfather, and John, his brother. James and John Glann (or Glenn, as the name, it is thought, was then written) were young men when the war of the Revolution broke out, and both enlisted, serving under Generals Greene and Washington. They were in the battle of Long Island, and there John was killed, and buried in the sand. James fought through the war, and took up a "soldier's right" on the line wliich divides Sussex County, Xew Jersey, from Orange County, New York, as the chief market town of the district. This was the homestead, and on this lie settled per- manently after the war. He married into a German family named Catlin. It was he, as is thought most probable, that changed tiie name to Glann, as the Kingsbridge branch still write it Glenn. His son, Nathaniel, learned from him that he was induced by an old Scotch schoolmaster to make the change, as being more in accord witli the old Scotch or Gaelic tongue. Glann is, in fact, the exact equivalent of the English Glenn, from the common name glen, a narrow detile or valley. A iiero of the Revolution would naturally be glad to iind a reason so legitimate for breaking off all associa- tion of his name with his late enemy and the subjugator of his race as well. lie died at about the age of eight}', and liis wife at about 100. Mr. and Mrs. James Glann were the parents of nine children: William, James, John, who became a school-teacher and lived to a good age; Nathaniel (see below); Vincent, who died in 1885, aged about eighty-eight years; Nancy, wlio married Ralph Van Flouten, a farmer of Steuben County, New York; Jennie married James C. Rowley, a blacksmith, near the old homestead; Hannah married David Mercerean, owner of one of the largest farms on the Sus- quehanna, near Oswego, New York; Rhoda married Martin Wilson, a farmer, who after- ward became the owner of the old soldier's homestead. Nathaniel Glann, the third son of James, was born in 1793, and remained with his father until he was of age. He received a good district-school education, partly under his brother John. He then went to work on his own account, and at about the age of twenty- two settled on a farm adjoining that of his brother John, in Steuben County, near Ham- mondsport. New York. While on a visit to his uncle, Natlianiel Catlin, at Oswego, he became acquainted with the Mercerean family, and in 1817 he was married to Miss Catherine Merce- rean, daughter of one of the well-known New York families of that name. He was a black- smith by trade, and was living on Staten Island at the time of the Revolution. He afterward moved to Oswego, and was over ninety years old when he died. His wife, who was English by birth or descent, lived to the age of 106 years. About 1832 Mr. and Mrs. Nathaniel Glann, with six children, left Hammondsport, in the Indian-summer time, with the accompani- ment of the hrst flurry of snow, for the great West, by way of Penn Yan, Dausville and Buffalo. There tiiey engaged passage for fam- ily and wagon on the steamer Henry Clay. At the moment of departure, Mr. Glann, with his horses and one boy, were refused passage on tlie claim that the steamer was already too heavily laden. With the rest of his family and goods aboard, he and his boy were compelled to go by land. The family was put ashore at Port Huron, where they were soon rejoined by the father and son, but too late in the season to reach their intended destination in Illinois. He concluded to proceed to Tiffin, Seneca County, Ohio, where Thomas Raker, formerly of Ham- mondsport, had settled some time before. Ar- rived there, lie rented a house and obtained work for himself and two of his boys, from Mr. Baker. In 1833 he moved to one of Mr. Baker's farms, and there raised a crop. Mean- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. while Mrs. Glann's brothers, Henry and Cor- neille Mercereau, had inoved from Oswego, New York, to Toledo, Ohio, where Mr. Glann visited them, and being pleased with the loca- tion he also bought land there. In the spring of 1834: he moved to Toledo, traveling over the forty miles of black swamp, rendered almost impassable by the movements of the Ohio militia, then engaged in the "Ohio and Michi- gan war." Arrived in Toledo, he fitted up an old vacant honse on the farm of Henry Merce- reau, for a temporary home, and put in a crop on his own farm of eighty acres. He also rented the farm of Corneille Mercereau, who had gone into business in Toledo, w-hich he kept for two years. In 1834 he bought forty acres about a mile away, and 160 acres some twentj' miles distant. In 1835 he built a house on his original eighty acres. In 1844 he bought 160 acres across the road from his place, and in i 1850 he built a larger and better home. Mrs. Glann died in 1S58, aged sixty-one. Mr. Glann died Xovember 27, 1875, aged eighty-two. Mr. and Mrs. Xathaniel Glann were the parents of ten children, of whom seven were born near I Hammondsport: James, born about 1818, was | first married to Miss Chloe Ann Lewis, who died without issue; his second wife was Susan Poseland, a native of England, by whom he had two boys, William and Archibald. Ann Eliza- beth, born about 1820, married William Cheney, a carpenter and builder of Toledo; they were j the parents of Calferna and Elizabeth Cheney, [ both married. Tiieir mother died in 1852. Henry, born about 1823, was married to Miss Eliza Layburn, an American of English parent- age. They are the parents of Nathaniel P., of the firm of Bick & Glann, boot and shoe deal- ers, of Toledo; and of Alice, who was married to Ferd Haughteti, a fanner, and who have sons \ and daughters. Vincent (see below). Calphur- i nia died about 1830, aged three years. David, j born about 1829, was married to Ann Poseland, I a sister of Mrs. James (ilann. They are the parents of one son and one daughter. Daniel (see below). William, born in 1833, near Tiffin, Ohio, was accidentally killed with his own gun, while hunting, aged about twenty. Peter (see below). Catherine, born about 1838, married David Upton. They were for many years resi- dents of this county, but are now living in Monterey. Their children are: Mary, William Cassius and Myrtle. Alary is now Mrs. William Nelms, and the mother of two daughters; Will- iam C. is married to Miss Minnie Garrett, and they have one daughter. All the children of Nathaniel Glann received the limited district- school education usual in their school days. fINCENT, DANIEL and PETER GLANN. — These three sons of Nathaniel and Catharine (Mercereau) Glann, having been closely associated in business in this county, their lives and labors and the results will be treated conjointly in this sketch. Vincent Glann was born July 10, 1825, and lived with his parents until 1846, working successively on the farms in Hammondsport, Tiffin and Toledo from the time he was able to render any assist- ance until he reached his majority. Promptly thereupon he demanded wages and received $1 a day from his father for the first week after he had arrived at legal manhood. He then went to work for his uncle, Henry Mercereau, and a Mr. Ketchum. In 1847 he worked on a sec- tion of the railroad; in 1848 he worked for Doctor Miner as a farm hand; in 1849 for Ed- ward Upton. As a farm laborer he received $12 a month and board, and his engagement always closed with the opening of the deer- hunting season, he being an e.xpert deer-stalker. From his youth up he has had a passion for hunting, seldom going to school without taking his gun, which he concealed in some convenient thicket. In 1850 he and his brother Henry rented the farm of their uncle, Henry Mercer- eau, and held it three years at §300 a year. They have ever since remained closely associated. 'a sort ot moral partnership. their Toledo interests. In 1853 they bought the Doctor BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Miner farm of 96.48 acres, and afterward some other farms. Vincent Glaiin left his home, November 5, and New York, November 15, 1855, for ('alifornia by the Panama route, ar- riving in San Francisco, December 10. His father had preceded him in the spring to visit his sons, Daniel and David, at Elk Grove in tliat county, where Vincent and Lis cousin, Peter Mercereau, who had accompanied him, spent two weeks visiting their relatives and hunting. With his father and cousin he started for the American Eiver, by stage from Sacra- mento to Hangtown, afoot to Georgetown, across the Middle Fork at Gray Eagle and thence by Sage Hill to Michigan Bluffs. Stayed there fourteen days. Father and he then pro^ ceeded to Last Chance, and there he hired out as a miner at $75 a month. The winter soon broke and so did his employei'. Mr. Glann had meanwhile taken up a claim in January, 1856, and this he proceeded to work. Alone he dug a ditch to bring water to his claim, and with his brother Daniel, who had preceded him to the mines, he built a cabin. Working with his whip-saw he constructed sluices and took up a hydraulic, claim of seventy-five feet frontage and extending hack to the center of the hill. He added two other claims of equal dimensions, representing the three by his own work, two days a week to each. Then with two partners he tried Miller's Defeat farther up, which proved also a defeat to him, as on settling up on August 1, 1856, his partners reported no assets. Con- cluding to try the lower country for a season, he traveled back to his cabin where he left, his blankets, and pushed forward in light marching order for the plains looking for farm-work. After a weary tramp he reached Elk Grove and went to work for Norman Woodbeck, on the Cosiimnes, pressing hay, at $55 a month. His brother Daniel having also returned from the mines they worked together pressing hay for various parties, and in building a dam. This brought them to November 1, when they re- turned to the mines, having accumulated enough to buy the necessary provisions and other supplies forawinter'scampaign. Daniel went to mining at Keokuk Point, and Vincent went to Last Chance. In the spring he sold two shares of his claim to two Swedes. After a time, desiring to find some diggings that could be worked in sumnitr, he went on alone to Miller's Defeat. Here he struck a good spot in 1857. In the winter of 1857-'58 he again worked with his partners at Last Chance. In the spring of 1858, the three partners bought a half interest in the Canada- Hill claim. The four owners worked both claims and did a good business; the fourth partner re- turned to Sweden, having " made enough." Mr. Glann sold iiis interest to two Danes who were acceptable to liis partners, and came down to Sage Hill, where he bought a claim, his brother Daniel being still at Keokuk Point. In his new claim he took a partner, L. Morse; and they worked it together. Peter Glann arrived in the mines in November, 1858, and worked with his brother Daniel. The water gave out late in the spring of 1859, and Vincent Glann went on a sporting tour, while Peter Glann came down to Bird's Valley. Meanwhile Vin- cent and Daniel bought an interest in the old Specimen claim, and the formei' went to work there, Daniel and Peter coming down to the Sacraynento Valley, where the former, in part- nership with his brother-in-law, David Upton, had bought 1,130 acres on the Mokelumne. In December, 1859, Vincent bought out Upton's half interest in the ranch, and also 320 acres near Elk Grove. In 1860 Vincent and Daniel went back to the mines, and worked there till water failed, when Daniel returned to the ranch. Vincent went to -Auburn, Placer County, and was there engaged as an assistant or guide to a surveying party, occupied witii laying out a road from Auburn, Placer County, to Virginia City, Nevada. He was able to render good service as guide, from his experience as prospector and hunter while enjoying an exceptional chance on Lake Tahoe and elsewhere on the road, to in- dulge )f huntincr. In 1861 Peter Glann enlisted as a volunteer, Daniel attended to the ranch, and Vincent still woi-ked the old A-^.A €J^a^'uyLn-. a. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTT. Specimen claim. In 1862, Peter returned after eighteen months' service in tlie army, having been wounded in the left arm and partially dis- abled. He rejoined his brother Daniel on the ranch, while Vincent still kept on raining in the old Specimen claim until 1868, returning every summer to the ranch, when tiie water failed at the mines. From the profits of mine and farm, "by slow and steady accumulation," the three brothers continued to buy land at intervals for nineteen years longer. Seventeen distinct par- cels of land were thus united into one compact ranch of 5,310 acres, making with ninety-eight acres owned across the Mokelumne a grand total of 5,408 acres, all earned by their joint labor. It is devoted to general farming, to the raising of horses and cattle and the running of a dairy of 150 cows or more. They also buy and sell stock of others' raising, and run a bee ranch. Vincent still owns land in Toledo, a farm abut- ting on Darr street, of which he deeded an acre a year ago for a church site, never asking by what sect of the Christian name the church was to be erected. 0^' the three brothers, Vincent and Peter are bachelor.-. The former "kept bach" even before he was of an age to marry, hunting in the winter and farming in the sum- mer. He is by nature a veritable Nimrod — a mighty hunter. Even now his eye gleams brightly as he tells of his hunting exploits in by-gone years; nor has he entirely given up the line or gun. Daniel Glann was married June 7, 1884, to Miss Annie Gertrude Keema, a daughter of Frederick Karl Keema and Anna (Koch) Keema, his neighbors. He died March 14, 1887, aged fifty-three years, leaving a widow and one child: Annie Catharine Glann, born January 29, 1885. fUDGE H. A. MAYHEAV— The life of some men would, if properly told, fill a volume, and carry with it a lesson which in after years would be of exceeding value and absorb- ing interest. Among the men of this class we may mention the name of Judge H. A. May- hew, the subject of this sketch, a brief page from the unwritten history of whose life finds a welcome place in the history of this county, which he has selected as his abiding place while resting from the labors of a very active life. He was born in Summerset (afterward Franklin) County, Maine, December 13, 1821, son of James Mayhew, a New England farmer and a deacon in the Presbyterian Church, a man who left the impress of sterling characteristics in a marked degree as a heritage to his son. The Judge was educated at the Farmington Academy, which was at that time in charge of Jacob Abbott, an author and literateur of eminence. He grad- uated at the Gorhaui Seminary in the class of '40, read law in the office of Hon. Robert Good- now (afterward Congressman from the Farm- ington district), was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of Maine in 1844, and at once began the practice of his profession in Farmington. At this period of his life, 'So- vember 7, 1844, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary J. Pike. Three years later he emi- grated to Ripley County, Indiana, where he re- mained engrossed in his professional duties for over thirteen j'ears. He took an active interest in politics, making a personal canvass of the State upon several different occasions, notably in the campaign of 1852, as a Whig; later on he became closely identified with the Republi- can party. He held the responsible office of District Attorney for several terms. Finally, his health having become seriously impaired, he, through the advice of his friends, sought relief in the highlands of Minnesota, going to Austin, where he resided for four years, but without experiencing the relief which had been hoped for. Prior to that, as far back as 1858 (at which time he became an active member of the Presbyterian Church), he was deeply in- terested in ministerial work; and in 1860, having passed the requisite examination, he was given the charge of a church at Rensselaer, Jasper County, Indiana. From this charge, as above stated, he went to Austin, Minnesota, where he IIISTOKY OF SACHAMENTO COUNTY. continued liis miiiisterial labors. In 1871 lie came to lied Bluff, Tehama County, Calif'oinia, as pastor of the First Preshyteiian Church, and here it was that the effects of the balmy atmos- phere of glorious California brought relief for the distressing affliction of twenty years' stand- ing. In 1875 he was elected to the county judgeshi]! of Tehama County, serving for four years in tliat capacity, until January, 1880, when the new constitution went into effect. He was immediately appointed Superior Judge by Governor Perkins, and took his seat in the spring of 1881. During the two years of his incumbency of that office, many cases of im- portance came before him for adjudication, notably tliat of Frank Kessler, the Tehama murderer, now serving a life sentence in the penitentiary; and the ease of Winans vs. The Sierra Lumber Company, a lengthy suit, in- volving a large sum of money. Mrs. Mayhevv is a native of Norway, Oxford County, Maine, a daughter of Charles Pike, and granddaughter of Grandfather "Woods, wlio was a Kevolution- ary officer, and served on the staff" of General Washington. With such a lineal inheritance we cannot be surprised that in association with her husband, the Judge, she has been equally prominent, and that together they have stood side by side in all good works. She, as well as the Judge, has always been prominent in church work. As an illustration of her earnestness, while in Aui-tiii, Minnesota, where her husband was pastor of the Presbyterian Church, her father presented her with $500, with which to build a home. She not only gave it to the church for the purpose of erecting a suitable building in which to hold services, but went to Minneapolis, bought the lumber, and secured the money with which to pay freight. All the lumber that went into the church, pulpit and pews was purchased by lier with her money and the money she raised. Later she made pulpit cushions, and cleaned the church, with the aid tif her boys. She was one of the first sub- scribers for the tii'st issue of bonds hy the Government at the beginning uf the war. Prompted by motives of patriotism, she carried her money to the First National Bank of In- dianapolis and subscribed for the bonds, her money being deposited several months before the bonds were ready for issue. Thirty-seven years ago, Schuyler Colfax (who was an intimate personal friend of Judge and Mrs. Mayhew), widely known not only as a statesman and Vice- President of the United States, but as author of •the Rebekah Degree of Oddfellowship, conferred this degree upon Judge and Mrs. Mayhew, and they are without doubt the oldest members of this degree in the State. The Judge was made an Odd Fellow in 1845. He held the position of Grand Master in 1870. Mrs. Mayhew is Past Noble Grand of the Rebekah Degree Lodge. Both Mrs. Mayhew and the Judge are active members of the Eastern Star degree of Masonry (the Judge already being a Knight Templar), which was conferred upon tliem by the eminent Dr. Robert Morris, the author of the degree, both having held the highest offices in the Eastern Star chapter. Mrs. Mayhew is Past Associate Grand Matron of the order, and has been frequently urged to accept the position of Grand Matron. Slie was chosen Superin- tendent of Finance of the State Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union one year ago, and is prominent in the deliberations of the Independ- ent Order of Good Templars. Mrs. Mayhew has served as Grand Vice-Templar in two differ- ent States, and has also been a representative to the Right Worth}' Grand Lodge from two differ- ent States For five years she has been a mem- ber of the Board of Managers of the Vallejo Orphan Asylum, and was chosen its president. For three years she was its financial secretary, and for three years chairman of the Purchasing Committee, filling these offices with distinguished ability. She was president of the Daughters of Temperance, a co-worker with Mrs. Amanda M. Way and Miss Eliza Richmond, of Indianapolis, whose reputation has been world-wide. She is withal a lady pre-eminently fitted to shine in the domestic circle. Four children, one daugh- ter and three sons, have clustered around the HISTORY OF SACHAMENTO COUNTY. family altar, and live to cheer and comfort tlieir declining years, and to rise up and call them blessed. In 1887 they removed from lied Blnif and purchased property on P street, above Eighteenth, in the city of Sacramento, where we tin I them surrounded by a large circle of loving friends and ac(j^aaintances, enjoying the repose so richly merited. tEV. THOMAS GRACE, pastor of St. Rose's Cluircli, Catiiolic, was born in County Wexford, Ireland, about 1842; educated in the private schools of his native ydace, and at St. Peter's, Wexford, under the in- struction of Bishop Furlong, and also at All Hallows College, Dublin; was ordained to the priestliood in 1867, and in September, that year, came to California. In this State he first had charge of the parish at Red Bluff, being the first pastor there; built the Convent of Mercy; was subsequently at Grass Valley, Marysville, and finally came to Sacramento in July, 1881. His father, James Grace, was of Norman ex- traction, being a descendant of the famous Ray- mond le Gros in the twelfth century. — ^€(i::®»-# — fAVlD McLANAHAN was ijorn in Indi- ana County, Pennsylvania, in 1825, his parents being James and Susan (Blacley) McLanalian, both natives of that section of Pennsylvania. Grandfather John McLanahan settled there, and was married to Miss Nancy Farris, a native of that State, who lived to the age of eighty. The parents of D. McLanahan moved to Ohio, near Masillon, about 1837, and owned a farm there. The son received but little schooling before or after removal, but learned farming pretty thoroughly for his age. He also learned the trade of carpenter, and worked at it som; years. In 1852 he came to Cali- fornia and went to mining in Mosquito canon, above Coloma, about nine months, scarcely mak- ing wages. Worked some at his trade, getting six or seven dollars a day, Ijut could not get enough work-. In 1857 he went into the busi- ness of buying and selling cattle and hordes, continuing until about 1864. He then maue a visit East, not doing much of anything for two years, except the one most important act of life. In 1864 Mr. McLanahan was married to Miss Jennie Harkins, a native of Wisconsin, daughter of William and Kate (McAuley) Har- kins, both of whom are now deceased. Return- ing to California Mr. McLanahan, in 1866, bought 640 acres on the Mokelumne, a mile and a half below his present home. He in- creased his acreage from ti.me to time until it reached 2,000, in 1879. Since then he has been more occujiied with building and beautify- ing a home and grounds. The house was erected in 1881. On his ranch he raises wheat, hay and barley, cattle and horses, — about thirty horses and 200 head of cattle, besides a dairy business of ninety cow^. Mr. McLanahan's mother died in 1882, and his father in 1886, aged eighty-six years. Mr. and Mrs. David McLanahan are the parents of four children: Mamie, born December 16, 1866, now Mrs. Thomas Elder, of Tempo, Arizona; Anna, Oc- tober 14, 1870; Katie, September 6, 1873; and James David, November 3, 1880. ►>^ MSB^ILLIAM F. McCRAKEN was born in Waukegan, Illinois, August 28, 1855, his parents being James G. and Jessie E. (Lovedayj McCraken. His mother died in 1857, and he was reared by his grand- parents Loveday, who lived in Chicago many j'ears. where tiie grandmother still survives at an advanced age. His mother was English by birth, and his father an American, of Scotch or Irish extraction. His early education was chiefly at Immanuel Hall, a military academy, under Episcopalian auspices, its rector being Rev. Roscoe Park, a graduate of West Point. Meanwhile his father, who was a stock-raiser. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. witli a special preference for horses, had come to California about 1860. He owned cattle ranches at three different points- before he finally settled on the Cosuinnes about 1868. Conjointly with Governor Booth and Colonel James as equal partners, he bought 2,700 acres. The ranch had at one time been owned by General W. T. Sherman, who had encamped on it years before with some troops at a point on the river banic, which has since been washed away. Mr. McCraken eventually bought out his partners, — first Governor Booth, and later Colonel James. The tract was reduced by Government to 1,734 acres. He rented his ranch and lived in Sacramento for several years before his death, which occurred in 1880. Mean- while William F., his son, was a clerk in San Francisco for several years, with various parties, insurance agents and money-brokers, and among others with Hutchinson and Mason. He thus acquired a good knowledge of business affairs. In 1880 he was married to Miss Mildred Sefi"- ens, who was born April 15, 1861, at Dutch Flats, where her parents resided for twenty five years, and kept a hotel. The father settled there in 1852, and when he brought his wife home in 1854 she was the first white woman in the place. After the railroad reached that point it lost much of its trade and travel, and Mr. and Mrs. Seffons removed to Santa Clara County, wiiere they purchased a nice ranch about two miles from San Jose, and lived there until their death, some eight years later. Upon the death of his father, in 1880, Mr. McCraken came to reside on his lialf of the estate, his sister, Mrs. J. L. McCord, of Sacramento, owning the other half. Most of the ranch is worked by renters, but Mr. McCraken retains, under his personal supervision, about 200 of his 867 acres. Ho gives special attention to fruit and alfalfa, and the raising of horses. Tliis last he recognizes as a trait inherited from his father, and perhaps reinforced from maternal ancestors, several of the Lovedays being distinguisiied in military lif'i, and tlie successful soldier usually loves a good horse. His ranch is all under cultivation, and will grow any crop without irrigation. Even oranges can be raised in the Cosumnes valley, or has been proved by a few experiments. ^-3-.^- fHE McCUE BROS, have two quarries of fine foundation and cemetery granite near Folsom, to which place they liauled the stone by teams for shipment. As it is im- practicable to have a spur railroad run to their works, they intend soon to have a steam der- rick of ti)eir own to facilitate loading. Frank McCue was born in 1850, and Edward in 1863, in this county, and are sons of John McCue, wiio had these quarries up to 1876. Both are unmarried. fUDGE JOHN HEARD. — Prominent among those who early in the history of Sac- ramento County were most active botii as a citizen, a lawyer and a judge, was John Heard, the subject of this sketch, born in Garrard County, Kentucky, where his father was a farmer, on the 15th of March, 1812. Upon the death of his father in 1815 his mother removed to Howard County, Missouri, here he was educated, having met with a rare chance in the person of a teacher named James Kearney, a great Greek and Latin scholar, who kept a small select school on the edge of Boone County, Missouri, whei-e he was permitted to attend. He afterward studied law with Judge Thomas Reynolds, who afterward became Governor of Missouri; he was four years in his office, and was admitted to the bar in December, 1833. He immediately removed to Paris, Monroe County, Missouri, and began the practice of his profession, where he continued to reside until 1841. In 1836 he was appointed to tlie position of Circuit Attorney, which office he resigned at the expiration of eigliteen months, and having been appointed Register of State lands he removed to Jefi'erson City, the cai)itai, where he continued to reside until 1846, when El STOUT 0]<' SAC HAM E^ TO COUNTY. ho went to Independence, and resutijed tlie prac- tice of his profession. In 1848 his health gave out, and he gave up the practice of law, he went to Santa Fe, Chihuahua, New Mexico, at a time when General Price, who was a personal friend of his, was stationed there. In the spring of 1849, he found a party of 6i.\ young men to cross the plains with teams. They were tive and a half months on the journey. At first they joined a large party, but finding there was but little danger to be apprehended from hostile In- dians, and that forage, of which there was a scarcity, could be more easily obtained for small parties than for large ones, they left the main train and struck out by themselves. They came via Salt Lake and the Carson River, and stopped at Weaver Creek, three miles south of Placerville, where some of the party remained, but Heard came on to Sacramento, and began the practice of law with Judge William C. Wal- lace, — now of Aubnrn, — in 1853, and was with him until he was elected County Judge. This ottice he held during the building of the court house, which was occupied for a time as the State house, and it was largely through his personal efforts that the building was erected, and the capital secured to this city. In 1858 he resigned the office of County Judge, to re- sume the practice of his profession. In 1860, he became interested in silver mining in Chihua- hua, New Mexico, and during the ne.xt five years he was personally engaged in superintend- ing these operations. In 1866 he again returned to Sacramento, resumed the practice of law, making a speciality of land titles, in which he was eminently successful. The Judge was mar- ried in 1836, at Palmyra, Missouri, to Miss Lucy Thornton Buckner, daughter of Charles Buckner, Esq., a Virginian. She came to the coast in 1854, coming across the plains. They have four children, all of whom are daughters. The Judge became a Mason in 1835, is a member of Paris Lodge, Missouri, and he was a charter member of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers. The Judge who at this writing is in his seventy-eighth year, retains his faculties to a most wonderful degree, and his relation of the events of the early days of Sacramento are both interesting and instructive. fAMUEL H. PUGH, of Brighton Town- ship, was born in Owen County, Indiana, August 21, 1832, son of James and Nancy (Sikes) Pugh, natives of Virginia; the father was born in Charlotte County, that State, and the mother in Halifax County. His paternal grand- father, a native of France, came to America as a soldier under Lafayette; was a corporal in tlie Revolutionary War, and remained throughout the struggle, being present even at the siege and surrender of Yorktown. His maternal grand- father also served in the same war. Samuel's mother's first husband was named Scott, who was of the same lineage as General Winfield Scott. He wintered at Valley Forge and died there after the war of the Revolution had closed. On his mother's side Mr. Pugh's ancestry were Scotch and English. James Pugh was born in 1790, and in the War of 1812 was in the first regiment that volunteered from Virginia. He marched to Norfolk under Captain Carter and Colonel Henderson. At Fort Norfolk he served first in heavy artillery, and was afterward trans- ferred to different points where the fighting was in progress. After the close of the war he con- tinued to live in Virginia, married there, moved to Tennessee, and then to Indiana, settling on White River, seven miles below Spencer, in 1827 or 1828, being one of the first settlers in Owen County. There were then ten times as many Indians as white inhabitants. Wild game was so plentiful that a feast of fresh meat could be obtained at any hour on any day. When Samuel was eight years old the family located three and a half miles southeast of Ne- osho, Missouri. As they passed through Neosho the first log store was in process of erection there. The first clerk employed in Anthonj's store there was "Jim" Raines, afterward General, who was killed in the Rebel army at Murfreesboro. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Mr. Pngli was reared in JMewton County, Missouri, froiii 1839 to 1854, learning the carpenters' trade from his father, who was about the tirst contractor and builder in tiiat locality. They built the tirst court-house for that county, a log structure with one door and one or two windows, for $143. They also built the Masonic Hall. Young Pugh also worked on the new court- house, under Martin Garrison. He followed carpentering until he was seventeen years of age and then learned blacksmithing, under Hendrick & McKee, at Neosho, and afterward he remained a year with his father, building houses. No- vember 4, 1854, Mr. Pugh started with another man to Texas, with a small stock of dry goods and notions, and 2,000 apple trees, which they took to Austin. They traveled through thirty- seven different counties of Texas that winter and forty-seven towns. In January Mr. Pugh re- turned to Austin and accepted the superintend- ency of Judge Sneed's ranch, remained with him till June 17 and returned to Missouri, where he wound up his affairs, and on the 24th of September moved with his family to Te.xas, locating four miles south of Austin, where he had 100 acres of land. There he followed black- smithing for iive years. In 1859 he started for Pike's Peak with a team, passing through In- dian Territory, Kansas and Nebraska, to find a train going there, and failing, he abandoned the trip. He then settled in Salem, Richardson County, Nebraska, and worked there at black- smithing and gunsmithing. While there lie held the offices of City Marshal, Deputy Sheriff and Deputy United States Marslial, and was holding all these offices when he left. He raised the tirst military company that volunteered in that county, and was elected its captain. The company was raised to garrison Western forts. He also served in tlie Home Guards one and a half years, and was in the tight with the Jay- hawkers at Falls City. Between thirty and fifty shots were fired, two men killed and sev- eral wounded. Mr. Pugh lost some blood and a small piece of his ear. May 11, 1862, a train was made up, of which he was captain, and each started with four oxen and a number of cows for California. Mr. Pugh caine by mail and stage route up the Platte by way of tiie Hig Blue, Fort Kearney and Fort Laramie, cross- ing the South Platte at Julesburg, the North Platte at Louis Bernard's bridge, camped at Independence Kock on tlie night of July 8, and celebrated the Fourth there the next day. On- ward he came by way of Fort Bridger to Salt Lake and the overland stage route to Reese River and the sink of tlie Carson River to Car- son City, and by way of Placerville to Sacra- mento, passing directly by his present place of residence. When he reached Placerville lie was out of money, and he sold a $100 rifle at the Kingsley House for $10, paid $7.50 for expenses and $2.50 for crossing the bridge at Saciamento! He then worked for Mr. Crocker, superinten- dent of the Steam Navigation Company, in their yard, until he could earn money enough to go to his brother's in Sonoma County. There he re- mained till March 1863; returning then to Sacra- mento, he worked in the ship-yard there until the middle of May. Next he followed black- smithing at Carson City, Nevada, about two years, and then bought a ranch upon Carson River, fifty-five miles from Carson. He built a hotel and blacksmith shop upon that place, moulding the brick, laying them and doing all the carpenter work himself. When the Central Pacific Railroad was built to Wadsworth, it drew the travel from his place and he had to leave it, losing all. Then, November 1, 1866, helocated on theMcCarthy ranch, in this county, until 1869, following farming and blacksmith- ing, and also hauling some for building the levee. During the year just mentioned he bought a piece of land in San Joaquin Town- ship, two miles east of Florin, and continued farming and blacksmithing for five years, and finally purchased a half acre which he now oc- cupies as a residence. Here he built a black- smith's shop, house, barn, etc., all with his own hands. In his political views Mr. Pugh is a Democrat. He has served many years as in- spector of elections, and one term as school HISTORY OF SACRAMKNTO COUNTY 6f>3 trustee. He was admitted into Sacramento Lodge, No. 40, F. & A. M. in 1868, and is still a member of that lodge, and he, as well as his family, are members of the Gratige. lie was married in McDonald County, Missouri, Febru- ary 19, 1852, to Miss Mary Ann Greer, a native of Clarksville, Pike County, Missouri, and daughter of William and Ann (Jones) Greer. Her father was of Scotch descent and the tnotiier of Frencli. She was a child when her parents moved to Jasper County, Missouri, and subse- quently they moved to McDonald County, two and a half miles from Pierceville. Her mother died in Carson City and her father in Sonoma County, California. Mr. and Mrs. Pugh have nine children^ as follows: L. M., born December 15, 1852, in Missouri, three miles from Neosho, and now living in Lewis, near Battle Mountain; he was made a Mason at Elk Grove on the night that he was twenty -one years old, at the youngest age known in the United Slates; Mary Mareilla, now the wife of R. J. Brown, and living in San Joaquin Township; Nancy Ann, the wife of Peter Chrisman, and living at Gonzales, Mon- terey County; Samuel A., residing in Lander County, Nevada; Parmelia Belle, now the wife of Frank H. Raulet, of San Francisco; Ethan Franklin, a resident of El Dorado County, near Shingle Springs; Joseph A., near Gonzales; Charles Lorenzo, who lives in Lander County, Nevada; and James Nathan, with his parents. fAPTAIN THOMAS DWYEK, president of the Sacramento Transportation Com- pany, was born in 18B1, in County Wex- ford. Ireland, — next to the youngest in a family of eight children, — his parents being Frank and Ellen (O'Neal) Dwyer. His father was a small farmer, who lived and died a poor man; his death took place in 1885. Nature had endowed young Dwyer with a spirit of enterprise, and when, in 1848, some acquaintances tried to per- suade him to go with them to the New World, he readily consented. Young, hearty, robust. he came to Toronto in all the vigor of his young manhood, and commenced the battle of life. He at once engaged in the lumber trade, wt)rk- ing at that during the winter, and on a farm during the summer. \n 1852 he came to the United States, going into Maumee County, Ohio, and there he obtained his first contract work, which consisted in the gettitig out of a certain number of railroad ties. After this he went to Lake County, Illinois, and again became a " farm-hand " in the summer, going to the pine woods of Wisconsin in the winter, where sometimes for six weeks continuously the sun never melted the snow from the sides of the j trees nor from the roof of the shanty which served as their only shelter. In 1859, during the Pike's Peak excitement, in company with a party of friends, he started for the gold dig- gings; on reaching the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, they learned that Pike's Peak was a humbug, some of the party turned back, but the subject of this sketch and his partner struck out boldly for California, the land of gold and sunshine. They came with ox teams, via Lander's cut-off, Raft Creek, and the Honey Lake Valley to Susanvijle, where they arrived on the 3d of Se-^tember, after a journey of five months. He spent a year in the mines of Shasta County, and went to Chico during the following sum- mer and ran a threshing-machine there and in Colusa County. When the season for farm work was over he bought some timber land on the Sacramento River in Colusa County, and commenced cutting the wood; he got together about 2,500 cords, taking in a partner to share the expense, bought a wood barge and brought the wood down to Sacramento, where he could dispose of it to the schooners in the river. This was the origin of what is to-day known as the Sac- ramento Transportation Company. He afterward bt)Ught a small steamer to tow his barges. About this time, 1866, J. II. Roberts, II. L. Miller, Michael Rigney, N. McNear and C. Clots were added to the firm, which was then known as the Sacramento Wood Company. In 1879 the name was changed to the Sacramento Transpor- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. tation Coin pan J, and the firm was incorporated under the laws of the State. Notwithstanding the California Steam Navigation Company was running in opposition to them, tlieir business grew and flourished. Increased towing facili- ties being required, the Vei'ona was added to their fleet in 1873; the San Joaquin, No. 2, in 1877; the San Joaquin, No. 4, in 1882; the Governor Dana, Dover, and Flora, in 1883; and they are now (1889) building another steamer which lias not yet been named. In addition to these steamers they have a fleet of twenty bulges. In 1881 they engaged in the manufact- ure of brick, erecting kilns on the Riverside road, five miles below Sacramento, where they now iiave the most approved appliances. In 18S8 they introduced the new patent system called the continuous kiln, with a capacity of 50,000 pressed biick per diem; they also have in operation four Quaker brick machines, with a capacity of 140,000 daily. The busy life of Captain Dwyer has left him but scant time to devote to jioiitics or the fraternal societies. He was married in 1868 to Ellen Flannigan, a na- tive of Ireland. They have five children, viz.: Frances Thomas, Mary Ellen, John Jefi'rey, William Patrick and Thomas Edward. tMcNEAL, a California pioneer, was born in a place called Three Springs, Hunting- * don County, Pennsylvania, his parents being Robert, a farmer, and Catharine (Camp- bell) McNeal, both natives of Pennsylvania. The family, as the name indicates, is of Scotch- Irish descent. Our subject was one of a family of seven children, four of whom were boys. He was born in May, 1815, and was reared upon his father's farm until he reached his majority in 1838, when, starting out in life for himself, he went first to Clinton County, Indiana, where his brother, Alexander, resided, then to Madi- son County, AVisconsin, and afterward to Galena, Illinois, where he learned the carpenter's trade and resided until 1840; during that year he went to Mobile, Alabama, where he worked at his trade for seven years; he then secured a posi- tion at the United States navy yard at Peiisa- cola, Florida, where he remained until coming to California in 1849. He came with a party on board the schooner Crescent City to Chagres, crossed the Isthmus, and paid $300 for passage to San Francisco in the brig Solidad, Captain John Van Houton, who will be remembered as captain on one of the Sacramento River boats for many years, and who afterward kept the Crescent City Flotel. The old Solidad was after- ward brought to Sacramento and now lies high and dry at the foot of I street between Third and Fourth. The party arrived in San Francisco August 4, 1849, and, coming to Sacramento, packed to the mines on the Yuba River, where they remained till December, when Boyd and Davis (two of the party) came to Sacramento. McNeal followed mining for a greater portion of the time till 1852, when he came here and settled down to his trade. He eaily became a member of the Society of California Pioneers, in which organization he takes great interest. Mr. McNeal has been twice married, first in 1859, to Mary Alice Alexander, who died in 1862; and again in 1866 to Lucretia Kennedy, a native of Ft. Madison, Iowa, who died on the 14tli of June, 1868, leaving an only daughter, Minnie, who is the wife of Hiram Z. Johnson of this citv. fHRlSTOPHER GREEN was born in Ire- land, December 25, 1830, and when he was a little more than thirteen years of age he left his native country and came on the vessel Shenandoah to New York city, where he entered himself as an apprentice to the carpen- ters' trade, in which relation he worked by the month. In 1844 he went down to Washington Market and obtained employment from Joseph Churchill, beginning to work for him for $5 a month, at his up-town house, near University place. After remaining with him for si.\ years HISTORY OF SACIiAMENTO COUNTY. lie went to Chicago, and for sixty days was in tiie employment of Byer, Wadswortb & Chapin, at $2.50 :i day. After a sojourn of twenty-three weeks in Chicago he returned toXew York and at once embarked on the Daniel Webster for California, January 5, 1852, coming by the Nicaragua route. On the Paciiic side he took the steamer Pacific, upon which he reached San Francisco. There he went to work at the old Pacific Market for George W. Green. Eight months afterward he came to Sacramento and passed on to Nevada City to observe the methods pursued in mining. Eeturning to Sac- ramento in August, 1852, he engaged himself in the City Market at the time of the fair of that year. During the autumn, that year, he entered the butchering business on J" street, be- tween Front and Second. In 1853 he and H. C. Trainor became partners in the Empire Mar- ket, which relation has ever since continued. Mr. Green has always taken an active interest in poli- tics, in public improvements and in the public welfare generally. Was an old-time Whig, and is now a leading Republican, being a member and the treasurer of the Republican county central committee. He was elected mayor of the city of Sacramento in 1872 by a handsome majority, on the issue raised by the railroad company concerning the filling up of China slough, he being in favor of the railroad company's propo- sition. In this ofiice he served two terms of three years each. Ne.xt he was appointed Post- master, to fill out the unexpired term of Mr. Hopping; was re-appointed for the second term, and was succeeded by the present incumbent, R. D. Stephens. For the last sixteen years Mr. Green has been a member of the State Board of Agriculture, being now a Director, and he has been Superintendent of the Grounds. Decem- ber 9, 1858, Mr. Green married Alice Tolan, a native of Ireland, who came to Massachusetts when young. They have six children, named Tessie, Mamie, Belle, Christopher, Jr., Mar cella and Samuel. In his social relations Mr. Green has been a member of the I. O. O. F. since 1857, — of El Dorado Lodge, No. 8, in | which he has passed the chairs, and is also member of Sacramento Lodge, A. O. U. W. SAAC LEA, farmer, Brighton Township, was bonr in Yorkshire, England, April 22, 1827, son of John and Harriet Lea. In 1847 John Lea died in New York, while on his way to the West. The next year his wife died, in England. Mr. Lea was a nurseryman all his life, on a large scale, and became a man of com- fortable circumstances. He had six sous and one daughter: Thomas has been a resident of San Francisco for thirty years, is wealthy and retired from business; John ran a ferry for nearly thirty years, and is now bridge-tetTder for the Central Pacific Railroad Company at Tehama, Tehama County, this State; Charles is a farmer at Florin, this county; Sidney is a merchant in Australia, whither he went from California in 1857; and Mrs. Joseph Scholfield, who came by water in 1863 and is now living in Brighton Township. Mr. Isaac Lea, the subject of this outline, was approaching seventeen years of age when he left old England all alone in 1844, and located in Kane County, Illinois; Rhodes, now deceased, came in 1848; Sidney and John in 1849; Thomas in 1852; Charles in 1855. All the living sons except Charles came to California in 1852 and made homes here. On arrival in Illinois, Isaac worked on a farm, then in a printing-ofiice two years during the Mexican war, and then bought ten acres of ground and commenced farming; afterward he purchased forty acres more, and did not sell the farm until 1860, several years after he came to California. On coming to this State he had six horses and two light spring wagons, into which he put everything he might need; and when about half way here he sold one of the wagons, .as about one wagon-load of provisions and provender was consumed. The wagon-boxes were made water- tight, so that they would float in crossing streams. Mr. Lea had an enjoyable trip. On reaching Carson Valley he sold four of the HISTOliT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTT. horses, for more than they cost. Directly after arriving at Hangtown he worked for two months on the Hangtown canal, and as soon as the rains set in he resorted to mining, working a year there. The next year, in June, 1853, lie came down into the valley and was employed by A. D. Patterson, then sheriff, on his ranch. On the 17th of September he went down into what is called "The Pocket," lietween the Sacramento and Cosiimnes rivers, and bought land, and after that time of the year cut fifty tons of hay, haul- ing twenty tons for Patterson and selling it to him for $20 a ton. November 15 he put in a crop of vegetables; and on the first of May, 1854, he took a load of potatoes to Sacramento, the first new potatoes brought in that year, and sold them at twenty-five cents a pound. That year he bought some peach trees in San Fran- cisco, shipped from New Jersey, set them out, and also some apple trees from Oregon, which were sold at auction in San Francisco. He lived on that place two years, and then removed to his pre.-^ent ranch, bringing along with him a large number of hogs, which class of animals he had commenced raising on the first farm. To his present place he has hauled 100,000 feet of lumber in making the improvements. In this county he now has 720 acres of land, and 1,275 acres at Napa Junction, Napa County, a stock farm. On his Florin place there are about seventeen acres in fruit trees and si.x in vines; twenty orange trees, some of them over thirty years old; 100 bearing olive trees, four varieties, the largest number in Sacramento County that are bearing; also citron and lemon trees, pome- granates, dates, plums, camphor trees, sweet bay and 100 tig-trees, some of them twenty years old and eighteen inches in diameter. He was the tirst to plant fruit trees in his section, and the tirst to put in olives, oranges, etc. In 1883 he erectpd his fine residence, which he and three hired men put up in ten weeks, from digging the cellar to cotnpleting the roof Mr. Lea has always been a Kepublican. He was married in 1866 to Mary Murgatroyd, a native of England, and they have seven children: John Ward, Ida Mary, Sarah Kate, Maltel, Harriet, Louisa, Isaac Arthur. fHARLES LEA was born February 26, 1833, at Sworby Bridge, nefir Halifax, England, son of John and Harriet (Dyson) Lea. He left home at the age of twenty years and was employed by the Milne Bros, in the manufacture of wines and liquors. He was given charge of the vaults, packing, keeping up stores, etc. He remained with them until 1853, when he went to Manchester, England, and en- gaged in the same business. He stayed there a year, having charge of the entire business. In 1855 he sailed from Liverpool to America on the steamer John Kutledge. He remained in New York till the steamer Star of the West was ready to sail, then took passage for California, coming via Grey town and Nicaragua, and land- ing in San Francisco July 28, 1855. The voyage was prolonged on account of the cholera being prevalent on board, they stopping to bury their dead until they became so numerous that they at last shoved them overboard wifh a piece of iron grating or anything that would keep them from floating. In San Francisco he went to work for his brother Thomas, who was engaged in the manufacture of malt, he being the first man to start a malt house in San Francisco. Charles remained there only a few months, then came to Sacramento and at once located 160 acres of land in this county. He now owns 220 acres of choice farming land, under a fine state of cultivation. He himself has made all the improvements. He does a general farming business, raises hay, grain and stock, and has fifteen acres of vineyard in a most promising condition. Like most other Californians, he tried mining, at Greenwood and Georgetown, but was not successful. He was married, Nov- ember 6, 1860, to Miss Johanna Percell, a native of Ireland, who came to California in 1858, in company with her brother and sister. After a few years of happy married life she was called HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 607 away, leaving her husband with six children, four of whom are now living: Harriet, wife of Fred Smith; Emma, wife of Charles Biiell ; Dora and Charley. Mr. Lea was again married, September, 1876, to Miss Anna Digman, a na- tive of Ireland, who came to America in 1864, at the age of twentj- one. tOUDALPH LAUPPE, farmer, was born in Sacramento, January 12, 18 — . His father, also named Roudalph, was born in Germany, and owned and occupied the farm upon which the son is now residing; he is now work- ing for the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. The farm is devoted principally to grain. Four acres are in orchard, which is one of the finest in this part of the country. Mr. Lanppe, the subject of this paragraph, married Rehina Shafer, who was born in Switzerland, and they have five children: Roudalph, John D., Anna, Edward J. and Louise. fEORGE EDMUND DUDEX, farmer and blacksmith, Sutter Township, was born in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, Sep- tember 26, 1832, a son of David and Anna (Barrick) Duden, both natives of Pennsylvania, and of German descent. Both his grandfathers, Daniel Duden and William Barrick, came from Germany, and both families also moved to Licking County, Ohio, in 1833, and there passed the remainder of their lives. In Daniel Duden's family were two daughters and four sons, viz.: William, David, Jacob, George, Elizabeth and Betsey. The only member of the family now living is George, of San Francisco. In Will- iam Barrick's family were twelve childre i, viz.: Henry, James, Samuel, Elizabeth, Anna, Re- becca, Polly, Sainantha, Catharine, and three others. Of these there are three daughters and three sons living. All of them lived to a good old age, and brought up children. David Duden lived in Ohio, where he followed farming and blacksmithing, and died there about fourteen years ago. His wife, a native of Pennsylvania, died in Missouri. In their family were nine children, as follows: William, who resides in Monroe County, Iowa; George E., the subject of this sketch; Adolphus D., who resides in Iowa; Daniel D., in Henry County, Missouri; James B., in Iowa; John Fletcher, in southern Missouri; Charles W., in Henry County, Mis- souri; Anna, in Licking County, Ohio, and Lewis, in Henry County. Missouri. Mr. Duden, our subject, was brought up in Licking County, Ohio, most of the time of his youth near New- ark, the county seat. At the age of sixteen years he made a trip West, through Illinois, etc., and worked at his trade in Canton, Fulton County, that State. In 1849 he returned to Ohio and worked a year and a half in a shop in Sylvania, Licking County; next, in partnership with another man, he carried on a shop at Ga- lena, Delaware County, Ohio, until the fall of 1852. Starting then to California, he stopped at Booneville, Missouri, and took a job of iron- iiig a number of wagons. The next spring he came on, in a party of thirty-two, starting from Howard County, Missouri, with a drove of cat- tle and mules, and corning by what was called the northern route. After halting for the night, on one occasion, and hitching their horses, on Salt River, they discovered the remains of a portion of 200 emigrants who died there the year before, of cholera. The corpses, although they had been buried, had been exhumed by the coyotes, and, being exposed and in a slate of de- composition, constituted such a sickening and repulsive sight that the party immediately hitched up again and moved on, not finding a decent camping-ground until midnight. An- other incident might be mentioned. At one time they were surrounded by several hundred Indians. The wagon train was in charge of an old Santa Fe man named Frank Broudar, who told his men that they must put on a bold front and not permit the Indians to think that they were afraid; also to see that their fire-arms were UISTOliY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. in good order. The result was, tlie Indians left without molesting them. In the train were some very nice race-horses, valuable cattle, mules, etc. The party arrived at Sacramento August 26. Mr. Duden found work at his trade until Feb- ruary, then until the 1st of October following was engaged at mining at Clarkville, El Dorado County. Returning then to Sacramento, he purchased a shop on Ninth street, between J and K. In 1859 he sold out this place and bought a shop at the corner of Ninth and X, and prosecuted his trade there until 1864. In the autumn of this year he ])urchased his present place in Sutter Township, on the upper Stock- tun road, five miles from Sacramento, where he has ever since resided. This farm contains eighty acres of good land, in a fine state of cul- tivation. When he entered upon it, it was en- tirely unimproved. The place is now well stocked with a great variety of fruit and orna- mental trees. The farm generally is devoted to hay, grain, etc.; and ever since he located there Mr. Duden has carried on a blacksmith shop upon the premises, also carriage building and painting, etc. He is also the proprietor of the Sacramento Thoroughbred Poultry Yard, and is an importer of thoroughbred poultry, having on hand all the leading varieties. This industry he started here only two years ago, but it has already proved a success. Orders are coming in faster than he can fill them. His ambition is soon to have a poultry yard second to none in the State. Mr. Duden was married December 31, 1857, to Emma P. Burke, who was born in St. Louis, Missouri, January 6, 1842, and was brought by her parents, in 1853, in their emi- gration, to this State. They settled in Sacra- mento city, on L street, between Tenth and Eleventh. Her father was William W. Burke. Mr. and Mrs. Duden have brought up ten chil- dren: WilliamL., born August 26, 1860; Edith L., April 4, 1862; Ellsworth Fred, July 5, 1864; Frank H., July 16, 1866; Alice O., March 25, 1868; Florence A., May 6, 1870; Mabel V., March 3, 1872; Lillian L., July 21, 1874; Leona A., October 31, 1877, and Ethel A., No- vember 17, 1879. Ellsworth is an excellent stenographer and caligraph operator, in the office of Hon. W. J. Davis, court reporter, Sac- ramento. Mr. Duden is a veteran Odd Fellow, belonging to Sacramento Lodge, No. 2. ,OSES M. DREW.— In New Hampshire, under the shadows of Mount Washing- ton on, the east and nestling close to the river which forms its western boundary, lies Grafton County, where on the loth of March, 1830, was born to Zaccheus Drew, a farmer, and to Nancy (Kimball) Drew, a son, — the youngest of five children in a good old-fashioned family of eleven children. There he lived, breathing the free mountain air and developing a physique well calculated to endure the hardships of a re- markably active life, until fifteen years of age, when he with his parents removed to Boston, Massachusetts. Five years later, in the spring of 1851, he came to California. He engaged in mining at dififerent points, notably at Mormon Island, where he worked a claim with Judge Cat- lin and others; in 1855, he went to the Kern River district with Joe Comstock, where they met with excellent success. For two years, with Levi D. Leeds, he was prospecting and mining in Sierra County; in 1858, during the Fraser River excitement, he went there, and later on to Pine Grove in Placer County. lie finally came to Sacramento and bought out the saloon on the corner of Sixth and K streets, which was then, and afterward, headquarters for the promi- nent men of this city. There he remained un- til 1875, when he was elected sherift", which office he held for two terms. It was during his administration that Dye, the public adminis- trator of this county, was apprehended, tried, convicted of murder and hanged. In 1879 he was a member of the State Board of Equal- ization, which ofiice he resigned after two years to become United States Marshal in 1881, under President .\rtliur, with headquarters at San Francisco, and fille 1 tiiu important position four HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. years. Upon returning to Sacramento he was once more taken up by his friends as their can- didate for sheriff, was elected and served three terms. Mr. Drew has been, and still is, a very prominent man; it is safe to say that no man stands higher in the regard of all classes of the citizens of Sacramento County, pre eminently of a social disposition, he is the center of a large circle of friends. fHILAXDER H. DODGE, manufacturer of gloves, 1017 Ninth street, Sacramento, was born May 2, 1847, at Monroe, Waldo County, Maine, and was educated in the public schools, graduating at the high school. In September, 1864, being then only seventeen years of age, he enlisted in Conipany G, Ninth Maine Regiment of Infantry, for a period of one year or during the war. His father, who had been in the army and discharged for dis- abilit}', sought to dissuade him from going, but finding hitn determined reluctantly gave his consent. His regiment was ordered to Chapin's Farm, on the James River, in front of Rich- mond, and assigned to the division comnjanded by General B. F. Butler. His regiment took part in an engagement, in which it lost about ninety men. Soon after the fight he was stricken with rheumatic fever and sent to the hospital at Portsmouth, Virginia, where he re mained about seven weeks. In the meantime his regiment had been ordered to Fort Fisher, where he rejoined it, arriving two days belore tliat battle was fought a id in which with his regiment he took part. • After the fight the brigade under General Terry marched to Wil- mington, Nortli Carolina, and thence to Raleigh. On the way it was learned that General Schofield was fighting with General Joe Johnston, and in order to render him assistance a forced march of forty-four miles was made in one da^'. On arriving at the scene of battle, material aid was given General Scliofielil and victory crowned tiie Union forces. This was the last battle in which General Johnston's army took part during the war. On arriving at Raleigh, General Terry established his headquarters, and Dodge was detailed with others for duty at the General's headquarters, where he remained until the sur- render of Lee, when he was ordered to report to his regiment to be mustered out. On re- turning to his home in Maine, he attended school for one term, then bought an interest in the firm of J. B. Morse & Co., manufacturers of edge tools, located at Dixmont, Maine. But, not liking the business, he remained only six months, when he sold his interest to his part- ners and engaged as traveling salesman for a Boston grocery house, with whom he stayed till 1868. In April of that year, he started for California, coming across the Isthmus and ar- riving in San Francisco in May. At this time the Central Pacific Railroad was in course of construction and the work in need of men and Mr. Dodge being willing to do anything to af- ford an honest living, hired as teamster and was engaged in hauling railroad iron. At the end of six weeks an opportunity ofiered for him to go to Emigrant Gap; thither he went and for four months was engaged in logging, with S. Putnam of that place. In the fall of the year he went to Yolo County and obtained employ- ment on a ranch, where he spent the winter. In the spring of 1869 he went to San Joaquin County, purchased a lot of wild horses and en- gaged in teaming, chiefly in hauling grain. In the autumn he disposed of the team and went to Roseville, Placer County, where he took a con- tract for cutting wood, in which he employed a considerable number of men. In the spring of 1870 he went to Colusa County and engaged in raising sheep. In the fall he sold his band, and during the winter taught school at Colusa. In the spring of 1871 he went to Nevada and again bought sheep, spending tiie remainder of the year in that State, wintering his band at Pueblo Valley near tiie Oregon line. Early in 1872 he sold his sheep and returned tc Califor- nia, and after s|)ending some time in the mount ains he went to Red BlufiP, Tehama County, and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. engaged as foreman for Phillips & Chandler, the largest stock-raisers in the county, remain- ing with them till December, when he paid a visit to his home in Maine, spending about two months there. On his return to California he went to Colusa, and during the season gave his time to shearing sheep, traveling from Colusa to the State of Nevada. At the end of the shearing season, and nntil early in 1875, he op- erated a stage line and kept a hotel in the mountains. In 1875 he came to Sacramento and engaged as a salesman for Horace Briggs, who was manufacturing a patent spring bed, and also sold furniture for W. 1). Comstock and others. At the expiration of his contract with these parties, he opened a wood-yard in Sacramento, which he operated during the win- ter. In the spring of 1877 he disposed of this, and removed to Butte Meadows, Butte County, where he built a hotel, remaining as "mine host" for about four years, when he sold out, re- turned to Sacramento and engaged in his present line of business, the manufucture of gloves. He has been very successful, and has a repu- tation second to none in his line. His business relations are quite extended, his goods being sold not only in California but also in Nevada, Oregon and most of the Territories. Mr. Dodge's thorough knowledge of the requirements of his trade, and the fact that all skins used in the manufacture of his gloves are tanned at his own tannery and under his own personal supervision, enables him to place his goods on tiie market with the positive assurance that no competitor can excel him. In the operations of his factory and tannery, he employs twenty girls and six men. In the business he is highly regarded, and enjoys to the fullest extent their confidence and esteem. During his visit East in 1872 he was married to Miss Emma Sunderland, a daughter of Major Henry Sunderland, of the I5ritish army at Montreal, Canada. Mr. Dodge is active in the Grand Army of the Republic, being a member of Sumner Post, No. 3, also of Lelaiid Stanford Camp, No. 11, Sons of Vet- erans. Of the last named organization he has been Captain. Is also prominent in the Odd Fellows order, being a member of Capital Lodge, and the Occidental Encampment of Pa- triarchs Militant. He also belongs to the Knights of Pythias, and is now Chancellor Com- mander of Capital Lodge. In politics Mr. Dodge is a "dyed-in-the-wool" Republican, and uses all his energies to further the interests of his party both locally and nationally. -^^i fOSHUA P'OUNTAIN was born in Mary- land, February 27, 1811, his parents being Andrew and Rebecca (Barwick) Fountain. His maternal grandparents were James and Mary (Fisher) Barwick. Grandmother Barwick lived to be over seventy. The Barwicks are Marylanders for several generations. His grand- father Fountain bore the name of Andrew, and lived to be nearly seventy. Joshua Fountain's great-grandfather, who is believed to have been also named Andrew, was one of three brothers who had come to America from- France before the middle of the last century. One settled in Maryland, one in Long Island, and the third went South, but afterward returned to France, where he died, leaving, it is said, a large for- tune to his indirect heirs in America. A grand-uncle was a Colonel Fountain in the French-Indian wars, about 1760, serving on the side of the British colonies; and is said to have received the grant of one or two sections of land over which the city of Baltimore has since spread. Whether the alleged $8,000,000 of Fountain's inheritance includes this as well as the foreign claim, or whether one is confounded with the other, or whether either is genuine, Mr. Joshua Fountain is unable to say, and meanwhile is little concerned about the pros- pective inillions which perhaps is little better than a law3'er's lure to gather a handsome re- tainer from American Fountains. Joshua Foun- t.iin was brought up on a Maryland farm near the Delaware line; and was married in 1834 to Miss Prudence Rebecca, a daughter of Solomon HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO OOUNTT. and Anvibater Fountain, born June 15, 1815. He rented a farm for the first year after his mar- riage, and in 1835 moved to Michigan, where be bought a farm in Cass County. In 1838 he moved to Iowa, buying a farm near Farming- ton; and then moved into Lee County, where he farmed for seven years. In 1850 he came to California, across the plains, accompanied bj his oldest son, then a boy of fourteen. Arriving in Grass Valley on September 15, 1850, he went to mining there that winter, assisted by his boy. In the spring he went to prospecting for three months, and again settled down to work at Big Rich Bar, on the north fork of Feather River. Coming down to Oregon Gnlch, below Oroville, he there mined in the winter of 1851 and the spring of 1852. In the summer he camu down to Sacramento seeking a location, having ac- cumulated about $3,000, and bought a place at Eighth and O streets. The son followed in No- vember with $1,000 which he had won from the mines at the age of sixteen. He went into his old business of brick-making, which he carried on from 1852 to 1861 in Sacramento. August 20, 1855, Mr. Fountain returned to Iowa to bring out his wife and family of four children, leaving his son in charge of the business and twenty men. In 1857 he bought the ranch of 240 acres in the northeast corner of Franklin Township, which he still owns, and on which he came to reside in 1859. During his brick- making career in Sacramento he went to Grass Valley in 1857, and there made brick for the Catholic Church of that place; and in 1859 to Suisun ("ity, where he made brick for the court- house and jail. On his farm he raises grain, though it is well adapted for fruit-raising with proper irrigation. Mrs. Fountain died Decem- ber 13, 1871, liaving borne the following chil- dren: William Andrew, born June 9, 1836; James Barwick, July 11, 1838; Ann Eliza, January 13, 1841; George Walton, January 19, 1844; Sarah Jane, December 17, 1847, deceased in 1849; Mary Marion and an unnamed twin sister, who died soon after birth, were born March 17, 1849. Mary Marlon died in 1851. Of these, William A. was born in Michigan, and the others in Iowa. The following were born in Sacramento: Joshua, Jr., Ai 1857; unnamed child, born March 31, 1861, died April 12, 1861; Charles Henry, born April 6, 1862; died February 12, 1884. The two oldest carry on a brick business in Sacramento as Fountain Brothers. Ann Eliza is the wife of F. S. Hotchkiss of the same city. George W. is in the dairy business on the Locke and Levin, son place, below Courtland. He supplies half the stock, the firm the other half and the land, the product being owned in equal shares. He is married to Louisa Hollman. Joshua, Jr., is a traveling salesman for the hardware house of Hillburn Brothers, of Sacramento, and is mar- ried to Clara Hoyt. December 30, 1874, Mr. Fountain was married to Miss Mary Myers, born in Dade County, Missouri, in 1855, a daughter of Garrett Laure and Delina (Robert- son) Myers, the father being of French and the mother of English descent, both now living in Sacramento. »g^. 0^(. ,^^» - PAVID TILESTON LUFKIN was born in Cumberland County, Maine, August 31, 1817, his parents being Jacob Butler B. and Elizabeth (Ludden) Lufkin. Grandfather Ludden, a native of Scotland, fought at Bunker Hill in the patriot army. The Lufkins trace lineage to the early Puritan stock of Plymouth colony. David's grandfather, Nathaniel Luf- kin, was an early settler, large landholder, ship- owner and merchant at Yarmouth, and lost heavily through the embargo act, in the war of 1812. His grandmother Lufkin was of a Butler family, of Massachusetts. The father of D. T., besides carrying on the usual routine of his farm, bought and drove cattle and sheup, selling thein in Portland. The subject of this sketch attended, the district school till lie was thirteen, when he went to driving a six-o.\ team in a logging camp. Obtained the gift of his time at sixteen years and nine months. Spent UISrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. three months in an academy to enable him to teach a district school, and was afterward teacher and pupil alternativel}' until he reached his majority. His healtli becoininfij impaired by over-study he went West in 1838, by way of Boston, Netv York, Buffalo and Chicago to Green Bay, Wisconsin, where he spent a year and recovered his health. He then went into the pine-cutting business as an employe and "rafted" to St. Louis in 1840, afterward work- ing during tlie summer on the Mississippi. His healtii again gave way, and he went north to Galena, where he taught school in 1841 at $35 a month and board. In the spring of 1842 he went into the -grocery business, which he closed out two years later, and in 1844 moved to Boone County, Illinois, where he had a farm, and built a saw-mill, which he conducted for iive years. Renting farm and mill in 1849 he came to California by way of St. Louis, New Orleans, and a sailing vessel to Chagres, and on the Pacific side by the barque "Palmetto," on which he was employed as "captain of the steerage," — charged with the oversight of 116 passengers, — to San Franci^^co, arriving in the spring of 1850. He was thus enabled to secure the passage uf two sick and penniless comrades from Panama to San Francisco. He went to mining in April, and kept at it steadily for about live months, his last field of operation be- ing on Feather Kiver. He had turned Nelson Creek from its bed, but high water soon put an embargo on his proceedings. His liealth, too, was none too good, and he concluded to seek for a season some more congenial climate and oc- cupation than mining in the mountains, but with the intention of returning when the water subsided on his claim. He had made about $2,000, and invested in some cattle, renting from a mining comrade a place on the Sacra- mento, on which tiiere was a rude log-cabin. Here he proposed to devote tlie interval until spring to feeding his cattle, and^ he reached the place on October 30, 1850. After a few weeks' residence he found his health so mucli improved that he bought the place, and it has been his home ever since. Besides taking care of his stock he ran the Grapevine Ferry in the winter of l851-'52, and found the climate so genial that he abandoned the idea of returning to the mines. In the lall of 1851 he brought his fam- ily to share his comforts and enhance his own. He increased his ranch by other purchases to 400 acres, but has since reduced it by sale to 100 acres, which are devoted almost entirely to fruit-raising, for which nature has admirably adapted it. Had he the designing of it and the power to achieve the desired result, he could not have made it more suitable for such pur- pose. He raises pears, peaclies, apricots, plums and cherries, which he ships principally to San Francisco from a landing near at hand. He shipped 2,000 boxes East in 1888. Raises some alfalfa for his colts. He raised cattle and ran a dairy for some years, but found that nature had adapted his ranch for the raising of stone-fruits, and he has learned not to contravene the de- cision of that bounteous mother. In 1854 he burned a kiln of brick, and built a residence of that material, which after thirty-five years is still in excellent condition, besides enhancing tiie comfort and promoting the health of its oc- cupants for all those years. He continued to prosper in his business for twelve years, when the flood of 1862 created discontent with the banks of Sacramento as a permanent home, and he offered to sell cheap, but fortunately could find no purchaser. In an evil hour he embarked in what seemed a promising venture, — the mill- ing and crushing of quartz, near Aurora, Ne- vada, only to sink the bulk of his accumulations and lose foui- and a-half years, — 1863 to 1867, — in that disastrous enterprise. Returning to his old pursuits on his unsalable ranch a sadder but wiser man, he has learned to be content with the less dazzling vision of a competence from the fruits of his orchard, and is now enjoying a serene old age in the quiet pursuits of hus- bandry. He has been a justice of the peace al- most continuously when living in Franklin Township. Mr. Lufkin was married in 1843 at Elkhorn (Trove, Illinois, to Miss Ann E. Dal- nisronY OF saoramento county. ton, a native of North Carolina. Her maternal grandfather was of the Scales family, of which the present Governor of that State is a distin. tinguished member. She died in 1876, leaving four children: Sarah Hortense, now the widow of James S. Moore, with four bojs and two girls; Mary, the widow of Elijah Giles Downer with two boys and two girls; Harry Tileston^ in business at Walnut Grove, and married to Louisa Wise, with two children: Roscoe C, born in 1882, and a baby girl; Clara, now Mrs. Daniel Striker, of Sacramento. Mr. Liifkiri was again married in 1879 to Mrs. Sarah H. (Mor- rison) Weber, born in Maine of a Scotch father and an American mother. rplZRA W. FOSTER, farmer, Sutter Town. [■' ship, was born December 4, 1828, in Ver- "^' mont. His father, William T. Foster, was a native of Ireland, a stone-cutter by trade, and came to America at the age of seventeen years. His wife, the mother of Ezra W., was a native of Vermont; her maiden name was Char- lotte Cliilson. From early boyhood, the sub- ject of our sketch has made his own way in the world. He lived with his grand-parents until about the age of seventeen years, when he found that he was not to receive under their care &\\y education. He then resolved to travel out into the world for himself. He began to exhibit a desire tor an education at the age of fourteen, and by the time he was seventeen he liad re- ceived but eighteen months' schooling. At the tender age mentioned he went to Michigan, where he lived most of the time in Cass and Berrien Counties, working on a farm and clerk- ing in various stores. In April, 1850, having accumulated a little money by hard labor and rigid economy, he started for California over- land, came by way of Council Bluffs, Salt Lake City and arrived in Weavertown, this State, July 17, with fifty-tive people in the train, after a live months' journey. Only one of the party ■was lost on the way by sickness. For the first year Mr. Foster followed mining; then he started a small grocery with his uncle, which arrangement continued but a short time. Out of $5,000 invested they obtained but $50 in re- turn, and that was in a mining claim. The next year he was employed in a sale and feed stable in Sacramento. Selling it, in February, 1852, be located a quarter-section of land in Franklin Township. The following spring he sold this and purchased his present property of 365 acres, six miles from Sacramento, between the upper and lower Stockton roads; and then began teaming and speculating in horses and cat- tle. In 1855 he put in the tirst crop on the ranch, and from that time he has improved the place until he has made it a fine residence. Hay, grain and live-stock are within the domain of his energies. He still " has a fancy for a good horse;" and of this class of animals he has a number. He also has a ranch of 237 acres six miles south of Sacramento. Mr. Foster has seen his share of the " ups and downs " of Cali- fornia life. August 6, 1856, he married Miss Letitia, daughter of J. Goslin, and a native of England. She died January 2, 1862. By this marriage there were two sons: Adrian, whu died at the age of three years and six months; and Harry W., born December 10, 1861. i^ARRY TILESTON LUFKIN was born irjl^ October 3L, 1856, in "the brick house," *=S(s about midway between Richland and Free- port, on the Sacramento, his parents being David Tileston (see sketch) and Mary Ann (Dalton) Lufkin. He attended high-school and a preparatory school in Sacramento, but instead of going to the university he went to teaching school in Solano County, near Vallejo, at the age of twenty. He followed that avocation for seven years, and in 1883 went into business at Walnut Grove, where he still conducts a general store and a public hall, built in 1885. He is a member of the Masonic order, and of the Native Sons of the Golden West, and was a school HISTORY OF SAOMAMENTO COUNTY. trustee for three years. Mr. Lufkiii was mar- ried July 16, 1879, to Miss Louisa Jane Wise, a native of this county, a daugliter of Joseph (see sketch) and Nancy Jane (Phipps) Wise. Mr. and Mrs. Lufkin are the parents of three living children: Harry Iloscoe, born June 3, 1880; Stella Grace, born October 30, 1886; and Irene Tileta, born November 27, 1889. fULIUS EVERSON, merchant at Elk Grove, was born in Cayuga County, New York, fourteen miles from Auburn, the county seat, and about two miles from where Millard Fillmore was at the time working at tie black- smith's trade, June 9, 1833, son of William and Catharine Evcrson, the former a native of New Jersey and the latter of New York. He was brought up as a farmer's son, remaining on the farm until he was twenty years of age; at- tended an academy for a time. In 1853 he went to Michigan and located at Kalamazoo, entering the employ of the Michigan Central Railroad Comjiany, who commissioned him to buy and cut wood along the line of the road, his section being from Kalamazoo to Lake Michigan. He had an engine and machine for cutting the wood, and a gang of men: occupied this position for about two years. In 1856 he sailed from New York for California on the old steamer George Law, which afterward was lost at sea. While crossing the Isthmus on the railroad, an accident happened to the train causing the loss of sixty lives. His steamer on this side the Isthmus was the Golden Gate, which also went down afterward. He landed in San Francisco May 23 or 24, 1856, the day Casey and Cora were hung by the Vigilance Committee. The times were so exciting that Mr. Everson was tempted im- mediately to return to the East. On arriving in Sacramento he entered the w-ood business on Ninth and K streets, and conducted a wood-yard about a year; then he bought a farm near Elk Grove and conducted it until 1875, when he originated the Elk Grove Building Company, which put u[) the first business building in the place; and he, in partnership with W. A. Chit- tenden, under the firm name of Chittenden & Everson, put in a stock of goods, the first in the embryo village; and ever since that date he has been in business at that point, carrying a gen- eral stock of goods for an agricultural com- munity. In 1877, in company with II. S. Hill, he bought a tract of land and erected two build- ings upon it, one for a drug store and one for a harness shop. Thus was the business history of Elk Grove started. At the end of the first six- teen months Mr. Everson bought out Mr. Chit- tenden's interest and admitted into partnership his nephew, W. E. Everson, wlio was then one of the firm of Everson & Co. for eight years. Mr. Everson bought him out and since that time he has been alone. As has already been proven t he is a public-spirited man, anxious for the prosperity of his communityj and successful both in business and in helping on all good local enterprises. He was married in 1873 to Miss Alvira Treat, a native of Cass County, Michigan, and daughter of Sullivan Treat, an old settler of this locality. They have two children, Lester Treat and Walter Terry, both born in Elk Grove. IfSAAC FIEL, merchant and real-estate dealer, II Folsom. The father of this gentleman, Jo- ^ seph Fiel, was a native of Prussia, born in 1822, ^nd was a tailor by occupation. In 1849, during the gold exciteuieiit in California, he came direct to Folsom, which had just iieen laid out, and bought property. When the railroad was built to that place, passengers and freight were carried across the mountains by wagons to Virginia City, during the Washoe, Gold Hill and White Pine excitement. He commenced the manufacture of wagon covers and made quite a business out of it. Afterward he en- tered the dry-goods trade in Folsom, being one of the first merchants, and followed this business about six years. Subsequently he became in- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 675 terested in two or three mines in the neighbor-- hood, and devoted his attention to that about three years. At the time ot" the completion of the railroad to Latrobe, which was then sup- posed to be the terminus of the route, he went there and erected seven large stores, wliich he rented. The stores cost a great deal of money, Latrobe went down, and he was offered only $200 for the property. He moved the buildings to Folsom, where they are still standing. At one time he had considerable property in the lower part of the town, which was then the principal business portion. He was once offered 86,000 or $7,000 for property which he after- ward sold for $300. The same property to-day is worth many thousand dollars. His next move was to open a variety store a few doors above where his son now is, and he continued in this business until his death, October 16, 1876. He always had the good of his chosen town at heart, was active in business and every way a worthy citizen. He was foremost in securing the branch State Prison at this point. He was married in Sacramento, to Rosa Kirsky, who became the mother of two children, and is now a resident of Folsoin. Her son Irwin is not living. Isaac Fiel, the other son, was born in Folsom April 22, 1861. At the age of fif- teen years he went to Woodland, but at the death of his father he returned to Folsom to take charge of his well-known variety store, and since then he has been prominently identified with the thorough business men of the place. Four years ago he took charge of Firemen's Hall, which had well nigh run down, repaired it, and got theatrical companies to exhibit there, which has been a great help to the town. He still has charge of tlie iiall. His variety store is one of the principal attractions of Folsom, being one of the largest outside of San Francisco. He has the agency of all the San Franci.sco, Sacra- mento and Stockton papers, as well as the other princi|>al papers of the State. He and his mother own considerable real estate in and around Folsom, some of which is valuable busi- ness property. For ten months Mr. Fiel was editor and proprietor of the Folsom WeeJcly 2e^e^mj9/i, -and during that time built the paper up to a standard that places it among the lead- ing newspapers of the State. When he sold it it was on a good paying basis. For a year and a half he was Deputy Postmaster of Folsom, and during that time was instrumental in putting in new boxes and fitting up the office to be one of the finest in the State. During the skating rink excitement he had charge of three skating rinks, — one each in Folsom, Elk Grove and Gait, — and they were a paying investment. In connection with his variety store he also is en- gaged in the real-estate business. December 27, 1887, is the date of Mr. Fiel's marriage to Miss Gertie Sartain, a native of Missouri. I^ON. LEWIS H. FASSETT, deceased, was IW) a son of Truman N. and Lydia (Hyller) "^fii Fassett. His father, a native of Vermont, emigrated to Ohio when a small boy, and his father, Elias, also a farmer, emigrated to Ohio in 1810, and was therefore one of the earliest pioneers of that State. Truman N. was reared and married in Ohio to an Ohio lady whose father, Mr. Hyller, made his home there until he came to California in 1852. In Ohio he fol- lowed farming and also had charge of mail routes, stage lines, etc. Ho came to the coast by the Nicaragua route, sailing from New York, and was one those who were retained at Grey- town, having to wait nearly three months on the Isthmus before he could procure passage on the Pacific coast. The ship that finally came along was the George Lewis. On arrivintr here he mined at Mormon Islatid and elsewhere, and also hauled freight from Marysvilte to the min- ing camps. He mijied one year and then was on a farm one season, and then followed freight- ing again. In 1855, his family, consisting of wife and four children, arrived here, and they all then located in Sacramento. He afterward purchased land and settled upon it, and died in 1881, at the age of seventy-five years. The IIISTOHY OF SACRAMENTO GOUNTT. widow is still livinjr, aged seventy-eight years. Tiie four children were Lucy N. Kellogg, in Tulare City; Henry li., in Sacramento; L. H., our subject, and Mrs. Julia E. Andrews, who died June 4, 1873. Mr. Fassett was born March 23, 1837, in Ohio, came to California in 1855 and went into the mines. He left a good situation of $100 a month in Sacramento, fol- lowed mining fourteen months and returned with just $1-1:! Then he was employed by O. C. Wheeler half a year, at $60 a month. Pres- ently his father and brother bought a ranch on tiie Folsoni grant, and they all followed farming there together for several years; but the title was found to be clouded with a Mexican claim and they abandoned the place. Then, during 18r)2-"63, Mr. Fassett followed teaming, and next tried mining again (!), this time putting up a quartz mill on the Carson River, in Carson County, Nevada. Unfortunately, just before Christmas it burned down; and, not having much to fall back upon, he came to this county :uh1 commenced fanning on the Sacramento River, near Freeport, remaining there two years. He then, in 1867, purchased the present home- stead, nine miles from Sacramento and one and three-fourths miles from Florin, where he paid considerable attention to fruit, such as straw- berries, blackberries and grapes for Eastern shipment. There are thirty acres in vineyard. Mr. Fassett was well posted in the art of fruit- growing, and was actively instrumental in estab- lishing the Fruit-Growing Association, and also the Grange, the result of which has been a great beneiit to the community. He was a Re- publican; was a tneinber of the Board of Super- visors, and chairman of the lioard for two years, at the close of which term he was presented with a handsome gold-headed cane. July 26, 1888, he received from the Republicans of the Twentieth Assembly District, the nomination for member of the Assembly without opposi- tion, and November 4 was elected. During the session he was a member of the Committee on Agriculture, on Swamp and Overflowed Lamls, on the State Prison, and on Homestead and Land Monopolies. He was a man of indomitable en- ergy and extraordinary ability. He died De- cember 16, 1889. In 1861 he married Miss Ellen A. Anderson, daughter of Andrew and Harriet A. Anderson, and they had three sons and two daughters: Ada L., now the wife of Francis A. Tibbitts in San Francisco; Ella M., now wife of C. S. Patton ; George E., Charles H., Truman L., and Sarah U., who died in 1878, at the age of two years. I^ICHARD STANLEY LOCKETT, de- f^ ceased, was born near Somerset, Kentucky, ^ February 13, 1818. From 1839 to 1843 he was a ship carpenter in Missouri, and thence until 1850 he worked at his trade in Louisiana, spending most of his time in New Orleans. For four years he was a pilot on the Mississippi River. In 1850 he came to California by water, and worked at his trade in San Francisco a few weeks, building a schooner. Coming to Sacramento, he opened up a restaurant and saloon on the corner of Third and K streets. Having bought the southwest and southeast cor- ners there he erected a building, but the great fire succeeding occasioned him great loss. In 186- he entered a quarter- section of Govern- ment land, and purchased another quarter-sec- tion, a part of which is now within the limits of the city of Sacramento. The estate, now con- ducted by his widow, in conjunction with an adopted son, is seven miles from Sacramento, in Brighton Township, and consists of eighty acres, thirty acres of which are in vines and other small fruits. Some of the vines are over twenty years old. ]\Ir. Lockett was one of the charter members of the Sacramento Grange, and took great interest in the cause of the Patrons of Husbandry dnring his life. In 1883 he was nominated by the Republicans for tlie Assem- bly, but was defeated, along with the whole ticket. He was a very popular man, on account of his good qualities of character and intelligent understanding of the principles lIlSTony OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ship, especially as understood by his party. Mr. jAickett was married in 1871 to Mary Lock- ard, a native of Columbus, Ohio, and daughter of John and Alary McLain, both her parents of Scotch descent. She was a child when her par- ents died, and was brought up near Columbus by persons who were not relatives. Her mother, by her tirst husband, Mr. Charlton, had had five children, and by her second husband si.\ chil- dren, and Mrs. Lockett is the unly member of the family now living so far as she knows. She came to California in 1868. tMAIUNGO, a tanner of Dry Creek Town- ship, was born in Italy in 1828, a son of * Peter and Mary Maringo, both of whom died in that classic land. His father was a farmer. Mr. Maringo, our subject, emigrated to California in 1869, first settling in Stockton. In 1879 he purchased from the railroad com- pany the present property of 624 acres, two and a half miles from Gait and twenty-five miles from Stockton; and on this place he has made all the improvements now witnessed there. His barn and other outbuildings are very good structures. On this ranch he carries on general farming, and has a small vineyard and garden, in tine trim. In 1857 he married Teresa Ma- ringo, a native of Italy, and they have four children, namely: Melita, Mary, Virginia and Alessandria. ■ '^■^■^ fLE OLSON LOVDAL, a hop-raiser of Sutter Township, was born in Gramstadt, Norway, Marcii 25, 1825, a son of George and Christina Lovdal. At the age of fifteen years he began to learn his trade, and since that time he has made his own way in the world. July 12, 1850, he sailed from Gramstadt for the United States, and landed at New York, after a voyage of ten unpleasant weeks. He finally purchased a place from liis brother-in-law, An- ton Olsen, which now contains about thirty acres, situated at Riverside, about half a mile below the city limits, and is devoted entirely to hop-raising. Mr. Lovdal has another ranch of 130 acres about three miles further below, de- voted to hops, fruit, hay and pasture. On that place there is a young orchard of twenty acres, mostly of Bartlett pears. In all this business he has been very successful. Socially he is a pleasant, genial gentleman. ^^' tRCHIBALD LOGAN, of Sacramento, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, November 30, 1830. His father, John Logan, a native of Trennent, Midlothian, was a merchant of Edinburgh, and died when the subject of this sketch was a child. His mother, nee Jessie Steele, was also a native of the same section of Scotland. Young Logan received his school education in Edinburgh. At the age of four- teen years he shipped as a cabin boy on the bark Elizabeth, Captain Gale, for New York. Returning to Scotland, he made a second trip to the American city, and two years afterward he made a voyage to Portugal and the "West Indies. He left New York for California Feb- ruary 1, 1849, as a sailor before the mast, on the bark Cornelia, Caj)tain Parker, and arrived at San Francisco July 18, following. Coming by way of Sacramento directly to the American River Bar mining district, he obtained employ- ment at a point called Lacy Bar, at $16 a day and board. In March, 1853, during the Aus- tralian gold excitement, he sailed to the Sand- wich Islands, and thence to Australia, w'hence he returtied in the following year. During this absence he retained his mining interests at Lacy's Bar, and also his mercantile interests there and at Dalton's Bar. In 1859, di mg the Salmon River gold excitement, he went to Idaho and spent a year. Returning to Sacra- mento, he again made a trip to Scotland to visit friends and to bring his mother to the new EI Dorado. Landing again in this country, he 678 HI8T0BY OF SACMAMENTO OOVNTY. spent the next two years or more at Dalton's liar, in business partnership with Gr. L. Greeley, who died about 1869 or 1870, while holding the office of collector for Placer County. Mr. Logan was eleettd to till the vacancy for the unexpired term. July 4, 1865, he married Mrs. Lydia Greeley, nee Morse, a native of Wisconsin, who came to this State during the spring of the pre- ceding year. They have had nine children, six of whom are living, namely: Jennie Greeley, now Mrs. E. Katzenstein; Charles; Lester; Jes- sie, who died your.g; Mary, now Mrs. Dr. B. StoU; Archie, who died when eight years of age; Francis, Jessie, Daisy, Robbie and Bessie Cluich. After marriage Mr. Logan became a resident of Sacramento, where he has been engaged in dray- ing for the last fifteen years. For many years he has been a member of the Pioneer Associa- tion, and Marshal of that organization for the past three years. He is also a member of the Caledonian Club, of which he has been Chief for two years; and he is a member of Sacra- mento Lodge, No. 2, I. O. O. F., and of Pacific Encampment, No. 2, of the same order. fRANK T. LYMAN, of the firm of Crouch & Lyman, plumbers and gas-fitters, 511 J street, Sacramento, was born in Sacramento in January, 1857, a son of P. H. Lyman, who will be remembered by all the old settlers in the county as the proprietor of the Sutterville Brewery. He is now, however a resident of San Francisco. Frank T. received his educa- tion in the public schools of Sacramento and at Hunt's Academy. In 1873 his parents removed to San Francisco, and soon after apprenticed him to the plumbing business. After learning his trade he came to Sacramento, and was en- gaged as foreman by Georue T. Bush, then one of the most prominent plumbers in Sacramento, with whom he remained till Mr. Bush discon- tinued business, when he went to work for Tom Scott in the capacity of foreman. In August, 1>^S7. he formed a partnership with Harrison R. Crouch, locating at 511 J street. Mr. Ly- man is recognized as one of the most ])rHctical plumbers in the city, and on-matters of sanitary engineering is considered an authority. To this branch of plumbing he has given a great deal of time and study. For a firm of young men they may justly feel proud of their standing, having been awarded some very large contracts. Mr. Lyman was married to Miss Maiy J. Maloy, of Sacramento, in February, 1888. Politically he is Democratic, and, like his pai'tner, displays quite an ambitious interest in local matters. fACOB HYMAN, merchant at Folsom, was born in Poland, March 9, 1830. In 1850 he sailed from Hamburg, and landed at New Orleans August 10. He began to work for a farmer, who also sent him to school a little while. Remaining in the State of Mississippi until 1854, he came to California by the Pana- ma route, landing at San Francisco on the steamer John L. Stephens, July 2. After clerk- ing a year in the store of Mr. Levy at Mormon Island, he bought him out and continued the business there four years longer. He then came to Folsom, and in 1860 opened^ out where a blacksmith's shop now stands, near the Ameri- can Exchange Hotel. Afterward lie moved into the American Exchange Hotel building, before it was opened as a hotel, and prosecuted his business there until 1870. Then he moved fur- ther up the street and took a corner store now kept by Isaac Fiel. In 1872 he purchased the property where he is now located, and has since occupied it. He has made good use of the little capital he brought with him to this State, by industry and perseverance. He is public-spirited, a Republican since he voted for Lincoln in 1860, a member of the Republican County Central Committee, and has always taken a great inter- est in public education. He has been a mem- ber of .the Masonic order since 1860, of the Odd Fellows since 1872, and a charter member of 1878 of the A. O. U. W. Has held ottices in HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT some of the lodges. In 1865 he married Bella Staaiper, a native of New York, and tliej- have two sons and two daughters, viz.: Isaac, Rosa, Walter and Laura. '-^••^ flERRE A. HUMBERT, civil engineer at Folsom, was born in the city of New York in 1853, studied in the University of Vi- enna, Clausth'al, and graduated at the University at Berlin in 1874, taking the general engineer- ing conrse. He was engineer two years for the Yielle Montague, and two years for the Com- pagnie Rsal Asturiana, of Belgium. He re- turned to the United States in 1876, and came to California, and from that time to the present has been engaged in various pursuits on the coast, connected with mining and civil engineer- ing; and since May 21, 1888, he has been chief "engineer of the Folsom Water- Power Company. In his chosen profession he ranks with the best civil engineers in the country. He was married in 1881 to Mary A. Anglon, a native of Rock- land, Maine, and a sister of Mrs. Charles Anil, whose husband is the warden of the State Prison at Folsom. ®»^ t FISHER & CO., confectionery manufact- urers and agents for the American Bis- ' cuit Company, have built up their present immense business from the smallest beginning. The firm is composed of Henry and Herman Fisher, father and son. The father was born in Holstein, Germany, April 3, 1838, and at the age of seventeen years entered upon a seafaring life, engaging first in fishing in the North Sea. He engaged in merchandise a little while, and the second year he was on a schooner which made three trips to England, and one trip through the Holstein canal to the Baltic, etc. The ne.xt year he went on the Christina from Hamburg to Buenos Ayres and to Java, and re- turned to Hamburg, being absent fourteen months; next was a trip to the West Indies, re- turning with a Crirgo of tob:i03o, rics, gum, etc. Ne.Kt he came on the p^ssenger vessel Bavaria to New York, and after making a flying visit by rail to Mobile he was one of the crew of the Ocean Express to come by way of Cape Horn to this coast, arriving at San Francisco August 5, j 1859. Mr. F'isher tried mining on Weaver I Creek, but with littlesuccess,aiid he went to work in the neighiiorhood for $3 a day; then he was i employed.at " Jayhawker," and next in the vine- { yard of AlhofF at Colotna, until the latter part of 1860. Coming thence to Sacramento, he ob- tained work as a threshing-machine hand for a season. Then he was employed by a farmer named Gregory nine months; next, in partner- i ship with Frederick Harms, he embarked ii; I ranching on a twenty-acre tract alono- the river; but the floods of 1861-'62 ruined his crop and I he was left without a dollar except two horses ! Meeting with a former shipmate, he went to San Francisco, and for three months was engaged j in boating to Sacramento, Stockton, JN"apa, etc. I He was sick for some months. From the sprino- j of 1863 until the fall he worked for James Mille" at the San Francisco House on the Carson road. Next he was employed in Sacramento by Peter I Tietjens, brother of the famous singer. Julv 10, 1865, be bought out the confectionery busi- ness of Henry Schroeder, on K street, where ' now is the small candy store, in the Metropoli- I tan Block. After a time he took in Mr. Schroe- I der as a partner, and later another partner, Albrecht; the firm name then became Fisher, Schroeder & Co. In the spring of 1868 the place of business was changed to its present location, and during the same year Mr. Fisher bought out his partner, and then carried on the business alone until he admitted his son Herman, form- ing the present firm. In 1874: he bought the ground now occupied by the business and erected a substantial brick building. He was married in this State to Miss Jeanette Helwitr, and their children are Herman, Lizzie, Henry and Nellie. Mr. Fisher is a member of Con - cord Lodge. No. 17. F. &, A. M.; of Sacra- U I STORY OF SAGHAMENTO (JOUHTY. iiieiito Lodge, No. 2, I. O. O. F.; of the Knights of Honor; of tlie American Legion of Honor, and of the A. O. U. W. Herman Fisher, the eider son, was edncated at tlie public schools and at the private scliool of Professor Goethe; at tlie age of fourteen lie entered his father's store, and two years afterward commenced at- tending Professor Atkinson's Commercial Col- lege, where he graduated in half the time usuaily taken. Since then he has been a partner with iiis father and business manager. He ps a mem- ber of the A. O. F., and is a director in the Sacramento Board of Trade. He was married October 11, 1887, to Miss Ida Louisa Bragg, a native of this city. The liusiness of this firm is now almost altogether wholesale, their trade extending throughout the length and breadth of tlie Pacific coast; and twice a year their travel- ing salesmen extend their trips into Texas, New Mexico. Utah and Montana, where they have a large trade. In their manufactory here, from forty-eight to seventy employes are kept steadily at work, according to the season. They take special pains to have all ingredients used absolutely pure, and all the work neatly done. To run the machinery a sixteen-horse-power engine is used. A novelty introduced by them is a neat little bucket in which packages of imxed candies are shipped and delivered with- out change of position from the original ar- rangement. '^■^^■'^ l^ENRY FREY was born in Hanover, Ger- ^®i many, in 1839, his parents being Abel and ^Mi GeseneorGescha(Bluhm)Frey. The father died in 1879, and the mother in 1881, both hav- ing reached just about the allotted three score yearsandten. Grandmother AntjiFrey also lived to a good old age, having survived her husband, Henry, many years. The subject of this sketch went to school until fourteen, under the law of compulsory education, and afterward worked on his father's farm, and for others also after he was twenty-one. He came to California by way of New York and the Pacific Railroad in 1870, settling in Sacramento County. For three years he worked on a ranch about four miles south of his place, and in 1875 he rented 540 acres on the Mokelumne. He bought forty cows, did a dairy business, raised barley, wheat, and some cattle, continuing in that place five years. In 1880 he bought his present place, 260 acres, about one mile west of Franklin, on the road to the Sacramento River; and in 1889, 300 acres one mile farther towards the river. He has 100 acres sown to wheat, which is his chief crop, and to which he is inclined to give almost undi- vided attention in the future, as a staple and reliable industry. He has several acres in vine- yard, but has found the results more uncertain. Mr. Frey was married in 1868 to Miss Bertha Sprock, who died four days after the birth of her child — Bertha, born April 5, 1869. Her ma- ternal grandparents, Johannes and Anna (Jo- hanni) Sprock, are living in this township, hale and hearty at the advanced age of eighty-three, the latter having been born March 9, and the former March 15, 1806. In 1875 Mr. Frey was married in Sacramento to Miss Elizabeth Herzog, a native of Germany, a daughter of Johann and Julia (Swartz) Herzog, both now deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Frey are the parents of six children: Henry Abel, born October 16, 1878; Frederick John, August 15, 1880; Julia, July 31, 1882; Elizabeth Gesene, September 18, 1884; John, July 25, 1886; Gesene, March 25, 1888. fHARLES ALDEN HULL was born in Vermont in 1824, his parents being Sewell and Lucy (Ray) Hull. The mother died at the age of forty -five; the father, who was born in 1794, is still living. Grandfather J'oseph Hull lived to be ninety; Grandfather Ray, about seventy, and both grandmothers reached a good old age. The father is living in Michigan with his oldest son, George, born in 1822. There are two sisters, Sarah, born in HUSTOHY OF SAVRAMENTO COUNTY. 1829, and Samantha, born in 1834. C. A. Hull received the usual schooling of the early part of this century, three months in the year, until he was twelve. His parents being in poor circum- stances, he hired out with a neighboring farmer at four and a half dollars a month. In 1844 he moved with his parents to Berrien County, Michigan, near JS'iles. He bought a small farm there in 1847, and raised one crop in 1848, when the gold fever struck him, and he sold out his place. He arrived in California, across the plains, August 14, 1849, and went to mining for nearly one year, chiefly on liear Kiver and at Goodyear's Bar on the Yuba, the net result being about 82,000. In July, 1850, he came to Sacramento, where he worked into the busi- ness of teaming besides keeping a haj-jard as well as a grain and feed stable, employing drivers for his teams. He made a trip to the Sandwich Islands and there spent the winter of 1850-'51, but did not find it a promising field for business. In 1851 he made his first pur- chase of land in California, being the 160 acres immediately surrounding his home. In 1863 he bought the 320 acres adjoining on the north, giving a frontage of about three-quarters of a mile on the lower Stockton road, eight miles south of Sacramento. The land for the Prairie district school-house, on the southeast corner of his ranch, was donated by him for that purpose. About 240 acres are meadow land and 240 are good grain land. He also raises an average of forty head of cattle and twenty horses. In 1861 he was married in Sacramento to Miss D. Delany Ridley, born in Maine in 1835, a daugh- ter of Matthias and Nancy (Pratt) Ridley. Her father, who had served in the war of 1812, lived to be eighty-eight, and her mother, eighty-seven. Mr. and Mrs. Hull are the parents of four living children: Minnie L., born March 5, 1862, now Mrs. Christopher A. Wagner, of Sacramento, is the mother of three girls: Rose L., born Jung 20, 1863, was married in 1888 to Henry Neu- haus, also of Sacramento; Charles L., born April 30, 1864; and Elliott Isaac, April 24, 1872. Charles L. took a full commercial course at the Napa Collegiate Institute; and Elliott I. is at present pursuing his studies at Bainbridge's Business College in Sacramento. Mr. Hull is a member of Sacramento Grange, No. 12, and has held all the offices, being Secretary three years and Master one term. He was the first Master of Sacramento Pomona Grange, No. 2. He owns stock in the Sacramento Valley Grangers' Business Co-operative Association, of which he has been a director for eight years. giLLlAM F. FRAZER, the proprietor of one of the leading lumber yards of Sacra- mento, oeoupying two lots on the cor- ner of Fifth and L streets, was born in Ireland in 1821, came t.) New York in 1846, and to California in 1851. He followed mining three years, and ever since then has been engaged in the lumber trade. He married Frances Reed, a native of New York State, and they have one son — Edward, now book-keeper for his father. fOHN SOTO FREITAS, usually called John Soto, was born in one of the Azores, a sub- ject of Portugal, in January, 1823, being a son of Manuel and Vittoria Louisa Soto Frei- tas. At the age of nineteen John Soto went to sea in an American whaler, which arrived in New Bedford, Massachusetts, after a four years, cruise. He went on a second whaling voyage lasting also four years. After eight years thus spent he was engaged about a year in coasting voyages between Boston and New York, and in 1853 sailed from New York around the Horn to San Francisco, where he was discharged. He then went to mining at Nigger Hill above Fol- som, and continued in that business eight years, with a net result in cash of S2,000. In 1862 he bought a ranch in Yolo County, which he sold in 1878; and in October, 1878, he bought his present place of 131 acres about nine miles south of Sacramento on the river road. He HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. raises vegetables and barley for the market and also a. few colts, besides fruit and other necessa- ries, inclurling a few cows and poultry for family use. In February, 1863, Mr. Soto was married in Sacramento to Francisca Amelia, also a native of the Azores, a daughter of Francis and Margareta Teresa Dutra. Her father is still living, aged seventy-seven. Mr. Soto's father died at the age of sixty-six, but his mother lived to be eighty-six. Mr. and Mrs. Soto have iiad sixteen children, of whom they lost only tlie first born, at tlie age of twenty months. The 'survivors in the order of tiieir birth are as fol. lows: Mary, John, Amelia, Frances, Nancy, Manuel, Antonio, Rosie, Minnie, Annie, Vic- toria, Belle, Joseph, Gloria, Clara. Mary Soto is the wife of Anton Ferande^, living in Yolo County, and has three children: Mary, Antonio, and a girl baby. Frances Soto is married to Joses Pereira — "Joe Perry" of Marysville. They have one son, John Joseph. With this large family, Mr. and Mrs. Soto, with a magnanimity truly admirable, extend hospitality to other de- pendent kindred, of whom one or more ma}^ alwa^'s l)e tbntid on the Soto ranch. fAMUEL GARRETT, rancher, San Joa- quin Township, was born in Canada West, July 31, 1826. His father, Jacob Garrett, a native of Schenectady County, New York, was a soldier in the war of 1812, and served under Benedict Arnold until that officer surrendered his men to the British. For a time he resided on Hay Bay, near Kingston, and then at Thurlow, where he cleared a large farm and commenced raising grain. On account of becoming security for a failing friend he was so reduced in means at command that he was obliged to sell that place; and he moved to Whigby, about thirty-si.x miles east of Toronto. He afterward removed to Illinois, and finally died in Jones County, Iowa, about 1869. His widow, Catharine, also a native of Schenectady County, died in May, 1888, at the residence of her son, Samuel, in this county, at the age of ninety-six years. In that family live children died in infancy and five grew up. The subject of this sketch remained in Canada with his parents until he was twenty-one. years of age; and about that time, in September, 1848, he married Silvia Malinda Gillett, a native of Can- ada, and her parents also from New York State. Being the eldest of the children, he had to con- tribute a large share of his earnings to the sup- port of the family. During the month of March after his marriage he started for Illinois, with only $25, and on arrival had but one (Mexican) dollar left. He began work hoeing corn, at seventy-five cents a day, in Cook County, about twenty miles from Chicago. Tl)ree years afterward he moved to Livingston County, that State, with iiis wife and two children, and only two yoke of oxen, a breaking plow, pitchfork, cradle, hoe, ax, rifle and hog; but this was sport for him, being hale and stout. At any time he could go out and kill a deer without consider- able trouble. He bought a soldier's warrant for eighty acres, on which he locate.d. There he built a log cabin, with timbers he cut and hewed with his ax. His land, heavily covered with timber, had to be cleared. He went energeti- cally to work, but at the end of fifteen months, having poor success in finding water on the premises, he sold the place and moved upon an- other of eighty-two acres in the same county, for which he paid $60 an acre. There he resided for ten years, when he came to California by way of New York and the Isthmus, sailing on the steamer Ariel, which had oti board 1,150 passengers, and on the Golden City from the Isthmus to San Francisco, landing there May 21, 1864. Purchasing a quarter-section of land in San Joaquin Township, lie commenced farming there. In the spring of 1865 he bought another quarter-section. His land is all of flrst quality. For the past thirteen years he has also been in the sheep business, in which line he confines all his operations to Martin County, Texas. After his arrival here in California, his mother and other members of tlie family have also come to HISTOIiT OF SACRA3IENT0 CQUNTT. join him; also Mrs. Garrett's mother, whose sons died in Santa Barbara County. Her father, Jeremiah Gillett, died in Blue Earth County, Minnesota. Mr. Garrett has been a member of the Metliodist Church for the past thirty-eight years, and his wife also has been a member of the same since her childhood. Mr. and Mrs. Garrett liave had iive sons and three daughters, and they have also lost three sons and two daughters. The living are Herman M., James Munroe, Albert D., Emma M., Minnie Belle, Ulysses J., Francis J. and Addie Ma^'. -^*m m fETH H. GAUFIELD, pioneer miller of the '> Pioneer Mill," the man wiio has been the longest identified with mills and milling interests in Sacramento, came to Cali- ifornia from Xew England in the spring of 1850. He is the youngest son of Colonel Alvis Garfield, a soldier of the war of 1812, and Susan Maynard, of Concord, whose father, Josiah Maynard, was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, fighting in the battle of Lexington. Born in the city of Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1831, he received a common-school education, and at the age of nineteen came to California to join his elder brother, Maynard J. Garfield, who was by trade a stair builder, and an expert at the business, and in 1845 was sent to Chili, South America, to superintend tlie erection of the grand stair- way in the Cathedral at Yal- paraiso; when that was completed he came to California, and here he was joined by his brother Seth, as was already stated. Setii Gar-. field, like so many of New England's sons, was something of a sailor, and upon his arrival at San Francisco, and after a visit to Benicia, we find him engaged as pilot on the '• Lucy Long," and receiving twelve dollars per day; but his brother came down from the mines and together they came to Sacramento; upon their arrival — it was during the cliolera epidemic — they camped out on the spot where the St. George building now is, until tliey could secure ;m ox team and outfit for the mines; then they went to Bear River; mining district, where his brother had a cabin and a claim; this was in the winter of '50; later they went to Scott's Bar. on the Scott River near the State line, where tliey traded or sold merchandise, and when the high water came they went to Portland to purchase goods, and set out for Yreka; it was on this trip and while in the Rouge liiver country, that they were surrounded by hostile Indians and only es- caped by joining another party and securing the protection of Major Kearny, who liad a three days' fight. Captain Stewart being killed. The fall of 1851 he came to Sacramento, and soon after became identified with the " Old Bay State" mill, located on M street, and from that to the present time he has been actively en- gaged in milling in this city. Mr. Garfield is of a most genial disposition, a man of excellent judgment and great ability, and authority on all mill matters, thoroughly conversant with the details of his business. The " Pioneer Mill" company are largely indebted to him for the position which they occupy. Married in 1859 to Sarah Smith, his home on M street is a model of "old-time" hospitality. fHARLES DICKSOX was born July 2, 1818, in Brunswick, Germany, a son of Anton and Catherine Dickson. He was raised on a farm in Germany, where he made his home until 1850, when he came to America, sailing on the 1st of July, landing in Baltimore; he went to Pittsburg, thence to St. Louis, then to Hlinois, where he was engaged in farming and gardening for a year. He then came over- land with ox teams and stock to California, land- ing in San Joaquin County, where he remained eighteen months. From there he came to Sacramento County, and in 1856 purchased his present property of 160 acres, situated about fifteen miles from Stockton and three miles from Elk Grove on the upper Stockton road. It is choice land under a fine state of cultivation. HISTOBT OF SAVRAMENro COUNTY. He is a practical farmer and gardener. His farm is devoted principally to wheat and stock. His buildings are of the most substantial. He was married in 1850 to Miss Frederika Staples, a native of Germany. They have six children living, three deceased. The living are: George, Charley, Frederika, Henry, Anna and Fred. jAJOR C. H. HUBBARD, manager for tiie well-known lirm of Baker & Ham- ilton, established in Sacramento in the year 1858, was born in Mahoning County, Ohio, February 22, 1841. His father, Henry Hub- bard, was a native of Berlin, Connecticut, and moved to Ohio in 1830, and was engaged in the business of hardware, manufacturer of tin-ware, stoves; etc. Colonel Hubbard's mother, Eliza Ann Robinson, was also a native of Connecticut and belonged to one of the old Connecticut families. The subject of this sketch was reared in Ohio and went into business with his father, until the inauguration of the civil war, which aroused the patriotism of all the young men in that section of country, when he enlisted with a company organized in Mahoning County. The company reported at Camp Chase and was as- signed to the Twenty-third Regiment, under the command of Colonel W. S. Rosecrans, after- ward commanded by Colonel E. P. Scammon and R. B. Hayes; the regiment was immediately ordered to the front in the mountains of West Virginia. Their first engagement was at Carn- ifex Ferry, being then a part of Rosecrans' com- mand, who fought General Floyd at that point and caused him to retreat across the Gauley River. He served in the battles of South Mountain, Antietam, Floyd Mountain, Lynch- burgh and the two battles of Winchester; in one battle he was captured while on the skirmish line, and was held as a prisoner of war some thirty days, when he with two others escaped, took to the mountains, and after eight days' struggling over mountain paths with only ber- ries to eat regained our lines on the upper Po- tomac; he was also in the battles of Fisher Hill and Cedar Creek. After four years and three months of active service he was mustered out in August, 1865. During his term of service he was promoted several times; going into the ranks as a private he was made Sergeant, Or- derly Sergeant, Second and First Lieutenant, and at one time was on the staff of General I. H. Duvall, and when the regiment was discharged was Quartermaster. Immediately after the close of the war Colonel Hubbard came to California by the way of Panama, and having relatives in Sacramento located there, where he was first em- ployed by Holbrook; Merrill & Stetson for about a year; since that time he has been withtiie well-known firm of Baker & Hamilton, most of the time as general manager of their exten- sive business in Sacramento. The business ex- tends throughout the entire coast and Territories, it is prosperous and growing all the time, and Mr. Hubbard has capacity and business ex- perience sufficient to keep abreast with it. He is a gentleman of easy manner and noble nature whose influence and co-operation are desired by all parties. He is a member of the Masonic order, Tehama Lodge, and the R .A. M., of this city, also of the G. A. R., Sumner Post, and was representative at the National Encamp- ment at St. Louis and Columbus during the past two years. For the past eight years he has been connected with the National Guard of California, and at the present time is Adjutant on the staff of General T. W. Sheehan, command- ing the Fourth Brigade, previous to that time he served as staff officer to Generals Sheehan, Tozer and Carey, commanding the same Brigade. IfHADDEUS C. McCONNELL, formerly a rancher of San Joaquin Township, who died April 27, 1863, was born in 1833, in Tlutland County, Vermont. A sketch of his people is given in this work under Ihe name of Thomas McConnell, a brother. At the age of nine- teen years he came from Vermont to California HISTOHY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTT. with his brother Samuel, across Mexico, in 1849; followed mining for one year and then started a garden in the mining region at a place now called Garden Valley, and with his vegetables, so rare then, he furnished dollar dinners to the miners. In 1850, the next year, his brother Thomas joined him. (See sketch for further particulars.) Eeturning to Vermont in 1856, he bought the sheep mentioned in that sketch, in partnership with his brother Thomas. His brother-in-law, Emmett Curtis, bought out Thomas in 1858, the tirm being McConnell & Curtis, and brought them to California by steamer, costing them $85 a head for freight for transportation. These slieep were the first ever imported to this coast from the East; and from these they began to raise high grade and thoroughbred sheep. He had a perfect title to two qiiarter-sections of land, besides a title to other large tracts, on which they could range their sheep. Curtis died in 1861 and the property was so divided that each party had 700 slieep, those belonging to Mr. Curtis going to his heirs, and Mr. Mc- CoJinell continued the business to the end of his life in 1863. His widow then came in posses- sion of the 700 sheep and 320 acres of land paid for and 500 acres not paid for. She kept all this property in her possession, finally liqui- dating all indebtedness. Siie personally took the management of her husband's business, in- creased the luimber of sheep, keeping about 2,000 head for a inimbur of years, until she found her land was of more value for farming, when she had the band of sheep din)inished in number to 1,200: but the extent of lier lands she has even increased until she has 7,000 acres, the greater portion of which is in Sacramento County. The soil is rich and very productive. At present she is raising a great deal of grain, farming a portion herself and renting the remainder. Be- sides managing all her household work she also superintends all the out-door business, even participating in the manual labor, such as pump- ing water when a windmill fails to work. She was left with only 320 acres of land and 700 sheep and no money, and all these immense possessions she has made out of the business left her by her husband. How few women in the world have so great courage and endurance! Her maiden name was Ellen Flanegan. She was born April 7, 1837, in Clarendon, Vermont; her father, James Flanegan, was a native of Ireland, and married in Ireland Mary Quillan, and about 1834 settled in the city of Clarendon, Rutland County, Vermont. He died in 1850, and his wife in 1882, the parents of nine children, of whom one died when a little girl; the others, live sons and three daughters grew up to years of maturity. The sons were: Patrick, Martin, Daniel, John and James, all of whom are dead except John, who now resides in Michigan. The daughters are: Jane, wife of M. B. Doolit- tle of Cresco, Howard County, Iowa; Hannah, the wife of George Hart, Rutland County, Ver- mont; and Ellen the subject of this sketch. The last mentioned married Mr. McConnell March 2, 1861, and they came by sail from New York, by way of the Isthmus to San Francisco, landing. there in November, that year; but be- fore two years had passed she was left a widow. Her only son, Thaddeus C. McConnell, was born November 10, 1864, after his father's death. ^•^ fHOMAS McCONNELL, sheep-raiser, San Joaquin Township, was bjrn in Pittsford, ,r Rutland County, Vermont, January 30, 1827, the son of Thomas and Clarissa (Curtis) McConnell. The history of the McConnell family can be traced back to the Highlands of Scotland, the earliest reminiscence preserved being that of an Orangeman in Prince William's army, who participated in the war and afterward settled in the North of Ireland. One of the sons, probably named Thomas, emigrated to America and settled in New Hampshire. All his three sons — William, John and Samuel — settled in Rutland County, Vermont. Of these Samuel was the grandfather of Thomas, whose name beads this sketch. This family consisted HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. of two sons, Thomas and Barnard. The latter emigrated West, became a land speculator, and died at Lima, near Qnincj, Illinois. Thomas continued to make his home in Rutland County, Vermont, where he died in 1854. In his family were six sons and three daughters, who grew up, besides two children who died in infancy. After his death his widow and all the children, in 1863, came to California, where she died, as also four of the sons and two daughters. Two of the sons — Samuel and Tiiaddeus, both now deceased — came here in 1849; Thomas, our sub- ject, came in 1850; George in 1853, and has since died; Frank was here in 1851, returned East, studied law in Poughkeepsie, New York, admitted to the bar in all the courts of that State, came again to California, practiced his profession in Saci-amento, and finally was killed by accident in the mountains in 1864. The younge.'it son, Charles, is now in Nevada, en- gaged in the sheep business; is a prominent man there, iiaving served in the State Senate, from Humboldt County, two terms. The Cur- tis family were of English origin, and moved from Connecticut to Vermont in an early day. Mrs. McConnell was born in Rutland County, the daughter of Thaddeus Curtis. Two daugh- ters — Mrs. Clara Curtis and Anna — are deceased, and Mary, a tiiird daughter, is living in the East. Mr. McConnell, the subject of this biography, passed his boyhood days on liis father's farm until he was of age, and then for two terms attended a military school at Nor- wich, Vermont, commanded by Alden Parridge, a prominent man in the history of this Govern- ment. Young McConnell had quite a taste for military instruction and military affairs. In illustration of the economy with which he was brought up, he says that on a certain general training day he indulged in ginger-bread, mo- lasses candy and hard candy to the extent of 14 cents' worth during the day, and on his return home his parents told him that he had been very extravagant. This he considers to have been his "biggest spree." When he was nineteen years ol age, and before going to the military school, he commenced teaching a small school, receiving at first only $11.50 per month; and after he left the military academy he taught a village school in Rutland and in Clarendon, re- ceiving as high as $18. In the spring of 1850 he sailed from New York in the steamer Geor- gia for the Isthmus, and thence in the bark Sarah to San Francisco, landing there at the close of August, after a journey of seventy-six days; and, strange to say, the steamer Republic — the one which his original ticket called for, and which he surrendered at the Isthmus on hearing that it had not then left New York — sailed into the port of San Francisco, having come around Cape Horn! Then he came to Sacramento on the steamer Gold Hunter, paying $20 for deck passage, leaving $118 in purse, while owing $300 in the East, money which he borrowed to bring him to California. He walked up to the mines above Coloma, to a place now called Garden Valley, where his brother Thad- deus was at that time, who had started a small garden, and sold potatoes for 30 cents a pound, and tomatoes for 75 cents a pound. Apples could not be had at any price until a little later, when they were brought down from Oregon. These two brothers and Samuel carried on this garden, and soon got into the grocery and gen- eral supply trade, from the small circumstance of getting a barrel of vinegar froni San Fran- cisco and selling it at half the price that another man had been selling it at previously. The miners, finding that he sold his vinegar so much cheaper, asked him if he had other articles; and this led him to procure other commodities until he became fully stocked with groceries and other mercantile goods, many of which were imported from the East. Buying a team of recent immi- grants, they did their own hauling to and from Sacramento. Thus they prospered until 1857. when they were burned out. In connection with the store they also ran a saw-mill, where they sawed out over 1,000,000 feet of lumber per year. In 1853 he made a trip to the East, carrying safely to the mint at Philadelphia $25,000 in gold dust. In 1856 he bought his HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. present place, where he has ever since made his home. The same year he located here, he, with his brother Thaddens, brought seven Spanisli Merino sheep from Addison County, Yermont, which were the first importations of that class of sheep into the State of California. This led to other importations by the neighbors, so that the enterprise has been worth thonsands of dol- lars to the people of this county. Ever since then fine sheep have been Mr. McConnell's specialty. Since 1870 this business has been prosecuted by himself and his brother Charles, of Nevada. They have at present 16,000 head. Last year they sheared 12,000 head, obtaining 86,000 ])ounds of wool, which was sliipped to Boston. The highest shipment they ever made was 100,000 pounds. Mr. McCoiinell has over 3,000 acres in northeastern Oregon, and his brother 1,400 acres in the same neighborhood, some of which is very productive. His home place consists of about 1,500 acres, half of which is bottom land bordering along the Cosumnes River. He also has 700 acres in El Dorado County, about ten miles from Foisom. Politi- cally Mr. McCunnell has been a Republican since 1860; previously he had been what is called a Douglas Democrat, and now expresses his views earnestly in favor of "protection" of American industries. In 1854 he was a mem- ber of the Democratic State Convention held in the Baptist Church in Sacramento, of which an interesting account is given elsewhere in this volume, lie was in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1879, in Sacramento, when the present constitution was adopted. Besides these, he has served in other conventions, and has always taken an active part in the public welfare. He has been remarkably successful in business, and in the advocacy of measures in the civil govern- ment. He is a director in the Grangers' Bank of San Francisco, having held that position since the organization of the bank, in April, 1874. He has been a member of the Masonic order since 1854, being made a Mason in Georgetown, El Dorado County. He is now tlie only charter member of Elk Grove Lodge, No. 173. Mr. McConnell was married in Rut- land, Vermont, June 19, 1856, to Miss Louisa Chaplin, daughter of George W. Chaplin. She was born in the same place (Pittsford) in which Mr. McConnell was, April 29, 1827, there being only a few months' difference in their ages. They have three daughters and one son: Anna, Mary, George W. and Jennie. Mary is the wife of Homer Bostwick, in New York city. The other members of the family are residents of this county. f LI J AH COMSTOCK, of Sacramento, is a descendant from two well-known families of Massachusetts, the Comstock and the Rice families. Hepsiba Rice, his mother, born in Massachusetts, came to Ohio in the early days with her parents; there she met and was mar- ried to Mr. Comstock, who had also come from Massachusetts, and the subject of this biographi- cal notice remembers hearing his father relate the many incidents of the journey by ox teams from Massachusetts to the " far West," as Ohio was then termed. In 1823 the family emigrated to Wheeling, West Virginia, where Elijah was born June 29, 1824, the youngest of five chil- dren. When he was two years old his mother returned to Ohio to live, and there he was brought up. In the spring of 1850, John O. Garrett, who had come to California in 1849 and returned to Ohio on a visit, made up a party of about 200, mostly from Richfield, Summit County, and young Comstock was one of them. They crossed the Missouri River at St. Joseph, and kept together until they reached Fort Kearney, when they had a disagreement, and nine of the party broke away and came on by themselves, by the northern route above Salt Lake and via Fort Hall to Placerville, where they arrived on the 9th of July. They remained in that vicinity for about a year and then went farther north, to Fort Hill, where he engaged in butchering until the spring of 1852, and also in buying cattle from immigrants far out upon the plains and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT}-. bringing them in. Here he made some money, and in the fall of 1852 he bought a ranch on the other side of the Sacramento River, eight miles above Washinj^ton, now known as the Merch Place, and engaged in raising fine stock and in the dairy business. He raised Durham cattle and Norman horses. In 1881 he sold his ranch and removed his family to Sacramento, and in- vested in property here. Mr. Comstock was married in 1848, in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, to Catherine Entrican, a most estimable lady, whose people came from New York. They have had one child, a son, who died when lie was one and a half years old. Mr. and Mrs. Comstock are spending the evening of their lives calmly — enjoying the rest to which they are so justly entitled. tR. DEVIN was born November 28,1860, son of John 0. and Maudy F. (Berry) ** Devin. The father was a native of Ten- nessee, and went to Pike County, Missouri, when a mere child, with his parents, who were among the early settlers of that county. Upon becom- ing of age he engaged in the mercantile busi- ness, and remained in it until 185G, when he came to California, overland, bringing his wife and five children, also his brother, who was killed on the plains by the Indians. They reached Sacramento County in the fall of 1856, and in 1857 went to Sacramento city, where he was employed as a night watchman. In 1859 he removed to El Dorado County, and remained until 1868, when he purchased the ranch on which Ills son, the subject of this sketcii, now resides. He died there December 22, 1873, leaving his wife and eight children. His wife died October 13, 1888. The children are as follows: William D, James II., Susan R., Eliza J., Charles E., Euena A., H. R. and Alvin L., all of whom are still living (1888). A. R. Devin, the subject of this sketch, still resides on the home place, which is in a tine state of cultivation. It is situated about three miles from Elk Grove. Mr. Devin does a general farming business, and the condition of everything shows him to be an ex- perienced and practical farmer. fEORGE DANIEL CONNER was born on the Sandy River, in Greenup County, Kentucky, December 20, 1827, his parents being William and Sidney (Davis) Conner. His grandfather Conner, who was born in Ire- land, built the first blast furnace in Kentucky, on tiie Licking River, in Bath County. The father of George D. was a member of the Legis- lature for sixteen years, serving successively in both branches. A great-grandfather on the mother's side was the Captain Bragg, of Wash- ington's time, who was married in the home of Washington, and afterward rose to the rank of General in the war of 1812. General Bragg, of the Civil War, is also a great-grandson of the same. Mr. Conner's maternal grandfather was George N. Davis, a member of Congress, and previously was sheriff of the county for many years. An uncle, Alfred Davis, was a graduate of West Point, and served in the Mex- ican war; another. Colonel J. W^. Davis, was engaged in the late war, on the Confederate side. He moved to Virginia after the war, and was there elected to Congress. The two broth- ers married sisters of the Stewart family, resid- ing near Sulphur Springs. A third brother, Alexander, was mixed up iu the Kansas dif- ficulty, on the Southern side. He afterward became a lawyer in St. Louis, and was elected to the Legislature of Missouri. Mr. Conner first came to California in 1849, and went to mining in Auburn, Placer County, in the win- ter of that year. In the spring of 1850 he en- in teaming and trading to and from the mines, and afterward fitted up teams and w ons, selling up the outfits complete. In less tha two years he had accumulated about $15,000. On December 5, 1851, he sailed from San Francisco for New Orleans, and thence went up the Mississippi and Ohio to his home in Ken- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUJSTT. tiicky. After a short stay there he went to Missouri, and bought cattle, which he drove across the plains in 1852. He sold 100 liead for $10,000 in Sacramento, and though he suf- fered loss by fire and flood in that city lie sailed from San Francisco, June 3, 1853, witli"|30,000, for New York, whence he went to Kentucky. November 22, 1853, he was married in Livinijs- ton County, Kentucky, to Miss Sarah J. Welsh, a daughter of Thomas G. Welsh, proprietor of the Oakwell Iron Works, situated on the Cum- beiland, about twelve miles from its mouth. She was then in her twenty-first year, having been born in Davidson County, Tennessee, about twelve miles from Charlotte, and only ! one mile from where her parents had been mar- ! ried. Her mother, Eliza J. Thomson, was a daughter of William and Jane (Brewer) Thom- son. On her father's side siie is of mi.xed Eng- lish and Irish stock, and related to the Welsh family of Philadelphia, one of whom was our minister to England some years ago. Her grandmother. Brewer, was a sister of Sterling Brewer, a member of Congress from Tennessee, a man of considerable wealth for the time in which lie lived. Her grandparents, Thomas, were also of the wealthiest families of Raleigh, North Carolina. Her father was born near Baltimore, Maryland, in September, 1805. His parents afterward lived near Philadelphia for a time, and later, moved into the iron region of Pennsylvania, the father being a skilled work- man in some branch of the iron industry, and was usually engaged as foreman. The son learned the special trade of hammerer. In time he moved to Kentucky, and worked at a forge on the Little Sandy, two miles from the Ohio. He then went successively to Tennessee and Alabama, working at his trade. Returning to Tennessee lie bought of Neblett Bros, the Blooming Grove forge on the Cumberla td, about twelve miles from Clarksville, with Will- iam Phillips as partner. He bought four slaves and taught them his trade, and while they manufactured the household goods for the local j trade, he peddled them around and made I money. Afterward he purchased the Rougli and Ready Iron Works, also on the Cumber- land, in Stewart County, keeping it only one year. He had two partners in that enterprise, — Dr. Cobb, of Clarksville, and Captain Sam Cook. Selling his interest he moved to Ken- tucky in the fall of 1852, investing his money in the Hopewell Iron Works, which were burnt down in 1851, with heavy loss. He had in- vested largely in improvements only a short time before. He rebuilt, and his son-in-law, George D. Conner, became partner in 1856. under the style of Conner & Welsh; but iron had meanwhile fallen from S'lO to $22 a ton, leaving but a very narrow margin for the manu- facturers. Having met a series of reverses, coincident with the depression, they surrendered the business to their creditors, Gibbon and Haynes, in 1859, and both families started across the plains for California. After a four months' trip they arrived in the Golden State, August 3, 1859, and settled on the Cosumnes. Two years later they purchased 1,000 acres in the Ilartnel Grant, with a frontage of half a mile on the river. x\.bout 1870 Mr. Conner bought out Mr. Welsh's half interest, and at dif- ferent times made other purchases, until he now owns about 4,000 acres, in one body. Mr Welsh and his son, Charles R., moved to Hill's Ferry, in San Joaquin County, investing some $3,000 in Government land and improvements. Disheartened by drouths they abandoned it a few years later, and lost their time and invest- ment, being unable to sell. They then moved to Tulare County, near Visalia, where they pur- chased 400 acres of good land. After lour years of joint occupancy the father sold his half interest to Mr. Conner, and came to reside with him. He has made his home with Mr. and Mrs. Conner for many years, with the excep- tion of the five or si.x years mentioned. Mr. and Mrs. Conner are the parents of the follow- ing children, of whom the three oldest were born in Kentucky, and the others in this State: Alma, in 1854, now Mrs. L. F. Ward, of Fresno, and the mother of a boy and girl; HISTORY OF BAC'MAMENTO COUNTY. George T., in 1857, married and living in Tu- lare City, in tlie real estate business with his uncle, J. B. Welsh, since 1886; William W., in 1859, was just six months old on his arrival in California; Robert Lee, in 1861, now farm- ing in Fresno County, is married, and the father of one boy; Sallie W., died in August, 1886, aged twenty-one years; Alfred S., in 1869; Eugene, in 1S75; Pauline, in 1878. William W. and the three younger children are living at home. ~<-V'^»-^'^^-°" ip^ENRY COOK was born in Schleswig- IM Holstein, December 15, 1822, his parents ^Mi being Peter and Mary (Stephens) Cook. Receiving an ordinary education he went to sea at the age of iifteen and served in various capa- cities as a sailor boy until the age of twenty. He then learned the trade of ship-carpenter and made many voyages in that capacity for nine years, among others to India and China three times. In his earlier seafaring life he visited England several times. In the fourteen years that he s^pent on the sea he has been in nearly all the great seaports and in a large number of the minor ones. In one of those voyages from Europe he came around Cape Horn to California in 1854, arriving in San Francisco on June 10. He went to trading on the Sacramento River and around the bay for about two years, being lialf-owner of a trading sloop of thirty-two tons. In 1856 he sold out his interest in the sloop and went to Tuolumne County, where he took up some land, in partnership with his brother, Peter, and there remained about eighteen jnonths. October 6, 1858. he came down to the Sacramento River and bought 200 acres on Grand Island, of which eight or ten were bank land and the rest tule. He was flooded out in 1862, but being an old sailor he " would not give up the ship." In 1865 Mr. Cook paid a visit to his native land, remaining four months, and was there married, in August, to Miss Christina Carstensen, a native of Germany. Returning with his wife to Grand Island, he had the great misfortune to lose her after a few years. She died February 2, 1869, leaving two children: Peter, born June 6, 1860; John W., born October 6, 1867. The older boy died in 1876, leaving Mr. Cook with only One child. Jolm W., besides the usual district-school educa- tion, took a course in 1886 in Heald's Business College in San Francisco. In 1872 Mr. Cook sold his place on Grand Island and bought the ranch of eigiity-eight acres he now owns on Sutter Island. He first did a dairy business with fourteen cows, but in 1878 he began to jjlant an orchard. Struck by the flood of that season before they had rooted, he went around in his boat and took up the 1,000 trees he had just set out, stored them away until the flood subsided and replanted them. He has now about fifteen acres in orchard, and the remainder is tule land. October 3, 1883, Mr. Cook was again married, in San Francisco, to Mrs. Sophia (Puis) Bergholt, a native of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, born August 17, 1837, daughter of Joliann and Sophia (Peto) Puis. The residence of Mr. and Mrs. Cook is a very neat and commodious one, well supplied with the conveniences and com- forts of a home, and with an exceptionally flne flower-garden in front, exhibiting internally and externally the excellent taste of Mrs. Cook, and l.er instinctive compliance with that excellent commandment— make home beautiful. flMOX COIIN, senior member of tlie Arm of S. Colin & Co., grocers, Folsoin, was born in Poland in March, 1830. At tiie age of eleven or twelve years he left home and went to Prussia, living there Ave or six years as journeyman tailor. In 1852 he embarked on the sailing vessel Samuel Lawrence for New York, landing in the fall after a voyage of eight weeks. After working at his trade a year, he came to California by the Nicaragua route, leaving New York on the steamer Star of the West, and coming on the Pacific side on the IIISTOKY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. steamer Curtis, landing at San Francisco. He was employed by a man named Krichavski in San Francisco, at $50 a month, remaining with him until he had saved up $1,800, in slugs, and then, in company with a Mr. Fischer, he bought stock and was ready to open out in business in the old St. Charles Hotel on Davis Street, when a fire during the night burnt up all their goods! This left Mr. Cohn without anything. He worked for his former employer again until he had saved about $2,000, when liB concluded to try his luck again, this time in the country. In company with Mr. Frankee he opened out in business at Live Oak City, near Michigan Bar, Sacramento County, and was soon burnt out again! Although a second time completely broken up, he undaunted put his shoulder to the wheel and started in again, at Folsom, in 1856, where he has been ever since. His present business is the trade in groceries and provisions, in which he is successful. He is public-spirited, a Republican, but not radical. Is a member of Natoma Lodge, No. 64, F. & A. M.; an Odd Fellow; A. O. U. Workman; and B'nai B'rith. In 1862 he married Henrietta Alexander, a native of Prussia, and they have two daughters: Rosa, wife of N. L. Kohn, of Placerville; and Alice, wife of Philip C. Cohn, formerly of Sacramento and now of Folsom, a partner in the firm of S. Cohn & Co. I^OBERT CHRISTESEN was born in VmL North Schleswig, now in the Grerman ^=^ Empire, April 24, 1842, his parents being Hans and Seeiiet H. (Wayback) Christesen. They came lo live with their son, Robert, in Sep- tember, 1877. The father died in 1882, aged seventy-four, and the mother in 1884, aged sixty-eight. Robert Christesen received a lim- ited education, and worked on his father's farm, from boyhood. He came to California in 1868, and worked first in Sonoma County, driving team for the owner of a saw-mill there, for one year. He worked six months in a butcher shop and learned tlie business, but did not follow it further. In 1870-'71 he worked for Mr. Henry Ehrhardt one year. Mr. Christesen was married in Georgetown, now Franklin, Djcember 13, 1871, to Miss Paulina Christesen, a daughter of Paul and Abilena (Boyesen) Christesen, to whom he had been engaged for seven years. Her father was a grain dealer at Flausburg in Schleswig. The two families, though bearing the same name, are not relatives by blood in any traceable degree of consanguinity. They were married in a month after her arrival. In 1872 Mr. Christesen rented 320 acres for one year; in 1873, another 320 acres, on both of which he raised cattle chiefly. He also bought and sold cattle of others' raising. In 1874 he moved across the Cosumnes, where he rented 500 acres. In 1875 he bought the place he now occupies in Franklin Township, containing 480 acres. About 1877 he bought 160 acres, and in 1879, 200 acres, which with 280 bought in 1884, he sold in 1889 for $15,000. He traded the 160 acres for a blacksmith sliop, leaving him at pres- ent the owner of the 480 acres he bought in 1875. He raises wheat, horses, cattle and hogs and the necessary feed for his stock. Mr. and Mrs. Christesen are the parents of four sons and four daughters: Abilena and Louis, twins, born October 12, 1872; Fernando, March 30, 1874; Mary, April 19, 1876; Tesha, October 11, 1877; Emma, January 17, 1880; Robert, No- vember 13, 1882; Henry, October 21, 1885. Mr. Christesen has been a school trustee, and is a member of the Masonic fraternity. tBNER BALDWIN BURNS, orchardist, Sutter Township, was born in Randolph County, North Carolina, January 29, 1833, son of James and Sarah Burns, both natives of that State. Mrs. Burns' father, Silas Cooper, served seven years in tlie Revolutionary War, being engaged in one fight which took place precisely on his home land. Abner was born on the Galpiu battle-ground. The Burns family HISTORY OF HACRAMENTO COUNTY. trace tlieir history to Scotland. In James Burns' family were fifteen children, seven sons and eight daughters, all of whom were living and were at home just before the war. Three sons entered the Union army, and two of them were killed at Arkansas Post, when General Sherman was commanding there. In 1844 the family emigrated to Putnam County, Indiana. At the age of seventeen or eighteen years Mr. Burns, the subject of this sketch, left home, and for ten or twelve years followed Hatboating on tiie Mississippi River, during whicli time he passed through many e.Kciting experiences, many of them romantic or otherwise pleasant. He then remained in Indiana until he came to Cali- fornia in 1856, sailing from New York June 24 on the old Northern Light to Nicaragua. Was delayed on the Isthmus by the lighting that was in progress there during the revolu- tion in that country. At length, obtaining pas- sage on the Nevada, he landed in San Francisco February 22. The first two months he worked at mining in the Indian diggings, in company with a friend named McCoy. While then;, Messrs. Frink i^: Alsip, of Sacramento, offered him employment, which he accepted; but in two months was taken sick and he passed six weeks at Dr. Sullivan's Hospital. After recov- ery, he followed teaming with two teams be- tween Sacramento and Nevada City, witli considerable profit. A week before Ciiristmas he ([uit this and went upon a ranch in Sutter Township on the lower Stockton road, about four miles from Sacramento, in partnership with Benjamin Stoops. A year afterward he went to the mountains, and during his absence Mr. Stoops sold the ranch and ran away with the money, leaving Mr. Burns about $1,000 in debt. In the fall of 1858 he moved upon the ground which now constitutes a portion of his present place, where he bought of the State eighty acres of school land. In 1861-T)2 the water covered his land, and he was for a time engaged in ulin- iui' in Nevada and among the copper mines in El Dorado County, which business proved a total loss to him. He consideis ranching, espe- cially in Sacramento County, the safest employ- ment and the best investment one can make in the United States. His land, which is well adapted to fruit, especially grapes and peaches, is in a fine state of cultivation. He has taken first premiums at State fairs on peaches and other fruits. He has been active in fruit inter- ests. The organization of the Fruit Union in this part of the county might be accredited to him. Mr. Burns has always been an active politician. He was one of the few who organ- ized the Pepublican party in this county and adhered to that party until 1884, when he sup- ported the National Greenback party. His first nomination for public office was for the Legis- lature in 1883, on the National ticket. In 1885 he was nominated by the same party for Con- gress. He is a National man in every good sense of that word, that is, simply patriotic. He is now serving his fifteenth term as school direc- tor of Cai)ital district. Mr. Burns was married July 4, 1870, to Mrs. Sarah Slocum, nee Bal- lard, a native of Shelby County, Indiana. The three children are all dead. tSAHEL BRADLEY DAVIS was born January 27, 1836, in St. Thomas (county seat), Elgin County, Canada, his parents being Joel and Amy (Lewis) Davis. The former was a native of Montgomery County, New York, and the latter was a native of Vermont, born at a place not far from Whitehall, being near the New York State line. AVhen a mere child her father, Barnabas Lewis, emigrated to Canada with his family, which consisted of six sons and two daughters; all of whom were the heads pro minent families in that localitv. One son, Joel Lewis, was very enterprising in the establishment of public schools; Asahel, an- other son, was the first to establish a liberal or re- form paper in St. Thomas during the exciting times of the rebellion of 1836-'37. Joel Davis, the father, died in July, 1836, when the subject of this sketch was but six months old. His IIISTOHY OJi' SACHAMESTO COUNTY. widow afterward married Liiidley Moore, who figured very prominently in the liistory of that country. His father, Elias Moore, was a mem- ber of Parliament during or just after tlie Re- bellion. Mrs. Moore made her home in Canada until iier death, which occurred about twelve years ago. By her first marriage there were three children, Lewis and Adelia, both of whom are residents of Canada, living at the old home- stead, and A. R. By her second marriage there was one daughter, who is now dead; she was married and left one child at her death. The subject of this sketch was reared in Canada, and there received his education in the public schools. In October, 1859, he left his native country and started for California. He went by way of New York, thence to Panama, and arrived in San Francisco about the middle of November. He went directly to Sacramento and from there to the mines at the town of Hough and Ready in Nevada County. The lirst few month he worked for wages, but after that he mined for himself; he worked, off" and on, at mining for about fifteen years. In 186S he went on a visit to Canada and remainod until the spring of 1870, when he returned to this valley and stayed until the spring of 1871; then went to work on the Amador (^anal, bsing in charge of a divis- ion of men, and remained in that capacity for about seven months, when the company "busted," and work was suspended. Mr. Davis was cheated out of his wages to the amount of $400. A new company was afterward organ- ized and Mr. Davis again souglit to take charge of a gang of men; he served this company until the completion of the canal in 1875. Mr. Davis again came to this valley and has made his home liere ever since. Mr. Davis' career in this com- munity has bsen such as to elevate him to the highest degree of esteem, as he has been a use- ful citizen, a man of deliberate judgment, and one Who desires the best welfare of the people; he therefore has principles for all his conduct as a citizen and neighbor, etc., and deserves all he has attained, and even more In the year 1860 he bouglit a squatter's right to 160 acres of land situa'ed in Brighton Township; and afterward got the title from the Government. The land is still in his possession. He also owns 270 acres of improved land in Brighton Township, and 110 acres iti Sutter Township. -|->^ ARTI.Nf DART, deceased. In the com- pilation of a work such as this there is no part of more value than that which relates to perso lal histories. In making men- tion of these honored veterans of pioneer time and in many instances departed, there is no one more worthy of notice and of the attributes paid him than the late Martin Dart, whose name heads this sketch, and, on account of long resi- dence in this county, is familiar to every one. Mr. Dart was born February 23, 1811, in New London, Connecticut, a son of Joshua and Su- san (Sabin) Dart. The line of his ancestry is traceable to the English and French. In 1840 Joshua Dart emigrated to Genesee County, Michigan. His wife died about 1844, and he survived a few years. They have three sons and three daughters, only two of whom are now living. As a boy Martin was raised on a farm, and was in Michigan twelve years. In 1862 he came overland to California, with on? horse and one mule, which he rodealternately when not walking. He was in company with a train which left Coun- cil Bluffs May 3, the journey being a pleasant one considering the usual circumstances. They rested some time both at Salt Lake and in Carson Valley. Mr. Dart began mining on the north branch of Stephens Creek and at Grizzly Flats, and followed that pursuit in various lo- calities for about two years, until the money gave out. Then he followed teaming and sell- ing goods for about si.\- years in the raining region. In this business he had to sell on credit so much that he failed to make it very profitable. In 1858 he took his wife in a lum- ber wagon and moved down into San Joaquin Township, this county, and as soon as the land caine into market he purchased the present cs- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. tate three miles from Elk Grove. The place, now comprising IGO acres, is so neatly arranged, equipped and cultivated as to attract the atten- tion of all passers by. Twenty-tive acres are in vineyard; and Mr. Dart devoted his attention almost exclusively to the vineyard and orchard, being as "smart as a cricket" up to the time of his death, which occurred May 15, 1889, when he had passed the age of seventy-seven years. He was married in 1835 to Miss Elme Stewart, a native of Connecticut. She died in 1844, leaving three children: Livy S., Franklin S.. in the State of New York, and Maria, who returned to Connecticut, and died there. fEORGK W. DAKLIXG, agriculturist, was born in the city of Dublin, Ireland. Ilis parents, John and Margaret (Satterweight) Darling, emigrated to America and resided in this country the remainder of their lives; the father, who was a machinist by trade, dying in 1872, at the age of sixty- five years, and the mother in 184-, at the age of forty-iive. In their family were nine children: James, John, William, Charles, George W., Frederick, Mary, Margaret and Eliza. All are now dead except Charles and George AV. The latter came to America in 1850, by the way of Cape Horn, landing in San Francisco, being six months on the voyage, on a vessel also named Cape Horn. He followed mining on Mississippi Bar four years, with good success, and then located on a ranch on the Auburn road and pursued the call- ing of agriculture, etc., until 1860; next he kept hotel, the California House, five months in Carson City; selling that property, he returned to this county and purchased his present ranch of 400 acres, eighteen miles from the county seat, and four miles from Folsom. Grain-rais- ing is his specialty.. He came to California with but little means, and has seen his siiare of the ups and downs of a pioneer's life. He has made his way by hard work, industry and econ- omy. He is a man of energy and perseverance, and retains his youthful appearance and vigor in a marked degree. When he purchased his present place it was unimproved, perfectly wild and covered with oak; he was one of the first in this settlement. In January, 1888, he was burned out, when he sustained a loss of about $6,000; but he is already on the rapid road to full recovery. He kept a diary from 1865 to the time of the iire, in M-liich he recorded all the changes in the weather and events worthy of note; but that conflagration consumed it. Its loss is greatly regretted, tor it liad been of considerable service -to him as well as his neigh- bors. His brother John, the only brother he had at the time, died at New Orleans. Mr. Darling was ^married in 1858, to Miss Ellen, daughter of Katherine Mullen. She died June 14, 1874, leaving three children, one son and two daughters: William T., who was born July 11, 1859, and married Ettie Allen, a native of Placer County; Ida May, born May 1. 1862, is the wife of Thomas W. Ward of this county; and Margaret E., born March 19, 1864, died April 27, 1883. fWEN THOMAS DAVIES, farmer, Brigliton Township, was born Cefancoidy- cymar, within two miles of Merthyr Tyd- vil, Wales, February 7, 1820, a son of Thomas and Mary Davies. In that family were four sons and five daughters, who grew up and were married. Four of the sons came to Amer- ica; David came in 1840 and died in Illinois, in the coal mines; Owen came in the fall of 1850; and John and James came nearly at the same time, 1855-'60, John settling in Pennsyl- vania and James in Utah, near Salt Lake City; Jane Williams came to America and died in Illinois, December 20, 1884; the other children died in Wales. When Mr. Davies, the subject of this sketch, was a man grown, he was em- ployed at the Gyfarthfa Iron Works, where he was engaged in wheeling puddling iron from the rolls twelve liours a day every other week, HISTORY OF SAC RAM UNTO COUNTY. at what in United States money would be $2.52 cents per week. His ne.xt task was the iiiling of wheelbarrows with puddling iron and wheel- ing it to the mill, where it was rolled into rails, etc. For this his wages was $2.88 a week. Sometimes he would wheel as much as iifty tons a day. Next he \yeighed and sheared merchant iron at the tirst steam mill, at $2.36 a week. After the Pandy mill was built he was eni- ])l()yed there to weigh metal iron, till it into wheelbarrows from the drains and wheel it to the stall, weigh it into 450-pound charges for the paddling furnaces and pile it up. Of course he liad to keep an exact account of all this work; and his wages now iiad become $5.04 a week. In this he was engaged from 1846 to September, 1850 At that time the Pandy was the largest steam mill in Wales. It was on the east side of the Taff River. Six iron rolling mills were run by water power on the west side, besides one by steam. All these eight mills were within one mile of Merthyr Tydvil. In October, 1846, Mr. Davies married Ann William Morgan, daughter of William Morgan and born in the same place. October 15, 1850, they, with two children, sailed from Liverpool and landed in New Orleans November 22. (xoing to Illinois, Mr. Davies worked in the coal mines there from the spring of 1851 to April, 1854, when he went to Utah, overland, with two yoke of oxen, arriving at Salt Lake September 26. In the spring of 1856 he came on to California, ar- riving in Brighton, this county, July 4. Until September 19 he lived in the wagon, and then settled where he has since resided. There he bought a squatter's claim to a quarter-section of land, and afterward purchased the place from the Government. When he first entered it there was only a shanty there, and all the country around was a naked plain. He subsequently bought more land, so that at one time he owned over 500 acres. A portion of this has been deeded to his children and to his wife. She died October 6, 1880, the mother of four chil- dren: Anne and Thomas, John and William. Anne is tlie wife of Edmund Lewis, a resident of San Joaquin Township, near Sheldon; the sons are all in this township, and have families. November 21, 1881, Mr. Davies, in Sacramento, married Louisa Haux, a German lady and a. widow at the time, her lirst husband having died five years jireviously. She died February 11. 1883, and Mr. Da/ies. December 1, 1884, married his present wife, Mrs. Friedrika Kern. ;ILLIAM CUNNINGHAM, the pioneer jeweler of Sacramento, was born in the city of Brotherly Love, March 21, 1821, the son of Thomas Cunningham, a coppersmitli by trade. He learned the trade of silversmith of William Rapp, after which he went to Boston, where he resided for a year; returning again to Philadelphia he found employment with Bailey & Kitchen for three years. When, dnrin^e, went West, and upon reaching manhood settled in Washington, Indiana, and engaged in merchandising; he, like other pioneers of the West, engaged in fiat-boating to New Orleans, making his first trip in 1818. The Bradfords are of New England stock for several generations. James' mother, nee Mary F. Bruce, was born in Mason County, Ken- tucky, in 1793. The Bruces were among the early settlers of that State. James Brnce's paternal grandparents were Charles and Diana Bradford, and their children were Lucretia, George, Robert, Charles, William and James. The grandmother's maiden name was Diana Stevens, whose brother was Colonel of a cav- alry regiment in the Revolutionary war, and. fed and clothed his regiment at his own expense during one winter. James Bruce's maternal grandparents were Alexander and Sarah Brace, and their children were John, Charity, Joseph, Catharine, Mary F., Squire, Sarah, Kiziah Alexander, William and Rachel. James B. re- ceived the usual district-school education of the period; came to California in 1850 and engaged in mining for about a year in Placer and Shasta. counties. He then established a trading- post at Yankee Jim's, a flourishing mining camp in Placer County. He put up his buildings and kept a general supply of all things needed by miners, keeping six or seven mules to make daily trips to the claims, delivering goods with- in a radius of ten miles. He continued in that business for two years. In 1855, with his brother, William B., went into business in Sac- ramento, keeping a feed and sale stable, in 1858 he resumed the mercantile business at Michigan Bkiffs, Placer County. In 1860 he moved to Downieville, Sierra County, furnish- ing supplies as before. In 1862 he went to Aurora, Nevada, where lie engaged in trading and mining for several years. In April, 1866, he located 160 acres of Government land, and built a house on it where he still lives. His brothers, W. B. and P. B., occupy adjoining farms, all devoted to vineyards, for which they are found to be well adapted. J. B. Bradford was married to Miss Sarah G. Kilbourne, Sep- tember 20, 1871, at Danville, Illinois, by Rev. A. L. Brooks. Mrs. S. G. Bradford was born in Venice, Ohio, in 1842, and was the daughter of Jonathan and Susan M. Kilbourne, both of whom are still living in 1890, aged respectively seventy-three and seventy. Mrs. Bradford's paternal grandparents were Joseph and Rebecca Kilbourne, of Vermont. Her maternal grand- parents were Isaac and Elizabeth Johnson Lutes, of New Jersey. Grandmother Lutes is ninety- four years old, and loves to hold reunions of her descendants on the anniversary of her birth, at her home near Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Bradford are the parents of two boys: Perley Kilbourne born July 8, 1872, and George Bruce, born April 5, 1875. fAPTAIN WILLIAM H. BRADLEY. The lives of some men are peculiarly rich in incident, and especially is this the case with those who in early life have followed the sea. To write the history of such lives would be to fill volumes. The subject of this sketch has a life history well worth writing; but in a work of this character, where only a limited spice is allowed to each individual, the question is not what to include, but what to leave out of the interesting narrative. Captain Bradley was born in Yorkshire, in the north of England, in 1847. He received a common-school education, and at the age of fourteen years entered upon HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. his sailor's apprenticesliip of three years, under Captain Harrison, of the brig Daring, of Wliitby. Finishing his term of apprenticeship, he made two short voyages before the mast; then a voyage to tiie Black Sea, as second mate of the Ariel, of Stockton; and on tlie re- turn voyage he was wrecked. " Xever shall I forget the peril of that time," says the gallant Captain. '• We were going throngh the Bay of Biscay, our vessel laden with grain, and in a gale, and in order to avoid a collision with an- other vessel the Ariel was ' brought to ' sud- denly', shifting the cargo and springing a leak; for three nights and two days we manned the pumps, but our utmost efforts were not sufficient. Inch by incn our doom approached, and alter many weary hours a sail was descried to wind- ward. She bore down upon us. Hope became a certainty; but alas! siie proved to be an Italian trader, and seeing our signal of distress — ihe reversed Union Jack — she, with heartless cruelty, passed us by on the other side. The sea was running high, but we had no other choice — we must leave the sinking ship. First one and then another of our boats' were swamped, in attempting to launch them, but the life-boat was successfully launched by cutting away the bulwark and rail, and in it our fifteen men were crowded, at the mercy of the raging sea. Happily a Welsh schooner bore down upon us and threw out a life-buoy with 100 fath- oms of line attached, and we were drawn safely to her deck. In that moment of safety, look! the gallant Ariel, poised for one moment upon the crest of a mighty wave, the next gone for ever!" Such is life on the sea. The wrecked crew was well treated by the strangers, and on the following day they were landed safe at Queenstown. After a few weeks rest at his home in Yorkshire, the young sailor shipped once more before the mast, in the ship Manfred, Captain Scott, bound with a cargo of coal for Colombo, Ceylon, and to Burinah, in British India, for a cargo of rice for Rotterdam, Hol- land, and home. The English merchant marine service has no equal in the world, its efficiency being due largely to her system of thorough ex- aminations instituted by Government. When the subject of this sketch finished the voyage above described, he went to Sunderland and passed his examination before the Board of Gov- ernment Examiners, both as to seamanship and navigation, receiving a certificate which en- titled him to the position of second mate, on any English vessel. And he at once secured such a position on the Kegina, a sister vessel to the Ariel, and sailed away on a voyage to the Black Sea. After twelve months' service, came another examination before the Board, and again he passed with credit, securing this time a cer- tificate as chief mate, and secured a position on the new bark Hannah Hodgson. Eighteen months later he was passed as Captain. Thus step by stepwellnd him gradually rising, steadily onward and upward, until he is in command of tije bark Dorathea, engaged in the Mediter- ranean trade; later on he was transferred to the steamers Polino, Aagean and Nio, and was chief mate on these vessels, making his first trip to the United States in the latter with Captain Turn- bull Potts — now a shipowner — as master. After two more trips in the Nio, to the Mediterranean, he came again to Xew York, as Captain of the steamer Charles Townsend Hook, when one of those experiences befell him, which can be best related in his own words: "We had come to New York, in ballast, tak ing on a general cargo. I remember that sixteen vessels left New York and Baltimore on that da On the 2ith of December we ran into a cyclone. My exper- ience and observations of the laws governing storms enabled me to ascertain that we were running into the center of the cyclone, and that by 'going about' we could steer clear of its greatest violence; in doing this, however, we ' shipped-a-sea,' and were very nearly lost. But the air-compartments, or water ballast tanks in the bottom of the ship, witii which she was pro- vided, brought her afloat, as I knew they would, the only question being, would she be riglit side up. That she did come right side up, the sequel shows, for she came riding safe into London, HISTORY OF SAGUAMENTO COUNTY. twelve days from New York, being the second to arrive out of tlie sixteen to start, eight of which were never heard froni." After a shor* rest he was again afloat, this time on a voyage to tiie White Sea — the northernmost point o^ Russia — wliere he first learned that the latitude could be found by an altitude of the sun at midnight. On his next voyage he took com. nunid of the Silbury, the finest steamer of the Ciiapman's fleet of ten vessels, running from London to Havre, Hayti and Jamaica, a voyage of three montiis' duration. When tiie Charles Townsend Hook, their new steamer, was com- pleted, he was complimented by being trans" ferred to her, extending the line from Jamica to New Orleans, where they took a cargo of cotton for Rotterdam. Afterward the C. T. Hook was chartered for two years in tiio China trade, by Katz Brothers, Singapore, running with passen- gers and freight from Hong Kong to Saigon, Cochin China, Bankok and Manilla. Later on, and while at home recruiting for another voyage i he was sent to Glasgow to superintend the load- ing of vessels for the West Indies, and upon liis return to Sunderland, he was to look at the steamer Madras, then lying at Shields, with a view of her purchase for the China trade. She was a 3,000-ton vessel, of which he was afterward commander. In 1883, being then in the China coasting trade, he left Hong Kong, with 600 Chinamen, a crew of thirty men and twelve China doctors. On tiie eightli day out chicken- pox was reported, which was later found to be the dread small-pox, and for sixty-four days they were detained by the Hawaiian Government officials before being allowed to discharge tiieir cargo at Honolulu and proceed to Vancouver's Island. For fourteen days more they were de- tained there before being allowed to dock and discharge cargo. He then steamed away for Tacoma, Tuget Sound, for coal; but finding they would be delayed, he went to Seattle, and so on to San Francisco, where they arrived in August, 1883. Tiie Captain left the steamer there, de- termined to take no more chaucas on the sea^ but to build a home, and to enjoy a" least some of the rewards so richly earned, to live with his family hencefortli and to enjoy tlie society of his children; for, out of the entire fourteen years of married life in which he had followed the sea, only about six months iiad been spent on shore. He purchased a farm near lone, sent for his family, disposed of his interest in the va- rious vessels which he had acquired by patient industry, and in tlie following February he be- came a fanner in tiie golden State of California. Here he remained until March 1, 1888, when he moved his family to the city of Sacramento and engaged in the grain business on J street. The Bradley family is an old one, his father, John Bradley, having been master mechanic for Will- iam Lund, of Keiglitley, for twenty-five years. Mrs. Bradley is a laJy of culture and refine- ment, the daughter of Captain John Openshaw Cormack, of Sunderland, England. tLFRED BRIGGS, rancher, was born in the town of Skaneateles, Onondaga County, New York, September 11, 1820, son of Samuel and Anna (Wilkie) Briggs, both natives also of that State. Ills grandfather, John Briggs, was a a native of Vermont, and, after his daugh- ter Betsey was born, emigrated in pioneer times to the frontier in New York State, locating at a place called New Albany, where a number of his children were born, among whom was Sam- uel, the next to the eldest. A few years later he returned to Vermont, and in 1800 to New York again. He was a soldier in the Revolu- tionary War. Samuel Briggs was born in 1789. When grown up he received a piece of land from his father, and afterward bought other tracts. This farm contained 110 acres, and was about half a mile from the foot of Skaneateles Lake, the town of the same name being situated on both sides of the lake at the outlet. It is now in the possession of Conrtland Briggs, the youngest son. In early days the family were surrounded by friendly Indians of several tribes, and here Samuel brought up his family. His HISrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. house fionted on the old Genesee road running from Albany to Bnfi'alo, wliich was the first made through the country, a distance of about 300 miles. Along this I'owd were a number of " taverns," some of them kept by Indians- When thirty years of age Mr. Samuel Briggs married Miss Anna Wilkie. Her mother was born in New Amsterdam, of Mohawk Dutch descent. She died in 1841, and her luisband survived till about 1867. They had four chil- di'en, all sons, namely: Alfred, Frederick, Charles and Courtland, of whom the eldest and youngest only are living. Alfred Briggs lived with his parents and in the vicinity of his liome until he was twenty-five years of age, working on his father's farm and clerking for his uncle in a flouring mill and distillery. That mill in those days turned out about 100 barrels of fiour a day. In the distillery high wines exclusively were manufactured, which were shipped to New York. In 1845 Mr. Briggs went to Chicago and different places in Indiana. His brother Frederick was keeping a store at Rochester, In- diana, with whom he remained for a time, re- turning in the fall to New York. In July, 1846, he again went to Rochester, Indiana, and engaged as a clerk in a dry-goods store three months, or until November, when he went to the lead mines in La Fayette County, Wiscon- sin, which is in the southwest corner of the State. He followed mining there about eight- een months, then entered the store at Sliulls- burg as clerk, where he shortly afterward took an interest in the business, under the firm name of Briggs & McNulty. At the end of four years the gold excitement of California carried him away with the rushing crowd toward the £1 Dorado. Having seen some '49ers who had been here and returned, bringing the news direct, in April, 1850, he and a cousin, William Billings, started by way of St. Joseph, Missouri, and came through on the Salt Lake route. At St. Joseph they found many old acquaintances, that point being a great rendezvous for Western travel, and the final point of j)reparation and departure through the unknown wilds that stretched inimitably before the eager gold hunt- ers. They joined a train of six or seven wagons, commanded by Abi'am Woodard, an old settler in this county whose sketch appears in this work. Mr. Briggs celebrated the 4th of July in Salt Lake City, at agrand dinner furnished by the Mormons, who niade a business of feeding im- migrants. Here the party rested a few days. They left the valley July 10, taking the Mor- mon route, and using the Mormon guide book, which was the best one published at that time. They soon met two men from the Woodard train returning to Salt Lake for provisions. The company were suffering considerably on the route of the Sublette cut-off, and these two men announced their intention to go with this com- pany instead of pursuing the cut-off any further. Flour at that time was $50 a hundred weight, and cornmeal $25; a pint of brandy would buy fifty pounds of flour. Brandy, coffee and sugar commanded almost any price in Salt Lake City. The Mormons had made considerable money from returning Californians and money was scarcely an object with them. On reaching the Sink of the Humboldt they loaded Mr. Briggs' wagon with hay and water, leaving the other wagons there and packing the other animals Each one on his horse, they thus reached Rag- town, where they recruited, paying a " bit " a pound for hay. Crossing the mountains through the Carson Canon they reached Johnson's ranch, where they sold their horses, saddles, etc., and commenced mining. Mr. Briggs' mining ex- perience would be a history of itself. He was generally lucky — indeed so much so that others used to say, -'Wherever Briggs goes it will pay you to follow." Altogether he took out of the mines probably about $150,000. Being of a free-hearted tiature, he has been very liberal with his fortune. He followed the business about fourteen years in El Dorado Countj', dur- ing which time he was married, and for five or shx years lived on a ranch; but this being nearly all mining laud, he paid but little attention to farming. In the spring of 1864 he came to Sacramento County, and a year afterward pur- BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNT T. chased his present place in Sutter and Brighton townships. It contains 185 acres, well improved and in a good state of cultivation. Politically Mr. Briggs was in former years a Democrat. In 1853 he was elected to the Assembly from El Dorado County, and in 1858 he was again elected, on the auti-LeconipLton ticket (anti- slavery) to the same position. He has accord- ingly been a supporter of the Republican party ever since it was organized. In 1864, through the influence of John Conness, of El Dorado County, then United States Senator, Mr. Briggs received from Abraham Lincoln the appoint- ment of Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fourth District of California, which position he held nine years, having his oflice in Sacramento. For the past twenty-one years Mr. Briggs has been a member of Tehama Lodge, No. 3, F. & A. M., of Sacra:mento. October 18, 1854, is the date of Mr. Briggs' marriage to Mary A. Lucas, who died July 15, 1870, the mother of six chil- dren, namely: Helen M., Charles W., Anna E., John C, George F., and Alfred, Jr. The three youngest are deceased, and the living are all residents of this State. Mr. Briggs was again married October 28, 1873, to Mary E. Dough- erty, and by this marriage there are three chil- dren,— Bertha, Alfred and Clara. JPSlRAM CHASE, a faruier of Dry Creek Wm\ Township, was born November 16, 1824, ^Ig in Saratoga County, New York. His father, Abner Ciiase, was a native of Vermont, was in early years engaged in the manufacture of clothing, and afterward was a lumber mer- chant most of the time during the remainder of his life. He died in Cattaraagus County, New York, at the advanced age of ninety-one years. He was an energetic man in business, much in- terested in politics but never aspiring to office. For his wife he had married Mary Cox, also a native of New York; she died at the age of seventy-two years. There were live sons and two daughters in their family. The sons were C. C, Homer, Hiram, Henry and Charles. All except Charles are still living, and in the East- ern States. Hiram was brought up on a farm in New York and also trained in the lumber business, following this until he was twenty- eight years of age, then, in 1852, came to Cali- fornia. Starting for the coast he was at first in a large train, but afterward he and two others came on with one mule. After stopping in Placerville for a short time he came into Dry Creek Town- ship and rented a ranch of William L. Mclntyre on shares. Ono year afterward he took a farm in San Joaquin. Selling this, he entered into partnership with a son of Mclntyre in a ranch on his land, and remained there until 1857 when he went East, by way of Panama, and visited in New York State; and there he was married, in 1859, to Miss Amanda, daughter of Simon and Fanny (Flagg) Frazer. Her grandfather was a soldier in the British arm}'. Both her parents were natives of Vermont. In 1869 Mr. Chase returned to California, by way of the Union and Central Pacific railroads, intending to settle at Los Angeles; but, finding so many of his old friends in Sacramento County beseeching him to remain here, he yielded to their persuasive arguments. Accordingly he purchased his pres- ent ranch of 160 acres, from John McFarland, then a part of the Sharon grant. This farm he has improved until he has made it one of the best in the country, it being a model of comfort and neatness. He is now gradually converting it into vineyard and orchard. Mr. Chase has been a member of the I. O. O. F. since 1848, being now connected with the Phoenix Lodge at Gait. Of his four children only two are living: Fanny, wife of S. M. Fulton, and John C, liv- ing on the home place. ^-^--^ fAMES H. COSTELO wa^ born in Phila- delphia, October 9, 1837, sou of John and Mary (Costelo) Costelo. He worked at the blacksmith trade in his native State until 1855, when he went to Linn County, Iowa, where he HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. remained five years. In 1860 he moved to Den- ver, Colorado, where he remained two years and eight months employed at bis trade. In 1862 he started for California with mule teams. He was accompanied by his family, father and mother and two hired men. The trip occupied only sixty- two days. They arrived in Sacra- mento September 21, 1862, just before the State iair of that year. James Costelo remained in Sacramento three months working at his trade, then leased the Daylor ranch on the Cosumnes Kiver, where he remained two years. He then leased a ranch in Napa County and lost $4,000 during the year he stayed there. In 1865 he moved to Sacramento and purchased a ranch located fourteen miles from Sacramento at old Elk Grove. He also runs a blacksmith shop. He was married, in January, 1862, to Miss Sarah L. Shockley, a native of Ohio, whose parents came to California in 1862 with Mr. Costelo. Mrs. Costelo's mother resides with them, aged seventy-four years. In their family are eight children: Hatlie B., George L., Levy S., Raymond Y., deceased, Clarence, Nellie, Edna and Walter. Mr. Costelo is now paying his attention to the raising of fine horses, and he has some splendid specimens of the noble animal on his ranch. The ranch is in a fine state of cultivation. He belongs to the Elk Grove I. O. O. F., No. 274, Grange, and Occidental Encampment, of Sacramento. '^■^■^ fINCENTO CASELLl, orchardist, was born in Tuscany, Italy, August 16, 1835, a son of Pasquale Caselli, who died Nov- ember 21, 1888, at the age of eighty-seven years. His mother died October 19, 1887, at the age of seventy-eight years. When seventeen years old he sailed for America and spent the first year in New York, manufacturing images from plaster of Paris. Next year he came to California by the Nicaragua route, landing in San Francisco in August, and on the coast he spent the first year among the mines in Sonora. Then he raised vegetables three years at San Francisco, and then engaged in farming in this county. He was five years on rented land on the Sacra- mento River in Sutter Township, and then bought seventy-two acres about two miles below the Riverside House and there carried on farm- ing and vegetable gardening about ten years. Selling this place, he returned to Italy to visit, his parents. After thirteen months of absence he rented a place below Sutterville, where the old brewery was, and remained there two years; and finally, in 1876, he purchased his present place between the upper and lower Stockton roads, consisting of sixty acres and devoted mostly to fruit; twenty-three acres are in vine- yard, three acres in orchard of ditTerent kinds of fruit, especially the small fruits. Much credit is due Mr. Caselli for the industry and economy by which he has increased his worldly posses- sions from nothing to the comfortable home which he now enjoys. His family are all indus- trious laborers. Mr. Caselli was married, in 1861, to Mary Nevis, a native of Portugal, who died September 20, 1877, at the age of thirty- five years. Mr. Caselli has had six children, named Alfred, Maggie, Albert, Emanuel, Belle and Flora. Belle was born in Italy and the others in this county. ILLIAM CARROLL, an enterprising and successful farmer of Lee Township, was born in 1833, in Canada East, ab(nit forty-five miles from Montreal, in a settle- ment almost entirely Catholic, known as St. Coluinban. His parents, William and Cather- ine (Cunningham) Carroll, were both Irish, the father being a native of Fermanagh, and the mother of Longford. They were married in New York State about 1828, and their oldest child was born there, being about two years old when they settled at St. Columban's in 1831. They were the parents of ten sons and two daughters, all living in 1889, except one, who died at the age of fourteen. William received HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. the usual education of what was the equivalent of our district schools, but with a certain fee or contribution attachment. At the age of nine- teen or twenty he hired out as a steamboat hand, and worked at different lines of work until he was twenty-five. In the fall of 1858 he set out for California by tiie way of New York and Cape Horn, arriving in San Francisco in March, 1859, after a voyage of 133 days from New York, in tlie clipper ship Gray Feather. He engaged in the sheep-raisinsf business on Government land, free to all, until he bought a possessory right in 1863, part homestead and part purchased from the rail- road, which he increased by further purchase at intervals until he owned 720 acres. About 1881 he sold 320 acres, making his present holding about 400 acres, on which he raises the usual grain crops. He was married in 1878 to Mrs. Lucy (Scanlan) Kavauaugh, a native of Kerry, Ireland. They have no living children, but Mrs. Carroll is the mother, by her previous marriage, of two, a son and daughter, the latter now being Mrs. Louis K. Callison, of San Jose. 4''i^. ■se)S fHARLES TRAVER.— Among those who, coming to California in the early days, have amassed a fortune and become promi- nent as representative men in this "the land of golden promise," the subject of this sketch ranks among the most widely and favorably known. The story of his life carries with it a lesson fully illustrating what may be accom- plished, even under adverse circumstances, by perseverance and well-directed energy. He was born at Cincinnati, Oiiio, and was but a child wlien taken to South Bend, Indiana, where he was raised in the family of a cousiti,and worked in a brick j'ard, receiving little or no rudiment- ary education. At the age of si.xteen years he ran away from home and found employment upon the river and elsewhere; this was in 1841. In 1844 his cousin, starting for Oregon, desired him to accoinp-tny him, but he decided to re- main in South Bend, and was there united in marriage to Miss Dillie Day, a daughter of Cap- tain Lot Day, a farmer. As he grew up he be- came acquainted with Charles Crocker (since noted), who came from the same place, South Bend, and they were friends prior to coming to California, as well as since. In 1850, in com- pany with his wife and a party made up at Suuth Bend, he started out for California, over- land. Schuyler Colfax, afterward Vice-Presi- dent of the United States, being then a warm personal friend, made them a farewell speech as they started on the then long journey. Their train, consisting of thirty-two ox teams, made quite an imposing array. On this, his first jf)urney across the plains (he has made three altogether), Mr. Traver walked every step of the way and carried his rifle on his shoulders. Crossing the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, the party proceeded up on the north side of the Platte, to Salt Lake, and by way of Goose Creek, the head of the Humboldt, etc., to Hangtown, arriving August 12, having been something over four months on the road. During the follow- ing year (1851) his father-in-law, Captain Day, came across the plains and settled at Stockton, San Joaquin County, where Mr. Traver and wife joined him. Remaining there till the fall of that year, they went to the Cosumnes and rented the Slough House, which had been kept by Daley & Sheldon. Daley had died in the fall of 1850, of cholera, and Sheldon, a man of irascible temper, had made himself unpopular and was shot during the following spring. Mr. Traver kept the Slough House till the winter of 1853, when he crossed over into i'olo County and took up a homestead, where for fourteen years he made his home, until he took up his residence permanently in the Capital City. Mr. Traver was one of the first in the State to raise grain. In 1852 he paid sixteen cents a pound for seed barley, sowed i^ cut it all himself with a cradle, and hired Indians to rake and bind it, and in this primitive and laborious manner secured the first crop. When in 1800, upon the completion of the Masonic Temple, the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. county court-rooms were removed from the building at the corner of Ninth and K streets to that edifice, Mr. Toll remodeled his building and fitted it up as a hotel, and in doing so be- came involved. The property came into the possession of L. M. Curtis and Mr. Traver, and after the floods of 1861-'62, when the water stood on the first floor of the building as high as the bar. they refitted and refurnished it for one Judy, who kept it for a time. It was after- ward kept by James Shoemaker for two years. Curtis & Traver then bought the lot, forty feet on K street and 120 feet on Seventh, inaking altogether 100x120 feet. In 1868 the entire building was remodeled, and has since been known as the Capitol Hotel, one of the finest in the city. When in 1864 Mr. Traver moved in from the ranch, he did so in order to take charge of tiie hotel; but he soon leased the property to Mr. Day, a brother-in-law, who ran the house until he was succeeded a few years later by Messrs. Blessing & Guthrie, the present proprietors. Of the later enterprises which have engaged the attention of Mr. Traver, the "Seventy-six Land and Water Company" of Fresno County, and building of the town of Traver on the Southern Pacific road, must re- ceive at least a passing notice. Having pur- chased a large tract of land in Fresno County, midway between the city of Fresno and Tulare, he conceived the idea of bringing the water of King's River, thirty-two miles distant, for pur- poses of irrigation, and a ditch 100 feet wide at the hottom was constructed and proved a per- fect success. In 1884 the town of Traver was laid out, a station and other buildings erected, and at the first day's sale of town lots in April that year $27,000 was realized; and such was the rapid development of this section, due to the abundant supply of water, that in 1885 more wheat was shipped from Traver station than from any other point on the Southern Pacific liailroad. Mr. Traver has been a Freemason since 1849, being a cliarter member of Castwcll Lodge, of South Bend, Indiana, and an Odd Fellow since 1886, being a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 4, and of Encampment No. 2, of this city. Such in brief is the outline of the history of one of Sacramento's most successful and honored citizens, who began life without a dollar, and who arrived on this coast forty years ago without a business acquaintance or a friend; yet such has been the success of his life that it is with pleasure that we accord to him a promi- nent place in this historic volume of a county with which he has been so closely identified for so many years. ^.(^^.^ fHOMAS HOLDER, proprietor of the City Hotel, Sacramento, is a native of Eng- land, born at Bath, Somersetshire, on the 28th of August, 1832, his parents being John and Ann (Challenger) Holder. The name origi- nates from the Tower Holders of London (time of the great fire of 1666). Thomas Holder was reared and educated at Bath, and served two years at the confectionery business. He then went to London, where he was for four years under the noted Sawyer, of the Reform Club. He then went to Australia, under engagement with the Melbourne Club, of Melbourne, where he was given charge, though only twenty years of age. In the meantime his father, who was on his way to Australia, went down with the George Tayleur in the Irish Channel, and our subject went back to England to take his mother to Australia. He took her to Geelong, Victoria, where he opened a large confectionery establishment. There his mother died. He closed out the business, and accepted a commis- sion to travel in the interests of the Govern- ment. During his service in this capacity he had some adventures which he will never for- get. He started with the ill-fated Burke and Wills' scientific expedition in 1860, to explore the continent of Australia in a line from its southern to its northern borders. When they arrived at the Barcoo, on Cooper Creek, a depot was formed, and Mr. Holder and others were left there, while Robert O'Hara Burke, William HISTORY OF HAGRAMENTO COUNTY. John Wills (of the Melbourne Observatory) and two others, named Gray and King, proceeded on across the desert, leaving the rest, on the 16th of December, taking a horse and six camels. They accomplished their task, and started back. Gray died on the way, on the 16th of April. Five days later the others reached the Barcoo. j But as misfortune would have it, they had been j given up for lost by Mr. Holder, and those with him, who had taken their departure only a few hours before the three reached there. They wandei'ed about; Burke and Wills died of star- vation, and King fell in with some friendly blacks, with whom he was found by a relief ex- pedition. On another occasion Mr. Holder had a terrible experience on the west coast of New Zealand. With a party of sixty he was landed at Bruce's Bay by the ship William Misken, for the purposeof exploring and prospecting. There is a promontory there, running well out into the sea, and this was supposed to be the end of the gold diggings. They met with disaster in many respects. Most of them started to return by land, but that way there were nine snow rivers to cross. A whale boat had been left them, and Mr. Holder and eight others took the boat, and four out of that number manned it. They ran out of provisions and water, and were eight days and nine nights at sea in the open boat, when they were iinally picked up by tlie bteamer "Claude Hamilton," off Cape Foul- weather, and taken to Nelson. Mr. Holder then engaged in trading between Nelson atid Okitiki. Fie was so engaged for about five months when he went to Melbourne, and was then called to Sydney to take the position of manager of the Australian Club. He held that position for six years, and gave it up to take the Pier Hotel at Manley Beach, nine miles from Sydney. When he closed there lie left Aus- tralia witli the intention of visiting England with his wife and family, but arriving at San Francisco concluded to remain there. He opened the City Bouffe on Kearny street, one of the greatest oyster-houses and restaurants of the day. He next went to Portland, Oregon, and opened theMaison Dore, but afterward returned to San Francisco, and opened the large London and Glasgow pie establishment, wholesale and retail, oVi Valencia street, where he himself sold as high as 1,000 pies on the street per night. He )iext leased the Neptune Gardens, Alameda, from the railroad company, and conducted them one season. Following this, in 1886, he came to Sacramento, and opened the City Hotel and had it ready for the accommodation of fair visitors, a big undertaking, for the small amount of time he had. His great experience as a caterer gives him an immense advantage in the operation of a hotel, and he has built up the trade of his house from nothing to its present large proportions. Mr. Holder was married in Australia, ApFil 11, 1871, to Miss Minnie Shay, a native of Australia. They have had eight children, of whom four are living, viz.: Thomas Percival, Ernest John, Ellen Louise and William Oscar. Mr. Holder is an enterprising man, and in his business has made a name for him- self in more than one country. He has had an eventful life, and one well worth the writing. supervisor of Sacra- n the Union, indeed tENKY C. BOSS, men to. No State 1.0 country in the world, can equal Cali- fornia in the history of her sons, who from small beginnings have, by enterprise and good judgment, advanced to positions of eminence and atfluence. A good illustration of this re- mark is the life of the subject of this sketch, who was born in the little village of Camden, Preble County, Ohio, December 28, 1834. When he was a child his father, Charles Ross, a native of Pennsylvania, died. His mother, Lois (Ladd) Boss, also a Pennsylvanian, after- ward was again married. His opportunities for a school education were greatly limited, as he had but the winter seasons for a few years in which to attend school. With the noble pluck characteristic of the Scotch ancestry, from which he sprang, he determined to leurn some useful HISTORr OF HACUAMENTO COUNTY. trade with which to tight the battle of life. Ac- cordingly, he entered as an apprentice with Wysold & Pierce, a tirin of masons, served his time and became an expert bricklayer. Early in 1850 his half-brother, C. W. Pierce, had come to California, and, in connection with B. F. Alexander, established the firm of Pierce & Alexander, contractors and builders, in the city of Sacramento. In 1852 Mr. Pierce returned to Ohio on a visit, and his account of the "golden" opportunities to be had in this lo- cality induced Mr. Ross to accompany him back to this State. Coming by way of the Nicaragua route, they arrived here in April, 1853. Mr. Ross, being a skilled workman, readily found employment at $12 a day. But as money could be made much more rapidly in the cattle trade, Mr. Ross, in company with his half-brother, en- gaged in that business, buying their stock in t.ie lower counties of the State and driving them across the country to Sacramento, to sup- ply the demand occasioned by the mining ope- rations upon the Sacramento River and other mining districts, whose base of supply was at this point. In this business lie continued until 1859, when, having accumulated a handsome sum and become weary of the arduous duties connected witli the cattle trade, he went to the Cosumnes River, in what is now Lee Toivnship, and purchased a ranch of 600 acres; and it was during this time, October 3, 1859, that he was married to Miss Rachel A. Bailey, daughter of Joshua T. Bailey, a pioneer wlio crossed the plains from Wisconsin in 1849, and settled in Brighton Township, where he died. Mr. Ross has continued to live upon this ranch for nearly thirty years, peaceful, happy and prosperous. Trials come, it is true, for none escape them. His first son, Augustus, after gladdening their hearts for six brief years, died and was buried here. Four other sons and four daughters have been born in this family. On the 16th of No- vember, 1887, their mother passed to her eter- nal rest, leaving a record of a well-spent life in the hearts of those who knew lier. Mr. Ross has been, and is, an outspoken Democrat in his political sympathies; and the fact that his sup- porters in public office are also derived largely from the Republican ranks speaks volumes in his favor. His district is strongly Republican; but when in 1885 he received the nomination of his party for the responsible position of super- visor of Sacramento County, in the election that followed he was complimented with the hand- some majority of 150 votes. During his term of service he was the only Democratic member of the Board. He is a member of the order of Patrons of Husbandry, and of Gait Encamp- ment, No. 289, I. O. O. F. ; and is also a member of the Caledonian Club. fRANK MECKFESSEL, of Sacramento, is a native of Germany, born ten miles from Bremen, Hanover, on the 8th day of De- cember, 1888, his parents being Frederick and Gretchen Meckfessel. He was reared at his native place until he had finished his education, at the age of fourteen, and, his mother having died when he was only ten years, he came to the United States in 1852. He sailed from Bremen to New Orleans on the German vessel "Rebecca," then proceeded to St. Louis, when he again commenced attendance at school, this time for something over a year. He then served an apprenticeship with Weston & Hei'rish, hat- ters, at the corner of Third street and Wash- ington avenue. He remained with them until 1861, when he came out to California, via New York, which city he left in April, on the steamer "Champion." Crossing the Isthmus of Pan- ama, he resumed his sea voyage on the steamer •' Golden Gate," aiid lauded at San Francisco April 26, 1861. He came at once to Sacramento and has resided here ever since. Since 1869 he has been engaged in trucking and by fair and lionest dealing and prompt attention to the calls of business, he has built up a large and perma- nent trade, and a solid and lasting reputation. Mr. Meckfessel was married in this city on the 25th of January, 1865, to Miss Eliphalet Skel- HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. ton, a native of England. Mr. and Mrs. Meck- fessel have reared one son— Frank, Jr., a young man of much promise, now engaged with Hunt- ington, Hopkins & Co., as stenographer. Mr. Meckfessel is a member of Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. O. O. F. »^.^^5^.^.t^ - fACOB M. NIELSEN, one of the most prominent representatives of the black- smithing business in Sacramento, and brother of C. Nielson, whoso sketch appears else- where, is a native of Denmark, born at Gudj- berg, near Svendborg, on the 22d of September, 1855. He was reared there, and attended school from his seventh year until he had reached the age of fourteen years. He then commenced the trade of blacksinithing, and served an appren- ticeship of four years. He also attended the King's Veterinary College, at Copenhagen, and there learned the trade of horse-healing in all its fine points, having been sent there by the Agricultural Society. "When he was six months past his twenty-first birthday he entered an engineer regiment, in the army, composed of mechanics. He served with his regiment fifteen consecutij-e months, and in the fall of the follow- in" year went back for a short term. In the spring of 1878 he came to this country with his brother, C. Nielsen. Proceeding by rail to Hamburg, they took steamer to Grimsley, Eng- land, thence went to Liverpool, and from there made the voyage to Halifax on the steamer " Caspian." They left home on the 3d of April, and left Hamburg on the 4th. They were two days on the North Sea, in Liverpool five days, and eleven days from there to Halifax. From there they proceeded to Montreal, thence to Chicago, and from there to Sacramento. He went to work here for Holzman, Anderson & Co., Eleventh and J streets, and remained with them seven or eight months. He then went to Yuba City, and after vvorking a short time there returned to Sacramento, and engaged with M. L. Wise, with whom he remained until he went in partnership with his brother in business, in May, 1880. Since the partnership was dis- solved, in 1883, he has been in business alone. In 1888 he put up his present substantial brick building at 1011 Tenth street. It is 28x40 feet in ground area, and affords the best facili- ties for liis business. He employs two skilled workmen, besides himself. In the horseshoe- ing line he makes a specialty of the shoeing of race-horses and fine animals generally. Among his patrons may be mentioned Wilbur Smith, Dr. Hicks, Matt Storms, and many other own- ers and handlers of fine horses. None but the most skillful operators can command this trade, but Mr. Nielsen's thorough scientific training especially fits him for this difiicult clas-s of work. In him Sacramento has one of the mas- ters of his profession. Mr. Nielsen was married in Sacramento, March 8, 1882, to Miss Ida Boudeson, ative of Sweden. Th ey tiav( three children, viz.: Niels Elvvood, Jacob lioy and Eda Elbertina. Mr. Nielsen is a popular man, and well deserves the success that has at- tended him in business. The parents of the Nielteu brothers are now living in Denmark, but the business formerly carried on by the father is now conducted by his son Nicolai. Another son besides those mentioned here is a resident of Sacramento, viz.: Corfitz Nielsen, of the firm of Westwick & Nielsen, grocers and manufact- urers of the Danish Viking Bitters. ILLIAM MELVIN (now deceased) was for many years one of the best-known residents of Sacramento, having been identified with the city from the mining days until the time of his death. He was a native of Belfast, Ireland, born in 1819, who came to this country with his parents when he was twelve years of age. The family located at Kochester, New York, where the father con- ducted a blacksinithing, wagon and carriage- making shop, and there William Melvin learned his trade on arriving at a suitable age. In HISTORY OF SACUAMESTO COUNTY. 725 1854 he came to California via New York and Panama, footing it across the Isthimis. Land- ing at San Francisco, he came at once to Sacra- mento, and obtained emph)yment with the stage company, at tlieir shops, on tlie corner of Fifth and L streets. Leading them, he went with the firm of Pike &, Young, corner of Fourth and L, witii wiiom he remained until 1857. He then went back to Rochester, New York, and in the folio .ving year brought his family out to Sacra- mento. He went into business for himself on Fourth street, between I and J, afterward re- moving to the corner of Fourth and I, and removing to the present location of the shop in 1881. In 1884 he took his son Herbert G. Melvin into partnership, and the firm so con- tinued until his death. He was married in Rochester, New York, to Miss Honora Ann Geegan, who died in 1865. By that marriage there were four children, of whom three are living, viz.: Herbert G., Margaret, wife of Da- vid Faulkner, of Sacramento, and Nettie J. The deceased child, William Montgomery, was aged about twenty-one at the time of his death. Mr. Melvin wasa member of the American Prot- estant Association. He was one of the oldest members of the Neptune Hose Company, in the volunteerfire department; was for a long time its foreman, and was a prominent member of the Ex- empt Firemen's Association. He was a stanch Re- publican in his political afiiliations, but after the celebrated " Short-Hair Convention," as it was facetiously called, to which he was a dele- gate, he never took an active part in party or- ganization. His death occurred on the let of June, 1887, and was mourned by a large circle of friends. tERBERT G. MELVIN, now the proprie- tor of the business still conducted under the firm name of William Melvin & Son, is a native of Rochester, New York, born Au- gust 26, 1852. He was reared in Sacramento. and received his education in the public schools of this city. He learned his trsde in his father's shops, and in 1884 became a partner in the business. Since his father's death the business has fallen into his hands entirely, and hiS" man- agement of it shows his excellent business quali- fications. He employs, on an average, eight skilled workmen, and does all kinds of wagon and truck manufacturing, general blacksmith- ing, horse shoeing etc., but makes a specialty of the manufacture of heavy trucks, in which this shop btands unequalled. The demand for these trucks extends to a considerable distance from this city. Mr. Melvin was married in this city, in September, 1878, to Miss Nettie J. Russell, a native of Sacramento County. He is a mem- ber of Columbia Lodge, K. of P., and of Eureka Lodge, L O. O. F. He was for seven years a member of the City Guard of Sacramento, and rose from the ranks to the rank of First Ser- geant. In politics he is a Republican. Mr. Melvin is one of the most active and enterpris- ing young men of business in Sacramento, and well deserves the success with which he is meeting. fHARLES WILKE, manufacturing jeweler, Sacramento, is a native of Germany, born at Hoff, Bavaria, on the 31st of July, 1841, his parents being John and Elizabeth (Zinn) Wilke, the father a musician by profession, and leader of a military band. The subject of this sketch was reared at his native place, received the education afforded by the public schools of Hoff, and was graduated at the Lower Polytech- nic School, which he attended for three years after leaving the common schools, being one of the successful candidates, although forty-eight out of a class of sixty-four were rejected. He served an apprenticeship at the jeweler's trade with John Laupmann, then traveled to polish up his knowledge of the trade, being engaged in all five and a half years in Europe, including his apprenticeship. He worked at Prague and Vienna, thence wont to the frontier. He do- BJlSTOIir OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. cided to go to America, and on tlie 3d of Sep- tember, 1863, he sailed from Bremen on the oUl sail ship Atlantic, and landed at New York 011 the 25tli of October. He remained there until the 1st of December, working in his own room, then went to Pittsburg. There he en- gaged with Charles Terhuyten, with whom he remained three years. He then worked in his own shop for the firm of McP'adden &'Co.. In 1870 he started for himself, and later worked some six or seven months for the leading firm of Pittsburg (now James R. Reed & Co.). In 1876 he came to California, locating at Sacra- mento, and soon commenced business on the corner of Fifth and J streets, up stairs. , He manufactured work for the trade there nearly seven years, and in January, 1883, established himself at his present location on Seventh street, between J and K. Mr. Wilke was mar- ried in December, 1863, to Miss Louisa Diet- rich, a native of Bohemia. They have had eight children, of whom six are living, viz.: Chris, who married Emma Schwann; Emma, wife of Seaman Wilde, of Sacramento, and Martha, George, Nellie and Charles. Mr. Wilke is a member of California Lodge, K. of P.; of Harmony Lodge, K. & L. of II.; of Walhalla Grove, No. 6, A. O. D., and of the Verein-Eintracht. He is a pushing man of business, and has earned his success by his own efforts. fDIERSSEN & Co.— Probably no firm in Sacramento offers an instance of such ** rapid rise to a place among the leading business houses, as does that of D. Dierssen & Co., wholesale and retail grocers, corner of Ninth and L streets. Therefore a personal sketch of the gentlemen who have been identi- fied with the firm becomes necessary in this connection. D. Dierssen is a native of Prussia, born near Bremen, on the 5th of February, 1852, his parents being John and Anna Eliza (Ikoqnit) Dierssen, the father a merchant. He spent his early boyhood days at his native place, and there received his schooling. In 1865 he came to the United States, locating at Brooklyn, where he remained three years. The following year he was in New York, and in 1869 he came to California, locating in Sacramento. He was but a mere boy in years yet, was an entire stranger, and had bnt $4 in his pocket. After he had been here a few days, he got out of funds, and meeting Charles Fleisen, obtained employment tending bar for him at his place on Seventh and I streets. Eight months later he formed a partnership with Mr. Lammermann, corner of Eighth and L streets, but after about two weeks Mr. Lamermann was taken sick, and sold his interest to Mr. Heisen. One month later Mr. Heisen sold out to Fred. Koster, and the latter and Mr. Dierssen remained in business about eleveti months, when Claus Feld- liusen purchased Mr. Dierssen's interest for $625. The latter then rested for three or four weeks, and he then went in partnership with D. Kohler, and they engaged in business on I street, between Sixth and Seventh. The interest of Mr. Dierssen v\as estimated at $1,000, and he paid on it $625 in cash. After they had been in business six months, Mr. Kohler said he wanted to go back to Switzerland, and would buy or sell for $250. So Mr. Dierssen bought him out, and continued the business alone. Then a fire burned the building and stock, and the Occidental Insurance Company, in which he was insured, paid but forty cents on the dol- lar, having been crippled by the great Chicago fire of six months before. Mr. Dierssen lost even all his extra clothing by the fire, and with his $400 insurance money paid up his debts. Thus, after three years of hard work, he was left to start over again from the very last round of the ladder. He obtained employment with John Batcher, on Third and M streets, and after working for him two years had saved up $163. One day, as he was passing a store on the corner of Twelfth and O streets, then in charge of Charles Lnhrs, an acquaintance, that gentleman told him if he would buy the place, he would HISTORY OF SACllAMENTO COUNTY. see him tlirouwh. Mr. Dierssen consiilered the proposition, accepted the offer, and then gave up his position witii Mr. Batcher. Tiiere was but the sliuiinest kind of a stoci< in his new store, and he commenced business there with an actual capital of only $163, and a debt of $400. There was a little room back of the store-room, and in it lie boarded himself. He cleaned up the place, and put the small stock in good order, and commenced to build up a trade. He had no one to assist him, and he delivered goods after nine o'clock at night, when the store was closed. In six months he had money enough to pay off his indebtedness. He kept improving gradually, and after he had been in business four years and a half at Twelfth and O, he removed to the southeast corner of Ninth and L, across the street from the present store. In 1884 the fine building now occupied by the store was erected, and is now the seat of a mag- nificent trade. Mr. Dierssen was married in this city, on the Tth of P'ebruary, 1875, to Miss Sophia Lauken, a native of California, born in Yolo County, and educated in Sacramento. They have four ciiildren, viz.: Addie, Laura, Willie and Richard. In 1887, Mr. Dierssen purchased a rancii in Yolo County, and sold it in 1889, for $8,100. In the latter year he pur- chased 2,160 acres of land in Kings County, Washington, stretching between points from one and a half to nine miles from Seattle. This land is eligibly situated, and must prove a great investment. He has an interest in a hop ranch near McConnell Station, in Sacramento County, which he purchased in 1881. In 1877, Mr. Dierssen took a trip to Europe for pleasure and recreation, having well earned a vacation from business cares. Mr. Dierssen's ease certainly presents an edifying example for young men. Commencing work in this city when his pocket was literally empty, he began the battle with fortune amid the most adverse circumstances, and he has fought his way to the front until he is now a capitalist, able to retire, though still a young man, in the prime and vigor of life. He will, however, attend personally to his invest- ments, and is destined to make his mark in yet brighter fields. His rank in tiuaucial circles has always been of the highest, and since he com- menced in business on the corner of Twelfth and O streets, he has never contracted a debt, but paid cash as he went. In social circles his standing is equally high, and he is an esteemed and honored member of the coinnninity in which he resides. fE(3RGE E. A. DIERSSEN, now control- ling the business of D. Dierssen & Co., is a brother of D. Dierssen, whose sketch appears above, and was born July 31, 1863. He was educated at Bremen between the ages of six and fourteen years, and in 1877 came to America with his brother (then home on a visit), and came on to Sacramento, after spending a week in New York. After reaching this city he en- gaged with his brother in the store, meantime attending night school with Mr. Goethe, corner of Twelfth and K streets. In 1884 he became a member of the firm, and is now the proprietor of the business. He was married on the 11th of April, 1889, to Miss Edith Ernst, who was reared in Sacramento. Mr.- Dierssen is a mem- ber of lodge No. 40, A. F. & A. M., and of Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M. His store on the corner of Ninth and L streets, is one of the most complete in point of volume and variety of stock, and completeness of equip- ments, to be found in central California. The store is handsome in appearance, everything is in its place and in the neatest of order, while the whole place is light and dry, and exceedingly attractive in appearance. The large circular display stand, at the great corner windows, is a fine and novel feature. All the details of con- struction about the store are of the latest and most convenient patterns, affording unusual facilities for rapid handling of goods. The house does an extensive wholesale and retail business, and both departments are constantly increasing, so that this store, started on such a HISTORY OF SACUAMENTO COUNTY. small scale, is getting to be one of the most prominent factors in the commercial circles of Sacramento. Mr. Dierssen is one of the bright- est and most active young business men in the city, is genial and courteous in his manner, and has a host of friends. t LEXIS JOSEPH DANIS, merchant, of Sacramento, is a native of Lower Canada, born at Montreal, September 17, 1832, his parents being Alexis and Ursula (Etchier) Danis. His father, who was born in France March 17, 1800, is yet living; while his mother, a native of Canada, of French descent, died in 1854, aged forty-nine year,~. A. J. Danis was reared at St. Eustace, twenty-one miles from iMontreal, where his father, a potter by trade, had a pottery and blacksmith shop. He was educated at the French College at St. Eustace, and graduated there at the age of sixteen years. He obtained employment in the wholesale house of John Thompson, at Montreal, going to work at $2 a month, and having his wages in- creased until they reached $12 a month at the end of one year, including board, etc. He was next employed by -Tifiine & Elliott, Montreal, and from there went to St. Eustace, where he opened a general country store. In 185G he sold out his business for the purpose of re- moving to California. Going to New York, lie took passage on the steamer Golden Age, on the 2d of June, and after crossing the Isthmus of Panama, came to San Francisco on the steamer New West, landing June 28. With him had come his brother Ozias (now in San Francisco), and a brother-in-law, Israel Millard. They met a Frenchman named Lachance, who said, " Boys, if you go to Oroville with me, there is a flume being built on the Feather River, where you can have employment." Mr. Danis had" started with $2,200, and consequently had plenty of money. His oflTer was accepted, and the four started for San Francisco by boat, and getting into Sacramento at 2 a. m., spent the night at the Free Swiss Hotel, where Baker & Hamilton now do business. They went by boat to Marys- ville, and thence by stage to Oroville. After three or four days, with mules, they took the trail to their destination, on Feather River. There they found the bosa to be a Franch Cina- dian, and Mr. Danis, who was the only one of his party who could speak English, applied for work. The boss asked him where they were from, and when he answered "from Canada," he im- mediately gave them work, which continued for sixty-tive days at $4 per day, with board. Then the flume was sold to a Ciiinaman, and Mr. Da- nis and his party returned to Sacramento. He obtained a situation with Lindley, Wooster & Weaver, at Seventh and J streets, atid afterward with Shreet & Arnold. He was next with Dis- petcher & Field, on J, between Second and Third streets, where he became head porter, and when Mr. Dispetcher went to France he left Field in partnership with LeRoy. Field, after his mar- riage, went to France, and LeRoy closed out the business, Mr. Danis being thus thrown out of a situation. He next went to work in the store of A. Wolf, with whom he remainetl until 18G4. Just previous to the flood of 1861 he started on horseback toward the levee, to see how it stood at the old tannery. Arriving there, he saw water breaking through, and hurried back to give the alarm to all whom he knew. When he got to Eighth and K streets, and told Mr. Cheva- lier, the latter laughed at him, but Mr. Danis told him he would have to be astir, or he would lose his goods. When he got to his own resi- dence, he found there was already from eighteen to twenty-two inches of water on the ground. Tiie flood of the 9th of December, 1861, liad already commenced its workof destruction. He hastened to the store and saved everything he could, and when he got back home to see how things were getting along, he found four feet of water there, and constantly rising. By 4 o'clock p. m. there was from Ave to six feet of water on K, L and M streets, and four feet on J, but in the morn- ing it receded on account of the break on the R street levee. On the lOtii of January, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 1862, the flood came again, much heavier than before, and the water remained nine or ten days all over tlie city, so deep tliat one could get alioiit only with canoes or boats. Mr. Danis and his brother (the latter being a good carpenter), built two boats, and they would call on their friends in the second stories of houses. Mr. Danis' present wife, with her parents and sister, had to seek safety in the Stanford House, at Eighthand N streets, obtainingentrance through the second-story windows, their own house being only one-story in height. During the first night a horse swam right into the second-story of the house, and was saved. After the flood Mr. Da- nis recommenced work for his former employ- ers. In 1864 he engaged with L. Parsons & Co., witli whom he remained three years, in the capacity of salesman and manager. He next went with Chevalier & Co.. with whom he re- mained until they removed to San Francisco. He then went to the city and obtained employ- ment as a salesman. He opened up Ebner Bros', place on Fourth street, in the St. George build- ing, in the winter of 1863-'64, buying all the goods for their stock. In 1865 he again re- turned to the employ of Chevalier. His next employer was Jones, with whom he remained two years, and then went with G. W. Chesley, taking charge of his cigar department, which had just been started, Mr. Danis buying all the goods. He next went with Harris & Cranor, and afterward went to Aurora with his two ten- n)ule teams loaded with liquors. On returning to Sacramento he went to work for Selden, and after a varied experience entered the employ of H. Weinreich. He next opened a shoe store on the corner of Sixth and J streets. After sev- eral months he closed up the store and went to work on commission. He commenced his present business in October, 1887. He was married to Catherine McCartliy, who was reared at Boston, Massachusetts. They have four children living, viz.: Lena, a graduate of the high school, now a teacher; Ella, a writer in the Mechanics' Store; Belle and Mabel. Mr. Danis has been a member of Capital Lodge, No. 87, L O. O. F., since 1865, and also belongs to Co- sumnes Tribe, No. 14, Ked Men, of which he is a Past Sachem. He is an active Democrat po- litically, having cast his first vote in California for Stephen A. Douglas for president, and has represented his party in many city and county conventions. He was the candidate for recor- der on the unsuccessful Democratic ticket in 1876. On his fifty-sixth birthday, in 1888, he had a brother aged eighty-six years, and two sisters aged respectively ninety-one and ninety- six years, and all sat down to one table together. Mr. Danis was the fourth in order of age of his father's children, and all the older ones aie yet living. i-^)-«S^— ^'^ ,ENRY FORTMAN. the |rM| enterprising of the young business men of ^Is Sacramento, and consequently worthy of mention in this work, is the gentleman with whose name this sketch commences. Henry Fortman, or " Harry," as he is generally known, is a native of Chicago, born on the south side of that great city, on the corner of Twelfth and State streets, August 25, 1860. His parents, Michael and Katie (Herbert) Fortman, are yet living, and reside in the vicinity of Downer's Grove, Illinois. Our subject received his schooling in the public schools of his native city, and when he was nine years old he went to work for his father in the latter's store, at 3446 State Street (new number.) At an early age he acquired an interest in the business, and so continued until 1883, when he came out to California, and took a position with T. H. Cook & Co., Sacramento. He afterward changed to Christianson Bros., and was with that firm until May, 1889. On t!ie 16th of May he started in business for him- self on the northeast corner of Twentieth and J streets, in a building erected especially for him by Mr. J. M. Nielsen. It is 28 x 45 feet in ground dimensions, and two stories in height- Mr. Fortman was married at Cli Liago, May May 26, 1883, to Miss Jennie Brody, a native of that 730 in STORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. city. Mr. Fortinan was virtually reared to the grocery trade, and brings to his business here all the push and energy characteristic of the city of his birth and training. It has been only a few months since he started here for himself, and he has done everything on a cash basis. Yet, in that short time, he has built up a trade that many older houses could well afford to ex- cliange tor. ilis store is really already a busy place. Everything is in order and neat in appear- ance, and there is practically a wholesale stock to select from, as Mr. Fortman is building up a jobbing business with the surrounding country. Mr. Fortman's enterprise and clear business acumen make him worthy of the success with which he is meeting. JlLLIAM WILBUR WHITE, one of the most successful farmers^ of Brigiiton Township, was born in Iowa County, Wisconsin, January 18, 1852, the son of Will- iam and Elizabeth (Graham) White, the former a native of Virginia, and the latter of Maine. His father was a small boy when brought by his parents to Wisconsin, was married there when grown to manhood, and entered land from the Government about eight miles east of Min- eral Point. About 1862 he sold that place and moved to Atchison County, Kansas, twelve miles west of Atchison; but i.i 1875, as soon as the advantages of California became fully known to the observant class of people, he came to this State, and is now living near Monte Vista in this county, on a place of two and a half acres which he bought in the spring of 1888. After coming to the coast he sold his Kansas property, then consisting of 160 acres; he had previously owned more than that. His wife died in February, 1877. There were ten children in this family, six sons and four daugh- ters, all of whom are living except one, and all the living are in this county except one brother in Missouri. The subject of this sketch first started in life for himself by working for vari- ous parties in this county. May 1, 1876, he began driving dray for E. M. Leitcli in Sacra- mento. Subsequently he worked at the depot for the railroad company six years and three months, during which time he laid up a portion of his earnings, $1,200 or $1,400. lie next entered partnership with Mr. Casselman in the cultivation of a large hop ranch, which they leased in Brighton Township, and Mr. White cleared in this operation about $11,000. Then, intending to live in the city, he purchased a lot from T. W. Sheehan, corner of Fifteenth and O streets, and built a fine residence upon it. Cost of house and lot, about $7,000. Finally he purchased from George W. Lott a rich tract of 113 acres, three miles from the city, where he now resides, and on which he has all the equip- ments of a comfortable home. Being an in- genious and industrious mechanic, he is inde- pendent as a carpenter, blacksmith, etc. The deed is dated June 12, 1885. From this last purchase, however, he has sold oti'five and ten- acre lots until now he has a trifle less than thirty-five acres. His town ])roperty he sold a short time after removing into the country. When he bought his present place there was nothing upon it except old fences, two wells, and a saloon kept by "Coffee Brown;" but now it is furnished with everything necessary to make it an independent home — ^sunny, neat and cheerful. His residence is a splendid structure, costing $2,000. His barn and hot-house for drying hops cost about $3,000. In this im- mense building, 64 x 96 feet, are the horse stalls, hay and hop press, and a large hop dryer; and the second floor is prepared for a dancing area, whereon as many as twenty sets can do their honors to Terpsichore at one time. There are also on the place a good blacksmith shop and other buildings, wells, windmills, etc. Al- though it is only fourteen feet from the surface of tlie ground to the water stratum, one of the wells is seventy-five feet deep, and the other eighty-five, thus insuring an abundance of water. On this farm are 460 Bartlett pear trees, nearly 500 peach-trees, apricots, etc., and about twenty HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. oranoje-trees. All of these are in tine bearing stage except a few of the pear trees, which also will soon reach the same stage. There are no scale-bngs in the orchard. The soil is a sandy sediment; twenty acres is tirst-class alfalfa land; about eight acres is sowed in alfalfa for seed) and in small grain for hay. The land is especially adapted to almond and apricot. Mr. White was married April 18, 1883, to Miss Maggie E. Foster, who was born in this county, September 26, 1861. Her father, William B. Foster, settled here in 1849, and died June 21, 1877; her mother was born in Saxony, Ger- many, in 1809, and died in 1865. The children of Mr. and Mrs. White are: Pearl Agnes, born March 26, 1885; Ida May, May 13, 1886, and Ada Estelle, January 21, 1888. Mr. White is a member of the order of Foresters, Lodge No. 6742, in Sacramento. fEORGE SMITH, baggagemaster at Sacra- mento for the Central Pacific Company, is one of the well-known old-time residents of the city. He is a native of Chautauqua County, New York, born at Barcelona (the harbor town on Lake Erie for Westtield), on the 22d of February, 1838, his parents being Joel and Thankful (Holmes) Smith. The father came to that county when a mere child with his parents, and was reared there. He was a mer- chant at Barcelona. The mother of the subject came of one of the old families of northwestern New York, and was born in Chautauqua County. George Smith was a mere boy in years when his mother died, and when the California gold fever broke out the father decided to try his fortunes on the Pacific coast. He sailed around Cape Horn in 1849, arriving in California in 1850. He went into business in Sacramento on the corner of Third and J streets, in partnership with William T. Hines, who had come across the plains in 1849. The partner- ship between them continued only a year or so, but Mr. Smith carried on the business until about 1867. He died in Sacramento Jan uary 18, 1876. George Smith, subject of this sketch, received his schooling at his native place, and then engaged as clerk in a general store. In the early part of 1854 he came to California; going to New York, he took passage on the old steamer "Georgia" on the 5th of February. There were 1,500 people aboard, and on the second day out a terrible storm arose, which continued with such violence as to make it seem highly probable that the vessel and all on board would be lost, and they were right in the wake of the " Central America," which had gone down the preceding year. The " Georgia's " bulwarks were smashed iti and she was otherwise dis- abled, but safely weathered the storm, after which she put into port at Norfolk, Virginia. They sent to New York for the " Empire City," which came and carried the passengers to Aspin- wall. The railroad was then completed about two-thirds of the way to Panama, and he rode to the end of it, then went on mule-back the rest of the distance, which requii'ed a tedious day and night. Taking a steamer for San Fran- cisco, he landed there on the 15th of March. He come to Sacramento, and went into his father's store. He was there engaged for two years, then went up near Grizzly Flat, El Dorado County, and mined there eight or ten months, with only moderate success. He then returned to Sacramento, aid again went into the store. About 1858 he was appointed on the police force. He resigned his position on the force afterward, and served four years as a clerk of the police court under Judge Foote. In 1869 he was elected Chief of Police, and served two years in that capacity. At the expiration of his term, he entered the baggage department of the Central Pacific Railroad as baggagemaster at Sacramento, and has held that position ever since. Mr. Smith was married in this city in April, 1865, to Miss Mary E. Grinnell, who came to Sacramento at the age of two years, in 1S52. They have three sons, viz. : William E., Fred Joel and George Herbert. Mr. Smith is a member of the Chosen Friends, and of the 7a2 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Foresters, lie is a courteous, genial gentleman, is well iinowii far and near, and has a host of friends in Sacramento and elsewiiere throughout California. fl-IRIST. WAHL, proprietor of the Colum- bus Brewery, and one of the active, ener- getic business men of Sacramento, is a native of Wiirtemberg, Germany, born in Neuf- fen, on the 10th of May, 1850. his parents l)eing William and Katharine (Ladner) Wahl, his father being a hotel proprietor. He was reared at his native place, attending the Government .schools fur the customary length of time, and afterward learned the brewers' trade. After his apprenticeship he traveled throughout Germany for the purpose of obtaining a more thorough knowledge of the business. He came to the United States in 1869, landing at New York, but soon coming out to San Francisco, where he ob- tained employment in the John Wieland Brewery, which continued about one year. He next went to the Chicago Brewery, where he was engaged as cellerman for two months, and then promoted to foreman. In 1881 he bought out the Colum bus Brewery in Sacramento. This brewery is the oldest of those now in the city. It was established by E. & C. Gruhler in 1852, at the present location, and they continued its proprie- tors until the sale to Mr. Wahl. When he took hold, there were between 3,000 and 4,000 bar- rels of beer manufactured per year- lie set about making improvements, expended $30,000 to the best advantage, and the capacity is now 8ome20,000 barrels per annum. The trade, which extends throughout northern California and western Nevada, and is also extensive in San Francisco, is constantly increasing under his judicious management. As it stands to-day, with steam supplanting the old horse-power ar- rangement, the Columbus Brewery is an entirely new and tinely-e(juipped institution. Mr. Wahl was married in San Francisco to Miss Annie Bertsh, a native of Wiirtemberg. They iiave five children, viz.: Lora, Christ., Annie, Selina and Lydia. Mr. Wahl was formerly a member of Concord Lodge, I. O. O. F., San Francisco, but now belongs to Schiller Lodge. He is also a member of Sacramento Turn-Verein; of the Verein-Eintraclit, and of Germanic Lodge, No. 138, K. of H., San Francisco. Mr. Wahl is a public-spirited man, and takes an interest in everything pertaining to the welfare of Sac- ramento. -^^ ■ S - l- fHARLES VOGEL, proprietor of the Wash- ington Bakery, Sacramento, is a native of Germany, born atTuebingen. Wtirtem- burg, on the 17th day of August, 1837, his par- ents being Gottlieb and Frederika (Eagemann) Vogel, the father a portrait painter by ]>rofes- sion. Charles Yogel was reared at his native place, and there attended the Governmeut schools to the age of fourteen years, also receiv- ing instructions from private tutors, including French, etc. He then learned the bakers' trade. In 1854 he came to the United States, sailing from Havre to New York, where he arrived in May, after a voyage of twenty-eight days. He obtained employment at Yoerk's bakery, on Greenwich avenue. New York, and worked there three years. He then went thirty miles up the Hudson, near Tarrytown, and worked for Heiler about eight months. He then came to Cali- fornia, leaving New York on an opposition steamer, crossing the Isthmus of Panama, and proceeding by steamer to San Francisco, where he arrived in May, 1858. He remained there about four weeks, but not obtaining employ- ment came to Sacramento and went to work for Matt Karcher, who kept the City Bakery, on Sixth street, between I and J. One month later the place was closed up, and Mr. Vogel went to work for Adam Neubauer and Frederick Sin- kauer, on Third street, next door to where he himself is now in business. Six months later be bought into the business with Neubauer, and they, with J. F. W. Meyer, carried on the busi- HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. iiess until Mr. Neiibaiierdied, in 1880. Messrs. Vogel and Meyer remained iti partnership until July, 1887, when Mr. Meyer died. Since that time Mr. Vogel has been sole proprietor. Mr. Vogel was married in Berlin, while on a visit to the old country in 1868, to Miss Teresa Wilsek, a native of Berlin. Eio;ht children have been born to them, of whom live are living, viz.: Charles, William, Adolph, Harry and Alice. Mr. Vogel is a member of Sacramento Stamm, Red Men. He has almost made his start in this city, and has become one of the substantial men of Sacramento. He erected his business building in 1859, and his handsome and sub- stantial residence in 1872. During the floods of 1861-'62 he had his share of experiences. He was on the corner of Tenth and M streets with his wagon when he heard that the water was coming, and he went to the store to pre- pare for the flood. The water came with a rush and a roar, and in less than ten minutes the whole basement was flooded, and the water still rising, though the building was on the highest grade. He baked bread for two months in two feet of water, and boats would come right up to the door for bread. Mr. Vogel is an active, pushing man, and withal has a h:)st of friends in the city and elsewhere. -^^€M^^-^ — fEORGE W. CHESLEY. — In the chron_ icle of events attending the growth of Sacramento, from an outpost of civilization to her present proud position, the gentleman whose name heads this sketch must always re- main a central figure. As an old-time mer- chant, yet in the front rank of commercial circles, as well as a citizen who has always taken a pride in the advancement of the city of his adoption, Mr. Chesley commands the respect, esteem and confidence of his fellow-citizens, in a degree, and to an extent, seldom observed. He is a native of Dover, New Hampshire, born February 3, 1822, his parents being Richard and Mary (Twombley) Chesley, both of whom came of old New England families. His father, who was a contractor, died when the subject of this sketch was a mere boy in years, and he, af- ter going to school at Lynn something over a year, went to Boston to live with a sister who had married and located in that city. There he commenced his first occupation in life, — that of clerkiTig in a dry-goods store. At the age of seventeen years he went to Providence, Rhode Island, and resided there until the 2d of Feb- ruary, 1849, when he went to New York, hav- ing determined to try his fortunes on the golden shores of California. On the 5th of February the "Crescent City" steamed out of New York harbor with Mr. Chesley as a passenger, and she was the second steamer to make the trip to Chagres, the "F'alcon" being the first. On the 25th of May following, after having been en- gaged on the Isthmus in the auction and ticket brokerage business, Mr. Chesley resumed his journey to San Francisco on the steamer "Ore- gon," Captain Pierson. On the 13th of June, 1849, the " Oregon " steamed through the Golden Gate, and Mr. Chesley landed on Cali- fornia soil. He at once embarked in the auc- tion and commission business in connection with John A. Clark, son of ex-Mayor Aaron Clark, of New York, and John Johnson, under the firm name of Johnson, Chesley & Clark. That firm continued until March, 1850, when it was dissolved, and Mr. Chesley came to Sacra- mento and engaged in the auction business, on the corner of Sixth and K streets, which was the center of the cattle and horse market, great droves of these animals being almost constantly about. He was burned out here in tiie great tire of 1852, and this decided him to return to San Francisco. There he was interested in real estate, having purchased some tifty and 100 vara lots, and subdivided them. Tiiese yielded him $3,100. Chesley street was laid out, and took its name in his honor. In 1854 Mr. Ches- ley came back to Sacramento, and in the follow- ing year, forming a partnership with Mr. Bradley (now a retired capitalist of San Fran- cisco), and ex-Mayor Bryant, started the whole- HJ8T0BT OF SAOliAMENTO COUNTY. sale house of Chesley & Bryant, in the block below the present store on Front street. In 1860, Mr. Bradley, who had previously sold out came back into the firm, w'hich then became Chesley & Bradley. In 1863 the latter's inter- est was purchased by Mr. Chesley, and the firm became G. W. Chesley & Co., which is the pres- ent style. In 1862 the business was removed to the present location (twenty-eight years ago), and now the house is well known and does a I extensive business throughout California and adjoining States and Territories. No house on the Pacific Coast enjoys a better reputation among its patrons than that of G. W. Chesley & Co. Mr. Chesley was married at Provi- dence, Rhode Island, in 1844, to Miss Alice Marie Whipple, a descendant of one of the sign- ers of the Declaration of Independence. Mrs. Chesley is a lady of rare gifts and accomplish- ments, and her letters, written from Paris dur- ing the P'ranco-Prussian war, afi^orded material of almost dramatic interest to her friends in California. She was in the French capital when it was besieged by the German hosts, and enduied with great fortitude all the horrors of the dark days of the celebrated siege. Mr. Chesley is a member of the San Francisco and Sacramento Societies of California Pioneers, and has been for three years president of the latter body, despite the unwritten law which confines any member to but a single term in the ex- ecutive oftice. He is a member of the Improve- ment Association, and of the Water Commission. In the days of the volunteer tire department he • was an active member of Engine Company No. 3, and is prominently identified with the ex- empt firemen. Mr. Chesley has always been in the front rank in everything having a tendency to advance the interests of Sacramento, and to add to her reputation for hospitality. He was chairman, and an active manager for the com- mittee, having in charge the entertainment of the visiting members of the National Encamp- ment, G. A. R., and the marvelous success of that entertainment will always mark a brilliant page in the history of Sacramento. Mr. Chesley is a kind-hearted, hospitable gentleman of the old school, who has been an eye-witness and participant in the wonderful progress of Cali- fornia from the pioneer days; nevertheless he yet ranks among the most active and enterprising men of the capital city. His fund of information concerning the early days of California has a peculiar interest, and his anecdotes of those times, bringing together, as they do, scenes and incidents, both humorous and pathetic, have a charm which makes them always appreciated by his friends. fRED. BIEWENER. — Among the active business men of Sacramento is the gentle- man whose name heads this sketch. He is a native of Hanover, Germany, born May 4, 1847, his parents being Henry August and Elizabeth (Grothaus) Biewener. He comes of a mercantile family, his father, though retired, being still the head of a large mercantile house at Hoyel. Mr. Biewener attended the public schools at his native place from six to fourteen years of age, and afterward was instructed by private tutors until he had received a liberal education. He then entered his father's store as assistant, but in 1867 came to America, landing at New York, and thence proceeding via Nicaragua to California, landing at San Francisco, November 27, 1867. He came di- rectly to Sacramento, and commenced the butcher's trade with Heilbron Bros. After sixteen months they sold out, and during the ten months following he was with Reinhart & Dold. On the 3d of February, 1870, he em- barked in business at the Fulton market, in company with Christopher Doscher. A year and five months later the latter sold out to H. Hageman. In 1881 this partnership was dis- solved, and Mr. Biewener has since carried on the business alone. He was married in this city to Miss Henrietta Neuhaus, a native of Alden- burg, Germany. They have five children, viz.: Helena, Katie, August, Fred and Henry. Mr HI8T0HY OF' SACRAMENTO COUNTY Biewenei- became a ineinber of the Sacramento Turn-Verein in 1884. He was first elected trustee, and in 1888 was chosen president of the organization, taking the office in January, 1889. Jle is a trustee of Sacramento Stauim, No. 124, I. O. R. M., and a member of Sacramento Grove, No. 6861, A. O. F. He is also an of- ficer of the Chosen Friends, and is president of the Butchers' Protective Union since January, 1889. In politics he is a Republican. Mr. Eiewener is a good representative of tlie younger and more pushing class of business men, and is a very popular man with a large circle of personal friends. A. BAXTER, general foreman of foundry and wheel departments, Cen- tral Pacific Railroad shops, Sacramento, is a native of Vermont, born at Norwich Plain, on the 17th day of October, 1836, his parents being Erastus and Lucy (Freeman) Baxter. When he was but seven years of age, his par- ents removed to Franklin County, New York, where he received his education, and assisted his fatiier on the farm. When he was si.xteen years of age he went to Manchester, New Hampshire, and learned the molder's trade at the Amoskeag Locomotive Works. He was em- ployed there four years, then went to Providence, and was engagea at the works of Collins & Nightingill, one of the largest establishments in New England. In 1858 he went to Chicago, and was for several years employed at the McCor- mick Reaper Works. In 1864 he went to Elgin, and in connection with a partner, opened a foundry there, which they operated until 1866. In 1867 Mr. Ba.xter came out to California. Going to New York, he took the steamer Ar- ago as far as the Isthmus, and proceeded to California on the America, landing at San Fran- cisco January 28, 1868. On the 80th he was in Sacramento, and he w'ent out on the Cosum- nes River to the ranch of his father-in-law, Tlieophilus Reiiwicke, who now has a fruit ranch at Florin. From there he went to Fol- soni, and, obtaining employment in the shops of the Central Pacific Railroad there, went to work on the 26th of March, 1868. When they bought out the I street foundry, in September of that year, he came to Sacramento, and went to work in the foundry here. When the shops were built, two years later, he went into the foundry department. He worked as a journey- man seven or eight years, then was given charge of the wheel department. In 1881 he was pro- moted to the position of general foreman of the foundry and wheel departments. In these de- partments between fifty and sixty tons of metal are melted per day, and 112 wheels is a day's work. Mr. Baxter was married at Elgin, Illi- nois, on the 8th of June, 1859, to Miss Julia Renwicke, a native of that city. They have one son, Charles (who is an engineer for the Central Pacific Company at Dunsmoor), and one daughter. Miss Bertha. Mr. Baxter is a member of Union Lodge, A. O. U. AV., and of Union Lodge, A. F. & A. M. He has been a Republican since the organization of that party, and cast his first presidential vote for John C. Fremont. Mr. Baxter is one of the old-time force of the railroad company, and is a popular man with the employes in his departments. — ^Ceni)*'^^ — fHARLES HEINRICH, deceased. Among the best known of the pioneers of Cali- fornia who have made their home in Sac- ramento, was Charles Heinrich, now deceased. He was born in Germany in 1826, but left theie when quite young and came to America, locating in New York. When Stevenson's regiment was organized for the Mexican war, he joined its ranks, and accompanied the command to California, arriving on the 6th of March, 1847. He was among the first to come to Sac- ramento, and he opened the grocery store on the corner of Third and L streets which is still conducted in the family, and enjoys the dis- tinction of being the oldest store of any kind HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. in Sacramento. Mr. Henirich's courteous de- meanor and good business qualiiications made his store a paying investment, but he was burned out, like the rest, in the great tire of 1852, and again suffered in the great floods of 1861-'62. He conducted the business snccess- fuilj, in spite of all obstacles, until 1887, when he was succeeded by his son Emii. He was one of the organizers of the Sacramento Hussars, and has served as captain of the company. He was also an honored member of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers. His death oc- curred July 27, 1888. His wife was also one of the early ones to come to California, making the trip across the plains from Missouri. Her maiden name was Sophia Neubauer. They were the parents of thirteen ciiildren, of whom five are living. The two oldest of them are twins, viz.: Albert, who is an engineer in the Sacra- mento lire department, at the Tenth street station, and Richard, who has been conr.ected with tiie fire department of San Diego, but is now a resident of Sacramento. The others are: Minnie, wife of Albert Meyer (firm of Meyer Brothers, of the Wigwam, San Francisco); Emil, subject of the following sketch, and Nellie. Emil Heinrich, son of Charles Heinrich, deceased, and now the proprietor of the pio- neer store of Sacramento, northeast corner of Third and L streets, was born in Sacra- mento, in January, 1863. He was educated in the public schools of the city, and after that clerked in his father's store. In 1885 he went to Portland, (Oregon, and afterward to San Fran- cisco, where he remained a year, then returned to Sacramento. He soon afterward, however, went to Los Angeles, where he took the position of manager of Brown's bakery and confection- ery business. Since taking charge of the busi- ness in Sacramento, he has given his entire attention to the details, and has maintained the reputation already established. Mr. Heinrich is a member of Sacramento Parlor, No. 3, Na- tive Sons of the Golden West, which he joined in 1880, and in which he has held the office of treasurer. He is an e.\tra fireman of No. 1 | Company, Second street. He is a Republican politically, as was his father. Mr. Heinrich is one of the enterprising young business men of Sacramento, and enjoys the confidence and es- teem of the community. *ir^^-*^ fR. F. W. HATCH, deceased.— No expo- nent of the medical profession in Sacra- mento ever occupied a higher place in the hearts of his brethren than did the late Dr. F. "W. Hatch. Though not a pioneer, yet he came to California during her early days, and his name was well known throughout the State. Dr. Hatch was a native of Virginia, born at Charlottesville, March 2, 1822. His boyhood days were passed in Washington, District Columbia, where his fath r, an Episcopal clergyman, was Chaplain of the United States Senate for twelve years. His literary and classical education were obtained at Union College, Schenectady, New ^ork, where he was graduated with honors at the age of nine- teen. Having determined to study medicine, he at once repaired to the metropolis, where the largest opportunities were presented for the furtherance of his purpose, and entered the medical department of the New York Univer- sity. Here he received the instructions of such men as Drs. Mott, Revere, Post, Payne and Bedford, and he was graduated M. D. March 10, 1844. He was married to Sarah R. Bloom, in Charleston. South Carolina, June 12, 1844, and located almost immediately afterward for the practice of medicine at Beluit, Wisconsin. He afterward moved to Southpurt (now known as Kenosha), Wisconsin, where he soon acquired an extensive and lucrative practice, and was re- garded as being one of the most competent and reliable physicians. In 1851 he came to Cali- fornia, locating at Sacramento in the fall of tliat year. He at once engaged in the practice of his profession, and was in early days associated with the late Dr. J. F. Morse. But because of his attainments as a scholar and his love of edu- cation, he was soon singled out as a representa- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY tive, and was elected for several successive terms, both City and County Superintendent of Schools, and member of the Board of Edu- cation. He was elected Secretary of the State Board of Health March 3, 1876, and held the position until his death. His labors in. this capacity, and his reports to the Legislature, are the best evidences of the wisdom of the board in their selection. He was an active member of the City Board of Health for more than twenty years; was its president for several years, and its secretary for the eight years pre- ceding his death. For several years he was Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medi- cine in the medical department of the Univer- sity of California, and for the last four years of his life was Professor of Hygiene in the same institution. He was also an active contributing member of the American Medical Association for over a quarter of a century. He was a working member of the American Public Health Association, and shortly before his death, was appointed, at the meeting of the Associa- tion at St. Louis, a member of its advising council. He was the first president of the Sac- ramento Society for Medical Lnprovemeut, holding that office for live years, and being mainly instrumentd in giving to that society such a high rank that membership in it was re- garded throughout the State as a synonym of professional standing nowhere else to be ob- tained in California. His death occurred in 1884, and from the address of that grand phy- sician. Dr. W. R. Cluness, on his old friend. Dr. Hatch, before the Sacramento Society for Medical Improvement, the material for this sketch is obtained. Dr. Hatch was an orna- ment to a noble profession, and his name will always live in the history of Sacramento. ».&..t..dc. WSAAC JOSEPH, attorney at law, 531 J ^ street, Sacramento, was born April 25, 1802. ^ in this city; attended high school here and also pursued the literary course at the State University at Berkeley; studied law in the office of Judge J. H. McKune, and was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court in 1884. Since 1885 he has been engaged in general law prac- tice at the number given above. He is also a notary public. With the aid of D. E. Alexan- der, Esq., he compiled a work on probate prac- tice on the Pacific coast, published by tlie Bancroft-Whitney Co., of San Francisco. Mr. Joseph is a striking example of what the phy- siognomists call a "fine mental organization," and men of this character are always neat and tht>rough in their business and affable and un- pretentious in manner. He is a member of the order of Chosen Friends, and a Republican in his political principles. His father, Michael Joseph, a native of Poland, came to California prior to 1850 and worked a long time in the gold mines. In 1852 he located in Sacramento, engaging in mercantile business. He soon moved to Marysville, where he was one of the earliest business men, and was prominent as a merchant there for a number of years. He was likewise employed in San Francisco for a time, and finally settled again in Sacramento, where he was engaged in merchandising until his death in 1876. He was a remarkable man in respect to energy and good judgment. Although al- most completely burned out in Marysville and also in San Francisco, and suffered great losses by the fire of 1852 in Sacramento and the flood of 1862, he perseveringly recovered from them all. Mr. Joseph's mother, nee Cornelia Lamm, is a native of France, came to Sacramento in 1852, and is now a resident here. ^•i=- til. PETTIT, one of the popular business men of Sacramento, is a native of Eng- * land, born at London, December 18, 1836, his parents being Joseph E. and Ann (Bennett) Pettit. Wiien he was a mere child, his parents came to Baltimore, in the United States, and from there removed to St. Louis, Missouri, and afterward to Wisconsin, and from UIHTOIiY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. there subsequently to Quincy, Illinois. In the latter city K. H. Fettit learned the cigar makers' trade with Henry Hind. After acquiring his trade, he woiked for a time at Canton, Illinois, and afterward at Keokuk, Iowa. He was in the latter city in 1859, when, with a man named John Stone, he decided to go to California. They proceeded to St. Joseph, Missouri, and thence to ISTebraska City, where they fitted out for their long journey, wliich was undertaken by them in the company of three others — young Frenchmen. The landmarks of their journey to California may be designated in a gene*-al way as Ft. Kearney, Ft. Laramie, Independence Kock, Echo Canon, Salt Lake City, Sink of Humboldt, Carson Elver and Genoa. They left Nebraska City on the 31st day of March, and arrived at Genoa on the 5th of August. Mr. Pettit went to work at Mono, where he was en- gaged until November. He then proceeded to Flacerville, and thence came to Sacramento, arriving about tlie 18th of November. He ob- tained work with Smith & Headman, on Fourth street, between J and K, opposite Odd Fellows' Building (formerly St. George Hotel), and re- mained with them until the flood of December, 1861. He soon afterward started in business for himselt in the alley between L and M, Fourth and Fiith streets, and a year and a half later bought the property on K street where he now does business. He gave up manufacturing in 1880, and now gives his entire attention to wholesaling and retailing tobacco, cigars and everything pertaining thereto. He does an ex- tensive business, which extends throughout all the territory tributary to Sacramento, and no business Arm in Sacramento enjoys a higher reputation among its customers than does R. H. Pettit. He has been twice married. His first wife, whom he married in December, 1864, was Miss Ellen Hickey, whose parents came to Sac- ramento in an early day. She died in 1868. His present wife was formerly Miss D. D. Iloagland, whose father^ John Iloagland, came to California in 1849, and was a member of the Pioneer Society. Mr. Pettit is a member of Eureka Lodge No. 4, I. 0. O. F., and of Occidental Encampment; of Columbia Lodge, K. of P.; of A. O. U. W.; of California Lodge, K. of H.; of Red Jacket Tribe No. 28, Red Men, and of the Knights and Ladies of Honor. In the days of the volunteer fire department he was a member of Confidence Company, No. 1, which he joined in 1861. Mr. Pettit is an active and enterprising citizen, and a successful busi- fRED C. KNAUER, proprietorof the Pacific Brewery, Sacramento, is a native of Ger- many, born at Sonnenfeld, Saxe-Cobnrg, December 16, 1889, his parents being L. and Anna (Bnrkhardt) Knauer. L. Knauer, his father, came to America in 1847, locating in Chicago, where he conducted a liquor and cordial factory. In 1849 he came across the plains to California by team, with a party of six, among whom was Fred Werner, the journey requiring about seven months before they reached Sacra- mento. He went to Auburn, and there started a small bakery. He also mined on Feather River, and in the hitter part of 1850 went to Weaverville, Trinity County, and opened the Miners' Hotel. He did a big business, and in 1853, having accumulated a great deal of money, decided to go back to Europe. Proceeding to San Francisco, he stopped at the Globe Hotel, and deposited a large shot bag full of gold in the hotel safe. When it was time to leave, he boarded the steamer, and deposited the sack with the purser. He opened it to show the purser the genuineness of the gold, when, to his amazement, he found the sack was tilled with lead! His feelings on the trip back to his old home in Germany can well be imagined, when, after working hard and accumulating a fortune on foreign shores, he must meet his family and friends deprived of all, on account of the theft and treachery of those in whose care he had de- posited his wealth. F. C. Knauer spent his boyhood days at his native place, and there HIlyTOnY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY attended the government schools from his sixth year until his fourteenth. About this time his mother died. In 1853, in company with his father, he came to the United States, sailing from Bremer Haven tlie latter part of October on the Sylphide, and landing at New York in December. After a few days he went to New Brooklyn, where he was eui^aged at various occupations. In 1855 he came to California, sailing from New York on the steamer Northern Liglit, and landing at San Francisco in February, from the steamer Cortez. In San Francisco he again joined his fatiier, who was foreman at tlie Lafayette Brewery. He was in the city at the time of the vigilance committee of 1856, and saw Casey and three others hung. Later in the same year ha went to French Bar, Stanislaus County, where his father had by this time opened a bre.very. The Fraser River excite- ment broke up mining and business in Stanis- laus County, and the senior Knaner came to Sacramento and took the position of foreman in Scheld'o brewery, and our subject came here and also went to work in the brewery. The spring of 1861 found him working in the Sutterville Brewerj', but lie left there and went up to Sal- mon River on horseback. Finding no prospects there, he returned to San Francisco afoot. liis father, who was a musician, was playing the piano in the city, but went in the spring of 1868 to Idaho City, Idaho, where, in partner- ship with Henry Martz and Henry Boissellier, he started the Ohio Brewery and bakery. Fred C. Knauer worked for Mrs. Mueller in the Ohio Brewery until 1864, when he went up to Idaho to join his father. The property there was sold out on July 8, 1865. and the father went to San Francisco, but our subject remained there until December 16, when he started to Portland, Oregon. By this time all the rivers were frozen up, and snow had fallen so heavily that even the stage companies made little effort at travel. He went to Boise City, and from there proceeded as far as Straw Ranche, from which point on the road was blockaded. He remained there over a week, but got restless, and started for the next stage station afoot, with others. They got lost in a blinding snow storm, and after walking all day brought up at night just where they started from, and were glad to get back. They would surely have perished had it not been that, when more dead than alive, they found their own foot-prints in the snow. As soon as possible they proceeded on, and arriving at Umadilla, found the river frozen, and on the second day the stage line was opened. They reached the Chute by river, and then found it necessary to take the stage again to the Dalles. There they found the Columbia River frozen, and after waiting ten days, it thawed out, and they pro- ceeded on toward Salilo; when they got within live miles of the latter place, they found they could go no farther by water, and they footed it for that distance. The trip was also an expen- sive one. They got one meal a day, which cost $1, while a piece of bacon, a couple of crackers and an apple cost four bits. At the Lower Cas- cades they found everything frozen up again. A few days later, however, a steamer took them to Portland, the trip having occupied six we^ks. When they reached Portland, news came that the steamer " Sierra Nevada," which was to take them to San Francisco, liad gone on the rocks, and they had to wait two weeks for the steamer " Pacific." The voyage lasted eight or nine days, and Mr. Knauer got to San Francisco with just fifteen cents out of the .$600 with which he had started. He remained idle for a time, tak- ing a much-needed rest, then he and his father bought the property in Oakland known as the Oakland Brewery, corner of Ninth and Broad- way, on the 20th of April, 1867. They carried on the business there until May 20, 1869, when they sold the real estate to Black & Mofi^xtt, and j the furniture, fixtures good will, etc., to Charles Clinn, Mangerts & Bode. On the 17tli of June, 1869, they bought the Pacific Brewery in Sacra- mento. This brewery was started in 1858 by J. B. Kohler, George Ochs, and a Mr. Lorenz. The original buildings are still standing on the ; premises. J. B. Kohler died in 1859, and j Lorenz died in 1862. Thereafter Mr. Ochs car- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ried on tlie business until it was purchased by L. Knauer & Son. Since bis lather's death, in 1881, F. C. Knauer has conducted the trade alone. He has built up an extensive business, and employs improved machinery and compe- tent workmen in every department oi' his busi- ness. Mr. Knauer was married in this city, December 15, 1870, to Miss Charlotte Berger, a native of Louisiana. Siie died in Saci'amento, leaving two children, viz.: Fred Charles, Jr., and William. Mr. Knauer married his present wife October 2, 1880. She was ibrmerly Miss A. P. S. Gardner, a native of New York. Mr. Knauer is a member of Union Lodge, No. 21, A. F. & A. M.; of Union Lodge, A. O. U. W.; of Sacramento Turn-Verein, and of Sacramento Stamm No. 121, Red men. He is a pushing business man, and lias a host of friends in trade and society. '^^^^ ■ fOHN MILLER, present representative of the undertaking firm of Fritz & Miller, holds a high rank in his line in Sacra- mento. He is a native of Du Page County, Illinois, born a few miles north of Wheaton, December 19, 1848, his parents being Jacob and Julia (Schultz) Miller, both of whom were natives of Germany. He was reared in Illinois, and came to California in 1869, just after the e.vcursion of the Pioneers, celebrating the com- pletion of the Pacific Railroad. H3 spent a year in looking over the country, then engaged with R. K. Wick, undertaker, with whom he remained about five years, then returned to the East. In September, 1879, Mr. Miller bought out the interest of the partner of Joseph Fritz, in the undertaking business, the lirm of Fritz & Miller then being formed. Mr. Fritz died June 23, 1887, and Mr. Miller has since con ducted the business alone He has a hand- somely fitted establishment, and being a man of taste and excellent business qualities, has re- ceived an extensive jiatronage from among the best people. Mr. Miller was married in this city in 1877, to Miss Barbara Snyder, a native of France, who came to America when a child. They have had four children, of whom one, Frank, died at the age of seven years and three months. Those living are: Georgie, Nina and Gertrude. Mr. Miller is a member of Colum- bia Lodge, K. of P.; of Walhalla Grove, A. 0. D.; of the Y. M. I.; of the Verein-Eintracht; uf the Chosen Friends, and of the Sacramento Hussars. He takes an active interest in mili- tary affairs, especially in the department of marksmanship, and has been Inspector of Rifle Practice of the Fourth Brigade since 1884. Mr. Miller is up with the times in everything per- taining to his business, and enjoys the respect and confidence of the people. fSCHINDLER, one of the well-known long resident men of business of Sacra- ** mento, is a native of Germany, born at Baden-Baden, April 14, 1835, his parents being John and Fraucisca (Schider) Schindler, the father a farmer. When he was five years of age the family emigrated to America, sailing from Havre on the French merchant ship Eliza- beth, and landed at New York. Tliey located on u farm twenty-five miles east of Bufialo, on the Lake Erie shore. When the subject of this sketch had reached the age of eleven years, he went to Buffalo, and after serving two years as waiter in a fashionable boarding-house, went to work in the sash, door and blind factory of A. C. Sangster & Husted, to learn that business and the carpenter trade. He worked for them four years, then took the contract to build a cooper shop for N. D. Clark, of Bufialo, and made money out of the job. He also mortgaged a lot for $300, and in March, 1852, he started for California with A. C. Sangster. Arriving at Panama, he found no vessel to take him to San Francis-co, so went to work at the carpenter trade for '-$6 a day and found." He next went to sea on the little two-masted schooner B Allen, engaging at first as table waiter, and UISTOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. beinw promoted steward. He was 100 days on the voyage to San Francisco, and on arriving there took a steamer for Sacramento. lie found Mr. Sangster, who was already in the sash, door and blind business, and went to work for him. Three months later the factory was burned down in the great fire of November, 1852. It was rebuilt on K street, between Fifth and Sixth. Two years afterward it was burned down again, and Mr. Schindler purchased what was left, and started in business himself, he having brought $2,000 with him, and having sent back the Tnoney to pay off the mortgage on his Bufi'alo lot in 1853. Four or live years after he com- menced business, Mr. Scliindler's factory was destroyed by fire, and he rebuilt with brick. He sold that place and bought again at 708 and 710 K street. The big floods of 1861-'62 caused considerable loss to him here, and 40,000 feet of sugar-pitie lumber belonging to him, to- gether with a wagon and other property, floated away. Considerable glass which he had in stock was also damaged. Besides this he lost about $2,000 which was owing to him, on ac- count of the high water. These floods showed the people where the grade must be established, and he raised his place eight feet. He next built the house of Mr. Uhl, on M street, for $3,500, and then erected over his uwn buildings the Central Hall. The fire-fiend again came and burned him out, with the loss of his ma- chinery, again without insurance. He has been engaged in contracting ever since. The sash, door and blind business was a good one in the early days. Before the Eastern manufactured goods came in he could sometimes make as high as $150 in a day. Then the Eastern goods com- menced to be bought here, Eastern lumber sold at $100 per 1,000 feet, and in order to compete with the articles of Eastern manufacture Mr. Schindler hunted out the sugar-pine, with which he did a good business. Some of his workmen went back on him, however, and advised people to buy at the lumber-yards, and he had to com- pete against the whole Eastern trade. But he made money on odd sizes and lengths, which were iiot handled in the yards. In May, 1890, Mr. SoJiindler will 'assume complete possession of his building, and will then embark in the furniture business. In politics Mr. Schindler is a Republican. He has one son, L. C, who is book-keeper for Gregory Bros. Mr. Schind- ler has been in Sacramento since the early days, and has man}' interesting reminiscences of the early times in this city. — '^■m-^ — fOHN C. SCHADEN, one of the young business men of Sacramento, is a native of Burg Lesum, near Bremen, in Hamburg, Germany, born May 3, 1857, and a son of Henry and Annie (Winters) Schaden. He re- ceived his education between the years of six and fourteen, and then obtained employment in a cigar-box factory for a year and a half. He then came to America, and after a year and a quarter in New York city, came to California in 1874. Coming to Sacramento, he first went to work for his brother Arend, but soon engaged in business for himself in partnership with A. Rodegerdts. This firm continued for nearly four years, when Mr. Kodegerdts retired from the partnei-ship. One year later Mr. Schaden took in his present partner, Frederick Schnei- der, and the firm became J. C. Schaden & Co. They moved to their present location March 19, 1886. Mr. Schaden was married in Sacramento to Miss Meta Feldhusen, a native of Germany, born at Mayenburg, near Bremen. They have two children, viz.: Bertha and Charlotte. Mr. Schaden is a member of the Sacramento Turn- Verein, and was chosen its secretary at the last general election, but resigned in order to take a trip to Europe. He is a member of the I. O. R. M., and also resigned the office of Junior Sachem in that organization when he went to Europe. He also belongs to California Lodge, K. of H., in which he was a charter member. He has also been associated with the National Guard as a private in Company B, First Artil- lery Regiment, Fourth l^rigade. Mr. Schaden UIHTOUY OF tiAGHAMENTO COUNTY. is an active and influential young business man, and has built up a large trade lor his tirni. ^-^r^ fEORGE S. FISHER, one of the bestknown men in the employ of the railroad com- pany at Sacramento, is a native of New York State, born August 27, 1843, his parents being Rev. C. L. and Almira Teresa (Kinsey) Fisher. His mother came of one of the old families of central New York. A brother of her lather served on the staif of General Gates, and her father was, for many years preceding his death, manager of the great Eagle Mills, at Utica. Rev. C. L. Fisher, father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Norwich, England, and came to America with his parents when nine years old. They located at Utica, New York, and there he was reared and educated. In that city he was ordained a minister of the Baptist faith in 1847. He was married there, and after his marriage he removed to Whitehall, New York. From there he removed to Wis- consin, when much of that State was wild, and Indians and wild game plentiful. He located at Shields, Marquette County, and afterward re- moved to Dtl Prairie, Adams County. From there thej removed in 1857 to Minnesota, set- tling in Money Creek Valley, eighteen miles west of La Crescent. In March, 1860, they joined a large wagon train bound for Oregon. Starting with ibur yoke of oxen, they reached Oregon City after a journey of si.\ months lack- ing five days, with three oxen and the rear wheels of one wagon, which was hauled as a cart. While on the North Platte they had a little trouble with the Sioux. The horse train and ox teams were encamped some distance apart, and there were not a great number of men in the latter party. A band of Sioux In- dians rode up, and one of them, drawing a sabre, playfully took oft' the hat of an old man named Allen. Allen returned the compliment by throwing a stone at the Indian, who then hit Allen on the back with the flat side of his sabre. youii^ lan then drew a bead on tiie Indian with his rifle, but Mr. Fisher stopped him al- most in the act of shooting. When they reached Fort Hall, they met the commanding officer of the department, who gave them a company of soldiers to escort them through a country filled with savage Indians, where a whole train had been massacred the year before. Every night they could see the Indian signal fires burning brightly on the hills. They proceeded to Ore- gon by Lander's cut-off", which had not been used for two or three years, and they had to cut and clear away trees that had fallen across the road. One of the party died on this road, and was buried in a beautiful valley. The Meyers family, refugees from a train wiiich was at- tacked and dispersed by the Indians, were only a few days behind them, and were picked uji by the Government escort. On reaching Oregon City, they remained there until 1861, when they went to Salem, and were located there eight years, during which time the Rev. Mr. Fisher built the first and only Baptist Church there, and served as pastor of the congregation for some years. He helped on its construction also as a carpenter. In 1868 he brought his family to Columbia, Tuolumne County, California, where he served as pastor of the church there until removing to Santa Clara. There he was pastor for three years, then at Marysville for a time, next at Santa Clara again, and from there went to Virginia City, Nevada. He built a church at Virginia City and one at Carson, and officiated as pastor at both. He next went to Reno, thence to Santa Cruz, from there to Red Bluff, and then back to Reno, where he is now pastor of the First Baptist Church. He is at this writing in his seventy-third year, having been born at Norwich, England, December 26, 1817. She was married June 13, 1841, by Rev. C. P. Sheldon, pastor of the Baptist Church at Whites- borough, Oneida County, New York, to Miss A. T. Kinsey, who was born in Otsego County, NewYork, November 16, 1821. George S. P'isher, subject of this sketch, received his first schooling at Dell Prairie, Wisconsin, afterward lIlSTOUy OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. received instruction at different plates where the family resided, and from his father, who is a fine classical scholar. When a boy he learned the painters' trade. On the 12tii of December, 1864, he enlisted at Salem. Oregon, in Company C, FirstOregon Volunteer Regiment. He went to Fort Vancouver, thence by the steamer Pa- cific to Fort Steilacoom, on Puget Sound. He was there appointed Corporal of the company, which was commanded by Captain Paul Clark Crandall, who is now in the department of jus- tice, Washington, District of Columbia. He was stationed there until the 1st of July, 1865, when he was appointed to the hospital of the First Oregon Infantry Regiment, and went to J^ort Stephens, at the month of the Columbia River, on the Oregon side. He remained in charge there until mustered out of the service, having been honorably discharged on the 31st of October, 1865. He rejoined tlie family at Salem, and then he and his father kept hotel, at two houses, for two years. Alter that they were in the wholesale and retail grocery and crockery business for about a year. After that he studied dentistry. At Sonora, three miles south of Co- lumbia, Tuolumne County, he finished the ac- quirement of the profession of dentistry under Doctor Monendez. He rejoined his father's family at Santa Clara, and practiced his profes- sion tiiere a short time. He clerked and drove on long trips for John Woodney, who had the telegraph and Wells-Fargo offices. Leaving there he came to Sacramento, and thence pro- ceeded to Marysville, where the family then were. He remained there about a year, clerk- ing for Mr. Cooley, in the crockery business. His ne.\t employment was with Tiiomas Don- gall, and after that with Mr. Walsh, both of whom were in the dry-goods business. Tiring of indoor employment, he applied for a situation to Superintendent Bowen, of the Oregon Di- vision of the Central Pacific Railroad, and on March 20. 1870, he went to work as a brake- man for a time, next as freight conductor and extra on passenger, and finally as conductor on regular passenger train for seven years, for the past five yeaas of which he lias been on the short run from Sacramento to Knight's Land- ing. While on this run he was collector fcJr the Southern Pacific Company's steamers, and dep- uty constable, but gave that up to take a better position as deputy sheriff under Moses Drew. He holds that position by re-appointment under Siieriff McMnllen, and is Southern Pacific Com- pany's officer at the depot and vicinity. Mr. Fisher was married in Sacramento, September 2, 1874, to Miss Alice M. Powell, a native of South Adams, Massachusetts, and daughter of George L. and Lydia R. (Burlingaine) Powell, who are now residents of San Francisco. Mr. and Mrs. Fisher have three children, viz.: Low- rena L., Georgie A. and Willie A. Mr. Fisher is a member of Industrial Lodge, No. 157, 1. O. O. F.; of Ben Bow Lodge, No. 229, Sons of St. George, and of Sierra Nevada Division, No. 195, Order of Railway Conductors. Politically he is an active Republican. Under Governor Gibbs' administration in Oregon, he was enrolling and engrossing clerk in the State Legislature, his father being at the same time sergeant-at-arms. For the past four years he has been aide to grand marshal in the Fourth of July and memorial day parades. In tlie memorial parade day of 1889, he was chief aide to Grand Marsiial George W. Railton, and on July 4, 1889, he was aide to Grand Marshal R. D. Stephens. ^ENRY L. ECKMAN, one of tlie promi. IB) "^'^'' .y^""." business men of Sacramento ^sll who has made his start in this city, is a native of Germany, born at Hamburg on the 15th of November, 1857, his parents being Henry L., Sr., and Katie (Deden) Eckman, the father a business man. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated at his native place, and there took his first lessons in the handling of business. In 1881 he came to the United States and located in Sacramento, Cali- fornia, where he engaged as clerk for '\\v. Steinmeyer, on the corner of Fourth and P niSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Streets. On the 1st of January, 1884, Mr. Ecknian succeeded to the proprietorship of the store,- and has built up a very large trade by fair and honest dealing, and tiie exercise of judicious business principles. The store was started by John Schoeness, who put up the building for the purpose, lie was succeeded by F. W. Steinineyer (who formerly kept across the street), and as before stated Mr. Steinnieyer was succeeded by Mr. Eckman in 1884. Mr. Eckman was married in this city December 19, 1887, to Miss Annie Dressier, a native of Ger- many. Mr. Eckuian is a member of Friendship Council, jN^o. 65, Chosen Friends, and of the Verein-Eintracht. Mr. Eckman belongs to the younger class of business men in Sacramento, who are now becoming such an important factor in commercial circles here, as elsewhere. He is ail active, enterprising man, and enjoys the conlideiice and esteem of his friends and patrons. fX. EBNER, of the firm of Ebner Bros., wholesale liquor dealers, ranks among the "* most active business men of Sacramento. He is a native of Baden, Germany, born Octo- ber 28, 1829. His father, Charles Ebner, was a lumber dealer and butcher, also carrying on general mercantile business. His mother's maiden name was Schmidt. He was reared at his native place (Waldshut-bei Freiburg), where he spent the years between the ages of six and fourteen attending the Government schools, and afterward at a business institute. He was drafted into the army in 1849, and served through the Involution in an artillery regi- ment. He went to Switzerland after leaving the army, and from there came to America, sailing from Havre to New York. He pro- ceeded to Chicago, thence to St. Louis, and a year later to New Orleans, where he followed various pursuits until 1853. About the 5th of March of that year he left New Orleans and came to California by steamer via Panama, landing at San Francisco about the 1st of A[)ril. He came to Sacramento and obtained employ- ment on the first water works of the city, then building. The following year he and his brother Charles assumed charge of the Sierra Nevada Hotel, on Ninth and J streets. In 1857 they built the Ebner House, and ran it about six years, since which time they have given their principal attention to their extensive business, which extends throughout northern California and Nevada. Mr. Ebner was one of the organ- izers of the Sacramento Hussars, and was Cap- tain when the compauy entered the State militia during the Rebellion, serving eight years in that capacity. He is one of the long-time members of the Sacramento Turn-Verein. Mr. Ebner is an active and enterprising man, and has hosts of friends in Sacramento and throughdut the country where he is known. --hS.^^^-*^-- to N. JOHN WEI L.— Among the well- known Californians resident and doing business in Sacramento, is the gentleman whose name this sketch commences. He is a native of Germany, born in the Duchy of Nassau, near Frankfort-on-the-Main, in the small town of Hattersheim, on the 12th day of April, 1834. His parents were John Adam and Mar- garetha Weil, the father a miller. The motlier died when the subject of this sketch was but two years of age. He received his education in the public schools between the ages of six and fourteen years, and after that was thrown u])on his own resources. He obtained employ- ment as an errand-boy at Franktbrt-on-the-Main, and was thus engaged for a year and a half. He then became a merchants' apprentice at May- ence, and was thus employed until nineteen years of age. In 1853 he came to America, sailing from Liverpool on the clipper ship Hus- sar. He had engaged passage on a sleamer, but it sank, and he came by the clipper in pref- erence to waiting for another steamer. He ar- rived at New York in Aj)ril after a voyage of twenty-seven dajs. He then pmcceded to St UISrORT.OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Louis, and thence to Belleville, Illinois, where he remained until the following year. In 1854 he came to Calitbrnia with his sister, taking a steamer to Havana, thence to Aspinwall, then across the Isthmus, and on the John L. Stephens to San Francisco, where he landed, and soon came to Sacramento. His brotiier, Mr. C. Weil, liad come to Sacramento in 1852, and was in business on the corner of Eleventh and J streets, and had a vinegar factory on L street, and our subject was employed in the business. A year later he became a partner in the vinegar factory, and so continued until 1857, when he sold out and went to Monte Christo, Sierra County, to engage in mining. He bought an interest in a mine, and a year later started a store. One day in the fall of 1859, while he was in Sacramento purchasing goods, he received word that his store iiad burned down. He went back at once, but as the mines were giving out and the town going down, he concluded to leave there. He went down to Downieville, and there carried on business until 1876. While there, in February, 1865, he was again burned out, losing $15,000, with no insurance, and then offered to sell every- thing he had left for $1,000. But he persevered and prospered. In the fall of 1876 he closed out his business there, and came to Sacramento to rest up. He had always been an active fac- tor in the organization of the Republican party, and in 1879, much to his surprise, he was nom- inated for the office of State Treasurer by the Republican convention of that year, and was chosen to that important position by the suf- frages of the citizens of the State at the ensu- ing election. At the expiration of his term of office in 1882, he lived retired from active pur- suits for some time, but in 1884 the real-estate firm of Weil & Johnson was formed. In 1886 he was instrumental in the organization of the Sacramento Glass & Crockery Com pan 3% and was elected its president. He became more and more interested in the business financially, and now gives his principal attention to the business, and is the heaviest stockholder. He has lately disposed of his interest in the firm of AYeil & Johnson. Mr. Weil was married in Sacramento (while a resident of Downieville) on the 6th of June, 1866, to Miss Anna M. Hickman. They have three children, all born in Downieville, viz.: Louis J., Robert and Marguerite. Mr. Weil has been a Republican since the orgajiiza- tion of the party. In the fall of 1869 he was elected a supevisor of Sierra County, and served two terms of three years each. He declined a re-election, urged upon him by both Republi- cans and Democrats. He has taken an active interest in the public affairs in Sacramento, and is now one of the Board of Fire Commis- sioners. He has been offered the Republican nomination for mayor upon one occasion, feel- ing compelled to refuse it, when the convention took a recess to wait upon him with the tender of the first place on the city ticket. He is a member of Sierra Lodge, No. 24, I. O. O. F., and has passed its chairs, as also those of the encampment at Downieville, Blue Range, No. 8. He is a member of the Canton at Sacramento, and is a charter member of the Veteran Odd Fellows of Sacramento. He is a member of Mountain Shade Lodge, No. 18, Downieville, and holds membership in the Sacramento Turn- Verein. Mr. Weil is looked upon as one of the foremost citizens of the State, and in his public and private career has won the respect and con- fidence of the entire community. ^•^^- P. McCREARY, deceased. Among those who made honored names for them- the early business annals of Sacramento, none were more enterprising than the gentleman whose name heads this sketch. He was a native of Erie, Pennsylvania, and a member of one of the pioneer families of that region. In fact his father, in conjunction with Seth Reed, did the first surveying in that county. When quite young W. P. McCreary left his native place, and went to Mansfield, Ohio, where he commenced a mercantile career, for which he had laid a solid foundation by a 746 miSTORY OF SACRAMENTO OOUNTY. good education, acquired at Rochester, New York. He afterward removed to Sandusky, Ohio, and was engaged in the forwarding busi- ness, and in grain operations. He was an ex- tensive vessel owner, and did his shipping un the lakes in his own vessel. The discovery of gold in California, with the consequent rush of emigration in that direction, caused him tu turn his attention to the Pacific slope, and finally, having formed his determination to cast his fortunes there, the year 1852 found him and his family among the passengers of one of the many steamers bound for California via Panama. Arriving in San Francisco he soon became in- terested in the flour business. He was in Sac- ramento in 1852, on business connected with a speculation in flour, and having been stricken with sickness, was a sufferer by the flood and fire. In 1854 he removed his family to Sacra- mento permanently, and having purchased the Phcenix mill property, set about improving it in such a way as to virtually amount to rebuilding, and on a far more extensive scale. He built up a fine reputation for the mills, and was enjoying a high degree of prosperity when the flood of 1862 came on, with such telling effect on the mill property as to almost totally destroy its value. The plant had been valued at between $40,000 and $50,000, but after the waters had receded he could not have obtained more than $2,500 for the property. He was not behind the other business men of Sacramento, however, in rebuilding and re-fitting. He continued in the mill business until the time of his death, but in the latter days of his life was interested in other matters, having purchased the Shasta ditch. He was a Republican after the organi- zation of that party, but in the days of the old- line Whig party he was prominently identified wh:h the organization, and was a delegate to the Baltimore convention of the Whig party, that nominated Henry Clay for President. He was killed in 1866, while a passenger on the steamer " Yosemite," by the explosion of her boilers. His wife, whose maiden name was Sophronia Iloadley, was a native of Ohio, and daughter of Colonel Hoadley. She was of the famous Hnad- ley family of Connecticut and Ohio, and cousin of Governor Hoadley. She preceded her hus- baf.d to the grave, her death having occurred in 1865. To Mr. and Mrs. W. P. McCreary three children were born; of these, one, Henry, is deceased. He studied law with Judge Clark, and was admitted to practice before the Su- preme Court of California. His education was of the highest order, having been commenced in Sacramento, and finished at Yale College, where he was the class orator in 1865. He was gener- ally conceded to have been one of the brightest young men in the history of tlie Sacramento bar, and his untimely taking off, which oc- curred in 1869, was a sad blow to his family, and to the profession. Of the two living chil- dren of W. P. McCreary, the older is Charles McCreary. He is a native of Sandusky, Ohio, born October 6, 18B8, and was but twelve 3'ears of age when he came to California, and here he finished his education under private tutors. He went upon a ranch in Yolo County, which he conducted, in conjunction with his brother Byron, for four years. They returned at the expiration of that time, to Sacramento, and be- came associated with their father in the mill, succeeding to the business at his death. Mr. McCreary was married in this city, April 26, 1865, to Miss Leora, daughter of Judge Clark. They have two children: Robert Clark and Henry Clay. The younger living son of W. P. McCreary is also connected with the Sacra- mento mills; Byron McCreary is a native of Plymouth, Ohio, and was educated in the schools of his native State, at Sandusky and at Cincinnati. He did not accompany the family to California, but remained East, completing his education, so that when he came to the coast he joined the family in Sacramento. He and his brother Charles conducted the Yolo County farm until becoming interested in the Phoenix mill, and they have been partners since that time, with the exception of an unimportant in- terval. The McCreary Bros, are among the cnter|)rising firms of Sacramento, and the pro- Ill STORY OF SACllAMENTO COUNTY. duct of their Sacramento mill is one of the lead- ing articles in the export business of the city. fSIEBEXTHALER, one af the well-known long-resident citizens of Sacramento, is a ** native of Bavaria, Germany, born on Christinas day, 1829, his parents being P., Sr., and Elizabeth (Marshall) Siebenthaler. In 1830 the family came to America, locating at Cincin- nati, where the father followed the profession of music. They afterward removed to Indiana, and settled in Highland Township, Franklin County. In 1844 the subject of this sketch left home, and, goii.-g to St. Louis, learned the cigar-making trade, in a factory on the corner of Second street and Washington avenue. In 1850, in company with John Gates (who had been to California in 1849), Mr.* Siebenthaler started for the new El Dorado. They left St. Louis on the 15th of April, and proceeded to California via Fort Hall. They had rather a severe experience on the trip, running short of provisions, etc., but bringing up safely at Flacerville on the 19th of August. Mr. Sieben- thaler halted at Flacerville, and remained there until 1855, engaged in mining and butchering. He next went to Volcano, Amador County, where he conducted a boarding-house and en- gaged in quartz mining. On the 2d of March, 1870, a cave-in occurred in the mine in w*ich he was at the time, and he was severely injured in the right arm, for which he came to Sacra- mento to receive medical assistance. He con- cluded to remain here, and started in business on the corner of Eighth and K streets, remov- ing to his present location on Twentieth and H streets, in 1881. At this location he has made the building improvements, which are of a handsome and substantial character. Mr. Sieben- thaler was married at Flacerville, December 31, 1853, to Miss Elizabeth Ileddinger. They have two children, viz.: John F. and Isabella (widow of W. Ft. Claypool, who died May 20, 1888. Mr. Siebenthaler is a member of Sacramento Lodge, A. F. & A. M. In politics he is a Re- publican, and takes an active interest in public affairs. In 18(57 he was elected to the office of recorder and auditor of Amador County, and sei ved two years in that capacity. fOHN RUEDY, proprietor of the Fifth Street Hotel, is a native of Switzerland, born at the village of Gachlingen, Canton SchafF- hausen, on the 15th day of August, 1860, his parents being Andrew and Lizzie (Hepp) Ruedy. He was reared and spent his early boy- hood days at the place of his birth, and there received his education. At the early age of seventeen years he started out to make his own way in the world, leaving home and coming to America. In this country he located at Ft. Wayne, Indiana, where he worked at any em- ployment he could find, and was part of the time engaged as butcher, as cook, or as farmer, etc. He next went to St. Faul, Minnesota, thence to Chicago, from there to St. Louis, and then back to Ft. Wayne, Indiana. In 1882 he crossed the continent to California, locating at Oakland. In 1883 he came to Sacramento, and became engaged as clerk in the Mechanics' Ex- change Hotel, which position he held until Au- gust 15, 1885, when he became the proprietor of the Fifth Street Hotel. This hotel was started under the name of the Helvetia House, with John Korn as the first landlord, about 1876. In 1884 Frank Schuler became proprietor, and another story was added to the building. John Tackney came next as landlord, and he was fol- lowed by the present proprietor. Mr. Ruedy has ample accommodations for seventy-five peo- ple, and his house has a favorable reputation as a home hotel. Mr. Ruedy was married in this city on the 14th of August, 1885, to Miss A[ary Kuechler, a native of Switzerland. They have two children, viz.: George and Chris. Mr. Ruedy is a member of Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. 0. O. F. In closing this sketch of Mr. Ruedy it is well to state that his life offers a lesson to HISTORY OF SAGBAMENTO COUNTY. many young men of to-day. Having to battle with the world for himself from the time he was a mere boy, and that, too, in a strange country, having a language new to him, he is already in his fourth j'ear of business for him- self, and is in a prosperous condition. He has made his real start right in Sacramento. fACOB FREES.— Among the popular hotel men of Sacramento is the gentleman whose name heads this sketcli. He is a native of Freimesheim, Germany, born February 4, 1845, his parents being Bernard and Barbara (Arm) Frees, flis father was a master mason in the building trade, who died in 1858, but his mother lived until 1871. Jacob Frees was edu- cated at his native place from his sixth year until he was fourteen, and in 1859 came to America, sailing from Havre to New York. He remained in the latter city until 1863, then came to California via Panama. Landing at San Francisco, he came to Sacramento, and en- gaged at the butchering business with Charles Mahrt, on Sixth street, between J and K. He was so employed until 1866, when he went to Idaho, and was for the next year located at a place called Hogham, near Idaho City. He then returned to Sacramento, and after working awhile at his old job, bought the California Market, on J street, between Eighth and Ninth. He ran it a year, then went to Virginia City. After butchering there for two years, he re- turned to Sacramento and entered the employ of his father-in-law, J. B. Kohl, witii whom he remained until February, 1874. Since that time he has been the proprietor of the Bevidere Hotel, which, though not a large house, enjoys an excellent reputation under his able manage- ment. Mr. Frees was married in this city to Miss Lena Kohl, a native of St. Louis, who came here with her parents in 1852. They have two children, viz.: John B. and Jacob. Mr. Frees is a member of Schiller Lodge, I. O. O. F., and of Sacramento Lodge, A. O. U. W. He is a Democrat politically. He is a man of liigh standing in the community, and enjoys a large circle of friends. fGABRIELLL proprietor of the Garibaldi Hotel, Sacramento, is a native of Italy, ® born at Lucca, Tuscany, April 15, 1849, his parents being Joseph and Astunta (Barto- lanni) Gabrielli, the father a farmer. He was reared and educated at his native place, and when a young man decided to come to America. He sailed from Laverno for New York on the ship " Leonet," and then came to California via Panama, arriving at San Francisco on the 12th of April, 1868. He came to Sacramento and soon obtained employment for himself on a ranch near Sutterville, where he worked about six years. He then sold out, bought property in Sacramento and built the Garibaldi House, which he has made a great success, and where he accommodates from twenty to fifty boarders. He was married in Sacramento September 11, 1882, to Miss Teresa Gardens, a native of Italy, born in the mountainous country near Genoa. They have five children, viz.: Astunta, Fran- cesco, Maria, Lena, and an infant unnamed. Mr. Gabrielli has been vice-president of the Society Bersaglieri, and is now its treasurer, as well as a prominent member of the military company. He is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 4, L O. O. F., and of Owosso Tribe, No. 49, Red Men. In politics he is a Democrat. Mr. Gabrielli is deserving of much credit for the success he has made here. He landed at San Francisco with only $22, and he has risen to his present position by his own efforts. — ^-m-^ — fACOB GEBERT, proprietor of the Union Brewery, Sacramento, is a native of Alsace, now a portion of the Empire of Germany, born on tlie 3d of May, 1847, his parents being Jacob, Si'., and Louisa Mary (Dewald) Gebert. UlsroRY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY He was reared at his native place, and tliere commenced the. brewer's trade. In 1858, in company with an uncle, Paul Gebert, he came to America and soon came to California, locat- ing in Sacramento, where he attended school, making his liome with his uncle. He also worked for a time in the Columbus Brewery. In 1863 he accompanied his uncle back to the old country, and there again attended school. In 1865 he again came to America, and located in San Francisco, where he drove a bakery wagon for a time. He next came to Sacramento, and again obtained employment at the Colum- bus Brewery, at iirst washing barrels, afterward making malt, and iinally driving a wagon. After about a week at the last mentioned occu- pation, he went to San Jose, and obtained work in the Almaden Brewery. While there he got a letter from Mr. Gruhler, who wanted him to come back and work in the Columbus Brewery, which proposition he accepted, and remained with the Gruhlers for ten months. He then engaged with the St. Louis Brewery, where he remained about two years. He next went with Mr. Oswald, who offered him $40 per month additional salary. He was employed there until 1875, when he moved upon a ranch near Florin, and in the meantime formed his plans for going into business in Sacramento for himself. He commenced building operations, and in May, 1880, established the Union Brewery, corner of Twentieth and O streets. He put a two-story brick building, 30 x 70 feet in area, the ma- chinery bein^ operated by horse-power. After a year he put in a steam engine of eight- horse power, and the capacity of the brewery was then about twelve barrels per day. On the 18th of December, 1887, the property was destroyed by lire, making an almost total loss of buildings and fixtures, the tire cjtchiug by the overheat- ing of a shaft. Mr. Gebert was not discouraged by the great catastrophe, however, for the ashes had hardly cooled before he was planning for a new outfit. So rapidly was the rebuilding ac- coujplished that on the 6th of May, 1888, he was again ready for business, but on a far more extensive scale. The new building is 70 x 140 feet in ground area, but in an L shape, and is four stories and basement in part, and the re- mainder three stories and basement, while the capacity has been increased to twenty-four bar- rels per day. He has a large and growing trade, which reaches as far as Mill City, Nevada. The product of the Union Brewery, it is unneces- sary to say, enjoys a high reputation under Mr. Gebert's able management. Mr. Gebert was married December 1, 1875, to Miss Mary Gutli, a native of Sacramento County, born at Elk Grove, and daugiiter of Joseph and Mary (Ken- ney) Guth, who came to California in 1850, and are now living retired from active business in Sacramento. Mr. and Mrs. Gebert have one child, Charles, born January 6, 1879. Mr. Gebert is a of member Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. O. O. F., and also of the Druids. Mr. Geb- ert's rise in business has been quite remarkable. He started on a small capital, and his first year's experience was perfectly successful. He lost $17,000 by the fire of 1887, but did not let that bother him. To him belongs the credit of building up that portion of Sacramento. There were no streets graded in that vicinity when he commenced: now there are first-class improve- ments. Lots that he bought for §400 could not be purchased now for §4,000. He is certainly an enterprising man. — ^«@:ii)»'.^ — fA. GALGANI, merchant, Sacramento, is a native of Tuscany, Italy, born ten miles ** from Lucca, June 20, 1847, his parents being V. and Cleopha (Bartholome) Galgani. The father was a farmer and land owner. P. A. Galgani was the sixth in order of age of a family of nine children. He was reared at his native place, and finished his education at Lucca, where he attended college three years. In 1869 he sailed from Laverno to Corsica, then went from Bastierne to Marseilles, and thence to Paris. He decided to go to America, and pro- ceeded to Havre, took passage on the " Ballona," HISTORY OF SAOIiAMBNTO COUNTY. reaching New York after a rough voyage. He then started for California via Panama. AVhen he arrived at San Francisco he found a brother waiting to receive liim. He engaged in farm- ing near the city, and was so engaged until 1871, when he came to Sacramento. He secured a place near Sutterville, where he farmed for a time. He next kept the Garibaldi House, in Sacramento, for three years, then went to farm- ing again, in Brighton Township. He quit farming in 1887, and in April of that year em- barked in the mercantile business on the corner of Twenty-first and O streets, Sacramento. In November, 1888, he removed to his present location, on the northeast corner of Eighteenth and M streets, where he has built up a good business. Mr. Galgani was married in Sacra- mento November 26, 1874, to Miss Mary Fer- retti, a native of Philadelphia. They have six children, viz.: Cleopha, John Batiste, Alba, Helena, Oeesar and Louis. Mr. Galgani is president of the Sacramento Society of Bersag- lieri, and is third lieutenant of the company of sharpshooters connected with the society. Mr. Galgani takes an active interest in everything })ertaining to the welfare of the people of his native land, as also of his adopted country, and is an influential, active man. fHRISTIAN KLENK, one of the old-time Californians now resident in Sacramento, was born in Wurtemborg, Germany, on the 6th day of January, 1823, his parents being Jacob and Dora (Wieland) Klenk, the father a tailor by trade. The subject of this sketch spent his early boyhood days at his native place, and was there educated from the age of six to fourteen years. He was very useful about horses, and after leaving school was engaged in that capacity by Herr vou Schlimbach, a very prom- inent man, who had been with Napoleon on his Russian campaign, and belonged to the court of Xing William of Wurtemberg. Mr. Klenk held that position about one year, then went with the governor of the district in a similar capacity. He was with him about a year, and was then engaged by Prince Hohenlohe, with whom he remained until he was twenty-one years of age. He then served two years in the army, and after the expiration of his term went back to his old vocation, this time with a noble- man, with whom he remained three years. He then came to America, on a sailing vessel from Amsterdam to New York. That was in 1849. He proceeded to Philadelphia by water, and re- mained there some time. In 1850 a party of sixteen (Mr. Klenk among them) organized on Vine street to go to California. They proceeded by railroad to Pittsburg, and thence by steamer to St. Louis. After a week there, purchasing provisions, wagons, etc., they went to St. Joseph, thence by Fort Kearney and Fort Laramie to Salt Lake, where they traded off their cattle and wagons and got horses to cross the desert. This was a terrible task, and they came near dying on the desert. As it was, half the party lost their lives. They proceeded by the Carson route to Hangtown, and Mr. Klenk arrived there nearly starved, very sick, and unable to walk or talk. As soon as he was able he went tu work splitting wood, which almost killed him. Two weeks later he came to Sacramento, and remained here two or three months. Though still sick and feeble, he went to work at the Em- pire House. From here he went to Coloma, and rained there a year and a half. He then came back to Sacramento, but finding that there was nothing for him to do here he went to Redding. He was also disappointed there, and again returned to Sacramento, and from here, soon afterward, went to Wisconsin Hill, thence to Iowa Hill, where he put up a log cabin, and mined two years. He then went back to Phila- delpbia by water, but in 1854 returned to Cali- fornia over the plains, accompanied by his wife. This time he took a different route, going to Council Bluff's and joining a party there. Two days later they were attacked by Indians, with whom they had a big fight. Mr. Klenk took an active part in the melee, and, altiiough he HISTORY Of SACRAMENTO COUNTY. lost some cows at first, got them back all right. The next night he kept watch all night, and next morning they started on their way. They came to a crossing where the Indians showed fight again. The wagons were parked in double lines, and a battle ensued. The Indians lost one of their number killed, and concluded to draw ofl'. This was the last time they gave any trouble. They proceeded by Sublette's cnt-ofF and down the Humboldt, and on to Sacramento, and the journey, except the Indian fighting, was a very pleasant one. He afterward went to Coloma and mined a year on the Middle Fork, and later bought a ranch on the river and fol- lowed cattle-raising there a number of years. He had a dairy also, and got as high as $1.25 per pound for butter. Before the flood he had 240 head of cattle, and after had but thirty-five left. lie remained on the ranch some time after the flood, then sold out to Cox & Clarke. He purchased his present property in Sacra- mento in 1881. Mr. Klenk has been twice married, the first time in Philadelphia, to Miss Jennie Schmidt, a native of Waldenburg, Ger- many, who died in Sacramento. By this mar- riage there were four children, of whom two — Louisa and Charles — died crossing the plains. Those living are: Alexander and Reinhold. Mr. Klenk's present wife was formerly Mrs. Uhl, and her maiden name was Strauss. Mr. Klenk has passed through all the vicissitudes of pio- neer life, and has lived to see California advance from a uiere collection of mining camps to her present proud position among the States. ^■^-^^- F. PETERSON, manufacturer, and wholesale and retail dealer in candies * and confections, Sacramento, is a native of Germany, born at Bremen, July 8, 1850, his parents being W. F., Sr. (a shoe manufacturer), and Geoiene (Wischusen) Peterson. Wiien he was an infant his mother died, and when he was eleven years old he came to the United States to live with liis mother's sister, in New York. He finished his education commenced at Bre- men, at Martin S. Payne's College, corner of Canal and Bowery, and under Prof. Daniel Sul- livan. At the age of fifteen years, having finished his schooling, he engaged with the wholesale shipchandling house of W. F. Hart- kopl'. He was engaged in that business until 18(36, when he came to California via Nicara- gua, leaving New York on the Santiago de Cuba, and landing at San Francisco from the steamer of that name, on the 23d of August, 1860. He engaged with Meyer Bros,, corner of Folsom and Freeman, with whom he remained until 1868. He was then taken sick, and his case given up as hopeless. He went back to New York, and when fully recovered went into business on the corner of Broome and Werrick streets, in the firm of H. Stelling & Peterson, grocers. The firm had continued one year, when Mr. Peterson sold out and went to Idaho. There he tried his luck mining at Placerville, but three months later went to Portland*, Ore- gon. He found things dull there, and pro- ceeded to San Fi'aneisco, where he went to work for Fred Carson, corner of Bush and Dupont streets. Eleven months later he came to Sacra- mento and went to work with P. H. Russell, with whom he remained nearly four months. He next engaged with H. Fisher. On the 3d of May, 1876, Mr. Peterson started in business for himself, with a retail candy factory and restaurant, at the present location on J street, between Sixth and Seventh. From that time his business has been steadily and rapidly in- creasing, until it has assumed vast proportions. He employs thirty-one people, and his trade ex- tends throughout California, Nevada, Oregon, Montana and Arizona, and is gradually but surely extending its limits. The products of his factory are strictly pure, and have a splendid reputation. Mr. Peterson was married in Sacra- mento, August 29, 1875, to Miss Annie E. Bryte, a native of Yolo County, and daughter of Mike Bryte, deceased. They have four chil- dren, viz.: W. F., Jr., Bryte M., Allen E. and Mabel. They lost one child by death — Edward HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO Bryte Peterson. Mr. Peterson is a member of Capital Lodge, I. 0. O. F.; of Union Lodge, A. F. & A. M.; of Sacramento Cliapter, Sacra- mento Council, and Sacramento Comniandery. Mr. Peterson is a pushing, vigorous man of business, and a successful manager, yet at all times genial and courteous in his manner. He ie one of those men whom success has not spoiled. tOUIS NICOLAUS, one of the leading busi- ness men of Sacramento, and proprietor of the brewery corner Twelfth and I streets, is a native of Germany, born at Heugelheim, Bavariai January 5, 1829, his parents being William and Margaretha Nicolaus, the father a farmer by oc- cupation. Louis Nicolaus was reared and edu- cated at his native place, and in 1846 came to America, sailing from Havre to New York, be- ing fifty-five days on the voyage. He proceeded to Buffalo, and there entered on an apprentice ship at the cooper's trade with Conrad Antrose. He served one year at the trade, then worked for his employer as a journeyman. In 1848 he went to Canada, but returned after one month, to Buffalo. He then went to Cleveland, where he was employed for a time, and then worked on the canal to Dresden for a few months. He then went to Cincinnati, where he spent the winter of 1848-'49. He next went to St. Louis, and from there to Lexington, Missouri. He worked out in the woods near that place that summer, splitting staves for Waddle & Co. In the fall he again went to St. Louis, and in the spring of 1850 returned to Lexington, Missouri, There a company of forty-three was organized, under Captain Joe Waddle (a Mexican war vet- eran), for the purpose of going to California, and Mr. Nicolaus was one of the number. They proceeded to California via Ft. Kearney, Ft. Lar- amie, Sublette's cut-off and the Truckee route, Mr. Nicolaus being sick most of the way. He and those with his wagon, four in all, stopped at Nevada City, and engaged at mining, contin- uing about two months. They went to Grass Valley next, but, getting no rain there, went up to the Little Yuba, and mined at Hess's Cross- ing, in the middle of the river, until the fall of 1851. Mr. Nicolaus then came to Sacramento, and from here went up to Amador County. He mined awhile there, then started in the butcher business with a man named Broaddus. He was in business there until the fall of 1868, when he again came to Sacramento, and bought some stock, which lie afterward sold. He bought an interest in the brewery at Twelfth and I streets, in October, 1869, from Martin Arenz, and re- mained in partnership with him until 1873, when Wendell Kertli bought the interest of Mr. Arenz. Mr. Nicolaus has carried on the busi- ness ever since, and has practically rebuilt the entire plant. Since 1884 he has been making a beer which many people consider superior to any lager. The capacity of the brewery is fifty barrels per day, and a ready market is found in Sacramento and tributary territory. Mr. Nic- olaus was married in this county to Miss Susan- nah Kerth, a native of Germany. They have had six children, of whom four are living, viz.: Louis, Edward, Emma and Julia. The two deceased children are: Willie and Wendell. Mr. Nicolaus is a member of Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. O. O. F., and of the Sacramento Hus- sars. He is a popular man, and counts his friends by the score. ^-3--^^ — - «QRIS NIELSEN, carriage and wagon manufacturer, Sacramento, is a native of Denmark, born at Gudbjerg, the Island of Fyen, in the heart of Denmark, on the 26th of July, 1851, his parents being Niels Nicolaisen and Hedwig Albertine Cortitz Datter. He was reared at his native ]ilace, and educated there between the age of seven and fourteen years. He then commenced the trade of wagon and car- riage maker with his father, and served an ap. prenticeship of five years. He then traveled to improve himself at his trade, and worked some HISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. time at the large city of Odense. When he was twenty-one years of age he entered tlie army, and served in the Nineteenth Infantry Battalion for six months steadily, and after that at inter- vals, working at his trade in the meantime. In 1878 he came to the United States, and located at Sacramento, and went into the employ of A. Meister. He remained with him until May, 1880, when, in partnership with his brother, J. M., he started in business for himself at his present location. They were in partnerohip for two and a half years, since which time he has conducted the wagon and carriage making busi- ness alone. At that time he put up the large and substantial building at 1013 and 1015 Tenth street. This building stands three stories high, with its large basement, and covers an area thirty-three by eighty feet in dimensions. He has built up an extensive trade, and manufact- ures for tiie trade and to order. He has many good customers, who will have their work done at no other place, and when he gets a customer he always retains his trade. That is the nat- ural consequence of his method of turning out nothing but honest work, of the best materia^ and workmanship. He gets trade from points as far away as Nevada, and even has business from San Francisco, and now employs five first- class workmen. Mr. Nielsen was married in Sacramento, September 4, 1885, to Miss Louisa Ericson, a native of Sweden. Mr. Nielsen is an upright, honest, business man, pushing and active in his methods. Such men are a credit to Sacramento. ^r-^t-tf*^ fREDERICK LOTHHAMMER, one of the well-known citizens of Sacramento, is a na- tive of Germany, born at Wimpffen, Hesse- Darmstadt, December 31, 1830, his parents being Gottlieb and Frederika (Minsch) Lothhain- nier. The father was a sash manufaclurer by occupation. The subject of this sketch was reared at liis native place, and there attended the public schools from the age of six years until he was fourteen. For the next year and a halt he gave his attention to the profession of music. He then learned the turning trade. In March, 1850, he departed from Rotterdam in a sailiog vessel for the United States, and landed at New York July 4. He remained there and at Hobokcn for six years, learning the carpen- ters' trade at the latter place, and in January, 1856, he went to Watertown, Wisconsin. There he worked as a carpenter a year, then went into the country and followed farming until 1869, when he came to California, locating in Sacra- mento in October. He followed the building trade here for many years, but is now retired from active business. Mr. Lothhammer was married in Wisconsin, April 6, 1856, to Miss Charlotte Borchart, a native of Prussia, who came to this country with her parents early in the 40's, locating in Wisconsin. She died in Sacramento in 1877. Mr. Lothhammer was again married in Sacramento, to a widow lady named Schacht, whose maiden name was Catha- rina Winder. By this marriage there was one child, viz.: Emma, who died at the age of four and a half years. Mr. Lothhammer was again bereaved by the death of his wife, in March, 1889. Mr. Lothhammer is a prominent mem- ber and trustee of the German Lutheran Church. He has a wide acquaintance and a large circle of personal friends, whose full sympathy he has had in the hours of bereavement. '^■^■^ tOUIS LOCH, of the firm of Rohr & Loch, proprietors of the Pioneer Bakery, Sacra- mento, is a native of Germany, born in the Province of Bergenfeld, Duchy of Oldenberg, on the 5th of September, 1842, his parents be- ing Christian and Julia (Bumgard) Loch, the father a baker. He was reared at his native place, and then attended school from the age of six to fourteen. He learned the baker's trade, and then traveled throughout Germany. He entered the army at the age of twenty-one, in the Oldenberg Infantry Regiment, and served HISTORY OF SAC RAM Eli TO COUNTY. two years. He came to tlie United States in 1869, and after two months in New York, came to California, arriving in Sacramento on the 5th of September. He went to San Francisco, and thence to San Jose, where he worked in tj^e New York Bakery for Mr. Derr. He next went to Virginia City, Nevada, where he worked two and a half years, and in 1881 again came to Sacramento, and went to work for Messrs. Vogel and Meyers, where he was employed for four years. He then went to work in tlie Pio- neer Bakery, finally becoming a partner, as elsewhere stated. Mr. Loch was married in Sacramentd, February 14, 1888, to Miss Ella Cotter. He is a member of the Hermann Sons, of the Druids, and of tiie Bakers' Verein, San Francisco. Mr. Loch is an active man, and well deserves the success with which he is meeting in business. tOUIS CAFFARO, proprietor Hotel Roma, Sacramento, is a native of Italy, born at Lessolo, County of Torino, on the 19th of .luly, 1854, his parents being Giulio and Maria (Boschis) Catfaro, the father a dealer in horses, etc. He spent his boyhood days at his native lice, and had finished his schooliny; at the ajre of fourteen years. He then commenced n. ining on the borders of France and Italy. He then traveled throughout France, Africa, Italy, Egypt, Germany, Greece and Turkey. Having decided to come to America, lie took passage at Con- stantinople on a vessel bound fur New Y'ork. After his arrival there he proceeded "westward, and brought up in Clear Creek County, Colorado. He mined there two years, then proceeded to Amador County, California, and after mining there five years, came to Sacramento on the 8th of F'ebruary, 1886. He commenced the manu- facturer of wine the same year, and in this line he has built up a reputation second to none. His seven large tanks range in capacity from 1,500 to 2,000 gallons each, and he has on hand from 8,000 to 9,000 gallons of good wines. He makes clarets, white wines and ports, and ships the product of his winery direct to the trade at Chicago, and throughout Colorado, Utah, Ari- zona, New Me.xico, Dakota, etc. He gives his personal attention to the details of manufacture, and takes care that every thing is done in a proper manner. Besides his outtide business, he has a large local trade, which keeps a horse and wagon busy, delivering to customers. An idea of the increase of his business may be formed frotn his purchases of grapes. In 1880 he bought only about twenty-four tons, in 1887 he bought furty-one tons; and in 1888 he bought over lorty-seven tons of selected grapes. Of his stock now on hand he has about 3,000 gallons of old white wines and clarets, and he stocked up about $2,000 worth of wines last harvest. He also buys and ships brandies. On the 27th of March, 1889, he opened the Roma Hotel, having a partner the first three months. He has built up a large patronage, and while his hotel has accommodations really for only thirty boarders, he has to take care of from that num- ber to fifty constantly. Mr. Cafl'aro i^a mem- ber of Eureka Lodge, No. 4, I. O. O. F.; of Unity Lodge, A. O. D., No. 66; of the Chosen Friends, and of the Bersaglieri. Politically he is a Republican. Mr. Caflaro is an enterpris- ing man, and well deserves the success he has met with. fiUGUST RODEGERDTS, corner of Third I and M streets, is one of the most progres- s^ sive of Sacramento's young business men. He is a native of Germany, borti at Otterndorf, tianover, on the 26th of June, 1856, his parents being Henry and Franda (Frank) Rodegerdts. When the subject of this sketch was but nine montl.s old, his father tlied, and his mother was afterward married toGeorgeSchoenicke. August R >degerdts was reared at his native place, and attended the Government schools from six to tour- teen years of age. He then went to Hamburg, and learned the business of waiting, in a hotel. IITSTOlii' OF SACRAMENTO COUNTT. In the fall of 1872 he came ta America, sailino; from Hamburg to New York on tlie steamer " Silesia." He worked as waiter in a New York hotel for six months, then went to work in a gro- cery store on the corner of Serenty-fourth street and Second avenue. He remained there quite a while, then went to work in a store on tlie corner of Ninth and Broadway, Williamsburg. In 1875 he came to California, and locating at Sacramento went to work for Chris. Eiiinann, corner of Second and M streets. In 1879 he entered business for himself in partnership with John C. Schaden. Mr. Rodegerdts sold out to his partner in 1884, and buying out John Mc- Mony the following August, removed to his present location. He has built up an extensive trade, which is every year growing larger, and Mr. Kodegerdt's store is as busy as a bee-hive. In 1882 he bought his first real estate, just across the street from his present location, and in December, 1888, purchased his present loca- tion. He was married in this city, February 17, 1886, to Miss Katie Hergett, a native of California, born in Yolo County, where her par- ents now reside. They have one child — a boy — Ciiristian August. Mr. Rodegerdts belongs to the I. O. R. M., and is a member of the Lu- theran Church. He is a self-made man, and judging from iiis past record, a brilliant future may be predicted for him. tF. BASSETT, City Surveyor of Sacra- mento, is a native of Seneca County, ^ New York, born October 4, 1851, his parents being Pierrepont and Roxy (Cole) Eas- sett. He was reared and educated" there, but when eighteen years of age went to Des Moines. There he became assistant to chief city engineer J. B. Bosman, and occupied tiiat position until the spring of 1873, when he engaged in rail- road surveying work, first in Nebraska, after- ward in Utah. In September, 1874, lie came to Sacramento, and wa^ for a few months con- nected with the county surveyor. He then en- tered the employ of the Central Pacific Railroad, in the engineering department, and so contin- ued two and one-half years. After that, he was for six months engaged in swamp land surveys, in connection with Lisbon district, Yolo County. Since 1888 he has been city surveyor of Sacra- mento, having been chosen as his own successor at each succeeding election. Mr. Bassett was married to Miss Ella Genevieve Jackson, a na- tive of Indiana. Her father died in Yolo County, but her mother still resides there. Mr. Bassett is a member of Industrial Lodge, No. 157, I. O. O. F., and Unity Lodge, Knights of Honor. He is also a member of the Tech- nical Society of the Pacific coast. fllRIS AYEISEL, one of the prominent figures in business circles of Sacramento, was born in the district of Solms Lauback, Hesse-Darmstadt, now in the empire of Ger- many, March 3, 1834. His father, John Henry Weisel, was a butcher by occupation, and for 800 years (as far back as the family tradition goes) that has been the family business. His mother's maiden naine was Annie Elizabeth Schoner. Chris W'eisel was reared at his native place, a town of 2,000 inhabitants named Freien- seen, whose citizens had always enjoyed the dis- tinction of being all free, with no serfs. Heat- tended scliool from the ageof six to fourteen 3'ears and for five years of that time received instruc- tions from a private tutor. After completing his schooling he commenced the butchers' trade with his father. In 1852 he came to America, via Rotterdam and Liverpool, taking passage from the last named port May 9, on the sailship Cumberland for New York, where he arrived after a voyage of forty-nine days. They were glad to reach land, as water had run short, and but one quait per day was meted out to each person. After three days in New York city, Mr. Weisel went by steamer to Albany, thence to Bufi'alo by rail, from there to Sandusky, Ohio, by steamer, thence to Cincinnati by rail, and jirsTonr of sachamento county. next to St. Lonis by steamer. Tlie cholera broke out on the vessel, and lie helped to bury twenty- live persons. After lying in quarantine eight days, he landed at St. Louis, and met his brother, who had come to this country in 1846, and was in business there. In 1854 he left St. Lonis, going to New Orleans by river steamer, then taking the steamer Pampero to Greytown, which had just been bombarded by the English. Pro- ceeding up the St. John River to the falls of Castilion, and passing over a half mile by land, he took another steamer to Port St. Carlos, on Nicaragua Lake. lie crossed the lake at night, witnessing the finest sight of his life— that of volcanoes in action at night. Tlie remainder of the Journey to San Juan del Coeur was made by mule-back, and he then took the steamer Sierra Nevada for San Francisco, arriving there on the 2d of April, 1854. lie remained there till June 29, then went by the steamer New World to Sacramento, and soon went to work at the city market for Haywood, Fratt & McNnlty. On the 3d of NTovember of the same year he started in business for liimself at his present location, Nos. 726-728 L street. His present building was erected in 1857. During the floods of 1861 -'62 he lost 1,500 iiead of sheep which he had on a ranch on Cache Slough, in "Solano County, and he and L. \j. Mohrlost about 1,000 hogs. The water-mark of that year is still visible inside his building — five feet eight inches above the floor. Mr. Weisel has built up a big trade, and does an extensive wholesale and packing busi- ness. Mr. Weisel was married, August 16, 1860, to Miss Minnie Jurgens, a native of the Island of Heligoland, a possession of England in the North Sea. She sailed to California from Hamburg via Cape Horn in 1852, on the brig Emma (Captain Robin), landing at San Fran- cisco April 11, 1853. She came with lier fatiier, Jasper Jurgens, and her brothers, Jasper, Chris- tian, Peter and Martin, and sisters Dora and Gondola. She departed this life May 12, 1888, in her forty-ninth year, leaving five living chil- dren, two iiaving preceded her in death. Tiiose living are: Theodore Jasper, Martha, Minnie, Theresa and Christian. Mr. Weisel was one of tiie original members and ofiicers of tiie Sacra- mento Sliarpshooters, and he and Jacob Nathan were the originators of the Germania Building and Loan Association. He was its first vice- president, served the first term as acting presi- dent, and held the otiice of president for thirteen consecutive years. He is Grand Past Chief of the order of Red Men for the Pacific coast. He has been twice president of the Sac- ramento Turn-Verein, and served three succes- sive terms in that capacity, from 1860 to 1862 inclusive. Mr. Weisel has taken an active part in the Democratic party organization, has been chaii-man of the city central committee, member of the county committee, and delegate to State and other conventions, having been a member of the Greeley convention at San Francisco in 1872. Mr, Weisel had $2.50 when he came to Sacramento; now he ranks among her solid men. He has two fine ranches in Sacramento County, and one in Colusa County. He has good mining interests at Co.'oma, the patent having been issued by President Grant, Mr. Weisel holding two-thirds interest, and J.Nico- lansen the remainder. As high as $22,000 has been taken out of the mine in three numths, and in 1888 $12,000 was extracted in two months. -^•^ fll. GREEN, proprietor of the American Laundry, Sacramento, is a native of Con- * necticut, born at Norwalk, Fairfield County, May 5, 1831, his parents being Will- iam and Eunice (Barnum) Green. Both parents were members of old Connecticut families, and his father was extensively engaged in tiie manufacture of hats. When E. H. Green was eleven years of age the family removed to Henderson County, Illinois, and started a settle- ment five miles from the Mississippi River, which took the name of Greenville. There the father engaged in farming. The second year after the family came to Illinois, E. H. Green, niSTOllY OF SACnAMUNTU COUNTY. the subject of this sketch, went to Oquawka, and there learned the bhicksmith and wagon- making trade with George Muck (who afterward came to California, and was one of the early settlers of Wheatland). While he Was at Oquawa- ka, Colonel Finlay, who had been to Califor- nia, returned, and his accounts of the "Golden West" created great excitement, and many started for the new El Dorado. Mr. Green was one of a pifty of lii'ty-two organized at Oquawka, of whom over forty were under twenty- two years of age, and they organized by electing Robert Pence as captain. All materials for this outfit were gotten together there, including provisions for eight months. Their route took tiiem by Council Bluffs, Laramie, Salt Lake, Ogden, and the Carsou route, into California. They arrived at Placerville, August 12, 1850. This party was in some respects a remarkable one. Though nearly all Were young men and even boys, the best of order prevailed through- out, and they strictly kept a rule they made, never to travel on Sunday. There were none of those quarrels that were of too frequent occurrence with so many trains that made that weary journey, and, in fact, they were said to have been the jolliest party that ever crossed the plains. They did not lose a man or a wagou all the way from Illinois to Placerville. There tlie ^larfy disbanded. Mr. Green and Jackson and John Pence remained together, and bought a mining outfit. They remained at Placerville that fall and winter, and a couple of months of that time, while not mining, Mr. Green ran a team between Sacramento, Gold Springs and I'lacerville. The next spring he went to the Middle Fork of the American River, and en- gaged in mining there, in 1852 a company of fifteen was organized to flume the American River there, called the "Eagle Bar River Claim.?' The river was flnmed, and the company did' well. Jackson Pence died in the fall of 1852, and the next year John Pence went back to Illinois. They disbanded that fall, and Mr. Green proceeded to a point twenty-eight mjles from Sacramento, on Carson Creek, where he spent the winter. In the spring of 1853 Mr. Green and others went back to the Middle Fork of tlie American River, and mined there until the spring of 1854. lie then went to Downieville, and was soon engaged in mining at Monte Cristo, live miles up the hills from there. He remained there and in that vicinity until 1860, having mines at Monte Cristo and Morristovva, and then vvent to Virginia City. Nevada, where he was employed by the Gould and Curry Company as foreman, about four years. In thj spring of 1861 he resigned his position, and took a trip to Idaho, where he had some interests; but not finding them profitable he returned to Virginia City. The following summer he bought a ranch two miles from Car- son, and resided there until 1866. He then caine to Sacramento, and became connected with the American laundry, and in partnership with its proprietor, S. B. Cjoley, he engaged in the manufacture of the Crandall spritig bad. In 1869 they opened a house on the site of the present Baldwin Hotel, at San Francisco, and Mr. Green had charge there until 1872. He then returned to Sacramento, to their business here, located on Front street. In the fall of 1873 the establishment was destroyed by fire, with a loss of $20,000. The partnership was dissolved, and in the spring of 1874 Mr. Green went to Connecticut. He remained but a short time, then returned to Sacramento, and has been connected with the laundry ever since. This laundry was established by J. R. Webster, on Slater's addition, near the present depot site. In 1866 S. E. Cooley (brother-in-law of Mr. Green) bought Webster out. In 1880 the new building on J street was built, and the laundry removed into it. Mr. Green, the present pro- prietor, became sole owner in 1885. He does a very extensive business, and has forty-five em- ploy(^s. Mr. Green was married at Carson City, Nevada, July 11, 1863, to Miss Mary A. Cooley, a native of Connecticut. She died in this city, October 21, 1873. By this marriage there were two children, of whom one, Ellen, is liviiiir. Mr. Green was acjain married, in 1875, UlHTOllY OF HACRAUEMTO COUNTY. to Elizabeth Calvyn, of Brooklyn, New York. By this marriage there are tiiree children, viz.: Charles W. A., Henry E. and Amy. Mr. Green is a member of Industrial Lodge, JS'o. 157, I. (). O. F. In politics he is a Republican. Mr. Green is an upright, honorable man of business, genial and courteous always in demeanor, and his success in life is a source of pleasure to his many friends. C. GKAFF, plumber, gas-fitter, etc, Sacramento, has in a few years built up business which has already at- tained large proportions. He is a native of St. Louis, born December 20, 1851, his parents being Andrew and Anna (Plattner) Graff. An- drew Graff, father of the subject of this sketch, was a native of Switzerland, who came to the United States when he was a young man. When the California gold fever broke out, his attention was turned, like so many others, to the New El Dorado, and he decided to try his fortune. Accordingly he joined the vast caravan that traversed the plains, mountains and deserts be- tween the civilization of the East and the new- found gold fields of the West, and in 1849 he reached California, and was soon engaged in mining. He returned east, however, and lo- cated at St. Louis, in the butcher business. In 1852 he again came out to California, this time bringing his family along, and once more safely accomplished the tedious journey across the plains. On arriving at Sacramento, he first en- gaged in the brick- making business, afterward at butchering, and later entered the employ of Mr. Locher, the wholesale liquor man. After this he again engaged in the butcher business, which he then followed until the time of his death, which occurred in 1879. His widow yet lives in Sacramento, at the family residence on Tenth street, between Q and K streets. Their children are seven in number, as follows: Will- iam C, with whose name this sketch commences; Mary, wife of Joseph Dariotb; Emma, wife of Willard Lee; Sophia (Roeder); Emil, Henry, and Louisa, wife of A. Menke. William C. Graft; the oldest of the children of Andrew Graff", deceased, and the subject of this sketch, was reared and received his education in Sacra- mento. He learned the cigar-making trade in the factory of R. H. Pettit, where he worked three years and a half, then went with David Busli in the plumbing and gas-fitting business. After two years with him he spent four years on the road, and traveled and worked through- out the Pacific coast, from Salt Lake City to San Diego. He then started in business for himself in Sacramento, and by his thorough knowledge of the business, and close attention to all the details, he has made for himself a reputation second to none. He does general work in his lines, and contracts for plumbing, gas-fitting and sewer work. Mr. Graff" was mar- ried in this city, February 19, 1883, to Miss Sophia Schniedwind, a native of Elgin, Illinois. Mr. Graff is a pushing, enterprising young busi- ness man, and is meeting with well-deserved success. ,^LIAS GRUHLER, of Sacramento, is a fpL native o*' Aldingen, Spaidingen, Wui-tem- W^' berg, born October 24, 1855, his ijarents being Fred and Christina Maria (Glazer) Gruh- ler. He was reared at his native place, and attended the government schools between the ages of si.x and fourteen years. At the age of twenty years he entered the German army in the Twelfth Company, Seventh Regiment, Thirteenth Army Corps, and served with honor and credit until 1880. During that time his stations were Stuttgart, Ulm, Freidenstadt and Ludwigsburg. The first year he was a subaltern, having charge for eight or ten years; the ne.xt two years his authority was enlarged, and during the last two years he served as sergeant. After 1880 he was in the government civil service, with headquarters at Stuttgart. In 1884 he cam'e to New York, and from there to Sacra- niSroRT OP SACRAMBNTO OUNTY. mento. On the 9th of February. 1884, lie opened tlie Postoffice Exchange, and in October, 1888, removed to liis present location, at No. 924 Second street. Mr. Gruhler was married October 29, 1884, to iVIiss Mary R. Bolaz, a native of Wiirtemberg. They have two cliildren, viz.: Othelia and Ada. Mr. Gruhler has been president and secretary of the local lodge of Hermann's Sons, and is also a member of the Verein-Eintracht, in which he has held the office of secretary. Mr. Gruhler is an affable and courteous gentleman, and shows by his bearing tlie results of his training in tiie magnificent German army organization. -|->^- fAUL GRAF, manufacturer and dealer in harness, saddles, etc., Sacramento, is a na- tive of Germany, born at Muhlhausen, Baden, January 10, 1846, his parents being John and Helena (Rehm) Graf, the father a farmer and paper-maker. Paul Graf was the youngest of a family of nine children. He at- tended the public schools from the age of si.x until he was fourteen, and afterward at private schools. He then engaged i'l farm work. In 1867 he came to America, taking the steamer Hansen from Bremen to New York. He re- mained in the latter city for some time, then came to California via Panama. He took the steamer Rising Star on the Atlantic side, and on this side the steamer Golden Age, landing at San Francisco in October, 1868, and coming from there to Sacramento. His lirst employ- ment here was with Mr. Eiser, harness manu- facturer, and six months later he went with John T. Stoli. On tlie 5th of February, 1886, he commenced business for himself on K street, between Eighth and Ninth, and in March, 1887, he removed to his present location, No. 1128^ J street. Here he carries on the manufacture of iiarness, and handles saddles, collars, and in fact everything pertainin'.^ to a well-regulated store in his line. Mr. Graf was married in Sacramento, in February, 1877, to Miss Louisa Dresch. They have two cliildren, viz.: Mina and Mabel. Mr. Graf is a member of ScliilTer Lodge, No. 105, L O. O. F.; Lodge No. 42, Knights of Pythias, and of the Sacramento Turn-Verein. He taught athletics in the gymnasium for years. Mr. Graf has got his business well under way, and is making a first-class reputation as a busi- ness man. J. AZEVEDO, proprietor of the Eagle 'Vffll^ Winery, Sacramento, is a native of the '' Azores. Islands, born February 21, 1837, his parents being J. A. and Orsa Marrianna Azevedo. He attended school there, and was reared to farm life. In 1854, at the age of sev- enteen, he came to California around Cape Horn and landed at San Francisco, January 20, 1854, He went to Butte County, and mined success- fully on Butte Creek. In 1861 he came to the Sacramento Valley, and located on a farm op. posite Freeport, where he engaged in ranching until 1872. He then went back to the old conn- try, and remained there until 1888, when he re- turned to Sacramento. The firm of Azevedo & Co. was organized in April, 1889, and pur. chased the Eagle Winery. This winery is an extensive one, and has a distillery in connection. The finest of wines and brandies are turned out here, and the product of the winery has a high reputation. It is the only retail winery in Sac- ramento. Mr. Azevedo was married while in the old country, to Miss Marie Adelaide Azevedo, They have four children, viz.: John M., Mary A., Frank A. and John A. Mr. Azevedo is an active, enterprising man, genial and courteous in disposition, and just the kind of a man to push the Eagle Winery to the front rank. MARY DICKINSON, a ranch- Cosumnes Township, was born in Ireland in 1840, her parents being Henry and Nancy (Rooney) Doyle. She came Ul STORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. America in 1858, and settled in Wisconsin, where she married early, in 1863 at Janesville, John Hilton, the son of an English father and Irish mother, but born dnring the tempo- rary sojourn of his parents in France, in 1825. Mr. Hilton was a mason l)y trade and came to California with his wife and child in May, 1864. and died in Sacramento in 1869, leaving two sons: Thomas Jefferson, horn near Janesville, Wisconsin, February 28, 1864, and John, born in this State, June 26, 1867. In 1871 Mrs. (Doyle) Hilton was married in Sacramento to Mr. Peter Dickinson, born in England, April 11, 1830. His mother is known to have been eighty when she died in England in 1870. When the father died is not known. The son went to sea at the age of eleven and followed that kind of life for nine years, visiting China, India, Australia and nearly all parts of the world. Coming to California in 1850 he quit a seafaring life and went to mining, wliich he followed many years. He secured title to 197 acres, half a mile east of Michigan Ear, well adapted to fruit culture and farming. Mr. Dickinson died November 15, 1885, leaving three children: Rose Alice, born August, 1872; James Peter, May 19, 1874, and Mary Ellen, June 16,.1878. fHOMAS McANALLY, deceased. The subject of this sketch was born in the County of Armagh, Ireland, about 1840. He emigrated to America at eighteen, and came to California before he was tM'enty-one. Arriving in this county in 1861 or 1862, he worked for eight or nine years at general farming, dairying and fruit-raising in Franklin Township. He was known by his employers and their neigh- bors as an upright, industrious and kindly man, straightforward in his relations with all classes ?nd conditions of men, an excellent type of the better class of Iri.sh workmen. Having saved his earnings for several years of steady work, he bought, in 1870, the fruit ranch of seventy- one acres about one mile above Courtland, where his family still resides. Mr. McAnally was married in April, 1876, to Mis^s Catherine O'Flaherty, also a native of Ireland, horn in the County of Galway in 1852, daughter of Patrick and Mary (Folan) O'Flaherty. She came to this county in 1875. By the early death of her husband, in May, 1887, she was left a widow with two children: Mary Agnes, born August 22, 1878, and Edward Thomas, liorn February 6, 1880. f AN FORD DICKEY was born in Bar- tholomew County, Indiana, February 27, 1832, his parents being Thomas and Eu- nice (Starke) Dickey. The father, a native of Randolph County, North Carolina, lived to be ninety-two, and the mother, born in Monon- gahela County, Kentucky, died at seventy-eight. Grandfather William Dickey was over eighty when he died in Randolph County, North Caro- lina. Thomas Dickey was married to Eunice Starke, in Clark County, Indiana, about 1815, after the close of the war of 1812, in which he had served. They were the parents of tive sons and five daughters, all of whom lived to matu- rity. In 1847 they moved to Marion County Iowa, where'they bought a farm of 220 acres. The subject of this sketch received the usual district-school education and learned farming on his father's place. In 1854 Sanford Dickey re- ceived a forty-acre farm from his father, and in September of that year was married to Miss Cynthia Billups, a native of Iowa, daugiiter of Edward and Theodosia (Barrett) Billups. In 1857 they came to California, accompanied by a nephew, Thomas Dickey, now living one and a half miles below Isleton. They left Council Bluffs May 10, and reached Placerville Septem- ber 27. Coming down to Sacramento County, Sanford Dickey worked a few months for ranchers on the lower Stockton road near Franklin. He then entered KiO acres of Gov- ernment land about two and a half miles south- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. east of Franklin, which he kept and worked nn- til 1867, when he sold it to Walters, whose family now own it. In 1867 he bought the dairy bus- iness of the Jacobs ranch, half a mile west of Franklin, consisting of about forty cows. After one year he moved his dairy to the Tib- bets ranch, about two miles below Richland. In the autumn of 1869 he moved to Ro.ss' ranch about midway between Franklin and Richland. About 1875 he quit the dairy busi- ness and moved to Miller's ranch about two miles below Freeport, where he remained about three years, engaged chiefly in peddling meat. Then moving a mile further south on the river load, he was engaged for about two years in gen- eral farming and fruit-growing on the Xeu- baner ranch. October 6, 1880, he moved into the Isleton Hotel as renter, bought it in August, 1881, including lot, 80 .\ 120 feet, and still conducts it. He also rents the Cole ranch of 819 acres on the Georgiana Slough, devoted chiefly to raising natural hay and alfalfa. Be- sides quietly and kindly caring for the welfare of his guests, and actively superintending the hotel and ranch work, Mr. Dickey is road overseer of a large territory, including Grand Island and Georgiana Township. Mrs. Dickey died in March, 1867, leaving si.\ children, the two oldest being natives of Iowa and the others of California: Delilah, born March 5, 1855, now Mrs. James Aikens, of Sacramento; Homer Lawrence, born February 19, 1857, married to Miss Margaret Drone, a native of Canada, who came to California in 1885: they reside in Isle- ton and have one child, Cynthia Marie, born July 27, 1888; Naomi, born October 9, 1859, now Mrs. Louis Wagner, of Sacramento, has one daughter; Cynthia, born May 3, 1861, now Mrs. Charles Shipley, of Philadelphia, has one son; Iva, born January 14, 1863, now Mrs. George Hignett, of Sacramento; Sanford, Jr., born October 14, 1865, still unmarried, assists his father especially as road overseer. October 9, 1868, Mr. Dickey was married to Mrs. Melinda (Harutf ) Funk, a widow with one child, Frances, born September 7, 1865, now Mrs. Arthur Dulioii, of Sacramento. Mrs. Melinda Dickey was born in Arkansas, January 28, 1843, her parents being Peter and Margaret (Hinton) Ilaruff". With her mother and step-father she came to California in 1849, and with them went back in 1852, and returned to California in 1866. Her mother, now Mrs. Margaret Gor- don, born in Ohio. June 14, 1812, is living in San Jose, (Jalifornia. Grandfather Hinton was also a native of Ohio, and grandmother (Filson) Hinton was a native of South Carolina. She was over seventy' when she died. By this second marriage Mr. Dickey has two children: Angeline, born December 23, 1869; Hiram Joseph, born. July 5, 1879. |RS. ISABELLA W. MISER, a ranch- owner of Cosnmnes Township, about twenty- seven miles from Sacramento, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, December 8, 1826, her parents being Edward A. and Mary Ann (Ryder) Hughes. The father was a native of Nova Scotia, and the mother of New Bruns- wick. The latter died of cholera in 1849, in St. Louis, Missouri, where they had settled in 1841, the father being a dealer in boots and shoes in both cities. He came to California in 1854, and lived with his children, already settled here, and died some years later at the age of seventy- seven. The subject of this sketch was married in St. Louis, February 2, 1848, to Solomon Miser. In 184!) Mr. Miser came to California, and was engaged in mining on the Cosumnes, and afterward ii cattle-raising near Redwoods, until he went back for his wife and child in 1851. After a weary journey of five months across the plains, they arrived on the Cosumnes and soon afterward squatted on the place still occupied by Mrs. Miser. By purchase from the Government and others he became ])ossessed of 680 acres of land before 1865, to which Mrs. Miser has added 320 acres since his death. Mr. Miser came to his death in 1876, by being run over by his own heavily-loaded wagon. The BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. children of Mr. and Mrs. Miser, living in 1889, are: Spencer A., born in St. Louis, Missouri, November 11, 1848, and married in 1879 to Miss M. E. Hale, born in this State, a daughter of William Hale, of Kelsey; has two boys. Delia, born in California in 1852, now Mrs. Frank Jones, of Walsh's Station, in this county; has two boys and five girls. Joseph E., born in 1854, owns a small ranch and rents a large adjoining one in this township, using both for a sheep range. Laura, born in 1856, now the wife of William Russell, blacksmith on the Jackson road, ten miles from Sacramento; has three children — Charles, Joseph and Annie. Dawson A., born in 1860; Edwin A., born in 1863; Howard A., born in 1866. ■-^€@"@^'^^ — fRTHUR WILLIAM STUART, orehardist on Grand Island, was born in Maine, May 2, 1857, his parents being Daniel S. and Lydia (Philpot) Stuart. The family came to California in 1860 and settled on Grand Island, on what is now the Mclntyre ranch of 120 acres. The flood of 1862 overflowed his place and he moved to Solano County, near Dixon, where he now owns 240 acres. The father had come to California in 1850, and did some min- ing for a year or more, when he returned to farming in Maine. He was born about 1827, and Mrs. Stuart about 1829, and they have eight living children, of whom three are natives of this State. A. W. Stuart was educated in Dixon, and took a course in the Napa Collegi- ate Institute. Has done farm work since he has been of an age to labor. Mr. Stuart was married in Sacramento March 10, 1883, to Mrs. (). P. (Phillips) Wood, the widow of Monroe AVood, who died in 1879, leaving one child, Lillie, born in 1875, and accidentally drowned in 1888 while crossing the river near her home. Mrs. Stuart is a native of Illinois, where her mother is still living, near Troy, aged sixty. The father died in 1870. Mr. and Mrs. Stuart have one child, Daniel Everett, born on* Cr rand Island September 15, 1884. They own 210 acres on Steamboat Slough, ot which sixty-flve are in orchard. Mr. Stuart also owns jointly with his mother 200 acres in Stanislaus County, near Hopedale, purchased in 1887. It is all fruit-bearing land and twenty-tive acres are already in orchard. '^■&-^ fAMES JORDAN, owner of the Eagle Ditch at Michigan Bar, was born in England, April 18, 1827, iiis parents being John and Louise (Brooker) Jordan. The mother died about 1884, and in 1836 the father came to America with eight children. He settled on a farm in the State of New York, and in 1840 moved to Michigan, where six of his children are still living, five being married. They are: Caleb, with one son; Stephen married a Miss Perry, and has four or five children; William is unmarried; Mary, now Mrs. William Loburn, has a large family; Louise, now Mrs. Tyler, has some children; Annie, now Mrs. Carpenter, is also the mother of some children. All are set- tled on farms in Davison Township, Monroe County, Michigan. The father died there about 1879, aged eighty- three. The grandparents Jordan and grandmother Brooker were also long-lived folks. The subject of this sketch left Grand Blanc, Genesee County, Michigan, where his father then resided, in November, 1850, for California. He came by the Panama route, and took the Panama fever, which nearly proved fatal. He was unconscious for fourteen days on the voyage to San Francisco by the An- telope, and on his arrival was sent to the hospi- tal. When discharged he was scarcely able to woj-k, and did cooking for his board, and after ward was paid $25 a month. In July, 1851, he came to Coloma in El Dorado County, and was quite successful in mining, in which he has been engaged directly, or as owner of mineral lands and water privileges, with little interrup- tion ever since. He conducted a hotel at Colo- ma about eighteen months in 1853-'54, which lIISTOUr OF SACll.UIENTO COUNTY. he afterward rented to others for seven or eight years, aud tinally sold. In 1854: lie benight a mining claim, and in 1855 went into the mining and ditcliing bnsinuss, with good snc- cess right along, l^iit the usual fortune of miners was near at hand, lie engaged with others in running a tunnel at Kentucky Flats, near Mount Gregory, in El Dorado County, with an aggregate loss of $18,000, of which his share was about $2,500 and eighteen months' labor. This was in 1856-57. He'theu went to Gold Hill and invested in a big bed-rock flume, which scarcely returned any net gain. Meanwhile he was engaged in river mining in the summer months from 1856 to 1860, which he quit in 1861. In the high water of 1861-62 his mining enterprises paid well. In 1862 he again went to Coloina, where he bought a bar claim on the South Fork of the American River, for $90, out of which he made $B,000 in live months. In the spring of 1863 he came to Michigan Bar, on the Cosumnes, where he loaned money on stock of the Eagle Ditch, the original cost of which, with the repairs, amount- ing some years to $3,000, is estimated at over $60,000. He has been owner of the property for several years, and leases water fur mining and irrigating purposes, besides supplying power for his grist-mill. He also owns 200 acres of mineral land, from which he gets varying re- turns. In 1871 and 1872 he prospected in Ne- vada, but without striking anything of value. He was, however, let into some good enterprises, only to find that the sellers were not the owners. Mr. James Jordan is a member of the Masonic order, and was Senior Deacon in Nebraska Lodge, No. 71, which used to meet in Michigan Bar, but died out some years ago, when Mr. Jordan joined the lodge at lone. kEUBEN WALLACE TOOKER, a rancher of Cosumnes Townshi born ^vi York June 21, 1829, his parents being Daniel and Maria (Dubois) Tooker. The father, a native of the same State, was sixty-eight at liis death in 1868, and the mother seventy-four when she died in 1875. Grandfather Charles Tooker, also a native of New York, reached the age of eighty-eight, and his wife, originally a Miss Carpenter, was ninety-two. The Dubois family, of French origin, has been settled in this countiy for several generations. Daniel Tooker was a farmer. R. W. Tooker received a district-school education and in his twenty-lirst year, in 1849, he accompanied a missionary of the Dutch Reformed Church, named Sheffield, to South Bend, Indiana, where he worked for him until 1852. In that year he crossed the plains, being one of a company of about fifty men. They had an encounter with hostile Indians of whom nine were killed, the emigrants having two men slightly wounded. The fight occurred on the north of the Platte, between Mud Creek and Shell Creek. R. W. Tooker arrived in Sac- ramento August 10, 1852. and first went to work on a dairy farm lor wages. He owned 160 acres on the old Jackson road for many years, and followed the business of teaming as well as dairying for several years. In October, 1884, he bought his present ranch of 160 acres, situated about twenty-six miles from Sacramento and two and one-half miles from Michigan Bar. He raises hay and stock, and makes a specialty of raising turkeys, of which he usually has a flock of between two and three hundred. — ^^m^^^ — tLEXANDER SCROGGS, Sr., a pioneer of marked character and a capitalist, was born in Trumbull (now Mahoning) County, Ohio, April 22, 1818; was brought up on the farm of liis father, Aaron Scroggs, a native of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. In 1840 he emigrated to Quincy, Illinois; was in Mon- mouth, that State, in 1840-'41, and then in Whiteside County, same State, until 1849, en- gaged as a carpenter. In March of the latter year he left for California, in company wdth Captain Woodburn and a Mr Miller, in a party UISTOllY OF SACIIAMENTO COUNrY. made up at St. Joseph, Missouri, which had t'ourteeu wagons. Coining by way of Fort Hall and tlie Tnickee route, and the scene of the great disaster of the Donner party, they arrived on Deer Creek September 6. They followed .gold mining on Bear River until the rain sea- son set in, when they came to Sacramento. At that time Mr. Callahan, the builder and pro- prietor of the (xoldeii Eagle Hotel, was keeping a canvas boarding-house on the corner of Sev- enth and L streets, adjoining a horse market, wliich was then conducted by Captain Smith & Co. In the spring of 1850 Mr. Scroggs fol- lowed Captain Whitehead and his company to the mines at the head-waters of the Calaveras liiver, and afterward to Downieville and the Gold Lake mining region. He returned to Sac- ramento during the cholera siege here. Sub- sequently he followed mining on Bear River and at Johnson's Crossing. I^ext he engaged in carpentering, at which he made $10 a day. In the spring of 1852 he was in the mines again, and soon cleared $1,000. Then he resumed ais trade in Sacramento and followed it for many years. In 1854 he married Miss Jane Elwell, a native of the State of New York, who came to California in 1850 on the steamer Eudora. Since then she has made three trips to the East, one time on the vessel named Yankee Blade, which was wrecked at Point Euquella, and she was obliged to return. Both Mr. and Mrs. Scroggs own considerable real estate in this city. Their children are: Alexander, Jr.; Sarah Irene, now Mrs. Worneth; Almira Jane, now the wife of T. E. Reikart, of Dixon, and John, the youngest son. ^ l.KXANDER MONROE WARNOCK, ( \ lu-iner, of Lee Township, was born in ~,i~ i'utnam County, Illinois, April 10, 1830, his parents being James A. and Elizabeth (Mc- Cord) Warnock. The father, a native of South Carolina, died in Putnam County, Illinois, in 1862, aged seventy-two; the mother a native of Pennsylvania, died in 1852, aged tifty-two. They had moved to Illinois in 1828, soon after their marriage in Ohio, whither grandfather McCord had moved fi-om Pennsylvania some years before. Grandfather Joseph AVarnock was the son of an Irish emig'-ant, Michael, who settled in Pendleton County, South Carolina, in 1768. Joseph moved with his family to Brown County, Ohio, thence to Indiana, and finally settled in Putnam County, Illinois, where he died about 1840, aged seventy-seven. Grand- mother Margaret (Sumter) Warnock died sev- eral years earlier, at the age of sixty. Grand parents William and Elizabeth McCord also settled in Putnam County, Illinois, and died there, the latter about 1845, aged seventy-six, and the former in 1855, at the age of eighty- six. A. M. Warnock received a district-school education and was brought up on his father's farm, helping on the same until he was twenty. In 1850 he bought in partnership with his brother a Mexican-war land warrant and located 160 acres in Grundy County, Illinois. In 1853 he sold his eighty, and set out for California, March 24, 1853, arriving at Placerville Sep- tember 10. He mined in that section eight years during the mining season, usually coining down into the plains in summer, and working more or less in various lines as opportunity offered. In March, 1861, he was married in Placerville to Emeline Johnson, and moved into Douglas County, Nevada, where he carried on teaming for twelve years. In 1873 he moved into Sacramento County, settling at Franklin. He bought a hay-press and followed that line ef business until 1880. He then rented a ranch of 240 acres about three miles north of Frank- lin, which he held three years. In 1883 he rented 525 acres, five miles above Routier, which he still holds. In 1885 he rented a part of the Davis place, in Lee Township, and in 1888 the whole 1,200 acres. On both places he does general farming, raising grain of all kinds be- sides horses, cattle and hogs. The children of Mrs. Warnock — the first three being by a for- mer husband named Alcock, but entirely iden- IIISTOnr OF tiACRAMENTO COUMTT. tified with the new family and bearing its name — are: Elizabeth, now Mrs. Silas Grant, residing in Canada; Walter E., born in 1855, and Sam- uel M., in 1857, both interested in the working of the two farms occupied and worked by tli^ AVarnock family and their hired help. James Archibald Warnock, born in Nevada in 1863, is married to Ella, a daughter of Milton Sherwood, of Sacramento, is the father of two boys and is farming near Elk Grove; Isabel, born in 1865; Ella, in 1868; Gertrude, in 1870; Alexander Victor, in 1872; Arlie Etta, in 1874, the last named being a native of California and the others of Nevada. tEV. GEORGE WATKINS HEATH, a retired minister and rancher of Cosumnes Township, was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, January 11, 1817, his parents being William and Amy (Watkins) Heath. In 1832 the family moved to Adams County, Indi- ana, where the father died in 1840, and the mother in 1850, both at about the age of sixty. Grandfather William Heath died rgini aged ninety-two; and grandfather Watkins, also named William, died at seventy, but his wife reached the age of ninety -six. George AV. Heath received but little schooling in his youth, but by special industry in private study made up the deficiency in his formal education, and was authorized to preach by tlie Methodist Episcopal Church in 1841. He was married in 1837, being not quite twenty-one. He came to California in 1852, and mined four years, preach- ing as opportunity was given. In 1854 he brought out his family; and in 1856 was form- ally set apart for the work of the ministry, serv- ing first in El Dorado County. In 1858 he was ordained deacon; and in 1859 was placed in charge of the Cosumnes circuit. In 1861 he filed pre-emption papers on the 160 acres he still owns, about one mile southeast of Michi- gan Bar, and the title was in time perfected. He has since been a farmer as well as preacher, with his time fully occupied in the discharge of manifold duty, including the proper care, moral, intellectual, and industrial, of a large family. He has been a justice of the peace eight, and roadinaster fifteen years. He was married in Ohio, December 3, 1837, to Miss Eachel Jane Roebuck, born in Ohio, February 29, 1820, her parents being John and Rachel (Russell) Roebuck. After fifty j'ears of wedded life in Christian harmony and fellowship she died, February 25, 1888, leaving lier life-part- ner, whose health has been broken for some time, to mourn her loss, but not as one without hope. The children of Mr. and Mrs. George W. Heath are: Ebenezer Goddard, now living in Portland, Oregon; Hattie, now Mrs. George B. Walker, of Covelo, California; John W. (see sketch); Deliah Jane, now Mrs. Edwin W. Joseph, of Lake County, Oregon. James White Heath, born in Adams County, Indiana, January 25, 1851, came to California in 1854. Received the education attainable in this section thirty years ago, and was brought up to farming. He was married September 1, 1886, to Miss Daisy Hurley, born at Cook's Bar, in this Township, November 25, 1867, her parents being John Pinckney and Elizabeth (Yorke) Hurley. Her fatlier was born in Tennessee, March 22, 1829. Mr. and Mrs. James W. Heath have one child, Winnie, born November 29, 1887. The other children of George W. Heath are: Warwick Petomy, born in this State in 1857, and now of Shasta County; Edwin Bar- ber, born at Michigan Bar in 1860, now (1889) deputy assessor of tliis county. fllARLES M. CAMPBELL, dealer in fur- niture and carpets, 409 K street, Sacra- mento, is a native of California, having been born in Sacramento, May 28, 1860, where his early life was spent. He is the son of Fanny and the late John Campljell, the former being a native of Etigland, and the latter of Scotland. John Campljell, his father, came to HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Canada with his parents when nine years old, and remained with them till he was twent3'-one, when he went to New York and learned the trade of stair-builder, removing thence to New Orleans, where he branched out as a contractor. In 1849 he determined to seek his fortune in California, taking passage by way of the Isth- mus. Owing, however, to detention, he did not arrive in San Francisco till January, 1850. Coming immediately to Sacramento he com- menced the manufacture of furniture, and was the pioneer in that business in the city. lie continued in this business up to the time of his death, which occurred in 1881, when Charles M. succeeded him, being then nearly twenty-one years old. lie had been with his father as an assistant for six years; consequently was well qualified to carry on the business, which he has done with uninterrupted success to the present time. His business career has been marked by the strictest integrity. To this, as well as his affable manners and prompt attention to busi- ness, is due his constantly increasing trade. Mr. Campbell is an active member of the Presby- terian Church, and of the Toung Men's Chris- tian Association, being president of the latter organization, whicii position he has held four years. In this connection it may be said that to his energy, together with that of a few others, is due the fact that the Young Men's Christian Association is a living institution at this time, and in successful operation. In 1879-80 he took charge of a branch business for his father in Virginia City, J^evada, and while there organ- ized a juvenile temperance society of over 100 members, which still exists. In the cause of temperance Mr. Campbell is an ardent worker, and in politics a Prohibitionist. Mr. Campbell uses his means to good advantage, enlarging liis views of the world by travel. To this end he has twice visited Europe. In April, 1889, ha was honored by the Governor of Californie with appointment as one of the commissioners to represent the State at the World's Exhibition in Paris. This appointment, while compli- mentary to him, reflects much credit on the judgment of the Governor in making the selection, his business qualifications and gentle- manly bearing rendering him a fit representa- tive of the Golden State. Being possessed of • much push and energy, he is destined to be- come at no distant day one of the most promi- nent business men of Sacramento. §0N. J. li. McKUNE, one of the oldest and most eminent members of the bar of Sacramento County, was born in Sullivan County, New York, March 22, 1819. From 1839 to 1844 he read law in the office of Bent- ley & Richards, at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, and was admitted to the bar at that place in 1844. He practiced law at Montrose until 1848, when he removed to Illi- nois and resumed the practice of his profession at Lee Center, Lee County. In 1849 he came overland to California, starting from Independ- ence, Missouri, May 7, and crossing the Sierra Nevada September 1, at a point near where the present railroad crosses. First, he mined for gold at Nevada City, and hunted deer in the fall of 1849 until some time in January following, and then came to Sacramento, where he has ever since resided. At the election April 5, 1850, he was chosen county attorney, and he held that office two years. In March, 1854, the President of the United States appointed him agent for the United States Land Commission, and he held this office also two years. At the general election of 1856 he was elected on the Democratic ticket to the Legislature, and dur- ing the session of 1857 he took a prominent part, acting as chairman of the committee ap- })ointed to conluct the impeachment of State Treasurer Bates. He was elected District Judge of the Sixth Judicial District, at the regular election of 1858, having been a candidate of the Douglas Democrats, and to the same office as a Republican in 1868; he held that office until December 31, 1869. In company with John C. Burch and Creed Ilaymond, he was appointed HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 767 by Governor Booth as Code Commissioner to compile the statutes that were ratified by the Legislature in'1871-'72. Judge McKune lias probably been connected with more celebrated lawsuits than any other attorney in Sacramento; and he also compiled all the ordinances of the city of Sacramento except a few touching fran- chises, into one ordinance numbered 17, and that number is still preserved among the ordinances of the city. February 26, 1855, Judge McKune mariied Mary G. Bennett^ at San Francisco, and they have had two children: Florence A. and Charles Ralph. The latter, who clerked for Baker & Hamilton for a time, and also worked upon a farm, died in August, 1889, in Sacramento, at the age of thirty-one years. -^^m ^•^- tA. VAN VOORHIES, manufacturer of and wholesale dealer in harness. Sacra - ® mento. The name of the gentleman who forms the subject of this biographical notice is well and honorably known in Sacra- mento and throughout this portion ot the State as the head of one of the most extensive manu- facturing firms on the coast; and it is pleasing to note that his ))resent high position has come to him as the reward for faithful attention to business and business principles. Tiie history of his ancestry can be traced back to a period as early as 17G0, when four brotheis emigrated from Holland to the JN^ew World. One of these, the ancestor of our subject, settled in what is now Bergen County, New Jersey, near the present manufacturing city of Paterson; and it is a fact worthy of note that the grandfather, also the father, John Van Voorhies, and the subject himself were all born in the same house. While the latter was yet a child, his father, and his mother, nee Sarah Storms — who descended from an old Holland family — removed to Ann Arbor, Michigan, wiiere he was educated in the element- ary schools. At the age of seventeen he returned to New York and served an apprenticeship as saddle and harnecS maker, under the instruc- tions of a Mr. Volland, and continued bis trade in that city until 1853. California, at that time and since, the land of golden promise to so many young men of energy and spirit, became the Mecca of his hopes, and he started for tiie far West. Coming by the way of the Isthmus, he arrived in San Francisco in November, 1853. There he almost immediately obtained employ- ment as a clerk in the harness establishment of Mr. I. Madison, at that time the leading harness manufacturer on the coast. Continuing there for two years, he went in 1855 to Placerville, El Dorado County, then called Hangtown, and established a wholesale and retail house. It was during the Washoe mining excitement, and this, his first business venture, proving to be a suc- cess, he remained at this field until January 1, 1869, when he came to Sacramento and bought an interest in the harness business of R. Stone & Co. In 1880 they removed to No. 322 and 324 J Street, their present location. In 1882 Mr. Van Voorhies purchased the interest of Mr. Stone, and the present firm of A. A. Van Voorhies & Co. was established, the other members being L. C. Montford, R. C. Irvine and George A. Phinney. Mr. Van Voorhies has been twice married. For his first wife be wedded Miss Harriet Wadsworth, a native of Connecticut. By that marriage there was one daughter, Harriet, now the wife of George A. Phinney, of this city. His second wife, whom he married in 1873, is a daughter of the late Harry Montford, an old resident of this State. By this marriage there he has been born one son, Ralph Henry. During his residence in El Dorado County, Mr. Van Voorhies was active in political matters; but the increasing cares of his extensive business since coming here have made it impracticable for him to engage in party work. Still, he takes an active interest in all things pertaining to the prosperity and advance- ment of the city. In the Masonic fraternity he has been for many years treasurer of Sacra- mento Commandery, No. 2; is a member of Union Lodge, No. 58, and of Sacramento Chap- ter, No. 3; and is also a warden of St. Paul's BISTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTT. Protestant Episcopal Cluu-ch. His aim is tlie elevation of mankind through Christian influ- ences, while ills liberality has been unostenta- tious, but heartfelt and real. This, the merest outline of the life of one of the representative business men of the Capital City, will be recog- nized by his friends as in keeping with his innate modesty; without it no historical volume of the county would be complete. fEORGE FREDERICK BRONNER.— Lying north of Switzerland, and including the eastern halt of the far-famed valley of the Rhine and the mountains which form its northern boundary, lies the Duchy of Baden. Here we have the beautiful Lake of Constance, and a portion of the Black Forests, so renowned in sentimental story, and the River Rhine; and here, too, is Baden-Baden, the great confer of sporting life in Europe; the great "Spa," the resort indeed of Eastern civilization; and here in February, 1833, the subject of this sketch was born, the son of George F. Bronncr and Sophia Siillerlin. His father was a wine mer- chant, and was killed in the Revolution of 1848. George's schooling was had in Baden, and to escape the cnfoi'ced service in the Landwehr, through the influence of friends he obtained a pass, and at the age of sixteen escaped to Paris and thence came to the United States, landing in New York in 1850. During that winter he remained in Buffalo, New York, doing anything which came to hand, and in the following spring went to Norwalk, Ohio, where he had an uncle living. He remained there, however, but a short time, when he went to Fremont in that State, at that time only a small village, where he remained for two or three years as a clerk in a general store. He there become acquainted p. F. Fabing, since become one of the with )ing. wealthiest and most influential men of Fre- mont, and owner of the gas works in that city; and together they came to California vi.a tlic Nicaragua route, and landed at San Francisco, coming almost immediately to Sacramento, and later on going to Mormon Island, where Mr. Fabing had a sister living. To 'illustrate more fully tiie willingness and independent spirit of young Bronner, it is worthy of note that when he landed in Sacramento on January 5, 1854, he, having no money, rather than be dependent or under obligations to his friend Fabing, at once accepted a position as dish-washer in the Stanford House, on I street, a hotel at that time kept by a man by the name of Stanford. This spirit has followed Mr. Bronner through life, it being his motto to do whatever came in his way, and to do it well. It was not long, how- ever, before his friend Fabing insisted that he should join him, and they worked together in Blue Ravine, also at the Western Diggings, on the Ameriean River, where they had an interest in a tunnel, until the spring of 1855, when he came to Sacramento and entered the employ of Dr. J. F. Morse, a prominent physician, and editor of the old Daily Union. After Ave or six years Dr. Morse removed to San Francisco, and Mr. Bronner engaged with Dr. Cluness, who had at that time recently come to Sacra- mento from Petaluma. In 1862 he entered the employ of Wells, Fargo &, Co., the ofBce being at that time under the management of Alexan- der Hayden, who afterward committed suicide and was succeeded by Felix Tracy, Mr. G. G. Clark taking charge of the office until Mr. Tracy was installed as agent of tiie company there. At the time of Hayden's trouble and death, Bronner and the janitor were tlie only employes who were retained. Bronner con- tinued his position for some time under Tracy, resigning in 1870 to engage in business for himself. He always was interested in politics, and has held many positions of trust in his party, being peculiarly fltted by nature to con- trol men and to assist in party councils. In 187(5 he was elected public administrator, and re-elected in 1879, filling this important ofBce with marked ability. A prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, a Knight Templar, a member of Tehama Lodge, No. 3, Sacramento II [STOUT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 7(i9 Chapter, H^o. 3, Council No. 1, and Cominand- ery No. 2, he has held offices of trust in these organizations, in which he tai^es great interest. He is also a member of Union Lodge, No. 21, A. O. U. W., and of the Knights of Honor. He married a Uoston lady in 1866, and with his family resides at Fifteenth and L streets, occu- pying property' of his own, of 120 feet front- age. They have nine children, six sons and three daughters; they lost three. ^[EORGE BLAKE COSBY, late Adjntant- flw ^'^'''S''^' of California, is a resident of wl- Sacramento cit}'. A brief mention of his antecedents, a brief glance of the story of an unusually eventful life, cannot but be gratify- ing to his many friends, in connection with the historical volume of a county which has become his home. In the person of the General we see the harmonious blending of the characteristics of the old-time Southern chivalry, with the en- ergy and business qualifications of the New Englander. Born in the city of Louisville, Kentucky, in 1831, his father, Fortunatus Cosby, Esq., was a gentleman of leisure, a student of belles-lettres, the son of Fortunatus Cosby (1st), one of the early settlers of that portion of Kentucky; while his mother, Ellen Blake, was a native of Boston, Massachnsetts, being of English descent. Young Cosby re- ceived his preliminary education in the schools of his native city, and with the energy born of Ills New England mother, entered a clerkshij>. fully determined to become a merchant. He was at that time seventeen years old. When tlie appointment of a cadetship to the United States Military Academy at West Point was within the gift of Hon. Garnet Duncan, Repre- sentative of the Louisville District, a life-long friend of the Cosby family, it was but natural that this gratifying selection should fall to him. He passed the requisite e.xamination, donned the uniform of a cadet, entered the academy, and after a four years' course was graduated with honor in 1852, and assigned as Second Lieutenant in the United States Mounted Rifles, stationed at Fort Ewell, a frontier station at the crossing of the Indian trail mid way betv the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, in Western Texas. He vividly recalls the hardships of that time on the Texan frontier. In 1857 he was assigned as Lieutenant in the Second United States Cavalry, on duty in the Southwest, where he was at the breaking out of the sectional war in 1861. True to his principles and belief as to the calls of duty, he resigned his position on the 12th of May, 1861, and hastened to Mont- gomery, Alabama, at that time the seat of Con- federate government, and tendered his services to President Jefferson Davis, being accompanied in this departure by George B. Anderson and John B. Hood, also of the regular army. He remained in the Confederate service until the capitulation of General Lee, in April, 1865. The stirring events of these years need not be chronicled here, indeed could not be, within the limits of this sketch. Suffice to say that lie did his duty, — at Bethel Church, his first battle; at Fort Donelson, where he was captured by the enemy; at Perryville, etc. He served ^v1th dis- tinction en the staffs of Generals Magrudor and Buckiier, being chief of staff, and Brigadier- General under Van Dorn at the time of the latter's death, engaged in skirmishing duty and guarding the flanks of the army of General Bragg. Later on, toward the close of the war, he was with General Jubal A. Early as Briga- dier-Commander in his memorable Virginia campaign. Siiortly after the failure of the Con- federate movement, and in consequence of the demoralized condition of affairs in the South, the General emigrated to California, and be- came, as he tersely expresses it, a "bread winner for his family." For two years he had charge of a stage line from Chico to Silver City, and later on was a rancher in Butte County. ' In 1876 he came to Sacramento and was appointed clerk of the State Senate in the session of that year, and was reappointed and served in the session of 1878. Subsequently he was appointed HISTORY OF SACMA3I£]VT0 COUNTY. by Governor Irwin Secretary of tlie State Engi- neering Department, holding tlie posititm until 1883, when he was appointed Adjutant-General by Governor Stoneman, and rea])pointed to the same office by Governor Bartlett in 1887, an office which by his early education and his ex- perience as a soldier he was so eminently quali- lied to fill. Upon the death of Governor Bartlett in 1887, and upon the accession of the present incuinbetit, he was removed for political reasons consequent upon the change of adminis- tration. The General is a most affable gentle- man, and notwithstanding the cares, dangers and disappointments which were crowded into the early years of his life, he is still in his prime. His wife, also a Kentuckian, is a daughter of Dr. John M. Johnson, an eminent physician, a State Senator, and a Medical Director on the staff of General Hardee during the war. The family residence and home, situated in the southern portion of this city, is a model of old- time hospitality, and here, surrounded by his interesting family, the General is at present Kecording Clerk in the office of the Secretary of State. tlRAM EMMET BARTON, a rancher of Natonia Township, was born in Cattarau- gus County, New York, November 6, 1833, his parents being Hiram and Almira (Guy) Barton. The family moved to Iowa in 1837, settling on a farm eleven miles from Bur- lington. In 1859 the parents went back to New York and there bought a farm on which they lived until 1865, when they came to Cali- fornia, arriving at White liock. El Dorado County, by the train that brought the news of the assassination of President Lincoln. After a visit of two years with the subject of this sketch, they settled at Uavisville, Yolo County, where the father died in 1872, aged about seventy-four. The mother survived him nine years, dying in 1881, at the home of her daugh- ter, Mrs. Isaac Baylis, near lied Bluffs, Cali- fornia. They had nine children who grew to maturity, of whom four are residents of this coast: H. E., the subject of this sketch; Tim- othy, who lives a few miles further east, in El Dorado County; Henry, at the Willows, in Co- lusa County, and Jane, Mrs. Is-aac Bayiis, now of Maxwell, Colusa County. II. E. Barton left Iowa, in 1853, as driver of a ten-ox team for Rev. John "W. Short, who settled in Oregon. Mr. Barton worked in a saw-mill eight miles east of Albany until April, 1854, when he came to San Francisco by steamer from Portland He then struck out for the mines at Mud Springs, El Dorado County, where he mined with some success for two years. In 1856 he came down on Deer Creek and went into the business of raising cattle on the free ranges between Clarks- ville and Latrobe. On March 4, 1859, he was married to Miss Margaret Skiffington, born in New York city, in April, 1844, and there reared, but living with an aunt at Mud Springs, Cali- fornia, since 1856. After his marriage, Mr. Barton made a trip to the East, visiting his relatives in Iowa and New Y^ork and returned in 1860. He resumed his business of cattle- raising, and in 1862 went into dairying, hauling the product from the mountain range to Nevada in summer, and from the plains to Sacramento in winter. In 1866 he bought 400 acres ten miles from Folsoni on the Michigan Bar road, •which he has since increased to 3,040; all this is in Sacramento County. Besides, he has 580 acres in Lake Valley, El Dorado County, and 320 in Alpine County, used mostly as a stock range. He, however, larms between 300 and 400 acres, raising hay and grain for home con- sumption. He usually keeps a herd of 3,000 sheep, 300 head of cattle (of which about 125 are milch cows for dairy products), and seventy- five horses, some of them a superior breed. He was deputy sheriff of EI Dorado County two terms under W. II. Biown and is deputy sheriif of Sacramento County at the present time under George C. McMullen. He has also been school trustee in the district in which he lives for the last seven years. Mrs. Barton died October 21, UISTOBT OP SACRAMENTO COUNTT. 1884, leaving eight children: Henry Claj, born August 17, 1859; Rjbert Guy, July 6, 1860; John Quincj, July 6, 1862; Nettie, July 10, 1865; Hiram Emmet, April 5, 1867; William Delos, April 10, 1868; Isabel May, September 4, 1869, and died November 9, 1883; David Lester, born October 4, 1870; and George H., December 4, 1871, all born in California. John Q. was married May 15, 1888, to Miss Belle Phillips, born in Oregon of American parentage, and has one boy, John Harris, born February 15, 1889. Nettie was married May 10, 1887, to John L., son of Hon. J. H. and Eliza Miller, formerly of Latrobe, now of Sacramento. ^^v^f^ tNWYL O. GREGORY.— Photography! Sun printing! How little we of to-day realize the importance of the art, and that its discovery lies within the present century, that indeed its development to the stage of a practical utility lies witliin the space of half that time! To England belongs the honor of tirst producing a pliotograph, by one AYedgwood, in 1802. This was followed in 1814 by the ex- periments of Nicephore de Niepce, who died in 1833. His son, Isadore de Niepce, together with Daguerre, made furtlier improvements in the process. These pictures were taken upon silver-plated copper, and were called Daguerreo- types; and from that day to the present there has been a steady advancement in tJiis art of "sun printing." Today, in the best galleries, we find artists of merit who are making the study and improvements of this art their life- work, and accomplishing results which would have l)een deemed impossible only a few years ago. Sacramento has been fortunate in secur- ing for herself such a one in the person of Anwyi O. Gregory, whose studio is on J street, and who although a young man, has had a prac- tical experience of over twenty-eight years in his chosen profession. A siiort sketch of Ins life cannot but i)e interesting to his many friends, in connection with the historical volume of the county and city of his adoption. Mr. Gregory, born in the city of New York, is the only son of Joseph W. Gregory, a pioneer who came to the coast to establish the western branch of the great Atlantic & Pacific Express Company, the rival of Adams. This company, from its office on Montgomery street, San Francisco, did an immense business in pioneer times. The senior Gregory returned East, and died in New Y^ork city in 1870. Anwyl was educated in the pub- lic schools of that city, and, early evincing a strong liking for all forms of picture work, he determined to become a pliotographer, a branch of art then just coming into vogue. He first entered the Kimball Gallery, corner of Broad- way and Broom street, and later on was with Gurney, who for years was the leading photog- rapher in the Empire City, and indeed in the whole United States. His gallery on Fifth avenue will be remembered as one of the sights of the metropolis, the rendezvous of theatrical and society people of the great city. Gurney enjoyed an immense prosperity, and deservedly too, for he kept well abreast with the rapidly developing science of photography, and made practical application of all the newest methods, supplemented by his own vast and valuable ex- perience. Such was the training-school which fitted the subject of this sketch for his life- work; and wlien in 1879 he concluded to emi- grate to the '• land of golden promise," — of which he had so often heard his father speak in terms of highest praise, — it was with a knowl- edge of his profession which materially assisted him in securing a responsible position within the Golden Gate, in the city of San Francisco. It was about this time that Mr. Leftwich, a skilled photographer and an artist of merit, fore- seeing the advantages of a really first-class gal- lery in the Capital City, had Iwuglit and fitted up his elegant studio on J street, which was in- tended to excel anything on the coast. He died, however, and Mr. Gregory was fortunate in securing the place, which he at once did; and, bringing his family to Sacramento, began 773 HISTORY OF SAVUAMENrO COUNTY. a work which year by year has grown, and, un- der his fostering care has opened up new possi- bilities in the way of art photography. Helirsf introduced the 20x24 camera for taking life- size portraits. He introduced Grecian statuai^ and Kembrandt styles, and adopted tlie plan of having on hand costumes and draperies of suit- able color and texture, to produce the most art- istic effect; and in the matter of artistic " poking" alone he has secured an immense success. Indeed, in this and other particulars he has revolutionized the old methods and pro- duced results most gratifying to himself and to his patrons. He has taken silver medals three years in succession. That which was taken at the State Exposition in 1889, was a special medal for quality pictu.-es. His display and art rooms at the State Exposition building on the Capitol grounds in 1887-'88-'89, were the most elaborate ever seen on the coast; and he was awarded the silver medal for highest merit; and not only this, but he has also established an enviable reputation as a conscientious, pains- taking artist. tESTAURANT De FRANCE, Faure & Becker, proprietors. This institution, hav- ing the greatest prestige of all in Sacra- mento, was established in pioneer times by A. Mouton, a Frenchman who was widely known as a restaurateur and baker for many years. It was afterward kept by Louis Payne, who for fifteen years was the popular proprietor of the French Hotel on Second street; and it came into the hands of the present management in 1888, Mr. Payne having transferred his interest to tiiem in March of that year. Its location, on the northwest corner of P''itth and K streets, in the Metropolitan building, is at once central and desirable. The main dining-hall comfort- ably seats eighty persons, while in addition there are two private dining-rooms, each having a seating capacity of twenty-four guests, and four smaller ones, suited to smaller parties, be- sides of course the kitchen and other rooms, all on one floor. A genuine French chef de cuis- ine is employed. Julien Faure, the senior mem- ber of the firm, was born in Hautes Pyrenees, Southern France, September 11, 1852. His father, Alexander Faure, was a farmer; his mother's maiden name was Madaline Pene. At the tender age of eleven years young Julien began to learn the trade of pastry cook, at Pau. On hearing the accounts of his friend La Louche, who had made a fortune at the Bay here in Cal- ifornia, he determined to emigrate to the Golden State, Arriving at San Francisco from Bor- deaux, he was first employed at the Sanford House. Eight or ten months afterward he went to Salinas, this State, and was employed in a French restaurant there a little more than a year and a half. Returning to San Francisco, he was chef z.i the Occidental two years, but he soon lost some time on account of impaired health. In March, 1876, he came to the Capi- tal City, about the time Louis Payne took charge of the French Hotel, and was chef at the Arcade in 1878, and furnished the dinner for the Press banquet in the presence of King Kalakaua and his suite, who were at that time making a tour of this country. Subsequently fur eight years he was chief at the Western Hotel in this city, which position he left to be- come a member of the present firm, in 1888. Mr. Faure was married in October, 1884, to Miss Emma Trope, daughter of Alexander Trope, who came from France and settled in Sacramento in 1852. She is a native of this city. Their children are three sons. Mr. Faure has been a member of the A. O. U. W., the Druids and the Red Men. In the latter organ- ization he is Past Grand Sachem, and he has represented his lodge in the grand council of the order at San Francisco, in August, 1889. A. Becker, the other member of the above firm, was born in Calaveras County, this State, De- cember 15, 1862. His father, John Becker, a brewer, came to California in 1852, and estab- lished the Altaville Brewery. His mother, nee Elizabeth Myeis, was a native of I'aden, Ger- UISTORT OF SACRAMENTO OUNTT. many. He was next to tlie youngest in a fam- ily of five sons. His first station after arriving at tlie years of responsibility was in a Stockton brewery, and tiie ne.xt at the San Joaqnin House in that city. In 1883 lie was employed by Louis Payne at the French Hotel in Sacramento, and there he had charge of the dining-rooms until lie formed his present partnership relation. fT. BURKE was horn in tlie city of New York, September 14, 1827, at which place ** he lived (with the exception of five years when he lived on his father's farm in New Jer- sey), until he came to California, November 23, 1849. He sailed from New York for California on the ship St. Mary (Captain Hill, com- mander), and arrived in San Francisco on Sun- day, April 27, 1850, after a pleasant voyage of 153 days, including one week's stop at Rio de Janeiro and two days at the Island of Juan Fer- nandez. He came uj) the Sacramento River on the brig General Cobb, and arrived at Sacra- mento May 6, 1850 After going to the mines he returned to Sacramento, where he en gag' ed in the brick-making business. In the8])ringof 1853, after the big lire of 1852, he went to San Francisco and engaged in the brick business on Mission Creek. His brick-yard was situated where Center street crosses Mission Creek. In 1854 he returned to Sacramento, and in the fall of 1859 he was elected an officer of the police force. He sustained this relation until 1864, when he was elected Chief of Police to fill an unexpired term. He was afterward elected Chief of Police four years in succession. June 1, 1868, he entered the employ of the Central Pacific Railroad (now the Southern Pacific Company), as detective, and has remained in their employ ever since, — nearly twenty-three years. He has remained true to Sacramento through all her vicissitudes of fire and water. He took an active part in capturing the Verdi train robbers in Nevada in 1870; also in the capture of tiie Cape Horn train roiibers in 1883; the Popago train robbers near Mountain Springs, Arizona, in 1887, and the gang of in-- cendiaries in Sacramento in 1860. Chief Burke belongs to the Exempt Firemen's Association. Ho was a member of Eureka Engine Company, No. 4, and a delegate to the Board of Delegates of the Old Volunteer Firemen's Association, and was vice-president of the board, Hon. Grove L. Johnson being president. At the last meet- ing of the board, before it adjourned sine die^ in the absence of the president, Mr. Burke oc- cupied the chair at the final adjournment. PUFFALO BREWING COMPANY.— That the bevei'age known as lager bier (from the peculiar method of its brewing and storage prior to use) has become firmly established in the mind and appetite of the American people, a glance at the statistics showing the immense demand for this com- modity, and the vast sums invested in its pro- duction, is sufiicient proof. A brief outline of an establishment of this kind, together with a mention of its founder, Mr. Herman H. Graw, will be found to be of interest in connection with the historical volume of the county with which he has recently become identified. The splendid pressed-brick, iron and granite fire- proof structure, which for the past year has been in course of ccmstruction on the block bounded by Twenty-first and Twenty-second, and Q and R streets, in the city of Sacramento will, when completed, be unexcelled by any in this or any other country. The main building, or brewery proper, 40 x 40 feet, is five stories high, to which is attached the ice-house, a four-story building 100 x 50 feet, and the boiler house, 40 x 60, con- densing-room, coal-sheds, wash-house, etc., in the rear. The malt-house, built upon the "Sala- dine Pneumatic System," is 45 x 100 feet, with a capacity to make and store 70,000 to 80,000 bushels of malt. The ofiiee building, a two- story structure 32x32, comprising the com- pany's business oflices, are on the first floor and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUHTY. diieetorB' and stockholders' rooms abo\c. It is conveniently located, on the corner of Twenty- first street and the alley, while immediately in the rear is the spacious malt kiln, and just op- posite — across the railroad track — are tlie bot- tling works 40x60 feet. In the rear of this, fronting on Twenty-second street, are tlie tine stables, etc., 30 x 50 feet. Back of the ice-house, facing the switch, is the packing-room, 25 x 40, where the product is received on the cars and wagons for shipment, and opposite and to the south of the packing-room is located the artiti- cial ice plant, having a daily capacity of thirty to forty tons of ice, made by the latest and most improved methods known to this important branch of industry. The ice is made by con- densing steam, and the water thus produced is filtered and deodorized, and thence goes into ice cans where it is frozen, thereby ensuring the highest degree of purity. The present capacity of the brewery is 60,000 barrels, and can be easily augmented to any desired extent, ample provision having been made for such increase of capacity at a minimum of cost. The archi- tectural designs and plans for these works we're made by Mr. Otto C. Wolf, of Philadelphia. The general contract was awarded (February 28, 1889) to A. McElroy, of San Francisco, for brewery, ice-house, store-rooms and boiler sheds, to Mr. Schneider; to N. Ilar\'ie, the con- tractor of this city, the malt-house, bottling works and stables. The work has been carried out under the immediate pert^onal supervision of Mr. Graw, together with a representative of the architect's superintendent, Patrick O'Meara. It has been the aim of the company to secure, as far as possible, both in material and construc- tion, the services of local business firms. To Lucas Kreuzberger was sub-let the contract for brick work for office, malt-house, kilns, etc.; for plumbing and steam-fitting, to Messrs. Cronch & Lyman; the boilers, tanks, bins, etc., were furnished by Cunningham & Co.; cooperage, by Ochsner & Co., and David Woerner, of San Francisco, — all local firms. The copper work is from theGoetz & Brada Manufacturing Com- pany, Chicago, while the ice machine and re- frigerator came from the De La Vergne Refrigerator Machine Company, ot New Yoi'k. The electric plant was furnished by the Electric Improvement Company, of San Francisco; plas- tering by D. J. Mannix, Sacramento; ice plant building and store-room, Mr. Schneider. The brewery engine, 150-horse-power, was built by Winkly, Spears & Hayes, San Francisco; the deep well pump was furnished by the Dow Steam Pump Works, of San Francisco. The millwright machinery is the most modern and complete, superintended by a representative of Mr. H. England, also a superintendent for the architect in that particular bi-anch of scietiee. The erection of the building was under the direction of a building comn)ittee, consisting of Herman H. Graw, chairman, Louis Nicholas and Frank Ruhstaller, the former giving it his active supervision. The entire outlay for build- ings, machinery, and the entire equipment is $400,000. The officers of the company for the first year are: Adolph Heilbron, president; I. R. Watson, vice-president; Fred. Cox, treas- urer; William E. Gerber, secretary. The pres- ent officers are: Adolph Heilbron, president; Frank Ruhstaller, vice-president; Fred. Cox, treasurer; William E. Gerber, secretary. Mr. Herman II. Graw, the master spirit, founder, general manager, and one of the largest stock- holders of the Bufi'alo Brewing Company, is a native of Germany, born April 29, 184G. He received his preliminary education in the coun- try of his nativity, but came to America at the age of seventeen. For a number of years he traveled in the interests of a large commercial house in New York city, and when, in 1871, he was united in marriage to Miss J. F. Bertha Liegele, daughter of Albert Liegele, the well- known brewer of Buffalo, New York, he became identified with the largest enterprise of that kind in that city, soon becoming a member of the firm, and later on he and the two sons of Mr. Liegele conducted the business successfully for twelve years. In May, 1887, having dis- posed of his business in P>uffaIo, he came to inST'JliV OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 775 California witli a view of pennanently locating here. He soon realized the oppoi'tunity which tiie rapid development of the far West offers for an enterprise of the character mentioned above, and selecting the Capital City as the most favorable location, lie, in connection with Mr. (rarber, of the California State Bank, organized a stock compiny, which, it is believed, will be- come not only one of the " institutions " of tlie Pacific Coast lint one of the most extensive in the country, for, to use his own words, " We shall use only the best material. Our beer will be of the highest standard of excellence and equal in quality to that made in this or any other country." He brings to this enterprise a large, practical and successful experience. Xot only will the experience of Mr. Graw conduce to this result, but the head brewer, Mr. Bap- tiste Xierendorf, brings with him an experience of many yeirs, his profession having been ac- quired at the C3lel)rated Brewers' Academies in Germany, where he received his diplomas. ^> WACHHORST. One of the familiar |MJ landmarks of the Capital City is the ^ll® jewelry establishment of H. Wachhorst, on lower J street, at the sign of the town clock. Not only is this the leading house in this line, but it is also the pioneer jewelry establishment, as well as the most complete in all its details, in the trade. A brief outline of the well-known founder of this house and of his antecedents will be read with interest, in connection with this, the historical volume of Sacramento County. Born in Hanover, Germany, in May, 1827, he early in life acquired the trade of his father and grandfather, both of whom were celebrated watchmakers and dealers in precious stones. In 1843 he came to the United States and spent a year in acquiring a thorough mastery of the language of what was to be his adopted country. He then became an employe in the house of Hyde & Goodrich, the " Tiffany " of the " Cres- cent City," justly celebrated as one of the most extensive dealers in the United States. He re- mained with this firm five years, becoming an expert in stones, to which branch ot the trade he devoted much time and attention. When the excitement incident to the discovery of gold in the valley of the Sacramento attracted the attention of the world to this locality, he, like so many other ambitious young men, deter- mined to seek his fortunes in the far West; and, taking passage on the bark " Mary Water- man," Captain James fliggins, commander, — a vessel of 300 tons, 175 passengers, — he started out on one of the roughest voyages known to history, around the Horn, stopping at Rio de Janeiro, through Magellan Straits, stopping at Valparaiso and Chili, and up the Pacific coast to the Golden Gate, and thence after a short rest at San Francisco, to Sacramento and the mines at Mormon Island. Six months of the rough life of the miners' camp was quite enough for him, and returning to Sacramento in December, 1850, he opened a small shop in a room about eight feet wide on J street, be- tween Front and Second, for which he agreed to pay §500 per month rent in advance; but money came easy in those pioneer days, and, possessing a general and practical knowledge of the business, he made money rapidly during the next three or four years. In 1854 he sold out, thinking he had a sufficient income, $800 i)er month, and removed to San Francisco, where he lived a life of elegant leisure, following his tastes and giving much attention to music, both vocal and instrumental. Having acquired a competence, he traveled extensively abroad, throughout Europe, England, France and Italy for two years, and having satisfied his ambi- tions in this respect, he returned once more, in 1859, to the land of sunshine and gold. In 1859 he purchased the business of Messrs. Hel- ler & Andrews, now the proprietors of the Dia- mond Palace, Montgomery street, San Fran- cisco. This firm continued until after the floods of 1861; and Mr. Wachhorst has been in busi- ness in Sacramento since that tim e. ga enviable reputation, particularly in diamonds, UISTOliT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. which branch of the business he hsis made a specialty, and gathering together one of the iiiiest selected stocks to be found anywhere in the country; not this alone, but sucii has been the probity of his business life that the name of '• Wachhorst " has become a synonym of the highest standard of honor and fair dealing in the line of his chosen profession. Truly tlie mantle of his ancestors has fallen upon his shoulders, and his name perpetuates the mem- ory of those who have gone before him. Early in life Mr. Wachhorst became identified with the Matonic fraternity and he is a Royal Arch Mason in good standing. His sixty years of i life rests lightly upon him, and he retains to a really remarkable degree, that energy, enter- prise and business acumen for which he was noted in early life, — characteristics which brought him to the front rank among the rep- resentative men of the Golden State of Cali- fornia. He has given mi.ch time and attention to the study of music and is prominently iden- tified with musical interests in the city and throughout the State. He has an excellent voice and is passionately fond of music. -5*-^' fEORGE WISNER HANCOCK, Secretary of the Sacramento Crockery Company and an enterprising member of several business circles, is a descendant of the John Hancock whose bold chirography heads the list of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and who M'as secretary of the celebrated convention that drew up that remarkable document. Our subject is also* descendant of the Lee family of Maryland, as was also the late General Robert E. Lee, the most liberal scholar among the Con- federate generals of the late civil war. George's father, Nathan Hancock, in the early days of Massachusetts, owned and operated a stage line from I>ari-e, Worcester County, to Petersham and Boston. This line was afterward sold out to a Mr. Twitchell, for many years a leading railroad man of New England. Mr. Hancock was born at I'arre, Massachusetts, in 183B, the eleventh child in a family of twelve children, seven of whom are still living. He was edu- cated at the high school of his native town, which afterward became widely known as the seat of the first State Normal School of the commonwealth of Massachusetts. At the early age of sixteen years he took charge (jf a farm, previously occupied by his older brother, who had just come to California. At that time (1852) he had three brothers in this State: John, Henry and William. John had come in 1849. In 1857, his brother Henry having returned to look after the farm, George came to this State, laud- ing at San Francisco in February, 1858. First he joined his brother, Williatn, then on a farm on the Monroe ranch, on the Sacramento liiver. Remaining there until 1863, he went to the State of Nevada to reside, but soon returned to Sacramento. In 1866 he engaged in the live- stock business, on a ranch on the Cosu nines River, sixteen miles from Sacramento, which was successively in Placer, Sutter and Sacra- mento counties. From the first until the pres- ent timg has Mr. Hancock been enthusiastically interested in this vocation, at that point. He has some very tine blooded stock. In 1885 his filly Daisy, a yearling, made the fastest time in the world, passing a mile in 2:38J. His colts, by Guy Wilkes Sterling, Antevoio and others, are very promising. On his ranch he also has fifty acres in fruit, — Bartlett pears and French prunes, — in which he takes special interest. But Mr. Hancock has also been prominent in commercial circles. In 1857 he organized the Grangers' Co-operative Business Association of Sacramento. In pursuit of information regard- ing enterprises of this kind, he visited San Jose; San Francisco, Stockton and other cities, and the plans submitted to the association and adopted by it were the result of this investigation of the subject. He was the first president of the association and continued actively engaged in the enterprise until tiie close of 1888. In 1882 he bought the "Dollar Store" at 627 J street, and from this has grown the present great whole- HVi, .to, Kc^NCOcJ^ , UI STORY OF SACRAMENTO GOUNTT. 777 sale aud retail house known as that of the Sac- ramento Crockery Company, of whicli Mr. Hancock is the secretary, Julm JN'eil being the president. In this line tliis is the foremost house north of the Bay. Of course Mr. Han- cock is a member of the order of Patrons of Husbandry. He is also prominently connected with Capital Lodge, I. O. O. F., and for the past twelve years a director of the State Agri- cultural Society. For two terms he has been superintendent of the society's grounds and of their race track. Yet still more conspicuous has Mr. Hancock been in bringing about useful legislation. While the Constitutional Conven- tion was in session, the State Grange held its annual session in Sacramento. A committee was appointed by that body to formulate arti- cles in the interest of the farmers and of the producing classes generally. Mr. Hancock was a secretary of that committee, and it devolved upon him, after discussion, to put into form the ideas desired to be engrafted into what ultimately became the organic law of the State. Twenty- seven articles were formed and adopted by the committee, and placed in the hands of members of the convention; nineteen of those articles were adopted in the exact language in which they were | resented. At a meeting of the Sacramento Grange Mr. Hancock was appointed on a committee to examine and report upon a set of te-\t-books for the public schools, and- after a thorough investigation of the matter re- ported in favor of the plan that the State should compile and print the text-books. He formu- lated the very plan that was afterward adopted and put into operation, and that now furnishes the text-books to the pupils of the whole State at forty per cent, of their former cost. He car- ried the matter up to the State Grange, and from it to the Legislature, where he was an active member of the " third house " until it became a law. Thus California became the first State in the Union to adopt this wise measure, which other States are now taking into a favorable consideration. Mr. Hancock was on a com- mittee appointed by the State Grange at the annual session held at Oakland, to examine the manufacture of jute bags, with a view to car- rying their manufacture into the State prison; and from the report made the matter was pushed into the Legislature and became a law, which when put into successful operation broke the iron sack ring that had been held over the farmers for so many years. Mr. Hancock was also the first to suggest a citrus fair being hold in northern California, which had resulted in developing the vast citrus resources of this section of the State. When a new pavilion was wanted for the State Agricultural Society, and many of the directors feared to undertake the job, Mr. Hancock with characteristic cour- age said it could be accomplished, and was act- ive in the circulation of the petition which secured the requisite amount of subscription to warrant the Legislature in passing a bill to pay $40,000 from the State treasury for the erection of the present building. Mr. Hancock was first married in 1868, to Miss Julianna Folger, whose ancestry were well-known families in Nantucket, Massachusetts. By his marriage there was one son: Benjamin Franklin Hancock, now of Sacramento. In November, 1882, Mr. Hancock married Miss Edith Southworth, a niece of Judge A. L. Rhoads of San Jose and a descendant of Parson Southard (as the name was then pronounced), who was a prominent Presbyterian minister, celebrated for his scholar- ship, especially for his knowledge of the classi- cal languages and the German. He established the First Presbyterian Church in Oneida County, New York. The son by this marriage, named Raymond Southworth Hancock, exhibits the sturdy qualities of his long-lived and prom- inent ancestry. ,e^. C^^i •^* - fOSEF SCHNEIDER, contractor and buildef, was born in Weimar, Austria, in 1848. After attending school during boj'- iiood, he entered a building college, where he ac- quired his trade. Upon reaching manhood he HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. emigrated to America in 1867, and went to Milwaukee, where he was successfully engaged in contracting and building tor twelve years. In 1880 he went to New Mexico and was a member of tlie tirm of Burke, Dane & Schneider. They carried on a large business for several years. Then he came to the Pacific coast. He spent one year in Los Angeles and then came to San Francisco, where he remained one year, and in 1885 came to Sacramento, wliere for three years he worked in the machine shops, and since then has been engaged in contracting and building, and by his ability and good manage- ment is building up a nice business. He has the contract for erecting the ice plant buildings and store rooms for the Buffalo Brewing Com- pany. He owns the lots on the corner of eight- eenth and E streets in this citj'; he also owns property in the city of Milwaukee. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. and American Legion of Honor. In 1878 he married Annie Schlerp, of Oshkosh, Wisconsin. They have two children: Lulu and Annie. ^^^-- II. KINROSS, professor of voice cul- ture and vocal music, was born in i * Stirling, Scotland, December 21, 1846. His father, Henry Kinross, was precentor in tlie ErskineU.P. church, Stirling. The subject of tliis sketch attended the schools of his native town. His uncle urged him to enter his bank and re- ceive a practical business education, but young Kinross wanted to see the world, and came to Canada. It was during the civil war, and after a short time he came to Rochester, New York, where he enlisted in the First New York Cav- alry, he was under age and the major of the regiment had to sign his enlistment as guard- ian before he could be accepted. He partici- pated in the battle of Gettysburg, and in the campaign through Shenandoah Valley, Win- chester, Cedar Creek, and others. He was wounded three times. He served as "liigh private" three years and four months and after the close of the war he returned home. Hav- ing a taste for music and having a good voice, he was persuaded to cultivate it, and pursued his musical studies two years in Lf>ndon under " Randegger." He returned to America and came to Washington expecting to get a position in one of the departments, and while there ac cepted an engagement wit!i the Riching Eng- lish Opera troupe in 1867. He continued in English opera as chorus singer, prom])ter, sec- ond baritone and principal baritone eleven years, and sang with Parepa Rosa, Kellogg, and other leading prima donnas. He came to the Pacitic coast in 1878 and was assistant conduc- tor of the great May festival in San Francisco. He conducted all the chorus rehearsals there and at other places throughout the State and at Portland. While in the latter city he received flattering offers to locate there, which he ac- cepted, and was prominently indentified with musical interests there for some years. In 1887 he came to Oakland and remained there until 1889, when he was induced to come to the cap- ital city and accepted the leadership of the McNeill music club, organized for him by the late John McNeill, Esq. January 1, 1890, he was also appointed director of the Turner Har- monic Society, Prof. Kinross was united in marriage February 28, 1889, to Miss Addie Casedy, a native of Siskiyou County, California. She is also a fine musician, both vocal and in- strumental. ^. : : 0^ it^H I^ON. E. W. MASLIN.— It is universally ^ml conceded that there is no study at once so TSftfi valuable and so interesting as that of per- sonal biography. This is especially true of biography in California, for, from the records of no other people on the face of the earth can so much of instruction and of profit be gleaned than from the recital of the lives of the older Californians. It is, therefore, with all con- fidence tha*^ pen is put to paper in the case of such an one. Hon. E. W. Maslin, the secretary IIISrOUY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY of the State Board of E(jualization, was born in Marylanrl, April 1, 1834, the son of Philip Tliomas and Harriet (Points) Maslin, both natives of tliat State. The father died at the age of sixty-live years, and the mother when but forty-live years of age. Mr. Maslin received his education in his native Slate. He came to California by the ship Herman, having a long six- months voyage by way of the stormy Cape Horn. He reached San Francisco May 1, 1853, and started at once for the mines, reaching Grass Valley on a Saturday night and going to work on the following Monday. Here he con- tinued until September, 1855, when he began the study of law, being admitted to the bar in the spring of 1857. His time at the mines was not ill-speni, however, for Mr. Maslin was the locator of the celebrated Idaho mine at Grass Valley, as also of its eastern extension, the Maryland mine, also of great value. He has retained his interest in mining, holding inter- ests in copper and othor mines. Being ad- mitted to practice law he immediately opened an office in Grass Valley and succeeded from the first. In the fall of 1859 he was elected district attorney of Nevada County, holding of- fice for two years at Nevada City. He then re- moved to Grass Valley and remained there until the summer of 1869, when he went to Sacramento and was elected secretary of the lirst State Board of Equalization. He remained in the Capital City until the spring of 1872, when he wetit to Santa Rosa, but upon the election of Crovernor Irwin he was appointed his private secretary, a post he filled until January, 1880. He was then elected to his present official position as secretary of the State Board of Equalization, as then organized under the new State constitution. Mr. Maslin has been much interested of late years in promoting horticulture in the foof-hills of California. He has conducted many experiments upon his ranch at Loomis, Placer County, achieving most suc- cessful results, which have benefited the entire State, and has fostered a rapid advancement of portions formerly wholly neglected. In 1882 he planted the Sherry grupe upon his place, and in 1885 the Smyrna fig, meeting with abundant success and adding largely to the resources of the State. Mr. Maslin is a gentleman of pro- gressive views, a clear and logical thinker — one who has won eminence by merit, and who has hosts of ardent friends — in fact, all who know him. He is one of California's most valuable citizens. He was married at Grass Valley, in 1859, to Miss Mary A. Underwood, a native of Mis"souri. She died in May, 1874, leaving five children, four sons and one daughter, the latter having some time since been most unfortunately drowned. Their names are: Vertner, Sargent Prentice, L. W., Mary Maud and Thomas Paul. In 1885 he was married, secondly, to Miss Alice Way, of Jerseyville, formerly a teacher. They have one son. fDWARD KLEBITZ, capitalist, is a native of Germany, and was born in the Prus- sian province of Silesia, January 31, 1817. His ])arents were Karl G. and Leonora Klebitz. His father was a wagon-maker and blacksmith, and also carried on a farm. The son, Edward, attended school during boyhood, and learned the trade of his father. He joined the army and served his time, and in the revo- lution of 1848 tie took an active part, and on account of his pron:iinence was an officer, but was tried by court martial and degraded in rank to the line, and sentenced to nine years' im- prisonment within the fortifications; but was only detained until the investigation could be reached by the highest tribunal, whicli released him. During this time he iieard of the gold excitement in California, and he determined to emigrate to America. Ho came by a sailing vessel, and had a very rough time in doubling Cape Horn. After leaving Valparaiso he had a pleasant passage, and aftei- being en route six months arrived in San Francisco the last of February, 1851. A few weeks later he went by steamer to Marysville, and thence six of them. UlSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. sliipiiiates together, went to mining at Bidwell's Bar: they only remained a sliort time and then he returned to San Francisco. Not finding work he came up to Sacramento, May 15, 1851, and went to woric in Flohr & Harm's saddle shop, and remained until the end of 1851. The following spring he engaged in merchandising at Volcano, in Calaveras County. The lirm was Klebitz & Reckman. They carried on the business until July. 1853, when the store was robbed and his partner murdered. In the spring of 1854 Mr. Klebitz closed up the business and returned to Sacramento. He and Julius Wetz- ler started a swimming bath on Fourth street, but he sold out his interest the following year to Wetzler, and engaged in business on Fonrth street, the firm being Klebitz & Green. They also owned a large sheep ranch in Solano County, and had several thousand sheep. They continued together for twenty-nine years, imtil 1884, when he sold out and retired from active business life. Mr. Klebitz's family consists of his wife and two daughters — Leonora, now Mrs Fred B. Adams, of the firm of Adams & Co., wholesale grocers of this city; and Lizzie, liv- ing with her parents in their attractive home. No. 417 Eighth street. ■if^t-^^- fEORGE A. PUTNAM, an honored citizen and prominent member of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers, is a native of Fitchburg, "Worcester County, Massachusetts, and was born May 15, 1825. His father, George S. Putnam, a native of Danvers, Massa- chusetts, was born in 1780 and died in 1840, aged sixty years. His mother, Polly C. Put- nam, nee Carter, a native of Fitchburg, was born in 1785 and her death occurred in 1868, aged eighty-three years. The early life of Mr. Putnam was spent on a farm, and he attended coimtry school. At the time of his father's death, at the age of hfteen, he started out to make his own way in the world. He went to Boston, where he entered a store, and attended evening school. He remained there until 1849. When the gold excitement was extending over the country, he determined to come to the Pa- cific coast and sailed from Boston, February 4, 1849, on the ship Leonore. He came around Cape Horn and arrived in San Francisco, July 5, 1849. He went up in the mines, on the Yuba River, and was very successful; he re- mained there nntil 185B, when he came to Sacramento and was engaged in teaming and transportation to the mines, in which business he continued several years. In 1857 he was appointed deputy sheriff and held that position until 1863. Upon the breaking out of the war he enlisted in the Second California Cavalry but was rejected on account of physi- cal disability. The following year, 1862, he enlisted again and was rejected. Li 1863, he received a Major's commissioti and was ap- pointed Paymaster in the United States army and remained in the service until June 15, 1865. After being mustered out he went East and spent several months. Upon his return in December he was appointed box and stamp clerk in the Sacramento postofKce. where he re- mained five years. In 1871 he was appointed Internal Revenue Assessor for the fourth dis- trict, and held that position until the office was abolished by the Government in 1873. He was then appointed Deputy Federal Collector of the fourth district and served until June 1874, when he again became connected with the postoffice until March, 1877. He ' was then elected city tax collector and has been re-elected for seven successive terms; he still holds the ofHce, the present term making four- teen years. Mr. Putnam is identified practi- cally with political affairs, is an active member of the Sacramento Society of California Pio- neers and is one of the present directors. He has held that position for the past twelve years. He is a memlier of Sumner Post, G. A. R., at Sacramento. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, the oi-der of I. O. O. F., the K. P., and also Exempt Firemen's Association. Mr. Putnam was married in Sacramento October 5, UltiTOliY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 1855, to Miss Phoebe A. Sylvester, a native of Plyiuontli, Massacluisetts. They have two sons: George P. and Charles II. Mr. J'utnam has been a Eepublican since the organization of the party. -5W^• ^ALE BEOS. & Co.— Never before in the |M^ history of the world has trade and com- ^Ig nierce exercised so great an influence or been productive of such great results. The furthering of these have been the cause of almost all the progress of the century; on account of trade most of the modern wars have been waged, and the nations that have been the most active traders have led in the race for supremacy: wit- ness England and America as examples. It has mostly rema,jned, too, for this generation to watch the growth of the most signal mark of material advancement and public welfare, in the establishment of those great mercantile houses which, while retail in their character, yet aflTord to the purchaser the opportunity to buy at wholesale rates, and to select from a stock al- most as wide as the markets of the world, on account of the magnitude of tiieir purchases and the immense variety of their stock. This is brought about only when the double advantages of ample capital, or credit (which is the same thing) and wide commercial experience come together. Such an introduction is but fitting in presenting a sketch, however meagre, of the great mercantile house of Hale Bros. & Co., whose large establishment on the corner K and Ninth streets in Sacramento is known not alone to every lady in the Capital City, but almost throughout tlie coast, for a considerable propor- tion of tiie firm's business is done by mail through the country, customers being drawn even from all sections of the Pacific slope. The firm really consists of the father, Marshall Hale, Sr., the founder of the house, but no longer an active member, and of five brothers. Mr. Hale, Sr., is a native of Vurnioiit, hut removed to New York and carried on hiioiness there for a great many years, having also no less than five branch houses in the State of Michigan. He came to the Pacific coast in 1878 from Michi- gan, and in 1876 he and two sons engaged in business at San Jose in this State. Business grew rapidly, and in 1878 a house was opened in Salinas; in 1879 in Petaluma; in 1880 in Sacramento and Stockton; in 1883 in Los An- geles, and in 1887 in San Diego. In all there are seven brothers, one for each store. On account of its central position, being, as it were, at a radiating point for the whole coast, the Sacramento house ma}' be considered in a sense as the head of the whole system ; its trade has increased the fastest, and consequently the greatest improvements and facilities have been centered here. It was established in 1880, in comparatively a small way, at No. 812 K street; but the pressure of increasing business drove it to the corner of Ninth and Iv, where it has re- mained; but it was then in a quite small build- ing. In 1882 they enhu-ged the store by twenty- five feet. In 1884 another twenty feet was added, while in 1888 twenty feet additional was taken in on Ninth street, and the fine architect- ural structure three stories in height which now graces the corner was erected to satisfy the demands o^ their evergrowing trade. But the growth is constant, and this enterprising firm have purchased another strip, 40 x 160 feet in size, on K Streer, upon which they will con- struct an addition that will give them a pile 120x160 feet on the corner. The name of the gentleman in charge of the Sacramento house is E. W. Hale, its representative head. In New York city the firm is represented by M. Hale, Jr., and P. C. Hale, who with another are con- stantly on the watch in the New York market for bargains in every line, and for varieties, new styles and fashions, — anything, everything, that may go to meet the wants of the public. While the house does a wholesale trade to some extent, it does not cater to it nor seek for it, aiming rather at being the great retail house of Califor- nia. The wonderful rapidity of the rise of this house to its present position as the leading firm HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. in dry and fancy goods and kindred lines, is nothing less than plienoineiial ; and wiiiie typical of our State, the development, of the trade of the northern end especially, is the most remarkable growth of business on the Pacific coast and presents one of the most interestiug features of the commercial advancement of the State. The business is carefully yet liberally managed, tiie methods adopted are eminently just and fair, the firm is alert to study and meet the peculiar needs and wants of this coast, and hence it is but right to expect an indefinite farther exten- sion of their already great trade and popularity. §E. SMITH, of the firm of Weber & Co., is a native of New York State and was * born in the city of Albany, September, 13, 1850. His parents, L. T. Smitii and M. L. Smith, are both residents of this city. His father started for the Pacific coast in 1859, and upon reaching Aspinwall found there was no connecting line. He returned to New York and started again, coming round the Horn. In 1861 his wife and tamily followed him to the Golden State and came to Sacramento. Tlie subject of this sketch received his ecjucatiou in this city, graduating from the high school in 1867, Prof. Templeton, principal. He learned the trade of plasterer, and after following his trade one year, he entered college, where he spent a year, and then resumed his trade until 1874, when he entered the book and stationery store of A. S. Hopkins. He was afterward clerk for the Reed Quicksilver Mining Com- pany on the Coast Range for five years. He then returned to Sacramento and entered the employ of the old-established firm of W. R. Strong & Co., and held the position of salesman for five years, wiien he resigned to engage in business for himself, and formed a partnership with Mr. Weber, under the firm name of Weber k. Co. Mr. Smith belongs to the I. O. O. V. and tt) the American Legion of Honor. He was njarried December 31, 1870, to Miss Emma Horner of Terre Haute, Indiana. They have five children, viz.: Gertie, Howard, Arthur, Clara and Frank. — ^€@~®»^¥ — fOHN S. MILLER.— This worthy pioneer of Sacramento was born in Washington, District of Columbia, May 31, 1829, the son of Isaac S. and Jane (Sanford) Miller. He attended school during his boyhood in the city of his nativity, but when fourteen years of age went to Baltimore, Maryland, where he remained until he set sail for California. The route chosen was via Cape Horn, taking passage in the ship Jane Parker. The voyage consumed six months lacking only four days. They arrived in San Francisco July 21, 1849, and Mr. Miller settled in Benicia, forming a partnershipt in the mer- cantile business in the firm of Webb, Beveridge & Miller. Here he remained until 1852, when he went to Colusa, engaging in business for two years. He then returned to Benicia and was there and at Vallejo and Suisun until 1861, being employed in the Quartermaster's Depart- ment, U. S. A. In that year he was sent to Sacramento, holding a position in the Quarter- master's Department at General Wright's head- quarters. He was in Sacramento when the General was informed of the assassination of President Lincoln. After two or three years in this position, he engaged in the forwarding business at Latrobe and Gait, combining the agency for the stage lines with it. At this business he continued for six years, when in 1874 he was appointed a gauger in the revenue department, a position that he has held since that date, which makes him the oldest commis- sioned oflicer in continuous service upon the Pacific coast. He has held more than one ofiice of a public nature, as well, having been deputy clerk, and also deputy assessor of Solano County. He is a prominent member of the I'ioneer Association in Sacramento, being its piefiident during 1878-'79, and for the past eiglit years its secretary and in charge of its afiair.s. It HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. will be of interest to mention further that he was quartermaster's clerk at the time the Sixth Infantry were sent down to whip the Mojave Indians. Mr. Miller was married in 1856 to Miss Esther C. Dean, a native of Massachusetts. She died in 1882, leaving two daughters: Ida v., who has been teaching in Sacramento for many years, and Laura, now the wife of Fred Weil, nephew of John Weil, Es(j., of this cit}'. |g^,ON. JOHN RYAN.— The domain of his- IiM)) ''"''•^' ^* wide, embracing in its scope not ■^id alone all objects and interests with which the attention of mankind is engaged, but as well the grandest movements of the greatest nation; yet withal, when examined minutely, it is found to consist at bottom of nothing what- ever else than the actions and attributes of in- dividual men. For inasmuch as individuals make the nations, so do their individual acts make the history of the nations, and hence of tiie world. It is, therefore, with no feeling of liesitancy or of doubt that pen is taken in hand to record in the annals of Sacramento County this biographical sketch of one who, while not a man of '49, yet came early enough in the history of the city to have borne a prominent part in our city's upbuilding, as will be clearly seen in the following lines. Hon. John Ryan was born in Ireland in 1825, and cfnie to America in 1843, going tirst to Lowell, Massa- cluisetts, where he remained until 1848. In that year he went to New Orleans, and after a short time came up the Mississippi River to Memphis and St. Louis. Finally, in the spring of 1852 he set out for the long and tedious journey across the plains to California by ox team. They met plenty of Indians on the way, but fortunately experienced no difliculties with them of a serious nature. They reached Hang- town (now Placerville) August 1, 1852. Mr. Ryan went at once to the mines, remaining there for two years. At the end of that time he came down to Sacraniento and began the manufacture of brick, engaging at the same time in contracting of all kinds. From that time to this, or for a period of thirty-six years, he has been successfully and prominently iden- tified with the building and progressive inter- ests of the city, being now the oldest of the more prominent contractors and brick manu- facturers of the capital. His brick-yards are situated just outside the city limits, south of Y street. Like so many others of our older citi- zens, he has known times of trial and hardship as well as times of prosperity, bearing his full share of misfortunes, — misfortunes, however, which he rose above, refusing to be daunted by them. During the flood, at one time, he w;ts forced to break a hole through the roof of his cottage, by means of W'hich he was enabled to pass his family into a boat, and thence remove them to a place of safety. Mr. Ryan has held public office on more than one occasion. We may instance the facts of his being street com- missioner, second trustee, superintendent of streets, etc. He was married in June, 1856, to Miss Maria Lyons, a native of Ireland. They have three sons and five daughters, bearing the following names respectively: Frank D., Henry L. and J. L., and Mary, Agnes, Blanche, Rosa and Celia. Mr. Ryan has been honored in his children, as will be seen in the biography of his eldest son, Hon. I-'rank D. Ryan, which appears elsewhere. TLLIAM H. HAMILTON, although a resident here but a comparatively short time, having come only in 1879, has already attained a leading position among the architects of the Pacific Coast, by skill, talents and attainments, as is evidenced by the elegant, tasteful and appropriate structures which have been erected from his plans and under his direc- tions. It should be stated, however, that he did not come to the coast as a new man, but as one having already wide experience and an estaii- lished reputation which followed him from his HfSTORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Eastern home. Mr. Hamilton is a native of Virginia, where he was horn September 4, 1838, the son of Jaines and Mary A. (Morrow) Ham- ilton. His mother is a native of Glasgow, Scotland, but came to this country when very young. She is still living at Washington, Dis- trict of Columbia, hearty and in good health. His father was a native of Virginia. He died in 1838. Soon after this event the widowed mother removed to Philadelphia, taking her young family with her. In that city young Hamilton received his scholastic education, and began the study of medicine. One term of tliis pursuit, however, decided him that it was not liis vocation, and he was drawn by natural apti- tude and a taste in that direction to enter tiie office of S. D. Britton, one of the most promi- nent architects in the country. Here he re- mained for four or five years. After fitting himself for his profession, he went to Washing- ton, just at the time of the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion. He entered the army and was instrumental in raising one of the first volun- teer companies for the defense of the Govern- ment, drawing largely upon his own means for this purpose, and making many sacrifices. After the conclusion of the war hel-eturued to Phila- delphia and resumed his professional working, designing many fine buildings in that city and vicinity. His health had become seriously im- paired, however, during the war, and he was obliged to seek change of scene. Accordingly, he went to Utica, New York, and remained in that State for twelve or thirteen years, design- ing many of the finest buildings throiigliout Central New York, and being kept busily occu- pied by the calls upon his powers. Among his works may be mentioned the fine Opera House in Utica, an arcade of thirty-two stores, two large halls, and other erections. Owing to ill- health in his family, however, Mr. Hamilton was led, in 1879, to remove to California. His first work was the handsome Flail of Records in Sacramento, since the construction of which building he has had his office and headquarters in the Capital City, although his business ex- tends throughout the State. He has made an especially careful and exhaustive study of the subject of ventilation, being regarded as an au- thority in the matter, and has frequently been invited to address large audiences upon the sub- ject, as well as delegations appointed to call upon him and obtain his views. Mr. Hamilton was married in 1867 to Miss Frances E. Bailey, a native of the State of New York. They have one son, named R. Morrow Hamilton. fR. WATSON, deceased, was one of the early settlers of the Pacific Coast and an ® honored citizen of Sacramento, and a na- tive of England. He was born in London, Feb- ruary 12, 1821. During his boyhood he attended school, and upon reaching early manhood came to the United States in 1840. After reaching New York he went to Charleston, South Caro- lina, where he remained nine years. He came to the Pacific Coast in 1850. After spending a short time in San Francisco he went up to Placer County and engaged in mining. He next went to Folsom where he remained for a time, and afterward engaged in railroading. He was connected with the construction of the Central Pacific, and was on the first train that ran over the line. He was conductor on the road and train dispatcher, and foi' many years was pur- chasin|> ugent. He was prominently identified with the establishment of the Railroad Hospital — one of the first established in the country. He was superintendent of the hospital, and was actively interested in its efliiciency during his life. He was connected with the railroad for twenty-two years, and resigned January, 188(3. He was elected president of the Gas Company and was actively identified with its management for many years. In 1860 he was elected repre- sentative to the State Legislature. In June, 1877, Mr. Watson was united in marriage to Miss Martha M. Gardner. She is a native of Massachusetts and received her education in New England and came to California in 1869. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Mr. Watson's death occurred September 11, 1889, and in his death the city and State lost one of its most estimable and honored citizens. Mrs. Watson occupies their attractive home, corner of Eighth and D streets. — ^€®nt'»^¥ — fH. POND, Principal of the Sacramento High School, was born at Downieville, * Sierra County, California, November 1, 1862. His parents, William C. and Helen W. Pond, came to the Pacific coast at an early day, his fnther arriving here in 1852. Professor Pond received his education in this State, gradu- ating as A. B. at the University of California in 1884. He engaged in teaching at Hopkins' Academy, Oakland, until 1886, when he came to Sacramento, and since then has been con- nected with the high school as teacher and vice- principal. In 1888 lie was elected principal of the High School, and since then has filled that position with credit to himself and the satisfac- tion to the Board of Education. He is actively identified with educational interests here and throughout the State. Professor Pond was united in marriage March 12, 1887, with Miss Grace Hamilton, daughter of Judge Noble Hamilton, of Oakland, California. — ^->3-^ fAMES B. DIVINE, a native of our Golden State of California, while but a compara- tively young man, has already been worth- ily entrusted with official position, holding the responsible ofKce of justice of the peace for the city of Sacratnento for now two terms. He was born in the city of Sacramento, April 1, 1861, his parents being P. J. and Ellen Y. Divine. His father, P. J. Divine, was one of the well- known citizens of the city, and a man of unu- sual talent in his profession, and widely known on the Pacific Coast. He came to California in 1856 from New York, where he had mastered tiie art of sculpture, and was one of the pioneer mar- ble workers of the Pacific Coast. Specimens of his work will be seen in the beautifully designed marble work upon the State capitol, which is much admired, and at once established his repu- tation as a sculptor. We may instance, also, the bust of Senator Broderick upon his monument in San Francisco; the bust of Senator W. R. Ferguson; 'of Governor Weller; of Thomas Starr King, and others. He died January 1, 1870, leaving three children surviving, two sons and one daughter, all in this city. Mr. James B. Divine received his education in Sacramento, studying law in the office of Judge McFarland and of A. C. Freeman, and he was admitted to practice at the bar May 31, 1882. and immedi- ately began to practice his profession in this city. For some years lie was court commis- sioner. In January, 1887, he was elected jus- tice of the peace, and was again re-elected in January, 1889. Mr. Justice Divine is a member of the Native Sons of the Golden West. f|LBEKT HART, superintendent of Sacra- I inentocity schools, was born in Barbadoes, ^ West Indies, May 18, 1830. His parents, Joseph and Hannah Hart, were natives of Eng- land, who came to America in 1838 and went to Cincinnati, and from there to New Orleans, and afterward returned to the West Indies, where the father died. His mother returned to I New Orleans. Mr. Hart received his education in Cincinnati and New Orleans. When the gold excit inent in California attracted the attention of young men in nearly all parts of the world, he came to the Pacific Coast via the Isthmus, arriving in San Francisco in March, j 1850. He engaged in mining in Placer County, 1 and also in teaching, being one of the earliest teachers in the State now engaged in educa- tional work. He tauglit from 1854 to 1857 at Yankee Jim's, Iowa Hill, and Dutch Flat. In 1861 he came to Sacramento and for several j years was in the State Library. He was the first librarian of the San Francisco Law Library, as BISTORT OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. well as the San Francisco Free Public Library. He was appointed private secietary to Governor Eootli, and also served in the same capacity for Governors Faclit(o and Perkins. lie held the oifice of United States Pension Agent under President Hayes, and was appointed Superin- tendent of the money order department in the San Francisco postotfice under General S. W. Backus. In the fall of 1889 he was elected to his present position of superintendent of Sacra- mento city schools, lie is a member of the Masonic fraternity; of the I. 0. O. F., and of the Knights of Honor. In 1859 Mr. Hart mar- ried Miss Harriet N. Latferty, of Iowa, and they have six children, four sons and two daughters. — ^€®"i)>'^^" ^ATT. KARCHEIi, an old settler and Captain of the Police of Sacramento ^M^ City, was born in Baden, Germany, October 15, 1832. At the age of fourteen he started out in tlie world for himself, emigrated to this counti'y and stopped in Boston, Massa- chusetts, where he had a brother, and there learned the bakery trade. He remained there five years, and on October 18, 1851, sailed from New York, and coming by way of the Isthmus, arrived in San Francisco November 18, making a very quick jiass-age. The following day he came to Sacramento. Alter working a short time in a restaurant, he went to work in the Star Bakery at $200 per month, remaining there one and a half years, and saved $1,100, and then Ijegaii business for himself on Sixth street, be- tween I and J. In 1855 he married Frances Flaberstroh, from New Orleans. She is of Swiss parentage. After carrying on the busi- ness for fourteen years, sufferitig from the ad- verses of fire and flood, he sold out. He could only collect $33 out of $3,000 which was due him. Having a wife and five children to sup- port, he was offered a position on the police force and accepted it, and served on street and office duty seven years. After serving five years he was offered the position of Chief of Police, but he declined it. In Marcli, 1872, after the regular nominations of both parties were made, only five days bei'ore the election, he announced himself as an independent candi- cate and was elected by 687 majority, and 156 majority over the entire vote of both the other candidates. In 1874 he ran as an independent candidate and was elected by a majority of 714. In 1876 he ran independent again with in- dorsements of the Democrats, and was defeated by a small majority. For four years he was engaged in business, and in 1880 he again ran as an independent candidate, and was elected Chief of Police. In 1882 be was nominated by the Republicans, and was elected and served two years. After this term had expired he served as deputy sheriff under Sherifi" Wilson, and was appointed to his present position, and for the past four years has served as Captain of Police. He has eight children, five sons and three daugh- ters. In 1886 he lost one daughter, sixteen years of age, and in 1888 a son, twenty-five years old. fHARVIE, contractor, is a native of Nova Scotia, and was born December 28, 1851. ® His father, Nicholas Harvie, was of Scotch descent, and his mother, Elizabeth Ettin- ger, was "a native of Pennsylvania. Young Nicholas attended school during boyhood and served an apprenticeship to the trade of carpen- ter and joiner. In 1870 he went to Bos on and remained there and in Providence until 1878, when he came to the Pacific Coast, and passed the first nine months in Alpine County, and then went to Virginia C'ity, Nevada, where he remained tour years. After spending one year in Santa Cruz, he came to Sacramento in 1878, and engaged in contracting, and by his energy and ability has become one of the responsible contractors of the Capital City. He received the contract for building the winery on Eight- eenth street, anil also the New Eagle Winery, on Twentieth street and the railroad, and was HISTOnr OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. a-vvardei the oiitract tor tlie eivction of the inalt-honse, kiln, bottling works, office, stables, etc.. of the Baffalo Brewing Company. He has had a large practical e.xperience as a contractor and builder. Mr. Harvie is prominently iden- tified with the order of Foresters, being P. C. R. of Conrt Sacramento, No. 6861, A. O. F., and P. C. of Sacramento Conclave, No. 12, K. S. F.; delegate to S. H. C, A. O. F., Minne- apolis, Minnesota, in 1889; delegate to the Su- preme Conclave, K. S. F., at Minneapolis; Junior Past Arch of Union Grove, No. 61, U. A. 0. D.; representative to Grand Grove of California in 1889; delegate to the organiza- tion of the Grand Grove of the State of Cali- fornia, and delegate to the Supreme Conclave of the K. S. D. of the world, and was honored with the position of chairman of Supreme Au- ditors. In 1876 Mr. Harvie married Miss Mary A. Cochran, a native of Sacramento. Her par- ents, Eobert and Mary (Williamson) Cochran, were from New York State, and came to Cali- fornia in 1849. Mr. and Mrs. Harvie have two children, Ada R. and G. Edwin. F. ODELL, senior member of the known firm of Odell & Herzog, native of Indiana, being born in January 10, 1853. His father. dian M. Odell, came to the Pacific coast in 1855. After remaining here several years he returned to his Eastern home, and in 1861 brought his family overland to California, reaching here in the fall of that year. He engaged in the cattle trade in tliis valley, and prominently identified himself with the business for many years. The subject of this sketch had an early practical tiaining, was brought up in the business, and after reaching manhood engaged in trade near the corner of K street in 1875, and carried it on until 1886, when Mr. Herzog was admitted as partner, and the firm became Odell & Herzog. Their place of business, Nos. 1020 and 1022 K street, known as the New York Market, is large and commodious, the leading and most attract- ive retail market in the Capital City. They have a large wholesale trade and supply many retail shops. They have their own slauo-hter- houses, •south of the city on the Riverside road, where their meats are dressed to supply their extensive trade. They also buy and feed a large amount of stock, thus giving their trade the advantage of the bsst selections. The firm is widely and favorably known as one of the most responsible in this section of the State. Mr. Odell is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the order of Knights of Pythias. He was married June 7, 1883, to Miss Myrtie Under- hill, a native of California, and daughter of Jo- seph Underbill, formerly surveyor of Sacramento. Mr. and Mrs. Oiell have threa children, Haz&l A., Edna B. and Merrill M. fL. SILLER, of the firm of Siller Brothers, real-estate owners and contractors, was * born in Hancock County, Illinois, May 23, 1859. In 1872 his parents came to Cali- fornia. Soon after reaching Sacramento the family settled on a farm near Florin, and re- mained there some years. In 1880 he came into the city, and the following year began to learn the trade of carpenter and joiner. In 1884 he and his brother engaged in contractino- and building, and since then the firm of Siller Brothers has carried on a large and successful business. Besides, they have been constant buyers of real estate, and making improve- ments, the rental of which already brings tliem a good income. During the past year their real estate sales amounted to between $15,000 and $20,000. Their success is due to their own ef- forts, ability and good management. Mr. Sil- ler was married November 10, 1886, to -Miss Mary Eckman, a native of Germany. They have one son, Edward L. They have an attract- ive home at 1822 P street. L. G. Siller, of the firm of Siller Brothers, contractors, is a son of John and Catharine Sil- UltSTOBT OF HAGHAMENTO COUNTY. ler, and was born in Hancock County, Illinois, December 13, 1863. His parents, with the family, came to the Pacitic Coast in 1872. Af- ter reaching Sacramento they located on a farm a few miles from the city, near Florin, .and here he attended school and remained there until 1880, and then came to the city and learned the trade of carpenter and joiner. In 1884 he and his brother engaged in contracting and build- ing, and since then, for the past six years, the firm of Siller Brothers have built up a large and suicessful business in contracting and real es- tate. Among the buildings erected by them are the new William Tell House, the Orphan Asylum, the State Printing Office, and building corner of Seventh and 1 streets, the large apart- ment house corner of Ninth and L streets, and many others. They have built seven houses on their own property, corner of Seventeenth and Q streets. They also own and operate a large planing-mill. They are young men of energy and ability, and among the most responsible contractors in the Capital City. Mr. Siller be- longs to the I. O. O. F. He was married Oc- tober 5, 1882, to Miss Mary C. EUer, a native of Germany. They have three children — Ma- bel, Laura and Rnbie. -<^♦"^,v^ - , fAMES STAFF()UI>, i-ctirr.l, is a native of the north of Ireland, and was born near Belfast, May 15, 1815. He grew up and attended school there, and after reaching man- hood emigrated to this country and worked in New York State. Was at West Point during the memorable log-cabin campaign, when Gen- eral William Henry Harrison was elected Presi- dent. After several years, on account of his health, Mr. Stafford returned to his native countrj and remained there until 1847, when the whole family — his parents and ten chil- dren — came over to this country and settled at Aurora, Indiana. Here he engaged in merchan- dising, and built up a lai-ge trade; also engaged in packing pork and in buying and selling cattle and hogs throughout the country; and for thirty-five years carried on the most extensive business in that section of the State, and ex- tending through the adjoining States, and en- joyed an enviable reputation for his honor and integrity. The l.amily came to the Pacific coast in 1874, Mr. Stafford remaining to attend to his business interests. Since coming here he has not engaged in active business. His at- tractive home is at 1316 Seventh street. Mr. Stafford was married May 10, 1850, to Maria Hueston, wlio also is a native of the north of Ireland, her home being near the city of Bel- fast. The death of this estimable lady occurred in June, 1886. They have had fourteen children, only four of whom survive. James, Robert and Mary are living at home in this city, and Jennie is married and living at Gait, in this county. fF. CALDERWOOD, one of the oldest and best known men in the service of the ® Southern Pacific Railroad Company, is a native of Maine, and was born in Waldo County, April 27, 1837, and is a son of Levi and Lydia Calderwood. He attended school during boy- hood, and upon reaching manhood he deter- mined to come to the Pacific coast, and sailed in the ''Star of the West," and came via the Isthmus, and on the Pacitic side came in the steamer "John L. Stephens," and arrived in San Francisco, October 16, 1858. Like all who came here in the early days, he went to the mines in El Dorado and Placer counties, and continued for nine years in hydraulic mining. In the early part of 1868 he engaged in rail- roading. Upon the construction of the Central Pacific he was on the first regular train that went acro.-s the summit into Truckee. He was conductor on the Mountain division twelve yeai's, and has been in the service of the com- pany as conductor for twenty-two years. In June, 1876, he brought the noted CentLunial train of Jarrett & Palmer, over the Mountain Division. The time made across the continent, HISTORY OF SACliAMSNTO COUNTY. from New York to Sail Francisco, was eighty- four hours, less four tninutes. Mr. Calderwood is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and a member of Capitol Lodge, 1. O. O. F., for the past twenty years: He is past chief of O. 11. C, and served three years as chief. He was ac- tively identitied in establishing the order and building 't up. Mr. Calderwood was married by the Rev. Fred Charlton, November 25, 1862, to Miss Sarah J. Fuller, of Sacramento. Her parents, Jacob N. and Jane E. Fuller, came to California in 1856. Mr. and Mrs. Calderwood have three sons, viz.: Wiliam T., Samuel II. and George E. The}' have lost two sons and two daughters. fOHN MEISTER. The pioneer dairyman of the Capital City, is a native of Switzer- land, and was born April 17, 1820. He attended the common schools and was brought up on a farm. In 1852 he emigrated to the United States. After reaching this country, he found a friend who wanted to come to the Pacific coast, and three of them came together. They were 140 daj's on the way and arrived in California in September, 1852. He went to the mines for a short time and then came to Sacra- mento and began work in a dairy. After two years he became a partner and afterwards bought his pirtner's interest. In 1852 his brother arrived here and became a partner with him and they carried on the business together successfully for twenty years, and since that time Mr. Meister has carried it on alone. His son, George A., takes an active part in the management of the business. Mr. Meister's first dairy was located at Sutter's Fort. He suffered large loss by the flood of 1862. He has about 150 cows and twentj'-five horses and is the oldest dairyman now engaged in business in the Capital City. He owns large dairy and fruit farms east of the city, including the well- known Smith's Gardens. He began life with- out anything and his success is owing to his own efforts. Mr. Meister has been twice mar- ried, his first wife being Pauline llerr; siie left four children: Annie, now married and living in San Francisco; Pauline, Louise and George Al- bert. Mr. Meister married Arelia Wirth, his present wife, in 1876. ►*-^ .. COOK, architect, one of the oldest and most prominent of his profession in the Capital City, is a native of Chenango County, New York, born April 20, 1832. His parents, Aaron and Lydia Cook, were natives of New York State. His father was ninety-eight years old at the time of his death. His grand- father lived to be over 100 years of age, and Grandmother Cook was ninety-one years old at the time of her death. The parents of our sub- ject removed to Albany in 1832 and he grew up and attended school there. He served three years' apprenticeship to the trade of carpenter and joiner, during the time taking lessons in architectural drawing, and upon reaching early manhood he came West to Michigan, locating at Kalamazoo, where he engaged in contracting and building, preparing all of his own plans. After a time he gave up contracting, devoting his whole time to architectural work. He re- mained there ten years. In 1861 he went to St. Louis and thence to Chicago, where he followed his profession, and thence to Council J31uffs and Omaha. On account of his health, he came to California in 1870 and located in Sacramento, where for the past twenty years he has taken a leading position in his profession in this section of the State. He superintended the construc- tion of the Western Hotel, Hale's Block, and several churches, also the State Prison at Fol- som, the Nevada State Asylum, the court house at Redding, the county hospitals at Men- docino, Tehama and Colusa, Cone & Kimball's Block, and Odd Fellows' Hall at Red Bluff; also Odd Fellows' Building and churches at Wheatland and Redding, and churches in Stock- ton and in other cities ami towns. He has pre- lIISTOliY OF H AC MAM UN TO COUNTY. pared tlie plans for man y of tlio finest buildings in this section of the State. In 1870 Mr. Cook married Miss M. Midler, of Chicago. They have four children, viz.: Christopher, Eva, Amy and Irwin Paul. Mr. Cook belongs to I. O. O. F., El Dorado Lodge, No. 8. — '^m^w^-^ — fllOMAS II. COOK is a native of North Shields, England, and was born October 2, 1824. His parents, John and Sarah M. Cook, were also natives of England. He grew up with liis father, and during his early boyhood attended scliool and went to sea, which he followed for some years, and then came to Quebec in 1847, and thence by canal to Buffalo. Next he followed the Lakes for a time. When the discovery of gold was attracting the atten- tion of the civilized world he determined to come to the Pacific coast, and started from Chicago in March, 1849, and after braving the dangers of the trip overland across the continent, ar- rived in Sacramento in August of the same yeai'. Soon after coming here he engaged in draying, in which business he c-jutiuued for several years. He returned to England in the fall of 1851, and soon after, while there, in March, 1852, married Miss Hannah Skelton, also a native of England. They came to Cali- fornia in the fall of the same year, and reached here a few days before the fire. He engaged in draying for five or six years, and then engaged in the wood business, which he carried on suc- cessfully for some years, until 1867, when he made another visit to his native country with his wife and two children. This journey was filled with sorrow. He lost one of his children, a son, in New York; the death of his wife and remaining child, a little girl, occurred in Eng- land. He also lost two children here. After coming back here and remaining about two years he returned again to England, and while there married Helen Drydon, a native of Scotland. He remained in England seven years, and in 1875 came again lu ('alifornia, and engaged in mercantile business in Sacramento, on the cor- ner of Eighth and J streets, and continued there fifteen years and built up a large and successful wholesale and retail trade. In January, 1890, he removed to the large and commodious store on the corner of Tenth and K streets, to accommo- date his large and constantly inci'easing trade. Mr. Cook is still in the prime of life, and has established an enviable reputation for integrity and fair dealing. Mr. and Mrs. Cook have four children, three of whom survive, — George N., William H. and Thomas H. One son, Herbert .!., was drowned. ^-♦|-^>->^-|>*— fIDNEY ELDRED is a native o\' Ohio and was born January 30, 1830. His parents were Daniel and Hannah Eldred. They removed to Michigan in 1884, and there Sidney was reared and attended school during boyhood. Upon reaching early manhood he determined to come to the Pacific coast. He came by water and sailed in the " Star of the West," via the Isthmus, and on this side by the Brotlier Jona- than, and after a rough voyage of fifty days, ar- rived in San Francisco in March, 1854. A few days later he came up to Sacramento and went to draying. In tlie spring of '56, he opened the National Hotel on J street, between Tenth and Eleventh. After running this house two years he opened the Noyes House on Tenth and 1 streets, and continued there until 1860, when he sold out, and during the same year went East and remained until the spring of 1861. He then left there with a drove of horses and came across the plains, bringing them to this State. He afterward built the Eldred House, on K street, above Tenth. He owned a farm six miles out of the city and engaged in farming for some years, but on account of poor health he came to thiscity and retired from active bus- iness life. Mr. Eldred has never sought politi- cal preferment. He has been twice married. In October, 1856, he married Miss Sarah White, IVum Michiiran. Her death occurred in Am-Mist, IIISTOIIY OF SACHAMENTO COUNTY. 1880. Tliej hail four chililren, only two of whom siiivive — a son an 1 danghtor: Frank, now living ia Washington State, and May, now Mrs. Dr. Root, of this city. In 1881 Mr. Eldred married Mrs. May Gilman, a native of Xew Hampshire. Mr. Eldred is a mm of gen- erous impulses and one of the best known citi- zen in the Capital City. — ^4ii:iD#'^~ fEORUE HAi'TON, capitalist, is a native of England and of English parentage. His father, Aaron Hayton, died in England, and his mother, Elizabetii Hayton, died in Strat- ford, Canada, in 1885. The boyhood of Mr. Hayton was spent in his native country, where lie served an apprenticeship in manufacturing boots and shoes. In 1841 lie came to this country and lived in Canada until 1850, when he went to New York State, and two years later determined to come to the Pacific coast. He sailed from New York February 28, in the barque Kremlin, Captain Davis. They had a rough voyage, and were six weeks doubling Cape Ht)rn; were five months on the voyage, and arrived in San Francisco August 2, 1852. He came up to Sacramento and then went to Marysville, to the mines; was there only a short time and returned to Sacramento to work at his trade. He rented a place the first of the month and paid his rent in advance, and the following day the big fire came and the building was burned, and he was out the rent he had paid for the first month. The following year he went to the mines in Trinity County; was only there a few months and returned to Sacramento. After working at his trade about nine months he started in business for himself, the firm being Hayton & Donohue, — The " Eagle Boot & Shoe Store," — and this firm continued for six years, when the latter retired, and Mr. Hayton be- came sole proprietor of the business, and carried it on successfully until 1878. Having acquired a competency, he retired from active business, and is enj-.ying his well-earned nsposo. In lS7t) Mr. Hayton was married in Sacramento to Mrs. Mary Taylor, a native of England, who came to this country in 1853 and to California in 1858. Her parents died in Canada. In 1869 she re- turned to England on a visit. Mr. Hayton has made several visits East since coming here. The first time he went by water, in 1857, and twice across the continent since the railroad was built. He has eaten thirty-eight Christmas dinners in Sacramento. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and also of the order of Odd Fellows. Mr. and Mrs. Hayton have an attractive home corner of Sixteenth and K streets. fOHN BELLMER, an old and honored citi- zen, corner Eighth and L streets, Sacra- mento, was born near Bremen, Germany, May 11, 1833. At the age of fifteen years he emigrated to the United States, landing in New York, remained there until October, 1852, when, intending to go to Australia, he sailed in the barque Catharine Augusta. The vessel stopped at Rio Janeiro, but the yellow fever prevailed to such an extent that half the pas- sengers died and those that could get away were glad to go anywhere; and Mr. Bellmer sailed in the clipper ship High Flyer around Cape Horn to California, arriving in San Fran- cisco in September, 1858. Like all others who came liere seeking their fortunes at that early day, he went to raining, at Michigan, Bluff and Last Chance, and remained there four years and then came to Sacramento and started busi- ness here in 1857, and since then, for the past thirty-three years, he has been successfully en- gaged in his vocation here, and has passed through fire and flood and borne his share of misfortune. In the fall of 1871 Mr. Bellmer was elected county treasurer, and after holding the office two years was re-elected in the fall of 1873, and held that office until 1876. He has been an active, prominent member of the Ger- men Turn-Verein, in which body he has held the othcc nf presiijent and secretary. He is UllSTVHY OF HAUHAMENTU (JOUNTT. also a proniiiient member. uf I. O. O. F., being now past grand of that order. Mr. Bellmer was married January 18, 1860 to Miss Maria Gradj, of JVew London, Connecticut. Tliey have liad twelve children, gix of whom are living: three sons— William F., Frank R. and Edgar H. ; and three daughters — Sarah E., Carrie L. and Alice E. tS. EEALS, photographer, 415 J street, the veteran photograph artist of the Pacific ® Coast, was born December 2, 1823, in Hartford, Connecticut. He received his educa- tion there and at Wt-therslield until the age of eighteen, when he went to JS'ew York and en- gaged in merchant tailoring at 156 liroadway, and continued there about six years. While there he cut the uniform for Stevenson's regi- ment, which came to California for the Mexican war. He was engaged in the same business at Babylon, Long Island, two years; then here- turned to New York and opened a daguerreo- type gallery at 175 Broadway, and continued there until 1853, when he sold out and sailed from New York, and came to California via the Isthmus. From Panama he came on the steamer Uncle Sam, and landed in Sacramento in Octo- ber, 1853. He came direct to Sacramento and opened a piiotograph gallery on Third and J streets, with R. H. Vance. After the big lire, the following year, he opened a gallery at 87 J street, where he conducted the business four or live years, and then removed to 415 J street, and remained there until after the flood of 1861. During that time and for years he was usher and assistant manager of the old Sacrimento Theatre, for Thomas Maguire; was also manager of the Forrest Theatre, between Second and Third streets. After the latter was burned, he acted as manager of the old Metropolitan Thea- tre, on K street, between Fou'rth and Fifth, being manager of both theatres at the same time, and was manager for Maguire until the latter retired from the business. lie conducted his photographic business as well, for over twenty-tive years in the present location, 415 J street, and he is the uldest photographic artist now engaged in business on the Pacilic Coast. He has been successful, and accumulated a val- uable property on Twelfth and F streets, his homestead being one of the land-marks. He is a lover of line horses, and usually has one or more in his possession. Mr. Beals is a veteran Odd Fellow, having been a member of the fra- ternity fifty-eight years. He was a member, with P. T. Barnum, of Island City Lodge, New York; is now connected with Eureka Lodge, No. 4, and is one of the oldest members of the order in the United States. Mr. Beals has been twice married. His first wife was Rosalia Fow- ler, of New York State. She died in 1879, leaving two daughters — Mrs. Josephine Ingalls, of Sacramento city, and Mrs. Sarah Campion. The latter inherited a talent for painting, and went abroad to pursue her studies in France, and achieved an enviable position in the pro- fession. She died in 1887, leaving one son, who is cashier for the prominent commercial house of Williams, Dimond & Co., San Fran- cisco. In 1886 Mr. Beals married Mrs. J. E. Dodge, a native of New York, and by this marriage there is one son. fHILIP WOLF, one of the most extensive contractors of the Capital City, was born in Keokuk, Iowa, April 10, 1859. His father, Philip Wolf, came to the Pacific coast in the spring of 1861, and the motner and chil- dren arrived here in December of the same year, just before the noted flood. In 1863 they re- moved to Sheldon, this county, then a flourish- ing place, and four years afterward returned to this city. Philip attended school during boy- hood, and served an apprenticeship to the trade of carpenter and joiner. After working at his trade several years, he engaged in merchandis- ing; this not proving successful, he returned to his trade and after a time engaged in con IIISTURY OF SAGltAMENTO GOUNTT. tracting and building. The first year he built three houses, and his business has since steadily increased from. year to year, and during the past year he built thirty- six houses, among them some of the most attractive in the city. He has given much attention to agricultural draw- ing and draws the plans for all of his own work, thus saving the expense of an architect. D.ur- ing the past year he has done a larger contract- ing business than any firm in Sacramento, employing twenty men. He has by his ability and integrity built up a successlul business, and enjoys an enviable reputation as a contractor. He owns his attractive home on N street, besides three houses and lots on J street, and other city property. He belongs tu the order of Foresters. Mr. Wolf was marled April 20, 1884, to Miss Minnie C. Gerber, a native of Sacramento, whose father came to the Pacific coast in 1849. ^^m-^ fA. CUNNINGHAM, the well-known pro- prietor of the Sacramento Boiler and Iron ® Works, was born in the Empire State, in Schenectady, February 4, 1843, and is a son of Thomas N. and Mary Cunningham. He learned his trade in Philadelphia, and followed it there_ and in Albany and Schenectady. In 1868 he came to the Pacific Coast, and located in Sacra- mento and entered the employ of the railroad compan3\ After remaining in the shops two years, he established his present business in the railroad company's building, and remained there until 1873, when he removed to his present loca- tion on I street, between Front and Second streets. Since then, for the past seventeen years, he has- built up a large and successful business. Such is his reputation for standard work, that he was awarded the contract for manufacturing the large boilers, tanks, bins, etc., for the BuflFalo Brewing Company, for their immense brewery in this city. He also held the position of engineer of the water-works six years. lie is a member of the Masonic fra- ternity and the Knights of Honor. He was married in May, 1882, to Miss Sarah W. Shields, of Portland, Maine, and they have three chil- dren — Addie, Myra and May. fHPvISTIAN GRUHLER, deceased, was a native of Wittenberg, Germany, and was born September 12, 1830. He attended school during his early boyhood, and in 1845, at the age of fifteen, emigrated to the United States. He went to Cincinnati and remained there six years. After the discovery of gold in California, he determined to come to the Pacific coast, and he, with his brother and others, eight wagons in all and ox teams, came the overland route across the continent. They were 105 days on the way, and arrived here in 1852. He worked in San Francisco until the following year, when he engaged in the grocery trade, and the following year engaged in the brewing busi- ness in Sacramento. He and his brother estab- lished the Columbus Brewery, and built up a large and successful business. He went East in 1861, and on the 6th of May of that year was married, in Cincinnati, to Miss Catharine Gruh- ler, a native of Germany, who came to Cincin- nati in 1853, and lived there until she was married. Mr. Gruhler was a member of the Turn-Verein and the E.xempt Firemen's Asso- ciation. He was actively engaged in business until his death, which occurred October 11, 1878. He left four children, viz.: Albert E., Emma, Hermann A. and Clara A. He left a large estate. Mrs. Gruhler occupies the attract- ive home corner of Fifteenth and L streets. --^€ fOHN M. MILLIKIN, formerly one of the prominent business men of Sacramento, is now engaged in the real -estate and in- surance business at No. 110 Fourth street, in this city. For the sake of convenience let us begin with his early life, his ancestors, etc. On UISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. his mother's side liis forefathers were of the sea- faring class, being ship- builders, sailors, etc. On his father's side his ancestors were mer- chants, lumberraeii. etc. His mother's maiden name was Jemima Skolfield. His uncle Josiah Millikin was a tanner in Oxford (Jounty, Maine, and afterward engaged in lumbering in Portland. His five sons soon after entei'ed the commercial world, and they were highly spoken of in the Lewiston Journal and other papers. They are all still in tlie East, are wealthy and still prominent in business circles. Charles Millikin is now managing the famous Glenn House in the White Mountains; Seth is now engaged e.xtensively in New York; Wes- ton is engaged on a large scale in lumbering in Maine and Canada, making shipments to all parts of the world. He is also president of the Cumberland Hank in Portland, is a member of the company of Loan Commissioners; George and Henry are in the wholesale grocery busi- ness in Portland. The subject of this biographi- cal outline was itorn February 28, 1821, at Lubeck, "Washington County, Maine. A¥hcn he was four years old he turned West, moving to the village of Gray, Cumberland County, Maine, where his early schooling was obtained. At the age of sixteen years he went to Portland, and began to clerk for Burbank & Furbish, general wholesale grocers; and it \^as here that he obtained that real practical business educa- tion that enabled him in subsequent life to be- come one of the most prominent merchants of this country. On account of his failing health, however, he had at the end of about three years retired from business pursuits for about two years. He was emplo^'ed by Philip Shaw, al- though nominally clerk only, yet he actually had independent control of all the business, and sustained this relation there for about ten years. May 12, 1850, Mr. Millikin left home for Cali- fornia, in company with S. B. Leavitt, subse- quently his brother-in-law, and M. L. Witham; they sailed on the steamer Georgia to the Isth- mus, where they were long delayed, — John M. having come imnu'diatelv to San Francisco, ar- riving August 14 following, and the remainder came afterwards. On arriving at the city of the Golden Gate, Mr. Millikin engaged for the tirst year in watering and ballasting ships, and in purchasing the lighters, water-boats, etc. At iirst this business was exceedingly profitable, but the cheapening of materials aad the springing up of competion materially reduced the profits. He'was fortunate in making the acquaintance of Frank Blake, of the firm of Blake, Robinson & Co., and also of Charles L. Taylor, both of whom gave good advice and encouragement. Then for two years, in company with Mr. Leavitt, he was engaged in mining and trading in Kanaka Valley, a mining district on the American River in tiie mountains in El Do- rado County. They then purchased the Tremont House in Sacramento, Mr. Leavitt transacting the business. Mr. Millikin came down about six months afterward to assist in running the hotel; but finding that in so doing he had to tend bar, which was disagreeable to him, he packed up and went to McDowell Hill, and es- tablished a trading post there and also engaged in mining. He continued there probably about a year. Closing out, he came again to Sacra- mento and bought of Andrew Hall, southeast corner of I and Sixth streets, an interest in a hay-yard. The management of a hay-yard was at that time probably the most important busi- ness in the city. He sold out this business, at a profit of $2,000. Then his brother. Theodore J., came from the East, and they together pur- chased a yard on the southwest corner, directly across the street from the former place. They conducted business there until the summer of 1854, when the great tire burned them out. Soon Mr. John M. Millikin purchased another hay-yard, on the corner of Seventh and I streets, where he and his brother did the largest busi- ness in that line in the city during the three years they were engaged there. Theodore went east and brought out his wife, and also the wife of John M. The latter had just sold out his interest in this business on account of failing health, and on the return of his brother they Hisrour OP sacbamento county. began dealing in wheat, barley, flour, and also speculating, etc.; after continuing tiuis on J street, between Sixth and Seventh, tliey entered the general grocery business near that point on the same street. The great floods of 1861-'62 utterly destroyed their stock; but witii charac- teristic pluck they renewed their supplies and continued trade there. John M. went to San Francisco and became purchasing agent, not only for his own house but also for others, especially Adams, McNeill & Co., and Mr. Elwell, of Marjsville. During that period, namely, about 1867, they removed their busiuesi to tlie corner of Third and K streets, wliere they carried on the more extensive trade in their line, their sales amounting to about $750,000 a year for several years. Theodore died in the fall of 1874. In the spring of 1877 John M., again on account of failing health, sold out his busi- ness to Hall, Luhrs & Co., and retired from mercantile pursuits. Ilall and Luhrs had been in business in his employ and learned the trade of him. In 1883 he engaged as manager for several companies in real estate and insurance. The insurance companies which lie has since represented are the Sun, the Franklin, Williams- burg, City of New York, State and the American of Boston. In this line he is now conducting his business at No. 1010 Fourth street. Mr. Millikin has been one of the principal operators in mercantile pursuits in the city of Sacramento, has made immense amounts of money and lost also a great deal, by the disasters mentioned. He lost also about $40,000 in the experiment of a beet sugar manufactory, and $8,000 in a street railway enterprise. The various houses with which he has been connected have always had the highest reputation for fair dealing and prompt fiilfillnieiit of all engagements. Notii- ing was ever heard against them, and never in the whole State of California was a mercantile firm of higher reputation. Mr. Millikin has never aspired to political situations, but in his principles he has always been a man of Arm convictions. Ho was a Republican at a period 60 early that it co.st something to be one, as the few who had the nerve to espouse the cause of liberty -were known only as " Black Republi- cans, thieves and miscegenators." He was therefore among the flrst to organize the Re- pul)lican party in this county, along with the Crockers, Stanford, Hopkins, Huntington, Cole and a few others. As to religion Mr. Millikin is a member of the Congregational Church, in wiiich body lie is a trustee of the property. In the spring of 1856, Mr. Millikin returned to his eastern home and married Sarah A. Leavitt, a sister of his friend and business associate, and daughter of Brackett Leavitt, a farmer of Limer- ick, Maine. They have three sons and two daughters, who have grown up a credit to their parents. Three are married. 1 l.LIAM O. BOWERS.— The hotel j)ai T-fTH.LIAiy l/\/') > -icellence of the Capital City is the l^=eJSri "Golden Eagle," corner of Seventh and K streets, a location which has always been prominent in the annals of the city, and inde€d has been the site of an hotel from the earliest period. Here in 1851 Dan Callahan erected his frame lodging-house (which he had pur- chased for one span of horses), with its canvas "annex," upon the flaps of which the jocose Wriglitmire, with a piece of charcoal, drew tiie figure. of an eagle with outspread wings and serious mien, and dubbed tiie place the " Golden Eagle Hotel," a name which through all the ups and downs of pioneer days clung to it with the tenacity of a happy thought; but it remained for the present proprietor to bring it up to the high standard of excellence for which it is so widely known to-day. It lias been said by an eminent authority that " hotel men are born, not made;" and certainly, to conduct a large hotel successfully, requires both social and busi- ness qnalitications of the highest order. That tiiese qualities are possessed to an eminent de- gree by the subject of this biographical men- tion is shown both by his past record and by the most casual visit to this, the leading flrst-class UIST0R7 OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. house ill the city. It contains about 100 rooms and accuniMiodates comfortably about250 people; but Mr. Bowers not infrequently finds it neces- sary to secure outside room accommodations for his guests, who iiave upon occasions numbered as high as 1,000 in a single day. The parlors, reading-room, office and diuing-hall are all liu-ge, light, airy and commodious, excellently kept, and superior to any others in the city, while the genial i)roprietor, with a bland cour- tesy all his own, gives that personal attention to his guests which is the secret of his success. Mr. Bowers was born April 26, 1838, a native of the State of New Ilampsliire, and son of Thomas and Betsey (Conery) Bowers. His father'died some years ago, but his mother still survives at the advanced age of eighty-nine years, in the full enjoyment of her mental facul- ties, and in good healtli. The early years of Mr. Bowers' life were passed at Nashua, New Hampshire, his native place, where he received his preliminary education. At the age of six- teen he went to Northfield, Verinont, where he entered the railroad shops of the Verinont Cen- tral as an a])prentice. He served his time and then went to "Wilmington, North Carolina where he resided and engaged in railroading during the war, and after those troublesome times were over he was commissioned to go abroad, having in charge the supervision of steamboat work in Europe for over a year, re- turning to New York in 1867. He came to the Pacific coast and entered theemploy of theSoutli- ern Pacific Railroad Company for a time, and then for three years was engaged in steamboating. He returned to the Southern Pacific Railroad Com- pany and continued with them until 1878, when, coming to Sacramento, he became the proprietor of the " Union House," Second and K streets, where his extensive acquaintance and business qualities secured him a fair share of patronage. After leaving the Southern Pacific Railroad Com- pany he purchased a one-half interest in the Capital Ale Vaults on J street, between Third a-.id Fourth streets. He continued the business about four years, when he became proprietor of the " Union Hotel." After an experience of five years at the " Union," he rented the " Gold- en Eagle," securing in this way a location and accommodations more suited to his abilities as a "Boniface." Mr. Bowers belongs to the Masonic fraternity, being a member of Union Lodge, No. 332, of Glasgow, Scotland. He also belongs to the order of Elks, and to the Sacra- mento Turn-Verein. In 1859 he was united in marriage to Miss Eliza E. Kimball, a native of Barton, Vermont. Here, then, in brief outline, we have the history of one of the self-made men of the Ca})ital City. But to fully appreciate the qualities of head and heart which lie at the foundation of his po|)uhirity, one must become a guest at the ■' Golden Eagle." I L LI AM ANDREW FOUNTAIN, elder brother of James B. Fountain, and senior member of the business firm of Fountain Bros., brick-makers, is the oldest liv- ing son of Joshua Fountain, a native of the State of Delawai-e, born near Milford. in 1811, and Prudence Rebecca (Walton) Fountain, who ©migrated to Beard's Prairie, Michigan, in 1835, where the subject of this biography was born in March of the following year (1836). As stated elsewhere in this volume, the family soon re- moved to Van Buren County, Iowa, where grandfather Andrew Fountain, who was a farmer, died in 1844. In the spring of 1850, our subject, at that time just twenty-four years of age, his father, his uncle Loyd Rollins, a daughter of the latter, and three young men, made up a party to cross the plains overland to the " land of golden promise." They left home on the 9th of April, crossed the Missouri River at Council BlufTs on the 29th, the north side of the Platte, and via P'ort Hall, arrived safely at Grass Valley on the 15th of September follow- ing. They wintered there, and in the spring of 1851 started for Gold Lake mining district. Abandoning that project they mined on the Feather River during that summer, at liidwell's HISTOBi' OF 8AGBAMENT0 COUNTT. Ear and at Oregon Gulch until November, 1852, wlien our subject came to Sacramento and worked for his father, who had started a brick- yard on Eighth and O streets. (For full ])ar- ticulars of locations, which were changed from time to time to accommodate the advancing re- quirements of a growing city, see sketch of Joshua Fountain, the pioneer brick-maker). In 1859 Mr. Fountain started business on his own account, taking a contract to make brick for the building of the Hesperian College at Woodland. In the summer of 1862 he took a contract to make brick for the wine-cellar, residence and other buildings, for Mr. Bell, at Gold Hill, Placer County, and in 1862 and 1863 had a contract, for constructing a portion of the levee near Freeport. In 1863 and 1864 he burned a kiln of brick at Auburn, and also made the brick for the court-house and jail at Woodland that year. In 1865 and 1866 he bought h farm ly- ing between Elk Grove and Georgetown, and was engaged in farming for two years, but in the meantime he l)urned a kiln of l)rick at Elk Grove. In 1867 the present firm was estab- lished. (For full particulars see sketch of J.B. Fountain). Mr. Fountain has always taken an active interest in local politics since the organi- zation of the Republican jiarty, to which he be- longs, but has never been willing to accept any official position. He is a member of the Sixth Street Methodist Episcopal Church, and has had iiis residence on tiie corner of Fifteenth and P stieets for twenty-three years. In 1877 he was associated with Hon. John Q. Brown in street contracting, cobbling and graveling the princi- pal streets, and they continued the business for several years. The latter gentleman was after- ward mayor of the city for six years, and is now president of the San PVancisco Board of Trade. July 28, 1859, Mr. Fountain was married to Miss Abbie Louise Brewster, a native of Massa- chusetts, the daughter of Mr. Charles Bi'ewster. a florist. She was a devoted Christian woman. Her death occurred September 13, 1879. The family consists of six daughters, viz.: Henrietta, now Mrs. Charles Lowell; Clara, now Mrs. Charles Hockell, Grace, Anne, Lizzie and Abbie. In 1881 he was again united in marriage to Miss Helen Powers, an earnest Christian woman, a native of New York State. Her death occurred April 23, 1888. Of their private affairs, the home life, of the tender interests which cluster ly altar, it is not our province around the fam to speak, but we must be permitted to say that the influence of such homes are far-reaching; the influence of such lives will ever remain a monument to enduring memory. tj. STEVENS, deceased. Thanksgiving day, 1889, a large and respectful assem- '* bly of the citizens of Sacramento and vicinity were present on the plaza to witness the unveiling of a magniflcent monument erected to the memory of this truly great man, who had been master mechanic at the Sacramento rail- road shops for many years. Like many others, he was greater in merit than in notoriety. In fact, he was probably a greater favorite among the employes and his fellow laborers tiian any noted man could be. The signal traits of his character were loyalty to his calling and pro- found respect for the man who achieves by vir- tue of devotion to the branch of labor in which he is engaged. Himself a proliflc inventor, he was the counselor and kind adviser of all tlie others engaged in mechanical research, and la- bored to lighten human toil. He abhorred the sluggard and the idle man. By his life and example he encouraged Qvery toiler, by his genius he evolved and brought to the forge and bench and the workshop, the appliances that most augment the capacity of the worker to produce without increasing the burdens of his toil. A governor over thousands of men for a long term of years, he commanded from all of them the regard that true worth and manliness always receive. While it was his duty to con- serve every interest of his employers, he never lost sight of the human rights of the men em- ployed. He held the balance evenly between HISrORT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. forces sometimes driven to antagonism in the iields of labor, lie was a disciplinarian with- out the severity of the exacting master; he was a master without the austerity of tlie mere dis- ciplinarian. He believed that men are more easily led than driven, and that they respect the authority that deserves it. All his princi- pals and those who served under him mingled their mourning in common over his remains, and it was they who consistently incurred the expense of a $5,000 monument and statue sacred to his memory. Mr. Stevens died February 11, 1888, leaving a widow in this city; and the Stevens Statue Association was organized July 11 following, at a meeting of the employes of tlie railroad company held at the old Pavilion. The granite work of the monument was done by the Carlaw Brothers of Sacramento; the stone was from the quarries of Fresno and Rocklin; the statue, of bronze and nine feet high, was designed by Albert Weiner of San Francisco. At the unveiling, tlie statue was presented to the city by E. B. Ilussey, president of the associ- ation, and was accepted by Hon. E. J. Gregory, Mayor, in behalf of the city. Nearly all the fraternal orders of the city and most of the em- ployes of the railroad company turned out in grand parade. Addresses were delivered by President Ilussey, lion. Joseph Stefiens, Mayor Gregory, Governor Waterman and William II. Mills, and a eulogy was read which had been composed for the occasion by Ralph Turner. -^^^ ^^•#— fE. ALEXANDER.— One of the best known lawyers who have practiced at ' lie Sacramento bar is the gentleman with whose name this sketch commences. lie is a native of Jackson, Mississippi, born Feb- ruary 7, 1845. His mother, whose maiden name was Caroline W. Iliveley, was born in Tennessee. Benjamin Franklin Alexander, his father, was a native of South Carolina, who afterward located in Mississippi. He was a car- penter by trade. In 1849 he started to Call fornia via Panama, but not being fortunate enough to secure passage on a steamer on the Pacific side, he with others became passengers on an old sailing vessel. They became lost on the Pacific, but reached San Francisco, eve it- ually, in 1850, after a terrible experience with hunger, thirst and exposure. Mr. Alexander went to the mines, and there had a varied ex- perience. He followed mining in Amador and Calaveras counties, and was one of the original owners of the Woodhouse quartz-inill, at West Point, then remote from civilization. In 1858 he came to Sacramento and engaged at the car- penter's trade, and followed contracting in that line until 1875. In 1883 he removed to the vicinity of Menlo Park, where he has an orchard and vineyard. D. E. Alexander, the subject of this sketch, came to California in 1854 (with the family) to join his father, commencing the journey by water on the El Dorado, landing at San Francisco from the steamer California on the 20th of September, 1854, and proceeding at once to Sacramento. He received his edu- cation in this city, and was graduated at the Sacramento high school in the class of 1865. He commenced the study of law with Morris M. Estee, and continued his reading with Moore & Alexander, and afterward, with Coffroth & Spaulding. On the 5th of February 1866, he was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of California. He remained in Coffroth & Spaulding's office for several months after his admission, then went to Nevada City, and opened an office. After four or five njonths, he returned to Sacramento, and has resided here ever since, his practice being in all State courts, and in United States land cases, and before the Interior Department. Mr. Alexander^was mar- ried at Stockton, to Miss Emma Miller, a native of Pennsylvania. Her father died in Iowa; her mother is a resident of Sacramento. Mr. Alex- ander is Past Chief Ranger of Sacramento Court, A. O. F., and is Past Grand Represent- ative to the subsidiary High Court of the United States. He isa Democrat politicall}', takes an act- ive part in the ])arty organization, and has done HISTORY DP HAOllAMENTO COUNTY his share of service on the city central committee. Mr. Alexander is an able lawyer, and a popular man in his profession. ^.^1^.^ • fUDGEEOBEllT C. CLARK, deceased. In the chapter of this work devoted to the Bench and Bar of Sacramento County, many names appear whose owners have achieved dis- tinction and even Xational reputation, but none more honored than that of the late Judge Rob- ert C. Clark, with whose name this sketch commences. He was a native of Kentucky, born in 1821, and came of one of the most dis- tinguished families in the Blue Grass State. His father, John Clark, was among the most eminent men the State of Kentucky has pro- duced. He rose to the front rank at the bar of that State, and as a member of the Supreme Court of Kentucky, rendered decisions in some important cases, which were at variance with the sentiment of a large proportion of the people of the State. He was right, ho a ever, and when time proved the wisdom and the justice of his course, he was as freely vindicated as he had been condemned, and the people of the great commonwealth of Kentucky elected him as their Governor, the last position of public honor and trust he ever held, as he died while in the chair. He had also represented his district in the national Congress. Plis second wife was a member of the Washington fatnily, to which liad belonged the " Father of his Country." Of such stock was Judge Clark, of Sacramento. He was educated in Ohio and in Kentucky, and in the latter State was prepared for the profession of the law. He went to St. Louis to commence practice, and there remained until coining to the Pacitic coast. In 1852 he came across the plains to California, and located in Sacramento, where he soon look front rank as a lawyer. In the Lincoln- Douglas campaign, he came out as a Douglas Democrat, and made the race against Bob Robinson forjudge. He received the fa- vorable verdict of the people at the ensuing election, and so strongly did he endear himself to the people of the county by his legal learn- ing, his strong sense of justice, and his high character for integrity, that for twenty succes- sive years he held the ofhce of judge against all comers, and at the time of his death had yet two years to serve of the term to which he was elected. He was married in Kentucky to Miss Mary Wilcox, a native of northern Ohio, and a sister of Mrs. General Sturgis, of the United States army. She preceded him in death by several years. Three children survive them, viz.: Lora, wife of Charles McCreary; W. C, of San Francisco, now the head of the Electric Light Company, and Minnie C. Judge Clark achieved a splendid reputation while on the bench, as well as making a record which has hardly been equaled in the history of jurispru- dence in this country; i. e., in twenty years he had only one case reversed on appeal to the Supreme Court. He was the preceptor of many lawyers who afterward made distinguished names; in fact, it was said that he would not take a young man into his office who did not give promise of making a successful lawyer. Among his pupils were the Hon. M. M. Estee and Henry McCreary, whose early death shut out a career which gave every promise of a brilliant future. ^4^3i»-^- fOHN KING ALEXANDER is one of those who, while not now residents of Sacra- mento, still have figured prominently as members of the bar in the past. He is a brother of D. E. Alexander, and was born at Brandon, Missouri, October 10, 1839. He was educated at Sacramento and is a graduate of the High School. He read law with George R. Moore, and a year after his admission to prac tice in the Supreme Court, he formed a partner- ship with that gentleman, which continued until the latter's death in 1808. Some years later he became associated with John W. Arm- strong (now Superior Judge), and afterward HTSTORT OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY. with Add C. Hinkson. This partership con- tinued for three years, when it was dissolved, and Messrs. Alexander and A. C. Freeman were then associated until 1875, when Mr. Alexander left Sacramento. While here he held the office of district attorney one term. He removed to Salinas City, where, although a prominent Democrat, he, in 1879, at the lirst convention of the Republican party, after the creation of the office of Superior Judge, received the nomi- nation of the party for that high position, and was subsequently indorsed by the Democratic convention and elected. He was again chosen at the next election, this time on the straight Democratic ticket. His term expires in 1890- Judge Alexander's reputation as an able jurist is among the best, and as an evidence of that fact we quote from a decision of the Supreme Court of this State in the case of People vs. James, which was tried before him in the lower court, reported in the 57th California Reports, page 130, as follows: "The last point in- volves the correctness of the charge of the court, and the instructions to the jury: We have examined that part of the transcript with great care, and are obliged to say, in justice to the learned Judge who presided at the trial, that the charge to the jury is a very clear and able state- ment of the law of homicide. It is a long charge, completely covering all the points of the case, and is in our opinion entirely correct." '^-^^■^ fERBY H. CANTRELL, a rancher of San Joaquin Townsiiip, was born in Ruther- ford County, Tennessee, April 30, 1818, the son of Ota and Eleanor (Cummins) Can- trelj, natives also of Tennessee, who moved to Missouri,, near Kansas City, then called West- port, in 1830, and there followed farming. The father died there in 1846, aged about forty-six or forty-seven years, and the mother lived there some eighteen years, and died about 1867. They had three sons and three daughters, three of whom grew up. Tlieir grandfather, Stephen Cantrell, served in the Revolutionary war, and their father in the war of 1812. In Stephen's family were four sons and three daughters, most of whom remained in their native county, Stephen and Ota being the only ones to leave there. Ota Cantrell went to Missouri in De- cember, 183-, with two sons. Shortly afterward they returned to Tennessee on horseback, and next spring he came by water, bringing the re- mainder of the family. Mr. Cantrell was brought up near Kansas City. When twelve years of age he helped to cut the first brush on the site of that town, in preparing to build a cabin. He remained with his mother until he was twenty-five years of age, during which time he made two trips to Mexico, being sent as captain of wagon trains with goods. He also made one trip to Omaha, at which point his uncle, Richard W. Cummins, was Indian agent. During the twenty-four or twenty-five years residence in Missouri he made frequent trips into what is now Kansas. Went once to Coun- cil Grove with provisions in 1848, on sleighs, passing the Shawnee agency; there were then no settlements in that region. They brought back some frozen men. In 1853, leaving their Missouri home on April 20, with about fifty head of cattle, mules and horses, two wagons and a family of four daughters, they came to California by way of the Platte River, Fort Kearney, south side of the North Platte, Fort Laramie, Sublette's cut-off, etc. Mrs. Cantrell was sick with a fever for a niontli during the latter part of the journey. After arrival here Mr. Cantrell purchased a squatter's claim to a ranch in San Joaquin Township, where he has ever since remained. On the claim there was only a small adobe house. Here he now has about 800 acres of land, where he prosecutes a good business in general farming, but more especially in stock-raising, having some tine horses, cattle and mules. Of cattle he has about 250 head, of which fifty are graded stock. Thoroughbreds he thinks are better left to specialists. He has also made some money in sheep. In this direction he made his first start HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. in Mexican slieep, but did not keep them lonsj. The largest band was 5,000 in number. But his laud is now too valuable for sheep-raising. Mr. Cantrell has been prominently a frmitiers- man. When lie lirst came here wild game was plentiful, — antelope and deer could often be seen. He is a member of the Methodist Churclii although brought up a Presbyterian. In his political principles he is a Democrat. He is now about seventy years of age. but he can mount a horse and ride off apparently as actively as ever. His home is a beautiful one, located among the native trees on the Cosumnes River- He was married in Jackson County, Missouri, January 11, 1844, to Miss Hannah Urby, a native of Greene County, Tennessee. She died May 27, 1888. and her loss is so greatly mourned by her husband that he could not remain on the old place, but made frequent trips to San Fran- cisco and Sacramento. Of his six children, four are living: Lutetia, born September 4, 1845, and is now the wife of Nathan Lipscomb; Ann E., born November 2, 1847, married Fred Frothingham, and died March 4, 18—; Sarah E., born April 7, 1849; Mary, born May 20, 1851, is now the wife of Philip Oppenheim; Henly C, born January, 1855; and Addie E., born December, 1859, died August 14, 1867, at the ago of seven years, eiglit months and one day. — ^€(g:i)'^'^ — fOHN H. CARROLL was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, November 17, 1825. His parents, John and Susan (G rammer) Car- roil, were also natives of Massachusetts, and of New England ancestry. They moved to Wo- burn, in that State, where his father continued in the shoe trade, which was the business of his life, residing there for forty years. His parents came to Calift>rnia in 1870, celebrated their gulden wedding here and remained during the remainder of their life-time in Sacramento. Mr. Carroll, when a yonth, was duly apprenticed to the shoe trade, anil in time moved to .Albany, New York, where he had an extensive patronage. On the 25th of January, 1849, he started for California, by way of Cape Horn, and arrived in San Francisco on July 6th of the same year. For a time he mined in El Dorado, Placer and Nevada counties. Coming then to Sacramento, he entered the grocery business on J street, be- tween Second and Third, the firm being Carroll, Scudder & Co. for some years. Afterward he engaged in the wheat and milling business in the Bay State Mills at Folsom, one of the earliest and largest flour mills in the State, the linn being Carroll, Mowe & Co., which continued until 1865, when the mill burned; but they went on with the wlieat trade for some years longer, when Mr. Mowe died. Then Mr. Carroll bought the Pioneer Mills in Sacramento, and conducted them for a number of years, un- der the firm name of J. H. Carroll & Co. He subsequently admitted H. G. Smith as partner, when the firm name was changed to Carroll, Smith & Co. Several years afterward Mr. Car- roil withdrew, and became interested in the manufacture of California wines and brandies, being at the same time a member of the firm of James I. Felter & Co. He organized and owned the United States Special Bonded Ware- house No. 1. He succeeded Governor Stanford and Edgar Mills as President of the Pacific Mutual Life Lisurance Company. In 1882 he established the Capital Packing Company, one of the largest fruit canneries on the coast, with which he was iaentified until the time of his death. Thanksgiving Day, November 24, 1887. He was married in New York city in 1854 to Miss Hester H. Winans, a native of that city and daughter of AVilliam W. Winans, who died in January, 1889, in his ninety-eighth year. Of Mr. Carroll's six children, five are living, namely: Harry W., Edgar B., Flora H., Minnie • P. and Leila W., a daughter, Katie W., having been lost in childhood. Mr. Carroll was a mem- ber of the Society of California Pioneers, and in 1861-'62 was president; was also an Exempt Fireman, and for years a director of the State Agricultural Society. In religion he was an HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. active member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church; in politics Republican; was one of the trustees of the Marguerite Home; member of the Sani- tary Commission during the war; member of the original Sacramento Light Artillery Com- pany, and formerly of the Hook and Ladder Company, of Sacramento. lie was puldic- spirited, charitable and enterprising, and his name and influence were a material factor in the history and prosperh;y of Sacramento. ^ARRY W. CARROLL was born in Sacra- |ffi\ mento city September 4, 1858. In 1865 '^ii he entered the Union Free School, went through the intermediate grades, thence through the Franklin Grammar School; spent two years at the St. Augustine Military Academy at Benicia, in 1873 '75, after which he entered the department of civil engineering (afterward changing to the department of mining) at the University of California, wliere he graduated with the degree of Ph. B. in 1880. He began mining in Nevada County, under ground, at the Diamond Creek mine; subsequently took charge uf the Biigbey Rancho in El Dorado County, transferred his services to the Vina ranch in Tehama County, making special investigation in viticulture on both ranches, resulting in his becoming a member of the firm of H. W. Car- roll & Co., at Florin, Sacramento Ccninty, in the manufacture of wines and brandies until the destruction of the cellar ai.d distillery by fire in 1884; thence until 1887 he was interested in box-making and in the canning business. In November, 1886, he was elected Repiesentative to the State Assembly on the Republican ticket, and served during 1887-'88; was Chairman of theCommitteeon Public Ruildingt-and Grounds, and member of the Committees on Municipal Corporations, Education and Military Affairs. At the close of the session he resumed his busi- ness connections. He is Past Master of Con- cord Lodge, No. 117, F. & A. M., and member of Sacramento Chapter, No. 3, R.A.M.; Sacra- mento Council, No. 1, R. & S. M., and Sacra- mento Conimandery, No. 2, K. T. Li 1880, at the commencement of Governor Perkins' ad- minisfration, he w-as appointed Engineer Officer of the Fourth Brigade N. G. C. on the staff' of Brigadier General John F. Sheehan, with the rank of Major, which office he held tor a year and a half Next he was Brigade Inspector, with the same rank on the staff" of Brigadier General Tozer until 1883; was then com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel and Aid-de-Camp on the staff" of Governor Stoneman, Commander- in-Chief, and in 1887 was recom missioned by Governor Bartlett, holding the same position and rank until the Governor's death. His com- mission continued in force after the inauguration of Governor Waterman, during whose adminis- tration he was placed on the retired list !N. G. C. Mr. Carroll is an ardent Republican, and thoroughly identified with Sacramento, its wel- fare and prosperity. fHARLES W. ZIMMERMAN, chief engi- neer of the steamer San Joaquin No. 4, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Novem- ber 10, 1835, and was the son of Aaron and Jane (?N'oble) Zimmerman. His mother was a daugh- ter of George Noble, who was a native of Ken- tucky, and at the age of eighteen years settled upon a piece of timber land in Ohio. In his family were eleven sons and eleven daughters. Aaron Zimmerman removed with his family to Iowa in 1845, and at the age of thirteen years Charles started out for himself. Going to Pe- oria County, Illinois, lie worked on a farm there until 1863, when, in company witli two friends, — Charles Boyle and John Mooney, — he went to New York, and March 11 set sail en the North- ern Light for the land of golden promise; from the Isthmus he came on the Golden Age, Cap- tain Hudson, and on the 6th of April steamed through the Golden Gate. The next day he landed here in Sacramento, juining his two un- cles, Jesse and Andrew Zimmerman, the former UISTOHY OF SACRAilENTO COCfNl'T. tlie CJaptain of the Cliindewan, and the latter the engineer, plying between tliis city and San Francisco. July 5, 1803, he began as fireman on the steamer Defiance from Sacramento to Colnsa, continuing three years; then in the same capacity lie went up on the snag-boat Rainbow, belonging to the California Steam Navigation Company, Captain Woodruff; then he was on the steamer Governor Dana, which made daily trips to Marysville, under Captain Brewing ton. Eighteen months afterward he went on the Goodman Castle, of which his uncle, Jesse Zimmerman, was the captain, and then on the Banner, and next on tlie Gem, running to Chieo, Tehama and Red Bluff, and then on the Dover, Captain Roger Strickland. In 1871 he went to work in the railroad shop; and seven and a half months afterward he returned to the river, going upon the Chindewan, which was in the grain trade, and then he was employed again upon the Dover. March 31, 1874, he was engaged by the Sacramento Transportation Company, as engineer on the steamer Verona, in which po- sition he continued three years. The San Joa- quin No. 3 being then complete, he took charge of her as chief engineer; and in January, 1888, he took charge of the San Joaquin No. 4, which position he now holds. He was married in 1870 to Catherine Hoselton, of Ohio, an old schoolmate, and they have two children, — Fairie May and George. They have a comfoitable and happy home on K street, near Sixteenth. -^■? "^f^ fHRIS. M. ZEH, deceased, was born in 1852, in January, a son of Godfrey J. Zeh, anid emigrated to America in 1857. After a six-months sojourn in New York city, he sailed, in 1858, from that port to California, byway of the Isthmus, and landed in Sacramento after a voyage of thirty-two days. He purciiased from the Government a quarter-section of good land, fifteen miles northeast of Sacramento; after that he bought more, until he readied a total of 720 acres. All the improvements up'jn this land he himself made. He died January 10, 1879, leaving a wife and seven children. He was mar- ried in 1847 to Miss Johanna Rolling, in Ger- many. Their children, eight in number, are, Fred; Anna, wife of William Lewis, deceased; Chris.; Louisa, wife of Charles ; Charles L. ; Edward A., decer.sed; Godfrey N. and Jo- hanna R. Four of these are natives of Cali- fornia. The farm, which is devoted to hay, grain, etc., is tinely improved and well stocked with suitable buildings. This family are ener- getic and industrious, and are such citizens as go to make a strong State. tEOPOLD ZOLLER.— Among the old-time residents and active men of Sacramento is Mr. Zoller, a native of Baden, now in the Empire of Germany. He was born July 14, 1831, and his boyhood days were spent in his native land. In 1849, in company with his brother, he came to the United States, landing at New York after a voyage of thirty-four days. After a short visit to St. Louis, Missouri, he embarked on the steamer Golden Age from New York city and came by the Isthmus of Pan.ama to this State. His first job was in the butcher business for F'rank Keller in this city; but he soon went to the diggings at Comptonviile. In October he returned to this city and resumed his old position until March 28, 1858, on which day he was married; then, until October 28 following he was again at Comptonviile. Re- turning to this city again he entered into busi- ness for himself, on the northeast corner of Eighth and M streets; but he afterward changed to the southwest corner, which he has improved in a handsome and substantial manner. His market has become one of the land-marks of that portion of the city. He has been success- ful in accumulating a fair share of this world's goods, and is interested in the growth of Sacra- mento, being proud to see it advance from a miners' town of canvas and cheap boards to the beautiful and substantial city it now is. Mrs. UISTOHT OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Zoller's maiden name was Josepliine Neidecker. She was a native of Germany, and was but two j-ears of age when she was brought by her par- ents to tliis country. Mr. and Mrs. Zoller have MX children, namely: Ciiarles, William, Ilenry, Leopold, Amelia and Minna. -^^f- friRlSTIAN ZIMMERMAN, deceased, for- merly a grocer at Twelfth and E streets, Sacramento, was born in the canton of Berne, Switzerland, near. the French boundary line, July 5, 1834, a son of John and Elizabeth (Bartche) Zimmerman. While he was yet a babe his parents emigrated with him to Amer- ettlin. what now called Hio-hland, Madison County, Illinois, about thirty miles from St. Louis, Missouri. The first immigrants at that point being from Switzerland, it wa« named JS'ew Helvetia, from the ancient Latin name of Switzerland. This family was a pio- neer household there. Mr. Zimmerman kept a hotel there known by his name, and he resided there until his death, from Asiatic cholera, August 6, 1849. Young Christian continued in charge of the hotel, keeping the family together two years longer. At length his mother married again and the children naturally' were scattered. He went to the residence of John Mot- tel, of whom he learned the blacksmith's trade. At tht' age of nineteen years he came acros.* the plains, with Jerry Decker, in a train, working his way and receiving $50 in cash upon his ar- rival at Donner Lake, where the party stopped. He soon secured a claim, which he named the Town Talk Mines, and engaged in mining. Then, after a sliort residence in Virginia City, he came to Sacramento, and during 1861-'62 he followed farming. After the disastrous floods of the latter year, he was employed by William Pritchard in Idalio for fifteen years, and then in Nevada for a time, where he was Mr. Pritcliard's trusted foreman on a railroad contract. May 7, 1875, is the date of Mr. Zim- merman's marriage to Miss Annie Krebs. In August following he, in partnership witii Mr. Pritchard, engaged in a carriage factory in Sac- ramento, at the corner of Eighth and K streets. Within three years he was -'dead" broke," and for six months he was out of employment. He then raised $600 on a life insurance policy, upon which he kept his family until he cc.uld obtain a start again in business. Borrowing $1,500 of Wendall Kerth, Fred Stofier becoming his security, and borrowing also from Jacob Meister without se&urity, he built and stocked a store at the corner of Twelfth and E streets, in March, 1879, naming it the Town Talk Grocery. Here, within two years he bought the property and in four years had it all free from incumbrance. He had good health until about seven months prior to his death, which occurred March 9, 1889. lie was a man of sterling integrity, who never forgot his promises or friends. He w£ prominent in several fraternal organizations, as Eureka Lodge, No. 4, I. O. O. F.; Elko (Nevada) Lodge, No. 5, F. & A. M.; Sacramento Lodge, No. 40, F. & A. M.; Chapter No. 3, Council No. 1, Commandery No. 2 and Thirty-second degree of Scottish llite Masonry. fHARLES ZIMMERMAN, proprietor of the New Western Hotel, etc., Folsom, was born in Germany, August 14, 1842. From 1859 to 1666 he worked at the shoemaker's trade, and then sailed from Havre and landed in New York April 16. Remained in that city until 1869 when he went to Greenport, Long Island, where he was employed in a shoe store a year and four months. Returning to Brook- lyn, New York, lie started a shoe shop on the corner of Fulton and Adelphia streets, and ran it until 1872. In August of this year he came to San Francisco, where he engaged in his trade live weeks; then he and another gentleman came to Folsom, rented a place of Dr. Bates for three years, opened out in business, and at the expiration of the term of the lease Mr. Zim- merman l)ought the property, which is on the iimrour of sacrauento count r. corner of Sutter and Wool streets; it has ninety- five feet frontage. At the time of the purciiase this property liad two buildings upon it, and he paid for it §2,100. He started a hotel in one building and carried on his shop in the other. lie borrowed the money with which to pay for the place, and paid all his indebtedness at the end of four years, from the proceeds of his carefully managed business. He improved the property to the e.xtent of §800; but August 13, 1886, the great fire burned him out, along with a large portion of the business section of the city. He was insured for §2,800, with which he immediately rebuilt, at a cost of $7,000, and now the city of Folsom is graced with the New Western Hotel, "one of the leading hotels in the county and one that would be a credit to any city. The dimensions of the main building are 40x60 feet, and two and three fourths stories high. On one side of the main building is the saloon, on the corner, and on the other side are two stores, occupied as a butcher shop and a shoe shop, each one story high. Com- mencing here without anything, Mr. Zimmer- man has proved himself to be a successful business man. He was the first to open a first- class §1 a day house in Folsom, while in the saloon business he was the first to put ihe price of beer down to five cents a glass. In this he has made many friends, who appreciate what he has done for the good of the place. He was married October 21, 1882, to Mrs. Katerina Myer, a native of Germany, and at that time a widow with three children: August, Louisa and Emma; and by the present marriage there is one daughter, Barda by natiie. M. HUBBARD, father of Mrs. Upson, was (u a native of Middleton, Connecticut, and * was the son of a sea-captain and ship- owner. He was married to Miss Sarah Buck- ley Wilco.K, a native of Utica. In 1850 he came to California, and soon became prominent through his great business abilities. He was an early Wells-Fargo representative, and built the first telegraph across the continent. In connection with his father, he built the first railroad bridge across the American River. He had charge of the right of way business for the Southern Pacific Railroad at the time of his death. He was on his way to Merced to sell the town site when a fall occurred, and he was seriously injured. He was brought back to Sacramento on Friday, and on the following Sunday, which was February 11, 1871, he died. He was one of the most pushing, energetic men that have figured in the history of Sacramento. He was one of the early chief engineers of the tire department, and during flood times took charge of the work of pumping out the city. He owned the homestead where Mr. Upson and family now reside, and commenced its improve- ment in 1856. HISTORY OP SACBAMBNTU COUNTY. ADDENDA Chap. II. — During tlie year 1889 a move- ment was inaugurated by the Native Sons of the Golden West to preserve wliat remains of Sut- ter's Fort, and also restore the original. The site of the fort has been secured, and Colonel C. F. Crocker has addressed a letter to the mayor of Sacramento (ivho is also a Native Son), offering a guaranty of all the means that may be necessary, after all is collected tiiat other- wise can be, to complete the work. There is no doubt that this most interesting historical land-mark should be preserved. ■ Chap. VI. — General A. M. Winn arrived in Sacramento in 18i9. He was born in Pennsyl- vania, April 12, 1810. Arriving at a mature age, he went to Zanesville, Ohio, where he was married. About 1834 he moved with his fam- ily to Vicksburg, Mississippi. His family came to Sacramento in 1850. By his first wife he had three daughters and one son. Two of the daughters — Mrs. E. Y. Gillespie and Mrs. Emily Ilersberger — are dead. General Winn was chosen councilman at the first city election in Sacramento, in July, 1849, and soon afterward mayor. Being a military man, he was ap- pointed Brigadier-General in California, and was placed in command of the militia to quell the Squatter riots. He presided at the fii'st meeting of (3dd Fellows in Sacramento, which was called to meet at his oflice, where the Record-Union building now stands, and was elected president of the Odd Fellows' Associa- tion. In 1855 he was president of the Anti- Kuow-Nothing Club. In company with others he purchased a large tract of land north of the American River, and also another south of the city, embracing what afterward became the site of Sutterville, but afterward disposed of his in- terest in these lands. About 1860 he removed to San Francisco, and subsequently to Sonoma County, where be died, August 26, 1883. It was while he was in San Francisco that, as he was condncling a public procession, the idea entered his mind to have processions also of native sons of the Golden State, and this led to his establishment of the present vigorous order, the " Native Sons of the Golden West." He had lost his first wife in 1862, and in Septem- ber, 1865, he married the widow of James King of Williatn, who had been killed during the reign of the San Francisco Vigilantes, in 1856. Chap. VIIL— Dr. A. B. Nixon, State Sena- tor in 1862-'63 (page 45), died at Sacramento, November 2, 1889. William B. Hunt, Assemblyman in 1863-64 (page 49), died in San Francisco, Novembei' 13, 1889. J. K. Watson, Assemblyman at the same time, died at Sacramento. September 11, 1889. L. H. Fassett (see sketch page 675). Chap. IX. — Henry Meredith was born in Virginia, August 14, 1826; graduated at Mis- souri State University at Columbia; returned to Virginia, studied law, and in the spring of 1850 came across the plains ta California. Be- ing seized with cholera on the route, he saved himself by his own heroic efforts. After his arrival here he followed mining for awhile with success. In 1853 or 1854 he commenced prac- ticing law in Nevada, and rapidly rose to the front rank of his profession; was posted specially in mining and mining laws, and therefore e.x- celled in prosecuting mining cases. He was a HISTORY OF SACRAilBNTO COUNTY. gentleman of many noble qualities, exempt from the common vices, intellectual, active, industri- ous, honest, etc. John C. Bnrch (page 56), a native of Mis- souri, was appointed, in 1848, private secretary to Governor Edwards, of that State. Two years later he arrived in California, settling in Trinity County, where he practiced law and engaged in politics. He was District Attorney, Assembly- man and Senator, and in September, 1859, with Charles L. Scott, was elected to Congress on the Democratic ticket. During the war he was in favor of the " Republic of the Pacitic," and thereby obtained the name of "Cactus." Later he served as one of the commissiouers to codify the laws of this State, and afterward practiced law in San Francisco until his death, August 81, 1885. Horace Smith was shot by Captain Johnson, in the fall of 1863, and died December 6 fol- lowing. The members of the bar in Virginia passed resolutions of regard, and Tod Robinson delivered a eulogy. He was buried in Lone Mountain Cemetery. Chap. X. — Drager and Olsen (page 71) were executed at Placerville, October 16, 1889. Chap. XIIL— James McClatchy (page 87) was indirectly instrumental in »aving California from the vortex of the Rebellion. The unex- pected arrival of Edwin V. Sumner to relieve Albert Sidney Johnston, and the exposure of their plot to McCiatchy, were reported by the latter to Abraham Lincoln, and thus led to a thwarting of the schemes of the rebels. Ferdinand C. Ewer (referred to on page 81) was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, May 22, 1826; graduated at Harvard in 1848; arrived in California in September. 1849; engaged in journalism and literary pursuits, and had a position in the custom-house when Latham was Collector of the port of San Francisco. One of Ewer's literary speculations was the publication of the Pioneer, a magazine. Although an un- believer in spiritualism, he published an article on psychic force wiiich deceived even spiritual- ists into the belief that he also was a spiritual- ist. He afterward took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and went to New York, where he was rector of St. Ignatius' Church. He had a sweet voice, ready utterance, and an aggress- ive manner. In his ecclesiastical views he ulti- mately became '• Higli Church." He died in Montreal, October 10, 1883, leaving a widow in San Francisco. Chap. XIV. — The City Board of Education for 1890 consists of W. li. Sherburn, A. J. Senatz, Jerry Payne, Joseph Hopley, Richmond Davis, A. C. Tnfts, H. C. Chipman and O. W. Eriewine. Albert Hart was elected Superintendent of the City Schools, December 2, 1889, to succeed M. R. Beard, named on page 160. James Queen, a native of Philadelphia, came around Cape Horn to California, arriving April 5, 1847. Clerked in the law office of Winans & Hyer in Sacramento for a number of years, but several years prior to his death he took up his residence in San Francisco. In 1853, in partneiship with Mr. Pettit, he established the tirst brick-yard at Sntterville. At one time he was a councilman of Sacramento. In 1859-'60 he was president of the Pioneer Association; was also an active member of the Sutter Rifles, and was a man of energy and business capacity. He died at Napa, December 7, 1879, at the age of sixty-eight years. Chap. XllL.— National Bank of D. 0. Mills cfe Co. — Among those who came to California in 1849 were three brothers: James Mills, D.O. Mills and Edgar Mills, natives of New York State. James Mills died soon after his arrival here. D. O. Mills, having had some banking experience in "Western New York, began- gen- eral merchandising here, in connection with his brother, W. O. Mills, who remained in New York city, engaged in the same line; but very soon he turned his attention to banking, and a record of many of his early transactions is still to be seen in the old books at the bank. These original entries show that the transition from merchandising to banking took place as early HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY. as 1849, although banking proper was not fully and formally established until early in 1850. There is still preserved in the office also a bill of exchange, the "third," dated January 13, 1851, and signed "D. O. Mills & Co.," being one of a set of three bills on New York city sold to a customer, and written by Mr. Mills' own hand; and probably the rate was three to five per cent., as was customary in those days. Another interesting relic in the bank is the old clock wiiich Mr. Mills set up originally here, and which, though it has passed through one of the great conflagrations of the city, still bears upon its face the magic date, "1850." It will therefore be seen that this bank is the oldest institution of the kind in the State of California. The bank building was first located upon the south side of J street, between Second and Third, about sixty feet from the corner of Third. It was a small, one-story frame structure with a stone front; and a picture of this front was for a long time used upon the checks of the bank, — in fact as late as 1865. in which year the in- stitution was removed to its present location, the southeast corner of J and Second streets. The early business of the bank consisted largely in selling exchange on New York and buying gold dust. The deposits were not large as compared with those in the Express and other companies; but one after another of those failed, and their business naturally fell to this bank, according to the law of the "survival of the fittest." In 1855 the firm consisted of D. O. Mills, under the title of " D. O. Mills & Co." That year there were admitted to the firm as equal partners, Edgar Mills and Henry Miller. This relation continued until July 19, 1872, when the company was incorporated under the title of the " National Gold Bank of D. O. Mills & Co.' In September, 1883, by a general law of Con- gress, the word "Gold" was dropped. The present proprietorship is essentially the sama as in 1855. The stockholders and officers are: Shares. D. O. Mills 1,538 Edgar Mills, President 1,538 S. Prentiss Smith, Vice-Pi-esideiit 250 Frank Miller, Cashier 351 Charles F. Dillman, Assistant Cashier 135 Other persons own 1,198 Capital and surplus, $600,000. In the bank there is also a chrome steel safe deposit vault, with a time lock. D. O. Mills resides in New York city. The California State Bank, northwest corner of Fourth and J; the People's Bank, on the opposite corner, and the Sacramento Bank, Fifth and J, are all doing a good business.