WMTO*^WfM£>* 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 AS SHE IS 
 TAUGHT 
 
 CAROLINE 
 B • LE ROW 
 
 raw 
 
 *'^/,'>>,/ 
 
 
 
 nan 
 
 •Civ: 
 

 r* CANNOT LEAVE THE LIBRARY. **S 
 
 l_HlSQ££ 
 
 Chap. 
 
 4- 
 
 Shelf. x_L=t_X H 
 
 i 10 V | 
 
 • . i . . 8>! 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. '§ 
 
 — 'M 
 
 a LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. gJj 
 
 § 9—165 SSipfKS 
 
ENGLISH 
 AS SHE IS TAUGHT 
 
Encjlisb 
 Hs She is Uaugbt 
 
 GENUINE ANSWERS TO SOME 
 
 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS ASKED 
 
 IN OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 COLLECTED BY 
 
 CAROLINE B. Le ROW 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY 
 
 MARK TWAIN 
 
 ■> » • ■» 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE CENTURY CO. 
 
 1901 
 

 TH£ LMiRrtrtv OF 
 
 CONGRESS, 
 One Ook-v Received 
 
 ^N, 23 i903 
 
 COPYRIGHT ENTRY 
 
 OOPY A. 
 
 Copyright, 1887, by 
 The Centuky Co. 
 
 Copyright, 1887, by 
 O. M. DUKHAM 
 
 THE DEVINNE PRESS. 
 
 \ 
 
From "DOMBEY AND SON" 
 
 (Charles Dickens) 
 
 Dr. Blimber's establishment was a great hot- 
 house in which there was a forcing apparatus 
 incessantly at work. All the boys blew before 
 their time. Mental green peas were produced 
 at Christmas and intellectual asparagus all the 
 year round. Mathematical gooseberries (very 
 sour ones) were common at untimely seasons 
 and from mere sprouts of bushes under 
 Dr. Blimber's cultivation. Every description 
 of Greek and Latin vegetable was got off 
 the dryest twigs of boys under the frostiest 
 circumstances. Nature was of no consequence 
 at all. No matter what a young gentleman 
 was intended to bear, Dr. Blimber made 
 him bear to pattern. But the system of 
 forcing was attended with its usual disadvan- 
 tages. There was not the right taste about 
 the premature productions and they didn't 
 keep well. When poor Paul had spelt out No. 
 2 he found he had no idea of No. 1, fragments 
 whereof afterwards obtruded themselves into 
 No. 3 which slided into No. 4 which grafted 
 
 [v] 
 
jEngiteb as ©be is ftaugbt 
 
 itself on to No. 2; so that whether twenty 
 Romuluses made a Bemus, or a verb always 
 agreed with an ancient Briton, or three times 
 four was Taurus a bull, were open questions 
 with him. But however high and false the 
 temperature at which Dr. Blimber kept his hot- 
 house, the owners of the plauts were always 
 ready to lend a helping hand at the bellows 
 and to stir the fire. 
 
 [vi] 
 
preface 
 
 As the greatest compliment that could be paid 
 a writer would be the assumption that the ma- 
 terial contained in this little volume was the 
 product of that writer's ingenuity or imagina- 
 tion, it seems needless for the compiler to 
 state that every line is just what it purports to 
 be — bone-fide answers to questions asked in 
 the public schools. 
 
 Mark Twain, with his inimitable drollery, 
 comments in the Introduction which follows 
 upon English as She is Taught. Even 
 this master of English humor acknowledges 
 his inability to comprehend how such success 
 in the literature of fun could be attained, not 
 only without effort or intention, but through 
 heroic struggles to set forth hard facts and 
 sober statistics. 
 
 [vii] 
 
.. 
 
Contents 
 
 PAGE 
 
 i Etymological 3 
 
 ii Grammatical 16 
 
 in Mathematical 20 
 
 iv Geographical 22 
 
 v Original . . . . . . .31 
 
 vi Analytical 44 
 
 vn Historical 53 
 
 viii Intellectual 66 
 
 ix Philosophical 88 
 
 x Physiological 92 
 
 xi Astronomical 99 
 
 xii Political 102 
 
 xiii Musical 104 
 
 xiv Oratorical 105 
 
 xv Metaphysical 107 
 
 [ix] 
 
I 
 
 Untrobuction 
 
 N the appendix to Croker's BoswelFs John- 
 son, one finds this anecdote : 
 
 Cato's Soliloquy. — One day Mrs. Gastrel set a little 
 girl to repeat to him [Doctor Samuel Johnson] Cato's 
 Soliloquy, which she went through very correctly. The 
 Doctor, after a pause, asked the child : 
 
 "What was to bring Cato to an end?" 
 
 She said it was a knife. 
 
 a 
 
 No, my dear, it was not so." 
 
 " My Aunt Polly said it was a knife." 
 
 "Why, Aunt Polly's knife may do, but it was a dag- 
 ger, my dear." 
 
 He then asked her the meaning of "bane and anti- 
 dote," which she was unable to give. Mrs. Gastrel 
 said: 
 
 1 ' You cannot expect so young a chile' to know the 
 meaning of such words." 
 
 He then said : 
 
 " My dear, how many pence are there in sixpence f " 
 
 " I cannot tell, sir," was the half-terrified reply. 
 
 On this, addressing himself to Mrs. Gastrel, he said : 
 
 "Now, my dear lady, can anything be more ridicu- 
 lous than to teach a child Cato's Soliloquy, who does 
 not know how many pence there are in sixpence?" 
 
 [xi] 
 
flntro&uction 
 
 In a lecture before the Royal Geographical 
 Society, Professor Ravenstein quoted the fol- 
 lowing list of frantic questions, and said that 
 they had been asked in an examination : 
 
 Mention all the names of places in the world derived 
 from Julius Caesar or Augustus Caesar. 
 
 Where are the following rivers: Pisuerga, Sakaria, 
 Guadalete, Jalon, Mulde ? 
 
 All you know of the following: Machacha, Pilmo, 
 Schebulos, Crivoscia, Basecs, Mancikert, Taxhen, Ci- 
 teaux, Meloria, Zutphen. 
 
 The highest peaks of the Karakorum range. 
 
 The number of universities in Prussia. 
 
 Why are the tops of mountains continually covered 
 with snow [sic] ? 
 
 Name the length and breadth of the streams of lava 
 which issued from the Skaptar Jokul in the eruption 
 of 1783. 
 
 That list would oversize nearly anybody's 
 geographical knowledge. Isn't it reasonably 
 possible that in our schools many of the ques- 
 tions in all studies are several miles ahead of 
 where the pupil is t — that he is set to struggle 
 with things that are ludicrously beyond his 
 present reach, hopelessly beyond his present 
 strength? This remark in passing, and by 
 way of text ; now I come to what I was going 
 to say. 
 
 Some time ago I fell upon a darling literary 
 [xii] 
 
Ifntrofcuction 
 
 curiosity. It was this little book, the manu- 
 script of which was sent to me by the com- 
 piler with the request that I should say whether 
 I thought it ought to be published or not. I 
 said Yes ; but as I slowly grow wise, I briskly 
 grow cautious ; and so, when the publication 
 was imminent, it seemed to me that I should 
 feel more comfortable if I could divide up this 
 responsibility with the public by adding them 
 to the court. Therefore I printed some ex- 
 tracts from the book, in the hope that they 
 might make converts to my judgment that the 
 volume had merit which entitled it to publica- 
 tion. 1 
 
 As to its character. Every one has sam- 
 pled "English as She is Spoke" and "Eng- 
 lish as She is Wrote " ; this little volume fur- 
 nishes us an instructive array of examples of 
 "English as She is Taught" — in the public 
 schools of — well, this country. The collection 
 was made by a teacher in those schools, and 
 all the examples in it are genuine j none of 
 them have been tampered with, or doctored in 
 any way. From time to time, during several 
 years, whenever a pupil delivered himself of 
 anything peculiarly quaint or toothsome in 
 the course of his recitations, this teacher and 
 
 1 In the " Century Magazine," April, 1887. 
 
 i* [ xiii ] 
 
flntrobuction 
 
 her associates privately set that thing down 
 in a memorandum-book, strictly following the 
 onginal as to grammar, construction, spelling, 
 and all; and the result is this literary curiosity. 
 
 The contents of the book consist mainly of 
 answers given by the boys and girls to ques- 
 tions, said answers being given sometimes 
 verbally, sometimes in writing. The subjects 
 touched upon are fifteen in number: I. Ety- 
 mology; II. Grammar; III. Mathematics; 
 IV. Geography; V. " Original"; VI. Analy- 
 sis; VII. History; VIII. "Intellectual"; 
 IX. Philosophy ; X. Physiology ; XI. Astron- 
 omy; XII. Politics; XIII. Music; XIV. Ora- 
 tory; XV. Metaphysics. 
 
 You perceive that the poor little young idea 
 has taken a shot at a good many kinds of 
 game in the course of the book. Now as to 
 results. Here are some quaint definitions of 
 words. It will be noticed that in all of these 
 instances the sound of the word, or the look 
 of it on paper, has misled the child : 
 
 Alias, a good man in the Bible. 
 Ammonia, the food of the gods. 
 Auriferous, pertaining to an orifice. 
 Emolument, a headstone to a grave. 
 Eucharist, one who plays euchre. 
 Ipecac, *a man who likes a good dinner. 
 
 [ xiv ] 
 
flntrofcuction 
 
 Here is one where the phrase "publicans 
 and sinners " has got mixed up in the child's 
 mind with politics, and the result is a defini- 
 tion which takes one in a sudden and unex- 
 pected way : 
 
 Bepublican, a sinner mentioned in the Bible. 
 
 Also in Democratic newspapers now and then. 
 Here are two where the mistake has re- 
 sulted from sound assisted by remote fact: 
 
 Plagiarist, a writer of plays. 
 
 Demagogue, a vessel containing beer and other 
 liquids. 
 
 I cannot quite make out what it was that 
 misled the pupil in the following instances ; it 
 would not seem to have been the sound of 
 the word, nor the look of it in print : 
 
 Asphyxia, a grumbling, fussy temper. 
 Quarternions, a bird with a flat beak and no bill, liv- 
 ing in New Zealand. 
 Sibilant, the state of being idiotic. 
 
 In the following sentences the pupil's ear 
 has been deceiving him again : 
 
 The marriage was illegible. 
 He enjoys riding on a philosopher. 
 She was very quick at repertoire. 
 They had a strawberry vestibule. 
 
 [XV] 
 
flntrotmction 
 
 Here is one which — well, now, how often 
 we do slam right into the truth without ever 
 suspecting it : 
 
 The men employed by the Gas Company go round 
 and speculate the meter. 
 
 Indeed they do, dear; and when you grow 
 up, many and many's the time you will notice 
 it in the gas bill. 
 
 In the following sentences the little people 
 have some information to convey, every time ; 
 but in my case they failed to connect : the 
 light always went out on the keystone word : 
 
 The coercion of some things is remarkable, as 
 bread and molasses. 
 
 Her hat is contiguous because she wears it on one 
 side. 
 
 You should take caution and be precarious. 
 
 The supercilious girl acted with vicissitude when the 
 perennial time came. 
 
 That last is a curiously plausible sentence; 
 one seems to know what it means, and yet 
 he knows all the time that he doesn't. 
 
 Here is an odd (but entirely proper) use of 
 a word, and a most sudden descent from a 
 lofty philosophical altitude to a very practical 
 and homely illustration : 
 
 We should endeavor to avoid extremes — like those 
 of wasps and bees. 
 
 [xvi] 
 
Untrotmction 
 
 And here — with "zoological" and "geo- 
 logical" in his mind, bnt not ready to his 
 tongue — the small scholar has innocently 
 gone and let out a couple of secrets which 
 ought never to have been divulged in any 
 circumstances : 
 
 There are a good many donkeys in theological 
 gardens. 
 
 Some of the best fossils are found in theological 
 cabinets. 
 
 Under the head of " Grammar n the little 
 scholars furnish the following information : 
 
 Gender is the distinguishing nouns without regard to 
 sex. 
 
 Adverbs should always be used as adjectives and 
 adjectives as adverbs. 
 
 Every sentence and name of God must begin with 
 a caterpillar. 
 
 " Caterpillar " is well enough, but " capital 
 letter " would have been stricter. The follow- 
 ing is a brave attempt at a solution, but it 
 failed to liquefy : 
 
 When they are going to say some prose or poetry 
 before they say the poetry or prose they must put a 
 semicolon just after the introduction of the prose or 
 poetry. 
 
 [ xvii ] 
 
flntrofcuction 
 
 The chapter on "Mathematics" is full of 
 fruit. From it I take a few samples — mainly 
 in an unripe state. 
 
 A circle is a round straight line with a hole in the 
 middle. 
 
 Things which are equal to each other are equal to 
 anything else. 
 
 To find the number of square feet in a room you 
 multiply the room by the number of the feet. The 
 product is the result. 
 
 Eight you are. In the matter of geography 
 this little book is unspeakably rich. The ques- 
 tions do not appear to have applied the mi- 
 croscope to the subject, as did those quoted by 
 Professor Ravenstein j still, they proved plenty 
 difficult enough without that. These pupils 
 did not hunt with a microscope, they hunted 
 with a shot-gun ; this is shown by the crippled 
 condition of the game they brought in : 
 
 The Rocky Mountains are on the western side of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Cape Hatteras is a vast body of water surrounded by 
 land and flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Mason and Dixon's line is the Equater. 
 
 One of the leading industries of the United States is 
 mollasses book-covers numbers gas teaching lumber 
 manufactures paper-making publishers coal. 
 
 Hindoostan flows through the Ganges and empties 
 into the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 [ xviii ] 
 
Untrotmction 
 
 Ireland is called the Emigrant Isle because it is so 
 beautiful and green. 
 
 The two most famous volcanoes of Europe are 
 Sodom and Gomorrah. 
 
 The chapter headed "Analysis" shows us 
 that the pupils in our public schools are not 
 merely loaded up with those showy facts about 
 geography, mathematics, and so on, and left 
 in that incomplete state ; no, there's machi- 
 nery for clarifying and expanding their minds. 
 They are required to take poems and analyze 
 them, dig out their common sense, reduce 
 them to statistics, and reproduce them in a 
 luminous prose translation which shall tell you 
 at a glance what the poet was trying to get at. 
 One sample will do. Here is a stanza from 
 " The Lady of the Lake," followed by the pu- 
 pil's impressive explanation of it. 
 
 Alone, but with unbated zeal, 
 The horseman plied with scourge and steel ; 
 For jaded now and spent with toil, 
 Embossed with foam and dark with soil, 
 While every gasp with sobs he drew, 
 The laboring stag strained full in view. 
 
 The man who rode on the horse performed the whip 
 and an instrument made of steel alone with strong 
 ardor not diminishing, for, being tired from the time 
 passed with hard labor overworked with anger and 
 ignorant with weariness, while every breath for labor 
 
 [xix] 
 
Untrobuction 
 
 he drew with cries full of sorrow, the young deer made 
 imperfect who worked hard filtered in sight. 
 
 I see, now, that I never understood that 
 poem before. I have had glimpses of its 
 meaning, in moments when I was not as ig- 
 norant with weariness as usual, but this is the 
 first time the whole spacious idea of it ever 
 filtered in sight. If I were a public-school 
 pupil I would put those other studies aside 
 and stick to analysis ; for, after all, it is the 
 thing to spread your mind. 
 
 We come now to historical matters, histori- 
 cal remains, one might say. As one turns the 
 pages, he is impressed with the depth to which 
 one date has been driven into the American 
 child's head — 1492. The date is there, and it 
 is there to stay. And it is always at hand, 
 always deliverable at a moment's notice. But 
 the Fact that belongs with it ? That is quite 
 another matter. Only the date itself is famil- 
 iar and sure : its vast Fact has failed of lodg- 
 ment. It would appear that whenever you 
 ask a public-school pupil when a thing — any- 
 thing, no matter what — happened, and he is 
 in doubt, he always rips out his 1492. He ap- 
 plies it to everything, from the landing of the 
 ark to the introduction of the horse-car. Well, 
 
 [xx] 
 
flntrobuction 
 
 after all, it is our first date, and so it is right 
 enough to honor it, and pay the public schools 
 to teach our children to honor it : 
 
 George Washington was born in 1492. 
 
 Washington wrote the Declareation of Independence 
 in 1492. 
 
 St. Bartholomew was massacred in 1492. 
 
 The Brittains were the Saxons who entered England 
 in 1492 under Julius Csesar. 
 
 The earth' is 1492 miles in circumference. 
 
 To proceed with " History " : 
 
 Queen Isabella of Spain sold her watch and chain 
 and other millinery so that Columbus could discover 
 America. 
 
 The Indians pursued their warfare by hiding in 
 bushes and then scalping them. 
 
 The Puritans found an insane asylum in the wilds of 
 America. 
 
 The Stamp Act was to make everybody stamp all 
 materials so they should be null and void. 
 
 Washington died in Spain almost broken-hearted. 
 His remains were taken to the cathedral in Havanna. 
 
 Henry Eight was famous for being a great widower 
 having lost several wives. 
 
 Lady Jane Grey studied Greek and Latin and was 
 beheaded after a few days. 
 
 Lord James Gordon Bennett instigated the Gordon 
 Riots. 
 
 Julius Caesar is noted for his famous telegram de- 
 spatch I came I saw I conquered. 
 
 [xxi] 
 
flntrobuction 
 
 The only form of government in Greece was a limited 
 monkey. 
 
 Socrates . . . destroyed some statues and had to 
 drink Shamrock. 
 
 Here is a fact correctly stated j and yet it 
 is phrased with such ingenious infelicity that 
 it can be depended upon to convey misinfor- 
 mation every time it is uncaref ully read : 
 
 By the Salic laws no woman or descendant of a 
 woman conld occupy the throne. • 
 
 To show how far a child can travel in his- 
 tory with judicious and diligent boosting in 
 the public school, we select the following 
 mosaic : 
 
 Abraham Lincoln was born in "Wales in 1599. 
 
 In the chapter headed " Intellectual n I find 
 a great number of most interesting state- 
 ments. A sample or two may be found not 
 
 amiss : 
 
 Snow Bound was written by Peter Cooper. 
 
 The House of the Seven Gables was written by Lord 
 Bryant. 
 
 Ben Jonson survived Shakespeare in some respects. 
 
 Chaucer was the father of English pottery. 
 
 Chaucer was succeeded by H. Wads. Longfellow an 
 American Writer. His writings were chiefly prose and 
 * nearly one hundred years elapsed. 
 
 [xxii] 
 
flntrobuction 
 
 In the middle of the chapter I find many 
 pages of information concerning Shakspere's 
 plays, Milton's works, and those of Bacon, 
 Addison, Samuel Johnson, Fielding, Richard- 
 son, Sterne, Smollett, Defoe, Locke, Pope, 
 Swift, Goldsmith, Burns, Cowper, Words- 
 worth, Gibbon, Byron, Coleridge, Hood, Scott, 
 Macaulay, George Eliot, Dickens, Bulwer, 
 Thackeray, Browning, Mrs. Browning, Tenny- 
 son, and Disraeli — a fact which shows that 
 into the restricted stomach of the public-school 
 pupil is shoveled every year the blood, bone, 
 and viscera of a gigantic literature, and the 
 same is there digested and disposed of in a 
 most successful and characteristic and grati- 
 fying public-school way. I have space for 
 but a trifling few of the results : 
 
 George Eliot left a wife and children who mourned 
 greatly for his genius. 
 
 Sir Walter Scott Charles Bronte Alfred the Great 
 and Johnson were the first great novelists. 
 
 Thomas Babbington Makorley graduated at Harvard 
 and then studied law, he was raised to the peerage as 
 Baron in 1557 and died in 1776. 
 
 Here are two or three miscellaneous facts 
 that may be of value, if taken in moderation : 
 
 Homer's writings are Homer's Essays Virgil the 
 Aneid and paradise lost some people say that these 
 
 [xxiii] 
 
Untrobuction 
 
 poems were not written by Homer but by another man 
 of the same name. 
 
 A sort of sadness kind of shone in Bryant's poems. 
 
 Holmes is a very profligate and amusing writer. 
 
 When the public-school pupil wrestles with 
 the political features of the Great Republic, 
 they throw him sometimes : 
 
 A bill becomes a law when the President vetos it. 
 
 The first Conscientious Congress met in Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 The Constitution of the United States was estab- 
 lished to ensure domestic hostility. 
 
 Truth crushed to earth will rise again — as 
 follows : 
 
 The Constitution of the United States is that part 
 of the book at the end which nobody reads. 
 
 And here she rises once more and untimely. 
 There should be a limit to public-school in- 
 struction ; it cannot be wise or well to let the 
 young find out everything : 
 
 Congress is divided into civilized half civilized and 
 savage. 
 
 Here are some results of study in music and 
 oratory : 
 
 [xxiv] 
 
flntrobuction 
 
 An interval in music is the distance on the key board 
 from one piano to the next. 
 
 A Rest means you are not to sing it. 
 
 Emphasis is putting more distress on one word than 
 another. 
 
 The chapter on "Physiology" contains 
 much that ought not to be lost to science : 
 
 Physillogigy is to study about your bones stummick 
 and vertebry. 
 
 We have an upper and a lower skin. The lower skin 
 moves all the time and the upper skin moves when we 
 do. 
 
 The body is mostly composed of water and about 
 one half is avaricious tissue. 
 
 The chyle flows up the middle of the backbone and 
 reaches the heart where it meets the oxygen and is 
 purified. 
 
 In the stomach starch is changed to cane-sugar and 
 cane-sugar to sugar-cane. 
 
 If, up to this point, none of my quotations 
 have added flavor to the Johnsonian anecdote 
 at the head of this Introduction, let us make 
 another attempt : 
 
 The theory that intuitive truths are discovered by 
 the light of nature originated from St. John's interpre- 
 tation of a passage in the Gospel of Plato. 
 
 The weight of the earth is found by comparing a 
 mass of known lead with that of a mass of unknown 
 lead. 
 
 [xxv] 
 
flntrotmction 
 
 A body will go just as far in the first second as the 
 body will go plus the force the gravity and that's equal 
 to twice what the body will go. 
 
 Inertia is that proberty of bodies by virtue of which 
 it cannot change its own condition of rest or motion. 
 In other words it is the negative quality of passiveness 
 either in recoverable latency or insipient latescenee. 
 
 If a laugh is fair here, not the struggling 
 child, nor the unintelligent teacher, — or 
 rather the unintelligent Boards, Committees, 
 and Trustees, — are the proper target for it. 
 All through this little book one detects the 
 signs of a certain probable fact — that a large 
 part of the pupil's "instruction 77 consists in 
 cramming him with obscure and wordy 
 "rules 77 which he does not understand and 
 has no time to understand. It would be as 
 useful to cram him with brickbats ; they would 
 at least stay. In a town in the interior of 
 New York, a few years ago, a gentleman set 
 forth a mathematical problem and proposed 
 to give a prize to every public-school pupil 
 who should furnish the correct solution of it. 
 Twenty-two of the brightest boys in the public 
 schools entered the contest. The problem was 
 not a very difficult one for pupils of their 
 mathematical rank and standing, yet they all 
 failed — by a hair — through one trifling mis- 
 
 [xxvi] 
 
Untrobuction 
 
 take or another. Some searching questions 
 were asked, when it turned out that these lads 
 were as glib as parrots with the " rules " but 
 could not reason out a single rule or explain 
 the principle underlying it. Their memories 
 had been stocked, but not their understand- 
 ings. It was a case of brickbat culture, pure 
 and simple. 
 
 There are several curious "compositions" 
 in the little book, and we must make room 
 for one. It is full of naivet6, brutal truth, 
 and unembarrassed directness, and is the fun- 
 niest (genuine) boy's composition I think I 
 have ever seen : 
 
 ON GIRLS 
 
 Girls are very stuckup and dignefied in their maner 
 and behaveyour. They think more of dress than any 
 thing and like to play with dowls and rags. They cry 
 if they see a cow in afar distance and are afraid of 
 guns. They stay at home all the time and go to Church 
 every Sunday. They are al-ways sick. They are al-ways 
 funy and making fun of boys hands and they say how 
 dirty. They cant play marbels. I pity them poor 
 things. They make fun of boys and then turn round 
 and love them. I dont beleave they ever kiled a cat 
 or any thing. They look out every nite and say oh ant 
 the moon lovely. Thir is one thing I have not told 
 and that is they always now their lessons bettern 
 boys. 
 
 [ xxvii ] 
 
Introduction 
 
 From an article by Mr. Edward Channing 
 in " Science": 
 
 The marked difference between the books now being 
 produced by French, English, and American travelers, 
 on the one hand, and German explorers on the other, 
 is too great to escape attention. That difference is 
 due entirely to the fact that in school and university 
 the German is taught, in the first place to see, and in 
 the second place to understand what he does see. 
 
 Marie Twain. 
 
 [ xxviii ] 
 
j£ngU0b ae ©be is 
 Gauabt 
 
lEnglisb as She is 
 
 i 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL 
 
 Aboriginal— what was original before. 
 Aboriginate— to settle down in a place. 
 Aborigines— a system of mountains. 
 Alias— a good man in the Bible. 
 Alienate— to put together. 
 
 to make a citizen of. 
 
 to make a foreigner. 
 
 to live in another country ex- 
 cept your own. 
 
 Amenable— any thing that is mean. 
 Ammonia — the food of the gods. 
 Animosity— a sudden surprise, 
 kindness. 
 
 [3] 
 
lEnglisf) as ©be 10 Gaugbt 
 
 Animosity— thoughtfullness. 
 
 an emblem or sign, 
 great liveliness. 
 
 Aristocracy— to be stuck up. 
 Armistice— one who takes part in battle. 
 Asphyxia— a grumbling fussy temper. 
 Assiduity— state of being an acid. 
 Audible— worthy of applause. 
 Auriferous— giving light from yourself, 
 pertaining to an orifice. 
 
 Beneficence— a state of insanity. 
 Burglarize— to make burglars. 
 
 Capillary — a little caterpiller. 
 
 Cassowary— a kind of dromedary. 
 
 Centaur — a three legged animal. 
 
 Conjugate — to all wrinkle up. 
 
 Conservative— a person interested in poli- 
 tics who does not like 
 Mr. Gladstone. 
 
 Corniferous— rocks in which fossil corn is 
 found. 
 
 [4] 
 
jBngUab as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 Crosier— a staff carried by the Deity. 
 Culinary— cunning or cute. 
 
 Delineate— to deface. 
 
 to make lean. 
 Demagogue— a vessel containing beer 
 and other liquids. 
 
 Egregious— the art of learning, 
 feeding on flocks, 
 a good many sheep to- 
 gether. 
 
 Emissary— a foreign missionary. 
 
 Emolument— a softening. 
 a structure, 
 a great increase, 
 a headstone to a grave. 
 
 Epicac— a man who likes a good dinner. 
 Equanimity— evenness of time. 
 
 carefullness. 
 
 being equal all round. 
 
 Equestrian— an equal. 
 
 a competetor. 
 
 [5] 
 
lEnsUsb as ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 Equestrian— one who asks questions, 
 one who walks on foot. 
 
 Erudition— act of wiping out. 
 
 state of being erude. 
 Espionage— a kind of cabbage. 
 Eucharist— one who plays euchre. 
 Exhilarate— pertaining to happiness. 
 
 Franchise— any thing belonging to the 
 
 French. 
 Freebooter— a man three feet high. 
 
 Idolater— a very idol person. 
 
 Ignition — the art of not noticing. 
 
 Impetuosity— to get into a pet. 
 
 Implacable— not able to be placed. 
 
 Ingratiating— grating up the ear. 
 
 Interloper — one who runs away to get 
 married. 
 
 Irrigate— to disturb. 
 to turbulate. 
 to make fun of. 
 to emit sparks. 
 [6] 
 
jengliab as Sbe is XCaugbt 
 
 Irrigate— to contest in law. 
 to ask in return, 
 to dispense with justice. 
 
 Knickerbocker— something to ring with. 
 
 Matins — something to wear on the feet. 
 
 Medieval— a wicked man who has been 
 tempted. 
 
 Mediocrity— the science of the Medes. 
 
 Mendacious — what can be mended. 
 
 Mercenary— relating to money matters. 
 
 one who feels for another. 
 
 hostile to life. 
 
 one living on charity. 
 
 one who suffers. 
 
 pertaining to the eye. 
 
 relating to habits. 
 
 strong, bold, brave. 
 
 one who delivers a message. 
 
 one who sets on fire with 
 hostile intent. 
 
 Miscellaneous— all mixed up. 
 Munificence— waste. 
 
 [7] 
 
Englteb ae Sbe is ftaugbt 
 
 Munificence— thanksgiving, 
 brightness, 
 great wealth, 
 a tragedy. 
 a beautiful city. 
 
 Non-conformist — a decenter of ancient 
 
 times. 
 
 Ominous— power to be all present, 
 power to eat all things. 
 
 Parasite — a sort of bird. 
 
 one who speaks well. 
 
 an example. 
 
 a kind of umbrella. 
 
 the murder of an infant. 
 
 Party-colored — a fine kind of a dress to 
 
 wear to a ball. 
 Pennyroyal— relating to money. 
 Perennial — every seven years. 
 Plagarism— fire worship. 
 Plagarist — a writer of plays. 
 Prism — a prim precise person. 
 
 [8] ' 
 
jEnglisb as ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 Publican— a man who does his prayers in 
 public. 
 
 Quarternions— a bird with a flat beak 
 
 and no bill living in 
 New Zealand. 
 
 the name given to a style 
 of art practiced by the 
 Phoenicians. 
 
 areligious convention held 
 every hundred years. 
 
 Republican —a sinner mentioned in the 
 Bible. 
 
 Eeticence— tardyness. 
 retirement, 
 a review. 
 
 something of the eye. 
 great slowness. 
 
 Satiate — to make tasty. 
 
 Sibilant — the state of being idiotic. 
 
 Starveling— a small child who doesunt 
 have enough to eat. 
 
 Subtlety— gentley. 
 
 [9] 
 
. Englteb as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 Subtlety— profanity, 
 brittleness. 
 softness, 
 vagueness, 
 easily coaxed, 
 light and airy, 
 is sprightness. 
 a settlement, 
 great doubtfullness. 
 stepping through easily, 
 state of being easy broken. 
 
 Technology— according to the text. 
 
 a plagarism nearly obsolete. 
 
 something which teaches 
 you to be very tecknical 
 in your remarks. 
 
 Tenacious— ten acres of land. 
 
 Vacillating— ticking like a pendulum 
 Vermicular— the intestines of a worm. 
 
 A great many people alienate from their 
 
 country to this. 
 She is related to him by animosity. 
 
 [10] 
 
jEttQUsb as ©be is ZTaugbt 
 
 The ring is quite an auriferous article. 
 
 He is a very auspicious boy. 
 
 She dresses very auspicious. 
 
 The belligerent powers receive a salary. 
 
 We call him a charger because he charges 
 
 so much. 
 He had a chronic disease— something the 
 
 matter with the chrone. 
 Chronology is the science of the brane. 
 The coercion of some things is remarkable, 
 
 as bread and molasses. 
 We should never commiserate a person 
 
 even if we dislike them. 
 Her hat is contiguous because she wears it 
 
 on one side. 
 The girl was delineate in her work. 
 John said he would delineate the book. 
 The washwoman dilated the clothes. 
 He was totally dismasted with the whole 
 
 performance. 
 The officer is to be tried for dissertation 
 
 of his office. 
 The place was left in a state of disserta- 
 tion. 
 He dominated or ruled the paper. 
 
 [11] 
 
Englisb as Sbe is ftaugbt 
 
 He is a great duplicate because so very 
 
 deceitful. 
 The men marched out in an egregious 
 
 procession. 
 He preached to an egregious congrega- 
 tion. 
 The captain eliminated a bullet through 
 
 the man's heart. 
 He gave a correct elimination of the word. 
 He stood on a high emissary. 
 There was a small emolument of water in 
 
 the vessel. 
 He was exhilarated to a better place. 
 "We should endeavor to avoid extremes — 
 
 like those of wasps and bees. 
 You should fascinate the vine to the wall. 
 I have a gauzy hen at home. 
 He treated her with ignition because he 
 
 did not notice her. 
 The marriage was illegible 
 They tried to imbecile the animal. 
 The leopard is watching his sheep. 
 I liquidate you from all blame. 
 John liquidated his bread with milk. 
 The strawberry crop was magnanimous. 
 
 [12] 
 
jEnQlisb as Sbe is ftaugbt 
 
 The magnanimous of Milton was wonder- 
 ful. 
 
 He was a member of the mediocrity. 
 
 He has a very mental intellect. 
 
 The child gave a mercenary account of 
 the accident. 
 
 She has just returned from the mercenary. 
 
 This examination makes me feel very 
 nauceous 
 
 The stomach contains nausea. 
 
 Her fright was palliateable because it 
 made her pale. 
 
 The doctrine that like can be cured by 
 like is called panacea. 
 
 You will see how pecuniary he is when 
 I tell you he is going to marry for 
 money. 
 
 The family is placed under pecuniary cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 He was pecuniary or tight in his money 
 matters. 
 
 My perennial tuition is due to-day. 
 
 The earth perennially revolves round the 
 sun. 
 
 He enjoys riding on & philosopher. 
 
 [13] 
 
Englteb as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 You should take caution and be precarious. 
 The propensity of this room is very small. 
 She was very quick at repertoire. 
 A great many persons are quite resonant. 
 The naughty boy resources his mother. 
 People become full of retisense when they 
 
 are silent. 
 Minerals crystallize in rhododendrons. 
 You need not try to satiate my pathway. 
 She seceded the velvet to her dress. 
 The serfdom at Cony Island is very high. 
 The men employed by the G-as Company 
 
 go round and speculate the meter. 
 He prayed for the waters to subsidize. 
 The birds subsidize in the summer for the 
 
 most part on fruits. 
 The supercilious girl acted with vicissitude 
 
 when the perennial time came. 
 He is a very tacit scholar because he is 
 
 easily taught. 
 We ought to temporize our health. 
 He temporized the zinc nicely. 
 The tenacious girl was good in church. 
 Herod was called a tetrarch because he 
 
 was so fond of tea. 
 [14] 
 
jEnglteb as Sbe is ftaugbt 
 
 There are a good many donkeys in theo- 
 logical gardens. 
 
 Some of the best fossils are found in theo- 
 logical cabinets. 
 
 The telescope is very transparent because 
 you can see through it. 
 
 They had a strawberry vestibule. 
 
 He landed safe on vice versa. 
 
 The earth makes a vicissitude around the 
 sun once a year. 
 
 Zoology is interesting to those who like 
 the study of words. 
 
 115] 
 
II 
 
 GRAMMATICAL 
 
 Capitals begin every line of Deity. 
 Capital letters begin at breviation. 
 At the beginning of every capital letters 
 
 should be used. 
 Capital is used at beginning of parigraf. 
 An interrogatt sentense must Begin with 
 
 a Capitel Letter. 
 A deceletive sentense ends with a perod. 
 
 An intorogative one ends with an in- 
 
 torogation point. 
 Every sentence and name of God must 
 
 begin with a caterpillar. 
 When you speak of yourself you should 
 
 begin it with a capital letter. 
 When they are going to say some prose 
 
 or poetry before they say the poetry 
 
 or prose they must put a semicolon 
 
 just after the introduction of the 
 
 prose or poetry. 
 
 [16] 
 
jEnglteb as Sbe ie XTaugbt 
 
 A quotion is sometliiiig spoken by people. 
 
 A quotation is asking a question. 
 
 An Exclamation Point is what causes 
 supprise. 
 
 Brackets set things off so they wont have 
 anything to do with the sentence. 
 
 Grammer is how to talk good. 
 
 Grammar gives us the languish. 
 
 We study Grammer to get the senses. 
 
 Grammer is to tell us the parts of speeth. 
 
 A common noun is small things. 
 
 A proper noun is peoples names. 
 
 A pronoun is a word when we cant get a 
 noun. 
 
 A pronoun is a word which is just as good 
 as a noun. 
 
 The two kinds of Pronouns is I and O. 
 
 The plural is formed by turning book 
 into books. 
 
 Person in Grammer tells us whether he 
 is a man or a woman. It is always 
 an animal or something that isent 
 alive. 
 
 Gender is the distinguishing nouns with- 
 out regard to sex. 
 [17] 
 
jgnglteb as Sbe is XTaugbt 
 
 A verb is something to eat. 
 
 An intransitiv verb expresses an act not 
 done to another as James did not 
 strike John. 
 
 The Moods in English Gram, are the In- 
 dicative, Potential, Snbjngated, and 
 Infinitif. 
 
 The optative mood is a mood in a verb 
 when any body knows yon have done 
 any thing. 
 
 The sign if shows the potative mood. 
 
 Adverbs should always be used as adjec- 
 tives and adjectives as adverbs. 
 
 The horses run fasily. This is an ad- 
 verb. 
 
 The comparative degree expresses that 
 one thing is np higher than another 
 and the Supulative is the highest of 
 all. 
 
 A dependent sentence is one that hangs 
 from its clause. 
 
 All sentences are either simple or con- 
 found. 
 
 To conjugate a sentence is to tell all the 
 things that it means. 
 [18] 
 
lEngUsI) as Sbe 10 ftaugbt 
 
 The word governed by another word is 
 
 called its regiment. 
 Rhythm is a horse trotting on a road. 
 Ehyme makes two words sound jnst alike. 
 A figure means something different from 
 
 what it says. 
 Can in poetry is sometimes used for cant. 
 Prose tells things that are true right along 
 
 just as they are and poetry makes it 
 
 up as you go along. 
 
 [19] 
 
Ill 
 
 MATHEMATICAL 
 
 Arithmetic is the signs of numbers. 
 
 A factor is a number which divided by 
 another number equals the number 
 of parts. 
 
 A Prim Facktor is a Factor that stands 
 for a Facter. 
 
 The sins of Division are a short horizon- 
 tail line between two doits and a 
 curve line between the Deviser and 
 Divident. 
 
 The sines of Division will be like the quo- 
 cient. 
 
 Multiplication is the process of takeing 
 one or more many times to multiply 
 the produck if the work is write. 
 
 A common fraction is made up of two 
 parts with a separation between them. 
 [20] 
 
Englisft as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 A vulgar fraction has one fraction over 
 
 the line and the other nnder it. 
 The Denomator is the bottom of the 
 
 fraction. The Numerator tells how 
 
 many there are in it. 
 A Decimal Fraction is one with a point. 
 A straight line is any distance between 
 
 two places. 
 Parallel lines are lines that can never 
 
 meet until they run together. 
 A Horace uncle line is a line that isn't 
 
 crooked. 
 A circle is a round straight line with a 
 
 hole in the middle. 
 A hexameter is inscribed in a circle. 
 A f oursided figure is a trapezium which 
 
 is the general name for a kite. 
 A parallelogram has all its sides parallel. 
 The base of a triangle is the sum of its 
 
 two sides. 
 Things which are equal to each other are 
 
 equal to anything else. 
 To find the number of square feet in a room 
 
 you multiply the room by the number 
 
 of the feet. The product is the result. 
 [21] 
 
IV 
 GKEOGBAPHICAL 
 
 (American) 
 
 The three natural divisions of America 
 
 are Europe, Ashea and Africa. 
 North America is separated by Spain. 
 The countries of North America are 
 
 Britschish, Washington, Canada Nina 
 
 and Mexica. 
 America is divided into the Passim c 
 
 slope and the Mississippi valey. 
 America consists from north to south 
 
 about 500 miles. 
 Amireca is in the torade zone. 
 The climit of America is very worm. 
 The climate of America is modrant— 
 
 modern in the middle. 
 The principle mountains of America are 
 
 the Alagany and on the cost range 
 
 on the eastern part all. 
 [22] 
 
j£ngli6b as Sbe is ftaugbt 
 
 The Rocking Mountains are the graitest 
 in America. 
 
 The great Lakes of America is cham- 
 pagne. 
 
 The great lakes of America are Siperior, 
 Ontarria and Hurryon, Michigan. 
 
 The principal mts. of America are lamb 
 beaf veal. 
 
 The rivers of America are ohio Artie an 
 drandartic. 
 
 The United States is quite a small coun- 
 try compared with some other coun- 
 try s, but is about as industrious. 
 
 The capital of the United States is Long 
 Island. 
 
 One of the leading industries of the 
 United States is mollasses book- 
 covers numbers gas teaching lumber 
 manufactures paper-making pub- 
 lishers coal. 
 
 The chief products of the United States 
 is troupil freuts an tobacto. The 
 climit has 2 sesons a rainey and a dry. 
 
 The names of states on the Grulf of Mexico 
 is United States. 
 [23] 
 
jEnsIteb as ©be 10 XTauQftt 
 
 The five seaports of the XL S. are New- 
 
 funlan and Sanfrancisco. 
 The principal seaports is cotton wool 
 
 shoes. 
 The principal cities of the United States 
 
 are Bath Lynn Lowell Lawrence. 
 The principal products of the U. S. is 
 
 earthquakes and volcanoes. 
 The manufactured products of the United 
 
 States is fish and agriculture and 
 
 imports. 
 The principle products of New England 
 
 are dairying shipbuilding wine coffee 
 
 tropic fruets and cloathes. 
 The exports of New England are lumber- 
 ing fishing ice cutting wood chop- 
 ping. 
 The prinicpal sports of New England are 
 
 cotten tobaco ice. 
 The principal occupation of New England 
 
 is shipping goods. 
 Mineing is mostely carried on in new 
 
 Englyn. 
 The climit of New English is hot worm 
 
 and coal. 
 
 [24] 
 
jEnaliab as ©be is ^augbt 
 
 The coaste city's of New England are 
 New Haven and Seaport. 
 
 The coast cities of New England are 
 Boston. 
 
 The Vermont state is south west of 
 Mass. 
 
 The New London State is near the 
 Meremack Biver. 
 
 The principal mountain range in England 
 is Kartardin. 
 
 Providence is the leading commercial 
 city of New England situated on the 
 Southern part of the cost of Maine. 
 
 New York is bounded by Montreal. 
 
 The capital of New York is New Ham- 
 shire. Its principle cities are Port- 
 land an Susquehana. 
 
 Philadelphia is the capitol of New York 
 and it is in the south West Part. 
 
 Washenton is in the Northron part of 
 New York. 
 
 New York was once called the Emperor 
 state because it once had a Emperor. 
 
 Aduculung and Mineing is the chief in- 
 dustry of New York State. 
 [25] 
 
jenQlteb as Sbe is Caugbt 
 
 The Eocky Mountains are on the western 
 
 side of Philadelphia. 
 The Booking Mountain is east of Mass. 
 
 Algany east of Eocky Sirranevada 
 
 east of Algany. 
 The Alaginnies are mountains in Phila- 
 
 delfia. 
 The Arondack Mountains are north of 
 
 Canada. 
 The White Mountains are in England. 
 The Yosemity Valley is the highest 
 
 mountain in the world. 
 The Mississippi Eiver runs soulth and 
 
 empies into Mexico. 
 Mason and Dixon's line is the Equater. 
 Cape Hatteras is a vast body of water 
 
 surrounded by land and flowing into 
 
 the G-ulf of Mexico. 
 Canada is south of New York. 
 The City of Canada is Columbia in the 
 
 westarn part of Columbia. 
 Two cities in Canada are andruscogin 
 
 and kenibek. 
 The rapids of St. Lorence is caused by 
 
 the canoes of the Indianes. 
 [26] 
 
iBngHsb as ©be is ftaugbt 
 
 Stock rason is the occupation of Canada. 
 
 British America is overturned by queen 
 Victorier. 
 
 Alasca is governed by the Britished 
 America. 
 
 The productions of Central America is 
 fish. 
 
 Yancoover is the North "West United 
 States. 
 
 Cuba and Newfoundland is Southeast of 
 America. 
 
 The climate of Mexico is very barren 
 being hot or cold. 
 
 California is the capitol of San Francisco. 
 
 The occupation of Greenland is speering 
 the seel. 
 
 The oppacation of the Greenland whisky 
 lemon bannanars. 
 
 The occupation of the people of Green- 
 land seals and the people of Cali- 
 fornia gathrin gold. 
 
 The people of Greenland people do seal 
 fishing and whailing of Alaska peo- 
 ple are gathring furs of the Indies 
 people fishing and shouting. 
 [27] 
 
jEnglteb as Sbe is ftaugbt 
 
 {European) 
 
 Charlemagne and Pepin were countries 
 
 of Austria. 
 In Austria the principal occupation is 
 
 gathring Austrich feathers. 
 France is parallel to America on a line 
 
 running east and west. 
 The Bay of Biscuit is on the coast of 
 
 France. 
 The principal industries of Germany are 
 
 manufacturing, agriculture, and the 
 
 cultivation of the intellect. 
 Germany has very little clubbable land. 
 Russia in the time of Peter the Great 
 
 was a very cold country and its in- 
 habitants lived in Siberia. 
 Eussia is very cold and tyrannical. Boany 
 
 Airs is in Eussia. 
 St. Petersburg is in the Gulf of Finland. 
 The Baltic Sea is between Sweden and 
 
 Norway. 
 Portugal is separated from Spain by the 
 
 Mediteranian Sea. 
 [28] 
 
jEnglteb as ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 Sicily is one of the Sanwich Islands. 
 
 Constantinople is called the queen of the 
 Adriattic. 
 
 The Persian Gulf is the eastern part of 
 Persia. 
 
 The Great Desert of Sarah was formerly 
 discovered in Africa. 
 
 The two most famous volcanoes of Eu- 
 rope are Sodom and Gomorrah. v 
 
 Terra del Fuego means Land of the 
 Furies. 
 
 The Straits of Magellan separates North 
 and South America. 
 
 Hindoostan flows through the Ganges and 
 empties into the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 No northwest passage has ever been dis- 
 covered around the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 One of the chief exports of England is 
 live meat which grows in great 
 quantities. 
 
 Ireland is called the Emigrant Isle be- 
 cause it is so beautiful and green. 
 
 Gibraltar is an island built on a rock. 
 It has 15 000 inhabitants. 
 [29] 
 
jEnQlisb as ©be is ftaugbt 
 
 The Straight of Mabel Manden seperates 
 the Eock of Gribralter from the ocean. 
 
 The width of the different zones Europe 
 lies in depend upon the surrounding 
 country. 
 
 The north tempered zone is the best one. 
 
 The frigide zone is the most hottest. 
 
 Latitude is a thing by which we can tell 
 where a country is on the globe, like 
 Africa. 
 
 Latitude are supposed lines which pass 
 horizontally around the globe and 
 longitude are supposed lines which 
 pass perpendicularly in the same 
 way from one circle to another. 
 
 The imports of a country are the things 
 that are paid for. The exports are 
 the things that are not. 
 
 Pine apples grow on pine trees. 
 
 Climate lasts all the time and weather 
 only a few days. 
 
 [30] 
 
V 
 OBIGINAL 
 
 A Letter 
 
 I was in Cony island. I was in the 
 musinrn. I saw a bear. I saw a gypsy. 
 I saw a niger man. 
 
 We go fishing every mourning. We 
 get a big basket full and do other lots of 
 refreshing things. 
 
 I expect to go to the country this sum- 
 mer with my mothers and farthers. 
 
 I have had a lovely time the last three 
 weaks. I chop wood and bild fires and 
 go errents and have got two fire crackers 
 saved up for the forth of July. 
 
 I write a few lines to letter you know 
 I am a getin on. I went to a excurseon 
 yesterday and I went in barefoot and 
 gethered shels. 
 
 [31] 
 
jEnglisb as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 A Bird Story 
 
 The little spring has built her nest 
 in the oke tree. Every mourning the 
 mother bird gets up early to find food 
 for her nesterling sense the April came. 
 One day it rained and the little burds sat 
 and looked at the rain as it flowed be- 
 neath their feet. 
 
 About the Birds 
 
 The little birds are in there houses and 
 rain began to power and when the rain 
 began to stop the little flyed out and the 
 little birds sat up a tree of a bransh and 
 then they churp and some birds come to 
 have a nice time when the grass is green 
 as green pante. 
 
 On Man 
 
 Man is an animal that stands up. He 
 is not very big and he has to work for a 
 living. 
 
 [32] 
 
)6ngH0l) as Sbe is ftaugbt 
 
 On Fashion 
 
 Sensible people wear sensible fashions 
 and insensible people insensible fashions. 
 
 A Rainy Afternoon 
 
 It rained hard so I could not go ow- 
 doors, so I went out in the shed and sod 
 some wood. 
 
 On the Cow 
 
 The cow she eats the grass. Wen she 
 eats enought she will lie down in the 
 shade. She is generally chewing. This 
 chewing is called cud. The sheep has no 
 upper Teeth. It there for belongs to the 
 Cow's Family. The cry of a cow is called 
 Low. Her youn of a Cow is called a 
 calf. The Cow gives us milk. Butter and 
 cheese are made out of bread. The flesh 
 of the Cow is called beef and the Calf veil. 
 We make from their skin shoes. The 
 name of the Cow is called Soldt lether. 
 The name of the calf is called calf-skin. 
 3 [33] 
 
jEnglieb as Sbe is GauQbt 
 
 On Laughter 
 
 Laughter is something I know every- 
 body can do. Some people laugh until 
 the tears come from their eyes and then 
 they have a crying spell and then when 
 that is over they have a laughing spell. 
 When people cry it will make them look 
 very peculiar so most of people very sel- 
 dom cry. It is the laughing they gener- 
 ally do. 
 
 On Occupation 
 
 I think if I should become a shoe 
 manufacturer I should succeed as it is a 
 very profitable occupation and shoes are 
 necessary to all classes and consequently 
 a large trade is a general thing. 
 
 On Umbrellas 
 
 The matereal at the top of an umbrella 
 is placed on a skeleton of whales which 
 meet all together in one place. They do 
 be covered with silk, alpaca and Satan. 
 
 [34] 
 
jEnglteb as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 On Indians 
 
 Indians go out naked in the summer 
 an they take ahold of their scalp locks 
 and cut off the other side of their heads. 
 They wear it on their sides. Indians 
 food consists of corn and food. They 
 use smoking instead of tanning. They 
 paint their skind in the color of animals. 
 
 George Washington 
 
 George Washington was the first presi- 
 dent of the United States born in Vir- 
 ginia in the year. When G-eorge was a 
 little boy he would never tell a lie. Be- 
 cause he thought it was not nice. It tis 
 not nice nether. He studied all kinds of 
 things to be a president. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln 
 
 Abraham Lincoln was born in Wales 
 in 1599. His father was a wool- comer, 
 but Abraham did not like that trade. 
 
 [35] 
 
]£ngli0b as Sbe is Zm\Qht 
 
 One day Abraham was standing on the 
 railroad and a man by the name of Gui- 
 tue came behind and shot him. Then he 
 got put in jail for it. But it was not 
 nice of him because he shot him on the 
 railroad. 
 
 On Beading 
 
 Eeading makes us intelligent; and 
 learn about things we would otherwise 
 hear nothing. 
 
 It is pleasant to recapitulate stories to 
 persons who probably have not had the 
 opportunity of reading them and it there- 
 fore passes many a dreary hour away and 
 makes many a person renew his happi- 
 ness by hoping for such a favorable end 
 as some characters as are described in 
 the book. 
 
 # 
 
 If we did not have the capacity of read- 
 ing we might wait all our lives and never 
 secure the desired information, but if in- 
 stead of waiting for some one to tell us 
 we take the book or paper or whatever it 
 
 [36] 
 
jenglieb as ©be ie ftaugbt 
 
 might happen to be and read it for our- 
 selves we will be much better satisfied 
 and also have the consolation of knowing 
 we discovered it for ourselves and did not 
 have to wait for other people to come and 
 furnish us with the desired information. 
 
 # 
 
 In reading there is a large amount of 
 knowledge attained for it enlarged the 
 mind while reading and continues until 
 we pass away. 
 
 When we read we come across words 
 that when we hear them spoken of we 
 are entirely ignorant of them. 
 
 # 
 
 The untutored mind is often surpris- 
 ingly expanded in reading for only a 
 short while a little every day. Then 
 when we hear certain subjects spoken of 
 we do not wonder what it all means. 
 
 Eeading the talents of others helps us 
 to compose something that may help us 
 
 [37] 
 
j£ngli6b as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 in future life. Without reading we should 
 not know any thing about our forefathers 
 or how we came to be civilized. What 
 would we know about religion if we did 
 not read our Bible and find out how 
 religion originated ! 
 
 On Girls 
 
 Girls are very stuckup and dignefied in 
 their maner and behaveyour. They think 
 more of dress than any thing and like to 
 play with dowls and rags. They cry if 
 they see a cow in afar distance and are 
 afraid of guns. They stay at home all 
 the time and go to Church every Sunday. 
 They are al-ways sick. They are al-ways 
 funy and making fun of boys hands and 
 they say how dirty. They cant play 
 marbels. I pity them poor things. They 
 make fun of boys and then turn round 
 and love them. I dont beleave they ever 
 kiled a cat or any thing. They look out 
 every nite and say oh ant the moon 
 lovely. Thir is one thing I have not told 
 
 [38] 
 
Englisb as Sbe is ZnuQht 
 
 and that is they always now their lessons 
 bettern boys. 
 
 On Timidity of Women 
 
 Timidity is a disease very prevelent 
 among our American women. It is 
 thought by them to be an ornament to 
 their charms. 
 
 How many young women faint by the 
 sudden appearance of a rat from its hide- 
 ing place. Oh ! they do declare it's im- 
 possible to live where these dreadful 
 creatures make their homes they ask 
 Ma cant she and wont she please to try 
 to secure some remedy so they can be 
 destroyed. You will see the young ladies 
 leap up over stones and steps of great 
 height so as to escape the barks of the 
 dog, if they are walking with a friend of 
 the male kind they will cling to the mas- 
 culine arm and beseach him to walk so 
 that she might loose sight of that horri- 
 ble creature known as a dog. 
 
 I do think their cases of timidity that 
 [39] 
 
I6ngii0b aa ©be is £augbt 
 
 cannot be governed such as cases of in- 
 temperance fighting and death. We dont 
 want to see any man come along the 
 street destitute of reasoning and come 
 reeling suddenly by you. Also the ex- 
 pectation of death when we see a loved 
 sister going away from a cherished circle. 
 It cannot be endured, but I have no ob- 
 jections for these cases but the preceding 
 ones are ridiculous and I beseach you to 
 reject it remembering you shall have to 
 undergo greater trials than those related. 
 
 On Poverty 
 
 How many persons possess it ! They 
 are persons whose poverty cannot be en- 
 dured they had enjoyed preceding years 
 in wealth and by some mishap in the 
 family they became poor and how can 
 they endeavor to forget that time when 
 their happiness could not be expressed but 
 now their troubles shall be discovered. 
 
 Poverty is a case that cannot be hidden 
 it must be let known so that the pos- 
 
 [40] 
 
jEnQlieb as ©be is ftaugbt 
 
 sessors may obtain condolence in some 
 way. Places for poor persons are not of 
 much importance for the care of them is 
 not worth mentioning. 
 
 Some poor persons with a great deal of 
 poverty would rather walk from house to 
 house in search of some nourishment than 
 inhabit those institutions but what a num- 
 ber of times they are driven from the door 
 with the contemptuousness of the rich 
 how many slang words are said to them. 
 
 If our comfortable friends should re- 
 member those persons casting away food 
 raiment and apparel they would be less 
 cases of poverty and when sickness over- 
 takes such persons lend a helping hand 
 their consciences would less smite them. 
 
 On Politeness 
 
 Politeness is to say and do the kindest 
 way. I think it is easier for girls to be 
 polite than for boys, but I am not sure as 
 I have never been a girl. Politeness is 
 used in all parts of the United States. 
 
 [41] 
 
j£ngli0b as ©be 10 Gaugbt 
 
 On the Play of Hamlet 
 
 Hamlet was a young man very nervous. 
 He was always dressed in black because 
 his uncle had killed his father by shoot- 
 ing him in his ear. He could not go to 
 the theatre because his father was dead 
 so he had the actors come to his house 
 and play in the front parlor and he 
 learned them to say the words because he 
 thought he knew best how to say them. 
 And then he thought he'd kill the king 
 but he didn't. Hamlet liked Ophelia. 
 He thought she was a very nice girl but 
 he didn't marry her because she was go- 
 ing to be a nunnery. Hamlet went to 
 England but he did not like it very much 
 so he came home. Then he jumped into 
 Ophelia's grave and fought a duel with 
 her brother. Then he died. 
 
 # 
 
 Hamlet was exceedingly sensitiveness. 
 He denunciated his mother because she 
 entered the matrimonial condition and 
 
 [42] 
 
finglieb as Qhc is ZTaugbt 
 
 showed her two photographs which he 
 said one was Hesperus and one a satire. 
 He made her experience great regret. 
 He was engaged to Orphelia but had to 
 neglect her as he was obliged to give his 
 attentions to revenging his father's death. 
 His uncle was the murderer of his father, 
 Hamlet's father. He had a very mourn- 
 ful existence and was a great philosopher. 
 
 [43] 
 
VI 
 ANALYTICAL 
 
 " A balance of power "—making the poker 
 
 stand np straight in your hand. 
 " Weeping birch "—the kind of stick that 
 
 makes you weep. 
 "Eating cares "—troubles because you 
 
 are tired of eating. 
 " Spoiler's hand "—your father's hand 
 
 because he spoils you. 
 " The balm of childhood " —what makes 
 
 children stop there crying. 
 "He issued a papal bull"— the news 
 
 written on the board outside the 
 
 office. 
 " I would that my tongue could utter "— 
 
 means its to much trouble to write 
 
 out his ideas. 
 
 [44] 
 
jenglisb as ©be is ftaugbt 
 
 Tell me not in monrnfnl numbers, 
 " Life is but an empty dream ! " 
 
 For the soul is dead that slumbers, 
 And things are not what they seem. 
 Psalm of Life. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. 
 
 The way we pass a lifetime is to us but 
 as if we were asleep and we do not re- 
 member all that happens but the happy- 
 moments. When we are dead then we 
 see what we have done in a different way. 
 
 Don't say life is only an empty dream. 
 If our souls stop living and go to sleep 
 it cannot be so for we would die. The 
 last thing we are to attain to I think is 
 the grave. 
 
 
 Your the same as dead when your 
 asleep and things that are making you 
 pleasant now will one day make you sorry. 
 
 
 Do not tell me that life is a dream, be- 
 cause when I sleep things will not be like 
 I think they are. 
 
 [45] 
 
jenglteb as Sbe te GauQbt 
 
 This means that you know without be- 
 ing told in rymes, that life and soul shall 
 die away and be nothing. 
 
 
 Don't tell me in sorrowful verses life is 
 only an illusion, the soul is wicked that 
 slumbers, and things are very deceitful. 
 
 The heights by great men reached and kept 
 Were not attained by sudden flight ; 
 
 But they while their companions slept 
 Were toiling upwards in the night. 
 The Ladder of St. Augustine. H. W. Longfellow. 
 
 Great men have not made nights very 
 suddenly. They have slept with their 
 companions while they were toiling to 
 keep the heights they had attained. 
 
 The heights that great men have kept 
 out of reach were not attained by means 
 of sudden flight. "While their compan- 
 
 [46] 
 
iSnQlisb aa ©be is ZTaugbt 
 
 ions were sleeping they were np at all 
 hours of the toiling night. 
 
 In the lexicon of Youth, which fate reserves for 
 a bright manhood, there's no such word as Fail. 
 Richelieu. Edward Bulwer Lytton. 
 
 In the early days of youth which des- 
 tiny waits for a better chance, there is no 
 such word as fail. 
 
 # # 
 
 The lexicon of youth which is fated 
 for a bright manhood, should never fail. 
 
 * 
 
 The sentence means, in the beginning 
 of youth the fate that is kept for a bright 
 manhood must not be a failure. 
 
 There was no such word as fail when 
 I was a boy, but now I am a man. 
 
 # 
 
 If you study while you are young your 
 knowledge will be preserved and you can 
 
 not fail. 
 
 [47] 
 
jenQlisI) as Sbe 10 ZTaugbt 
 
 The word fail never appears in the 
 natural teachings of youth and is kept 
 for bright manhood. 
 
 # 
 * # 
 
 In a youth's translation which is kept 
 back until a riper age, there is no such 
 word which says fail. 
 
 # 
 
 The youth who is in his lexicon and 
 about to spring into a bright manhood, 
 the word fail he knows not. 
 
 # 
 # # 
 
 To fail is impossible for youth in the 
 lexicon which is reserved for it. 
 
 Alone, but with unbated zeal, 
 The horseman plied with scourge and steel ; 
 For jaded now and spent with toil, 
 Embossed with foam and dark with soil, 
 While every gasp with sobs he drew, 
 The laboring stag strained full in view. 
 The Lady of the Lake. Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 The man who rode on the horse per- 
 formed the whip and an instrument made 
 
 [48] 
 
iBnglteb as ©be is ftaugbt 
 
 of steel alone with strong ardor not di- 
 minishing, for, being tired from the time 
 passed with hard labor overworked with 
 anger and ignorant with weariness, while 
 every breath for labor he drew with cries 
 full of sorrow, the young deer made im- 
 perfect who worked hard filtered in sight. 
 
 To him who in the love of nature holds 
 Communion with her visible forms, she speaks 
 A various language. For his gayer hours 
 She has a smile and eloquence of beauty, 
 And she steals into his darker musings 
 With a mild and gentle sympathy that steals 
 Away their sharpness ere he is aware. 
 
 Thanatopsis. Wm. Cullen Bryant. 
 
 The man who loves his nature he holds 
 connections with his form, in a visible 
 manner; he speaks a different language 
 for his lively hours. Nature has a glad 
 voice and smile and beauty. He goes 
 into his darker musings with a mild and 
 healing sympathy and not with a sorrow- 
 ful feeling that steals away their sharp- 
 ness before he is aware of it. 
 * [49] 
 
jgnglisb ae Sbe is ZTaugbt 
 
 To him she speaks the love of nature 
 and of various languages, and she smiles 
 with healing sympathy and steals away 
 his gayer hours and eloquence of beauty 
 that steals away their sharpness before 
 he knows of it. 
 
 Two angels guide 
 The path, of man, both aged and yet young, 
 As angels are, ripening through endless years. 
 On one he leans : some call her Memory, 
 And some, Tradition ; and her voice is sweet 
 With deep mysterious accords : the other, 
 Floating above, holds down a lamp which streams 
 A light divine and searching on the earth, 
 Compelling eyes and footsteps. Memory yields, 
 Yet clings with loving cheek, and shines anew 
 Reflecting all the rays of that bright lamp 
 Our angel Reason holds. We had not walked 
 But for Tradition j we walk evermore 
 To higher paths, by brightening Reason's lamp. 
 The Spanish Gypsy. George Eliot. 
 
 Was it not for Tradition we would not 
 travel this far. "We are still walking to 
 brighter steps by shining our brains. 
 What little intellect we have, if it was 
 well shined, it might do a great deal. 
 
 [50] 
 
j£nglteb as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 Man is guided by two spirits, evil and 
 good, and if the evil spirit (before he was 
 a good one) had been a good one, man 
 would not have been created. 
 
 # 
 
 Man's path guides two angels. One is 
 old and one is young. Ones names Mem- 
 ory and one is Tradition. One floats 
 round and hunts for things on the earth. 
 Memory clings to the cheek and shines 
 the lamp that Eeason holds. Tradition 
 helps us to walk and we brighten up 
 Eeason's lamp. 
 
 # 
 # # 
 
 Two great Powers or Forces guide 
 men and women in this world whether 
 they be young. or old, and these powers 
 are still growing through numbers of 
 years. 
 
 # 
 
 "We lean on Mearcy and Tradition. But 
 whatere it may be, the sound is sweet 
 with vast mysterious accords. Then 
 
 [51] 
 
lEnQHsb ae ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 Power or Mearcy glares above us, and 
 
 there looks down upon us with extreme 
 
 splendor. 
 
 # 
 
 Memory still shines reflecting that light 
 our senses tell us of, or that is within 
 our brains, if we have any. And I sup- 
 pose we are all gifted with a little. 
 
 # 
 
 Had an angel never committed sin, we 
 never would have been created and 
 guarded by a heavenly spirit. 
 
 [52] 
 
VII 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 (American) 
 
 Christopher Columbus went to sea un- 
 till he was 14 years of age. He dreamed 
 there was a place named America and after 
 much adversity he finally discovered it. 
 
 Christopher Columbus was called the 
 Father of his Country. 
 
 Queen Isabella of Spain sold her watch 
 and chain and other millinery so that 
 Columbus could discover America. 
 
 Columbus set sale in three small ships 
 called Nina, Pinter and Santa Anna. 
 
 The first land Columbus discovered was 
 Gibraltar. 
 
 Columbus was the first white man who 
 discovered America. 
 
 [53] 
 
English as ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 Columbus knew the earth was round 
 because he balanced an egg on the table. 
 
 Columbus perished in sight of land. 
 
 The West Indians was the first discov- 
 ered by Christies Columbies. 
 
 The west Indaines was discovered in 
 1692 by Chrissor Columbius. 
 
 The Crusaders were the first to settle 
 America. 
 
 The American colonies were settled by 
 Dutch navegators who founded them. 
 
 The first English settlements were made 
 in the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Slaves were introduced to this country 
 by Spain and Portugese people. 
 
 Kink Louis decleared ware against 
 Kink William who commanded the Eng- 
 lish Eources. A party of French and In- 
 dains came to Sketiney and the Indains 
 tomahorks was frozen. It was a very 
 bobloody war. For Fourty years the 
 war was but it did not last longe. The 
 war ended in 1776 because Kink Phillip 
 discovered the dead. It was called his war 
 because he was the cheaf mouver of it. 
 
 [54] 
 
lEnglteb as ©be i6 Gaugbt 
 
 Virginia was named from Queen Vir- 
 gin who was called Elizabeth. 
 
 The Indians were the first Americans 
 and they settled over a vast expanse of 
 the county. 
 
 Salem witch craft was a son of Massa- 
 soit. 
 
 The Indian wars were very desecrating 
 to the country. 
 
 The Indians pursued their warfare by 
 hiding in bushes and then scalping them. 
 
 Captain John Smith has been styled 
 the father of his country. His life was 
 saved by his daughter Pochahantas. 
 
 The Puritans found an insane asylum 
 in the wilds of America. 
 
 They were called Puritans because they 
 were more quiet than the Episcopalians. 
 
 Miles Standish discovered Plymouth 
 and it was named in his honor. 
 
 Roger Williams called the settlement 
 Rhode Island in honor of God's merciful 
 Providence shown to him. 
 
 William Penn was born in Boston in 
 1607. He was the first white man who 
 
 [55] 
 
lEnQlteb as Sbe is ZzuqM 
 
 founded Pennsylvania. He founded 
 Pennsylvania because his name was 
 William Penn. 
 
 William Penn discovered Philadelphia 
 and laid out its streets. 
 
 The Stamp Act was to make everybody 
 stamp all materials so they should be 
 null and void. 
 
 Benedict Arnold was greatly regretted 
 by the Americans as well as by the English. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin is the finest Ex- 
 ample of a selfmad man that American 
 History affords. He commenced life as a 
 tallow chandelier boy and step by step 
 became a Great G-enius. 
 
 George Washington was born in 1492. 
 
 At White Plains Gen. Washington 
 murdered several hundred men. 
 
 Gen. Washington is famous for the 
 Washington Monument. 
 
 Washington wrote the Declareation of 
 Independence in 1492. 
 
 George Washington inherited consump- 
 tion in the army. 
 
 Washington died in Spain almost 
 [56] 
 
lEnglteb as Sbe is ftauQbt 
 
 broken-hearted. His remains were taken 
 to the cathedral in Havanna. 
 
 The Mexican war was the war of Texas 
 with the United States. 
 
 Gen. Scott fought bravely at the battle 
 of Wingfield. 
 
 When the Wig party was in power 
 there was striks all over the laborers. 
 
 Slavery was caused by the admission 
 of Missouri into the Union. 
 
 The Missouri Compromise compelled 
 slaves to enter all the different states 
 and territories. 
 
 Gorilla warfare was war where men 
 rode on gorillas. 
 
 The Border Ruffians were founded to 
 prevent all emigrants into Kansas and 
 they sacrificed considerable lives. 
 
 John Brown was a very good insane 
 man who tried to get slaves into Virginia. 
 He captured all the inhabitants, but was 
 finally conquered and condemned to his 
 death. 
 
 The confederasy was formed by the 
 fugitive slaves. 
 
 [57] 
 
jEngliab as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 (English) 
 
 England was named by the Angels. 
 
 The Celts were driven out of England 
 into "Whales. 
 
 Julius Caesar invaded England 400 
 years B. C. The English condition was 
 in a rude state. They joined in games 
 such as cock fighting. 
 
 The Brittains were the Saxons who 
 entered England in 1492 under Julius 
 Caesar. 
 
 The Britains came from Brittany. 
 They were a brave and warlike people 
 and lived by fishing and manufactures. 
 
 The Britains conquered Julius Caesar 
 and drove him ignominiously from his 
 dominions. 
 
 The Britons founded the Druids. They 
 ust to hold religious services out of doors. 
 
 The Druids were supposed to be Ro- 
 man Catholicks. 
 
 The Crusaders were fanatics who 
 fought in tournaments. 
 
 The Habeas Corpus Act said that a 
 [58] 
 
jEnglieb as ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 body whether alive or dead could be pro- 
 duced in court. 
 
 Alfred the Great reigned 872 years. 
 He was distinguished for letting some 
 buckwheat cakes burn and the lady 
 scolded him. 
 
 Eufus was named William on account 
 of his red hair. He established the cur- 
 few fire bell. 
 
 William the Conqueror was the first 
 of the Mormons. 
 
 Edward the black Prince was famous 
 for founding chivalry. 
 
 Chivalry is a fight on horseback be- 
 tween two horsemen in an open plain. 
 
 A night errant is a man who goes 
 around in the night in search of adven- 
 tures. 
 
 The Middle Ages come in between an- 
 tiquity and posterity. 
 
 The War of the Eoses was between the 
 white and the red. 
 
 Henry Eight was famous for being a 
 great widower having lost several wives. 
 
 Lady Jane Grey studied Greek and 
 [59] 
 
j£nglt6b as ©be le ZnuQht 
 
 Latin and was beheaded after a few 
 days. 
 
 Qneen Mary married the Dolphin. 
 
 Elizabeth was called the Virgin queen 
 because of her many accomplishments 
 and she had a great many fine dresses. 
 
 The unfortunate Charles First was ex- 
 ecuted and after he was beheaded he held 
 it up exclaiming Behold the head of a 
 trater ! 
 
 Cromwell was only a parallel with Bo- 
 naparte. 
 
 Queen Victoria was the 4th son of 
 George Third the Duke of Kent. 
 
 John Bright is noted for an incurable 
 disease. 
 
 Lord James Gordon Bennett instigated 
 the Gordon Eiots. 
 
 (French) 
 
 Joan of Arc lived in New Orleans where 
 she was discovered and burned by the 
 British. 
 
 Cardinal Richelieu was one of the most 
 [60] 
 
jBnQiisb as Sbe is ftaugbt 
 
 famous soldiers of France. He was cut 
 down on St. Bartholomew's Day. 
 
 St. Bartholomew was massacred in 
 1492. 
 
 The French Eevolntion was quite rapid. 
 It made some changes in the government 
 and many persons were slain. 
 
 Bonaparte gave away many thrones to 
 his brothers and sisters. 
 
 Louis Napoleon besieged all Paris who 
 elected him emperor. 
 
 By the Salic laws no woman or descen- 
 dant of a woman could occupy the throne. 
 
 Luther introduced Christianity into 
 England a good many thousand years 
 ago. His birthday was November 1883. 
 He was once a Pope. He lived at the 
 time of the Rebellion of Worms. 
 
 (Roman) 
 
 The history of Rome is wrapped in 
 antiquity. 
 
 The Gauls were a very brave people of 
 the Tapean Rock. 
 
 [61] 
 
jgitQlteb aa Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 Carthage was founded by Dido nearly- 
 one hundred years ago. 
 
 Hannibal at the early age of six years 
 was raised to the command of the army. 
 
 Spartacus fought a war of several years 
 against the Romans. 
 
 Cataline was defeated and slain by his 
 entire army. 
 
 Pompey gave the Romans a splendid 
 campaign. 
 
 Trajan was persecuted by the Chris- 
 tians. 
 
 The seven hills of Eome were the Capi- 
 toline, Palitine, Alpine, and I cannot re- 
 member those I have not written down. 
 
 The Colliseum was erected on the top 
 of an inaccessible hill somewhere about 
 the time of Nero. When it was burning 
 down he played a tune on his violin. 
 
 In his military character Julius Caasar 
 probably never surpassed any other hero. 
 
 Cesar succeeded in wresting the crown 
 from Mark Anthony. 
 
 Julius Caesar was quite a military man 
 on the whole. 
 
 [62] 
 
jEnglisb as ©be is ftaugbt 
 
 Julius Caesar is noted for his famous 
 telegram despatch I came I saw I con- 
 quered. 
 
 When Julius Caesar crossed the Hellis- 
 pont it was the turning point in his 
 carear. 
 
 The Crusaders were conquered by- 
 Julius Caesar. 
 
 Julius Caesar was really a very great 
 man. He was a very great soldier and 
 wrote a book for beginners in the Latin. 
 
 Cleopatra was caused by the death of 
 an asp which she dissolved in a wine cup. 
 
 The reign of Augustus took place in 
 the Christian era. He caused it to be in- 
 troduced into the kingdom. 
 
 The emperor Vespasian destroyed his 
 son Titus after a tremendous siege of six 
 months. 
 
 Domitian was so cruel that he was 
 noted for his killing flies. 
 
 The Roman priests were chosen by the 
 gods and some by a special diety. 
 
 The toga was a robe that flowed over 
 the body very neat and graceful. 
 
 [63] 
 
jEnQlisb as Sfre is ftauobt 
 
 The Forum transacted the principal 
 business of Eome. 
 
 The Gordian knot was a very hard 
 knot which Nero tied and by it he kept 
 the Roman empire in subjection. 
 
 When a Gladiator was killed he held 
 up his finger and if the spectators wanted 
 him to live they held up their thumbs. 
 
 (Grecian) 
 
 Greece is a country noted for its hand- 
 some people. They are all sculptures. 
 
 Greece is divided into periods. . 
 
 The only form of government in Greece 
 was a limited monkey. 
 
 Egypt and Eome were the principal 
 divisions of Greece. 
 
 The inhabitants of Greece lived in huts, 
 eating the skins of wild beasts and dress- 
 ing themselves in berries and acorns. 
 
 Helen was the daughter of Troy a very 
 beautiful woman and wrote the Illiad 
 giving a long account of it. 
 
 Lycurgus was a legislature. He abol- 
 ished commerce and dress. 
 
 [64] 
 
jEnglisb as ©be is ftauQbt 
 
 Lycurgus was so strict lie turned all 
 the women into men they were bold and 
 corageous. 
 
 Athens was the capital of Africa and 
 the arts flourished. 
 
 Darius attacked both sea and land. 
 
 'The introduction of Asia made the 
 Greeks have great manners and wealth. 
 
 The Persian war lasted about 500 years. 
 
 Socrates was no use at fighting. He 
 destroyed some statues and had to drink 
 shamrock. Socrates was a great ridi- 
 culer. 
 
 The Lacons talked Laconic. 
 
 Philip when ten years old was sent as 
 a hostess to Thebes. 
 
 Greece had only 7 wise Men. 
 
 Alexander surpassed all others in his 
 rapidity extent and splendor. He was a 
 model example to the career of others. 
 
 Euins are almost always very histori- 
 cal for they show how much money the 
 inhabitants must have spent on them. 
 Euins often give us the dates of their 
 erection and are very useful in fixing the 
 date of some event. 
 5 [65] 
 
VIII 
 INTELLECTUAL 
 
 (American) 
 
 Lowell, Taylor and Irving stand fore- 
 most among the literature of the day. 
 
 James Russell Lowell, Henry Longfel- 
 low, Whittier and Horthorn have all 
 written pieces of some note. 
 
 Bryant while still a child wrote thana- 
 topsis and then became editor of a paper 
 and lived for many years after. 
 
 A sort of sadness kind of shone in 
 Bryant's poems. 
 
 The Brasebrig Hall and of the Spy was 
 also written by Bryant. 
 
 Washington Irving was a great poet 
 and prose. 
 
 Bracebridge Hall was written by Henry 
 Irving. 
 
 [66] 
 
lEnQlteb as Sbe 10 ftaugbt 
 
 "Washington Irving is noted for his 
 sketch pieces. He also wrote the lives 
 of men. 
 
 Cooper's writings belong to that class 
 of literature called bell lettres. 
 
 Snow Bound was written by Peter 
 Cooper. 
 
 R. Waldo Emerson which is good for 
 solid everyday use in extracting mot- 
 toes. 
 
 Emerson was first a minister but as he 
 couldn't agree he decided to become a 
 poetical and essay writer. 
 
 Longfellow confined himself to poetry. 
 
 Longfellow wrote the "Reck of the 
 Hesperus " aiid " Outer Mare." 
 
 Longfellow has indeed told the tale of 
 Evangeline fully well. 
 
 H. Wadsworth Longfellow is the most 
 prominent writer in North America. 
 Heawather is one of his principle poems 
 a indian tale. Longfellow's poetry is 
 characterized by universalism. 
 
 J. Greenleaf-Whittier whose poetry 
 proves that he was a man into or upon 
 
 [67] 
 
lEnglteb as Sbe is £augbt 
 
 whom the beauties of nature never passed 
 unnoticed. 
 
 Whittier is the author of the famous 
 sonnet, " Sonnet on my Blindness " and 
 the " Marble Form." 
 
 Whittier wrote Tarn Shanta about a 
 Witch in Salem. 
 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes writeings are 
 inclined to humerous. 
 
 Holmes is a very profligate and amus- 
 ing writer. 
 
 Hawthorn has written a quite large se- 
 lection of stories. 
 
 The Scarlit litter and the Spie was 
 written by Hawthorne. 
 
 The House of the Seven G-ables was 
 written by Lord Bryant. 
 
 In the house of Seven Gables it is the 
 story of seven devils who lived in the 
 house. A house situated in Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 Hauthorn wrote the Dear Slyer. 
 
 Cotton Mather was a writer who in- 
 vented the cotton gin and wrote histories. 
 
 Mrs. Southworth's works are among 
 [68] 
 
jSngliab as Sbe is GauQbt 
 
 those classed among the Sentimental and 
 are very much admired by people of that 
 class. 
 
 Joseph Eodman Drake his principal 
 work is lines to my mother's picture. 
 
 Edgar A. Poe was a very cnrdling 
 writer. 
 
 Marmion was written by Poe. 
 
 Eev. E. P. Roe writes religiously. 
 
 Webster is noted for his getting up 
 the dictionary. He also wrote other 
 things besides this. 
 
 Mrs. Beecher Stow wrote a very natu- 
 ral and svmathetic uncle Tom's cabin. 
 
 The author of uncle Tom gives good 
 discriptions of the people and places with 
 whom she is dealing. 
 
 Dread is a story of the disimal swamp. 
 
 Samuel Johnson an American writer. 
 His writing is proved and accepted, being 
 exciting and meretorious. 
 
 Wordsworth was an American writer 
 whose works are such as will ever be ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Locke De Foe and Gibbons were all 
 [69] 
 
jgnglteb as ©be is ZauQht 
 
 American novalists and I have forgotten 
 their works. 
 
 (English) 
 
 Beowulf wrote the Scriptures. 
 
 Cadmus wrote pierce ploughman. 
 
 Adam Bede a prominent writer of his 
 time for he threw his soul and body into 
 his writings. 
 
 King Alfred wrote translations from 
 the Bible and it is regarded as a very 
 fine production yes one of the finest of 
 the period. 
 
 Ben Jonson survived Shakespeare in 
 some respects. 
 
 Fox wrote a very good book of Marters. 
 
 Ben Jonson was a Shakesperian Dram- 
 alist. He was a very rare writer as one 
 of his friends declared. 
 
 Spenser's Fairy queen shows the trials 
 of a Night and the triumphs of a Vertue. 
 
 Chaucer was the father of English 
 pottery. 
 
 Chauser was a bland verse writer of 
 the third century. 
 
 [70] 
 
jEnglieb as Sbe i$ ftaugfot 
 
 Geoffrey Chaucer was a great young 
 boy. His farther was lether seller. As 
 time passed on he was an extraordinary 
 writer of his time. 
 
 Geffrey Chaucer ^x the date of his 
 birth at 1340 suppose to belong to the 
 high class of people from his sir name 
 Chausier French he was armed a knight 
 only very respectfull people could be 
 armed knights. 
 
 Chaucer began his writings during the 
 reign of Queen Anne and they are de- 
 serving of merit being the first of her 
 reign. 
 
 Chaucer was an English poet who in- 
 structed Queen Elizabeth and she mourned 
 greatly for him when he died. His prin- 
 cipal Work was concerning the inhabi- 
 tants of Bath. 
 
 When Chaucer was 21 years of old he 
 engaged in war. He fought valliantly 
 and was unharmed. He also wrote a great 
 many other works on Fowl. 
 
 Chaucer displays his fame which shall 
 always be distinguished from time imme- 
 
 [71] 
 
lEnglisb as ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 moriable. His satyripal stanzas are deep 
 and show that we have found a man of 
 value. The Canterbury Tales are under- 
 taken by several journeymen. The Jolly 
 Man was the amusement for the multi- 
 tude. We had 32 going on the journey 
 but each had no time to Tell a Tale, so 
 they did not tell tales. 
 
 King Arthur was to flourish as mag- 
 nificence in Canterbury Tails. 
 
 Peter Simple was one of the Canter- 
 bury Tales. 
 
 In the Canterbury Tale it gave ac- 
 count of king Alfred on his way to the 
 shrine of Thomas Bucket. 
 
 The Canterbury Tales are 24 volums. 
 It concists or happens in an In in Can- 
 terberry and the people which is not un- 
 customary. 
 
 In the Canterbury Tales the Night of 
 Fextivity arrives and each contributes 
 by singeing or resitation. He is Inspired 
 by angels who bids him sing of the origan 
 of Man. 
 
 Now Chaucer must have been a very 
 [72] 
 
J6ngli0ft ae Sbe is ftaugbt 
 
 keen intelligent man to thus class vari- 
 ous characters and put them in their 
 right place as to have harmony. His 
 mind was always planning. 
 
 Chaucer we find him gazing at his 
 empty purse and apostrophizing it in 
 despare and in terms that show his ab- 
 ject poverty. 
 
 Samson Augusta was one of Chaucer's 
 principal works as it contained his life 
 giving a full account of it. He also wrote 
 something about Paradise. 
 
 Chaucer was succeeded by H. "Wads. 
 Longfellow an American Writer. His 
 writings were chiefly prose and nearly 
 one hundred years elapsed. 
 
 Shakespere is an English author who 
 is uncomputed. 
 
 Shakespeare was a fiction and allegori- 
 cal writer. His father married a lady of 
 means but they became greatly reserved 
 in circumstances. His most intimate 
 friend was Ben Butler who was also a 
 great fiction writer. 
 
 Shakespears translated the Scriptures 
 [73] 
 
jenglisb as ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 and it was called St. James because he 
 did it. 
 
 Shakespere wrote Mackbeth, Othello 
 and Merchant of Vennice, it is a wealthy 
 Jew and Arabella has many suters. 
 
 Hamlet one of Shakespeares best Trage- 
 dies in which Eomeo and Juliet are the 
 principal characters. It is a didactic 
 poem. 
 
 Hamlet set to the stage by so many 
 eminant artists bears strongly the char- 
 acter and mind of the writer. It has 
 been judged not much over much and 
 still holds the palm. 
 
 In the play of Hamlet Shakespere tries 
 to show how brewing over trouble makes 
 people insane. 
 
 In Hamlet the king gave a gladitorial 
 combat in which Hamlet and Laertes is 
 to take part. They all lie dead in the 
 arena. 
 
 The soliloquies of Hamlet throughout 
 the play are notorious. 
 
 Hamlet is very famous for the piece he 
 used to speak about to be or not to be. 
 
 [74] 
 
jEnglteb as ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 The play of Julius Caesar consists of 
 five acts each act being a Sene. He being 
 the center around which all the rest are 
 concerned is the main character. 
 
 King Lear is a play where King Lear 
 has three daughters and is very un- 
 grateful. 
 
 The merchant of Venice is old Shylock 
 who lives in Venice. 
 
 Macbeth was terrified by the ghost of 
 Bancroft. 
 
 Amanda was the heroine of the Tempest. 
 
 Shakespeare's sonnits are on my blind- 
 ness and ode to Imortallity. 
 
 Frances Bacon was born in England 
 and was a chemist, being of a very experi- 
 menting sort of nature. He was a friar 
 or Monk. 
 
 Bacon wrote many things in defense 
 of philosophy and was received by the 
 people. He also wrote a great many his- 
 tories of all the countries. 
 
 Some of the folks say that Lord Bacon 
 wrote a good many of Shakespeare's 
 plays for him. 
 
 [75] 
 
jEnelteb aa ©be \* ftaugbt 
 
 Francis Bacon wrote under the name 
 of Ovum Organum. 
 
 John Milton was a great of the Eliza- 
 bethan age. He Graduated from Colledge 
 and devoted himself to literary persuits. 
 His principal works are Paridise lost and 
 regained this poem is very great when 
 we consider the circumstances which it 
 was written under having been born 
 blind he translated it to his daughter and 
 after all that it was sold for 5 lbs. 
 
 Milton was called the blind poet and 
 justly so as he was born blind. His brain 
 worked and worked until it gave to the 
 world a masterpece of poetry in Paridise 
 Lost. It is his greatest effort though he 
 is the author of several others. 
 
 John Milton's parents paid great atten- 
 tion to his litarary talents. John was a 
 mere boy when his parents noticed him 
 displaying great genius and love for 
 writting and they then set to work to have 
 this spirit advanced. 
 
 John Milton's parents could not send his 
 son to school so long as he desired to. So 
 
 [76] 
 
English as Sbe is ZTaugbt 
 
 he was sent to work at a early ago to pro- 
 cure a means of livelihood, he was willing 
 to do almost every thing to get along, so 
 as to take part in some literary pursuit. 
 So providence favored his attempts. 
 
 Milton's father was a Pureitan but still 
 wished to give his son a good education. 
 He spent a few years with a privit tutor 
 and then went to reside in his father's 
 palace where he studied music and mathe- 
 matics. 
 
 Milton showed great aptitude for love 
 of learning, so that his education was 
 carefully looked into. He was very popu- 
 lar with the puritan party because he was 
 such a very puritan. 
 
 Milton had a very intellectual mind. 
 
 The early part of Milton's life was up- 
 hill work. He rose in favor towards the 
 central part. 
 
 John Milton was always poor. He 
 never became rich. He had a great many 
 trials and suffering and povety. 
 
 Milton formed a type of the Puritan 
 ascendency. 
 
 [77] 
 
jEnglteb as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 John Milton wrote translations and 
 very sublime writings. 
 
 Milton is divided into three periods. 
 L'Allegro was a novel written by him the 
 greatest of English novelists since Shake- 
 speare. Ill Penserose was written by him. 
 
 Three times Milton gave his hand and 
 was united in matrimony. 
 
 Milton's married life was not happy. 
 He married three wives in succession. 
 
 Milton's wife would not live with him. 
 His life was to strict for her. At last 
 thinking that he ment to get a Divorce 
 as he was writeing on that subject she 
 returned to him. 
 
 Milton wrote " Miltons Paradise " lost 
 and " Paradise " regained in which Satan 
 is represent as rebelling against our Sa- 
 viour just as sinners and those who have 
 sinned but have been converted. 
 
 Milton's principal work is the exclu- 
 sion of the bad angels out of heaven. 
 
 Paradise lost begins rather low at first, 
 but ends in one great climax. 
 
 John Bunyan lived a life of scantity. 
 [78] 
 
The principal works of John Dryden 
 was Lives of the poets, belonging to 
 Literature. 
 
 Addison is the author of child Harold. 
 
 Sam Johnson was so queer in his writ- 
 ings that he was always called John- 
 sonese. 
 
 Fielding his works have been regarded 
 with great success. 
 
 Bichardson had the honor of standing 
 among the first of his time. 
 
 Sterne may be regarded as a formost 
 writer of great praise. 
 
 Smollett is a writer of great renown to 
 some but others have never considered 
 his genius. 
 
 Peter the simple was written by Hume 
 so as to describe a man who was not very 
 bright. 
 
 By DeFoe's genius he managed to get 
 hold of the necessities of life and so man- 
 aged to live. 
 
 John Locke was a writer of England 
 who wrote very extremely on Political 
 Economy. 
 
 [79] 
 
Englteb as ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 John Locke's works were ministerial. 
 
 John Locke's writings are sarcastic and 
 cold. He wrote a white Devil essay. 
 
 John Locke was not of a poetical turn 
 of mind. 
 
 John Locke's works are full of energy 
 and lack no little want of thought. 
 
 Alexander Pope is an English Novalist 
 and deserving of special praise when we 
 consider his misfortunes in bodily ail- 
 ments. No other is so instructive as 
 Pope's essay on man it shows deep know- 
 ledge of man caracter. 
 
 Alexander Pope the worthy successor 
 to dryden to the Throne of Poesy. He 
 was sick by deformed in body. 
 
 Pope's life was quite bitter. He had a 
 great deal of sarcasm and wrote a very 
 fine essay upon Man. This was consid- 
 ered his master stroke. 
 
 Pope was deformed in many ways so 
 much so that his mother was to be his ser- 
 vant at any moment he spoke. His writ- 
 enings are famous for the lucid arrange- 
 ment of matters and for much genius. 
 
 [80] 
 
j£ngli0b as ©be is ftaugbt 
 
 Pope writes a poem about a maid of 
 honor has beautiful hair cut off and let 
 to fly in the wind for which poem he is 
 reproved and he tries to correct its falts. 
 
 Pope wrote Dunciade in which the 
 thrown of the dunces is given to his lit- 
 terary enimes. He wrote the Guardeen. 
 
 Pope belonged *to the lake school and 
 later on his writtings were free from the 
 bitter sattire which shown out of his later 
 works. 
 
 Pope's masterpiece was essay on man 
 in which he wrote his ideas. The quo- 
 tations I do not think can be improved 
 upon. 
 
 In the Eape of the Locke there is a 
 Story depicted in it. 
 
 Jonathan Swift belonged to the English 
 Church but was not much of a orna- 
 ment from a religious point of view. 
 
 Jonathan Swift belonged to what is 
 called the lake school of Poetry. 
 
 Swift wrote a Ulogy on His own death 
 a touching poem is his lines to Stellar on 
 her death. 
 
 [81] 
 
lertQlisb as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 Swift wrote the tale of a tub between 
 Catholics and Protestants. 
 
 Swift wrote the famous poem of Twis- 
 tam Shanty. 
 
 Jonathan Swift's mind was from far 
 away back tainted with insanity. 
 
 Swift wrote Glullifer's travels which 
 was discription of what he was supposed 
 to see on a journey which he was sup- 
 posed he took. 
 
 Oliver Goldsmith's Histories are not 
 very good but his other works are classed 
 among the 1st. 
 
 Burns chief poem was called " Tamo- 
 schanta." 
 
 Tarn OShanter is a sort of a ghost 
 story told by an old man. A supersti- 
 tious something that people believed in 
 those days. 
 
 Cowper had a melchomcally or sad dis- 
 position but wrote feeling lines. 
 
 Child Harold is Cowper's most famous 
 work. This was the only novel he ever 
 wrote not being much of a novel writer. 
 Robinson Cruso was "William Cowper. 
 
 [82] 
 
j£ngli0b as ©be is £augbt 
 
 Wm. "Wordsworth wrote the Barefoot 
 Boy and Imitations on Immortality. 
 
 Gibbon wrote a History of His travels 
 in Italy. This was original. 
 
 Lord Byron was a great novelist. He 
 also wrote a few poems. 
 
 Lord Byron was the son of an heiress 
 and a drnnken man. 
 
 Coleridge has caused them much joy 
 and pleasure as he has written a large 
 number of charming and illustrated 
 works. 
 
 Thomas Hood wrote the Song of the 
 Shirt a very laughable and prety writing : 
 About a lady riding. 
 
 Sir Walter Scott was the greatest poet 
 Scotland ever produced his principal 
 work was ye banks and brays he also 
 wrote a poem entitled Ivan Hoe. 
 
 Sir Walter Scott ranked equal with 
 any in point of genius as they did in 
 popularity. 
 
 Scott's great powers of discription and 
 makes his works appear as if they hap- 
 pened all over again. Marmion is one 
 
 [83] 
 
jEnglisb as ©be is Znuoht 
 
 example where the rattling of the chains 
 and so on are brought back to us again. 
 
 Marmion is a neatly written tale. 
 
 Marmion was a beautiful maiden who 
 had many trials and afflictions. It is 
 filled with illusions to Nature. 
 
 Marmion was a story of country life 
 described Marmion as a riding forth to 
 gain glory. 
 
 Kenilworth is a story nicely delivered 
 of the literature of the day. 
 
 Scott was the author of "Watts on the 
 Mind. 
 
 Scott was great in prose, poetry and 
 misfortune. 
 
 Macauleys was a great poet having 
 been educated in a village he then be- 
 came an editor of an evening paper and 
 among his best works are the clock on 
 the Stairs. Macauleys and Wittier are 
 compared because both labored for the 
 good of mankind. 
 
 Lord Macauley was born in London 
 at a time when there was the greatest 
 need to England of a good historian. 
 
 [84] 
 
j£ngli$b as ©be is ftaugbt 
 
 Thomas B. Macauley's was a man of 
 stern but gentle parents. He had every 
 amusement that parents could bestow on 
 a child. 
 
 Thomas Babbington Makorley gradu- 
 ated at Harvard and then studied law, he 
 was raised to the peerage as Baron in 
 1557 and died in 1776. 
 
 Macauley wrote Comeration Odes to a 
 grecian earn under the willow. 
 
 Thomas B. Macauley was the author of 
 Pilgrims Progress. 
 
 Maclauley's writings are all essays. 
 He has loose and peodic sentences nicely 
 arranged. He is very carefull always to 
 perfect harmony. 
 
 Macauley's writings are noted for bril- 
 liant thought but not for very much ac- 
 curacy. His works received a large sale. 
 
 It is a question is not Macauly some- 
 times to oratorical. 
 
 George Eliot is quite an authoress. 
 
 GJ-eorge Elliot is a writer of some worth. 
 
 Geo. Elliott is the best lady Novalist in 
 English. 
 
 [851 
 
jenglieb as ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 George Eliot left a wife and children 
 who mourned greatly for his genius. 
 
 George Eliot gained renown by her 
 work on Jane Ayre. 
 
 George Eliott Miss Mary Evans Mrs. 
 Cross Mrs. Lewis was the greatest female 
 poet unless George Sands is made an 
 exception of. 
 
 Dickens is a great novelist he makes 
 us fall in with his caracters. 
 
 Dickens is one of the Greatest Ameri- 
 can Novilist. 
 
 Dickens is noted for his multiplicity in 
 telling stories. 
 
 Dickens is a very smart man and a por- 
 trait of character. 
 
 Dickens gives an incite into human 
 life. 
 
 Dickens is the most human writer Old 
 Curiosity Shop was written by David 
 Copperfield. 
 
 Bulwell is considered a good writer. 
 
 Lord Lytton former Bulwer placed 
 himself at the head of English poets. 
 
 Thackeray's genius is original. 
 [86] 
 
jEnglisb as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 Thacerey is a Great Genius. He gives 
 us the fashionable life. 
 
 Mrs. Browning wrote sonnets to the 
 Pottery Geese. 
 
 Mrs. Brownings Song of the Shirt is in 
 almost every reader. 
 
 Tennyson is a very populus poet. 
 
 The greatest writers of the present day 
 are Lord Beconsfield who wrote the " His- 
 tory of Cyprus " and Miss Braddon who 
 wrote " Peverel of the Peak." 
 
 Sir "Walter Scott Charles Bronte Alfred 
 the Great and Johnson were the first 
 great Novelists. 
 
 The most important event in the life 
 of Horace was his birth in 45. 
 
 The Iliad is called an Epic poem because 
 it was first written in the Epic dialect. 
 
 Homer's writings are Homer's Essays 
 Virgil the Aneid and paradise lost some 
 people say that these poems were not 
 written by Homer but by another man of 
 the same name. 
 
 Sanscrit is not used as much as it used 
 to be as it went out of use 1500 B. C. 
 
 [87] 
 
IX 
 PHILOSOPHICAL 
 
 The name of the great philosopher of 
 modern times was called Eurekia. 
 
 The principle of Diogenes was that he 
 could move the world if he could find a 
 place big enough to stand in. 
 
 Franklin proved that electricity and 
 lightning are rods. 
 
 Temperature is measured by a machine 
 called a hydrometer. 
 
 Sun melts ice by the law of cohesion of 
 atoms. 
 
 An inclined plane is a plane that in- 
 clines. 
 
 Drops of water are generally spherical 
 for various reasons known only to the 
 gracious Providence who has formed 
 them. 
 
 [88] 
 
jEnglisb as ©be is ZTaugbt 
 
 Affinity is a liking evinced between 
 two objects, contact not being necessary. 
 One person may have an affinity or liking 
 for another. 
 
 Capillary attraction is the attraction 
 between hair. A person's hair is affected 
 by fright. The hair of some animals is 
 attracted by lightning. 
 
 A body will go just as far in the first 
 second as the body will go plus the force 
 the gravity and that's equal to twice 
 what the body will go. 
 
 Specific gravity is the weight to be 
 compared weight of an equal volume of 
 or that that is the weight of the body 
 compared with the weight of and equal 
 volume. 
 
 Inertia is that proberty of bodies by 
 virtue of which it cannot change its own 
 condition of rest or motion. In other 
 words it is the negative quality of pas- 
 siveness either in recoverable latency or 
 insipient latescence. 
 
 The air pump is an instrument used 
 for forcing water into a pump and expel- 
 
 [89] 
 
Englteb as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 ling it by means of a vacuum. It ascends 
 in the water downwards. 
 
 The law of fluid pressure divide the 
 different forms of organized bodies by 
 the form of attraction and the number 
 increased will be the form. 
 
 By convection the body is heated in- 
 stantaneous, as gunpowder. 
 
 The reason a body falls when not sup- 
 ported is that there is not enough air 
 under it to keep it up and so it has to 
 fall or the specific gravity is not great 
 enough to hold it up. 
 
 The difference between latent and sen- 
 sible heat is that it feels sensible. 
 
 If you listen closely you can vibrate a 
 pitchfork. 
 
 If an experiment be successful the re- 
 sult will be inevitable. 
 
 Thermal unit is the heat required to 
 raise a pound of water through one foot. 
 
 If we were on a railroad track and a 
 train was coming the train would deafen 
 our ears so that we couldn't see to get off 
 the track. 
 
 [90] 
 
jBnglteb aa ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 Tides are caused by the reflection of 
 the sun and moon upon the water. 
 
 Sir Isaac Newton founded the " Laws 
 of Gravity." 
 
 A simple pendulum is an imaginary 
 point hung on a thread. 
 
 The vibrations of a pendulum is deter- 
 mined by the time they take. 
 
 A noise is a collection of sounds which 
 means nothing but a clatter. 
 
 Sound is that form or motion of the 
 mind which effects the oratory nerves. 
 
 A sound is not like a noise because it 
 has essential things to depend upon and 
 a noise has not. 
 
 To get gold from its ore it is polished 
 and heated. 
 
 Metals are changed in their elements 
 by fussing them together. 
 
 [91] 
 
X 
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL 
 
 Physillogigy is to study about your 
 bones stummick and vertebry. 
 
 Disease is any affection of any organ 
 of the body. 
 
 Disease is more common to some peo- 
 ple than to others. 
 
 Disease is sickness caused by the in- 
 troduction of some foreign generally in- 
 sect substance as cholera. 
 
 "When you have a illness it makes 
 your health bad as well as having a 
 disease. 
 
 All mechanical work is injurious to 
 the health. 
 
 If a sawyer does not wear spectacles 
 he will be sure to lose his sight. 
 
 [92] 
 
jEnglieb as ©be is ftaugbt 
 
 Occupations which are injurious to 
 health are carbolic acid gas which is im- 
 pure blood. 
 
 A stone mason's work is injurious be- 
 cause when he is chipping he breathes in 
 all the little chips and then they are taken 
 into the lungs. 
 
 A bootmaker's trade is very injurious 
 because the bootmakers always press the 
 boot against the thorax and therefore it 
 presses the thorax in and it touches the 
 heart and if they do not die they are 
 cripples for life. 
 
 The body is mostly composed of water 
 and about one half is avaricious tissue. 
 
 The body has an infinite number of 
 bones joined together by the joints. 
 
 The spine is quite an important bone. 
 
 The spinal column is made of bones 
 running all over the body. 
 
 We have an upper and a lower skin. 
 The lower skin moves all the time and 
 the upper skin moves when we do. 
 
 The upper skin is called eppederby 
 and the lower skin is called derby. 
 
 [93] 
 
jEnglisb as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 We should never eat because the food 
 does not digest. 
 
 Digestion belongs to the lower ani- 
 mals. 
 
 Digestion is the circulation of the blood. 
 
 Digestion is reducing our food to plump. 
 
 Digestion is when food is taken into the 
 stomach. 
 
 The digestive fluids are the nerves mus- 
 cles and bones. 
 
 The organs of digestion are the stomach 
 liver spleen and utensils. 
 
 The stomach is a small pear-shaped 
 bone situated in the body. 
 
 After swallowing the food undergoes 
 mastification. 
 
 The gastric juice keeps the bones from 
 creaking. 
 
 The gastric juice digests the stomach. 
 
 There are three salivary glands. The 
 lacteals in the intestines. The lymphatic 
 in the stomach. They change starch to 
 grape sugar in the mouth. 
 
 Eating rapidly the food does not give 
 the saliva time to get into the mouth. 
 
 [94] 
 
j£ngli6b as ©be 10 ftaugbt 
 
 The salivary glands are used to salivate 
 the body. 
 
 Perspiration is caused by the culinary 
 glands. 
 
 The chyle flows up the middle of the 
 backbone and reaches the heart where it 
 meets the oxygen and is purified. 
 
 The thoraic duct leads from the exte- 
 rior ear to the drum. 
 
 The thoraic duct is a tube in the back 
 of the neck. 
 
 When food is swallowed it passes 
 through the windpipe and stops at the 
 right side and some of it goes to make 
 blood. 
 
 In the stomach starch is changed to 
 cane-sugar and cane-sugar to sugar- 
 cane. 
 
 We all have a very important ele- 
 mentary cannal. 
 
 The heart is a comical shaped bag. 
 
 The function of the heart is between 
 the lungs. 
 
 The heart is suspended from the fifth 
 pair of ribs. 
 
 [95] 
 
lEngiteb ae Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 The heart manufactures the blood and 
 the liver keeps it going. 
 
 Whenever the heart is emptied by the 
 action of the lungs it causes disease. 
 
 When the heart beats it stirs up the 
 blood and that digests the food. 
 
 The work of the heart is to repair 
 the different organs in about half a 
 minute. 
 
 The nerve centers are the cartilages of 
 the nerves. 
 
 The optic nerve is the principal nerve 
 used in digestion. 
 
 The optic nerve is the nerve located at 
 the base of the brain. 
 
 The olfactory nerve enters the cavity 
 of the orbit and is developed into the 
 special sense of hearing. 
 
 Nerves always give us the toothache. 
 
 Neuralgia is caused by nerves trying 
 to pierce the bones. 
 
 The bones need constant oiling. This 
 oil is called cartilege and runs from all 
 the glands in the body. 
 
 The eyes are set in two sockets in a 
 [96] 
 
jEnQlteb as Sbe is £augbt 
 
 bone which turns up at the end and then 
 becomes the nose. 
 
 When the blood circulates in the brain 
 it is called intermittent. 
 
 The blood flows through the alimentery 
 canal into the abdominal canopy. 
 
 The blood is putrefied in the lungs by 
 inspired air. 
 
 The blood corpusels interfere with the 
 liver and prevents circulation. 
 
 The three coverings of the brain are 
 the diameter, the perimeter and the 
 trachea. 
 
 When the intestines become congealed 
 they are followed by instant death. 
 
 Albumen is a classification of articles 
 of food. 
 
 Albumen is a whity substance existing 
 in the white of an egg to a great extent. 
 
 Alcoholic beverages greatly obstruct 
 the breaking down of the body. 
 
 The heart lungs and blood is very dan- 
 gerous. 
 
 The cow has a pulse as well as any- 
 body else. 
 
 7 [97] 
 
j£nglteb aa Sbe is GauQbt 
 
 The cow has a pulse but you can not 
 feel it at his wrist. 
 
 A cow has no pulse but the higher 
 animals sometimes do. 
 
 All animals that have feet are called 
 quadrupeds. 
 
 The molars are the teeth that grow 
 outside the head. 
 
 The growth of a tooth begins in the 
 back of the mouth and extends to the 
 stomach. 
 
 We are vacksinated for the smallpox 
 and verylord. 
 
 Fat is found in the creases of the body. 
 
 An anatomical figure is to illustrate 
 diseases of the skin. 
 
 [98] 
 
XI 
 ASTRONOMICAL 
 
 A Sidereal day is the time from the 
 sun leaving the sky till he appears again. 
 
 The farther the sun is up the longer it 
 takes it to set and the days are longer 
 in summer than when the sun is low 
 down. 
 
 The weight of the earth is found by 
 comparing a mass of known lead with 
 that of a mass of unknown lead. 
 
 To find the weight of the earth take 
 the length of a degree on a meridian and 
 multiply by 62J pounds. 
 
 The size of the earth is found by find- 
 ing the horizontal parallax of the sun. 
 
 Abberation is if we saw a star and 
 shot at it, the shot would not pass through 
 the center but through the side. 
 
 [99] 
 
 L Qs v. 
 
jEnglisb as Sbe ia Gaugbt 
 
 The moon is 240 miles from the earth. 
 
 The moon's nodes are the corners of 
 the moon's orbit. 
 
 The reason for believing that there are 
 mountains on the moon is due to the 
 shadows reflected on the earth. 
 
 The libration of the moon show the 
 north, east, south, and west sides of the 
 heavens. 
 
 The motions of the moon are found by 
 watching the sun spots. 
 
 There can be an eclipse of the moon 
 when the sun gets into the moon's shadow. 
 
 Juniper is a very bright star. 
 
 Yenus, Jupiter and perhaps the earth 
 was known to the ancients. 
 
 Mars moves in his orbit at the rate of 
 sixteen seconds a mile. 
 
 The earth is 1492 miles in circum- 
 ference. 
 
 The spheres are to each other as the 
 squares of their homologous sides. 
 
 Eclipses are caused whenever the ob- 
 scuration of a body is passed by the 
 shadow of some other body. 
 
 [100] 
 
Bnglisb as Sbe ie ftaugbt 
 
 The planets shine with a steady light 
 but the stars sprinkle. 
 
 The stars would cover up the whole 
 heavens if they were all spread out so 
 astronomers have concluded to arrange 
 them in constellations. 
 
 [101] 
 
XII 
 POLITICAL 
 
 The world would be in a state of cos- 
 mos if it had no system of government. 
 
 Congress is divided into civilized half 
 civilized and savage. 
 
 The Constitution of the United States 
 was established to ensure domestic hos- 
 tility. 
 
 The Constitution of the United States 
 is that part of the book at the end which 
 nobody reads. 
 
 The first Conscientious Congress met 
 in Philadelphia. 
 
 A bill becomes a law when the Presi- 
 dent vetos it. 
 
 The three departments in the general 
 government are the White House, Cus- 
 tom House and United Treasury. 
 
 [102] 
 
jenglieb as ©be is Gaugbt 
 
 The three departments of the govern- 
 ment is the President rules the world, the 
 governor rules the state, the mayor rules 
 the city. 
 
 There are two political divisions in the 
 United States the democrats and repub- 
 lican. 
 
 The number of Senaters from each 
 State is determined by the number of 
 votes. 
 
 The Articles of Confederation were 
 made by the Confederates and the Con- 
 stitution by all the people. 
 
 [103] 
 
XIII 
 MUSICAL 
 
 Musical sounds differ because some are 
 nicer than others. 
 
 Pitch is the length of the keyboard of 
 a orgin. 
 
 An interval in music is the distance on 
 the key board from one piano to the next. 
 
 The value of a whole note depends on 
 where it comes. 
 
 A hole note requires three beats. 
 
 A Rest means you are not to sing it. 
 
 "We always sing five lines and four 
 spaces. 
 
 A dotted note holds on longer. 
 
 [104] 
 
XIV 
 OEATOEICAL 
 
 Elocution is opening the mouth wide 
 open. 
 
 It is a very important thing to breathe. 
 
 We should always breathe with the 
 musels of the diagram unless we have 
 catarr or a cold in the head. 
 
 Vigorous breathing gives you wind in 
 the lungs. 
 
 Strong breathing prevents bilious defi- 
 ciencies. 
 
 By breathing any slight adhesion of 
 the lungs is torn away. 
 
 Good breathing prevents contagious 
 diseases from settling in the systum. 
 
 Breathing is very good for reading for 
 when you are reading you carnt breathe 
 at all and so it is good to breath a good 
 deal before. 
 
 [105] 
 
j£ngli0b as Sbe is Gaugbt 
 
 Articulation is caused by resperation. 
 
 Distinct articulation can not be made 
 unless we have a tongue our lips and our 
 teeth. 
 
 Vowel sounds are made by keeping the 
 mouth wide open and consonant sounds 
 by keeping it shut. 
 
 The Asperate quality of voice is when 
 you try to say something in a whisper. 
 
 Force is more loudness sometimes than 
 others. 
 
 Emphasis is putting more distress on 
 one word than another. 
 
 Inflection is when the voice goes up 
 and then comes down again it is a period. 
 
 A retorical pause is when you have to 
 take breath. 
 
 Stammering is caused by some detri- 
 ment in the speech. 
 
 Physical exercise makes the vocal mus- 
 cles operate stronger. 
 
 [106] 
 
XV 
 METAPHYSICAL 
 
 The study of Mental Philosophy teaches 
 us that we are all sensible beings. 
 
 The imagination is that part of the 
 mind which looks forward to that which 
 it does not lay its visible eye on. 
 
 An energy is perfected when it is tan- 
 tamount. 
 
 The Canons of Induction were invented 
 by Sir Humphrey Davy. 
 
 Hamilton made a long and exhausting 
 analysis of sense perception. 
 
 Eeid considered externality to be some- 
 thing hard. 
 
 The theory that intuitive truths are 
 discovered by the light of nature origi- 
 nated from St. John's interpretation of a 
 passage in the Gospel of Plato. 
 
 [107] 
 
EnQlteb as Sbe is ftaugbt 
 
 Man's moral life first originated in his 
 perception of the world of Nature. 
 
 Herodetus tells ns that the Egyptians 
 were the first men who had immortal 
 souls. 
 
 [108] 
 
ONL COPY RECEIVED 
 
 JUN 23 1903 
 
 ' COPY DEL. TO CAT. DIV. 
 JUN. 24 1903 
 
 .