^ v"* V- ^ v <-> -\V ' a* -Kl ^ ' X° ^ oS V, '/ \- #*- ■«& ** ' .A iV /> ^ v * . «*> ^ ^ ^ A N & A, A- s * N .0 ^ H I \ ', ,^ V ' f' v \ ^ % * <*■ AA v \ \ ^ -S v* v ** "^ ** v V >y ,* x v^ v-' <->, / y- A° ^0 4> A- N t/. c^ o\" v< v '• A^' 'V <■> ■^fit ' -A ■ > / V 'J vA V- v? .v><^ V O A vX> ^r \ ^ * H -^ c^. .} "Co. \ v ii Ssyj iff '>«&>*. The Doctor, en route for Yyola, on a Camel, is attiicked l)y a Lion. wounded, and barely escapes with Ins Life I fcr *>oftor. ouf bem SGfiege imdj St)olo owf cincm Rowele, n>irt> mm cincm Somen severely anflefaUeiv ALL HONOR TO STANLEY! OR, DAVID LIVINGSTONE'S DISCOVERIES II AFBI6JL Hi* Letters, which are deeply interesting, and of great historical value, art written in an unsurpassed style. Here and there the reader will find an interpolation into the most serious and thrilling narratives of broad jokes and humorous allusions, blending, in an entrancing manner, the description of striking situations, with those of a ludicrous nature. Horrors of the Internecine Wars and Internal Slave Trade! THE DIAMOND FIELDS. Also, 3VL. 33© CXtLAlTuLe's Adventures &Disco veries IN AFRICA. r ihpc^csL & MQi)G»0g^®^§ [1(^(3 OS &^QGtf©§. 3 3o$X PHILADELPHIA: 4 BARCLAY & CO., PUBLISHERS, 21 K. Seventh Street, Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by E. B. BARCLAY & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at "Washington, D. 0. INTERESTING PREFACE. Mr. Stanley's Documentary Proof! — The Livingstone Let- ters! — All Doubts dispelled! — The Doctor's son Testifies! — Testimony from Celebrated Personages of Euhope. [N the 31st of July, 1872, the American residents of Paris gavB a grand banquet to Henry M. Stanley, Esq., the New York Herald correspondent, in honor of his exertions in discover- ing Dr. David Livingstone, the African explorer. In re- sponding to the toast of his health, Mr. Stanley said that tho applause was chiefly due to the generosity of James Gordon Bennett, jr., the young proprietor of the New York Herald. Mr. Bennett sent a telegram to Mr. Stanley at Madrid, saying that he believed Livingstone was still living and ought to be found. At the interview with Mr. Stanley, when the expedition was set on foot, Mr. Bennett said: "Here are five thousand dollars; when that is spent take five thousand more, and then five thousand more. Don't keep a strict account, but find Livingstone." Mr. Stanley, after describing the difficulties of the journey, added, tl I should not have had the courage to go on, but for the thought that a man of science and a Christian who had devoted himself to the advancement of human knowledge, had no hope of safety but from me." England was reluctantly forced to acknowledge that American en- terprise, as shown in Stanley's search, aided by the liberality of the late James Gordon Bennett, sr. (which was afterwards ably and generously "seconded" by his son, James Gordon Bennett, jr.), at an outlay of many thousands of dollars, has accomplished that which at home, in the mother country, was a complete failure. Tho doubts that were entertained in reference to the truth of the report of the discovery of Dr. David Livingstone, by Mr. Henry M. Stan- ley, the New York Herald commissioner, were entirely dispelled by the certificates of Earl Granville, the British Minister of Foreign 19 20 INTERESTING PREFACE. Affairs, and of Mr. S. Livingstone, the son of the long-lost AfricaD explorer. Under date of August 1st, 1872, Yiscount Enfield, Secre- tary to Ep"1 Granville, formally acknowledges the receipt of a package containing letters and despatches from Dr. Livingstone, which Mr. Stanley had delivered to Lord Lyons, the British Ambassador at Paris, for transmission to the English Foreign Office. Under date of August 2d, Earl Granville writes an autograph letter to Mr. Stanley, alluding to the doubts as to the authenticity of Dr. Living- stone's despatches delivered to Lord Lyons, and says that, after in- quiring into the matter, he finds that Mr. E. Hammond, Under- Secretary, and Mr. Wm. Henry Wylde, Senior Olerk of the For- eign Office, have not the slightest doubt as to the genuineness of the papers transmitted through Lord Lyons, which are now being printed. Earl Granville expresses his admiration of the qualities which have enabled Mr. Stanley to achieve the object of his mission. Mr. S. Livingstone also certifies that Mr. Stanley has handed to him the diary of Dr." Livingstone, which he has not the slightest reason to doubt is his father's journal. The diary was in a closed package, sealed and signed by Dr. Livingstone, with instructions written on the outside, and signed by the African explorer. Mr. S. Livingstone also says that the letters brought by Stanley are from Dr. Livingstone, and from no other person. This evidence would seem sufficient to remove even the doubts of the German geographer Keipert, who is incredulous as to the authenticity of the Livingstone letters, in consequence of the various alleged geo- graphical blunders contained in them. These despatches were conveyed to England by Mr. II. M. Stan- ley, the New York Herald correspondent and discoverer of Living- stone, and were delivered by him to Earl Granville, who, in a formal letter, testified to the genuineness of the documents. These letters, also published by the British Foreign Office, are wrkten in the same free and easy style as that used by Dr. Livingstone in his pre- vious communications to the Neio York Herald, and are pointed with apt and homely illustrations of an occasional Scottish flavor. One of the strong arguments advanced in England against the authen- ticity of the Livingstone letters to the Herald was the supposed in- terpolation into the most serious narratives of broad jokes and humorous allusions. The most charitable construction placed on the letters was that they were genuine, but had been highly spiced by the N°w York Herald correspondent, for American consumption. INTERESTING PREFACE. 21 Unfortunately lor this theory, Mr. Stanley's report to the Herald was very dry reading in comparison with Livingstone's letters; and now that the official communications from "Her Majesty's Consul for Inner Africa" have appeared, all doubts are removed. The despatches giving accounts of the dangers of exploring the wilds of inner Africa, of the horrors of the internal slave trade, and of the internecine wars of the tribes, also overflow with lmrth, and ex- hibit the highest spirits even when describing scenes of great per- sonal ris^ It was certainly very natural to ask how it h<*Moened that Dr, Livingstone, who, in his printed books of travels, hav. aver* a mere barren outline of the adventures through which he hau mas- sed, should now suddenly break out into a vein of wit and hum v- of which he had never before been suspected. But the question has undoubtedly been answered, and the doubts have certainly been removed by the genuine despatches of Livingstone, about which there can be no cavil, since they have been issueu under the author- ity of the British Foreign Office. Another matter of surprise is the remarkable and unusual development of humor in Dr. Living- stone, for, according to Dr. Johnson, that sense does not exist in Scotchmen. At a later day Sydney Smith admitted that humor could be found in Scotchmen, but said that it must be extracted by a "cork-screw," meaning that North Britons only exhibit a lively disposition at convivial parties. The same effect, however, in Dr. Livingstone's case was produced by a residence of over five years in the wilds of inner Africa. /! ALL HONOB TO STAHSTX/E-X" 1 DR. DAVID LIVINGSTONE'S DISCOVERIES IN AFRICA. HIS DEEPLY INTERESTING LETTERS.— LIFE AND ADVENTURES IN AFRICA. R. DAYID LIVINGSTONE was born at Blantyre, nearGlaa- | gow, about 1SL7. His parents were poor, and he was compel- „ _} led at an early age to work in a cotton mill, picking up scanty to^tf knowledge in the intervals of sleep and labor. As lie ad- vanced in years he began studying to become a missionary, and after passing through courses of theology and of medicine lie was, in 18-10, sent as a missionary to Port Natal, in South Africa. He labored long and faithfully among the natives, and travelled ex tensively through the unexplored wilds of those regions. During sixteen years he had marched over 11,000 miles. While in Africa he married a Miss Moilatt, the daughter of a fellow-missionary, who accompanied him on his travels, until her untimely death, from fever, at Shupanga, in 1S(>2. Dr. Livingstone returned to England,- in 1850, and published his first book, "Missionary Travels and Re- searches in South Africa." He visited Africa a second time, in March, 1858, when he undertook the Zambezi Expedition, discover- ing Lake Nyassa. On this expedition he lost and buried his wife. In 1SG3 Dr. Livingstone returned to England, and published his second volume of travels, entitled "An Expedition to the Zambezi and its Tributaries." lie visited Africa for a third time, in lSb'6, ami started up the Rovuma river, lie was heard i'rom occasionally, uj) to 1S67, when the false news of his murder was brought to Zan- zibar, by a deserter from his expedition. Nothing further of Living- stone's whereabouts was learned until March, 1869, when he waa 25 26 db. da vi© Livingstone's heard from at Ujiji. A long silence of two years t(K;n envied when the New York Herald Exploring Expedition, under Mr. Henry M. Stanley, was sent out, and resulted in the discovery of the great African Explorer. A brother of Dr. Livingstone residing in Listowell, Ontario, sends the following letter, vouches for authenticity, and kindly con- sents to its publication : "I enclose extracts from a letter just received from my brother, Dr. Livingstone, of the date of Ujiji, Nov. 16th, 1871, which I presume came along with Mr. Stanley's despatches. On the enve- lope is written, ' This leaves Unyanyembe on the 14th of March, 1872.' Signed John Livingstone." Toronto, Canada, August 19th. — The following is Dr. Living- stone's letter to his brother in Canada Ujiji, November 16th, 1871. — My Dear Brother: — I received your welcome letter in February last, written when the cable news made you put off your suits of mourning. It was the first intimation I had that a cable had been successfully laid in the deep Atlantic. Very few letters have reached me for years, in con- sequence of my friends speculating where I should come out, on the West coast, down the Nile, or elsewhere. The water-shed is a broad upland between four thousand and five thousand feet above the sea, and some seven hundred miles long. The springs of the Nile that rise thereon are almost innumerable. It would take the best part of a man's lifetime to count them. Ono part, sixty-four miles of latitude, gave thirty-two springs from calf to waist deep, or one spring for every two miles. A bird's eye view of them would be like the lines of the frost on the window panes. To ascertain that all of these fountains united with four great rivers in the upper part of the Nile valley was a work of time and much travel. Many a weary foot I trod ere light dawned on the ancient problem. If I had left at the end of two years, for which my bare expenses were paid, I could have thrown little more light on the country than the Portuguese, who, in their three slavery visits to Cazembe, asked for ivory and slaves, and heard of nothing else. I asked about the waters, questioned and cross -questioned till I was really ashamed and almost afraid of being set down as afflicted with hydrocephalus. I went forward, backwards and sideways, EI3C0VERIES IN AFRICA. 27 feeling my raiy, and every step of the way I was generally groping in the dark, for who cared where the rivers ran ? Of these four rivers into which the springs of the Nile converge, the central one, called Lualaba, is the largest. It begins at the river Chambeze, which flows into the great lake Bangwolo. On leaving it, its name is changed from Chambeze to Luapula, and that enters Lake Mocro. Coming out of it the Lualaba is assumed, and it flows into a third lake (Kamolondo), which receives one of the four large drains mentioned above. It then follows on and makes enormous bends to the west, which made me often fear that I was following the Conge instead of the Nile. It is from one to three miles broad, and never can be waded at any part or at any time of the year. Far down the valley it re- ceives another of the four large rivers above mentioned. The Lockie or Lomame, which flows through what I have named Lake Lincoln, then joined the central Luluaba. We have then only two lines of drainage in the lower part of the great valley, that is Tanganyika and Albert Lake, which are but one lake river, or say, if you want to be pedantic, Lagustrinc river. These two form the eastern line. The Luluaba, which I call Webb's Luluaba, is then the western line, nearly as depicted by Ptolemy in the second century of our era. After the Lomame enters the Luluaba, the fourth great lake in the central line of drain- age is found, but this I have not yet seen, nor yet the link between the eastern and western mains. At the top of Ptolemy's loop the great central line goes down into a large reedy lake, possibly those reported to Nero's Centurion and those from the western or Pethe- rick's arm, which Speke and Grant, and Baker believed to be the river of Egypt. Neither can be called the Nile until they unite. The lakes mentioned in the central line of drainage are by no means small. Lake Bangwolo at the lowest estimate is one hundred and fifty miles long, and I tried to cross it and measure its breadth exactly. The first stage was to an inhabited island twenty-four miles. The second stage could be seen from its highest point, or rather the tops of the trees upon it, evidently lifted up by mirage. The third stage, the mainland, was said to be as far beyond, but my canoe men had stolen the canoe, and they got a hint that the real owners were in pursuit, and got into a flurry to return home. Oh, that they would, but I had only my coverlet left to hire another craft, and the lake being four hundred feet above the sea it was verj cold, so I gave in and went back. 18 DR. DAVID LIVINGSTONE'S But I believe the breadth to be between sixty and seventy milea Bangwolo, Moero and Kamolondo are looked on as one great riverine lake, and is one of Plotemy's. The other is the Tanganyika, which I found steadily flowing to the north. His geographers' predeces- sors must have gleaned their geography from men who visited this very region. The reason why his genuine geography was rejected was the extreme modesty of modern map makers. One idle person in London published a pamphlet which, with killing modesty, he entitled "Inner Africa Laid Open," and in the newspapers, even in the Times, rails at any one who travels and dares to find the country different from that drawn in his twaddle. I am a great sinner in the poor fellow's opinion, and the Times published his ravings even when I was most unwisely believed to be dead. Nobody but Lord Brougham and I knew what people will say after we are gone. The work of trying to follow the cen- tral line of drainage down has taken me away from mails or postage. The Manyema are undoubtedly cannibals, but it was long before I could get conclusive evidence thereon. I was sorely set and hindered by having half-caste Moslem attendants — unmitigated cowards and false as their prophet, of whose religion they have only imbibed the fulsome pride. They forced me back when almost in sight of the end of my exploration — a distance of between 400 and 500 miles — under a blazing vertical sun. I ^ame here a mere ruckle of bones, terribly jaded in body and mina. The head man of my worthless Moslems remained here, and, as he had done from the coast, ran riot with the goods sent to me. Drunk for a month at a time, he then consulted the Koran, and found that I was dead, sold off all the goods that remained for slaves and ivory for himself, and I arrived to find myself destitute of everything except a few goods I left in case of need. Goods are the currency here, and I have to wait now till other goods and other men come from Zanzibar. When placed in charge of my supply of soap, brandy, opium and gunpowder from certain Banians (British subjects), he was six- teen months returning, all expenses being paid out of my stock. Three months were ample; and then he remained here and sold off all. You call this smart, do you? Some do, if you don't. I think it moral idiocy. Yours, affectionately David Livingstone. DISCOVERIES IN ATBICA. B. LIVINGSTONE'S FIRST LETTER TO JAS. GORDON BENNETT, Jr. Ujiji, on Tanganyika, East Africa, November, 1871. James G. Bennett, Jr. — My Dear Sir : — It is in general some* what difficult to write to one we have never seen, and it feels so much like addressing an abstract idea; but the presence of your representative, Mr. Stanley, in this distant region, takes away the strangeness I should otherwise have felt; and, in writing to thank yeu for the extreme kindness that prompted you to send him, I feel quite at home. If I explain the forlorn condition in which he found me, you will easily perceive that I have good reason to use very strong ex- pressions of gratitude. I came to Ujiji off a tramp of betweeu four and five hundred miles, beneath a blazing vertical sun, having been baffled, worried, defeated and forced to return, when almost in sight of the end of the geographical part of my mission, by a num- ber of half-caste Moslem slaves sent to me from Zanzibar instead of men. The sore heart, made still sorer, by the woful sights I had seen of man's inhumanity to man, reached and told in the bodily frame, and depressed beyond measure, I thought that I was dying on my feet. It is not too much to say that almost every step of the weary, sultry way was in pain, and I reached Ujiji a mere "ruckle" of bones. There I found that some £500 sterling worth of goods, which I had ordered from Zanzibar, had unaccountably been entrusted to a drunken half-caste Moslem tailor, who, after squandering them fo? eixteen months on the way to Ujiji, finished up by selling off aQ that remained for slaves and ivory for himself. lie had "divined" on the Koran and found that I was dead. lie had also written to the Governor of Unyavembe that he had sent slaves after me to Manyema, who returned and reported my death, and begged per- mission to sell off the few things that hi3 drunken appetite had spared. He, however, knew perfectly well, from men who had seen me^ that I was alive, and waiting for the goods and men; but, as for morality he is evidently an idiot, and there being no law here ex- oept that of the dagger or muskeg I had to sit down, in great weak £0 DR. DAVID LIVIJtfGSTOJNJsTS ness, destitute of everything, save a few barter cloths and beads, which I had taken the precaution to leave here, in case of extreme need. The near prospect of beggary among the Ujijians made me miserable. I could not despair, because I laughed so much at a friend, who, on reaching the mouth of the Zambesi, said that he wa3 tempted to despair on breaking the photograph of his wife. lie could have no success after that. After that, the idea of despair had to me such a strong smack of the ludicrous, that it was out of the question. When I had got to almost the lowest verge, vague rumors of an English visitor reached me. I thought of myself as the man who went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, but neither priest, Levite, or Samaritan could possibly pass my way, yet the good Samaritan was close at hand, and one of my people rushed up at the top of his speed, and in great excitement gasped out, "An Englishman coming, I see him," and off he darted to meet him. An American flag, the first ever seen in these parts, at the head of a caravan, told me the nationality of the stranger. I am as cold and nondemon- atrative as we islanders are usually reported to be, but your kindness made my frame thrill. It was indeed overwhelming, and I said in my soul, " Let the richest blessings descend from the Highest on you and yours." The news Stanley had to tell was thrilling. Mighty political changes on the continent, the success of the Atlantic cables, the election of Grant, and many other topics, riveted my attention for days together, and had an immediate and beneficial effect on my health. I had been without news from home for years, save what I could glean from a few u Saturday Reviews " and " Punch " for 1868. My appetite revived, and in a week I began to feel strong again. Mr. Stanley brought a most kind and encouraging despatch from Lord Clarendon, whose loss I sincerely deplore — the first I have received from the foreign office since 1866, and the information that the British Government had kindly sent £1000 to my aid. Up to his arrival I was not aware of any pecuniary aid. I came un- salaried, but this want is now happily repaired, and I am anxious that you and all my friends should know that, though uncheered by letter, I have stuck to the task which my friend, Sir Roderick Murchison, set me with John Bullish tenacity, believing that all would come right at last. The watershed of South Central Africa is over 700 miles in length. The fountains thereon are almost innumerable. From the «__ - :--- / DISCOVERIES US AFRICA. 3* watershed they converge into four large rivers, and these again- into two mighty streams in the great Nile Valley, which begins in 40 degrees to 12 degrees south latitude. It was long ere light dawned on the ancient problem and gave me \ clear idea of the drainage. I had to feel my way, aud every step of the way, and was generally groping in the dark, for who cared where the rivers ran ? We drank our fill, and let the rest run by The Portuguese who visited Cazembe asked for slaves and ivory, <4nd asked for nothing else. I asked about the waters, questioned and cross-questioned till I was almost afraid of being set down as afflicted with hydrocephalus. My last work, in which I was greatly hindered for want of suitable attendants, was the following of the central line of drainage through a country of cannibals called Manyuema, or shortly, Manyema. This line of drainage has four large lakes in it. The fourth I was near when obliged to turn. It is from one to three miles broad, and never can be reached at any point. The Lupera or Bartleirere's river flows into it at Lake Ka- molondo, then the great river Louraine flows through Lake Lincoln into it too, and seems to form the western arm of the Nile. Now I know about 600 miles of the watershed, and, unfortunately, the seventh hundred is the most interesting of the whole, for, if I am not mistaken, four fountains rise from an earthen mound, and the last of the four becomes, at no great distance oft', a large river. Two of these run north to Egypt, the Lupera and Louraine, and two run south into inner Ethiopia, or the Liambi, or upper Zambesi and the Kafnears. These are not the sources of the Nile mentioned by the Secretary of Minerva in the city of Sais to Herodotus. I have heard of them so often and such a great distance off that I cannot doubt their existence, and in spite of the sore-longing for home that seizes me every time I think of my family, 1 wish to finish up by their rediscovery. Five hundred pounds sterling worth of goods have agtin unaccountably been entrusted to slaves, and have been over a year on the way, instead of four months. I must go where they lie at your expense ere I can put the natural completion to my work, and if my disclosures regarding the terrible Ujijian slavery should lead to the suppression of the east coast slave trade, 1 shall regard that as a greater matter by far than the discovery of all the Nile sources together. Now, that you have done with domestic slavery forever, lend ua four powerful aid towards this great obiect This fine country ia S4. DE. D^VLD LIVINGSTONE'S blighted as with a curse in the above, in order that the slavery pi ,- vileges of the petty Sultan of Zanzibar may not be infringed, and the rights of the Crown of Portugal, which are mythical, should be kept iu abeyance till some future time, when Africa will become another India to the Portuguese slave traders. I conclude by again thanking you most cordially for your great generosity, and am gratefully yours, David Livingstone AN EXISTING SLAVE TRADE. The letters brought by Mr. Stanley from Dr. Livingstone have suddenly revived throughout the civilized world that antagonism to the slave trade which occupied so much attention thirty years ago, and it is reported that the British Government has invited the Americans to unite with it in remonstrating with the Sultan of Zanzibar on the continuance of the odious traffic under his auspices. It has been stated that one of the ships of our Pacific Squadron has been detailed to visit Zanzibar for this purpose in conjunction with a British man-of-war ; but it is doubtful whether any thing effectual will be done until the Sultan's liabilities in regard to other matters are removed. It seems that about forty years ago the Imaum of Muscat died, and bequeathed his dominions to his two sons, giv- ing the one the sovereignty of Oman, and to the other that of Mus- cat and Zanzibar; but as the latter was more valuable than the former, the young Sultan of Oman quarrelled with his more fortu- ate brother, and would have proceeded to hostilities against him, but for the intervention of the British Minister at his court, who persuaded him to submit the matter to the arbitration of the Governor General of India. The Sultan of Zanzibar having agreed to this, the reference was made, and Lord Canning appointed two Commis- sioners to investigate the affair. They reported that the deceased Imaum had unequally divided his dominions, and that, therefore, the Sultan of Oman had some cause for dissatisfaction, but they thought that the matter might be arranged by the annual payment of a sum of money (equal to $-40,000) to the Sultan of Oman by his brother. Both parties accepted this award, and the Sultan of Zanzibar has fulfilled his part by regularly paying the subsidy but h# alleges that he has been enabled to do it only by means of MM DISCOVERIES IN AFRICA. 36 the traffic in slaves, and that the British Government has been all alon«- aware of the fact, so that, should the traffic be suppressed, he will be usable to fulfil his obligations to his brother. He there- fore contends that the British Government ought either to indemnify him or procure a discharge of his treaty engagements from his brother. We have here an illustration of the wisdom of the advice, "to keep clear of entangling alliances." Had the British officials refrained from interfering in the dispute between the two brothers, the matter would have been settled in the Oriental fashion years ago, and England would have been as free to act in the present difficulty as we are. It does not appear from the English papers that the British Government actually guaranteed the payment of the annual tribute, but it is proable that the two Sultans believe that to be the case,