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 "V 
 
SHEA'S PENALOSA. 
 
THE 
 
 EXPEDITION 
 
 OF 
 
 DON DIEGO DIONISIO DE PENALOSA, 
 
 GOVERNOR OF NEW MEXICO, 
 
 FROM SANTA FE TO THE RIVER MISCHIPI AND 
 OUIVIRA IN 1662, 
 
 AS DESCRIBED BY 
 
 FATHER NICHOLAS DE FREYTAS, O.S.F. 
 
 With an account of Peñalosds projects to aid the French to conquer the 
 
 Mining Country in Northern Mexico ; and his connection with 
 
 Cavelier de la Salle. 
 
 JOHN GILMARY SHEA. 
 
 New York : 
 
 JOHN G. SHEA 
 
f 81 
 
 Copyright, 
 JOHN G. SHEA, 
 
 1882. 
 
 X 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The following is a contribution to the early Spanish ex- 
 plorations towards the Mississippi from the west in the 
 sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It includes the nar- 
 rative of an expedition which reached the Missouri appa- 
 rently, in 1662, under Peñalosa, Governor of New Mexico, 
 who, falling subsequently under the ban of the Inquisition, 
 went over to the French and formed a project for wresting 
 northern Mexico from the Spaniards. 
 
 In this lies the real secret of La Salle's last expedition, 
 and we are thus enabled to begin the unravelling of one 
 of the most egregious falsifications of history on record. 
 
 The French government apparently suppressed all reve- 
 lations as to the real character of La Salle's expedition, so 
 that the theory of his being carried by the malice, of his 
 enemies beyond the Mississippi has been generally adopted 
 by writers. 
 
 It is now clear that he went to Texas designedly to 
 pave the way for Peñalosa's projected campaign. 
 
 This narrative will help to a better understanding of 
 the early Spanish intercourse with Quivira, and, I think, 
 shows that province to have been north of the Missouri 
 River. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The curious, vague, and bombastic account by Father 
 Freytas was found in November, 1856, in the Deposito Hi- 
 drográfico of the Spanish government at Madrid, by the 
 late Buckingham Smith. 
 
 It liad been in the hands of the historian, Martin Fer- 
 nandez de Navarrete, who made the following memoran- 
 dum on it : 
 
 "A copy of this expedition in modern hand, which has served as an 
 original, is in the possession of Don Bernardo de Yriarte, of the Royal 
 Council of the Indies, who communicated it to me with the greatest com- 
 placency, as well as others relating to Quiros, interested in illustrating 
 the history of our voyages. His collection included to the year 1768, 
 but his useful and glorious project was baffled. This copy was com- 
 pared with the original and corresponds. 
 " Madrid, July 18, 1791. 
 
 "Martin Fernz. de Navarrete. 
 
 " This Relation is perhaps the manuscript memoir in French which 
 was in Thevenot's library,. and is cited by Señor Barcia, p. 609 of his 
 ' Epitome of the Bibliotheca Oriental of Pinelo.' " 
 
 At the beginning is this note : 
 
 " This Relation was given in the year 1684 by the same Count de 
 Peñalosa to Monsieur de Seignelai, Minister of the Marine." 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Beaujeu, the naval officer who commanded one of the 
 vessels in La Salle's last expedition, writing to Cabaret de 
 Villermont in June, 1684,* and speaking of La Salle, says: 
 
 "He then showed me the article of a Relation of certain Spanish 
 missionaries, which he told me he had extracted from a book in the li- 
 brary of Mr. de Seignelay, which gives a description of his river that he 
 declares to be very faithful, and in fact it agrees very fairly with all 
 that I have heard him say about it, whether he saw the things himself 
 or took them from his Relation, which gives the names of the mines 
 by which it passes, which are fifteen or sixteen, one of which he told 
 me he knew of his own knowledge. The description of the mouth is 
 also conformable to his and to his map." 
 
 It would seem probable, then, that La Salle saw this 
 very document, among others, as he was in personal rela- 
 tions with Peñalosa, both he and Captain Beaujeu having 
 dined with that gentleman at the house of a Mr. Morel. f 
 
 Who was the Count de Peñalosa? 
 
 A document published by Mr. Margry, J and apparently 
 drawn up by the count himself, gives this account : 
 
 " The Count, of Peñalossa was born at Lima, the capital city of 
 Peru, in the year 1624. There are few houses in America as illus- 
 trious as his, since he is allied to several grandees of Spain, such as 
 the Dukes of Sessa and Escalona, the Counts of Pieño en Rostro, and 
 the Marquises of Maya. On his father's side he is descended from the 
 houses of Peñalossa and Briseño, Ocampo, Verdugo, and Cordova ; and 
 on his mother's side from those of Arias de Anaya, Valdivia, Cabrera, 
 and Bobadilla. Pedro Arias de Avila, first governor of Terra Firma, 
 was his great-great-grandfather ; Diego de Ocampo, admiral of the 
 South Sea, and Pedro de Valdivia, who at his own cost conquered the 
 kingdom of Chili, were his great-grandfathers. The Commander Diego 
 
 * Margry, ii. p. 428. + Margry. % Vol. iii. p. 39. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 de Peñalossa, his grandfather, son of Alonzo Fernandez de Peñalossa, 
 Knight of the Order of Alcantara, was born in Spain. He went over 
 to America with his kinsman, the Marquis de Cañete, Viceroy of Peru ; 
 he held several important offices there, such as those of general or 
 grandmaster of the artillery of that kingdom, alcalde or governor of 
 the forts of the port of Callao, superintendent of the king's fortifica- 
 tions and buildings, general on sea and land, and several others. 
 
 ' ' Don Alonso de Peñalossa, Knight of the Order of Calatrava, his 
 father, was maestre de campo in an infantry regiment, commandant of 
 the frontiers in the audience of los Charcos, which is the southern part 
 of Peru, and governor of the provinces of Aricaxa, Arequipa, and many 
 others, and general maestre de campo in the whole kingdom. 
 
 " The Count of Peñalossa, at the age of fifteen, was appointed regi- 
 dor of the city of La Paz ; he was then twice ordinary alcalde and 
 thrice justicia mayor in the same city. He raised at his own expense 
 two companies of infantry for the assistance of Chili, and one of eighty 
 men which he led to war against the Chuncho Indians, who *had re- 
 volted, and who were forced to submit. He was soon after made cap- 
 tain of cavalry, governor of the province of Omasuyos, ordinary alcalde 
 of the city of Cuzco, and at last he purchased the office of provincial 
 alcalde of the city of Paz and of the five provinces dependent thereon. 
 This office, which still belongs to him, cost him fifty thousand crowns. 
 
 " During the time that he exercised it he quarrelled with the bro- 
 ther of the Count of Salvatierra, Viceroy of Peru. This altercation 
 and the desire of seeing Spain induced him to leave Peru. He em- 
 barked at the port of Callao in the year 1652. The vessel on which 
 he embarked foundered in sight of the port of Payta. He there lost 
 more than forty thousand crowns, and saved only ten or twelve thou- 
 sand crowns in pearls and precious stones. . 
 
 "He soon after proceeded to Panama, where he resolved to go and 
 see his uncle, Don Alonzo Briseño y Cordova, Bishop of Nicaragua. 
 On his way he was again shipwrecked and with difficulty reached that 
 prelate, w r ho then supplied him with means to go with an equipage be- 
 coming his rank to Mexico, capital of New Spain, where, at the court 
 of the viceroy, he awaited news and money from Peru. 
 
IO INTRODUCTION. 
 
 " The Duke of Albuquerque was then viceroy of New Spain, and 
 he received the Count of Peñalossa so favorably that he induced him 
 to resolve to remain in Mexico. Soon after the duke gave him two 
 companies of infantry ; in the year 1655 he gave him command of all 
 the infantry which he sent to the assistance of the fleet commanded by 
 the Marquis of Montalegre, who had retired to Vera Cruz to avoid 
 the fleet of sixty-eight men-of-war which Cromwell sent to America, 
 and which seized the island of Jamaica. 
 
 ' ' During the time that the Count of Peñalossa was at Vera Cruz 
 the same viceroy gave him orders to proceed to Havana with the same 
 infantry, in order to have an eye to the preservation of that important 
 post, in which he remained eleven months. 
 
 " On his return the Duke of Albuquerque made him alcalde mayor or 
 governor of the province of Xiquilpa ; to this he added the government 
 of the province of Chilcota and the office of his lieutenant-general in 
 the same provinces, situated in the country of Mechoacan, and he gave 
 him several other important offices during the rest of his viceroyalty. 
 
 "The Marquis Count de Baños having succeeded the Duke of Al- 
 buquerque,* great complaints were made to him ^against Don Bernard 
 Lopez de Mendizaval, Governor of New Mexico, whose greatest crime 
 was his falling out with the inquisitors and their partisans. Neverthe- 
 less he was recalled, and the Count of Peñalossa was selected to com- 
 mand in his stead and to appease the troubles ordinary in that country. 
 
 " His commission as governor and captain-general of New Mexico 
 was issued to him at the end of the year 1660, and he proceeded to 
 go thither in 1661. He at last halted for two months at Zacatecas to 
 await his equipage, and one month at Parral, in New Biscay, in order 
 to provide himself, with necessaries. He appeased the troubles in New 
 Mexico, made war on the hostile Indians called Apaches, whom he de- 
 feated and compelled to sue for peace. He founded two new cities, 
 erected several public buildings, and discovered new countries. But he 
 had the misfortune, as most of his predecessors had, to become involved 
 
 * Francis Fernandez de la Cueva, Duke of Alburquerque, was viceroy from August, 
 1653, to September, 1660 ; and John de Leiva y de la Cerda, Marquis of Leiva and of La- 
 drada, Count de Baños, held the office from September 16, 1660, to June, 1664. 
 
INTRODUCTION. II 
 
 with the inquisitors. The commissary-general of the Inquisition as- 
 sumed a boundless authority and wished to dispose sovereignly of every- 
 thing ; so that, to check his tyrannical and extravagant enterprises, he 
 was compelled to arrest him as a prisoner for a week in a chamber 
 of the palace, after which he set him at liberty-, in the hope that he 
 would be more moderate in the future. 
 
 " In the year 1664 the Count of Peñalossa returned to Mexico by 
 the ordinary route of Parral, where he spent three months and a half, 
 in order to propose to the viceroy the conquest of the countries which 
 he had discovered. But the Inquisition, which never pardons the least 
 thing done against its supreme authority, had him arrested in Mexico 
 and detained him there as a prisoner for thirty-two months.* It made 
 inquiry into all his actions and all his words, and at last sold all his 
 property for eighty-six thousand crowns, although it amounted to more 
 than three hundred thousand, of which he has the inventories in his 
 power, deprived him of his governorship, declared him incapable of 
 holding any other in New Spain, and condemned him to a fine of 
 fifty-one thousand crowns, and refused to restore him the remaining 
 thirty-five thousand. — 
 
 " The Count of Peñalossa resolved to proceed to Spain in order to 
 demand justice for such a persecution. He went to Vera Cruz in 1668, 
 and then to Havana to await money from Peru ; but his misfortune 
 or the terror and artifices of the Inquisition were so great that up to 
 the present time he has been unable to receive any information from 
 there. 
 
 "After waiting for a long time he embarked in the year 1669 in a 
 Canary Island vessel, which took him to the island of Teneriffe, where 
 he was well received by the governor, his kinsman, and by all persons 
 of quality, one of whom, who has recently written to him, has two sons 
 studying at Clermont College, Paris. 
 
 "The difficulty of obtaining tidings from his relatives, the Spaniards 
 scarcely sending one or two vessels every year to the Canaries, com- 
 
 * u On the 3d of February, 1668, the tribunal of the Inquisition celebrated an Auto de 
 fe in Santo Domingo, in which Don Diego de Peñalosa, Governor of New Mexico, was 
 condemned to penance ' for his unrestrained language (suelto de lengua) against the 
 priests and lords inquisitors' " (Alaman, " Disertaciones, " iii., Apéndice, p. 36). 
 
12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 pelled him to embark on the English fleet and go to London. There 
 he had the honor of saluting the king and the Duke of York, who did 
 him many favors ; he also saw the Marquis de Fresno and the Count 
 de Molina, Spanish ambassadors, who, instead of assisting him, took 
 umbrage at his stay in London and persecuted him anew. 
 
 " He accordingly resolved to proceed to France, hoping that the con- 
 clusion of peace, which was then deemed very near, would enable him 
 to find some favorable occasion of passing into Spain. He has several 
 times seen the Spanish ambassadors, and among others the Marquis de 
 Los Balbazes, who have only paid him compliments and manifested 
 much distrust at his stay in France, without considering that he was 
 forced to it. 
 
 "So many misfortunes and persecutions have compelled him to 
 adopt the resolution of living under the protection of the greatest king 
 in the world while awaiting some favorable opportunity to restore his 
 affairs." 
 
 This sketch does not fix the time of his arrival in 
 France or of his earliest intercourse with the French gov- 
 ernment. We next hear of him in January, 1682. at the 
 time when La Salle, in midwinter, was painfully making 
 his way from Chicago to the Illinois River. The follow- 
 ing proposal, evidently from the Count de Peñalosa, was 
 submitted to the French government:* 
 
 1 ' Memoir for the Marquis de Seignelay touching the establishment of 
 a new colony in Florida at the mouth of the river called Rio Bravo, 
 and the advantages which might redound to the king and his sub- 
 jects therefrom. January 18, 1682. 
 
 " This part of Florida is not occupied by any European nation. It 
 is situated between the twenty-fifth and thirtieth degrees of latitude. 
 The air is very good there and the climate temperate. It will produce, 
 
 * Margry, iii. p. 44. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 when cultivated, wine and all kinds of grain, fruits, and domestic ani- 
 mals. It is watered by several navigable rivers abounding in fish, most 
 of which empty into the Rio Bravo, which has a mouth more than two 
 leagues wide and a course of more than forty leagues. 
 
 " To explain cleariy the utility of this settlement it is necessary to 
 state first something as to the French colony of Saint Domingo. This 
 colony now contains five or six thousand Frenchmen and about seven 
 hundred women, without mentioning negroes of both sexes. It began 
 by only fifty men, who were called buccaneers, and who settled there 
 and maintained themselves in spite of the Spaniards. Subsequently, 
 having multiplied, a part devoted themselves to agriculture, and espe- 
 cially to trade in tobacco. The rest, known under the name of flibus- 
 tiers, are engaged in expeditions at sea. These last are well inured to 
 war and accustomed to hardship and to the climate. Great use can be 
 made of them in that country, but they would be by no means fit to 
 serve elsewhere. They number about eighteen hundred, all good sol- 
 diers and sailors. 
 
 " The farming of the tobacco has greatly reduced the trade of this 
 colony and increased the necessity of cruises to enable the flibustiers 
 to subsist ; but the king having recently forbidden them to cruise, they 
 are on the point of disbanding for want of means to live, which would 
 be a considerable loss and difficult to repair. 
 
 "The desire of preserving such good subjects for his majesty is one 
 of the objects proposed by the new colony. For this nothing is soli- 
 cited beyond the permission to convey them into the country which has 
 been designated, and the offer is made to bear all the expenses of the 
 settlement. 
 
 "It takes only ten or twelve days' sail to run from the island of 
 Santo Domingo to the mouth of the Rio Bravo, which not being occu- 
 pied or frequented by any Europeans, there is no nation that has any 
 right to oppose or complain of it. 
 
 "The advantages of this colony are: 1st. That, being at the mouth 
 of this great river, it can there establish an important trade with the 
 neighboring tribes by furnishing them all the goods it could import 
 from Europe, which our Frenchmen can furnish two hundred per cent. 
 
14 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 cheaper than the Spaniards, on account of the three hundred leagues over- 
 land transportation their merchandise requires from Vera Cruz, where 
 it all lands, to this country. 2d. This colony could very well raise 
 great quantities of cattle and make other goods, besides those which 
 it drew from the neighboring countries to send to France. 3d. As 
 the interior of the country abounds in mines of gold, silver, copper, 
 lead, and other metals, there is ground for the hope that this colony 
 will discover some and derive great advantage from them, after the 
 manner of the Spaniards, besides paying duties to his majesty. 
 
 " But the greatest of all the advantages to be derived from this 
 colony is that when these flibustiers are once settled on terra firma, 
 under good leaders who offer to take them over, and who have a per- 
 fect knowledge of that country, they will be ready for the first war 
 against Spain, and, whenever it shall please the king to permit it, to 
 make an important conquest for his majesty. 
 
 ' ' This conquest is that of New Biscay, in which there are several 
 rich silver-mines at only a short distance from the site of this colony, 
 the chief of which are those of Hendehé, San Juan de Guncame, Som- 
 brerette, Sonora, and those of Parral, recently discovered and more 
 abundant than all the others ; besides which there are the gold-mines 
 of San Diego and the lead-mines of Sainte Barbe, or Santa Barbara ; 
 and all these mines furnish the Spaniards more gold and silver than all 
 the others of New Spain. 
 
 " It will be all the easier for the flibustiers to make themselves 
 masters of this province, since it is known to a certainty, from well- 
 informed persons, that there are not more than four or five hundred 
 men able to bear arms, and these so badly armed and so unused to 
 war that two hundred flibustiers will be more than enough to defeat 
 and rout them. 
 
 " These Spaniards cannot be assisted from the city of Mexico, which 
 is nearly two hundred and fifty leagues distant, with several desert 
 tracts to be traversed between the two. The largest levy that the 
 viceroy can make at the present time cannot exceed four or five hun- 
 dred men ; and he could not make this levy in less than three months, 
 because there is not a Spanish soldier in that country who is will- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 15 
 
 ing to march without a mule to carry him and another for his bag- 
 gage.* 
 
 " The flibustiers, before the arrival of this reinforcement, which they 
 would not dread, would have more than time enough to establish and 
 fortify themselves in the country, and they might easily prevent the 
 succors from entering, there being narrow passages, easy to guard. 
 
 "All the Indians, half-breeds, mulattoes, and even Spaniards born 
 in America, called Creoles, are so bitterly opposed to the native Span- 
 iards, whom they call Cachoupins, on account of the ill-treatment that 
 they receive from them, await only a favorable opportunity to rise, 
 which they would sooner do in favor of the French than of any other 
 nation, because they are Catholics like themselves, and have much more 
 humanity than Spaniards born. 
 
 "It would be easy for these Frenchmen to preserve the conquest 
 of this province by means of the proposed colony at the mouth of the 
 Rio Bravo, which flows along New Biscay, and by the constant inter- 
 course between this colony and that on the island of Santo Domingo, 
 which would serve as a way station. 
 
 "In fine, this colony, whether considered in time of peace or in 
 time of war, is the most useful and easy of all hitherto made, all con- 
 junctures being favorable to its establishment, if it please Mr. the Mar- 
 quis to grant it the honor of his protection, without, as has been re- 
 marked, any help in money being solicited." 
 
 After La Salle returned to France in 1683 with the re- 
 
 * Events showed that Peñalosa, although long in Mexico and governor of a province, 
 miscalculated alike the energy and resources of the Spanish commanders in New Spain. 
 Before La Salle reached Texas, Don Andres de Ochoa y Zarate, admiral of the Barloven. 
 to fleet, captured in September, 1684, a French cruiser off Yucatan and learned La Salle's 
 plans (Barcia, 249). The Marquis de la Laguna then sent Barroto, an experienced 
 pilot, to Havana, with orders to the governor to fit out a frigate at once to run along the 
 gulf coast till he found where La Salle landed (ib. 252). Barroto accordingly, in January, 
 1686, followed the whole coast, but did not discover where La Salle was; then the Count 
 de Monclovasent vessels with light boats to break up any French settlement (ib. 261, 267). 
 This expedition early in 1687 discovered the wrecks of the Belle and A imable (ib. p. 268). 
 Don Andres de Pes followed in June with two frigates (ib. p. 284), and made a second voy- 
 age along the coast and about the mouth of the Mississippi in 1688 (ib. 287). When tid- 
 ings came that year that some survivors of La Salle's party were still in Texas, the Count 
 de Galve sent Don Alonso de Leon with an expedition (ib. p. 287, 295 ; "Discovery of 
 the Mississippi," p. 208). The occupation of Pensacola and of Texas followed. 
 
1 6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 nown of having descended the Mississippi to its mouth in 
 the Gulf of Mexico, France was on the eve of a rupture 
 with Spain, and Peñalosa's schemes liad already influenced 
 the government in countenancing La Salle's descent of the 
 Mississippi. Both Peñalosa and La Salle laid plans before 
 the government. A " Memoir on the Affairs of America," 
 dated January, 1684,* says : 
 
 "The Spaniards having declared war against his majesty, he seems 
 to be fully justified in employing the great means which Providence 
 affords him of profiting by so rash a declaration. 
 
 "Among these means, the conquests which his majesty can make in 
 the West Indies might be as advantageous to him and more ruinous to 
 the monarchy of Spain than in any other place where his majesty could 
 attack. 
 
 "The great facility which is offered for success also seems to in- 
 vite his majesty, as may be seen in the sequel of this memoir. 
 
 "Some time ago an offer was made to his majesty, in a memoir pre- 
 sented to the Marquis de Seigneley, to establish a French colony at the 
 mouth of the river called Rio Bravo, which empties into the Gulf of Mexi- 
 co, sixty leagues from Panuco, the last Spanish settlement on the Florida 
 coast; and this not only with the view of carrying on an extended trade, but 
 also to be in a position, on the first declaration of war, to employ this set- 
 tlement to effect the conquest of one of the most important Spanish pro- 
 vinces, called New Biscay, where there are many mines of silver, gold, 
 and other different metals. These mines are those of Parral, Guiñéame, 
 Sombrarete, Endehe, San Juan, Santa Barbara, and others, all richer than 
 those of the other provinces of the empire of Mexico or New Spain, be- 
 cause they have been recently discovered and are not yet exhausted. 
 
 " What was then proposed as a remote affair can now be executed in 
 two different ways. 
 
 " First proposition : One is that, instead of going to settle at the mouth 
 of the Rio Bravo to approach New Biscay, which this river bounds, the 
 
 * Margry, iii. p. 48. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 17 
 
 offer is made to go straight to Panuco, which,. they guarantee his majesty, 
 ' can be mastered with great ease, from the certain knowledge that there are 
 not more than thirty or forty Spanish soldiers there, and, after seizing this 
 Spanish settlement, to proceed and with the <ame ease capture the whole 
 province and mines of New Biscay. 
 
 " For this purpose it is proposed to collect a thousand or twelve hun- 
 dred French fribustiers, who live on the coast of Santo Domingo — men 
 well versed in war, accustomed to the climate and mode of life in these 
 countries, and who have habitually defeated the Spaniards everywhere, 
 plundered their towns, and captured their vessels in the Gulf of Mexico, 
 where these fribustiers often cruise. It is proposed to put at their head a 
 chief named Grammont, accustomed to lead them to battle — a bold fellow, 
 whom they willingly obey, and who was in command of many of them 
 at the capture and sack of Vera Cruz, a chief port of the Spaniards, which 
 was effected some six months ago by a Dutch corsair named Van 'Horn, 
 who had two men-of-war, and whom the said Sieur de Grammont had 
 joined as his lieutenant. 
 
 " It is proposed to associate with him, as principal chief and leader of 
 the enterprise, a man of rank named the Count de Peñalosa, a creóle born 
 — that is, an Indian of Spanish race — who is descended from the earliest 
 conquistadors of the country ; who, after having held several important of- 
 fices both in Peru and Mexico, was governor and captain-general of a great 
 province called New Mexico, for which he shows his commissions and 
 attestations of service ; and who has been ruined in those countries by the 
 religious of the Inquisition, who kept him in prison for thirty-two months 
 and dissipated all his property, without his ever having been able to obtain 
 justice from the Spaniards, which forced him to come to France with a 
 view of offering his services to his majesty and proposing to him the con- 
 quest of those countries. 
 
 " This man is perfectly familiar with the interior of the country, and 
 especially of the province of New Biscay, of which he offers to effect the 
 conquest. 
 
 " He believes that he cannot give better pledges of his fidelity than by 
 putting himself, without a single other countryman of his own, among a 
 thousand or twelve hundred warlike Frenchmen, and at the discretion of 
 
l8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the French commander, who is to lead them with him, and to whom he 
 says orders may be given to hang him on the first tree, if he fails in any 
 promise he makes. 
 
 " He offers not only to make himself master of Panuco, but also to 
 have all necessary provisions brought in by the inhabitants of the country, 
 both to maintain this conquest, where he proposes to establish a French 
 garrison and to intrench himself well, and to march into New Biscay by a 
 route of about eighty leagues, with which he avers himself to be especially 
 familiar, and that he will find no Spaniards to oppose his march ; that he 
 will find the same ease in seizing the mines and province of New Biscay, 
 which, being in extent longer than France, though narrower, has only five 
 hundred native Spaniards scattered through all that country, but almost 
 all men incapable of defending themselves, enervated by pleasure, and 
 who have never had an occasion for war. 
 
 " That, being once in that country with a thousand Frenchmen, or even 
 fewer, he will be its absolute master, and will carry off all its great wealth 
 to convey it to Panuco and ship it to France; and that this conquest will be 
 easy to retain. 
 
 " That from the province of New Biscay alone can be easily drawn 
 every year from twenty to twenty-five millions of livres in silver bars, 
 which can be transported to France with much greater ease and less 
 expense than it costs the Spaniards, who, instead of sending all the silver 
 they draw from the mines of this province straight to Panuco, have it 
 carried by mules to Mexico, the capital city, which is more than three hun- 
 dred leagues distant ; and this is done because the viceroy and all the 
 officers of finance are settled there, and they wish- to receive their com- 
 mission on this silver, which they again despatch on mules at great cost 
 from Mexico to Vera Cruz, where all shipments are made on the Spanish 
 fleet, and this port is more than one hundred leagues distant from the 
 city of Mexico. 
 
 " As to the facility of the conquest, he avei% that the province of New 
 Biscay has no fortress ; that it will be reduced before the viceroy, who is at 
 the city of Mexico, can be informed of it ; that no sooner wiH the French 
 appear with him before Panuco than all the Indians, meztizoes, mulattoes, 
 negroes, and even the creóles, will rise against the native Spaniards, whose 
 
INTRODUCTION. 19 
 
 tyranny they can no longer endure ; that these classes seek only to give 
 themselves up to some other Christian nation who will deliver them from 
 the oppression they suffer ; and that the creóles especially are the most 
 embittered against the born Spaniards, whom they call Cachupins by way 
 of insult, because they maltreat them and deprive them of all offices. 
 
 " That in regard to the means of maintaining this conquest he will 
 find the same ease, for when once master of the country it will be nec- 
 essary to publish an exemption for the people from part of the excessive 
 imposts which they pay the Spaniards, and which, besides the feudal 
 services and mining work they compel them to perform, amount to a fifth 
 part of all they raise, which can be reduced to a tenth in order to establish 
 his majesty's authority and make the French nation li^ed. 
 
 " That the viceroy of Mexico cannot put in the field more than five 
 hundred Spaniards, no matter what effort he makes, on account of the 
 small number that there are of them ; and they are scattered over im- 
 mense countries, where they are required to keep the natives of the country 
 in obedience, so that one Spanish soldier sometimes commands a whole 
 large country ; and that it is a kind of miracle to see how so small a body 
 of men can control such a vast extent of country and so many ill-disposed 
 tribes, and whom they reduce to the last extremity of harsh slavery. 
 
 " That this levy of five hundred Spaniards cannot be made in less than 
 six months, not only to collect them from remote points, but also to collect 
 for them at least a thousand mules, which are rare, and which are employed 
 in carrying their silver bars — there not being a single Spanish soldier settled 
 in this country who will be willing to take the field without a mule to carry 
 him and a mule to carry his baggage. 
 
 " That unless the viceroy marches at their head not a quarter will 
 ever reach New Biscay, and that in the consternation into which this con- 
 quest would throw all the Spaniards of New Spain the viceroy would 
 never venture to go to any distance from his' capital, for fear of causing, by 
 his absence, a general uprising of the whole country, now tired of Spanish 
 domination ; and that even if he came with five hundred Spaniards it would 
 not require more than a hundred French ffibustiers to check them at a nar- 
 row passage in the mountains through which it is necessary to pass on 
 the march from Mexico to enter New Biscay. 
 
20 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 11 To ensure the success of this enterprise his majesty is asked only for 
 two men-of-war, equipped with everything necessary for this voyage, both 
 for the security of the expedition and to bring back the silver bars which 
 they propose to bring in great quantities from New Biscay, from Panuco 
 to the coast of Santo Domingo, which will serve as a way station, and 
 thence to France ; one of these vessels of thirty-six and the other of thirty 
 guns, which can be sent into those countries under the pretext of serving 
 to guard the French islands, on the present conjuncture of a war declared 
 by the Spaniards, with an order to the Sieur de Cussy, new royal governor 
 of the coast of Santo Domingo, to collect a thousand or twelve hundred 
 fribustiers, with the vessels necessary to convey them into the gulf and six 
 months' stores, which will be easily found in said island ; and two commis- 
 sions from his majesty, one for the Count de Peñalossa, of governor ef all 
 that he shall seize on the terra firma of America for his majesty's service, 
 and the other of king's lieutenant for the Sieur de Grammont, or such 
 other chief of fribustiers as shall be given him by the said Sieur de Cussy, 
 who, having campaigned with them, knows those who are best fitted to 
 command, and will be able to select the most proper men to carry out this 
 enterprise." 
 
 The second proposition, La Salle's, need not here be 
 given in full. It supposed the identity of the Rio Bravo 
 and Mississippi; La Salle was to build a fort on the Missis- 
 sippi three hundred leagues .below Fort St. Louis of the 
 Illinois, where he was to gather fifteen thousand Indians, 
 then sail from France to meet them at the fort with two hun- 
 dred Frenchmen, and march into New Biscay with this force 
 and conquer the country. For this he asked a thirty or 
 thirty-six gun vessel. 
 
 The next month another memoir was presented, in which 
 this appears : 
 
 ' ' The enterprise of the Count de Peñalossa and that of the Sieur de la 
 Salle will serve to support each other. The latter will begin next winter to 
 
INTRODUCTION. 2 1 
 
 spread alarm in the part of New Biscay which lies towards the river he 
 has discovered ; and then the Count de Peñalossa, coming to Panuco with 
 the little army of flibustiers, will find more ease in penetrating, according 
 to his design, across to the Pacific ; and these two commanders will then be 
 able to aid each other for their common protection, and divide their con- 
 quests, according to his majesty's orders, into two fine rich governments, 
 which will bring every year considerable wealth to France and a new 
 glory to his majesty for having extended his victories and conquests to 
 the New World." * 
 
 The government finally combined the two projects and 
 sent La Salle to commence operations in Texas and pave 
 the way for the Count de Peñalosa. 
 
 La Salle was despatched with four vessels ; he stopped at 
 Santo Domingo, as Peñalosa had proposed to do, and, after 
 conferring with de Cussy, was joined by a few buccaneers ; 
 but the whole was carried out so feebly as to ensure dis- 
 aster, f 
 
 By a monstrous system of hypocrisy and falsehood it has 
 long been pretended that La Salle was the victim of enemies; 
 that he was carried past the mouth of the Mississippi by the 
 
 * Margry, iii. p. 69. 
 
 t There is a map by Minet, the engineer who went out with La Salle. It is entitled 
 " Carte de la Louisiane,' 1 and is described by Harrisse (Notes, p. 203), and was cited by 
 Parkman, " Discovery of the Great West, 11 p. 330, as showing by a cartouche that Beau- 
 jeu betrayed La Salle, and, after leaving him in Texas, went to the real mouth of the 
 Mississippi. It is now recognized by him that the visit to the supposed mouth was prior to 
 the landing in Texas, and that in all probability Galveston Bay was mistaken for the mouth 
 of the river (La Salle, p. 367). The placing of the cartouche shows that the map was pre- 
 pared before the expedition sailed, and I am inclined to think it was drawn up to submit 
 to the government with the projects. It is an elaborate work, and seems to have been 
 based on data furnished by La Salle and Peñalosa. The course of the Mississippi is ex- 
 traordinary. It runs southeasterly, then nearly west, then turns and runs southeast to the 
 gulf. The Arkansas has three mouths, the branches connecting; Quivira is placed south 
 of its head-waters. North of the Missouri are Pen loca (perhaps Peñaloga) and Les 
 pancake (perhaps Leskanc_ake, the Escanxaques of the Freytas Relation). I am indebted 
 to S. L. M. Barlow, Esq., for the examination of a careful copy of the map made for 
 collection under the direction of Mr. Harrisse. 
 
22 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 treachery of Mr. de Beaujeu, the captain of one of the ves- 
 sels. It is very clear, however, that La Salle went intention- 
 ally to Texas as part of the operations against New Biscay ; 
 d'Esmanville (Margry, ii. p. 515) shows this. 
 
 That he expected to be joined there by a larger force un- 
 der Peñalosa is evident. " He told me," says Beaujeu, "that 
 we were only the forerunners of the man whom we went to see 
 the morning that we dined at Mr. Morel's, and that he would 
 surely follow us the next year with considerable forces ; that 
 the Marquis de Seignelay wished it to be this year, and that 
 this had been intended, but that it had been deferred till laext 
 year on his asking the rest of this and an experienced man to 
 reconnoitre the parts well."* ''We turned all our hopes to 
 the succor that the king might be able to send us from 
 France," says the Abbé Cavelier, " and we awaited it in 
 patience till the end of the year 1686." 
 
 What became of Peñalosa meanwhile and of his plans on 
 Panuco is not known. No trace can be found of any such 
 expedition as he projected against that place. The French 
 government, apparently, finding the Spanish government 
 alert and not only watching the Texas coast with succes- 
 sive cruisers, but actually sending expeditions by land to 
 occupy the country, may have seen the hopelessness of all 
 the grand projects against the rich mining district, and 
 abandoned alike Peñalosa in Paris and La Salle in Texas. 
 
 La Salle aided the destruction of his party by his utter 
 unfitness for colonization. It is not easy to conceive how in- 
 telligent writers have exalted a man of such utter incapa- 
 city into a hero. Neither in Illinois nor in Texas did he 
 
 * Margry. ii p. 428 ; Beaujeu's Letter, June 5, 1684. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 23 
 
 attempt to clear ground and plant Indian corn or wheat, to 
 supply food or give means for trade ; in neither did he at- 
 tempt to purchase a stock of furs or other merchandise to 
 send back and purchase supplies for further trade ; in Texas 
 his last vessel lay idle till it was wrecked. He made no at- 
 tempt to obtain a cargo to send by her to the West Indies, 
 to obtain relief and show what the country would produce. 
 He did not even march with his whole party to the friend- 
 ly Cénis, and form a settlement near Tonty's post on the 
 Arkansas. He loitered idly around, waiting apparently for 
 Peñalosa. 
 
 The mere memorandum in Margry that the Spanish ad- 
 venturer died at Paris in 1687, the same year that La Salle 
 perished in Texas, is all that we hear of him after the sailing 
 of the flotilla. 
 
 He is still a somewhat shadowy form ; but as governor of 
 New Mexico, an explorer of the country eastward to the 
 Mississippi ; as one of the earliest to plan a rising of the 
 Spanish colonists against the mother-country, as well as the 
 first to aid an attempt to dismember Mexico ; as one whose 
 projects led to the French attempt to colonize Texas for 
 France, Peñalosa deserves to be known. The facts here col- 
 lected will, it is hoped, receive additions which will enable us 
 to understand more clearly his connection with the affairs of 
 the Southwest. 
 
RELACIÓN 
 
 DEL DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 PUS f CIUDAD DE OÜIVIRA, 
 
 ECHO l'OR 
 
 D, DIEGO DIONISIO DE PENALOSA, 
 
 BRICEÑA Y VERDUGO, OCAMPO Y VALDIVIA, SEÑOR DE LAS VILLAS DE GUAR1NA 
 Y DE FARARA, Y SUS ONCE PUEBLOS, CAUALLERO FEUDETARIO 
 ENCOMENDADO EN LA CIUDAD DE LA PAZ, ALCALDE PRO- 
 VINCIAL Y REGIDOR PERPETUO EN ELLA, Y LAS 5 
 PROVINCIAS DE SU DISTRITO, GOUERNADOR Y 
 CAPITÁN GENERAL DEL NUEVO MEXICO ; 
 LEGITIMO SUCESOR Y HEREDERO DEL MARQUESADO DE ARAUCO, Y CONDADO 
 DE VALDIVIA (PROVINCIA DE CHILE), VIZCONDADO DE LA YMPERIAL Y 
 MARQUESADO DE ORISTAN, Y PRETENSO MARQUES DE FARARA, 
 Y CONDE DE SANTA FEE DE PEN ALOSA, ADELANTADO DE 
 CHILE Y DE LA GRAN QUIVIRA EN EL OCCIDENTE 
 DE ESTE NUEVO MUNDO DE LA AMERICA. 
 ANO DE 1662. 
 
 ESCRITA POR EL 
 
 PADRE FR, NICOLAS DE FREYTAS, 
 
 Del Orden de San Francisco, Predicador y Guardian del Convento do S. 
 Yldephonso en este Rey no, y Capellán de 'SS. Y.* 
 
* " No lo era aun, mas por haver le dicho Yo que lo seria, crehia el estar 
 ya en posesión adelante lo fue." — Esta nota es del mismo Don Diego de 
 Peñalosa. 
 
 Esta Relación fue dada el año de 1684 por el mismo Conde de Peñalosa 
 á Monsieur de Seignelai, Ministro de la Marina. 
 
 Asi está annotado en Frances en el original de que se ha sacado esta 
 copia. 
 
JORNADA 
 
 Del Oriente y Descubrimiento de la Quivira qite 
 hizo le Señor Don Dieeo Dionisio de Peñalosa. 
 
 El año de 1662 á 6 de Marzo salió el señor D. 
 Diego de Peñalosa de la villa de Santa Fee á des- 
 cubrir las Tierras del Oriente, llevando en su com- 
 pañía al Padre Predicador Fr. Miguel de Guevara, 
 Guardian del Convento de Santa Fee* y al Padre 
 Fr. Nicolas de Freytas, Guardian del Convento de 
 S. Yldefonso, ambos Religiosos de nuestro Seraphi- 
 co Padre S. Francisco, el uno por Capellán de S.S. 
 Y. y el otro de la Armada, y una muy lucida com- 
 pañía de 80 Españoles, entre los qüales hauia algu- 
 nos Extr anger os casados en estas partes, cuyo Capi- 
 tán era Miguel de Noriega, y su Maestre de Campo 
 Tomé Domínguez de Mendoza, y Sargentos May- 
 ores Don Fernando Duran y Chavez y Juan Lu- 
 
 * Del Nuevo Reyno de Mexico. 
 
28 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 cero Godoy, y mil Yndios Ynf antes de Arco y Fle- 
 cha, todos muy bien armados, asi las personas como 
 los Cavallos, y con todos los demás Peltrechos de 
 Paz y Guerra, para todos los contingentes que se 
 nos pudieran ofrecer, y con 36 carros y carretas bien 
 probeidos de Víveres y Municiones, y una Carroza, 
 una Litera, y dos Sillas de mano para su Persona, y 
 6 Piezas de a 3 Libras de bala, 800 Cavallos, y 300 
 Muías, y Rebabarnos la Derrota al Oriente hasta ha- 
 ver caminado 200 leguas, todas ellas de amenos, 
 apasibles y fértilísimos campos, y tan llanos que en 
 todas ellas, no se vio sierra ni Monte, ó Collao al- 
 guno, los qüales fueron á rematar en unaltissima in- 
 superable sierra que está Vecina al Mar, 8 leguas 
 mas alia de la gran ciudad de la Quivira, llamada 
 Taracari, y son tan agradables y fértiles que en to- 
 das las Yndias del Peru y Nueva España, ni en la 
 Europa otros Tales se han visto por lo delicioso y 
 ameno, y cubiertos de Búfalos o Bacas de Cibola 
 que causaban notable admiración, Mientras mas la 
 terra adentro, era mayor el numero, con muchos 
 y muy hermosos Rios, Sienegas, y Fuentes ; pobla- 
 disimas de frondosas Arboledas y Frutales de diver- 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 29 
 
 sos géneros, que producen gustossisima Ciruela, 
 Vbas gruesas, y buenas con el racimo grande, y 
 de extremado gusto como las de España, y aun ex- 
 cedan. 
 
 Muchos Morales para criar seda, Robles, Enci- 
 nas, Olmos, Fresnos, y Alamos, con otras expecies 
 de Arboles, y yervas provechosas y olorosas, Trébol, 
 Lino, Cáñamo, Orégano, que cubria un Hombre á 
 Cauallo, rosa muchisima, infinidad de fresa, aunque 
 menuda sabrosa, muchas Perdices de Castilla, Co- 
 dornices, Pabos, Gallinetas, Faisanes, Corzos, Cier- 
 vos ó Venados en grandísimo numero, y aun casta 
 de ellos tan grandes y crecidos como nuestros ca- 
 vallos. 
 
 Por estos amenos y fertilisimos campos camina- 
 mos los Meses de Marzo, Abril, Mayo, y Calendas 
 de Junio, y llegamos á un Rio grande que llaman 
 Mischipi, donde vimos los primeros Yndios de la 
 Nación Escanxaques, que serian en numero de 3 
 M belicosisimos, bien armados y dispuestos á su 
 modo que iban á dar asalto á la primera Ciudad de 
 los Quiviras, que son sus Enemigos, y se consumen 
 en guerras continuas. 
 
30 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 Estos Escanxaques después de Paz dieron no- 
 ticia de la Quivira, y sus gentes, y caminaron con 
 nosotros- aquel dia por la Vera de aquel hermoso 
 Rio arriba, que es caudaloso, y hacia en partes muy 
 deleytosas y hermosas Vegas tan fértiles que en al- 
 gunas se cogen las frutas dos veces al año, y de 
 grandes Arboledas en partes de á 2, 4, 6, y de a 10 
 leguas, y de Arboles peregrinos y no vistos asta 
 alli. 
 
 Desde aquel Puesto torcimos la Derrota acia el 
 Norte siguiendo el Rio que trahia su corriente de 
 allá, dexando el Oriente a mano derecha, y aquel 
 dia hizo alto el Real en las Vegas de el, y los Yn- 
 dios Escanxaques se alojaron algo apartados ; y 
 fue digno de notar lo que aquella Tarde hicieron, 
 que fue salir hasta 600 de ellos a caza de cibolas, 
 que las tenian bien cerca, y en menos de 3 horas 
 volvieron trayendo cada uno á una, a dos y algunos 
 a 3 lenguas de Baca de la increible matanza que hi- 
 cieron en ellas. 
 
 Otro dio marchó el Real, y a 4 leguas andadas 
 descubrimos la gran sierra ya dicha que corria de 
 Leste al Norte cubierta de humazos, con que se da- 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 3 1 
 
 ban avisos de la llegada del Exercito Christiano, y 
 poco después descubrimos la gran Población ó Ciu- 
 dad de Qtiivira situada en las anchurosas vegas de 
 otro hermoso Rio que venia de la sierra a entrar y 
 juntarse con el que hasta alli haviamos seguido. 
 
 Antes de pasar el gran Rio que nos servia de 
 guia, y á vista de la Ciudad hizo alto el Real en la 
 vega de el, haviendo ordenado el Señor D. Diego 
 antes á los Escanxaques que se retirasen y no llega- 
 sen á la ciudad sin que su Señoria les mandase otra 
 cosa, lo qüal hicieron, aunque contra su voluntad, 
 porque quisieran que asi ellos como el Señor Ade- 
 lantado con sus soldados diesen luego asalto á la 
 Ciudad á fuego y sangre y la destruyesen. 
 
 Fue tanta la gente que se mostró á la frente de 
 la gran Población, Hombres, Mugeres y Niños, que 
 causó admiración, y luego vinieron 70 principales 
 Caciques mui bien aderezados á su uso con lindas 
 carnuzas y Antes y Gorras, ó Bonetas de Armiños, 
 y dieron la bien venida al Señor Adelantado, con 
 las mayores demostraciones de amor y respecto 
 que pudieron. 
 
 Su Ylustrisima los recivió con agasajo, y mandó 
 
32 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 que los regalasen, y les dio algunos Presentes con 
 su acustombrada liberalidad, procurando sosegarles 
 los ánimos turbados por el alboroto que con su 
 vista y la de los Escanxaques sus declarados Ene- 
 migos havian recibido y ganarles las voluntades 
 para el buen progreso de su Jornada, y dándoles a 
 entender la correspondencia y buena amistad que 
 con ellos tendria, y desde luego enseñándoles no 
 solo con palabras sino con devotisimo afecto y e'xem- 
 plo, hizo erigir el Altar Portátil, donde adoró la 
 Ymagen de Christo, Señor nuestro, y la de la Vir- 
 gen nuestra Señora, su santísima Madre, y mandó 
 que se cantase Salve y Letanias y después recivió 
 su Señoria un gran Presente en cantidad de Armi- 
 nios, Antes, Carnuzas, Martas, Nutrias, Castores y 
 Zebellinas, y mucho Pan de Maiz, y en grano, Frijol 
 y calabazas, Gallinetas, Pabos, Perdices, y Conejos 
 y mucho Pescado fresco, que traxeron los Yndios, 
 dando a entender que reciviese aquello en muestras 
 de su voluntad, hasta el dia siguiente que entrase en 
 su Ciudad, lo qüal estaba a la otra vanda del cauda- 
 loso Rio, y que en ella le servirian con mucho amor 
 y el regalo posible. 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 33 
 
 Con esto se voluieron á sus Casas con muy cor- 
 teses recaudos para los Governadores y Gefes de 
 la Ciudad (que los ambiciosos de pintar testas coro- 
 nadas en sus Escudos de Armas llaman Reyes). 
 Detubo el Señor Adelantado dos de aquellos prin- 
 cipales de aquella Tarde y noche con buenas pa- 
 labras y mejores obras, fueron examinados y pre- 
 guntados de su tierra y calidades de ella, y de sus 
 gentes : ellos dieron á su Señoria tan grandiosas 
 noticias y relación de la tierra adentro que nos 
 causó admiración ; y entre otros muchas cosas 
 dixeron, que aquella ciudad primera que veiamos 
 era tan grande y de tanta gente que en dos dias no 
 le dariamos fin, y que de aquella serranía admirable 
 por su longitud y eminencia que se obstentaba a la 
 vista bajaban muchos Rios caudalosos y pequeños, 
 en cuyas vegas ay Poblaciones de innumerables 
 gentes de su Nación ; que havia gran numero de 
 Lugares grandes, y algunos mayores que el que 
 teniamos presente. Que detrás de ella acia el 
 Oriente corrian otros Rios que entraban en una 
 grandísima Laguna de Agua salada, que corría 
 acia el Norte, y no sabían donde terminaba (que sin 
 
34 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 duda era el Mar del Norte) : Que las Veras destos 
 Ríos estaban mas pobladas que su Nación, y con 
 mayores y mejores Burgos y Casas que las Suyas, y 
 que tenían Rey poderoso que los governaba ; y que 
 a causa de ser mas en numero y poder los tenian y 
 eran sus capitales Enemigos. 
 
 Estos son los Ahijaos que poseen las riquísimas 
 minas de Oro, harto mejor savidas de los Yngleses 
 de la Virginia que están poblados 150 leguas ele la 
 Florida, que de los Españoles por su remisa floxe- 
 dad, y aun se dice que participa Francia de estas 
 noticias por Canada ; y se dice que los vnos y los 
 otros rescatan Metales riquisimos de los Yndios, y 
 que se han visto vender algunos en Roán, de que 
 dio aviso el Archiduque Alberto Conde de Flandes 
 al Rey Phelipe 3 nuestro Señor. 
 
 Por lo qüal queriendo deshacer aquella Población 
 de Yngleses, mando S. M. sondar todos los Puer- 
 tos de la Virginia, encargando aquella conquista a 
 Garibay ; y de por alli cerca acia el Norte fue de 
 donde sacó la gran riqueza de oro aquel Corsario 
 Yngles Ser Tomas que con increíble pujanza y 
 grandeza entró en Londres por el Tamesis con 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 35 
 
 las Xarcias y Velas de seda, y desembarcó y puso 
 en la Plaza de Londres tanto thesoro que la misma 
 Reyna Ysabela con su Corte la fue á ver : y esta 
 cantidad de oro la rescató este Corsario en uno de 
 aquellos Rios que descienden de acia al Norte con- 
 tiguo á esta tierra, que tiene toda su Población 
 Norte Sur ; y esta codicia ha hecho que los Yn- 
 gleses ayan querido penetrar la tierra adentro, y 
 por no saber hacer la guerra á los Yndios han sa- 
 cado siempre la peor parte, y los tiene tan atemori- 
 zados que no osan entrar en Batalla con ellos. 
 
 Aqui hemos tenido algunos Yndios naturales de 
 aquellas partes, y que han estado en este Reyno de 
 los Ahijados (que es el Thegüayo) que daban claras 
 señas de ellos, y sus riquezas, y de los Holandeses 
 que alli cerca de la Virginia estaban poblados ; y 
 que asimismo hauian estado en las Provincias de 
 los Otocomanes, y Aitacomanes, donde es tanta la 
 abundancia de oro y plata, que todos los Vasos de 
 su seruicio son de Plata, y algunos de oro ; y lo 
 mismo decia (según Personas fidedignas) aquel Yn- 
 dio Miguel natural de este Reyno de Thegüayo 
 que andubo con D. Juan de Oñate, Adelantado del 
 
o 
 
 6 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 Nuevo Mexico, al qüal llevó a España el Maesse de 
 Campo Vicente de Saldivar, y en Madrid dio al 
 Rey nuestro Señor estas mismas noticias. S. M. 
 premió el servicio al Maesse de Campo con el Abito 
 de Santiago: y aunque estas ciertas y grandes ri- 
 quezas se oyen como soñadas entre la poca soli- 
 citud Española, entre los Extrangeros están muy 
 vivas, y con evidencia y grandes intereses experi- 
 mentadas. 
 
 Por lo qüal no dexan cosa por estas costas del 
 Mdr de el Sur, y de el Norte que no calen y vean, 
 conociendo y estimando mejor que el Español las 
 muchas ricas y grandes Perlas de este nuestro Ve- 
 cino Golfo de la California, y en las Ensenadas de 
 nuestros Rios, y en especial en los de la Quivira, 
 donde dieron los Yndios tantas (aunque no bue- 
 nas) al Señor Adelantado, y aqui nos las trahen á 
 rescatar de ordinario, y hemos visto muchas tan 
 gruesas como garvanzos ; y de mucho rico ámbar 
 que ellos no estiman, y le traen en olorosas Pelotas 
 para sus Entretenimientos. Los dos Casiques pro- 
 siguieron diciendo, que mas adelante acia debajo 
 del Norte pasados los Pueblos de su nación havia 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 37 
 
 otras gentes ricas y poderosas con grandes Pueblos, 
 que tardarán en pasarlos 3 dias ; y todas estas Pro- 
 vincias y las tierras que hemos visto son fértiles, 
 abundantes, frescas y de grandes frutales, especial- 
 mente Nogales de 3 diferentes suertes, y muy 
 llenas de Cíbolas, y con una gran Laguna circun- 
 dada de Poblaciones grandes y villages de lucida, 
 rica y belicosa gente. 
 
 Duraria la narración de estos Casiques y pregun- 
 tas del Señor D. Diego y los Padres Capellanos 
 hasta la media noche, hora en que los embiaron a 
 dormir ; pero ellos viéndose solos y entre gente tan 
 peregrina y extraña, y que su Enemigos los Es- 
 canxaques estaban tan cerca, se huyeron y pasaron 
 el Rio para su ciudad, la qüal amaneció despoblada 
 y sin gente, porque sus Enemigos los Escanxaques 
 sin ser sentidos de los nuestros se deslizaron y die- 
 ron asalto en la ciudad, matando, quemando y des- 
 truyendo todo ló que podian ; a cuyo rebato su 
 Señoria dio orden que el Real pasase el Rio, y se 
 esguazó con dificultad por ser aun de noche y se 
 alojó en la entrada de la ciudad que esta situada en 
 las deleitosas vegas de otro Rio que la entra por 
 
38 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 medio, y las casas y calles son de la vna y otra 
 vanda, y la fabrica de los edificios por la mayor 
 parte es redonda de á 2, de a 3 y de a 4 altos cu- 
 biertos de Paja con admirable curiosidad, y las ma- 
 deras de Coleo, Curcúra ó Otate, que todos 3 
 nombres son de una caña maziza, fuerte y nudosa, 
 de que suelen hacer Bastones, que no se cria en 
 tierra caliente ; y según se notó en lo que vimos 
 siembran dos veces al año, porque algunas semen- 
 teras estaban para cogerse, y otras se iban sem- 
 brando. No se pudó hallar Yndio alguno para 
 lengua por haberse todos huido temiendo la gran 
 furia de los Enemigos Escanxaques, que creyeron 
 que iban favorecidos y aliados con los nuestros, y 
 fue necesario para atajar el incendio de la Ciudad 
 partir la Armada en dos tropas, y que la vna con 
 el Maesge de Campo se ocupase la mayor parte del 
 dia en retirar los Escanxaques. 
 
 La mañana siguiente marchó el Campo por me- 
 dio de la Población como dos leguas y haviendo 
 contado algunos millares de casas hicieron alto en 
 la orilla de otro IRio que también entraba en ella; 
 y se notó que cada qüarto de legua, poco mas ó 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 39 
 
 menos entraban en la Ciudad caminos Reales de á 
 1 6 sendas y algunos de más, muy trilladas, y jun- 
 tas, que bajaban de la serrania alta que distaria de 
 los edificios como 6 leguas. 
 
 Desde aquel parage embió el Señor Adelanta- 
 do una Esqüadra de 25 soldados con el Sargente 
 Mayor Francisco de Madrid para que fuesen a ex- 
 plorar todo lo Poblado sin poder dar fin á sus calles, 
 y mientras mas adelante reconocían mas población, 
 y mas humazos en la Serrania que hiba por el cos- 
 tado derecho de la ciudad azia el Norte. 
 
 Pasamos hasta llegar a esta población muchas y 
 muy grandes Rios, que abundan en diversos Peces, 
 como son Bochinetes, Bogas, Matalotes, Bagres, 
 Sardinas, Moxarras, Truchas, Anguilas, Cavallos, 
 Pege-blanco, Cason, Almejas y Camarones, y otros 
 y los mas destos Rios altisimos para sacar Asequias 
 de riego, y las Tierras negras, fuertes, fértiles, y 
 cubiertas de yerva, y en conclusion toda la campiña 
 que habia desde la ciudad de la Quivira hasta la 
 sierra, que serian 607 leguas, parecia un Paraiso, y 
 viendo el Señor D. Diego que era inútil seguir á 
 quien huia, y que no se savia si el Carruaje hallaría 
 
40 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 paso, y lo principal por no tener orden de hacer 
 nuevos descubrimientos, desde allí dio la buelta 
 para estas Provincias á 1 1 de Junio, dia de S. Ber- 
 nabé, Apóstol ; y viniendo caminando le salieron al 
 encuentro de mano armada los Yndios Escanxa- 
 ques que ingratos del agasajo que se les havia he- 
 cho, haviendose juntado con otros de su nación, que 
 formaban un cuerpo de mas de 7 M se havian bu- 
 elto á entrar en la Ciudad ó su frente ; y aunque 
 fueron requeridos con la paz no la quisieron ad- 
 mitir, y fue forzoso pelear y en un sangriento com- 
 bate que con ellos tubo, les mató el Señor Adelan- 
 tado en menos de 3 horas mas de 3 M, y los demás 
 se pusieron en huida, haviendo experimentado las 
 Ventajas de las valas á las Flechas, aunque ellos las 
 disparan a dilubios, pues parecen tempestades de 
 granizo. 
 
 Halláronse en esta Jornada Hombres de diver- 
 sas naciones de Europa, Asia, Africa y America, 
 y todos a una voz decian que no hauian visto tierra 
 tan fértil, amena y agradable, como aquella, y están 
 aguardando la buelta de su Señoría con los nue- 
 vos ordenes de S. M., y merced de titulo de Duque 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 41 
 
 de ella, Marques de Farara, y el de Conde de 
 Santa Feé de Peñalosa, que tan merecido tiene. 
 
 De alii a 4 meses vino a. este Reyno un Ca- 
 sique principal de la Quivzra con mas de 700 Yn- 
 dios y Reqüas de Perros cargados de Antes, y Ca- 
 rnuzas y otras Pieles, y fué á ver el Señor Adelan- 
 tado y dio a su Señoria las gracias por el castigo que 
 habia echo en sus Enemigos los Escanxaques y de 
 nuevo notició de las grandes y ricas ciudades de la 
 tierra adentro, y cosas notables de ellas, y con el 
 dedo de la mano pintó en el suelo un Mapa, asi de 
 su tierra y Poblaciones vecinas a ellas, como de las 
 de sus Enemigos, y otras con sus Rios, Montes y 
 llanos, ciudades y Pueblos de diferentes edificios, y 
 sus campiñas llenas de Cíbolas y otras diversas espe- 
 cies de Animales no conocidos en nuestra Europa, 
 con otras cosas de estraña grandeza. 
 
 Todo lo qüal asi como el Cacique lo pinto en el 
 suelo lo mandó el señor D. Diego copiar en Papel 
 para remitir á S. M. y rogó el Cacique a su Se- 
 ñoria que volviese á su tierra donde seria mejor re- 
 cibido que la primera vez, y para guias dejó dos 
 Yndios de su compañia que lo condugesen por 
 
42 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 menor y mas breve camino. El partió agradecido 
 y contento por el agasajo que su Señoría le hizo 
 dándole un Vestido con una vanda de oro y un 
 sombrero con plumas que le admiró por no ser mas 
 finas las que ellos usan, y un Espadin dorado de 
 que hizo notable estimación el Bárbaro Capitán. 
 
 Por lo dicho se ve claramente que todas las no- 
 ticias que dieron al bendito P. Fr. Francisco de Es- 
 cobar, y al Adelantado del Nuevo Mexico D. Juan 
 de Oñate qüando conquistó este Reyno, y las que 
 en esta Jornada del Oriente y Quivira se han 
 dado, hieren todas en una misma parte, que es de- 
 bajo el Norte ; y las que los Yndios Thaos, y los 
 de la nación Apaches, sus vecinos y mas Nordes- 
 tales nos dan, son todas unas ; y que esta tierra 
 Nordestal tan poblada y rica comienza en los es- 
 paciosos campos de Quivira 150 leguas de aqui, y 
 se sigue hasta donde empieza lo poblado casi otro 
 tanto ; y de alli es increible la grandeza del Pais y 
 Pueblos acia*debajo del Norte, todo cercado de 
 Mar por todas partes, y según la relación de los 
 Moradores de la del sur da buelta el Mar por la 
 punta de aquella Sierra de la California, rodeando 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 43 
 
 la tierra acia el Norueste, Norte y Nordeste, y 
 dicen que saben que llega hasta alli y que presumen 
 que pasa adelante, porque no le hallan el ultimo 
 termino ; y dan razón de la riquísima Laguna de 
 Cópala y sus Mexicanos, que en todo su gran con- 
 torno tienen muchas Poblaciones, y desde aquella 
 Laguna acia el Norueste ponen todas las Naciones 
 referidas en la Jornada del Mar del Sur, y los de la 
 Quivira que abitan al Leste dicen que el Mar dista 
 10 leguas detras de la gran sierra, que esta 8 de la 
 ciudad de Taracari, y que de alli corre acia el Nor- 
 deste, y Norte y Norueste, que es el mismo brazo 
 de la California, de suerte que desde Quivira se 
 save con evidente prueba que el Mar ciñe y abraza 
 toda esta Tierra por estos 4 vientos ; desde el Leste 
 al Nordeste, y Norte y Norueste. 
 
 Y esta eminentísima sierra le va siguiendo siem- 
 pre, y los Moradores de aquellas Regiones no saben 
 donde terminan ; y si desde este Puerto del Nuevo 
 Mexico se mira al Oriente, ó al Norte, ó al Poni- 
 ente por todas partes hallaremos el Mar á menos 
 de 250 leguas por el circulo uniforme que viene ha- 
 ciendo el de la California por los 4 vientos dichos, y 
 
44 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 toda la fuerza de riqueza y grandes Poblaciones de 
 esta sierra vecina á la gran Quivira, y mas Oriental 
 son acia el Mar, cuyas vertientes á el están pobladas 
 de muchas Ciudades de curiosos Edificios de á 3 al- 
 tos, y asi va toda la tierra casi corta á costa, riquísi- 
 ma y muy habitada hasta la gran Laguna de Cópala 
 de cuyas Minas son las ricas Piedras de oro que el 
 Señor Governador compró a rescate ; y aunque 
 toda esta longitud de Población es como se re'fiere, 
 no debe tener de latitud mas de 50 leguas al modo 
 del Reyno de Portugal, que con ser tan estendido 
 que llega desde la Raya del Reyno de Galicia asta 
 el Algarbe, no tiene de ancho mas de 30 leguas. Y 
 para ser mas breve esta Jornada y descubrimiento, 
 según dicen los Quiviras, se ha de yr por los Thaos 
 que es camino mas corto ó menos dilatado, y las 
 Poblaciones están mas cercanas ; y se entiende y 
 aun tiene por cierto que los 9 Pueblos grandes, que 
 están de aqui 70' leguas en la derecera de los Tahos 
 acia el Norte, son principio de aquellos extendidos 
 Reynos, y que desde alli se sigue lo poblado, y 
 mientras mas adelante son las Aldeas en mayor nu- 
 mero. 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 45 
 
 Compruevase también lo referido de la grandiosi- 
 dad y riqueza de esta tierra Nordestal adentio con 
 las noticias que también hemos leido del viage del 
 Maestre de Campo Vicente de Saldivar, que hizo al 
 Mar del Sur por orden de su Tio el Adelantado 
 D. Juan de Oñate, con piloto y todos los aprestos 
 para fabricar un Barco ó chalupa, mandándole que 
 llegado al Rio de Buena Esperanza (ó del Tison, 
 que todo es uno) no siguiese el Rio abaxo que 
 corre Norte sur acia el Golfo de la California, que 
 es por donde fueron la primera vez, sino que pa- 
 sado el Rio con la gran serrania, por cuyas faldas 
 lleva su corriente hasta el Mar del sur, desde aquella 
 sierra bajasen luego al Mar, y buscasen la Ysla de 
 las Gigantas tan nombrada y descubriesen la La- 
 guna de Cópala, donde son las riquisimas Minas de 
 Moctegsuma, que con el favor de Dios esperamos 
 ver descubiertas por el señor Adelantado, como se 
 ha escrito. 
 
Una copia de letra moderna de esta Jornada que há ser- 
 vido de original posee D n Bernardo de Yriarte, del R 1 Con- 
 sejo de la Yndias, que me la há franqueado con la mayor 
 complacencia, igualm tc que otros relativos á Quiros interesado 
 en ilustrar la Historia de nuestros viages, cuya colleccion em- 
 prehendió por los años de 1768, habiéndose malogrado tan 
 útil y glorioso proyecto- Se ha confrontado esta copia y 
 queda conforme. 
 
 Madrid, 18 de Julio de 1791. 
 
 Martin Fern z de Navarrete. 
 
 Acaso es esta Relación la Memoria MS. en Francés que 
 se hallaba en la Libreria de Tevenot, y cita el S r Barcia en el 
 fol 609 de su epitome á la Bib ca Occidental de Pinelo. 
 
 (Rubrica de Navarrete.) 
 
 True copies of the transcripts in the Deposito Hidro- 
 gráfico of the Spanish government. 
 
 The above certificates are on the last page. 
 
 Nov. 6, 1856. Madrid. 
 
 Buckingham Smith. 
 
NOTICIA 
 
 de otra Expedición anterior por el Maestre 
 de Campo Vicente de Saldivár. 
 
 El año de 1618 saltó el Maestre de Campo 
 Vicente de Saldivár al descubrimiento de esta Jor- 
 nada con 47 soldados bien aprestados, y con ellos 
 el Padre Fr. Lázaro Ximenez del orden del nuestro 
 Seraphico Padre S. Francisco, y pasando por estas 
 mismas Naciones pobladas y políticas hasta la ulti- 
 ma de Moq, y caminando por aquellos despoblados 
 otras 15 Jornadas, llegaron al Rio de Buena Espe- 
 ranza ú del Tison, en el qüal paraxe se hallaron en 
 36 grados y medio ; y caminando por el arriva dos 
 Jornadas acia el Norte con muy buena guia que se 
 ofreció á llevarlos, llegaron a una pequeña Pobla- 
 ción, y informándose de la tierra adentro, les dixe- 
 ron tantas grandezas de ella, como les habian dicho 
 
48 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 los del Poniente en las costas del Mar del Sur y la. 
 California, y como nos dixeron á nosotros la del 
 Oriente en la Quivira, que animo .grandemente á 
 todos á seguir su viage ; pero como entre las demás 
 cosas les dixeron que adelante hallarian unas gentes 
 terribles y giganteas, tan corpulentas y descomu- 
 nales que un Hombre de los nuestros a Cavallo era 
 pequeño en su comparación, y que tiraban gran- 
 dísimas* Flechas, pareciendole á Saldivar no llevar 
 fuerza suficiente para contra tanta multitud de 
 gentes barbaras, y tales que determino volverse 
 temiendo algún mal suceso, como lo esperimentó 
 el Capitán Humana y otros ; y aunque a este pa- 
 recer resistieron el P. Fr. Lázaro, y los mas de los 
 soldarlos no bastó, ni aunque se ofrecieron 25 de 
 ellos pidiéndole licencia para entrar y calar la 
 tierra, no quiso el Maestre de Campo concederse- 
 la, temiendo se perderían todos ; antes mandó al- 
 zar mano de la Jornada, y volverse ; y executando 
 este prudente determinación, y estando cargando 
 el Bagage, hizo en aquel punto la tierra gran senti- 
 miento con un terrible y espantoso temblor, que 
 parecía jugar con los Montes mas encumbrados 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 49 
 
 según los messia, derribando por el suelo las Bes- 
 tias cargadas, y los Hombres sin que quedase cosa 
 en su lu^ar, mostrando misteriosamente el Cielo 
 con este terremoto la cobardia de animo de los que 
 se volvían desde las Puertas de aquella fértil, rica, 
 y espaciosa tierra, que en el común sentir todo lo 
 que hasta oy está conquistado y poblado debaxo 
 del nombre de America es sombra en comparación 
 de lo que contiene esta nueva parte del Mundo 
 nuevo, amenazada de conquistar por los Franceses 
 que confinan con ella, y de los Yngleses y Olan- 
 deses que tanto la desean, aunque no lo consiguirán 
 los vnos ni los otros, porque ignoran el Arte de 
 conquistar, reservado al valor y destreza de nuestra 
 nación y la Portuguesa, aunque entonces los Nues- 
 tros no osaron llegar lo á ver, siquiera para desen- 
 gañarse. 
 
 Entonces el Padre Fr. Lázaro, dicen, que ex- 
 clamó diciendo en altas voces con estrañable do- 
 lor : Ha Españoles ! que la tierra hace sentimiento 
 de nuestra falta de valor, y no lo hacemos noso- 
 tros ! pero yo creo y lo tengo por sin duda que 
 como nuestro buen Dios y Señor guardó la con- 
 
50 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 quista de la Tierra-firme para el Ylustre Pedrarias 
 de Avila, hijo del Conde de Puñon-rostro, y la del 
 Perú para el bien afortunado Francisco Pizarro y 
 la de Chile para el ynsigne Pedro Gutierrez de 
 Valdivia, y la de la Nauegación del Mar del Sur 
 para el famoso D. Diego de Ocampo, y la de 
 Mexico para el Ínclito Fernán Cortés ; guarda 
 esta para el excelente D. Diego Dionisio de Peña- 
 losa, que como Bis-nieto de los tres mayores Ca- 
 valleros (Pedro Aries Davila, Pedro de Valdivia, 
 Diego de Ocampo) y mejores soldados de los 
 cinco expresados, y Marido que fué de Nieta 
 del siempre vencedor Marqués del Valle, Duque 
 de Terra-noba (Fernán Cortés) parece que repro- 
 duce el valor de tan excelentes Heroes, pues en su 
 tiempo vemos vencidas tantas dificultades y des- 
 cubierto el camino de propagar el Evangelio, ex- 
 tender la Monarchia y aumentar el comercio de la 
 Christiandad, haciendo su casa mas ylustre por su 
 Espada con los Titulos de Marqués y Conde, de 
 Vellas Villas que ha fundado desde las primeras 
 piedras, y el que pretende de Duque para hacerse 
 por si tan ylustre como los Excelentisimos de sus 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 5 I 
 
 gloriosos Progenitores, de cuyos Titulos de Mar- 
 qués, Conde y Vizconde es legitimo heredero, 
 como del celo en honrar y patrocinar nuestra 
 Seraphica orden, como tan Christiano Cavallero 
 y Hermano nuestro por letras patentes de nues- 
 tro Reverendissimo Padre Comisario General, Fr. 
 Diego Zapata. 
 
 NOTA. 
 
 Este escrito se ha copiado á la letra del que el 
 Padre Guardián, Predicador y Comisario Fr. Nico- 
 las de Freytas escribió de su mano, el qüal se remi- 
 tió original á S. M. con el Memorial impreso del 
 Señor Adelantado el año 1663, cuya resulta se es- 
 pera para conseguir tan gloriosa empresa dando á la 
 Corona de España Thesoros para dominar al Orbe, 
 á gloria de Dios en cuya mano poderosa están to- 
 das las cosas pasadas, presentes, y venideras ; y de 
 su vendita Madre la Virgen Maria, Señora nuestra, 
 concebida sin mancha de pecado original. 
 
 Naciones conocidas que trafican con las Quiviras 
 y Ahijaos del Reyno de Thegüayo cercano á las 
 tierras de los Franceses que llaman de la Canadá en 
 
52 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL 
 
 las Riveras del Rio de S. Lorenzo, que nuestros sal- 
 uages afirman ser muy grande y navegable hasta el 
 Mar, son las siguientes. Escanxaques que hacen 
 gran cantidad de Antas blancas y bien curtidas y 
 muchisimas carnuzas y otras Pieles, y yacen en 40 
 Grados de latitud. 
 
 Tienen al Norte la Tierra del Fuego, y mas alto 
 la Laguna dulce, que dicen es de exc^siuo grandor, 
 y en ella desagua otra Laguna que llaman Puela, 
 en que hay una Ysla Mineral de rico cobre, oro 
 bajo, ó Latón subido. 
 
 Caminando de los Escanxaques para la Nueba 
 Francia, yacen los Neutrios, Antovorinos, Cavellos 
 Realzados del Mechón del Perun (yerba que tra- 
 fican entre ellos y la vsan como tabaco) y los mas 
 feroces los Hiroquees, para los qüales dicen por 
 proberbio ; d 10 Hiroquees 4 del Mechón, y a estos 
 dos Escanxaques, y a 10 Escanxaques un Apache ; 
 todos los qüales son poblados, y algunas de sus Po- 
 blaciones cercadas de palizadas á manera de los Su- 
 nis de nuestra Cibola, 
 
 Nótese que según el Hacho, Reyezuelo, Estan^ 
 xaque, desde los Hiroquees no dista mucho el 
 
PAIS Y CIUDAD DE QUIVIRA. 53 
 
 Reyno de la Nueva Francia, que por otro nombre 
 llaman Acanadá, que no seria difícil saquearles las 
 Villas principales. 
 
 Nótese asimismo que pasada la sierra alta de los 
 Escanxaques, a 8 ó 10 Jornadas hay Poblaciones 
 de gente blanca y rubia, que sin duda son Yngleses, 
 de la Virginia ú de la Nueva Ynglaterra. Quiera 
 nuestro Señor por su infinita misericordia, que nu- 
 estro Governador y Capitán General allane con su 
 valor y su industria todas las dificultadas, que opo- 
 nen los que no están acostumbrado a vencer ym- 
 posibles, como lo está su Señoria, para qui en la 
 Divina Providencie, ha guardado en sus senos ocul- 
 tos hasta este tiempo, Quia omnia in tempore stio 
 querentur. 
 
 NOTA PUESTA POR EL CONDE DE PEÑALOSA. 
 
 Vuesa Paternidad no ha dicho en este Traslado 
 lo de la Etimología de los nombres de la tierra que 
 havitan los Franceses ; con que se prueba la opin- 
 ion contraria del Governador de la Vizcaya, por 
 que a toda su Tierra de Nueva Francia, la llaman 
 
54 QUIVIRA. 
 
 Crnada ; dicción corrumpida en su manera de ha- 
 blar ; pues debe decir Aca-nada, despreció que hi- 
 cieron Españoles que la abandonaron por Pobre ; 
 y la Vanidad de que blasona el Autor Francés que 
 en el Governador me cita de ser el primero que 
 eligió el sitio en que fundó la capital de la Aca- 
 nada, también es presumpción sin fundamento, 
 pues por el mismo nombre que el dice, le dan 
 los Yndios Salvages, seconoce haver sido sitio' ele- 
 gido por Españoles, cuya lengua ignoraba el Capi- 
 tán Francés como nosotros la suya ; es pues Esta- 
 daca que sin duda fue persuación (para poblar alli) 
 del Gefe de la Jornada ; y haviendo hallado las 
 ruinas el Francés pobló, y le llaman Quebec, que 
 no se lo que significa, aunque se puede buscar en el 
 Bocabulario de estas dos Lenguas que embié a V. 
 P. D. y al Padre Guevara que es Cathalán puede 
 ser lo sepa. 
 
RELATION 
 
 OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE 
 
 COUNTRY AND CITY OF QUIVIRA, 
 
 DON DIEGO DIONISIO DE PENALOSA, 
 
 BRICEÑA Y VERDUGO, OCAMPO Y VALDIVIA, LORD OF THE CITIES OF GUARINA 
 AND FARARA, AND OF ITS ELEVEN TOWNS, FEUDATORY COMMENDA- 
 TORY KNIGHT IN THE CITY OF LA PAZ, PROVINCIAL ALCALDE 
 AND PERPETUAL REGIDOR THEREIN, AND IN THE FIVE 
 PROVINCES OF ITS DISTRICT, GOVERNOR AND 
 CAPTAIN-GENERAL OF NEW MEXICO, 
 LAWFUL SUCCESSOR AND HEIR OF THE MARQUISATE OF ARAUCO, AND THE 
 COUNTSHIP OF VALDIVIA (PROVINCE OF CHILE), VISCOUNTSHIP OF 
 LA YMPERIAL, AND MARQUISATE OF ORISTAN, CLAIMANT 
 OF THE MARQUISATE OF FARARA, AND COUNTSHIP 
 OF SANTA FEE DE PEÑALOSA, ADELANTADO OF 
 CHILE AND OF THE GRAN QUIVIRA IN 
 THE WEST OF THIS NEW WORLD 
 OF AMERICA, IN THE 
 YEAR 1662. 
 
 WRITTEN BY 
 
 FATHER FRIAR NICOLAS DE^FREYTAS, 
 
 Of the Order of St. Francis, Preacher, and Guardian of the Convent of San 
 
 Ildephonso in this Kingdom, and Chaplain of His Most 
 
 Illustrious Lordship* 
 
* He was not yet so, but as I had said that he should be, he thought 
 himself already in possession. He became so subsequently. — Note by 
 Peñalosa. Of this Father, Señor Icazbalceta obligingly sent me the fol- 
 lowing from Beristain, corrected : "Freitas (Father Nicholas de), Francis- 
 can religious of the Strict Observance, Commissary Visitor of the Third 
 Order in the province of the Holy Gospel in Mexico, published : ' Música 
 Sagrada en trítono Metaphorico, Sermon que predicó el R. P.... dia de la 
 Santísima Trinidad en la Santa Iglesia Metropolitana de México.' Mexico, 
 Viuda de Bernardo Calderón, 1680. 4 ." 
 
EXPEDITION TO THE EASTWARD 
 
 And Discovery of Quivira, made by Don 
 Diego Dionisio de Peñalosa. 
 
 In the year 1662, on the 6th of March, Señor 
 Don Diego de Peñalosa set out from' the city of 
 Santa Fee to discover the lands to the eastward, 
 taking in his company Father Preacher, Friar Mi- 
 chael de Guevara, Guardian of the Convent of 
 Santa Fee,* and Father Friar Nicolas de Freytas, 
 Guardian of the Convent of San Ildefonso, f both 
 religious of our Seraphic Father, Saint Francis, the 
 one as chaplain of his illustrious Lordship, and the 
 other as chaplain of the force, and a very brilliant 
 company of eighty Spaniards, among whom were 
 sorne foreigners married in these parts, whose cap- 
 
 * In the new kingdom of Mexico. 
 
 f The mission of San Ildefonso among the Teoas Indians was the first 
 established in New Mexico. Benavides, " Memorial," p. 28. 
 
58 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 tain was Michael de Noriega, and his Maestre de 
 Campo Thomas Domínguez de Mendoza, and ser- 
 geant majors Don Fernando Duran y Chavez and 
 John Lucero Godoy, and a thousand Indians on 
 foot with bows and arrows, all very well armed, 
 both men and horses, and with all the other equip- 
 ments of peace and war, for all contingencies that 
 might befall us, and with thirty-six carts of various 
 sizes well provided with provisions and munitions, 
 and a large coach, a litter, and two portable chairs 
 for his person, and six three-pounders, eight hun- 
 dred horses, and three hundred mules ; and we took 
 our course eastward till we had marched two hun- 
 dred leagues, all through pleasing, peaceful, and 
 most fertile fields, and so level that in all of them 
 no mountain, or range, or any hill was seen, which 
 finally ended at a very high and insuperable ridge 
 which is near the sea, eight leagues beyond the 
 great city of Quivira, called Taracari; and so agree- 
 able and fertile are they that in all the Indies of 
 Peru and New Spain, nor in Europe, have any 
 other such been seen, so pleasant and delightful, 
 and covered with buffalo or cows of cibola which 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 59 
 
 caused notable admiration. The further we enter- 
 ed the country the greater was the number, with 
 many and very beautiful livers, marshes, and 
 springs ; studded with luxuriant forest and fruit 
 trees of various kinds, which produce most pala- 
 table plums, large and fine grapes in great clusters 
 and of extremely good flavor, like those of Spain, 
 and even better. Many mulberry-trees to raise 
 silk, oaks, evergreen oaks, elms, ash and poplar 
 trees, with other kinds of trees, with useful and 
 fragrant plants, clover, flax, hemp, marjoram high 
 enough to hide a man on horseback, abundance of 
 roses, strawberries without end, small but savory, 
 many Castilian partridges, quails, turkeys, sand- 
 pipers, pheasants, deer, stags or elk in very great 
 number, and even one kind of them as large and 
 developed as our horses. 
 
 Through these pleasant and most fertile fields we 
 marched during the months of March, April, May, 
 and the kalends of June, and arrived at a large river 
 which they call Mischipi, * where we saw the first 
 
 * Sagean, pp. 27, 32, put his Acaaniba on the river Milly. La Hóntan 
 puts the tribe of Essanapes on his Long River. Zarate Salmerón (cited by 
 
6o THE DISCOVERY 
 
 Indians of the Escanxaques nation, who might be to 
 the number of 3,000, most warlike, well armed and 
 equipped in their manner, who were going to attack 
 the first city of the Quiviras, who are their enemies, 
 and are destroying themselves by continual wars. 
 
 After entering into peace with us these Escan- 
 xaques gave notice of Quivira* and its peoples, and 
 they marched with us that day up by the borders of 
 that beautiful river, which is rapid, and forms in 
 parts very delightful and beautiful prairies, so fer- 
 tile that in some they gather the fruit twice a year, 
 and great forests in parts at distances of two, four, 
 six, and ten leagues, and strange trees not seen un- 
 til this place. 
 
 Dunbar), in his account of New Mexico, says the Escanxaques were at 
 46 o N. 162 o W., and that their country extends obliquely to the shelter 
 formed by certain mountain sides and to a river which flows N.E.-S.E. 
 (? S.W.), and incorporates with another which discharges into the Missis- 
 sippi. Magazine of Am. Hist., iv. p. 280. 
 
 * Coronado in his expedition in 1542 reached Quivira. He puts the 
 great river at 36° N. and Quebira at 40 o . He marched 330 leagues from 
 the Rio Grande to it, but his return march was more direct and took only 
 200. Buck. Smith, " Colección," p. 153. There can be little doubt but 
 that the same Quivira was reached by both Coronado and Peñalosa. Minet 
 in his map (Harrisse, p. 203) puts Quivira south of the Arkansas, but seems 
 to place the Escanxaques (Les pancake) and a place intended for Peñalosa 
 north of the Missouri. 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 6 1 
 
 From this point we turned our- route northward, 
 following the river which drew its current from 
 thence, leaving the East on our right, and that day 
 the army halted in the prairies by the river, and the 
 Escanxaques Indians lodged somewhat apart ; and 
 it is worth noting what they did that evening, 
 which was their going out to the number of six 
 hundred to hunt cibolas, which they found very 
 near, and in less than three hours they returned, 
 each bringing one, two, and some three cows' 
 tongues from the incredible slaughter which they 
 made of them. 
 
 The next day the army marched, and after go- 
 ing four leagues we discovered the great range al- 
 ready mentioned which ran from East to North, 
 covered with smokes, by which they gave notice 
 of the arrival of the Christian army, and soon after 
 we discovered the great settlement or city of Qui- 
 vira, situated on the wide-spread prairies of another 
 beautiful river which came from the range to 
 enter and unite with that which we had hitherto 
 followed. 
 
 Before crossing the great river which served us 
 
62 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 as a guide, and in sightrof the city, the army halted 
 in the prairie thereof, Don Diego having previous- 
 ly ordered the Escanxaques to retire and not enter 
 the city till his Lordship commanded otherwise. 
 This they did, though against their will, because 
 they wished that both they and the Señor Adelan- 
 tado with his soldiers should at once assault the 
 city with fire and blood, and destroy it. 
 
 So numerous were the people who appeared be- 
 fore the great settlement, men, women, and chil- 
 dren, that it excited wonder, and then seventy head 
 chiefs came very well attired in their style with 
 neat chamois and buckskin, and caps or bonnets of 
 ermine, and they welcomed the Señor Adelantado 
 with the greatest marks of love and respect that 
 they could. 
 
 His Illustrious Lordship received them with plea- 
 sure and ordered them to be entertained, and he 
 gave them some presents with his accustomed libe- 
 rality, endeavoring to quiet their minds, which 
 were disturbed by the alarm which they had felt 
 on seeing him and the Escanxaques, their avowed 
 enemies, as well as to gain their good-will for the 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 63 
 
 furtherance of his expedition, and giving them to 
 understand the friendly intercourse that he would 
 maintain with them, and from the outset impress- 
 ing this on them not only by words but also by 
 most devoted affection and example. He caused 
 the portable altar to be set up, where he reverenced 
 the image of Christ our Lord, and that of the Vir- 
 gin, our Lady, his most holy Mother, and ordered 
 the Salve and Litany to be sung, and afterwards 
 his Lordship received a present of a great quantity 
 of ermine, buckskin, chamois, marten, otter, beaver, 
 and sable-skins, and a quantity of Indian corn in 
 grain and bread, beans and pumpkins, sand-pipers, 
 turkeys, partridges, and rabbits, and much fresh fish 
 which the Indians brought, giving him to under- 
 stand that he should receive that as a mark of their 
 good-will till next day, when he might enter their 
 city, which was on the other bank of the rapid river, 
 and that they would serve him with much love and 
 all possible hospitality. . 
 
 With this they returned to their houses with very 
 courteous supplies for the governors and chiefs of 
 the city (whom those who are ambitious of paint- 
 
64 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 ing crowned heads on their coats-of-arms call kings). 
 The Señor Adelantado detained two of those chiefs 
 that evening and night with fair words and better 
 deeds ; they were examined and questioned as to 
 their land and the qualities of it and of its tribes. 
 They gave his Lordship such grand accounts and 
 relation of the interior country that it excited our 
 admiration, and among many other things they said 
 that that first city which we saw was so large' and 
 of so great a population that we could not reach 
 the end in two days, and that from that elevated 
 range, wonderful for its length and height, which 
 displayed itself to our sight, many rivers, large and 
 small, descended, on the banks of which are towns 
 of countless tribes of his nation ; that there were a 
 great number of great towns and some larger than 
 that we had before us. That back of it eastward 
 ran other rivers which entered a very large lake of 
 salt water, which ran northward, and that they did 
 not know where it terminated (which doubtless was 
 the North sea) ; that the banks of these rivers were 
 more densely peopled than his nation, and with 
 larger and better towns and houses than his, and 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 65 
 
 that they had a powerful king who governed them, 
 and that on account of their exceeding in numbers 
 and power they regarded them and they were their 
 deadly enemies. 
 
 These are the Ahijaos,* who possess the richest 
 gold-mines, much better known by the English of 
 Virginia, who are settled 150 leagues from Florida, 
 than by the Spaniards on account of their remiss 
 lack of energy, and it is even said that France also 
 shares in this information through Canada ; and it 
 is said both nations obtain very rich ores from the 
 Indians, and that some have been on sale at Rouen, 
 of which the Archduke Albert, Count of Flanders, 
 gave information to our Lord King Philip III. 
 
 * De l'lsle, in his map " L'Amérique Septentrionale " (Paris, 1700), 
 places north of the Missouri at 40° N. " Quivira habité par les Aixaos," 
 probably traceable to Benavides and Peñalosa. In Spanish pronunciation 
 Aixaos and Ahijaos are the same. Three years later De l'lsle, in his 
 " Carte du Canada " (Paris, 1703), gives in the same place La Hontan's 
 fictitious Long River with the Essanapes as one of the tribes. Benavides, 
 p. 91, distinguishes between the kingdom of Quivira and that of the Aixaos, 
 and makes them 30 or 40 leagues east of the Xumanas. ' By 1743 ideas as 
 to Quivira had become very vague. Bellin, in his Carte de l'Amérique Sep- 
 tentrionale (Shea's Charlevoix, i. p. 100), has between the head-waters of 
 the Missouri and the Pacific, far to the northwest of Santa Fe : " Ici doi- 
 vent etre les pays de Quivira et de Taguaio dont on n'a aucune connais- 
 sanee certaine." 
 
66 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 For which reason his Majesty, wishing to rid 
 himself of that English settlement, ordered all the 
 harbors of Virginia to be sounded, confiding this 
 conquest to Garibay ; and it was in this part, about 
 the northward, that the great English pirate, Ser 
 Thomas, drew the great wealth of gold, who with 
 incredible boldness and pride entered London by 
 the Thames with his rigging and sails of silk, and 
 who landed and placed in the square at London so 
 much treasure that Queen Elizabeth herself went 
 to see it with her court ; and this store of gold was 
 obtained by this pirate in one of those rivers which 
 descend from the northward near this land, which 
 has all its population running from north to south ; 
 and this avarice has induced the English to try and 
 penetrate inland, and from their not knowing how 
 to make war on Indians they have always come off 
 worst, and this has so alarmed them that they 
 dare not join battle with them. 
 
 We have had here some Indians, natives of those 
 parts, and who have been in that kingdom of the 
 Ahijados (which is Thegüayo), who gave clear in- 
 dications of them and of their wealth, and of the 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 67 
 
 Dutch who are settled there near Virginia, and that 
 they had also been in the provinces of the Otoco- 
 manes and Aitacomanes, where the abundance of 
 silver and gold is such that all the vessels for their 
 use are of silver, and in some cases of gold ; and 
 the same was stated, according to trustworthy per- 
 sons, by that Indian Michael, a native of this king- 
 dom of Theguayo, who accompanied Don Juan de 
 Oñate, Adelantado of New Mexico, who was carried 
 to Spain by the Maese de Campo Vicente de Saldi- 
 var, and in Madrid he presented to our Lord the 
 King this same information. His Majesty rewarded 
 the services of the Maese de Campo with the habit 
 of Santiago ; and although these certain and great 
 riches are heard like dreams amid the Spanish 
 indifference, among foreign nations they are very 
 earnest and tested by evidence and great interest. 
 With this view they overlook no spot on those 
 coasts of the South and North Sea that they do not 
 explore and see, knowing and. valuing better than 
 the Spaniard the many large, rich pearls of this our 
 neighboring Gulf of California and in the bays 
 of our rivers, and especially in those of Quivira, 
 
68 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 whence the Indians gave so many (though inferior 
 ones) to the Señor Adelantado, and here they ordi- 
 narily bring them to us to buy, and we have seen 
 many as large as peas, and much rich amber which 
 they do not esteem, and they bring it in fragrant 
 masses for their gratification. 
 
 The two Casiques proceeded to say that further 
 on, towards the North and under, beyond the towns 
 of -their nation, there were other rich and power- 
 ful peoples with- great towns, which would require 
 three days to pass them ; and all these provinces 
 and the lands which we have seen are fertile, abun- 
 dant, fresh, and with great fruit trees, especially nut 
 trees of three different kinds, and very full of cí- 
 bolas, and with a great lake surrounded by great 
 cities and villages of splendid, rich, and warlike 
 people. 
 
 The account of these casiques and the questions 
 of Don Diego and the Father chaplains lasted till 
 midnight, at which hour they were sent to sleep ; 
 but they, seeing themselves alone and among such 
 strange and foreign folk, and that their enemies, 
 the Escanxaques, were so near, fled and crossed the 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 69 
 
 river to their city, which at sunrise was depopulated 
 and without inhabitants, because their enemies, the 
 Escanxaques, without being observed by our men, 
 slipped off and attacked the city, killing, burning, 
 and destroying all they could ; on which surprise 
 his Lordship ordered the army to cross the river, 
 and it was forded with difficulty, as it was still 
 night, and he encamped at the entrance of the 
 town, which is situated on the delightful banks of 
 another river, which runs through the midst of it, 
 and the houses and streets are on both banks, and 
 the shape of the buildings for the most part is 
 round, two, three, and four stories, covered with 
 straw with wonderful skill, and the framework of 
 Coleo, Curcúra, or Otate, which are all three 
 names of a solid cane, strong and full of knots, 
 of which walking-sticks are usually made, which 
 does not grow in warm climates ; and, as we ob- 
 served in what we saw, they plant twice a year, as 
 some fields were ready to harvest and others were 
 planting. We could find no Indian to act as in- 
 terpreter, as all had fled, fearing the great fury of 
 their enemies, the Escanxaques, whom they sup- 
 
yo THE DISCOVERY 
 
 posed to be favored by and in alliance with our 
 men, and to arrest the conflagration of the city it 
 was necessary for the army to march in two bodies, 
 and that the one with the Maese de Campo should 
 spend most of the day in keeping back the Escan- 
 xaques. 
 
 The next morning the army marched through 
 the town some two leagues, and, having counted 
 some thousands of houses, halted on the bank of 
 another river, which also entered it; and it was re- 
 marked that every quarter of a league, a little more 
 or less, highways entered the city of sixteen paths 
 and some of more, well beaten and even, which 
 came down from the lofty range, which was some 
 six leagues distant from the buildings. 
 
 From this point the Señor Adelantado sent a 
 squad of twenty-five soldiers with the Sergeant Ma- 
 jor Francis de Madrid to go and explore all the 
 town, without their being able to reach the end 
 of the streets, and when furthest on they discerned 
 more of the town, and more smokes on the ridge, 
 which ran along the right side of the city towards 
 the north. 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 7 1 
 
 Before arriving at this town we passed many- 
 very large rivers, which abound in various kinds of 
 fish, such as bochinetes, cackerel, matalotes, silurus, 
 sardines, moxarras, trout, eels, pipefish, whitefish, 
 tope, mussels, shrimp, and others, and most of 
 these rivers very deep to run asequias for irriga- 
 tion, and the soil black, strong, fertile, and covered 
 with grass, and in conclusion all the plain from 
 the city of Quivira to the ridge, which must be six 
 or seven leagues, seemed a paradise; and Señor 
 Don Diego, seeing that it was useless to follow 
 men who fled, and not knowing whether the ve- 
 hiele would find passage, and especially as he had 
 no orders to make any new discoveries, from that 
 part turned back to these provinces on the i ith of- 
 June (Day of St. Barnabas the Apostle), and as 
 he came marching along the Escanxaques Indians 
 came out to meet him arms in hand, and, ungrate- 
 ful for the kindness which had been shown them, 
 joined with others of their nation, who formed a 
 body of more than seven thousand and had re- 
 turned to enter the city at the front ; and although 
 they were summoned peaceably, they would not 
 
72 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 hearken, and it became necessary to fight ; and in 
 a bloody battle fought against them the Señor 
 Adelantado killed more than three thousand of 
 them in less than three hours, and the rest took 
 flight, having experienced the superiority of balls 
 over arrows, although these they discharged in tor- 
 rents, so that they seemed to be storms of hail. 
 
 There were on this expedition men of various 
 nations in Europe,-' Asia, Africa, and America', and 
 all unanimously declared that they had never seen 
 so fertile, pleasant, and agreeable a country as that, 
 and they are awaiting his Lordship's return with 
 new orders from his Majesty and the reward of the 
 title of Duke thereof, Marquis of Farara, and that 
 *of Count of Santa Feé de Peñalosa, which he has 
 so well merited. 
 
 Four months thereafter there came to this king- 
 dom a leading Casique of Quivira with more than 
 seven hundred Indians and trains of dogs loaded 
 with chamois and buckskins and other skins, and 
 went to see the Señor Adelantado, and gave his 
 Lordship thanks for the punishment he had inflicted 
 on their enemies the Escanxaques, and gave again 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 73 
 
 accounts of the great rich cities inland and notable 
 things about them and with his finger he drew on 
 the ground a map as. well of his own land and the 
 towns near them as of the lands of his enemies, and 
 others with their rivers, mountains and plains, cities 
 and towns of different styles of building, and their 
 plains full of cíbolas and other different kinds of 
 animals unknown in our Europe, with other things 
 of strange greatness. 
 
 All this, as the Cacique depicted it on the 
 ground, Don Diego ordered to be copied on paper 
 to transmit to his Majesty, and the Cacique beg- 
 ged his Lordship to return to his country, where 
 he should be better received than the first time, 
 and as guides he gave two Indians of his company, 
 who were to conduct him by a shorter and better 
 route. He set out pleased and content with the 
 honor his Lordship paid him, giving him a suit 
 with gold lace and a hat with plumes, which he 
 admired, as those they use are no finer, and a gilt 
 shortsword which this savage chief esteemed no- 
 tably. 
 
 By the aforesaid it is clearly seen that all the in- 
 
74 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 formation given to the blessed Father Francis de 
 Escobar, and to the Adelantado of New Mexico, 
 Don Juan de Oñate, when he. conquered this king- 
 dom, and that given in this expedition to the 
 East and Quivira, all tend to the same part, which 
 is under the North, and that given us by the 
 Thaos Indians and those of the Apaches nation 
 their neighbors, who are more to the Northeast, 
 are all the same ; and that this rich and populous 
 northeast land begins in the spacious plains of 
 Quivira, 150 leagues from here, and continues al- 
 most as far till the point where the settled part be- 
 gins ; and from this the greatness of the country 
 and towns towards under the North is incredible, 
 all surrounded by the sea on all sides, and accord- 
 ing to the report of those dwelling on the south 
 sea, the sea turns at the point of that range of Cali- 
 fornia, encircling the land towards the Northwest, 
 North, and Northeast, and they say that they 
 know that it reaches there, and that they presume 
 it passes on, because they do not find any ultimate 
 term, and they give an account of the very rich 
 lake of Cópala and its Mexicans, who on all its 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 75 
 
 great circuit have many towns, and from this lake 
 to the northwest they place all the nations men- 
 tioned in the expedition of the South Sea, and 
 those of Quivira who live to the East say that the 
 sea is ten leagues distant behind the great Sierra, 
 that it is eight from the city of Taracari, and that 
 thence it runs to the northeast, north, and north- 
 west, which is the same gulf of California, so that 
 from Quivira we know by evident proof that the 
 Sea encircles and embraces all that land in those 
 four directions : from the east to the northeast, 
 north, and northwest. 
 
 And this very lofty Sierra keeps always follow- 
 ing it, and the inhabitants of those regions do not 
 know where it terminates, and if from this port of 
 New Mexico we strike to the east, north, or west, 
 in every direction we shall reach the sea in less 
 than 250 leagues, in consequence of the uniform 
 circle which that of California makes in the said 
 four directions, and the whole strength of the 
 riches and great towns of this Sierra near the Great 
 Quivira, and more to the East, are in the direction 
 of the sea, the slopes towards which are settled 
 
j6 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 with many cities of curious buildings, three stories 
 high, and so the whole land runs almost hugging 
 the coast, very rich and well inhabited, till the 
 great lake of Cópala, from whose mines come 
 the rich gold stones which the Governor bought 
 by barter ; and although all this peopled country 
 is as stated in length, it cannot have more than 
 fifty leagues' breadth, like the kingdom of Por- 
 tugal, which though so extensive that it runs' from 
 the confines of the kingdom of Galicia to Algarbe, 
 is yet only thirty leagues wide. And for this ex- 
 pedition and discovery to be shorter, we must go, 
 according to what the Quiviras say, by the Thaos, 
 which is the shortest and* most direct route, and 
 the towns are nearer, and can be understood, and 
 it is also held for certain that the nine great towns 
 which are seventy leagues hence in a straight line 
 from the Tahos, to the north, are the beginning 
 of those extensive kingdoms, and that thence the 
 settled country continues and the further you ad- 
 vance the more numerous are the hamlets. 
 
 The preceding is proved also by the greatness 
 and richness of that northeast land in the interior 
 
OF QUI VIRA. 77 
 
 by the statements which we have also read in the 
 expedition made by the Maestre de Campo Vin- 
 cent de Saldivar, which he made to the south sea 
 by order of his uncle the Adelantado Don Juan de 
 Oñate, with a pilot and all the requisites to build 
 a bark or boat, ordering him when he reached the 
 River of Good Hope (or del Tison,* which is the 
 same) he should not descend the river which runs 
 north south to the Gulf of California, which is 
 where they went the first time, but that passing 
 the river and the great mountain range, along 
 whose skirts it bears its current to the south sea, 
 they should from that sierra descend to the sea and 
 seek the island of the Gigantic women, so called, 
 and discover the Laguna of Cópala, where the 
 richest mines of Moctegsuma f are, which, with 
 help of God, we hope to see discovered by the 
 
 Lord Adelantado, as has been written. 
 i 
 
 * The Gila. 
 
 f Sagean makes the King of the Acaaniba descend from Montezuma, 
 p. 12. 
 
ACCOUNT 
 
 Of a Previous Expedition by the Maestre de 
 Campo Vincent de Saldivar. 
 
 In the year 1618 the Maestre de Campo, Vin- 
 cent de Saldivar, set out on this expedition of dis- 
 covery with 47 soldiers well equipped, and with 
 them Father Friar Lazarus Ximenez, of the order 
 of our Seraphic Father Saint Francis, and passing 
 through these same populous and civilized tribes 
 till the last of Moq, and marching through those 
 uninhabited parts fifteen days more, they arrived 
 at the Rio de Buena Esperanza or del Tison, at 
 which place they found themselves to be at 36^° ; 
 and, marching two days up the same northward, 
 with a very good guide who offered to conduct 
 them, they arrived at a small town, and, inquiring 
 as to the land in the interior, they told them such 
 
THE DISCOVERY OF QUIVIRA. 79 
 
 great things of it, as those west on the coast of the 
 South sea and California had told them, and as those 
 on the east in Quivira told us, which encouraged all 
 to pursue their march, but as among other things 
 they told them that as they advanced they would 
 meet some terrible nations of giants, so huge and 
 extraordinary that one of our men on horseback 
 was small compared to them, and that they fired 
 very large arrows, it did not seem to Saldivar that 
 he led a force sufficient to cope with such a multi- 
 tude of barbarous tribes, so that he determined to 
 return, fearing some disaster such as befell Captain 
 Humana and others ; and although this resolution 
 was opposed by Father Lazarus and most of the 
 soldiers, it did not avail, although twenty-five of 
 them volunteered, asking leave to enter and ex- 
 plore the land, the Maestre de Campo would not 
 grant it to them, fearing that all would lose their 
 lives: on the contrary he ordered the expedition 
 to halt and return ; and executing this prudent de- 
 termination, and while they were packing the bag- 
 gage, the earth at that point showed great feeling 
 by a terrible and awful earthquake, which seemed to 
 
8o THE DISCOVERY 
 
 play with the most solid mountains, so did it move 
 them, prostrating on the ground the loaded beasts 
 and the men, leaving nothing in its place, heaven 
 showing mysteriously by this earthquake the cow- 
 ard heart of those who turned back from the very 
 gates of that fertile, . rich, and spacious land, for, 
 in the general opinion, all that, has been hitherto 
 conquered and settled under the name of America 
 is sombre compared to what is contained in this 
 new part of the New World, threatened with con- 
 quest by the French who border on it, and by the 
 English and Dutch who so greatly desire it, al- 
 though neither one nor the other will obtain it, 
 because they are ignorant of the art of conquering, 
 that being reserved to the valor and address of our 
 nation and the Portuguese, although at that time 
 our men dared not proceed to view it, even to un- 
 deceive themselves. 
 
 Then Father Friar Lazarus exclaimed, they say, 
 crying in a loud voice with wonderful grief: O 
 Spaniards ! how indignant is the earth at our lack 
 of valor, and we are not ; but I believe and hold 
 for certain that our good God and Lord reserved 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 51 
 
 the conquest of the mainland for the illustrious 
 Pedradas de Avila, son of the Count of Puñon- 
 Rostro, and that of Peru for the most fortunate 
 Francis Pizarro, and that of Chile for the illus- 
 trious Peter Gutierrez de Valdivia, and that of the 
 navigation of the South Sea for the famous Don 
 Diego de Ocampo; and that of Mexico for the re- 
 nowned Fernán Cortés ; reserves this for the ex- 
 cellent Don Diego Dionisio de Peñalosa, who as 
 great-grandson of the three greatest knights (Pedro 
 Arias Davila, Pedro de Valdivia, Diego de Ocam- 
 po) and best soldiers of the five mentioned, and 
 who married the granddaughter of the ever-vic- 
 torious Marquis del Valle, Duke of Terranova 
 (Fernán Cortés), seems to reproduce the valor of 
 such excellent heroes, since in his time we see 
 overcome so many difficulties, and the way dis- 
 covered to propagate the gospel, extend the mon- 
 archy, and increase the commerce of Christen- 
 dom, making his house more illustrious by his 
 sword with the titles of Marquis and Count of fair 
 cities which he has founded from the corner- 
 stones, and who aspires to that of Duke to be- 
 
 4 
 
82 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 come as illustrious of himself as the most excel- 
 lent of his glorious progenitors, to whose titles of 
 Marquis, Count, and Viscount he is the lawful 
 heir, as of their zeal in honoring and patronizing 
 our Seraphic order, as so Christian a knight and 
 our Brother by Letters Patent from our most 
 Reverend Father Commissary-General Friar Di- 
 ego Zapata. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 » 
 
 This document is copied literally from that which Father 
 Guardian, Preacher and Commissary, Friar Nicholas de Frey- 
 tas, wrote with his own hand, the original of which was for- 
 warded to his Majesty with' the printed "Memorial" of the 
 Señor Adelantado* in the year 1663, the result of which is 
 awaited, to achieve so glorious an enterprise giving treasures 
 to the crown of Spain to dominate the globe, for the glory of 
 God, in whose, mighty hand are all things past, present, and 
 to come, and of his Blessed Mother, the Virgin Mary, Our 
 Lady conceived without stain of original sin. 
 
 Known nations who trade with the Quiviras and Ahijaos 
 of the kingdom of Theguayo, near the lands of the French 
 
 * Señor Icazbalceta, of Mexico, whose bibliographical knowledge is well known, in a 
 kind reply to a question as to this " Memorial," says : " Before receiving your letter I had 
 no intimation of the existence of the said ' Memorial,' inasmuch as I have never seen it 
 or found it cited by any author. I have friends who might give me some light, and no 
 one knows the book. These memorials, although printed, are extremely rare, because 
 they were not generally printed for the public, but only to distribute among high person- 
 ages ; the edition was consequently very small. 11 
 
OF QUIV1RA. 83 
 
 which they call Canada on the banks of the river Saint Lau- 
 rence, which our Indians declare to be very large and navi- 
 gable to the sea, are the following : Escanxaques, who make 
 a great quantity of white and well-dressed buckskins and 
 very many chamois and other skins, and are situated at 40 o 
 latitude. They have on the north the Land of Fire,* and 
 higher up the Fresh Water Lake,f which is, they say, of exces- 
 sive size, and in it empties another lake which they call Pue- 
 la,J in which there is a- mineral island of rich copper, base 
 gold, or excellent brass. 
 
 Marching from the Escanxaques towards New France, 
 there are the Neuters, Antovorinos, Raised Hair,§- of the 
 Tuft, || of Perun T (an herb which they sell among them and 
 use like tobacco), and the fiercest the Hiroquees,** of whom 
 they say proverbially : To ten Hiroquees four of the Tuft, 
 and to these two Escanxaques, and to ten Escanxaques one 
 Apache ; all of whom are populous, and some of their towns 
 surrounded by palisades after the fashion of the Sun is of our 
 Cibola. 
 
 Note that according to El Hacho, ft an Estanxaque petty 
 king, there is no great distance from the Hiroquees to the king- 
 dom of New France, which by another name is called Aca- 
 llada, so that it would not be difficult to sack the chief towns. 
 
 Note, too, that after passing the lofty sierra of the Es- 
 canxaques eight or ten days' march there are settlements of 
 white and red people, who are doubtless English of Virginia 
 •or New England. 
 
 * Country of the Mascoutins. t Lake Huron. % Green Bay. § Chippewas. 
 || Hurons. *¡ Tionontates, or Petun tribe. ** Iroquois, 
 
 ft Sagean, p. 18, gives Hagaaren as King of his Acaaniba. 
 
84 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 May our Lord in his infinite mercy grant that our Gov- 
 ernor and Captain General may by his valor and skill remove 
 all the difficulties raised by those who are not accustomed to 
 overcome the impossible, as his Lordship is, for whom Divine 
 Providence has reserved it in its secret bosom till this time. 
 Quia omnia in tempore suo quarentur. 
 
 NOTE ADDED BY THE COUNT OF PEÑALOSA. 
 
 Your Paternity has not mentioned in this tran- 
 script the etymology of the names of the land in- 
 habited by the French, by which the opinion con- 
 trary to that of the Governor of Biscay is proved, 
 because they call all this land of New France, 
 Canada, a term corrupted in their manner of speak- 
 ing, because they should say Aca-nada, the con- 
 tempt shown by the Spaniards, who abandoned it 
 as poor ; and the vanity of what the French author 
 parades, whom the said Governor cites to me as 
 being the first who selected the site where the capi- 
 tal of Aca-nada was founded. It is also an unsup- 
 ported presumption, because the Indian savages call 
 it by the very same name that he says, it is known 
 to have been a site selected by Spaniards, whose 
 language the French captain was ignorant of, as 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 85 
 
 we are of his : it is, then, Estadaca, which was 
 doubtless the persuasion (to settle there) of the 
 commander of the Expedition ; and the French- 
 man having found the ruins, settled there, and they 
 call it Quebec. I do not know what it means, al- 
 though you may look in the Vocabulary of these 
 two languages which I sent to your Paternity and 
 Father Guevara, who is a Catalan, perhaps knows it. 
 
AUTO DE LA FE 
 
 En Santo Domingo, Año de 1668, Febrero: 
 
 Viernes 3 se celebró auto particular de la fe en el Con- 
 vento de Santo Domingo, en que salieron penetenciados once 
 reos, y entre ellos un Fernando de Tolosa, cuyo principio fué 
 herrador y después fue cirujano, por haberse fingido ministro 
 del Santo Tribunal, y en la iglesia del pueblo de Ixmiquilpan 
 puesto dosel y haber hecho suspender el santo Sacrificio de 
 la Misa para que se leyese en su presencia un edicto 
 supuesto por él, en el cual decia haberle dado autoridad el 
 Santo Tribunal para absolver de amancebamiento, dándole 
 un tanto por cada año, y al recibirlo decia : ni recibas co- 
 hecho ni pierdas derecho. Dieronle doscientos azotes en 
 esta ciudad, y otros doscientos en el pueblo de Ixmiquilpan, 
 y desterrado á las Islas Filipinas. Asi mismo salió en dicho 
 Auto D. Diego de Peñaloza, gobernador del Neuvo Mexico, 
 por suelto de lengua contra sacerdotes y señores inquisidores, 
 y algunos disparates que tocaban en blasfemias. Salió en 
 cuerpo (que lo tenia muí bueno), vestido de terciopelo negro; 
 el pelo (que era propio y crecido) muy peinado ; las medias 
 arrugadas; puños que se usaban de puntas de Flandes muy 
 grandes, que parece se compuso a propósito, sin capa ni som- 
 brero, con vela verde en la mano; causó mucha lástima.— 
 Diario de Sucesos notables, escrito por el Licenciado D. Antonio 
 de Robles, y comprende los años de 1665 á 1703. En los " Docu- 
 mentos para la Historia de México" (México, 1853, 8 o , I. 11. 
 PP. 5 6 -7). 
 
 * Señor Icazbalceta adds to his other favors a copy of this sketch of Peñalosa's ap- 
 pearance in the Auto de la Fe. 
 
AUTO DE LA FE 
 
 At Santo Domingo, February, 1668. 
 
 On Friday, 3d, a special auto de la fe was celebrated at 
 the convent of Santo Domingo, in which eleven convicts 
 came forth as penitents, and among them one Ferdinand de 
 Tolosa, who was originally a farrier and afterwards became a 
 surgeon, for having pretended to be a Minister of the Holy 
 Tribunal, and set up a canopy in the church of the town of 
 Ixmiquilpan, and for having caused the holy sacrifice of the 
 Mass to be suspended in order that an edict forged by him 
 might be read in his presence, which recited that the Holy 
 Tribunal had given him authority to absolve for concubinage, 
 on giving him so much for each year; and on receiving it he 
 said : Receive no bribe, and lose no right. They gave 
 him two hundred lashes in this city, and two hundred more 
 in the town of Ixmiquilpan, and he was banished to the Phi- 
 lippine Islands. There also came forth in the said Auto D. 
 Diego de Peñaloza, governor of New Mexico, for unrestrained 
 language against priests and lords inquisitors, and some ab- 
 surdities that bordered on blasphemy. He came out in a 
 shirt, which was very fine; dress of black velvet; his hair 
 (which was his own and long) well dressed; his stockings 
 wrinkled; very large hand-ruffles of Flemish point-lace, then 
 used, so that apparently he attired himself on purpose, with- 
 out cloak or hat, with a green candle in his hand. He ex- 
 cited much compassion. — Diary of Antonio de Robles, Docu- 
 mentos para la Historia de México, I. ii. pp. 56-7. 
 
QUIVIRA 
 
 And the Expeditions to It. 
 
 The point reached by Peñalosa's expedition is not at once 
 apparent from the vague way in which the chronicler, Father 
 Freytas, writes. At first he makes the march east, but later 
 on he speaks of the country as northeast of Santa Fe, and 
 this is apparently more correct, as he states that, according 
 to the Indians, the route by way of Taos would have been 
 more direct. If this theory is adopted Quivira lay east of 
 the Missouri River while coming from the north, and be- 
 fore it turns its course to the eastward. The distance 
 from Santa Fe would not be far from the truth, and the trail 
 followed would be one much travelled subsequently. 
 
 The short distance advanced along the river after the 
 bend, and the fact that the town was on a river entering the 
 Missouri from the east, seem to point to the rich lands on the 
 Platte. The high ridge would be the line of bluffs enclosing 
 the bottom-lands along the Missouri. 
 
 All the early accounts make Quivira beyond a great river 
 which Minet and de ITsle, as we have seen, regarded as the 
 Missouri. This idea is supported by the opinion of Father 
 Escalante, a very intelligent missionary explorer of the last 
 century, who, writing to Father Morn, the historian of Texas, 
 expresses the belief that Quivira was the country of the Pa- 
 
90 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 nanas (Pawnee) Indians, they being the first pueblos north- 
 east of Santa Fe. Tehuayo he believed to be the original 
 seat of the Tihuas, Tehuas, and other tribes of New Mexico. 
 
 When the Spaniards first occupied New Mexico they 
 found Apaches on all the frontiers of that territory, those on 
 the bison plains being called Apaches Vaqueros. In the last 
 century the Comanches had completely dislodged the Apaches 
 from the buffalo country, and the Utes had forced them from 
 the north and northwest frontiers of New Mexico, two Sho- 
 shone nations displacing an Athapascan one. This leads to 
 the belief that the nation found with the Apaches by Oñate 
 were the Comanches, and that they are the Escanxaques of 
 Peñalosa, they having by that time replaced the Apaches on 
 the plains. 
 
 Whether the Quivira tribes were the same at different 
 times is of course uncertain. The houses found by. Oñate 
 and Peñalosa differ from each other and from those of the 
 Pawnees ; and unfortunately no words in the language of 
 "Quivira have been preserved. 
 
 There were two Quiviras,* each being distinctly described 
 by Father Benavides, the western one on p. 106, and the east- 
 ern one, that near the Aixaos, on p. 91. The latter is the one 
 to which Peñalosa penetrated, as Coronado had done a century 
 before. There were several successive expeditions to the 
 
 * The name Quivira, or, as first written, Quebira, does not seem to come from any In- 
 dian dialect, and, as it was applied to supposed great kingdoms in different directions, may- 
 be in its origin simply the Arabic word Quebir, great. Estevanico, the survivor of Nar- 
 vaez's party, who served as a guide to Father Mark of Nice, may have used it to express 
 the points where he heard of powerful cities. The word would be familiar to Spaniards. 
 Guadalquivir is the Arabic Wad'-al-quebir (River the Great) ; a city in Morocco was 
 known to the Spaniards as Alcazar-el-Quibir (Palace the Great). Luis del Marmol Car- 
 vajal, lib. iii. ch. 41. So, too, the port of Oran, captured by Cardinal Ximenes in 1509, 
 was called by the Spaniards Mazalquivir (Mers-el-Kebir). 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 91 
 
 Quivira in the Northeast. The first was that of Coronado in 
 1542. One account fixes the river at 36 o N. and Quivira 
 itself at 40 o . Coronado was accompanied by the Franciscan 
 John de Padilla, who, after the return of the expedition to 
 the Rio Grande, set out with a lay brother and a small party 
 to found a mission at Quivira, but the missionaries and most 
 of their people were killed by the Indians.* Tartadax was 
 then king or chief at Quivira. 
 
 Davis, in his " Conquest of New Mexico" (p. 273), refers 
 to an expedition of Oñate to this Quivira in 1599, but he drew 
 his information from some compilation which had evidently 
 used and misplaced the document of Freytas. There is a re- 
 port to the King of Spain, written evidently about 1601, in 
 which Oñate's Quivira expedition is thoroughly discussed 
 with a view of enabling his Majesty to decide whether it 
 would be advisable to incur expense for further exploration. 
 This document gives a summary of Oñate's account, but 
 complains of its obscurity and want of definite distances 
 or landmarks. There is no allusion to the Escanxaques or 
 any of the matter given by Davis. 
 
 According to this document Oñate marched through the 
 Apaches, and over prairies, and by streams and rivers for 
 two hundred leagues till they met a hunting camp of Indians 
 like the Apaches. A little further on they came to a larger 
 Indian population in a fixed town of considerable size, with 
 houses of straw laid on thick rods. This town ran along for 
 several leagues. Here his men compelled Oñate to turn 
 
 * See account of his expedition in Ramusio, 1565 (iii. p. 359) ; Cieza de Leon, Venice, 
 1565 (ii. p. 308) ; B. Smith, " Colección de Documentos," p. 147 ; Barcia, " Ensayo Crono- 
 lógico," p. 21 ; Torquemada, "Monarquía Indiana," iii. p. 610 ; Castañeda de Najera, pt. 
 ¡i. c. 8 ; pt. iii. c. 4. 
 
92 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 back. A committee who examined Oñate's vague account 
 concluded that he must have gone north of 40 o . 
 
 Two Franciscans, Father Peter Ortega, Guardian of Santa 
 Fe, and Father Alonso Yanés, advanced one hundred leagues 
 into the Apache country, and then went fifty leagues east and 
 fifty north, reaching finally a very large river, which they call- 
 ed San Francisco; but their Apache guides were afraid to 
 proceed any further and the religious returned. 
 
 Another expedition eastward from Santa Fe was that of 
 the Missionary Fathers Juan de Salas and Diego Lopez to 
 the Xumana nation. Benavides, who narrates the miracu- 
 lous conversion of this tribe, says : " Setting out from the 
 city of Santa Fe, the centre of New Mexico, which is at 37 o , 
 passing through the Apache nation of the Vaqueros (Bison- 
 hunters), you come to the Xumana nation, whose conversion 
 was so miraculous that it is just to relate how it was" 
 ("Memorial," p. 83). De lTsle, on his map of L Amérique 
 Septentrionale (Paris, 1700), puts the Xumanas and the Ja- 
 pies, a neighboring tribe mentioned by Benavides, north of 
 the Missouri, the Xabotaos being between them and Qui- 
 vira. See also a tract of 16 pp. commencing, "Tanto, que 
 se sacó de una carta que el R. P. Fr. Alonso de Bena- 
 vides . . . envió desde Madrid el año de 1631," and the 
 Life of Maria de Agreda prefixed to her " Mística Ciudad 
 de Dios." 
 
 In the year 1606 more than 800 Quivira Indians came to 
 Santa Fe to ask Oñate to aid them against the Ayjaos, who 
 were waging fierce war against them. An Ayjao prisoner was 
 given to the Spaniards, and received the name of Michael. 
 He is frequently referred to in subsequent accounts. The 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 93 
 
 Quiviras gave great accounts of the wealth of the Ayjaos and 
 of the gold to be found in their country.* 
 
 In ion Oñate led an expedition southeast and readied a 
 Rio Colorado, which subsequent writers took to be the Pali- 
 zada, or Mississippi, and near the country of the Caddoda- 
 chos. This was apparently the Red River.f 
 
 All these allusions show that there were several exploring 
 expeditions sent to the north and east of New Mexico, and 
 that intercourse* was kept up with tribes of a more sedentary 
 character than the bison-hunting bands. 
 
 Col. Meline, author of " Two Thousand Miles on Horse- 
 back," assured me that he saw in the archives at Santa Fe 
 several maps showing explorations made from New Mexico 
 in early times. These have all disappeared, as the present 
 Secretary of the Territory, Hon. W. G. Rit|ch, informs 
 me. It is to be hoped they fell into the hands of persons 
 who will appreciate their value, though if the statement be 
 true that Gov. Amy sold quantities of the archives for waste 
 paper, they may have perished utterly. 
 
 Spaniard and Frenchman were alike groping their way to 
 the Mississippi ; but Coronado led the way to the Missouri, 
 and Oñate seems to have approached that river and the lower 
 Mississippi before Nicolet reached the Wisconsin ; just as at 
 a later date Peñalosa struck the Missouri before Joliet passed 
 its mouth in his canoe. 
 
 The Spaniards kept up expeditions to the Missouri, and in 
 1 7 19 an expedition from New Mexico under Villazur, guided 
 by a Frenchman, reached the Missouri opposite the towns of 
 
 * " Relación imbiada del Nuevo Mexico." Testimony taken by Dn Francis Manuel 
 "Nieto de Silba, Governor of New Mexico, dated Oct. 8, 1629. 
 t Pinos, " Noticias del Nuevo Mexico," p. 5. 
 
94 THE DISCOVERY 
 
 the Pananas (Pawnees) ; but the Indians, crossing by night, 
 surprised the Spaniards, killing the commander and the guide, 
 as well as Father John Mingues, the chaplain of the expedi- 
 tion.* The French in Illinois soon heard of this affair, and 
 Indians brought in trophies of their success, among them 
 some of the vestments and church plate of the chaplain. 
 According to the French accounts the Spanish party were cut 
 off by the Missouris, whom they mistook for the Osages, a 
 tribe friendly to them.f 
 
 At the very time that Peñalosa was laying his plans be- 
 fore the French government the Spaniards were renewing 
 their intercourse with Quivira, approaching the Mississippi 
 and projecting the occupation of Texas. Under the year 
 1686 Barcia writes : 
 
 i! Father Nicholas Lopez, of the order of St. Francis, who 
 had been in the city of Mexico soliciting permission for the 
 reduction and conversion of seventy-five nations of Indians, 
 whom he discovered in New Mexico, some near the river 
 Palicada or Mississippi, giving very efficacious reasons and 
 evident demonstration of the great utility which would re- 
 dound to the Spanish monarchy from granting him what he 
 asked, as well as the greater spread of the gospel ; but all 
 weighed very little with Don Pedro de la Bastida, Fiscal of 
 the Audience of Mexico, and still less when he knew that the 
 French designed to settle the eastern provinces of those vast 
 regions. 
 
 " Father Nicholas, finding no means to overcome such au- 
 thoritative opposition, resolved to send to Madrid a very ac- 
 
 * F. Escalante, Letter of April 2, 1778. 
 
 + Dumont, " Memoires de la Louisiane," ¡i. p. 284; Bénard déla Harpe, p, 249; 
 Charlevoix, "Voyage," iii. p. 293; Stoddard's Louisiana. 
 
OF QUIVIRA. 95 
 
 curate description of the provinces which he had seen, their 
 abundance, wealth, multitude of Indians who inhabited 
 them, very docile to carry out his intention. The Maese de 
 Campo Don Juan Domínguez de Mendoca, a very experi- 
 enced captain in those parts, also wrote that he had been in 
 Quivira in the year 1684, and passed as much as sixty leagues 
 from the villages of the Indians, and arrived within twenty 
 leagues of the Tejas, and among other things he averred that 
 it was easy to penetrate and settle the lands ; and he offered 
 if they gave him 200 soldiers, with rations and clothes, as far 
 as the river Nueces, which is 400 leagues from Mexico, to bind 
 himself to conquer a great empire, of which he gave some 
 general ideas ; and to maintain from the river Nueces on- 
 ward, with the fruits of the earth, not only 200 men, but 
 200,000, if it were necessary, for as he had been in those first 
 provinces, without doing any harm to the Indians, he main- 
 tained at the cost of the territory all the force he led ; and he 
 added that if some of the provinces described by Father Ni- 
 cholas were settled, New Biscay would remain very free from 
 the insults of the Indians, for, without their perceiving it, they 
 would soon be assailed in the rear from the east, and hem- 
 med in between the old and new settlements, so that they 
 would be speedily reduced. They sent maps as clearly 
 drawn as they could of the new lands and provinces around 
 New Mexico, on the North, East, and West, which only 
 served to eternalize his zeal for the service of God and of 
 the king and to condemn our neglect." * 
 
 According to a statement in the manuscript now first pub- 
 lished, Peñalosa presented a printed Memorial of his expedi- 
 
 * "Ensayo Cronológico," p. 266. 
 
g6 THE DISCOVERY OF QUIVIRA. 
 
 tion to the King of Spain. It was a matter of importance to 
 trace a copy of the work, if possible. No copy is known to 
 exist in any of the great public libraries or in the choice trea- 
 sures of private collectors in this country, and if Pefialosa 
 left any at Paris, not one has found its way to any of the 
 great libraries in that city, as I learn by inquiries through 
 Mr. E. Dufossé. As the reader has seen, Señor Icazbalceta, 
 one of the best informed historical and bibliographical 
 scholars in Mexico, states that the work is entirely un- 
 known among students in that republic. 
 
 There was a possibility that a copy might be found among 
 the rare works possessed by the Real Academia de la His- 
 toria of Madrid, or in the library of his Catholic Majesty. 
 Through the kindness of Hon. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, 
 Secretary of State, and our Minister at Madrid, Hon. Han- 
 nibal Hamlin, an application was made to that learned body. 
 The Secretary, Don Pedro de Madrazo, obligingly examined 
 the collections, but has been unable to find a copy of the 
 Memorial. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Acaanibas, 59, 77, 83. 
 
 Acanada, 83-4. 
 
 Agreda, Maria de, 92. 
 
 Ahijaos Indians, 34, 65, 51, 82, 90. 
 
 Ahijados, 35, 65-6 ; 82. 
 
 Aitacomanes, 35, 67. 
 
 Aixaos, 65, 90. 
 
 Alaman, Disertaciones, II. 
 
 Albert, Count of Flanders, 34, 65. 
 
 Albuquerque, 10. 
 
 Alburquerque, Francis Fernandez 
 
 de la Cueva, Duke of, Viceroy 
 
 of Mexico, 10. 
 Alcazar- el-Quibir, 90. 
 Algarbe, 44, 76. 
 Antovorinos, 52, 83. 
 Apache Vaqueros, 90, 92. 
 Apaches, 10, 42, 74, 84, 90-2. 
 Arequipa, 9. 
 Arias de Anaya, 8. 
 Aricaxa, 9. 
 Amy, Gov., 93. 
 Athapascan, 90. 
 Auto de la fé, 87, 88. 
 Ayjao, 92-3. 
 
 Baños, Count de, Viceroy of Mex- 
 ico, 10. 
 Barcia, 7, 15, 46, 91, 94. 
 Barlow, S. L. M., 21. 
 Barroto, 15. 
 
 Bastida, Pedro de la, 94. 
 Beaujeu, Captain, 8, 21-2. 
 Bellin, map, 65. 
 
 7 
 
 Bénard de la Harpe, 94. 
 Benavides, Father Alonso de, 57, 
 
 65, 90, 92. 
 Biscay, 53, 84. 
 Bobadilla, 8. 
 Briseño, 8. 
 Briseño y Cordova, Don Alonso, 
 
 Bishop of Nicaragua, 9. 
 Buena Esperanza, River of, 45, 77; 
 
 47, 78. 
 
 Cabaret de Villermont, 8. 
 
 Cabrera, 8. 
 
 Cachoupins, 15, 19. 
 
 Caddodachos, 88. 
 
 California, 36, 67 ; 42-3, 45, 74-5, 
 
 48, 77. 
 Callao, 9. 
 
 Canada, 34, 51, 65, 83-4 ; origin of 
 name, 54. 
 
 Canary Islands, it. 
 
 Cañete, Marquis de, 9. 
 
 Castañeda de Nagera, 91. 
 
 Cavelier, Abbé John, 22. 
 
 Cavellos Realzados (Cheveux re- 
 leves), 52, 83. 
 
 Cénis, 23. 
 
 Charles II., 12. 
 
 Charlevoix, 65, 94. 
 
 Chicago River, 12. 
 
 Chilcota, 10. 
 
 Chile, 81. 
 
 Chippewas, 83. 
 
 Chuncho Indians, 9. 
 
9 8 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 s/ 
 
 Cibola, 83. 
 
 Cieza de Leon, 91. 
 
 Clermont College, Paris, 11. 
 
 Comanches, 90. 
 
 Cópala, 43-5, 74, 76-7. 
 
 Cordova, 8. 
 
 Coronado, 60, 9C-1, 93. 
 
 Cortes, Fernán, 50, 81. 
 
 Creoles, 15. 
 
 Cussy, Sieur de, 20-1. 
 
 Cuzco, 9. 
 
 Davis, W. W. H., 91. 
 
 De l'lsle, Maps of, 65, 89, 92. 
 
 Domínguez de Mendoza Juan, 90 ; 
 
 Tomé, 27, 58. 
 Dufossé, E., 96. 
 Dumont, 94. 
 Dunbar, John B., 59. 
 Duran, Fernando, 27, 58. 
 
 El Hac^io, chief, 83. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen, 35, 66. 
 
 Endehe, 16. 
 
 Escalante, Father, 89, 94. 
 
 Escalona, Duke of, 8. 
 
 Escanxaques Indians, met by Pe- 
 ñalosa, 21, 29 ; 30, 60, 62 ; sur- 
 prise Quivira, 37-8, 68-70 ; at- 
 tack Spaniards, 40-1 ; 52, 71-2, 
 83, 91 ; may be the Comanches, 
 90. 
 
 Escobar, Father Francis de, 42, 
 
 74- 
 
 Essanapes, 59, 65. 
 Estadaca, 85. 
 Estanxaque, 83. 
 Estevanico, 90. 
 
 Farara, 25, 55 ; Marquis de, 25, 
 
 4i, 72. 
 Flibustiers, Fribustiers, 13, 15, 17, 
 
 21. 
 
 Florida, 12, 16, 65. 
 
 Fort St. Louis, 20. 
 
 Frelinghuysen, Hon. F. )#., 96. 
 
 Fresh Water Lake, 83. 
 
 Fresno, Marquis de, 12. 
 
 Freytas, Father Nicholas de, ac- 
 count of his manuscript, 7, 53 ; 
 notice of, 56 ; Relation of Peña- 
 losa's expedition (Spanish), 25 ; 
 (English), 53 ; mentioned, 27, 
 37, 51, 57, 68, 82, 85, 89, 91. 
 
 Galicia, 44, 76. - 
 
 Galveston Bay, 21. 
 
 Garibay, 66. « 
 
 Gigantic women, Isle of, 45, 77. 
 
 Gila River, 45, 47, 77-8. 
 
 Good Hope River, 77-8. 
 
 Grammont, 17. 
 
 Green Bay, 52, 83. 
 
 Guadalquivir, 90. 
 
 Guevara, Father Miguel de, 27, 
 
 57; 37, 68; 54,85. 
 Guincame, 16. 
 Gutierrez de Valdivia, Peter, 50, 
 
 81. 
 
 Hagaaren, 83. 
 Hamlin, Hon. Hannibal, 96. 
 Harrisse, Henri, 21. 
 Havana, 10, 15. 
 Hendehé, 14, 16. , 
 Hiroquees (Iroquois), 52, 83. 
 Humana, Captain, 48, 79. 
 Hurons, 83. 
 
 ICAZBALCETA, Sr. J. G., 56, 82, 91. 
 
 Illinois, 23, 94. 
 Iroquois, 83. 
 Ixmiquilpan, 87, 88. 
 
 Japies, 92. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 99 
 
 Joliet, Louis, 93. 
 
 Laguna, Marquis de, 15. 
 
 La Hontan, 59, 65. 
 
 Lake Huron, 52, 83. 
 
 Land of Fire, 83. 
 
 La Paz, 9. 
 
 La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur 
 
 de, 8 S 12, 15, 16, 20-1. 
 Leiva, John de, Marquis de, 10. 
 Leon, Don Alonso de, 15. 
 Les pancake', 21, 60. 
 Lima, 8. 
 London, 34, 66. 
 Long River, 59, 65. 
 Lopez, Father Diego, 92 ; Father 
 
 Nicholas, 94-5. 
 Los Balbazes, Marquis de, 12. 
 Los Charcos, 9. 
 Lucero Godoy, Juan, 28, 58. 
 
 Madrazo, Don Pedro de, 96. 
 
 Madrid, 94. 
 
 Madrid, Francisco de, 39, 70. 
 
 Madrid, Real Academia de His- 
 toria, 96. 
 
 Mark of Nice, Father, 90. 
 
 Margry, Pierre, 8, 16. 
 
 Mascoutins, 83. 
 
 Maya, Marquis de, 8. 
 
 Mazalquivir, 90. 
 
 Mechoacan, 10. 
 
 Mechón (Huron) Indians, 52, 83. 
 
 Meline, Col. James F., 93. 
 
 Mendizaval, Don Bernard Lopez 
 de, Governor of New Mexico, 10. 
 
 Mendoza, Juan Domínguez, de, 95. 
 
 Mexico, 9-11, 14-19, 23 ; Gulf of, 
 16. 
 
 Miguel, an Indian of Theguayo, 
 35, 67, 92. 
 
 Milly River, 59. 
 
 Minet, Map by, 21, 60, 89. 
 Mingues, Father John, 94. 
 Mischipi River, 29, 59. 
 Mississippi, 15-6, 21, 23, 93-4. 
 Missouri River, 89, 92-3. 
 Missouris, 94. 
 Moctegsuma, 45, 77. 
 Molina, Count de, 12. 
 Monclova, Count de, 15. 
 Montalegre, Marquis de, 10. 
 Moq, 47, 78. 
 Morel, Mr., 8, 22. 
 Morfi, Father, 89. 
 Morocco, 90. 
 
 Navarrete, Martin F., 7, 46. 
 
 Neuter Indians, 52, 83. 
 
 New Biscay, 10, 14-15, 16-21, 95. 
 
 New England, 53, 84. 
 
 New Mexico, 10, 17, 23, 36, 67, 75, 
 
 92. 
 Nicolet, John, 93. 
 Nieto de Silba, Francis Manuel, 93. 
 Noriega, Miguel de, Captain, 27, 58. 
 Nueces River, 95. 
 Nueva España, 28, 58. 
 
 Ocampo, 8. 
 
 Ocampo, Diego de, 8, 50, 81. 
 
 Ochoa y Zarate, Don Andres de, 15. 
 
 Omasu3^os, g. 
 
 Oñate, Juan de, 35, 67 ; 42, 74, 77; 
 
 45 i 91-3- 
 Oran, 90. 
 
 Ortega, F. Peter, 92.' 
 Osages, 94. 
 Otocomanes, 35, 67. 
 
 Padilla, F. John de, 91. 
 
 Palizada, 93-4. 
 
 Panama, 9. 
 
 Pananas (Pawnees) 89, 90, 94. 
 
IOO 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Panuco, 16-18, 20. 
 
 Parkman, Francis, 21. 
 
 Paris, 22-3. 
 
 Parral, 10-ri, 14. 
 
 Pawnees, 89. 
 
 Payta, 9. v 
 
 Pedrarias de Avila, 8, 50, 81. 
 
 Peñalosa, Diego Dionisio de, Ac- 
 count of, 8; born in Lima, ib.j 
 governor of several provinces in 
 Peru, 9 ; Regidor and Alcalde of 
 La Paz, ib. ; Alcalde of Cuzco, 
 ib. ; military services, ib. ; leaves 
 Peru, wrecked, ib.; favorably re- 
 ceived in Mexico, 10 ; employ- 
 ments, ib. ; Governor of New 
 Mexico, ib. ; defeats Apaches, 
 founds two cities, ib. ; sets out 
 on exploring expedition for the 
 east and Quivira, 27, 37 ; reach- 
 es river Mischipi, 29, 39, 69, 90 ; 
 enters Quivira, 31 ; defeats Es- 
 canxaques, 40 ; titles aspired 
 to, 40-1 ; esteemed by the Fran- 
 ciscans; presents a printed Me- 
 morial of his Expedition to the 
 King of Spain, 51, 82 ; con- 
 fines the commissary-general of 
 the Inquisition in Mexico, 11 ; 
 is arrested by the Inquisition in 
 Mexico, n, 17; condemned, ib.; 
 appears as a penitent in an Auto 
 de la Fé, 11, 87, 88 ; stripped of 
 his property, 11 ; goes to Tene- 
 riffe, 11 ; London, 12 ; France, 
 ib. ; Memoir to the Marquis de 
 Seignelay, 12, 94 ; Memoir on the 
 Affairs of America, 16-20 ; part 
 to be taken by him in a new pro- 
 ject, 21 ; La Salle sent out to 
 pave the wa)' for his expedition, 
 22 ; his death, 23 ; fruitless ef- 
 
 forts to find a copy of his Me- 
 morial, 82, 96. 
 
 Peñalossa (Peñalosa), Alonso de, 9. 
 
 Peñalossa (Peñalosa), Alonzo Fer- 
 nandez, 9. 
 
 Peñalossa (Peñalosa), Diego de, 
 8-9. 
 
 Peñaloza (Peñalosa), 87-8. 
 
 Pen loca (Peñaloca), 21. 
 
 Pensacola, 15. 
 
 Peru, 8, 9, 17, 28, 58. 
 
 Perun (Petun) Indians, 52, 83. 
 
 Pes, Don Andres de, 15. 
 
 Philip III., King of Spain, 34, 65. 
 
 Philippine Islands, 87-8 « 
 
 Pieño en Rostro (Puñon Rostro), 8. 
 
 Pinelo, 7, 46. 
 
 Pinos, 93. 
 
 Pizarro, Francis, 50, 81. 
 
 Platte River, 89. 
 
 Portugal, 44, 76. 
 
 Puela, 83. 
 
 Puñon-rostro, Count of, 8, 50, 81. 
 
 Quebec, 54, 85. 
 
 Quebira, 60, 90. 
 
 Quiros, 46. 
 
 Quivira, origin of name, 90 ; Pe- 
 ñalosa's expedition to, 25, 55 ; 
 Escanxaques give information 
 about, 30, 60 ; Peñalosa in 
 sight of, 31, 61 ; pearls in, 36, 
 67 ; attacked by Escanxaques, 
 37, 42-48, 69, 71-2, 74-5 ; 79, 
 86, 90 ; Taracari, chief city of, 
 28, 58 ; Tartadax, King of, 88 ; 
 position assigned to it on Minet's 
 map, 21 ; on de l'lsle's maps, 
 65 ; probable position, 89-96. 
 
 Quiviras, Indians, 29, 60 ; meet 
 Peñalosa, 31 ; visit Santa Fé, 
 41 ; 51, 82, 92-3. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 IOI 
 
 Río Bravo, 12-3, 15-6, 20. 
 
 Rio Colorado, 93. 
 
 Rio Grande, 60, 91. 
 
 Ritmen, Hon. W. G., 93. 
 
 Red River, 93. 
 
 Robles, Antonio de, 87-8. 
 
 Rouen, 34, 65. 
 
 Sagean, Matthew, 59, 78. 
 
 Saint Domingo, 13, 15, 17, 20-1. 
 
 Sainte Barbe, 14, 16. 
 
 Saint Lawrence River, 52, 83. 
 
 Salas, F. Juan de, 92. 
 
 Saldivar, Vicente de, 36, 67 ; 45, 
 
 77 ; his expedition, 47, 78. 
 Salvatierra, Count of, Viceroy of 
 
 Peru, 9. 
 San Diego, 14. 
 San Francisco River, 92. 
 San Juan de Guincame, 14, 16. 
 Santa Barbara, 14, 16. 
 Santa Fe, 27, 57, 65, 89-90, 92-3. 
 Santa Fe de Peñalosa, 41, 72. 
 Santo Domingo, Convent of, 87, 88. 
 San Yldefonso, Convent of, 27, 57. 
 Seignelai, Mr. de, 7, 8, 12, 16, 22, 
 
 26. 
 Sessa, Duke de, 8. 
 Shoshones, 90. 
 
 Smith, Buckingham, 7, 46, 91. 
 Sombrerette, 14, 16. 
 Sonora, 14. 
 Spain, 12. 
 Stoddard, 94. 
 Sunis, 83. 
 
 Tahos, 44, 76. 
 Taguaio, 65. 
 Taos, 89. 
 
 Taracari, 28, 58, 75. 
 Tartadax, King of Quivira, 91. 
 Tehuas, 90. 
 
 Tehuayo, 90. 
 
 Tejas, Texas, 15, 21-3, 94-5. 
 
 Teoas Indians, 57. 
 
 Terranova, Duke of, 50, 81. 
 
 Thames, 34, 66. 
 
 Thaos, 42, 44, 74, 76. 
 
 Thegüayo, 35, 65-7 ; 51, 82, 90. 
 
 Thevenot, 7. 
 
 Thomas, Sir, 34, 66. 
 
 Tihuas, 90. 
 
 Tionontates, 83. 
 
 Tison (Gila) River, 45, 47, 77, 78. 
 
 Tonty, Chevalier de, 23. 
 
 Tolosa, Ferdinand de, 87, 88. 
 
 Torquemada, Father, 86. 
 
 Utes, 90. 
 
 Valdivia, 8. 
 
 Valdivia, Pedro de, 8. 
 
 Valle, Marquis del, 50, 81. 
 
 Van Horn, 17. 
 
 Vera Cruz, 10, 14, 17-8. 
 
 Verdugo, 8. 
 
 Villazur, 93. 
 
 Virginia, 34, 53, 65-7. 
 
 Wisconsin River, 93. 
 
 Xabotaos, 92. 
 Ximenes, Cardinal, 90. 
 Ximenez, Father Lazarus, 47-9 
 
 78-80. 
 Xiquilpa, 10. 
 Xumanas, 65, 92. 
 
 Yanés, Father Alonso, 92. 
 York, Duke of, 12. 
 Yriarte, Bernardo de, 7, 46. 
 Yucatan, 15. 
 
 Zacatecas, 10. 
 
 Zapata, F. Diego, 51, 82. 
 
 Zarate Salmerón, 59. 
 
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