Glass. E ne> -i Book_dA^ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT . V 7 J JAMESTOWN, 1607. PRACTICAL EDUCATIONAL SERIES. HIGHER HISTORY UNITED STATES SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. HENRY E. CHAMBERS, Author of " A School History oj the United States," Etc. NEW ORLEANS: Published by F. F. IIANSELL & BRO. \ \ ^ 178 •I •C43 PRACTICAL EDUCATIONAL SERIES, PUBLISHED l:Y F. F. HANSELL & BRO., NEW ORLEANS. CHAMBERS' TWENTY LESSONS IN BOOK-KEEPING. DUVAL'S STUDENTS' HISTORY OF MISSISSIPPI. HANSELL'S PRIMARY SPELLER. HANSELL'S SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. HANSELL'S PRACTICAL PENMANSHIP, 8 Nos. HANSELL'S TRACING BOOKS, 3 Nos. HANSELL'S PRACTICAL DICTIONARY. HEMPSTEAD'S SCHOOL HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. NICHOLSON'S PRIMARY ARITHMETIC. NICHOLSON'S INTERMEDIATE ARITHMETIC. NICHOLSON'S COMPLETE ARITHMETIC. NICHOLSON'S ADVANCED ARITHMETIC. NICHOLSON'S ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA. PRACTICAL SCHOOL RECORD. PRACTICAL SCHOOL REGISTER. COPYRIGHT 1SS9. F. II AN SELL & 15 RO. PRESS OF KLECTROTYPED BY Graham \- Son, T. A. Slattery & Rro. NEvV ORLEANS. NEW ORLEANS. PREFACE. _^_ L. THE preparation of a work whose purpose it is to guide the intelligence and shape the thought of the young mind, carries with it a responsi- bility, the importance of which must be apparent to all/ * When this work is one upon the history of our country, and one designed to find its way into the hands of the youth of the South, an obligation is attached to this responsibility which in all its sacredness cannot be too fully dwelt upon. In full realization of this the author undertook the preparation of the present volume with some reluctance. He was encouraged to do so, how- ever, by the favorable reception accorded his ''School History of the United States,"— a more elementary text-book— the general introduc- tion of which into southern schools has brought to him innumerable requests that he supplement his earlier volume with one of a more advanced nature. The author is one of an army of teachers whose experience with the average historical text-book has been thoroughly unsatisfactory. Like most of these teachers, who have attained satisfactory results with their history classes, he has had to devise and originate his own methods, to eradicate many erroneous impressions caused by prejudiced statements in earlier published text-books, and to obviate the glaring faults of omission to be found in those published at a later day. The objections to be urged against most of these text-books pertain to both text and arrangement. The former too often comprises a series of events tritely described, inter- spersed with stereotyped annecdotes, whose antiquity has long ago robbed them of all interest. The latter as often consists of a strictly chronologi- cal arrangement of these events, to master which is no light feat of men- tal gymnastics. Of historical cause and historical effect little is shown. The student is expected to take a series of abruptly disconnected facts, associate those that bear upon each other, and generalize the whole into definite knowledge of the subject. It is needless to add that the association is seldom made, and that inasmuch as the faculty of generalization is one of the last to reach development in the youthful mind, the generalization is never accomplished unless the faculty receives systematic aid and training during its earlier period of growth. ^Question a student pursuing his his- torical studies by means of the average school history, and one will find that not infrequently his conception of the American Revolution, and of; the secession of the Southern States, is that the one was a conspiracy, the 6 PREFACE. other a war. Of the struggle for that liberty, enjoyed wherever the English language is spoken, preliminary to the war that was hut incidental to the Revolution, and of the events immediately following, he has little know- ledge. Of the long chain of events leading to the great civil conflict, and of the logical development of principles, the contention for which has made two peoples heroic, he is ignorant. In the preparation of the present volume the author has endeavored to place himself in the attitude of both teacher and student. He has embodied in this volume the methods by which, in an experience covering a number of years with classes of various grades, he has attained pronounced and unmistakable success. He has called to mind the mental processes by which he, as a student, attained historical knowledge, and has made smooth the places that presented obstruction to his own youthful mind, as well as to those under his observation during his experience as a teacher. He has endeavored to group his facts in a manner to show unmistakably their relation; and at the same time has preserved the signs and land-marks in side-note and outline form, that teacher and pupil, accustomed to other text-books, may find the change to this not altogether an abrupt one. lie has endeavored to present his facts truthfully, clearly and logically. Belong- ing to a generation that has but recently come to a knowledge of the world's affairs, he has inherited traditions only, to bias his judgment. He lias, however, made strenuous efforts to avoid error, to make his statements as impartial as lies within his power, and to employ language thoroughly unequivocal. To the many who have so kindly examined, revised and corrected the proofs and advance sheets, the author must signify his unqualified apprecia- tion. To the printers and compositors, whose infinite patience and excel- lent suggestions take practical shape in the following pages, he must extend his kindest thanks. To the publishers, whose confidence, enterprise and liberality have enabled him to present the fruits of his labor in so highly attractive a form, his sincere acknowledgments are extended. To the teacher engaged in the holy calling of instilling the truth, the whole truth, in the minds of the young, and into whose hands the present volume may fall, the author gives greeting and a Godspeed. II. E. C. Central High School, New Orleans. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. Page. Unman Progress. — Revealed by History in General — Exemplified in the History of the United States 13 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. I. The Great Awakening. Chapter I. The Dawn of Learning 19 " II. The Increase of Geographical Knowledge 21 II. America Discovered. Chapter III. The Idea and the Man 25 " IV. The Story of San Salvador 29 " V. The News Brought Back. 33 " VI. First on the Mainland 39 III. First Comers from Four Nations. Chapter VII. The Spaniards in Florida 43 " VIII. The Conquest ot New Spain 47 " IX. The Quest of the Fabulous . 52 " X. Xew France and Acadie 57 " XI. Louisiana 62 " XII. The Northwest Passage - 67 IT. America of Old. Chapter XIII. Aboriginal Races — Semi-civilized 73 XIV. Aboriginal Races — Savage 7S " XV. Prehistoric America S5 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. I. Attempted Settlements. Chapter I. First Seekers for Religious Liberty 97 " II. Raleigh's Failures in South Virginia 101 " III. English Attempts in North Virginia 106 II. Virginia. Chapter IV. England's First Foothold no " V. The Father of Virginia 113 " VI. Permanency Assured 11S " VII. The First Assembly of American Lawmakers 122 III. New Netherlands. Chapter VIII. The India Companies 126 IV. New England. Chapter IX. Pilgrims and Puritans 130 " X. The Tyranny of Intolerance 135 " XI. New England Settlements 138 T. Maryland and Pennsylvania. Chapter XII. First for Liberty of Conscience 143 " XIII. The Proprietary of Penn's Woods 145 8 CONTENTS. TI. Carolina. Pace ChapterXIV. The Lords Proprietors 14s VII. Georgia. Chapter XV. Philanthropy and Protection 152 Till. Louisiana. Chapter XVI. French Barriers to Westward Expansion 155 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. I. The Growing Colonies. Chapter I. The Beginning of Indian Extinction 164 " II. Indian Conflicts (Northern Colonics) 166 " III. Indian Conflicts (Southern Colonies) 169 " IV. An Early American Rebellion 172 " V. A Vestige of Superstition 175 " VI. Colonial Quarrels (English and French) 17S " VII. Colonial Quarrels (English and Spanish) 181 II. The Struggle for Supremacy. Chapter VIII. A Youth and His Mission 1S6 IX. The Old French War 189 " X. England Victorious 191 " XI. Ouconostota and Pontiac J96 III. The Thirteen English Colonies. Chapter XII. Colonial Progress 199 " XIII. The Beginning of American Industries 202 " XIV. The Development of Sectional Differences 205 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. I. The Struggle for English Liberty in America. Chapter I. Commercial Slavery 211 " II. Unjust Taxation 213 " III. Agitation 217 •' IV. Armed Resistance 221 " V. Independence Declared. 226 II. The War for American Independence. ' Chapter VI. The War in the North 234 " VII. The First Great Victory 239 " VIII. The War in the South 245 " IX. The Partisans of the Carolinas •. 249 " X. America Triumphant 253 III. The Institution of Self Government. Chapter XI. The Transfer of Soverignty 259 " XII. The Delegation of Governmental Power 262 " XIII. The Federal Constitution 26S PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. I. Union. Chapter I. The Beginning of the Federal Government 279 " II. The Rise of Political Parties 2S6 " III. Expansion of Territory 290 " IV. The Spirit of Young America 29S " V. The War for Maritime Independence 301 " VI. Sea Triumphs of the Young Republic 30S " VII. The Era ot Good Feeling 315 " VIII. The Rise of Modern Political Methods 322 " IX. The American System 325 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Chapter X. The Panic of 1837 333 " XI. The Annexation of Texas 33S " XII. War with Mexico 344 " XIII. The Development of Sectional Antagonism 352 Disunion. Chapter I. The Secession of the Southern States 361 " II. The Advance on Richmond 367 " III. Early Battles in the West 373 " IV. The War in Virginia 3S1 " V. Coast, River, and Sea 393 " VI. Lights and Shadows of Appomattox 404 " VII. The Readmission of the Southern States 417 Reunion. Chapter I. Recent Events 424 II. The United States of To-Day 429 ILLUSTRATIONS Page. Jamestown, 1607 Frontispiece. Introduction (Illustrated Heading) 13 Period of Discovery (Illustrated Heading) 19 First Signs of Land 32 Statue of Columbus at Genoa 35 Landing of the Cabots 40 Cortez in Mexico 4S Cartier on the St. Lawrence 5S La Salle taking formal possesion ot Louisiana 64 In Search of a Northwest Passage ... 6S Remains of Ancient American Civilization 75 Mandan Village 79 Long House of the Iroquois 79 Indian Medicine Man Si Indian Burial S3 Indian Mounds, Arkansas S7 Cliff Dwellings SS A Pueblo SS Statue of Lief Ericson 90 Norse Ruins in Greenland 90 A Viking Vessel 90 Period of Colonization (Illustra- ted Heading) 97 Old Fort St, Augustine 9S " Croatan " 104 Settlers Choosing Wives 120 Introduction of African Slavery 121 Scenes in New Amsterdam 126 Peter Stuyvesant 12S The Mayflower 131 Landing of Pilgrims 134 Roger Williams and the Narragan- setts 140 Page. Catholics in Maryland 144 Oglethorpe and Tomo Chichi 153 Death of La Salle 157 Founding of New Orleans 15S Period of Colonial Development (Illustrated Heading) 164 Indian Warriors 170 Ruins of Jamestown 174 The Charter Oak 17S ■Washington and the French Com- mandant 17S Braddock and Captain Jack 190 Wolfe's Army Ascending the Heights 194 Early American Coins 203 Period of Revolution (Illustrated Heading) 211 The Call to Lexington 222 Paul Revere Watching for the Signal 223 The Continental Congress 224 Fortifying Breed's Hill 226 Sergeant Jasper Replacing the Flag 229 The Advance on Trenton 235 The Morning Drill at Valley Forge.. 23S American Flag, 1777 241 Battle of King's Mountain 252 The Outpost 255 Period of Independence (Illus- trated Heading) 279 Decatur Burning the Philadelphia ... 291 Crossing the Rocky Mountains 292 Fulton's First Steamboat / 294 Impressing American Seamen 300 Croghan's Defense of Fort Stephen- son 302 IO CONTENTS. ILLUSTRATIO Page. " Don't Give Up the Ship " 310 Battle of New Orleans . .. 312 Early American Railroad Train 322 A New England Eactory 328 The Alamo 340 "General Taylor Never Surrenders." 3 p A Southern Cotton Eield 353 Montgomery, Ala. — Night of Davis' Inauguration 364 Bombardment of Eort Sumter 366 "We Will Give Them the Bayonet." 372 Battle of Shiloh 379 N S — Continued. Page The Confederate Flag 3S1 The Night before Chancellorsville — East Meeting of Lee and J ackson 3SS The Last Charge at Gettysburg 391 Running the Blockade 394 Battle Between the Virginia and the Monitor 396 Running the Fire of the Forts 39S The Alabama Sinking the Hatteras . 403 Custer's Last Rally 425 Statue of Liberty 433 After the Earthquake 434 PORTRAITS Columbus Ferdinand _ Isabella Americus Vespuccius. Balboa Magellan Pizzaro Champlain La Salle Francis Drake Queen Elizabeth Walter Raleigh John Smith Pocahontas Miles Standish John Winthrop Lord Baltimore William Penn James Oglethorpe Montcalm Jeffrey Amherst Wolfe James Otis Patrick Henry Samuel Adams George Washington. Moultrie John Rutledge DeKalb Count Pulaski Steuben Gates Burgoyne Pickens John Paul Jones Tarleton Arnold S3 26 2 7. 4' 47 47 50 60 62 69 102 103 114 i>5 133 136 '43 146 '52 191 192 '93 212 ■2'S 2l6 227 230 230 234 236 237 24I 241 245 247 247 24S Page. Marion 249 Sumter 250 Henry Lee 251 Isaac Shelby 253 Greene 254 Morgan 255 Lafayette 256 Benjamin Franklin 264 James Robertson 266 Daniel Boone 266 John Sevier 267 John Adams 273 George Washington 2S0 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 2S7 Thos. Jefferson 290 Robert Fulton 295 James Madison 29S Commodore Perry 304 Macdonough 307 James Monroe 316 John Quincy Adams 319 Black Hawk 323 Andrew Jackson 324 Eli Whitney 327 1 Henry Clay 329 John C. Calhoun 330 Martin Van Buren 333 William Henry Harrison 335 John Tyler 336 Daniel Webster 336 Gen. Sam. Houston 339 James K. Polk 343 Gen. Zachary Taylor 345 Millard Fillmore 355 Franklin Pierce 357 James Buchanan 361 Howell Cobb ' 363 CONTENTS. II PORTRAIT S— Continued. Page. Alexander H. Stephens 365 Jefferson Davis 36S Irvin McDowell 371 E. Kirby Smith 374 A. P. Hill 374 Fitzhugh Lee 374 Wade Hampton 374 H. H. Sibley 375 Sterling Price 375 Earl Van Dorn 376 Albert Pike 376 Leonidas Polk 377 Albert Sidney Johnston ■ 37S W J. Hardee 379 Joseph H. Wheeler 3S0 P. G. T. Beauregard 3S0 Thomas, Grant and Meade 382 J. B. Magruder 3S4 Geo. B. McClellan 3S5 John Pope ., 3S6 J. E. B.Stuart 3S7 Ambrose E. Burnside 3S7 Joseph Hooker 3S9 "Stonewall" Jackson 3S9 Richard S. Ewell 390 Geo. D. Pickett 392 Phil. H. Sheridan 395 Commodore Farragut 397 W. S. Rotecrans 399 Page. W. T. Sherman 399 N. P. Banks 400 Ridiard Taylor 401 Raphael Semmes 402 T. C. Hindman 404 Frederick Steele 404 T. II. Holmes 405 J. B. Hood 407 Jas. B. McPherson 40S John H.Morgan 40S N. B. Forest 408 Pat Cleburne 409 E. C.Walthall 409 Jubal A. Early 410 J. B.Gordon 410 Robert E. Lee 411 Winfield S. Hancock 412 James Longstreet 413 D. H. Hill 413 Joseph E. Johnston 414 Andrew Johnson 41S Abraham Lincoln 419 General Custer 425 R. B. Hayes 426 Jas. A. Garfield 428 Chester A. Arthur 429 Grover Cleveland 430 Benjamin Harrison 435 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. This book has been arranged to meet a variety of requirements. Teachers who believe that the pupil should obtain something more than a cursory knowledge of earlier American history will find the events leading up to the establishment of the Federal Government treated with unusual fullness. Those who believe that definiteness of acquired knowledge can best be secured by the employment of set questions, will find the ones given in this work carefully chosen and free from such objectionable wordings as elicit mechanical responses. Those whose preferences are for the topic methods of study and recitation will find their requirements duly considered in the Blackboard Forms, Topical and Review Outlines inter- spersed throughout these pages. Experienced teachers have long ago recognized the folly of disconnecting the studies of the class-room, whose interdependence is evident to all. The intimate relation between history and geography, the absolute necessity of a thorough understanding of words used, whatever the subject taught may be, are generally understood. Thus, at intervals in this work, are placed Preparatory Notes, to facilitate a preliminary mastery of locations, word meanings and pronunciations, so that when the text is taken up an intelligent consideration of it may ensue. With the average pupil, the author suggests that these Preparatory Notes be given special and due attention ; with the more mature student the teacher may exercise his judgment, whether or not consideration of them is necessary. It must be borne in mind that history study is mental training, and that little training results where no effort of mind is required to grasp a subject. The author has endeavored to grade the lessons so that this mental effort may be made continuous, and at the same time to make no discouraging demands upon the young mind. He suggests that in the use of this book as a class manual for pupils of the intermediate grammar grades, the teacher follow the full text as it is, up to the period of the Revolution, making analyses of the lessons as indicated in the first tew chapters. Upon taking up the Periods of Revolu- tion and Independence for the first time, he would advise that the side notes be only read and referred to in connection with the body of the chapter. With advanced classes intelligent recitations on both side notes and remainder of text should be insisted upon. The Blackboard Forms should be reviewed frequently by being reproduced from time to time with or without dates, as the teacher may see fit. The Topical Outlines should be made the special subjects of study in connection with review exercises, for in these the most important facts of American history are generalized and placed within the full view of the student. The questions printed in bolder type are such as require answers of more than ordinary fiUlness, the length of which is to be determined by the teacher. As all History cannot be embraced within the covers of one book there is given, in con- nection with the Preparatory Notes, a carefully prepared list of references under the heading of Parallel Readings, to serve as guides for such original reseach — limited or extended — as the pupil may desire or be required to make. In this connection the author would empha- size the good results that follow the establishment of an historical library — no matter how few the. volumes may be — in connection with the school. In addition to the long-established standards there should be found in each of these libraries such bright and modern works as the " American Statesmen " and " American Commonwealth " series, published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., the " Story of the States Series," published by D. Lothrop & Co., Fisk's "' Critical Period of American History," "The Century War Book," and a number of other publications that might be mentioned. No class pursuing the study, or teacher imparting instruction upon the subject, should be without the monthly visits of the Magazine of American History, of New York, the most excellent publication of its kind of which the writer has knowledge. In teaching History the teacher should make use of every convenient aid, and whether he succeeds or not in placing every minute fact indelibly upon the memory of the student, if he can train to breadth of mind and intelligent interest in current affairs, his ends and aims as an instructor of History have been reasonably accomplished. INTRODUCTION. Human Progress. THE history of the human race is a record of that development and progress by which it has attained its present state of civilization and enlightenment. A study of the record reveals that this advancement has been made by various stages, as impulses have from time to time been received; and that the greatest of these impulses have been conquests, race conflicts, colonizations, dis- coveries, inventions, and birth of spiritual ideas. The history of a nation, or of a people, is a record of its rise and progress, and, where it has ceased to exist, of its decay. From such as have become known to us we readily perceive that the degree of enlightenment attained by any nation or by any people is proportional to the welfare and condition of the individuals constituting it; and we have come to know that this individual well-being depends directly upon moral- ity, personal liberty, culture, and control of nature's forces. 14 INTRODUCTION. In the history of the United States we are to see some- thing more than a mere statement of facts, or a narrative of events arranged in chronological order. We are to see in it the rise and development of a nation distinct in its political features from all others on the earth ; a nation of self-govern- ing States, bound together by ties of agreement and mutual interest, exemplifying in every respect the laws of human progress ; a nation no part of whose history is shrouded in the obscurity of a remote past, but whose birth and rapid growth have been illumined by the full light of modern times. This history is of absorbing interest to the intelligent of every for- eign land, and to be perfectly familiar with it should be the pride, as it is the duty, of every citizen of our own. Although the youngest of civilized nations the United States has already received many of the impulses to pro- gress that history in general reveals to us. As a nation, its foundations were laid in intellectual development, geograph- ical discovery and colonization. The expansion of its terri- tory has been marked by conquest and race conflicts. The advancement of its people has been preeminently character- ized by invention and scientific discoveries. Ideas have been awakened into life during the course of its existence that are of paramount importance to mankind without its borders as well as within — such ideas as the equality of man, liberty of conscience, personal freedom, and the right of self-govern- ment. Within its confines is to be found every essential condition of individual well-being. Morality is fostered by law and is furthered by churches of many denominations in every ham- let. Each State concerns itself directly with the culture of its inhabitants, and to that end provides universities, colleges and common school systems. Personal freedom is recog- nized by it as by no other nation; for here the only restric- HUMAN PROGRESS. 1 5 tion placed upon individuals in time of peace is that no one shall interfere with another in the enjoyment of rights com- mon to all. No other people have so placed the forces of nature under control to ease the burdens, to lighten the labors, and to facilitate the subsistence of the human race. The history of this nation, then, is one in which every American may take pride ; it should be familiar to every boy and girl. There is a past that in its glory must be car- ried into our future. There is a past that in its sadness must never be repeated in our experience so long as the nation endures. Sadness and glory alike must become known to successive generations, who, becoming citizens, perpetuate our institutions. A knowledge of what has transpired enables one to judge of the present and influence the future. If this knowledge inform us of ill-feeling and bitterness, the present tells us that the well springs of this ill-feeling and bitterness have dried up. The future must find us carrying forward unitedly our common country to its glorious destiny. No greater lesson is to be learned from United States history than this. In the following pages the history of the United States is approached by first considering the condition of Europe at a time when America was unknown. In the consideration of this condition we are to note the circumstances that led to the discovery of America, the explorers concerned in mak- ing this newly-found region of the earth known, and the col- onization of its shores. There is given incidentally some account of the red races of people there found, showing the degree of civilization they had attained in accordance with the well-known laws of human progress; and also of the authentic and uncertain visitations of America in past times, that added not to the knowledge of mankind, and therefore I 6 INTRODUCTION. rob the navigator who first made the western continent known, of not one tithe of his honor and credit. In the development of the colonies planted upon the Amer- ican shores we are to see first the beginnings of a race extinc- tion, the red disappearing before the white, as inferior races upon the advent of a superior, have often done before; then, the conflicts between colonies of rival nations, ending in the supremacy of those of England. This colonial development will indicate a sectional development, due to diversity of interests, to geographical position, and to climatic conditions; and for a time these sectional differences will be hidden from sight in the union of the colonies in a common cause against the mother country, England. We shall see what reason the English colonies had to re- volt, and how the Revolution ended in the establishment of independence and self-government in America and in the institution of the present government of the United States. We shall see the sectional differences developed in colonial times increase and strengthen into antagonism, and two sec- tions, urged on by some power beyond their control, rushing to a conflict the most terrible in history. This conflict was inevitable before the Americans could become one people, and from it both emerged with heritage of noble deeds and memories of gallant heroes, with mutual respect and with a clasping of hands in friendship, all barriers to which from that time forward it is to be their duty to remove. We shall therefore consider the subject in five periods : Discovery. Colonization, Colonial Development, Revolution, and Independence. HUMAN PROGRESS. 17 BLACKBOARD FORM Analysis of Ixtkodhtion, Dependent upon HUMAN PROGRESS. \ ' mpulse C ji!en by Molality Personal Freedom. Culture. { Control of Nature. •i Exemplified in the Conquests. Colonizations. Race Contiicts. Inventions. Discoveries. Birth of Ideas. Discovery and Colonization of America, and in a Colonial Development. which led to the American Revolution and to the establishment of American Independence. I§ INTRODUCTION. QUESTIONS. Of what is the history of the human race a record ? What is revealed to us by its study ? Name some of the great impulses that have been given to human progress. What is the history of a nation or of a people ? To what is the degree of enlightenment attained by a nation or people proportional? Upon what does individual well-being depend ? What must be seen in the history of the United States other than a chronological arrangement of facts ? The United States is a nation of what? Its rise and development exemplify what laws ? What may be said of this rise and development? In what haye the foundations of the United States been laid ? What has marked its expan- sion of territory? The advancement of its people ? What great ideas have been born into the world during the course of American events ? What are found within the confines of the United States ? How is morality fostered and furthered ? With what does each State concern itself ? What boon is held out ? What is the only restriction upon individuals ? Why are the forces of nature controlled ? What is there in the past of our nation ? Who perpetuate our institutions? What enables us to judge of the present and influence the future? What is the greatest lesson to be learned in American history? Give in your own words an outline of the ground to be covered in this work. PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS I AND II. Geography. — Upon aglobe or map note the position of the Mediterranean sea: What grand divisions border it? Where is Portugal? Italy? Genoa? Venice? Name the principal seaports on the southeastern shores of the Mediterranean. How would a vessel go from Genoa to the mouth of the Volga River? What rivers empty into the Black Sea? What islands south- west of Portugal? Trace the west coast of Africa. How would a vessel sail from Lisbon to Cape of Good Hope? Definition of Words. — // the meaning of these -words is not clearly under- stood master eaeh with the aid of a good dictionary: Civilization, literature, gainer, superstition, maritime, caravans, project, essay, conviction, inves- tigation, conception, canopy, surmise, fraught, weird, capital, destined, era, experience. Pronunciation of Names. — A list of proper names difficult to pronounce will be found in the appendix. I'ractice upon the pronunciation of the following: Christoforo Colombo, Bartholomeu Diaz, Yasco da Gama. PARALLEL READINGS. REFERENCE.- Hallam's "Middle Ages," Draper's "Intellectual Development of Europe" (vol. 2, chap. 5), livinp "Life ol Columbus." Topical.— "Dark Ages," "Printing, Discoverv of," ".Marco Polo," "Mandeville Sir John," "Copernicus," "Manner's Compass." EIRST PERIOD. DISCOVERY The Great Awakening. CHAPTER I. The Dawn of Learning. SEA more historic than the Mediterranean is not to be found on the surface of the earth. Its waters have floated the fleets of maritime nations for thousands of years, bearing to and fro the commerce of three grand divisions. About its shores have risen, flourished, and decayed, civilizations, the records of which have come down to us and influenced our own. The Europe which touches this sea upon the north was not always the enlightened portion of the world that it is to-day. There was a time in its history known as the Dark Ages, in which the densest ignorance prevailed. Learning was locked up in a few schools, monasteries and colleges, where priests and monks preserved the literature of other times in 20 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. hand-written volumes, copying the same from time to time as the needs of their few patrons required. Upon no subject of knowledge were the masses more igno- rant than geography. When we examine a modern text- book upon this subject, and in it see elaborate maps outlining correctly every portion of the earth's surface; when we read the accompanying descriptions of lands and inhabitants, countries and governments, cities and industries, it seems difficult to realize that the time of this general ignorance was no further back in the history of man than four hun- dred years. Geographical knowledge, other than that of a local nature extended but little beyond the shores of the Mediterranean. America then formed no part of the known world. The fifteenth century brought to a close this era of intel- lectual darkness. The art of printing, so wonderful as to be regarded by the ignorant with superstition at the time, was invented, and books from movable type began to appear. Thousands of books could now be easily produced by mechanical means where formerly the production by hand of but one was a laborious undertaking The result was a cheapening of books, and with this cheapening sprang up a desire to master the arts of reading and writing. With much reading came much thinking. The storehouses of knowledge garnered up in the past were placed within easy reach of the multitude. It was not long before Europe was in a state of intellectual activity. As knowledge of the old became familiar, a desire for the new increased, and this desire extended to knowledge of the earth's surface. Sir John Mandeville of England, and Marco Polo of Venice, two renowned travelers, had in times past penetrated into the interior of Asia. Their works were read with avidity, and the desire for further THE GREAT AWAKENING. 2T discovery tended, therefore, Successive expeditions were slowly making known the west coast of Af- rica, the dispatch of which had been induced by the reports ot Portuguese representatives at Cairo that Africa is a peninsula, and that its southern- most cape could lie rounded. This knowledge was obtained from the Arabs, who had been familiar for some time with the navigation of the east coast. The Cape of Good Hope was reached by Bartholomeu Diaz in t486, and was finally doubled by Yasco da Gama in i (97. to the East. The little maritime nation of Portugal was trying to reach that East by sailing down the unknown shores of trans- equatorial Africa. The known world was in a state of eager expectancy to gain know- ledge of the unknown, and an era of discovery was ushered in. QUESTIONS. What sea is one of the most historic on the earth? Why is the Mediter- ranean historic? What fleets has it floated? What have risen, flourished and decayed upon its shores? What has not Europe always been? What period in European history is known as the Dark Ages? By whom was the litera- ture of other times preserved during the Dark Ages ? How were books then produced ? Upon what subject were the masses greatly ignorant? How does the geographical knowledge of the present day differ from that of the Dark Ages ? Of what does the fifteenth century mark the close? What effect had the invention of printing? What desire sprang up with the cheapening of books? What, was placed within easy reach of all who learned to read? What increased as a knowledge of the old became familiar? What do you know of Sir John Mandeville and Marco Polo? In what direction did the desire for discovery extend? What maritime nation was endeavoring to reach India by sea ? What do you know of Portuguese discoveries ? What era was ushered in with the dawn of learning? CHAPTER II. The Increase of Geographical Knowledge. Among the first European countries to experience the revival of learning was Italy. In the northern portion of this peninsula were situated the republics of Venice and Genoa, 2 2 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. both long celebrated for commercial enterprise, their seamen being the most skilful in Europe, and their vessels plying to and fro between the various Mediterranean ports. The trade of Venice had long been established with the seacoast towns of southwest Asia and northeast Africa, where long caravans came laden with the treasures of the Indies and the merchandise of the East, to be transferred to the holds of Venetian vessels for European distribution. As time passed on, the trade of Genoa was centered in the Black Sea, where stations and depots were established to receive the vast quantities of produce coming down from the inte- rior of Russia by way of her numerous rivers, and from the interior of Asia by way of the Caspian. But the trade of Genoa suffered a death blow when the warlike Turks, having crossed the Bosphorus, gained a foot- hold in Europe, and cut off all access to the sea on which the commerce of the Genoese had been built up. Com- petition with Venice had now to be entered into. Fierce rivalry ensued between the two republics, and Genoa being at a sore disadvantage, to discover a new route to India and other lands soon became a serious question with her merchants and sailors. Among the many whose attention was occupied with this question was one who conceived the bold project of reach- ing the Indies by water in a way other than that which was being essayed by the Portuguese. The name of this Genoese was Christoforo Colombo, and the boldness of his idea consisted in the manner in which he proposed to attain his object. A skilful navigator, he was thoroughly familiar with all matters pertaining to the sea. He had voyaged to many of the known regions of the world, and during a long course of observation the conviction had entered his mind that the THE GREAT AWAKENING. n earth is round, not flat, according to the prevailing beliet at the time ; and under the impression that it was very much smaller than it really is, he proposed to reach India by sailing west across the Atlantic ocean, upon the bosom of which no known vessel had yet ventured far. Columbus, as he is call- ed in history, was not alone in the belief that the earth is round. A few great scholars, in the course of their scientific investiga- tions, had arrived at the same conclusion ; but these conclusions they had not dared to openly assert. Long years of ignorance had fixed in the popular mind a conception of the earth as being flat, as having four corners, as serving to support the heavens stretched canopy- like above it, and any expression of conviction contrary to the popular belief called forth at that time ridicule and sometimes persecution. Of the other side of the Atlantic nothing was known. One by one groups of islands such as the Canary, had, by some accident or other, come within the knowledge of Por- tuguese navigators. Surmise placed others far out upon the broad expanse, and superstition had pictured mysterious lands beyond, approach to which was fraught with weird dangers, and return from which was believed to be impossible. COLUMBUS. 24 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. Columbus boldly professed his belief, and offered to attempt the westward voyage to India. His services were first tendered to his native city, but Genoese capital could be embarked upon no scheme so visionary. The glory of send- ing him upon that first great voyage was destined for no merchant of Genoa, and its determining motives were to be other than those of commercial enterprise. QUESTIONS. What country was among the first to experience the revival of learning? What two little republics in the northern part of Italy? What do you know of Genoa and Venice? What can you say of their vessels and seamen? What trade had Venice established? Where did the trade of Genoa centre? What finally sprung up between the two republics? Why? What question became a serious one to the merchants and seamen of Genoa? Who con- ceived the idea of reaching India by water? What can you say of the idea entertained by Christopher Columbus? With what was Columbus familiar? What conviction entered his mind? What mistaken idea had he about the size of the earth? Who besides Columbus had reached his conclusion? Why did not eminent scholars of that day dare to profess openly their beliefs and convictions? What conceptions had been firmly fixed in the popular mind by long years of ignorance? What was known of the other side of the Atlantic? What did people imagine to be there? What offer did Columbus make? To whom was this offer first tendered? Why? Why was not the offer of Columbus accepted by his native city? SEARCH QUESTIONS. When did the Turks gain a foothold in Europe? When and by whom was printing invented? What nautical instrument renders it possible for a vessel to sail out of sight of land? Name two civilizations that have arisen and decayed about the shores of the Mediterranean sea. What is "St. Brandan's Isle?" PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS III, IV, V AND VI. Geography. — Note the location of the following upon a globe or map: Lisbon, Canary Islands, Palos, Bahama Islands, Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, Ori- noco River, Isthmus ot Panama, Barcelona, Bristol, Newfoundland, Labra- AMERICA DISCOVERED. 2$ dor, Straits of Belle Isle. In what direction from Palos are the Canary Islands? What point on the American coast is the same latitude as these islands? Would a vessel steer north or south of this parallel in sailing from the Canary to the Bahama Islands? In what direction is Labrador from the British Isles? Which is the greater distance, from the Canary Islands to the Bahamas, or from England to Labrador? What animals are found in the Polar regions? Definition of Words. — Master the meaning of the following words: Patron , discredit, treachery, interval, arguing, prior, dominant, absurdity, evidently, antipodes, reversed, visionist, replenish, species, persistent, depleted, accrue, parallel, identity, formal, disaster, proclaim, adulations, accusations, latitude, patent, bestow, subsequent, authentic. Pronunciation of Names.- — Practice the pronunciation of the following: Salamanca, Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, Roderigo de Triana, San Salvador, Ilispaniola, Bahama, Gomera, Sebastian, Santius, Prima Vista, Alonzo de Ojedo. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference.— Irving's "Life of Columbus," Nicholls' "Cabot," Bancroft's "History of the Colonization of the United States" (chapter i). General. — "How America was Discovered," in Harper's Magazine (Dec, 1SS1). Topical. — "West Indies," "Labrador," "Cabot, John," "Cabot, Sebastian," "America, Discovery of," "Ferdinand and Isabella," "Canary Islands," "Columbus, Life of." ' America Discovered. CHAPTER III. The Idea and The Man. It appears that Columbus first formed the idea of the earth's roundness about the year 1474, at which time he was living at Lisbon, Portugal, whither a number of Genoese navigators, attracted by the fame of the Portuguese princes as patrons of maritime enterprises, had from time to time repaired, as the commerce of their own city declined. At this time he was very poor, and having no means to put his ideas into execution, he naturally turned to the 26 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. Portuguese king after his native city had declined to enter into his plans. The application of Columbus was referred to several councilors. They first ridiculed the project openly, then secretly advised the king to dispatch an expedi- tion of his own and reap the whole glory. To the discredit of this monarch — an unusually enlightened one for the times — it is said that he listened to these evil advisers; but the expedition sent out ended in speedy failure. Smarting from the treachery, Columbus set out from Por- tugal to lay his plans before the court of Spain. Much of the toilsome journey was performed on foot, his little son walking beside him. Poverty-stricken, the very bread they ate was begged at times by the wayside. Spain, then beginning to be the most powerful nation in Europe, was in the midst of costly wars, and a long interval elapsed before Columbus could gain a hearing. Seven years did he spend pleading, urging, arguing, devoting his whole energy to the one idea of add- ing to the world's knowledge a know- ledge of the world. Two of these years were spent in a convent, whose prior fortunately gained for him powerful friends at court. He obtained a hearing at last from Ferdinand and Isabella, the reigning king and queen. A council of wise men, known as the Council of Salamanca, was assembled, to whom Columbus presented, with the great- est eloquence, the ideas that had long been dominant in his mind. He maintained that the sea was everywhere navigable ; that there were lands upon the earth other than those then known ; that the earth was round ; and that Asia could be reached by sailing west across the Atlantic. FERDINAND. AMERICA DISCOVERED. 27 "The earth," he reasoned, "is made for man." "The command and promise of the Bible is that man shall increase and replenish the earth. Too much of the earth's surface cannot therefore be taken up with water. There must be lands to us unknown. Is it possible that the sun shines upon nothing, and that the nightly watches of the stars are wasted upon trackless seas?" To sustain his arguments he brought forward a number of facts. West of the Azores Islands had been found floating a piece of timber curiously carved by tools evidently not of iron. Whence came it? Two dead bodies of an unknown race, with large, dark, strange features, had been cast upon a western coast. Where live such men? Where grow the gigantic canes, the trees and vines of strange species, whose trunks and stems are found floating upon the waters of the ocean by navigators driven far out to sea by adverse winds ? But the great and wise council would not accept his argu- ments. "The earth cannot be round," they answered, "for then there would be antipodes, and everything would be reversed. People certainly cannot live with their feet up and heads down. Snow and rain cannot fall upwards. Moreover the rotundity of the earth would imply the arrangement of the ocean as a watery hill, up and down which vessels would have to sail in going from one region to another — an absurdity." Discouraged, but still persistent, Columbus prepared to apply to France, and had actually set out upon his way when overtaken and recalled. His elo- .sabella quence had made a deep impression on the queen. The possible success of such an undertaking as Columbus pro- 28 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. posed opened up to her mind the glories of extended dominion, and, good Catholic that she was, the desire of spreading the religion of Christ to such unknown regions as might be found, appealed to her very strongly. So she agreed to furnish the required assistance. The treasury of Spain was in a state of depletion, caused by years of war; but an offer to pledge her jewels obtained for Isabella the necessary amount. An agreement was entered into with Columbus by which he was to contribute one-eighth of the expense and to receive one-tenth of whatever pearls, precious stones, gold, spices and other articles he might obtain. He was to be admiral "in all the lands and continents he might discover or acquire in the ocean, " and viceroy of the same. He was also to have the privilege of nominating three candidates for each of such governorships as might be established. Eighteen long years of poverty, misfortune, and disappoint- ment had he passed through. Assailed by the superstitious, ridiculed as a madman by the ignorant, he had adhered to his purpose with a perseverance, the parallel of which it is difficult to find. At last his time had come, and the dreams of the visionist were to become established facts. QUESTIONS. About what time did Columbus form the idea of the earth's roundness? Where was lie then living? Who had repaired here from time to tinier Why? Whv did not Columbus put his ideas into execution? What efforts did Columbus make to obtain assistance ? To whom was the application ot Columbus lor assistance referred? To what evil advice did the Portuguese king listen? Where diil Columbus next apply? Tell what you know of Columbus' visit to Spain. How was the journey thither performed? Why could lie not gain an immediate hearing? How long a time did he spend in Spain? Where were two of these years spent? Who were king and queen ot Spain at the time? What council was assembled to pass upon Columbus' views? What do you know of the Council of Salamanca? \\"hat arguments AMERICA DISCOVERED. 2 9 did Columbus present? What facts? How was he answered by the wise men? Where did Columbus next proceed? Why did he not continue on to France? Why had Isabella determined to grant the necessary assistance ? Why did she offer to pledge her jewels? What agreement between Colum- bus and Isabella was entered into? How long did Columbus labor to put his idea into execution? What had he encountered through this period? CHAPTER IV. The Story of San Salvador. Immediately upon receiving his commission Columbus repaired to Palos, a little port in the southwest of Spain, and began preparations for the voyage. Here dwealt a wealthy family of navigators named Pinzon, friends of Columbus, with whose assistance he was enabled to contribute that por- tion of the expense he had agreed upon. The Pinzons thus identifying themselves with the expedition, were to receive a share of whatever profits might accrue. Two small vessels, the Pinta and the Nina, were furnished by the government, while with the funds obtained from the Pinzons, a third, the Santa Maria, somewhat larger than the 30 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. other two, was procured. The last named was made the flagship of the admiral. Martin Alonzo Pinzon took com- mand of the Pinta, and his brother. Vincent Yanez, of the Nina. The government provided for the employment of ninety sailors. At first it was with some difficulty that men could be procured. Every one was interested in the expedition being fitted up, but the venture was regarded as a desperate one. and lew cared to risk themselves upon a vovage with chances of returning so meagre. The results of possible success, however, were held up so glowingly that, by the time preparations were completed, not only ninety sailors were secured, but thirty others joined for the purpose of adventure. By August 2, 1492, everything was ready for departure. The day was spent in solemn and impressive religious ceremonies. Officers and men in procession marched to the church, confessed their sins and offered up prayers, accord- ing to custom of the Roman Catholic Church. The priests called down the blessings of heaven upon the expedition, and early next morning the fleet set out to sea, Columbus bear- ing with him a letter from the sovereign of Spain to the Grand Kahn of Tartary, a monarch whose realm had been visited and described by Marco Polo, and whom Columbus expected to visit before his return. Aboard the vessels it was announced that a prize, offered by the queen, awaited him who was first to see land not heretofore discovered. The great- est voyage in the world's history had now begun. When three thus out. the rudder of the Pinta was lost; sail was therefore made for the Canary Islands, where, after a three weeks' stay at the one called Gomera, the damage was repaired. Here Columbus was informed that a Portuguese fleet was in those waters for the purpose of intercepting him. America discovered. 31 Fortunately it never came in sight, and on September 6th the voyage was resumed. Day after day now passed, filled sometimes with hope, sometimes with fear. Most of the sailors were superstitious ; some were inclined to be insubordinate. When the sea hap- pened to be calm, they were afraid that a region had been reached where winds never blow. When a steady breeze set in and wafted them swiftly along in the direction most to be desired, it was, "How shall we ever sail back against it?" The further they proceeded, the more uneasy they became. In consequence of this uneasiness Columbus found it advis- able to keep two reckonings of the distance daily traveled — a correct one for his own guidance, and another recording a less number of miles than had actually been traveled, to be shown the crew. From time to time appeared signs that sailors had always hitherto regarded as indicating nearness of land, but in these instances they proved false indications. More than once clouds upon the horizon were mistaken for shores. The fears of the sailors brought them at times to the verge of mutiny; and it was only by great tact that Columbus succeeded in persuading them, from time to time, to continue the voyage. On the 7th of October a memorable incident happened. Martin Pinzon, from the deck of the Pinta, perceived a flock of parrots flying toward the southwest, and rightly suppos- ing land to lie in that direction, the heads of the vessels were turned accordingly. As they sailed on signs of land became numerous and unmistakable. A branch filled with berries went floating by, and birds that never fly far from shore, alighted on the vessels. The night of October nth arrived in the course of time. The vesper hymn, sung by each crew at eve, had ceased to sound over the waters. In the forepart of his ship, peering 32 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. FIRST SIGNS OF LAND. AMERICA DISCOVERED. 33 anxiously into the dark ahead, stood Columbus. A little twinkling light in the distance suddenly attracted his atten- tion. It was moving, and, though he was not certain of it at the time, was coming from land. Early the next morning a gun sounded from the Pinta. Rodrigo de Triana, the sailor on watch, had summoned all hands ; for there before them, dimly to be seen, was an unknown shore approached in the night. The joyful shout went up, and all uncertainty was at an end. QUESTIONS. Where did Columbus repair upon receiving his commission? What friends had he here? What part did the Pinzons take in aiding the enterprise of Columbus? What benefit were they to receive therefrom? What three ves- sels were fitted up? How was each obtained? Who was the commander of each? How many sailors were employed? How many men went with the expedition? How was this number finally procured? Tell what you know of the fitting up of Columbus' expedition ? When was everything ready for the start? What ceremonies preceded the departure? What did Colum- bus take with him? Why did he take this letter? What announcement was made to the crews? Why is the first voyage of Columbus one of the greatest in history ? What acciden.t befell the Pinta? When? Where was it repaired? What danger did Columbus escape? Describe the voyage from the Canary Islands? What fears were entertained by the men? What did Columbus find it necessary to do on account of these fears? What was the notable occurrence of October 7th? Why was this occurrence remarkable? What signs of land soon began to appear? What happened the night of the nth? The morning of the 12th? Who first saw land? What was now at an end? CHAPTER V. The News Brought Back. The land first seen proved to be one of the Bahama Islands. The devout Columbus bestowed upon it the name of San Salvador (Holy Savior). In the light of early dawn the three vessels drew up and cast anchor. The intense interest 34 PERIOD OK DISCOVERY. with which the men scanned the land before them may well be imagined. The vanguard of European civilization had reached American shores, and all felt the solemnity and importance of the occasion. The first landing of Columbus in the new world was made with elaborate ceremony. Attired in a rich uniform of scarlet, with the royal banner of Spain in his hand, the admiral entered his own boat and was joined by his subordi- nate captains in theirs, each holding aloft the green-crossed banner of the enterprise ; all three were accompanied by retinues — the whole forming a most brilliant pageant as it drew near to shore. The first act of Columbus on landing was to kneel reverently, kiss the earth, and offer thanks to God, while the tears of joy sprang to his eyes and a sense of gratitude to his heart. He then rose to his feet, drew his sword, and, surrounded by his men, took formal posses- sion in the name of the sovereigns of Spain. The oath of obedience to him as admiral and viceroy was then taken by all present. Dark-skinned natives had gathered around and were witnessing the proceedings with astonishment. To them the ships seemed bird-like, and wing-like the sails. Regarding the visitors as from the sky, they treated them with every mark of kindness. A few of them wore ornaments of gold, with which they readily parted, and when asked by signs where more of that metal could be obtained, they pointed to the south. This led the Spaniards to further search, and, erecting a large cross, they left the island, and proceeded in the direction pointed out. Before lon<: the coast of Cuba was sighted, and soon after that of Hayti, which was called by them Hispaniola (Little Spain). The Spaniards landed from time to time along the coast to search and make inquiry for the gold and spices they AMERICA DISCOVERED. 35 had hoped to find in abundance. At Hispaniola disaster befell the Santa Maria, and many of the men opposing fur- ther exploration, a fort was constructed from the wreck and named Fort Isabel. Leaving thirty-five men as a garrison, Columbus set out with the rest upon the return. The excitement that spread over Spain when, on the 13th STATUE OF COLUMBUS AT GENOA. of March, 1493, news went out from Palos that Columbus had returned successful, can hardly be imagined. Bells were rung, and exultation was upon every side. A general holi- day was proclaimed. The king and queen assembled their 36 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. courtiers, and waited in state at Barcelona, to welcome with honor the man who was thenceforth to be known as Spain's greatest admiral. The journey of Columbus from Palos to the Spanish court was quite different from the footsore and weary one made six years before. Greetings and adula- tions were now showered upon him all along the route, and his progress was a series of triumphs. In the presence of the assembled court Columbus received the hands of his sovereign. The story of his adventure, and of that new world beyond the seas, was given in full. The curious objects he had brought back with him, among which were two natives of the new world, were examined with wonder. The islands that Columbus told about were thought to be among those lying off the southeast coast of Asia, and known in those days as the Indies ; hence the natives received the name of Indians, which they have retained to this day. A large fleet was now provided for Columbus to make a second voyage. Impatient to make further discoveries he soon set sail, this time with fifteen hundred soldiers, mission- aries and adventurers, all eager to extend Spain's dominion, to Christianize the savages, and to search for the gold and silver that were to flow into the coffers of Spain, and, for a time, make her the richest among nations. In time Ilispaniola was reached ; but a sad discovery was here made. The men left by Columbus on his first voy- Tlie last days of Columbus were spent in misfortune. The powers and privileges granted him in the new world, occasioned much jealousy and awaken- ed powerful enmity. False accusa- tions were made against him at one time, and he was sent back in chains as a criminal. Public opinion was so in- censed at the indignity imposed upon him that his chains were quickly re- moved; but he was never restored to the benefits to which he was entitled. His patron, Queen Isabella, having died, he was treated with more and more neglect : and at last, overcome by disappointment, the man who had given to Spain a new world died (May 26, 1506) a victim of ingratitude. AMERICA DISCOVERED. 37 age had been massacred, and Fort Isabella destroyed. The fort was rebuilt and strengthened, the settlement was re- newed and the hostile tribes of the island were subdued by the many new-comers. Columbus, continuing upon his voyage, discovered a num- ber of other islands, one of which was Jamaica (1493). A third voyage brought him to the mainland of the continent, near the mouth of the Orinoco River (1498); and a fourth and last, to the coast of Central America (1502). QUESTIONS. What did the land first seen prove to be ? Describe the ceremonies of landing? What did Columbus do upon reaching the shore? Who gathered around to view the proceedings? How were the Spaniards regarded by the natives? What ornaments were found upon the natives? What induced the Spaniards to sail south upon leaving the island? What did they do before leaving? The coasts of what islands were explored? What inquiries were made? What name was bestowed upon Hayti? What followed upon reaching Hispaniola ? How many remained behind while Columbus returned? What fort had been erected? Of what was this fort constructed? What effect had Columbus' return to Palos ? How was he greeted? What was the difference between his present journey to the Spanish court and his former one? How was Columbus received by Ferdinand and Isabella? What mistaken idea had Columbus of the islands he had vis- ited? What name was bestowed upon their inhabitants? Tell what you know of Columbus' second voyage? By whom was he accompanied? Why? What sad discovery was made upon reaching Hispaniola? What did the Spaniards do after their arrival? How many voyages did Columbus make? What did Columbus discover upon each of his voyages? How were his last days spent? What indignity' was put upon him? From what did he suffer after Isabella's death? What did Columbus give to Spain? 33 PKRIOD OF DISCOVERY. REVIEW OUTLINE Memory Aid for Lesson on Columbus. I Place upon the Blackboard and have pupils till the blank spaces, alter which use as outline tor Composition or topical recitation.) CO -J O CO Native of Entertained idea Applied for assistance to First Voyage 149 Other Voyages. Last Days. I Preparations ■ s about the year /. (refusal.) 2 ..... (treachery.) waited yea/s. intents. ■ \ Refutations ( Motives, was assisted by < , j / ement, |C) Vessels >• tin ■' (2) 1(3) Expenses shared by the „ ■ c ( Procession. Ceremonies ot I Ues$j '" are -\Embarkauon. ' Accident to Repaired at Direction tat -> Uneasiness of. Reckonings kept by I I Signs of land < [2 Course changed on the (Oct. 7th Incident of ..... < [Oct. Ilth f Discovered on J First seen by . I Lanoing Cuba. I Incidents of Voyage. 149..: Discovered 149 . Discovered i 50... -Discovered San Salvador { Natives Wreck oi Fort built. Garrisoned by ..men. Greeted by Welcomed by II, i Return Suffered from... Died Gave to Spain a. AMERICA DISCOVERED. 39 CHAPTER VI. First on the Mainland. The news that Columbus had found land upon the other side of the Atlantic soon spread from Spain over western Europe. About this time there was living at Bristol, Eng- land, a Venetian navigator named Giovanni Gabotto (John Cabot), who, upon learning of the discoveries of the Spanish admiral, began to devote much study to the shape of the earth. It occurred to him that this newly discovered region could be reached by a shorter route than that taken by Columbus ; and he believed this shorter route lay directly west from England. An examination of a globe will show how nearly correct he was; for the Western Continent, in the latitude of England is much nearer the Eastern than it is in the latitudes of Spain and the Canary Islands. Cabot fitted up an expedition at his own expense. The English king (Henry VII), interesting himself in his enter- prise, granted a patent that included many privileges. This patent was made out to John Cabot and his three sons, Lewis, Sebastian and Santius, and by its terms they were authorized to take possession of all "isles, countries, regions, provinces, whatsoever they be," and hold the same in the king's name. Should any profits accrue from the venture the king was to receive one-fifth. John Cabot and his son Sebastian set sail early in the sum- mer of 1497, and after a short but stormy voyage sighted land (June 24). The name of Prima Vista was bestowed upon the land first seen, and it is believed to be a point lying a little to the north of the straits now called Belle Isle. Thus was reached the mainland of the Western Continent, the Cabots being the first Europeans to set foot upon its shores, PERIOD OF DISCOVERY LANDING OF THE CABOTS. not discover the coast of South America until some fourteen months after- wards. Of that first voyage of the Cabots there remains little record. Doubtless they found the shores bleak and barren, inhabited by a few savages, whose clothing was made of furs, whose weapons were bone-pointed pikes and darts, and whose occupations were hunting and fishing. Such a region could not be India. It must be a "new found land." A second voyage was made by Sebastian Cabot in May of the next year. This navigator at the time was only twenty- two years old, but he had already won a name for benevo- lence, courtesy, daring and patience. With three hundred men he set out, bent upon reaching India through what- ever passage he might discover in the new found land. On arriving at the Labrador coast he turned northward, entering a region the strangeness of which so alarmed his AMERICA DISCOVERED. 41 Naming the New World. Among those who came to America with Columbus upon his second voyage and who took an active part in the conquest of Hispaniola was Alonzo de Ojedo. Commanding in time an expe- dition of his own, he made explorations among the neighboring islands, and sailed along the shores of South Amer- ica for some hundreds of miles (1499). His pilot upon this occasion, as well as upon a subsequent one to the same re- gion, was a man of some intelligence named Amerigo Vespucci, or, Latin- ized, as was the custom days, Americus Vespucc with keen observation, r the features of the conn and afterwards, in a series of printed letters, gave an excellent description of regions visited. These letters, being the first published description of the new world, were read with eager- ness. People soon be- gan to refer to the land beyond the Atlan- tic as the land Americus. A German geographer, named Waldsee -Miiller, ri n a 1 1 y p r o p o s e d the name of America for the new continent. It met with general acceptance, and soon began to appear in books and upon maps. This is the generally accepted theory concerning the name America. It is, however, stated that the natives found by the early explorers about the southwest shores of the Carribean Sea referred to their country as Amaraca, hence a counter theory gives the origin of the name to the natives of the New "World. AMERICUS VESFUCCIUS men as to render them mu- tinous. Everywhere the sea was filled with blocks of ice and floating icebergs, and monstrous animals of strange appearance often made them- selves visible. Retracing his course, Cabot sailed south as far as the southern limits of what is now Maryland, and, not finding the desired passage, returned to England. The discoveries of the Cabots have an important bearing upon American his- tory ; for by them Eng- land was enabled to establish those claims to terri- tory that afterwards led to her colonization of America. In this colonization were to be laid the foundations of our present great English-speak- ing republic of the United States. QUESTIONS. Who was John Cabot? Where did he live? What did he do upon learn- ing of the discoveries of Columbus? What conclusion did he arrive at from 4 2 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. his study of a globe? What patent did the English king grant him? What were the privileges granted by patent to Cabot? What three sons had Cabot ? What share of profits was to be the king's ? When did Cabot set sail? Who accompanied him? What was the nature of the voyage? Where did they first sight land? What was the nature of this land? Why was this discovery of future importance? How many months did the Cabots precede Columbus in the discovery of the mainland? For what was Sebastian Cabot noted ? When was a second voyage made by him ? How old was he at the time? Tell what you know of the voyage of Sebastian Cabot? What direction did he first take? Why did he turn back? How far south did he sail? To what did the discoveries of the Cabots lead? Who was Alonzo de Ojedo ? Amerigo Vespucci ? How did the new world receive the name of America? Who first bestowed this name upon the new continent? THE FOUR GREAT NAVIGATORS. BLACKBOARD FORM. Columbus. Who first crossed the Atlantic, Da Gama. Who first doubled Cape Good Hope, Cabot. Who first reached North America. Magellan. Who first sailed around the world. SEARCH QUESTIONS. Where is Columbus buried? Was Cabot the first European to reach North America ? •. trge did Columbus believe the world to be? What was the Indian name of San nd? How ditl the Pope divide the new world? What became of the chains of Columbus? What is an astrolabe? What is a caravel? PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS VII, VIII AND IX. Geography. — Note the principal islands of the Went Indies', Name them. Note the proximity of Mexico and Central America to Cuba. Where is Veia Cruz? The citv of Mexico? Isthmus of Darien? Island of Porto FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 43 Rico? In what direction is Florida from this island? Where is Tampa Bay ? How would one go overland from Florida to Mexico? Note the nearness of Peru to the Isthmus of Darien. About how wide is this isthmus? What strait south of South America? What ocean west? In what direction is this ocean from the Isthmus of Darien? Note the Rio Grande, Colorado, and Gila Rivers. Into what do each empty? Where is Santa Fe ? Cape Men- docino? Note the relative position of the Southern States? What state north of Florida? West of Georgia? West of Alabama? Two west of Mississippi? Where is the Altamaha River? Ogeeche? Coosa? Missis- sippi? White? Ouachita? Where is Mobile? Definition of Words. — Learn the meaning of the following! Adventu- rous, materially, ambition, credulous, subsequently, taskmaster, ruse, avail, abduct, harass, persistently, circumnavigate, subjugate, equip, atrocity, manifest, revolt, dictates, annals, eventually, similar, realm, fabulous, survivor, transcending, assert, pacify, acquirement, rumor, indomitable, emergency, miasmatic, summit, bayou, fidelity, unanimity, viceroy. Pronunciation of Names. — Practice the pronunciation of the following: Porto Rico, Ponce de Leon, San Augustine, Pascua Florida, Chicora, Hispaniola, Vasquez de Ayllon, Pamphilo de Narvaez, Alvar Nunez, Cabecca de Vaca, Enciso, Nunez de Balboa, Grijalva, Hernando Cortez, Velasquez, Montezuma, La Noche Triste, Francisco, Pizarro, Antonio de Mendoza, Coronado, Espejo, Juan de Onate, Rio Grande, Gila, Altamaha, Mauvilla, Arkansas, Ouachita, Luys de Moscoso. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference. — Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico," P.ancroft's "History of the Colonization of the United States" (chapter 2), Martin's "History of Louisiana" (chapter 1). General. — "Spanish Discoveries," in Harper's Magazine (Octoher, 1SS2), "Pictures from Florida," in Scribner's Monthly (November, 1S74), Morris' "Half Hours with American His tory" (vol. 1), Wallace's "Fair God" (fiction'), Drake's "Making of the Great West." Topical. — "DeSoto," "Ponce de Leon," "Cortez," "Fountain of Youth," "Mississippi, Discovery of." "Florida, Discovery of," "Mexico, Conquest of," "Santa Fe, Founding of, ' "Coronado, Expedition of." First Comers from Four Nations. CHAPTER VII. The Spaniards in Florida. To this day the islands of the West Indies are remarkable for fertility of soil and for beauty of vegetation. Such won- derful accounts of this region were wafted back to Spain, 44 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. that adventurers in great numbers flocked to the New World to embark in the eager pursuit of wealth. Island after island was taken possession of and entrusted to the governorship of some soldier of fortune or adventurous nobleman ; and it was not long before Spanish conquest extended to the mainland. Among the many who came over with Columbus upon his second voyage was a stern old soldier, named Ponce de Leon, who, having aided materially in the conquest of Hispaniola, was made governor of that island. Soon after- wards he was transferred to the smaller domain of Porto Rico ; but here his ambition prevented him from remaining long content. Moreover there had been whispered in the ears of the credulous Spaniards the legend of a wonderful fountain, whose waters, bathed in, restored the old to youth. Tradition placed this fountain somewhere to the northwest; and De Leon, with three vessels, set sail in that direction, bent upon finding the fountain. His search was, as maybe supposed, fruitless; but during the course of his voyage he sighted the mainland a little north of what is now San Augustine (15 12). It was Easter Sun- day, a day known to the Spaniards as Pascua Florida ; so to the land was given the name of the holy day. Formal possession was taken. De Leon subsequently returned with the appointment of governor; but his landing was this time opposed by the natives, and in the attack he was mortally wounded. Some miles north of where he had first landed, lay the coast of Chicora (South Carolina). From Hispaniola there came to this coast Vasquez de Ayllon, with two vessels, upon a kidnapping expedition (1520). The Spaniards, in their eagerness for riches, had opened up mines and laid out plan- tations in the different islands, and the conquered natives, compelled to labor under brutal taskmasters, were fast disap- FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 45 pearing. To remedy this loss was De Ayllon's mission. The natives of Chicora, ignorant of his intentions, received him kindly, and were induced to come on board the visitors' ves- sels for the ostensible purpose of taking part in a great feast. When a sufficient number had crowded aboard, the cruel De Ayllon headed his vessel for the place whence he came, and sailed away. The ruse availed but little. One of the ves- sels was wrecked, and the captives on board of the other so sickened from grief as to be totally unfit for the purpose for which they had been abducted. By the time the territory of Florida became established within the geographical knowledge of the Spaniards, its conquest was determined upon by Pampiiilo de Narvaez. He landed for the purpose upon the west coast, near Tampa Bay, with three hundred men and eighty horses (April, 1528). The vessels were placed in charge of one Alvar Nunez, better known as Cabecca de Vacca, with instruc- tions to sail along the shores to the northwest; and with his land forces De Narvaez marched into the interior. The natives encountered by the Spaniards along the route were treated with great atrocity, and therefore rose in hos- tility against the invaders. The Spaniards, after eight hun- dred miles of weary marching, harassed by natives, suffering from pestilence and hunger, reached the coast exhausted. Upon embarkation a storm arose, and wrecked the vessels, and all the adventurers perished miserably, with the excep- tion of De Vacca and four or five others, who made their way overland to Mexico.. 4 6 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. TOPICAL OUTLINE Memory Aid. For Lesson on Early Florida Exploration. (Place on the Black Hoard and have pupils fill blank spaces, then elaborate mvlritten composition.) O 5! De Leon 151 De Ayl/on 152 De Narvaez 152 f Came to New World with Appointed to governorship of. then to.... Went in search of <( Landed near in the year. Named the country because Was in his search. . Returned subsequently and was by Sailed from with vessels. Landed on the coast of which is now. Practiced the deception of Expedition unsuccessful because .. Landed near Bay. Left his vessels in charge of. Marched about miles. Treated natives (/) - Expedition suffered from... Returned to the coast, embarked and vessels were survived and made their way to Mexico. QUESTIONS. For what are the West Indies remarkable? Why did adventurers flock to the New World? Where did Spanish conquest extend? Who was Ponce de Leon ? What island did he help to conquer? To what three governorships was he successively appointed? What legend had he heard? What was the result of de Leon's exploration? How did Florida receive its name? What was the fate of De Leon? What coast was called Chicora? What was the object of de Ayllon's expedition? How did he succeed? What deception did he practice? What do you know of Pamphilo de Narvaez? Cabecca de Vacca ? How were the natives treated byDe Narvaez? What sufferings did the expedition of De Narvaez encounter? What was its fate? Where did the survivors make their way? How? FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. CHAPTER VIII. 47 The Conquest of New Spain. In the belief that the West Indies were the outlying islands upon the southeast shores of Asia, the Spaniards went from island to island, persistently searching for those sources of gold, spices and precious commodities that had been so long the objects of maritime enterprise. In the course of these searchings Enciso landed upon the Isthmus of Darien about the time De Leon was exploring Florida ( 1512) ; and Gri/alva reached the coast of Mexico (1518), two years before De Ayllon did that of Chicora. With Enciso went Nunez de Balboa, who, hearing upon his arrival at Darien, of a great sea to the south, determined to behold it, and for that purpose journeyed over land. Ascending the last range of mountains, he was greeted with a view, of the mighty ocean that has since borne the name, Pacific (1513). The discoveries of Balboa and Grijalva opened up other regions to conquest. Mexico, or Anahuac, as it was then called, was the first to attract attention. Grijalva brought back with him accounts of the Aztecs, a strange race of people living in the interior. MAGELLAN. Eight years after Balboa's discovery (1520), Magellan, a navigator sailing in the interest of Spain, entered the Pacific ocean through the straits that now bear his name, crossed the broad expanse, his vessel finally reaching Spain after having circumnavigated the globe. 4 s PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. Wonderful to relate, this people had made great advances toward civilization. They knew many of the uses of metals, wore ornaments of gold, lived in cities composed of well- built houses, and fol- lowed many of the arts and occupations of civil- ized life. A conquer- ing race, they had subju- gated most of the neigh- bor! nlyphics and pictures. Poetry was frequently composed and sung to appreciative hearers, and oratory was carefully culti- vated. The education of children was systematic, and con- iisted of precepts and counsels egularly bestowed by fath- :r to son, and >y mother to laughter. Re- Jj mious instruc- ion was given for three years in public / schools, and special semi- naries were provided for the higher education of ose destined to become priests and priestesses. In many of the arts the Aztecs were expert. As potters, stonecutters, jewelers, and basket-makers, they excelled. Many were skilled woodworkers, builders, and weavers, 7<5 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. weaving not only delicate and beautiful fabrics, wherein feathers took the place of silk, and rabbit skins of wool, but also more serviceable clothes of cotton and other plant fibres. The farmers raised maize, cocoa, cotton, fruits, and agave, a plant most useful to them, — its thorns sup- plying needles; its fibres, thread for sewing and weaving; its juice, when boiled, honey ; when crystalized, sugar; when fermented, their favorite beverages of -pulque and mescal. Commerce was their special delight. Money consisted of grains of cocoa, squares of cloth and quills of gold. The market-places were large squares where one day in five traders from long distances congregated and displayed their wares. These market-places were admirably managed. Com- missioners, officially appointed, by strict surveillance insured good order and fair dealing. All differences were referred to a court of two judges near by, who decreed and instantly executed punishment upon those guilty of law-breaking and fraud. Enterprising merchants made long journeys to the interior, their goods borne upon the backs of porters, or tlamenes, whose individual load was sixty pounds and whose daily task was twelve miles. The most powerful of these traveling merchants took with them armed escorts, and their expeditions to distant regions often resulted in a conquest of territory visited, and its addition to the Aztec realm. Such was the people who were overcome by Spanish arms, whose records were destroyed by Spanish zeal, and whose civilization has been replaced by that of modern Mexico. The conquest of this race could not have been achieved by Cortez without the assistance of the many tribes, who pre- ferred serfdom to Spain rather than vassalage to Tenochitlan. AMERICA OF OLD. 77 BLACKBOARD FORM. Analysis of Lesson on The Aztecs. ( Origin — Aztlan. Capital — Tenochitlan. Government — Absolute Monarchy. f Idolatrous. Religion. J Human sacrifices. I Priests, Temples, etc. I Chinampas. Agricultural. Occupation. Language. Education. Commercial. Industrial. Written. Spoken. Maize Cocoa Agave Cotton Fruit Thread. Needles. Paper. Clothes. Food. Sugar. Pulque. Mezcal. Market places. Money \ Caravans Builders. Woodworkers. Stone cutters. Basket makers. Weavers Jewelers. Potters. Picture. Hieroglyphic. Complete. Musical. Adapted to Grams of Cocoa. Squares or' cloth. Quills of Gold. Tlamenes. Armed escorts. Feathers. Cotton. Agave fibre. Raobit skins. Oratory. Poetry. instruction of son by father. Instruction of daughter by mother. Public schools, seminaries, etc. QUESTIONS. What name was bestowed upon the aboriginal inhabitants of America? What race do they constitute? What Indians occupy a very low plane of existence? What had some of the Indian races reached by the time the Europeans came ? Why did the Spaniards destroy most of the records of ancient Mexico ? How are we coming- to know of what could have been told us by these records? What !ace was among the earliest to occupy Mexico? What races followed? Who were the Aztecs? From where did they come.? 7 8 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. What is the origin of the name Mexico? When was Tenochitlan founded? How was it built? Why? How did the Aztecs obtain food when besieged? How did Tenochitlan become adorned? What form of government had the Aztecs? Who ruled subordinate to the .Montezuma? How was justice administered? What was the character of their religion ? What did they practice? What was the nature of their language? Speech? What was frequently composed? What cultivated? How were children educated ? In what arts did the Aztecs excel? What materials did they weave: What did the farmers raise? Why was the agave a useful plant to them? In what did the Aztecs specially delight ? What did they use for money? What about their market places? Traveling merchants? Tlamenes? How did the Spaniards succeed in overcoming this race? CHAPTER XIV. Aboriginal Races — Savage. The Indians found living in that part of America occupied by what is now the United States and British America constituted number- less tribes, having many resem blances in common. Classi- fied according to language, the greater portion of them constitute four great fami- lies: the Esquimaux of the North, the Athabascans of West British America, the Al- gonquins of Canada and Northeast United States, and the Dakotas of Northwest United States. Each of these embraces many tribal sub- divisions, speaking dialects whose similarities enable them to be grouped together. Thus Many of the tribes that occupied the Southern States are generally I lassed together, as the Mobilian or Apala chians, though theii singularities of language and dialectical differences are perhaps more marked than those existing between the subdivisions o! the Algonquins or Dakotas. Among these tribes are the Yamasccs, CoreeS, Appal achees, Seminoles, Creeks, Choc taws. Chickasaw s and others. Separate and distinct from any mentioned here- tofore, and existing as single tribes or smaller confederacies, were the iro- quois ol Xew York, the Chero! Georgia, the Natchez of Missis- sippi, the Mandans of the upper Missouri River, and the Shoshones, Comanches, Apaches, Pawnees ami many others ol West and Southwest United States. Of these tile [roquois and the Natchez, were remarkable — the (roquios because of the indomitable spirit and courage that enabled them to conquer and destroy their powerful neighbors; the Natchez because of their peculiar tire and sun worship, and a governmental and industrial development tar in advance of sur- rounding tribes. we have the Wampanoags, Narragansetts, Pequods, Pow- AMERICA OF OLD. 79 attans, Shawnees, Ottawas, Sacs and Foxes, Illinois, Chip- ewas and others, constituting the Algonquin group; and le Crow, Sioux, Osage, Quapaws, Arkansas, Omahas, and thers, the Dakota group. Much has been written of the life, habits and customs of these savage races. That they possessed both good and bad traits of character, varying ac- cording to the individ- ual, is known eyond a oubt. As general thing iey were brave, ospitable and rateful, yet indolent, improvident, revengeful and treacher- us. Their habitations were rudely built huts or wigwams overed with barks and skins, the exception being the well- iuilt " long houses" of the Iroquois, the dome-roofed dwell- ngs of the Mandans, built upon circular foundations of tone; and the edifices of the Natchez and Pueblo Indians, instructed of sun-dried brick. In the economy of the Lousehold the women or squaws were most conspicuous So PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. for the labors that devolved upon them. It was their duty to cultivate in primitive fashion small fields of maize ; to dress the skins and cure the meat of the game taken in the chase ; to make the moccasins and garments, decorating them with quills of porcupine, shells, feathers and other ornaments; to cook the meals of parched corn, broiled flesh and sometimes broth, boiled in closely-woven baskets or rude utensils of clay by means of hot stones dropped therein. The passion of the men seemed to be for killing, either in the chase or upon the war-path. Their weapons until the whites came and supplied them with better were of the rudest description, consisting of bows and flint-tipped arrows, clubs and stone-headed hatchets or tomahawks. Their condition of continual warfare caused them to associate themselves in tribes and confederacies of tribes, their gov- ernment imposing but few restrictions upon them. In peace, a sachem presided over, the councils of a tribe; in war, a war-chief led them against the foe. Respect for the wisdom of the one, and the prowess of the other, assured obedience. Matters of importance were always referred to the older and experienced members of the tribe, who assembled for the purpose of deliberation around the council fire. The pro- ceedings always opened with a ceremonious smoking of the calumet, the sacred pipe passing from lip to lip amidst the greatest decorum. Between intervals of dignified silence one after another would express his views and opinions, tersely, yet eloquently, to the taciturn circle seated upon the ground around him. The spoken language of the Indian was harsh and gut- tural. The words in his vocabulary were so few that when new ideas were introduced to him by the Europeans it often required the combining of several of his words to AMERICA OF OLD. The Indian Medicine Man. The priest of medi- cine man occupied an exalted position in the tribe. It was his duty to read signs and inter- pret omens, to tender sacrifices and conduct religious ceremonies. He was supposed to have the power to call down rain in time of drouth, which he often endeavored to do by means ot chants, danc- ings and loud mouth- ings to the spirits of the air, in which coax- ings alternated with violent abuse. 'His ability to heal the sick went unquestioned. When illness would not yield to his simple remedies of roots and herbs, the cause would be attributed to a demon that had possession of the patient, and forth- with preparations would be made to exorcise the evil one. Relatives and friends gather- ed about the sick one's dwelling and engaged in noise-makings with gourd rattles and rude drums, accompanied by screechings and howls ot a most discordant nature. Amidst the hideous din the medi- cine man, fantastically attired and decorated with his most effective totems, practiced his incantations and exe cuted his medicine dance. INDIAN MEDICINE MAN. 82 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. express what we in our language can with one. A very primitive form of picture-writing upon the inner and paper- like bark of trees was practiced by some few tribes. The North American Indian has often been wrongly pic- tured as having a sublime faith in one God, Great Spirit, or Manitou. In truth his religion was but a bundle of supersti- tions, erroneously comprehended by those who came in early contact with him. Certain animals were reverenced by him, and he believed in good and evil spirits, the latter of whom received the greater part of his worship ; for, accord- ing to his mode of reasoning, the good never did him harm, the evil injured him upon all occasions unless appeased. This appeasing constituted the greater part of his religious ceremonies, and consisted in sacrifices, grotesque dances, chantings, playing upon sacred and noisy instruments. and voluble promise-makings. He had great faith in the efficacy of charms, or totems, to shield him from evil influences. To him who died there was a hereafter, in which all the pleasures of this life were intensified and enjoyed in continu- ous repetition. So when a warrior died his weapons and other favorite possessions, including sometimes his clog, were buried with him, to add to his happiness when he reached the "Happy Hunting Ground." Some tribes buried their dead in sitting posture, a cover- ing of stones and earth forming a mound above the remains. Among many of the western tribes the custom existed of depositing the dead upon high platforms, erected for the pur- pose out on the prairie, away from the village. Here would the widow daily come to mourn her husband, to bring to him the food that only the fowls of the air devoured, to speak to him and in return receive no answer. With the advance of the white man the red race is rapidly AMERICA OF OLD. 83 passing away, in accordance with a well-established law of nature, that causes an inferior race to yield to a superior when one comes in con- tact with the other. Rem- n a n t s are found far out in the West, where even now the emi- grant and the ranchman are encroaching upon their domain ; or at agencies sub- sisting as pen- sioners on the bounty of the United States government. A fortunate few, descend- ants of the once power- ful Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw and other tribes, occupy lands reserved to them in the IN o.an burial. Indian Territory, where education and acquired enlightenment are enabling them to cope successfully against extinction. 8 4 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY BLACKBOARD FORM CO 2 Analysis ot Lesson on Savage Races of America. Classification. Characteristics. Language. Government. Religion. Life, Manners and Customs. Principal Groups. , . Minor Groups. Good. [ Evil. Esouimaux. Athabascans. Algonquins. Mobilians. Sioux. Osage. : . -■ .: 5. Arkansas. Omahas. Crow, etc. Wampanoags. Narragansetts. Pequods. Powhattans. Shawnees. Illinois, Oltauas. etc. Chickasaws. Creeks. Choctaws. Appalachees. Corees. Seminoles. Etc., Etc. Written. Spoken. The Sachem. The War-Chief. The Council. The Confederacy. Totems. Incantations. The Medicine Man. Worship of Spirits. The Hereafter. The Family. The Dwelling. The Dance. The Hunt. . The Preparation of J The War-Path. \ The Burial. Primitive Picture Writing. Duties. Powers. Food. Clothing. AMERICA OF OLD. S5 QUESTIONS. According to ianguage how are most of the Indian tribes classified ? Locate each. Mention some of the tribal subdivisions of the Algonquins. Dakotas. Name the subdivisions of the Mobilian group. What can you say of the Iroquois ? Name some tribes other than those already mentioned. Why were tire Natchez remarkable? What are the principal traits of Indian character? What about their habitations? What can you say of the dwellings of the Iroquois? The Natchez and Pueblos? The Mandans? What duties devolved upon the squaws? Of what were garments made? Decorated? What were the principal articles of food? For what did the men have a passion? What weapons did they employ before the coming of the whites? How did they associate them- selves ? Who was the sachem? The war-chief? What was the council? How were matters passed upon by the council? What was the nature of the Indian language ? What about its vocabulary? What form of writing was practiced? What was the nature of the Indian religion? What did they worship? Reverence? How did they endeavor to appease evil spirits? In what did they have great faith? What do you know of the medicine man? What were some of his duties? What power was he supposed to have? Describe the ceremony of curing the sick. What hereafter did the Indian anticipate? What were the different methods of burial? To what has the red race yielded? Where are remnants of this race to be found to-day? What Indians are found in the Indian Territory? What is their condition? CHAPTER XV. Prehistoric America. The question of how America was originally peopled is of fascinating interest to students of a speculative turn of mind. Many wild theories have been fabricated upon the subject. It has been advanced that the Indians are perhaps the descendants of the ten tribes of Israel, of whom it is recorded in Biblical history that they wandered away and were lost; and that time, climatic conditions, and changed modes of life have altered their original appearance and charac- teristics. The nearness of Asia and America at the Behring Strait; the Aleutian Islands arranged, stepping-stone-like, between 86 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. the two continents ; the Japan current sweeping around the east coast of Asia and depositing upon the western shores of America, even within our present knowledge, wreckage of Chinese and Japanese junks; the marked similarity of complexion and feature of the natives of Northwest America to those of North- eastern Asia, all lead many to believe that America re- ceived its first inhabitants from Asia. Many of the theories ad- vanced upon the origin of the American Indian would carry with them greater weight had not modern investigation and research brought to light his great antiquity. Evidence is multiplying to show that the Indians found living here at the time of the discovery were but descendants of a people whose existence extends far back in the past These people have received the name, mound-builders, from the charac- ter of the remains they have left behind. These remains take the forms of serpent, bird and animal- shaped embankments, mathematically constructed earthworks, seemingly fortifications, and tumuli or mounds, the latter predominating. Nothing resists the destroying effects of time more than a mound of earth. Structures of hardest stone decay and crumble into dust, but an earth-mound retains its shape indefinitely. Many of these American mounds are known to be of great antiquity, some of them being covered with dense forests, evidencing centuries of It has even been advanced that South America was visited in ancient times by the Malays whose nautical skill enabled them to people many of the Pacific islands. Under this theory it is interesting to note that the learned philologist, Pickering, is quoted as having detected, in the language of tne Inca Indians of Peru, a resem- blance to that of the Malays. It is also claimed that among the historical records of China, a nation among the oldest on the globe, there is to be found the narrative of a great traveler, Hoei Shin, who in the year 4cm, visited a country called by him F// Sang This narrative has been recently translated, and from the des- cription of the country visited, the direction taken, and the number ol miles traveled, the evidence is strong that Fu Sang corresponds with the southwestern shores of the United States. AMERICA OF OLD. 87 growth ; others have been constructed within the knowledge of the present day by the Indians of Florida and other Southern States. American antiquities of a much more wonderful nature are to be found in the southwest part of the United States. Here are to be seen Pueblos, great single houses built of brick, several stories in height, semi- circular in form, honey- as were INDIAN MOUNDS, DREW CO, ARK. .NSAS combed with rooms, capable of containing one thousand or more inhabitants. Similar ed- ifices are found built at almost inaccessible heights, in open- ings hollowed out of the gigan- tic sides of canon or cliff. The builders of these structures have probably left their de- scendants in the Pueblo, Zuni and Moquis Indians of those parts. Many traditions bind the old and new worlds together. In ancient times there lived on the southwest shores of the Mediterranean Sea a maritime people known as the Phocni- By excavating, pottery, copper and stone utensils, Mint arrowheads, idols, pipes, stone tools and human bones have been found. Hence it is inferred that the mounds were constructed for religious, burial and defensive pur- poses. The builders were in all prob- ability a sedentary and agricultural race, populating densely the alluvial illeys and rich lands of the Cen- t r a 1 an d Southern States. The cop- p e r mines of Michigan were worked by them, also the mica deposits of North Carolina and the lead ores of other States. They were much further advanced towards civilization than the Indians. Perhaps the savage shite ol their descendants was but a relapse into primitive barbarism from which the moundbuilders had advanced. It is believed that the Natchez Indians preserved intact many of the original habits, customs, religious and govern mental institutions, many of which were noted by the first French settlers of the lower Mississippi valley. 88 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. cians. Such was the skill of their naval commanders that their vessels voyaged to every part of the known world (iooo B. C). Out through the straits of Gib- raltar would they go, then up to the coast of Cornwall, in England, for tin, to the shores of the Baltic for am- ber, or down the African coast for ivory and gold, their destination always a secret, their endeavor always to keep hidden from other nations the sources of their wealth. Their records refer to Ophir, a land of fabulous wealth far to the west, and the fact that Cabral, a Por- tuguese navigator, endeavor- ing in more recent times to double the African Cape, was carried by wind and current to South America, renders the idea of an accidental dis- covery of America by the Phoenic- ians not im- p o s s i b le , particularly as the Mayas and other an c i e n t CLIFF DWELLINGS. AMERICA OF OLD. 8 9 tribes of Mexico have a record of the visitation of a superior being, coming to them by sea from the East. This visitor, they claimed, taught them various arts, and they have deified him under the names of Votan and Quetzal. Leaving the realm of sur- mise, let us consider a dis- covery of America before the time of Columbus, a reason- able certainty of which has recently been established. In the north of Europe, about the shores of the North Sea, hold- ing little or no communication with the people south of them, lived tribes and clans of Norse- men, whose rulers were called Vikings, the achievements and adventures of whom have been recited and sung by bards and poets called scalds, in verse and narrative called sagas. These were the veritable sea- kings of history, bold and adventurous, loving no life but that upon the billow, happy only when engaged in preda- tory and warlike expeditions, wherein strength and courage could be exercised to the utmost. In the course of their wanderings these sea rovers became thoroughly familiar with the Northern Ocean. It is believed that Iceland was discovered by Nadod (860), Greenland by Gunnbjorn (876), Labrador by Bjorne Herjulfson (986), Among; other nations who have been accredited with having visited the New World in lormer times are the Arabs, the Irish, the Basque or P>is- cayan fishermen of Western France and the Welsh. Strong testimony has been adduced to show that the last named were not unfamiliar with this continent. It is asserted that the Welsh Prince Madog, after making a preliminary visit to this country, embarked a large colony ujion ten ves- sels and arrived on the coast of the United States, perhaps Carolina (i 170). Four hundred years elapsed before the Europeans became familiar with America, which period gave ample time for the colony to lose its identity and blend itself with neighboring tribes. Most strongly corroborative of this are the facts that the Tuscarora Indians of North Carolina were known to the earlier settlers as "White Indians," the skins of some of them being lighter than usual ; and that the eminent ethnologist, Catlin, found in the Mandans of the upper Missouri a tribe in which, contrary to the distinctive features of pure- blooded Indians, blue eyes and fair skin were not uncommon, whose lan- guage contained no less than fifty pure Welsh words, whose odd shaped, hide- covered canoe was identical with the coracle of the ancient Welsh, and peculiar to no other people, and whose very name, Mandan, is strikingly simi- lar to the Welsh word for red. 9 o PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. and the New England coast by Lief Ericson (1000), who bestowed upon it the name, Vinland. Erik the Red attempted the colonization of Greenland (985 ) ; Thoerwald and Thorstein, Newfoundland (1002-5), and Thorlinn Kalsefne, Vinland (1007). In this last colony was born Snorri, the first child of Euro- pean parents known to have been born in America. The discoveries of the Norse- men bore little fruit. Their set- tlements soon Mass., were long supposed to be relics of the Norse visita- tion of this continent. The authenticity of both, however, has been cast into doubt. Knowledge-seeking Europeans were none the wiser from viking voyages, and when, five hundred years later, Columbus returned from the west with intelligence of another continent, his achievement had all the merit of original discovery. AMERICA OF OLD. BLACKBOARD FORM 9 1 Analysis of Lesson on Prehistoric America. ^ o Inhabitants CO e CO Discoveries Uj 0^ , Settlements Moundbuilders. Cliff dwellers. Pueblo builders. Mayas. Toltecs. Chichimecs, etc. . ( 1000. B. C. Phoenicians. | 499. Chinese. 'Hoei Shin) 700-800. Irish. 1170. Welsh. 'Madog.) Iceland. (Nadod.) Greenland. (Gunnbjorn.) Labrador (Bjorne Herju/fson) Vinland 'Lief Ericson. 985. Greenland. {Erik the Red.) 1002-5. Newfoundland { T T h h orwa ' d> 1 Thorstein. 1007. Vinland. (Thorfinn Karlsefne.) Authentic. QUESTIONS. What question has often interested students ? What theories have been advanced in regard to the origin of the Indians ? Why does it seem rea- sonable to suppose that America received its first inhabitants from Asia? Name some of the ways by which people could come from Asia in pre- historic times? What about the Malayan theory? What learned philol- ogist discovered similarities in the Inca and Malayan languages ? What great Chinese traveler is supposed to have visited this country ? When ? What is it called in his narratives ? Why do we think the land he visited to be the southwestern part of the United States ? Of what people are the Indians now supposed to be descendants ? What is the character of the remains left by the moundbuilders ? How do we know that some of these mounds are very old? What Indians of the present day are known to have been builders of mounds? What are frequently found by digging in these mounds ? For what purpose do we infer that these mounds were constructed ? What kind of a people were the ancient moundbuilders? What mines and deposits were worked by them? How did their social state compare with that of the Indians? What Indians are supposed to have preserved many of the customs of the ancient moundbuilders? What antiquities are found in the Southwest? What are pueblos ? Cliff dwellings ? Who were the Phoenicians ? Why is it reasonable to suppose they visited America ? About what time ? What Portuguese navigator was driven by accident to the coast of Brazil ? What 9^ PERIOD OF DISCOVERY other people are supposed to have visited America ? What is the tra- dition of Madog ? What has heen brought forward to substantiate it? 'Who were the Vikings? What are sagas ? \r Scalds? What Norse- w m ° u /^#x man discovered Iceland ? W"A- aZy Greenland? Labrador? >wYork / Vinland? About what time was each discovered ? Where > Vinland ? Who attempted the settlement of Greenland? Newfoundland ? Vinland ? When was each settlement attempted ? Who was Snorri ? Why is Colum- bus entitled to full credit for his discovery of America, despite these previous visits of the Norsemen ? SEARCH QUESTIONS. What were the " Pillars of Hercules ? " What is Runic Writing ? What eminent Dan- ish sculptor is de- scended from Snorri? By what title was the chief of the Natchez tribe known? What is the "Stone Age ? " How could Indian hunters walk oyer snow without sinking ? Who was Uncas ? What is called the northward trend of Indian civilization ? Name two Spaniards who assisted Cortez in the conquest of Mexico ? REVIEW OF FIRST PERIOD. 93 REVIEW QUESTIONS. What was the condition of Europe just before the discovery of America? Who were the four great navigators ? What four voyages did Columbus make? What do you know of the life of Columbus? Who were the prin- cipal Spanish explorers? Conquerors? How did America receive its name? What motives led the Spaniards to explore the West Indies? The coast of Mexico? Florida? South Carolina? The southern part of the United States? The southwestern part of the United States? Taking the Aztecs as a type of the American Indian, in his highest state of development, what do you know of the progress attained? What do you know of De Soto? What led to French explorations in America ? Name eight French explorers. What was the first permanent French settlement in America? What do you know of the explorations of La Salle? Name four seekers for the northwest passage. What do you know of Sir Francis Drake? How are the savage races of North America classified? Tell what you know of the Northmen in America. What do j'ou know of the prehistoric discoveries of America? REVIEW EXERCISES. To the Teacher : — Place the following names on the blackboard, and after each have the pupils write the answers to the following questions: Exercise I — Who was he? Exercise II — What did he do? Exer- cise III — What date is associated with what he did? Columbus. De Ayllon. Poutrincourt. Magellan. Karlsefne. Champlain. De Monts. Frobisher. De Narvaez. De Leon. Cabrillo. Coronado. Da Gama. Roberval. Verrazani. Place the following dates upon the board: Exercise IV — Have pupils write the name associated with each. Exer- cise V — Have pupils write the event associated with each. Espejo. Balboa. La Salle Onate. Denys. Ericson. Tonti. Cabot. De Soto. Davis. Cortez. Hudson. Diaz. Drake. Cartier. 1506 (2) 1680 1519 1492 1577 I54i (2) 1528 1498 1585 1534 1512 (2 1673 1604 1542 (2) 1518 1493 1682 1539 i486 1579 1608 1524 1520 i6og 1535 1620 1497 (2) 1576 Exercise VI — Have pupils fill the following blanks with names and dates : AMERICA was discovered by in FLORIDA was discovered by In ; was explored by in and by In SOUTH AMERICA was discovered by in ; was visited by in MISSISSIPPI RIVER was discovered by in ; was explored by in and by in NORTHWEST PASSAGE was sought by In ; by in ; by in MEXICO was discovered by in ; was conquered by in PACIFIC OCEAN was discovered by In ; was first crossed by ...in ST. LAWRENCE GULF was discovered by In ; was explored by in NORTH AMERICA was discovered by in / east coast was explored by in ; by In , and by in ; west coast was explored by In , and by in UNITED STATES was explored from the southeast by in......; by in and by in ; from the southwest by in , and by in .. ..; from the north by in ; by in , and by in 94 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. REVIEW OUTLINE. AMERICAN DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS (BY NATIONS). ,i**\ Discoveries and Explorations. Spanirfr. COLUMBUS 1492 SAN SALVADOR. 1493 JAMAICA. | 1498 SOUTH AMERICA. I 1502 CENTRAL AMERICA. English and Dutch. OJEDO, 1499 DE LEON, 1512 ENC/SO, 1512 BALBOA, 1513 GRIJALVA,... 1518 CORTEZ, 1519 MAGELLAN,.. 1520 DE AYLLON, 1520 DE NARVAEZ 1528 PIZARRO, 1531 CORONADO, .. 1540 DESOTO, 1541 CABRILLO, 1542 SOUTH AMERICA. FLORIDA. DAR/EN. PACIFIC OCEAN. MEXICO. MEXICO. STRAITS OF MAGELLAN. SOUTH CAROLINA. FLORIDA. PERU. ARIZONA. MISSISSIPPI RIVER CALIFORNIA. (1497 LABRADOR. CABOT, I 1AQfi N. E. COAST OF N. A. 14 ™\E. COAST OF U.S. FROBISHER, 1576^ DAVIS, 1585)' DRAKE, 1579 OREGON. HUDSON, [ 16Q9 £■ COAST OF U.S. \1611 HUDSON BAY. N. E. COAST OF N. A. French. , DENTS, VERRAZANI . C ARTIER, DE MO NTS, .. CHAM PLAIN, MARQUETTE JOLIET, HENNEPIN, DACAN, LA SALLE, .... 1506 1524 1534 1535 1604 1608 )■ 1673 1680 1682 ST. LAWRENCE GULF. E. COAST OF U. S. ST. LAWRENCE GULF. ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. BAY OF FUNDY. CANADA. MISSISSIPPI RIVER. MINNESOTA. LOUISIANA. REVIEW OF FIRST PERIOD. REVIEW OUTLINE. 95 AMERICAN DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS (SHOWING RELATIVE TIME). Principal Discoveries and Explorations. (1492 1493.. 1497.. 1498.. 1498 1499.. 1502.. 1506.. 1512.. 1512 1513 . 1518 1519.. 1520 1520.. 1524.. 1528 1531. 1534 1535.. 1540. 1541. 1542. 1576 1579 1585. 1604.. 1608.. 1609 1611. 1673.. 1680 1682. SAN SALVADOR COLUMBUS. JAMAICA COLUMBUS. LABRADOR CABOT. SOUTH AMERICA COLUMBUS. E. COAST OF U. S CABOT. SOUTH AMERICA OJEDO. CENTRAL AMERICA COLUMBUS. ST. LAWRENCE GULF DENYS FLORIDA DE LEON. DARIEN ENCISO. PACIFIC OCEAN BALBOA. MEXICO GRIJALVA. MEXICO CORTEZ. STRAIT OF MAGELLAN MAGELLAN. SOUTH CAROLINA DE AYLLON. E. COAST OF U. S VERRAZANI. FLORIDA DE NARVAEZ. PERU PIZARRO. ST. LAWRENCE GULF CARTIER. ST. LAWRENCE RIVER CARTIER. ARIZONA CORONADO. MISSISSIPPI RIVER DE SOTO. CALIFORNIA CABRILLO. N. E. COAST OF N. A FROBISHER. OREGON DRAKE. N. E. COAST OF N. A DAVIS. BAY OF FUNDY DE MONTS. CANADA CHAMPLAIN. E. COAST OF U. S HUDSON. HUDSON BAY HUDSON. MISSISSIPPI RIVER MARQUETTE and JOLIET. MINNESOTA HENNEPIN and DACAN. LOUISIANA LA SALLE. 9 6 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. PREPARATORY NOTES. Geography. — Note upon a map the coast of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Where is St. Augustine? St. Mary's River? Port Royal? Note the distance between St. Augustine and the mouth of St. Mary's River. Where is Roanoke Island? Ocracoke Inlet? Note upon the map of New England the position of Cape Cod. Where is Martha's Vineyard? Elizabeth Islands? Kennebec River? Definition of Words. — Know the meaning of the following: Interpreta- tion, tenets, protesting, prevails, menace, ascendancy, genial, trespassing, havoc, treat, apprised, alternative, clemency, pinioned, occupancy, indefi- nitely, inspire, intimidate, recreant, preliminary, venture, fortitude. Pronunciation of Names.- — Practice the pronuncia- tion of the following: Huguenots, Gaspard de Coligny, Ribaut, Albert, Rene, Laudonniere, Melendez de Aviles, Durand de Villagagnon, De Gourgues, St. Augustine. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference. — Bancroft's "Colonia " The Huguenots, or Reformed Frenc Martin's "History of Louisiana," Moore's of North Carolina," Palfrey's "History ol England." General. — TJowle's "Exploits an Voyages of Raleigh," Drake' "Making of New England," " Old English Seamen " (Har- per's Magazine, January, 1883), Longfellow's "Sir Humphrey Gilbert" (poem), Margaret J. Preston's " Croa- tan " (poem). Topical. — "Huguenots," " Coligny," " Ribaut," " Lau- donniere," "Melendez," "St. Augustine," "De Gourgues," "Raleigh," "Roanoke, Colony of," "Gilbert, Sir Humphrey," "Gosnold," "Plymouth and London Companies." c SECOND PERIOD. COLONIZATION. m Attempted Settlements. CHAPTER I. First Seekers for Religious Liberty. IN the intellectual awakening that followed the invention of printing, the subject of religion occupied much of the attention of the people of Europe. As religious writings came to be printed and distributed more widely, various interpretations were placed upon them. Discussion and study led many earnest Christians to opinions different from those entertained by the great body of the Church. In time, this dissent from the established tenets and ceremonies took the form of protesting; hence the term Protestant came to be applied to these dissenting Christians. At the present day, the idea of religious tolerance generally prevails ; but this idea was born into the world amid great suffering. With the growth of Protestantism there arose a discord that for many years plunged Europe into the miseries and cruelties of war and persecution. They who 9 8 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. were faithful to their creed and church, regarded all dissent- ing as a menace to their dearly-beloved faith. They who dif- fered, adhered ofttimes to their convictions and beliefs, un- deterred by imprisonment and death. The struggle was a mighty one. When one side gained the ascendancy, the other was persecuted. Small wonder it is, that the eyes of both should turn to that land beyond the seas where man could abide in peace, and God be worshiped as conscience might dictate. France was among the European nations that suffered most severely from these religious dissensions. Here the Protes- tants were known as Huguenots, and prominent among them was Gaspard de Coligny. This nobleman conceived the plan of colonizing his people in America. The cold region of the north was not selected to add discomfort to the sor- Coligny made three attempts to es- tablish the Huguenots in America. The first colony was sent under Durand de Villegagnon to South America (1555), A fort was built near the Rio Janeiro River, and named "Coligny," but the expedition ended in failure. rows of exile, but a more genial clime was chosen. What is now South Carolina became the refuge of the earliest seek- ers after religious liberty. John Ribaut, commanding the expedition sent out by OLD FORT, ST. AUGUSTINE ' p Coligny, reached the coast of Florida near the mouth of a beautiful river (1562), upon which they bestowed the name, May (now St. Mary's). Proceeding up the coast, the Huguenots landed near what is now Port Royal, where they built a fort and called it Fort Carolina, after Charles IX, King of France. Leaving twenty-six men in charge, under Captain Albert, Ribaut returned to France for supplies. After Ribaut's departure, ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 99 Albert and his men, becoming uneasy, constructed a small brigantine upon which they embarked for Europe. After enduring many of the horrors of starvation at sea, they were rescued by an English vessel. A second Huguenot colony was sent out under Rene Lau- donniere (1564), a member of Ribaut's colony, and a fort was built near the River of May and called Fort Caro- lina also. Discouragements brought this colony to the point of abandonment, but Ribaut's arrival with six hundred immi- grants, gave an impetus to the settlement that promised per- manency. News reached Spain of this trespass upon Spanish terri- tory and Melendez de Aviles, a cruel, bloodthirsty man, was sent with an army of twenty-six hundred men against the intruders. He determined to attack them by land; but before setting out, he built a fort, and founded a town ( 1565 ) called St. Augustine, which is still in existence, and is, there- fore, the oldest town within the limits of the present United States. In the march to Fort Carolina the Spaniards encountered marshes and swamps, through which they made their way with great difficulty. Contrary tothe advice of Laudonniere, Ribaut, apprised of the landing of the Spaniards, had left Fort Carolina with all but three of his vessels, for the pur- pose of attacking the Spanish fleet down the coast. Only one hundred and fifty men remained to defend the fort. By a strange act of carelessness there were no sentinels on duty to warn the French of the approach of the Spaniards. The fort was therefore surprised, and easily taken. About twenty escaped to the woods, and were afterwards picked up by the vessels left by Ribaut. The rest were massacred. Ribaut's fleet, proceeding along the coast, did not meet the Spanish vessels, but encountered a disastrous storm. 100 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. Wind and sea and sandy beach made sad havoc, and Ribaut and his men, barely escaping with their lives, found them- selves shipwrecked, in a defenseless condition, upon a hos- tile shore. The French wearily made their way back by land towards Fort Carolina, only to find the Spanish flag floating above it, showing that it had fallen. They turned again into the wilderness, and in hunger and suffering journeyed footsore southward, not knowing the Spanish stronghold of St. Augustine to be in their path. An advance party of two hundred soon reached the neigh- borhood of the fort, and, becoming apprised of its proximity, sent messengers to treat with the Spaniards. Melendez would make them no promises. Behind them lay starvation and ceaseless wandering; before them, possible clemency. There seemed no alternative but surrender. Giving up their arms, they were marched, with hands tied behind, in small companies to the Spanish commander. His treatment of the prisoners was most cruel. A line was traced in the sand, and, pinioned as they were, they were led up to it and shot. The rest of Ribaut's men, arriving the next day, met with a similar fate. No official steps were taken by France to obtain repara- tion for this outrage, but many gallant Frenchmen smarted under the injury done their countrymen. One Dominique de Gourgues took upon himself the task of avenging this wrong. Three vessels were fitted out by him, and with one hundred and eighty men, he landed in Florida. He was joined by a number of the natives, who made common cause with him against the cruel Spaniards. Fort Carolina, with its garrison of three hundred, was captured. In the attack it was sought to save from death as many Spaniards as pos- sible, for De Gourgues had determined to match cruelty ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. IOI kVith cruelty. The Spaniards who survived the attack ivere hanged without mercy, and De Gourgues returned whence he came. QUESTIONS. What subject claimed much attention in Europe after the invention of irinting? What came to be printed and distributed? To what did study ind discussion lead many? How was the term Protestant first applied? What idea upon religion generally prevails now? What arose with the Protestant movement? How was dissenting regarded? How did they who lissented show the earnestness of their belief? What was beheld in the and beyond the seas? What nation suffered greatly from religious disturb- mces? Who were the Huguenots? Who was Coligny? What plan did le conceive? What region did he select? Who was Ribaut? Tell what /ou know of Ribaut's colony. What river was named by him? Where lid his colony land? What did they call the fort? Who was left in com- nand? With how many men? What followed Ribaut's departure? What lo you know of Laudonniere's colony? Where was a fort built? What prevented the abandonment of this settlement? How was the news of French intrusion upon Spanish territory received in Spain? Who was sent :o reclaim Florida? With how many men? Tell what you know of Melen- iez. What fort did he build? What is the oldest town in the United States? Describe the march to Fort Carolina. What was the result of the Spanish attack? Why? Where had Ribaut gone with his fleet: What nisfortune befell him? Describe the wanderings of the shipwrecked French. Why did they turn back from Fort Carolina? What was their ate? Who avenged this outrage? Tell what you know of De Gourgues. vVho assisted him against the Spaniards? What was the fate of the Span- aids who survived the French attack? CHAPTER II. Raleigh's Failures in South Virginia. The sixteenth century was drawing to a close before Eng- land took the first steps to establish by occupancy her claim to the territory discovered by the Cabots. Spanish power had been steadily increasing all the while, and the expulsion of the French from the territory of Florida had established Spanish claims more firmly. When Sir Humphrey Gil- 102 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. QUEEN ELIZABETH. bert, a good and wise knight, obtained from Queen Eliza- beth of England, a patent to establish English colonies in America (1579), the grant was, indeed, a timely one. Gilbert's first attempt was made with two vessels. One was lost, the other returned after having sailed but a short dis- tance. Four years later (1583), Gilbert, with the assistance of Sir Walter Raleigh, fitted up a much larger expedition. This consisted of five vessels, one of which deserted, another was abandoned and a third was wrecked. The remaining two, the Hind and the Squirrel, after coasting along the island of Newfoundland for some distance, proceeded to return to England. One night a storm a?-ose, filling the crews with great apprehension. Unmindful of self, the gallant Gilbert sought in every way to inspire his men with courage. As the two vessels came near together at one time in the night, he was heard to call out from the deck of the smaller one, " Cheer up ! cheer up ! We are as near to heaven by sea as by land." About twelve o'clock, his vessel went down, and he was never heard of more. Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlowe were now sent by Raleigh to select a suitable location for a colony (1584). They arrived off the coast of Carolina, near Ocracock Inlet, and found the land "as goodly as e'er sun shone upon." The Indians were hospitable. Upon one of their expeditions to the interior, the white visitors were entertained with a grand feast by the wife of Granganimo, father of Wingina, chief of the Indians of that region. Upon their return to England they were accompanied by two of the natives, Wanciiese and ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. IO3 Little wisdom was manifested in their dealings Manteo. Glowing accounts of the region were given, and the name of Virginia was bestowed upon it, in honor of Elizabeth, Queen of England, she being known as the Vir- gin Queen„ Raleigh found no difficulty in obtaining emigrants. A colony of one hundred and eight, under the governorship of Ralph Lane, was sent to Virginia in a fleet commanded by Sir Richard Greenville. The colonists landed upon Roan- oke Island with the IndianSo A whole vil- lage, with its surrounding corn- fields, was burned, in retaliation for the stealing of a silver cup. When the Indians withheld sup- plies of food, the whites sought to intimidate them by treacher- ously putting Wingina and several of his tribe to death, after they had accepted in good faith a de- ceitful invitation. These acts provoked retalia- tion, and the English soon be- came aware of an Indian conspiracy. The first oppor- tunity of returning to England was seized. Sir Francis Drake, happening to land in those parts in the course of one of his voyages, the colonists embarked with him and sailed away. Greenville arrived a few days after Drake's departure, and finding none of the settlers, left fifteen men to hold Roanoke while he returned to England. A new colony was collected (1587), consisting, in this instance, of men with wives and families, who were willing to settle permanently. On reach- ing Roanoke Island, they found nothing but the skeletons of SIR WALTER RALEIQH. 104 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. ■^t^^ow (_\« 'CiAlooaiuca. .'B-j In vain, in vain, their heart-sick search. No tidings reached them more, No record save that silent word Upon that silent shore. — Margaret J. Preston. ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 135 the men left by Greenville. They soon established them- selves, and shortly after their arrival Virginia Dare, grand- daughter of John White, the governor of the colony, was born, the first white child born of English parents in America. Before many weeks it was decided that White should go to England for supplies. If, in the meanwhile, the col- onists determined to move to another location the name of the new place was to be carved upon a post, with a cross- piece above it, that he might know where to find them when he returned. White proved recreant to his trust, and, became for a time interested in other matters after his arrival in England. When at last, after two years, he again reached Roanoke no colonists were to be found. Carved on the bark of a tree was the word Croat an. This was the name of a neighboring island, but upon search no trace of the settlers was found. Several expedi- tions were sent out from England to find the. missing ones. Their fate has ever remained a mystery. They will ever be known as the Lost Colony of America. With the fail- ure of this colony Raleigh, who had by this time expended more than £40,000 in his American ventures, was now com- pelled to give up all further attempts at colonization. QUESTIONS. When did England take steps to occupy her American territory? How had the Spanish power in America manifested itself? What knight obtained a patent from Queen Elizabeth? When? Tell what you know of Gilbert's first venture. Who was associated with him four years after? Tell whst you know of Gilbert's second venture? How many vessels had he? What was the fate of each? What island was coasted? What was the fate of Gilbert ? Who were now sent over by Raleigh to explore? When? What coast did they reach? Where? How was the land described? How were they treated by the Indians? Who was Wingina? Granganimo? What I06 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. two Indians accompanied the English upon their return? Tell what you know of Lane's colony. Who was Sir Richard Greenville? Where did the colonists land? How did they act toward the Indians.' What treachery did they practice? What was awakened? What was feared? What did the colonists decide to do? What opportunity presented itself to carry this decision into execution? Who arrived after the colonists had departed? Who were left to hold possession? What became of them? Tell what you know of White's colony. When did it reach Roanoke? Who was Virginia Dare? Where did White go? Why? How long did he stay? What did he find upon his return? What do you know of the Lost Colony of America? What did his efforts to colonize America cost Sir Walter Raleigh? CHAPTER III. English Attempts in North Virginia. The next attempt by England to colonize America was made by Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, who sailed (1602) with thirty-two men in the ship Concord, and after a passage of forty-nine days reached the coast of what is now Massachusetts. He was the first Englishman to set foot in that region. Sailing south, he found himself in a land-locked bay, and exploring further discovered that" it terminated in a cape. He soon doubled this and named it Cape Cod, from the abundance of codfish caught by his men in the sur- rounding waters. Continuing along the coast he explored a number of islands, one of which he named Martha's Vineyard. He determined to form a settlement upon one of a chain of islands near the mainland, and in honor of the queen he called it Elizabeth — a name now applied to the whole chain. A fort and storehouse were built, and friendly relations established with the neighboring Indians, with whom a trade in furs, skins and sassafras soon arose. The region seemed admirable in climate and fertility, notwithstanding which, when the time came for the vessels to return to England, most of those who had come over for the purpose of colo- nizing, refused, for one reason or another, to stay, and the colony was therefore abandoned. ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. I07 Pring and Weymouth. A favorable description of the re- gions visited was brought back. The trade that had been carried on with the Indians turned out very profitably. A voyage was made by Martin Pking (1603), who returned after six months without having encountered mishap or danger, and fully corroborated the favorable report of Gosnold. Pring was followed by George Wey- mouth (1605), who made a number of landings upon the New England coast, taking formal possession by erecting crosses. Weymouth reached the mouth of the Kennebec River, which was then known as the Sagadahoc, and, treacherously kidnapping five Indians, returned to England. The whole coast of what is now the United States from Florida to Nova Scotia was known in those days as Vir- ginia, and eager plans were now made for its colonization. The territory was divided and assigned by grant to two com- panies, known as the London Company and the Plymouth Company, each named from the city in which a majority of its members resided. To the London Company was granted the exclusive right to colonize the territory between the thirty-fourth and thirty-eighth parallels of latitude; to the Plymouth, that between the forty-first and forty-fifth. The Plymouth Company made the first venture, and the colony sent out was called the Popham Colony, after Sir John Popham, one of the leading members of the company. George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert were the leaders of these colonists, and the ships "Mary and John" and " Gift of God " brought them over to the coast of what is now Maine. Skitwarres, one of Weymouth's kidnapped Indians, accompanied them. They landed on Satquin, an island at the mouth of the Sagadahoc, and before winter set in, erected a fort, store- house, chapel and fifty cabins. Although winter proved severer than it was anticipated, they were provided with abundant supplies, and encountered but few hardships. Notwithstanding this favorable beginning, much discontent- ment and homesickness were experienced, and in the spring the settlement was abandoned. IOS PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. These early attempts show what discouragements, hard- ships, and dangers were encountered by first settlers in the New World. They who were to establish the first perma- nent English settlement in America must needs be possessed of fortitude and endurance. No encouragement could be drawn from the past, for that past was one of failure. Suc- cessful colonization was to depend upon what manner of men they were. QUESTIONS. Tell what you know of Gosnold. What was the name of his vessel? What coast did he reach? What cape did he name? Why? What islands did he explore? Upon what island did he land? What were built? What established? Why was the settlement abandoned? What voyage did Pring make? Tell what you know of Weymouth's exploration. When did he sail? How did he take possession along the coast? Where did he land? Whom did he kidnap? What reports did he carryback with him? What was known as Virginia in those days? After whom had it been called? To what two companies was it granted? What parallels denned the limits of each grant? Which of the companies made the first move towards estab- lishing colonies? What do you know of the Popham colony ? What ves- sels brought Popham's colony over? Who returned with them? Where was a landing made? What were erected? How was the winter passed? Why was the colony abandoned? What did these early attempts at settle- ment show? What qualities were necessary to men who were to establish a permanent settlement? SEARCH QUESTIONS. Who was Madame de Guercheville ? What State has a county named after Virginia Dare ? Did Raleigh ever visit America ? What did Ribaut call the St John 's River ? What was the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day ? Where is Cuttyhunk ? Who intro- duced tobacco into England ? What was the fate of Sir Walter Raleigh ? ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. TOPICAL OUTLINE. 109 Memory Aid. For Lesson on Early Attempts at Settlement. (Place on the Blackboard and have pupils fill blank spaces, then elaborate in written composition.) ' Review Uj k CO ^ g u. The Coligny Colonies. < Cartler and Roberval. Fort St Louis, { Year .. To Brazil I { Under . To South ( Year ■ Carolina,^ Under who builds Fort near what is now. Returns to France. Fate of' Colony after I. his departure 'Gilbert's Attempts , To Florida . 1579 f Year .. I. Under . who builds Fort... near mouth of Fort surprised by Fate of the [ ln the fort Colonists \ Shlpwrecked men Massacre avenged by {assisted by sails with vessels. fate last words r Preliminary . f Amidas and The Raleigh Colonies. Lane's Colony. . illes Colony. Barlowe f Year ■ i Dealings with Indians... (_ Result of Drake's visit . (Coast of.. visit < Year { Report .... .... Place White returns I Virginia Dare (Year Place Gov. W. goes to (after years' White returns J I Croatan. ( Cape Names I l60...Gosnold. 1 I Island. Preliminary Visits \ mn D ^ n | Fails to plant a Colony. North Virginia The Popham Colony, . l60...Pring. IGO... Weymouth Sent by Company. Year Place. \ Under [.Abandonment. IIO PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. PREPARATORY NOTES. Geography. — Note upon a map the east coast <>/ Virginia. Where is Ches- apeake Bav? James River? Cape Charles? Cape Henry? Chickahominy River? Where are the Bermuda Islands? In what direction from Vir- ginia? Definition of Words. — Know the meaning of the following: Auspices, delegated dissensions, motives, adopted, succumb, fortitude, crisis, ran- som, charter, sustained, assumed, bestowed, administrative, allotted, inden- ture, exterminated, inspired, permanence, political, tumult, ordinances, arbitrary, reverting, confirming, enactments. Pronunciation of Names. — Opecancanough, Bermuda, Ilenricus, Kic- cowtan. PARALLEL READINGS. Refehenck.- Bancroft's "Colonial History," Cooke's "Virginia," Lodge's "History of the English Colonies in America," Sparks' "Smith." General. — Simms' "Smith and Pocahontas," Hopkins' "Youth of tin- Old Dominion," Cooke's "Stories of the Old Dominion," "Virginia in the Colonial Period " f Harper's Maga- zine, November, 1SS2), "The Beginning of a Nation " (Century Magazine, November, 1882), Topical. — "Virginia," "Jamestown, Founding of," "Settlement, first Permanent English, "' "Smith, Captain John," "Slavery, Introduction of," "Tobacco, First Cultivation of," "Pocahontas," "Assembly, First Colonial." Virginia. CHAPTER IV. England's First Foothold. The London Company was not far behind that of Plymouth in sending out settlers under the king's charter, for three months after the Popham colon}- departed (December 19, 1606), one hundred and five colonists, in the ships Susan Constant, Good Speed and Discovery, under the command of Captain Christopher Newport, sailed down the Thames for South Virginia. The preparation for the establishment of this colony had been elaborate. The plans for its government had been carefully considered. As an enterprise it was under the auspices of the London Company. As a colony, it was under the control of the king, which control he delegated to two councils — one composed of eleven members, to reside in England; the other of seven, to reside in the colony. VIRGINIA. Ill It was some time before the colonists knew who among themselves were to be the seven colonial councilors ; for the names had been placed in a box which was not to be opened until their desti- nation was reached. A number desired the honor, and thought themselves entitled to it, each aspirant looking upon the expectations of the others with distrust; so during the voyage many petty dissensions arose. Captain John Smith, the ablest man of them all — a man of whom we shall learn more hereafter — incurred the envy of a few of the worthless ones. Fearing that his ability might place him at the head of affairs, they falsely accused him of plotting against the interests of the king, and caused his arrest. After an unusually long voy- age, the vessels entered the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. The capes on either side were named Charles and Henry, in honor of the king's sons. They soon entered a broad river, which, after the king, they named the James. Forty miles from its mouth, where a penin- sula is formed by one of its bends, they selected a site for a town. On May 13, 1607, the colo- nists landed and proceeded to lay out a town, which they called Jamestown. Neighbor- ing Indians looked on with curiosity and offered no inter- ference. One of the first acts of the colonists was to provide a canvas-roofed structure, in which the Rev. Robert Hunt, a "religious and coura- geous divine," held service morning and evening. This was the first English church erected within the present ter- ritorial limits of the United States, and it was soon replac- ed by a much better one. For the purpose of exploration, a party under Captain John Smith, went upon a six days' trip up the James River, First Colonial Government. Upon opening the box it was found that Bartholomew Gosnold, John Smith, Edward Wingfield, Christopher Newport, John Ratcliff, John Martin and George Kendall had been ap- pointed councilors; but Smith, being under arrest, was prohibited from serv- ing. In the box, besides the names, were instructions and laws for the guidance of the colony, by which were stipulated the holding of everything in common, the storing of all food and products in a common storehouse, the trial of criminal cases by jury and of civil cases by the council. Edward Wingfield was chosen president, and a worse selection could hardly have been made; for, from all accounts, he was indolent, self-indulg- ent and wanting in every faculty that a successful ruler should possess. In- deed, the remainder of the council were no better, with the exception of the deposed Smith and Captain Gosnold, the same brave and experienced navi- gator that had landed at Elizabeth five years before. The selection of the council was most unfortunate. Wise direction and control of affairs, so necessary during the early stages of the colony, could not be expected from men so notoriously incompetent and inexperienced. 112 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. during the course of which a visit was made to Powhattan, the most powerful chief in that section. Upon their return they found that the settlement had been attacked by Indians and every thing thrown into confusion. Smith immediately demanded a trial by jury, according to the terms of the king's charter, and, notwithstanding the opposition of Wingfield and his friends, succeeded in obtaining it. At this, the first trial by jury in America, he was triumphantly acquitted, and his prosecutors were sentenced to pay a line of £200 damages, which Smith generously donated to the public treasury. He was thus restored to the council. Through the mediation of Mr. Hunt peace was temporarily secured, and all sat down and partook of communion together. Thus was bemin the first permanent English sf.t- tlement in America. Those who founded this settlement have been described as vagabond adventurers, turbulent, law-breaking and indolent, but we know that some of them undoubtedly were possessed of noble motives in coming to America, and all paid sedulous attention to the worship of God. They were drawn from every walk in life. Forty- eight called themselves gentlemen — a term that has been quoted to their reproach. That they were not adapted to the new, hard life in the American wilderness, the "gentlemen" having never before toiled with their hands, is a fact to their credit. It betokened that inordinate courage must have been theirs, to enable them to brave the toils of pioneer life, know- ing what these toils were, from the records of past colonial failures. We know that they were possessed of great spirit. Under incompetent rulers, their intense human activities may have taken, at times, a form of turbulence and disorder, which disappeared under wise direction. Some may have been deficient in many of the qualities that go to make up a VIRGINIA. 113 perfect man, but a better element was in the majority, other- wise the colony would in all certainty have succumbed to the trials and sufferings they were called upon to endure — trials which fell to the lot of no other colony before or since. QUESTIONS. When was the first colony sent by the London Company? How many did the colonists number? Upon what vessels did they embark? What was the name of the commander? What can you say of the preparations for the establishment of this colony? How was its government to be ordered? How were the seven colonial councilors appointed? What resulted from the peculiar manner of appointing? How was Smith regarded by a few worthless ones? Of what was he falsely accused? What bay was entered? What names were bestowed upon the capes at its entrance? What can you say of the site selected for settlement? What was the town laid out called? Who were found to have been appointed councilors ? Why could not Smith serve? What did the box contain besides the names of the seven councilors? What were some of the stipulations for the government of the colony? Who was chosen president? What kind of a man was he? Who were the only competent ones among the members of the council? When did the colonists land? What did they proceed to do? What was one of the first acts of the colonists? Who was Rev. Robert Hunt? Tell what you know of Smith's first exploring trip ? Who was Powhattan? What did Smith find upon his return? What did he demand? What was the result of his trial? Why is this trial remarkable? How have the first settlers of Virginia been described? How many called themselves gentlemen? Of what were some undoubtedly possessed? To what did they give sedulous attention? Why did their activities take at times the form of turbulence ? What kind of an element prevailed among them ? How do we know? CHATTER V. The Father of Virginia. The history of the Jamestown colony, during the first months of its existence, is a record of suffering and misery. The site had been injudiciously selected, and with the heat of summer came malarial fevers, from which many, includ- ing Gosnold, died, and all more or less suffered. The gloom and despondency that hung over the colony were increased when it was found that much of the food ii 4 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. brought from England had spoiled, and that a hostile attack by the Indians could be expected at any time. President Wingfield was detected in acts of appropriating to his own selfish uses the best of the public stores. He was strongly suspected of an intention to seize the pinnace left by New- port and desert the colony. Popular feeling ran so against him that he was displaced, and Ratcliff, another unfortunate choice, superseded him. The good qualities of Smith shone forth while the colonists were in the midst of their CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH distress and suffer- /^ ings. Nursing the sick, comforting the dying, encourag ing the despondent, assisting every one setting the example of fortitude and patience, he was soon looked up to with respect and affection. The direction of everything fell into his hands, and when autumn brought health, ripening corn, and game and fish in abundance, the first crisis of the colony had passed, and Smith had been its savior. As soon as corn began to ripen, Smith started down the river to obtain a supply. He found the Indians reluctant to trade. Seeming to take great delight in tantalizing their Captain John Smith. Captain John Smith was one of the most remarkable men connected with the early history of the English colo- nies. Born at Willoughby, Lincoln- shire, England, he entered early in life upon a career of adventure, lie spent four years in the military service of Holland, and afterwards was engaged in the wars against the Turks. His adventures and escapes were many. At one time he was taken prisoner in battle and sold as a slave, but succeeded in escap- ing after slaying his master. Returning to England at a time when the coloniza- tion of America was Vs, occupying attention, he beheld in the new world opportunities to gain further ex- pel ience. Smith did more to hold the Jamestown colony to- gether than any other man. His adventures and explor- ations in eastern Virginia would till a volume. His interest in America continued long after he re- turned to England, and he issued a number of publications that did much to promote colonization; am ing these publications were: ".I Map of Virginia, with a Description of the Country " "A True Relation of Virginia" "A General History of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles" etc. VIRGINIA. 115 visitors they showed him the abundance they had. During the negotiations a quarrel took place, and shortly after the colonists were attacked. In the engagement Smith captured an Indian idol, and the Indians gladly ransomed it with a boatload of corn. Upon his return to Jamestown, Smith found that Wingfield, Kendall and some others had taken advantage of the weak- ness of President Ratcliff and had seized the pinnace. They were about to embark for Eng- land when Smith arrived ; but he directed the cannon of the fort upon them, and compelled them to re- turn. Better times now set in, and Smith, leaving everything in order, set out to explore the Chickahominy River. Upon this expedition he was captured by the Indians and taken first to Opecancanough, then to Powhattan, through the intercession of whose daughter, Pocahontas, he was finally liberated. Returning to Jamestown, he found the colony in a worse state of confusion than ever before. Food had become scarce again, and another conspiracy to abandon the colony had been formed. About this time Newport arrived with supplies from England. Pocahontas. Pocahontas, daughter of Powhattan, proved herself a true friend of the struggling colonists, often bringing them corn and warning them of Indian attacks. According to the account of Captain John Smith, she was directly instrumental in saving his life when he was taken prisoner. Condemned to death, he would have been executed had she not interceded for him. She was at one time sold to Captain Argal 1 by a treacherous chief. A war was about to ensue between the Indians and colonists, when Thomas Rolfe, afterwards Secretary and - Recorder-general of Vir- ,.-. /■:.-•':. ginia, requested her hand in marriage, and received the assent of old Powhat- tan, who was thenceforth- to be the firm friend of the whites. Pocahontas was H baptized under the name of Rebecca, and with her husband went to England, where she received every Pocahontas mark of attention and favor. She died before her return, leaving a son, from whom are descended many eminent families of Virginia. n6 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. Again leaving the colony in a prosperous condition, Smith, with fourteen companions, set out in an open boat, to explore the shores of the Chesapeake, which he accomplished suc- cessfully. He returned after having sailed more than three thousand miles, explored both shores, visited many Indian villages, and passed through many dangers. He found the affairs of the colonists in the state that always arose when he was absent. They would submit to Ratcliff no longer, and with one voice called upon Smith to be president, the first INSTANCE IN AMERICAN HISTORY WHERE THE PEOPLE MADE CHOICE OF THEIR OWN RULER. Now came order out of chaos. Smith took hold of the reins of government with a firm hand. Newport had brought reinforcements, and during the winter of 1608 and 1609, when the Indians refused to sell their corn, Smith made several dar- ing expeditions against them, awing them by his boldness, and compelling them to trade. His skill and energy were everywhere felt. The willing were shown what to do. and the idle were compelled to work. Rules were established and enforced. Labor was exacted from each man six hours a day. Additional cabins were built, and all caught the spirit and determination to establish the colony firmly. About this time a new charter for Virginia was granted by the king, under which Lord Delaware, a nobleman of much ability, was appointed governor for life. Nine ships set out with five hundred emigrants, under Captain New- port, and among them were Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers, who were to govern the colonv until Lord Before Newport set out upon the re- turn voyage, the colonv became excited over the discovery of a yellow deposit in the neighboring sands; it was taken for gold ; and, notwithstanding the protests of Smith, valuable time was wasted in digging for the worth- less stuff and loading Newport's vessel with it. It was in the early part of the year (160S), and the time taken should have been devoted to the cultivation of crops. A consequence of their neglect was to be seen the next year, when, the second supply from England giving out, the historic "starving time" set in. VIRGINIA. 117 Delaware arrived. A storm dispersed the fleet, and the vessel which carried Newport, Gates and Somers was wrecked upon one of the Bermuda Islands. The rest arrived safe, and for a time the colony, being now under a new charter, was without a governor. Smith deter- mined to retain control until his successor arrived, in which determination he was sustained by a majority; but about the time the new order of things had assumed definite shape, Smith sustained injuries from an accidental explosion of gunpowder, of so serious a nature that he was compelled to return to England for medical treatment. His authority was delegated to George Percy. He never returned to the colony, whose interests he had served so faithfully, though several years after, he visited the North Virginia coast and gave to that region the name that it now bears — New England. QUESTIONS. Of what is the early history of the Jamestown colony a record? What sufferings were encountered by the colonists ? What increased the general gloom? In what was Wingfield detected? Of what was he suspected? By whom was he displaced? What can you say of the choice of Ratcliff? When did the good qualities of Smith shine forth? How? What did he do? What came with autumn? Where did Smith go when corn ripened? What do you know of his experience with the natives on this trip ? What did he capture? How was it ransomed? What did Smith find upon his return to Jamestown? How were Wingfield and Kendall thwarted? What did Smith do when better times set in? What river did he now explore? What happened to Smith upon this expedition ? To whom was he brought when captured? Who interceded for him? What did he again find upon his return to Jamestown? Who arrived about this time? What excitement arose? How did the colonists lose valuable time? In what did this waste of time result? Upon what exploring expedition did Smith now set out? What was the result of these explorations? What call was made upon him when he returned? Why is this call remarkable ? How did Smith admin- ister affairs? How did he obtain corn ? What was done with the willing? Idle? What rule of labor was enforced? What resulted from Smith's pres- Il8 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. idency? What was granted by the king of England about this time? Who was appointed governor? How many emigrants now set out from England? What was the fate of one of the vessels ? Who were upon this vessel? What did Smith determine to do in the absence of a regularly appointed governor? By whom was he sustained? What accident befell Smith? What was he compelled to do? To what part of America did he subsequently make a voyage? What name did he bestow upon North Virginia? CHAPTER VI. Permanency Assured. By Smith's return to England a strong hand was taken from the helm of government. His wisdom and admin- istrative ability were sadly missed, and colonial affairs, shortly after his departure, fell once more into disorder. Bad man- agement and wastefulness brought on a period of destitution and suffering so dire, that it is always referred to in history as the "starving time.' " The provisions brought from England had been heedlessly consumed, and a sufficient quantity of food had never been raised by the colonists. The Indians became hostile, attacked the outer settlements, cut down defenseless parties, and conspired to prevent the colonists from obtaining food in any direction. In six months the colony was reduced from five hundred to sixty. Gates, Somers, and Newport arrived from the Bermudas, in small boats constructed from the wreck of their vessel, and beheld a sad spectacle. Immediate wants were relieved, but the food brought would last only fourteen days. It was determined to abandon the scene of so much suffering. The colony was at last to be given up. With the few supplies now on hand they could make their way to the fishing settlements in Newfoundland, thence to England. It was even proposed to burn the town and leave but smoking ruins behind, but to this Gates objected. The colonists all embarked and proceeded down the river. When half way to VIRGINIA. II 9 the sea, they were met by a small boat coming up stream, con- veying the joyful intelligence that Lord Delaware had arrived with abundant supplies. They turned back, and it is said that when Lord Delaware entered the lately deserted town, he fell on his knees and thanked God that he had saved Virginia. Delaware was a very able governor. Noble, dignified, firm, and armed with ample authority, he commanded respect, and exacted obedience. All dissensions were now passed. The colony was well ordered in every way, and system was introduced. Every morning all assembled in the neatly-kept, flower-decked church for prayer, then repaired to the public storehouse for the day's allowance of food. Four hours of labor in the morning and two in the afternoon was the day's work allotted each. The colony was soon upon the road to prosperity. Ill health, however, compelled the governor to return to England, after a short rule (March, 1611). In May ( 161 1 ) Sir Thomas Dale came from England and assumed the office of High Marshal of Virginia, Sir Thomas Gates, the lieutenant-governor under Delaware, being absent. Gates arrived shortly after with many new emigrants, and a number of cattle, which proved a valuable addition. In 1614 Dale became governor, and he proved himself a strict and soldierly one, administering affairs under martial law. Although he was at times some- Tobacco. George Yeardley succeeded Dale as governor, and shortly after a demand for tobacco sprang up in England. The demand could only be supplied by America. Much profit was found in its cultivation, so lands were laid out in tobacco plantations, and it was grown even in the streets of James- town itself. Such became its value that when cured it served every pur- pose of barter and sale, coin and other money being scarce in those days. Large quantities were shipped to England, and wealth began to tiow into the colony. what cruel, yet he was the first to take a decided step toward insuring the permanency of the colony, for he caused fifty 120 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. acres of land to be apportioned to each colonist (1615), who was thenceforth to have the incentive of owning his home, and of enjoying the full benefits of his personal labor. r SETTLERS CHOOSING WIVES. Twelve years after its founding, Jamestown was a pros- perous community, surrounded by outlying well-tilled plant- ations. The colonists owned lands and houses, and were rapidly acquiring wealth. But they were all men, and thor- ough contentment was not to be theirs until woman's pres- ence should make homes of their houses, and the smiles and love of wife cheer them in the toils and struggles of their VIRGINIA. 121 INTRODUCTION OF AFRICAN SLAVERY. Slavery. As reports of Virginia's increased prosperity reached England, many felt a desire to emigrate, some of whom had not sufficient to pay the expense of their passage. The custom of indenturing servants existed in those days, whereby the services of a person were given for a certain number of years in return for a sum of money. Many found their way across the ocean by indenturing them- selves to the Virginia planters. In 1619 a Dutch ship captain landed twenty ne- groes from Africa, and offered them for sale. Slavery had existed in many parts of the world for thousands of years. Negro slavery had been introduced into the West India Islands by the Spaniards, when the natives were exterminated; yet this was the first introduction of slavery into the United States; and we shall see with what evil consequences the event was fraught. Here were servants inden- tured, not for a few years, but for life. The first twenty were readily sold. They proved so docile and efficient, that more were sought, and the intro- duction became general. lives. Ninety excellent young women were sent over from England to become wives of the colonists. He to whose lot fell a wife was required to pay her traveling expenses, about one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco being the required amount. It was a great day in James- town when the young women arrived. The settlers were promptly on hand to greet them, and make selections; but it is said that the choice was by no means all on their side. The result was so happy that the next year sixty more 122 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. were induced to come over, upon representations of those who first came. The allotment of lands, the development of the profitable tobacco industry, and the establishment of homes, assured the permanency of the colony. QUESTIONS. How was Smith missed from the Virginia colony? What resulted from bad management? What do you know of the " starving time " ? How did the Indians manifest hostility? To what number were the colonists reduced? Who arrived from the Bermudas? What did they behold? What was determined upon? To what settlement did the Virginia colonists hope to make their way? To what did Gates object? What caused the colonists to return? What do you know of the arrival of Lord Delaware? What kind of governor was he? What did he command and exact? What did he introduce? What was the daily custom? What constituted a day's work? What compelled Delaware to return to England? Who became High Marshal of Virginia? When? Who arrived with emigrants and assumed the governorship? By whom was Gates succeeded? What kind of a gov- ernor was Dale? What step did he take toward insuring colonial per- manency? What was assigned to each colonist? Why? Who succeeded Dale? What profitable agricultural product now came into general culti- vation? How did it bring prosperity to the colony? Who were indentured servants? What do you know of the introduction of African slavery ? Where did it exist? Who had introduced it into the western continent? Why did the Virginia planters purchase these slaves? What was the condition of Jamestown twelve years after its founding ? What was needed by the settlers to make homes of their houses? Who were sent from England? What assured the permanency of the colony? CHAPTER VII. The First Assembly of American Lawmakers. George Yeardley had served but a short time as governor when he was superseded by the rapacious and intriguing Captain Samuel Argall ( 1617), whose rule was of so des- potic and cruel a character, that bitter complaints went to England and caused his recall. His mild and honest prede- cessor, now become Sir George Yeardley, returned as Gov- 1 VIRGINIA. 123 ernor-General of Virginia (April, 1619), and was received with rejoicings. About this time England was entering upon a great politi- cal tumult, the outcome of which was to be the establishment of the rights of the people above the will of the king in the law and government of England. To the London Company, by their charter, had been given full power to make such laws and ordinances for the good of the Virginia plantations as was thought requisite and meet. The idea of popular rights had by this time gained such headway that the com- pany determined to delegate some of this lawmaking power to the colonists, thus limiting the powers of Virginia crov- ernors, and preventing a recurrence of the arbitrary doings of such men as Argall. Sir George Yeardley was therefore authorized to summon a General Assembly to make laws for the local government of the colony. It consisted, when convened, of two mem- bers or burgesses, elected by the freemen of each borough. The first meeting of the Colonial Assembly was held July 30, 1619. The towns, plantations and "hundreds" consti- tuting the eleven boroughs represented were: James City, Charles City, Henricus, Kiccowtan, Martin - Braudon, Smythe's Hundred, Martin's Hundred, Argall's Gift, Lawne's Plantation, Ward's Plantation, and Flowerdieu Hundred. Among its first enactments were laws regulating agricul- tural and religious matters, and dealings with the Indians. In 162 1 Virginia received its First Constitution, granting free government, confirming the institution of the Colonial Assembly, or House of Burgesses, and providing for the selection of a Council to assist the governor in his adminis- tration of affairs. 124 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. Under this constitution Sir Francis Wyatt ruled as governor until 1624, when the London Company was dis- solved, and the colony, reverting to the crown, became a royal province. BLACKBOARD FORM. Early Virginia History. VIRGINIA COLONY. 1607 1610 1613 1615 1619 1621 1624 Founding of Jamestown. "Starving Time. " Arrival of Lord Delaware. Marriage of Pocahontas. Tobacco Cultivated. Land Tenure established. Sir George Yeardley, Governor. First Colonial Assembly. I Introduction of Slaves. Sir Francis Wyatt, Governor. First Virginia Constitution. Virginia becomes a Royal Province. QUESTIONS. Who superseded Yeardley? When? What kind of a man was Argall? How did he rule? What caused his recall? Who succeeded him? When? How was he received by the Virginians? Upon what was England entering about this time ? What was to be the outcome? What had been given to the London Company? What did the company determine to do? What was Yeardley authorized to do? What do you know of the first colo- nial assembly? Of what was it composed? When was its first meeting held? How many boroughs were represented? What were their names? What were among the first enactments of this assembly ? When did Vir- ginia receive its first constitution? What did this constitution grant? Con- firm? Provide? Who ruled as governor under the constitution? Until what year? What became of the Virginia Company? By whom was it dis- solved? What did Virginia become in 1624? SEARCH QUESTIONS. What is " Fool's Gold " ? What price was paid for Pocahontas when she was sold to Argall ? What was the fate of Lord Delaware ? Was Opecancanough a Virginia Indian ? What is the meaning of the Indian word Pocahontas ? What early Virginia poet was called by Dryden the best versifier of his age ? VIRGINIA. 125 PREPARATORY NOTES. Geography. — Note upon a map of the United States the location of Ne-v York City. Upon what island is it huilt? Where is Albany? Note the ter- ritory between the Delaware and Connecticut Rivers. To what States does this territory now belong? Note Delaware Bay. What river flows into it? What capes at its entrance? Where is Wilmington? Note the territory lying south of the Schuylkill River? To what State does this territory now belong? Note the relative positions of Holland and England upon the map of Europe. Where is the Isle of Jersey? Where is Southampton? Ply- mouth? Note the coast of New England. Where is Cape Cod? Province- town? Boston? Plymouth.'' Cape Ann? Salem? Where is Portsmouth? Dover? Where is Saco? Where is Providence? Newport? Where is Hartford? New Haven? Saybrook? Definition of Words. — Know the meaning- of the follotving: Remon- strance, privateers, development, engrossed, confiscate, alliance, expand, jurisdiction, conform, modify, dictates, persecuted, acquire, posterity, mem- orable, dilapidate, exposure, prowess, intercession, mediation, subse- quently, hermit, restricted, corporate, autocratic, administered, deviation, inspiration, countenanced, dissensions, domicile, rigid, dominations, sects, civil, doctrines, heresy, exaltation, banish, conveyance, exemplary, termi- nate, rigorous, advocacy, incorporate, constitution, deliberation. Pronunciation of Names. — Practice the pronunciation of the following-: Minuit, Stuyvesant, YVouter Van Twiller, Keitt, Oxenstern. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference. — Lamb's "History of the City of New York," Robert's "History of New York," Young's "Chronicles of Massachusetts," Winthrop's "History of New England," Palfrey's "History of New England," Greene's "History of Rhode Island," Hollister's "History of Connecticut," Lodge's "History of the English Colonies." General. — living's "Knickerbocker History of New York," Moore's "Pilgrims and Puri- tans," Drake's "Making of New England," Holmes' "Robinson of Leyden " (poem), Coffin's "Old Times in the Colonies," "New England in the Colonial Period" (Harper's Magazine, December, 1SS2), "The Planting of New England" (Century Magazine, January, 1SS3), Mrs. Hemans' "Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers" (poem), Longfellow's "Courtship of Miles Standish." ToriCAL. — "Dutch 'West India Company," "New Amsterdam," "New Netherlands," "Stuvvesant," "New Sweden," "Patroons," "Puritans," "Pilgrim Fathers," "Massachu- setts, Settlement of," " Mayflower Compact," "Miles Standish," "Massasoit," "New Hamp- shire, Settlement of," "Roger Williams," "Anne Hutchinson," "John Winthrop," "Con- necticut, Settlement of," "Boston, Founding of," 'Puritan Migration." 126 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. New Netherlands. CHAPTER VIII. The India Companies. The explorations of Hudson conferred but little benefit upon the East India Company, in whose service he was, but some Amsterdam merchants soon sent a vessel for the purpose of trading with the Indians (1610). In time, a trading post was established upon Manhattan Island (1613), and the settlement that grew up around it, Px received the name, New Amsterdam. The es- tablish- ment of this post was fol- lowed by that of others . Dutch vessels explored the coast of Long Island, Connec- ticut and New Jersey (1614), and upon these explorations Holland based a claim to the territory between the Connec- ticut and Delaware Rivers, bestowing upon it the name, New Netherlands. SCENES IN NEW AMSTERDAM. NEW NETHERLANDS. 127 Remonstrances from England, against the establishment of rading posts upon what she considered her territory, soon nade it plain to the Dutch that occupancy alone could secure them the control of these American possessions. About his time Holland was at war with Spain, and a private com- »any had organized for the purpose of fitting out privateers to iepredate upon Spanish commerce. This was the Dutch Vest India Company. In applying for a charter much ipposition was encountered. The grant was, however, made, ipon condition that the company undertake the colonization >f New Netherlands. Some attempts were made to fulfill the terms of this charter. V few additional trading posts were erected. One, called Fort Grange, was located near the present city of Albany ( 1623. ) \. colony, with Peter Minuit as governor, was shortly after :stablished upon Long Island (1624). But little attention vas paid at first to the development of the country, for these ettlers soon turned their attention to the fur trade, and the :ompany itself was too much engrossed with the lucrative >ccupation of confiscating Spanish treasure ships, to give nuch thought to New Netherlands. England's claim to the terri- tory deterred many of the Dutch from emi with a few friends, followed the footsteps of Roger Williams. CHAPTER XI. New England Settlements. The old Plymouth Company, to which had been granted the territory of North Virginia, made no further attempts to col- onize after the failure of the Popham colon)'. The company, however, made a number of sub-grants of its territory. One NEW ENGLAND. 139 Early New Hampshire History. Many, choosing- not to endure the religious tyrannies of Massachu- setts, made their way to these parts. Flourishing settlements sprang up, which, after the death of Gorges and Mason, had full control over them- selves, regulating local affairs and ad- ministering justice in a most exem- plary manner. In the course of time Massachusetts claimed jurisdiction over this territory. This claim was resisted by those who had succeeded to Mason's grant. Contentions arose that did not terminate until 1679, when the authorities in England decided against Massachusetts. Xew Hampshire was thenceforth regarded as an independent colony. of these was a conveyance to Sir Ferdinand Gorges ( 1622 ) of lands lying about the Piscataqua River, called Laconia. This nobleman associated with himself Captain John Mason (1623), and by their joint ef- forts settlements were made at Portsmouth and Dover, and seven years after at Saco. Ma- son obtained from the Plym- outh Company ( 1629 ) an inde- pendent grant to that part of the joint territory lying south and west of the Piscataqua, and its name was then changed to New Hampshire. The claims of the Dutch to the territory now known as Con- •necticut led them as early as 1633 to establish a fort, called Fort Good Hope, upon the Connecti- cut River, near what is now Hartford. In that year a vessel, from Plymouth as- cended the river, and, undeterred by the threats of the Dutch, passed Fort Good Hope, pro- ceeded further up river, and at Wind- sor an English set- tlement was made. News of the great fertility of the Connecticut Valley reached the inhabitants about Massachusetts Bay, and many, glad to 140 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION, MS AND THE NARRAQANSETTS. escape the persecutions and controversies that had driven others to Maine and New Hampshire, prepared to move westward to this region. Among others were Rev. T 1 1 omas Hooker and his whole congregation of more than one hundred persons, who made the journey overland, driving their cattle before them through the woods (1636). By 1639 a number of settle- ments had been made up and down the river. In that year all united under a written con- stitution, the provisions of which were very liberal. New Saybrook and New Haven. A party of Puritans from England, under Rev. John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton, arriving in Bos- ton (1637), decided not to remain, but proceeded by water to the Connecticut coast, bought land (it the Indians, and upon a beautiful bay established the colony of New Haven (163S). Mean- while the territory around the Connec- ticut River bad been granted to other parties by the Plymouth Company of England, and the grant being trans- ferred to Lord Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke, these noblemen sent out a colony under John Winthrop, son of the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, This colony founded Sav- brook (1635), named so in honor of the proprietors. Haven remained an independent colonv, with laws so rigor- ous as to receive the appellation of Blue Laws. When Roger Williams was compelled to flee from Massa- chusetts, he wandered for some time through the forests, NEW ENGLAND. I 4 I suffering from cold and hardship. Taking up his abode among the Indians he soon won their friendship and esteem by his kindly ways and unselfish disposition. Joined by four or five others, the little party established a settlement, which they named Providence (1636). The site selected was within the the territory of the Narra- gansett Indians, whose chief, Canonicus, became a firm friend of Roger Williams. Here the exiled minister was followed by his family and several mem- bers of his congregation ; and, in time, Providence became the refuge of many who were persecuted for conscience sake. Many such came in 1638; and, through the inter- cession of Williams with the Indians, obtained permission to settle upon the island now called Rhode Island, where William Coddington established the settlement of Newport. BLACKBOARD FORM. Rhode Island Charter. The settlements about Narragansett Bay were incorporated in 1643 under a charter obtained by Roger Williams, who visited England as the agent of the colonists. This charter denned the limits of Rhode Island almost as they now exist. The constitution that had been drawn up by Williams was of a most liberal nature. The principle of religious tolerance formed the most important feature of this constitution. e kl co 5 ki Massachusetts. New Hampshire. Connecticut. Rhode Island. ( Stan dish. mnn „, , Carver. 1620 Plymouth Brewster _ [ Bradford. 1628 Salem, John Endicott. J Boston Founded. 1 Transfer of Charter 1622 Gorges' Grant. 1623 Settlement of ■f Dover ' 1. Portsmouth. 1629 Mason's Grant. J Dutch build Fort Good Hope, 1 English settle Windsor. 1635 Settlement of Saybrook\ ' Sa ^ and - Sea '' I Brooks. 1636 Hooker's Colony. ■ 1638 Founding of New Haven} { Eaton. 1636 Providence, Roger Williams. 1638 Newport, William Coddington. L 1643 Rhode Island Charter obtained. 1630 1633 142 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. QUESTIONS. To whom had the territory of North Virginia been granted? What did the company do with this territory after the failure of the Popham colony? What lands were granted to Sir Ferdinand Gorges? When? L!y what name was New Hampshire known in those days? Whom did Gorges associate with himself? What settlements were established? What independent grant did Mason obtain? When? Of whom? Who found their way to the settlements in Maine and New Hampshire? How did the New Hampshire colonists administer local affairs? What claim did Massachusetts set up? How was it decided? What fort was established by the Dutch upon the Con- necticut River? When? What do you know of the establishment of the Windsor colony? Who was Rev. Thomas Hooker? Rev. John Davenport? Theophilus Eaton? Where did Davenport and Eaton settle? To whom was the country about the Connecticut River granted ? By whom? What do you know of the founding of Saybrook? When did the Connecticut River colo- nies unite under a written constitution ? What experience had Roger Wil- liams with the Indians? What settlement did he establish? Who was the chief of the Narragansetts? What did Williams' settlement become? Who founded Newport? When? When were the Rhode Island settlements incorporated under a charter? By whom was this charter obtained? What did it define? What was the character of the constitution drawn up by Wil- liams ? What agreement was signed under its provisions ? What was its most important feature ? PREPARATORY NOTES. Geography. — Note upon a map: Chesapeake Bay, Potomac River, Annap- olis, Baltimore, Delaware River, Schuylkill River, Philadelphia, Albemarle Sound, Chowan River, Cape Fear River, Ashley River, Charleston, Savan- nah, Port Royal, 15ilo\i, New Orleans, Natchez, Natchitoches, Mobile. Definition of Words. — Denominations, restrict, inherit, accord, further- ance, institute, confirm, revoke, jurisdiction, political, elements, delibera- tion, fundamental, philosopher, nobility, tenants, attain, elaborate, promul- gators, exacting, controversy, philanthropy, menace, investigate, physical] asylum, motives, emblematic, prohibit, eminent. Pronunciation of Names. — Schuylkill, Huguenots, Yeamans, Joli, Ami- able, La Belle, Les Vaches, Launcelot, Liotot, Hiens, Duhault, Iberville, Sauvolle, Bienville, Manchac, Maurepas, Pontchartrain, Natchitoches, Crozat. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference. — Moore's "History of North Carolina," Proud's "History of Pennsyl- vania," Ramsey's "History of South Carolina," Steven's "History of Georgia," Martin's "History of Louisiana," Gay arre's "History of Louisiana," Thrall's "History of Texas," Doyle's "English Colonies in America," Bancroft's "Colonial History." General. — Jenney's "Life of William Penn," "Early Quakers i" England and Pennsyl- vania" (Harper's Magazine, November, 1882), "Old Time Life in Quakertown" f Harper's Magazine, January, 1881), "Maryland and the Far South in Colonial period" (Harper's Magazine, February, 1883), "Oglethorpe and Georgia " (Magazine oi American History, February, 1883), Thrall's "History of Texas." Topical.— "Baltimore, Lord," "Baltimore," "Maryland, Settlement of," "William Clay- borne," "William Penn," "The Quakers," "Philadelphia," "Lords Proprietors," "Carolina, Settlement of," "Charleston," "Oglethorpe," "Sir John Yeamans," "Savannah," "Ililoxi," "New Orleans," "Bienville," "Iberville," "La Salle, death of," MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA. 1 43 Maryland and Pennsylvania. CHAPTER XII. First for Liberty of Conscience. Sir George Calvert, Lord of Baltimore, a Catholic nobleman of England, inspired with a desire to establish a refuge in America for the persecuted of his sect, visited Vir- ginia in 1628. Finding here the colonists firmly attached to the established church, and reluctant to admit Catholics, he sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and ex- plored its shores (1629). The region pleased him very much, and, returning to England, he obtained from the king, Charles I, one of the most liberal char- ters ever granted by an English king. Baltimore died before he could carry out his plans of colonization ; but his sons, Cecil and Leonard, put them into execution. Two hundred colonists, in the ships Ark and Dove, sailed to the Potomac, and a short distance above its mouth established themselves (1634), can i n g the settlement St. Mary's, and the territory, Maryland, after Henrietta Maria, wife of the king. They were received kindly by the natives. The hospitality of the Indian villages was extended to the new comers until houses of their own were erected. The LORD BALTIMORE. Clayborne's Rebellion. At the time the first colonists of Maryland arrived, William Clayborne, a Virginia trader, had established him- self upon the Isle of Kent, near the mouth of the Potomac, and, though the island was within the limits of Cal- vert's grant, refused to give up posses- sion. A controversy arose, some blood was shed, and Clayborne was driven away (1635). Failing to obtain redress at the hands of the. authorities in England, he returned and stirred up a rebellion (1645). The rebels were temporarily successful, and Lord Bal- timore was driven from the colony. But the rightful authority was soon re-established. Indian women taught the settlers how to make corn bread, and the men, how to hunt, trap and fish. i 4 4 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION". The Calverts were just and wise men. The provisions made by them for the government of the colon}' were emi- nently liberal. Full toleration was proclaimed to all de- nominations, the colonists enjoyed many privileges of self-government, and were restricted j only by the few rights reserved to the proprietors. - » i i CATHOLICS IN MARYLAND Baltimore was founded in 1729, and it is now one of the greatest cities of the United States. As the population of the colonies increased, and The Puritans in Maryland. In 1649 " le legislature passed an act confirming the toleration that had been proclaimed. This liberal policy at tracted many settlers, and among those who arrived were large numbers o Puritans. These Puritans were attract i'il I'v the natural advantages of cli mate, fertility of soil, and abundance fish and game. In time they sough to wrest the colony trom its right ful proprietor. Contentions and civi war between Puritans and Catlio lies lasted some years. These ceased by 1660, and under the governorship o PHILIP Calvert, prosperity began In ioS,, the capital was removed to tin Puritan settlement of Providence, tin name of which was changed to Annap olis. MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA. 1 45 colonial limits expanded, trouble arose about the boundaries. These troubles were adjusted between 1763 and 1767. The line that marks the northern boundary has become historic as Mason and Dixon's, so named from the surveyors who established it. BLACKBOARD FORM. Clayborne 's Rebellions. MARYLAND. 1631. Kent's Island occupied by Clayborne. 1634. Settlement of St. Mary's. 1635. 1645. 1649. Toleration Act. 1689. Annapolis made capital. 1729. Baltimore founded. 1763. 1767. Boundaries established. QUESTIONS. What do you know of Sir George Calvert ? Why did he not settle in Vir- ginia? What territory was granted him? What do you know of the settle- ment of St. Mary's? Who was William Clayborne? What controversy arose between him and the Maryland colonists? What do you know of Clay- borne's rebellions ? What liberal provisions were made for the government of the Maryland colony? What was the result of this liberal policy? What act was passed by the Maryland legislature in 1649 ? What do you know of the contentions between the Catholic and Puritan settlers? When was Bal- timore founded? When were boundaries fixed? Why is Mason and Dixon's line so called? CHAPTER XIII. The Proprietary of Penn's Woods. William Penn, an English Quaker, inheriting a claim against the English crown for money loaned, accepted in lieu of it a grant of 40,000 square miles of land west of the Dela- ware River, from Charles II (1681). Although his princi- pal motive was to establish a home for his Quaker brethren, 146 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. WILLIAM PENN. yet he published an invitation to all willing to assist him in building up his estates in the New World. In May, 1681, two shiploads of immigrants arrived and sailed up the Delaware, establishing themselves near the mouth of the Schuylkill. The next year they were followed by Penn himself, who was ac- companied by more than a hundred of his Quaker friends and neighbors. Dutch, Swedes and Qua- kers all accorded him a hearty greeting when, Octo- ber 27, 1682, he landed from the ship Welcome. His repu- tation for benevolence and piety had preceded him. The country named by him, Syl- vania (woodlands), became known as Pennsylvania. In 1683 a town was laid out, with broad streets, at the mouth of the Schuylkill, and named Philadelphia. Penn instituted a form of government very liberal in its nature, consisting of a governor, a council of three, and a house of delegates, chosen by freemen. Petty contentions were everywhere discouraged, and differences were submit- ted to official "peacemakers." The Swedes and Dutch who occupied the territory previous to the arrival of Penn, were not disturbed. They were confirmed in their claims, and adopted into the colony. Conditions were in every way favorable, and the growth of the Quaker colonies was rapid. In three years the population numbered ten thou- Swedish Settlements. Swedish settlements extended north- ward within the present limits of Penn- sylvania as early as 1638. They passed into the possession of the Dutch with the conquest of New Sweden (1655), and subsequently (1664) into that of the English with the conquest of New Netherlands. MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA. H7 Penn's Treaty. Penn's treatment of the Indians was eminently just. He felt that they were the rightful owners of the soil, and from them he purchased the territory that was his already by grant of the English king. In furtherance of his wishes to live friendly with them, a grand assem- bly of Quakers and Indians was held near Philadelphia under the spreading branches of a gigantic elm, since famous as Penn's Elm. In an eloquent address Penn told the red men that the Quakers had come to live in peace with them, and wanted their friendship. Many expressions of good will fol- lowed on both sides, and a treaty that was never broken entered into. As much as other colonies suffered from Indian depredations, the Pennsylvania settlement escaped. It is said that no Quaker was ever killed by Indians. sand, and Philadelphia contained more than six hundred houses. Among the early comers was a large colony of Germans, who established themselves at Germantown. Penn returned to England in 1684, and having great influ- ence with James II, who had just ascended the throne, ex- erted it in behalf of imprisoned and persecuted Quakers, many of whom soon found their way to peaceful homes in Pennsylvania. Delaware was included among Penn's American pos- sessions, he having, before his departure for America, purchased it of the Duke of York, into whose hands it had fallen after the conquest of New Netherlands. A separate legislature was granted to it in 1703 ; but it still remained under the jurisdiction of the governor of Pennsylvania. In time, all charters granted by English monarchs to American territory were revoked, with the exception of that granted to Penn. His proprietary rights remained in his family until Pennsyl- vania became a State, when the commonwealth purchased their claims. BLACKBOARD FORM. PENNSYLVANIA. 1638. Swedish settlements established. 1655. Dutch conquest. 1664. English conquest. 1681. Granted to Wm. Penn. 1683. Philadelphia founded. I48 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. QUESTIONS. By whom was New Sweden conquered? When did it pass into the hands of the English? What do you know of William Penn ? Why did he accept a grant of land? What do you know of his first colony? When did he come over? How was he received? How did he treat the Indians? When was Philadelphia founded? What form of government did Penn institute? What do you know of the rapid growth of the Pennsylvania set- tlements? How did Delaware come into the possession of Penn? What fact is remarkable concerning the colony of Pennsylvania ? Carolina. CHAPTER XIV. The Lords Proprietors. The territory south of Virginia was regarded by the Spaniards as part of their Florida possessions, particu- larly as their rights had been established by force of arms in destroying the early French settlements. Nevertheless it was claimed by England, and under this claim was granted to proprietors by the English king, as other portions of English territory had been. Lying beyond the jurisdiction of the royal governors of Virginia, some of whom exercised tyrannical authority, the region about the Chowan River and Albermarle Sound, in what is now North Carolina, soon received a number of colonists who were glad to escape from unpleasant surroundings in the older colony of Virginia. As early as 1653 Rev. Roger Green led a colony to the Chowan country and settled near the present site of Eden- ton. Many more followed, and soon a number of scattered settlements arose. Ten years after (1663), the reigning English king, Charles II, granted the territory of Carolina to some noblemen, who organized themselves into a company under the name of Lords Proprietors, Province of Car- olina. CAROLINA. I49 The Lords Proprietors. The members of this company were George, Duke of Albermarle; Edward, Earl of Clarendon ; William, Earl of Craven; John, Lord Berkeley; An- thony, Lord Ashley; Sir George Car- teret, Sir John Colleton and Sir Wil- liam Berkeley. Their grant at first included the territory between thirty- one and thirty-six degrees north lati- tute; but subsequently the strip of country lying between northern limit of this grant and the southern limit of Virginia was added to it. To the Lords Proprietors was given full political control over all colonists ; but so eager were they to induce emigration to their territory, in order that sales and rents might increase their revenues, that most lib- eral promises were made rel- ative to government and toler- ance. This rendered Carolina for a time a desirable region, in those days of oppression. Germans and Swiss from Europe, Dutch from New Nether- lands, dissatisfied with the rule of the English, who had just taken possession (1664), and, above all, large numbers of French Huguenots, with their high culture and independent spirit, came over and laid out farms and vineyards, intro- duced useful occupations, and by their industry and thrift implanted such elements of strength as few other American colonies enjoyed. The settlements that had been made around the Chowan were organized, when the proprietors took possession, as the Albermarle Colony, William Drummond being appointed governor. At the time of the grant ( 1663 ) a Captain Hilton was exploring the region around the Cape Fear River. He had been sent thither by an English planter of Barbadoes, named John Yeamans, to find a suitable location for settle- ment. Yeamans went to England, where he became Sir John Yeamans, and obtaining the desired grant of land from the Lords Proprietors, returned and planted, near the mouth of the Cape Fear River, a colony that afterwards became known as the Clarendon Colony (1665). Here he found the ruins of an abandoned settlement which had been made five years before (1660) by some men from New England. Two colonies had thus been planted in what is now North Carolina. In 1670 William Sayle arrived with a large i5o PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. number of emigrants, and landed within the limits of what is now South Carolina. These colonists first stopped at Port Royal, but not being satisfied with the place, proceeded to the Ashley River, and, upon the west bank, laid the foun- dation of a city, which they named Charlestown. Ten years after, the colony was removed to a more suitable site, called Oyster Point, and the city became known, first, as Oyster Point Town, then, New Charlestown, and finally Charleston (1782), the name it now bears. This colony received the name of the Carteret Colony. On the death of Governor William Sayle, the year after the colony was founded (1671), Joseph West filled the position until Sir John Yeamans, appointed by the Lords Proprietor, arrived from the Clarendon Colony (1672). Yeamans was followed by so many Cape Fear settlers that the Clarendon Colony was soon afterwards abandoned. Among his possessions were a number of negroes, brought originally from the Barbadoes. Thus was slavery first intro- duced into South Carolina. As time passed on, the Pro- prietors became more exacting, and rents, taxes and violation of rights became sources of much contention. A flourish- ing trade with the West Indies had brought prosperity to the colonies, yet it was sought to place restrictions on this trade. Controversies between The Grand Model. Prior to the year 1670 the form of government was, for the most part, satisfactory to the colonists. But when the Lords Proprietors saw their vast domain filling up with settlers, the scheme of establishing a grand Ameri- can empire presented itself. Sir Ash- ley Cooper, who had become Earl of Shaftesbury, and John Locke, one of the most renowned of philosophers, with much thought and deliberation, drew up " fundamental constitutions " consisting of one hundred and twenty articles. These articles provided for a monarchy, with two orders of nobility, the landgraves, or earls, and the caciques, or barons. The territory was to be divided into counties, each con- taining 48,000 acres, and the popu- lation into freeholders and tenants, the latter of whom were to have no politi- cal rights, and were never to attain higher rank. The proposed form of government was deemed a grand MODEL by its promulgators. But it did not suit the liberty-loving Carolina colonists, and after twenty years of effort to establish it, the plan had to be abandoned. CAROLINA. 151 the colonists and Proprietors continued until 1729, when the latter gladly ceded their claims to the English crown, and Carolina was divided into North and South, and became two royal provinces. BLACKBOARD FORM. ' Visited by Settlements Attempted. Colonies Founded. Other Principal Events. 1584. 1663. \ 1562. 1660. 1585. 1587. Amidas and Barlow. Capt. Hilton. By Huguenots at Port Royal. By New Englanders at Cape Fear. By Raleigh at Roanoke. 1653. By Roger Green (Albermarle Colony). 1665. John Yeamans (Clarendon Colony). 1670. By Wm. Sayle (Carteret Colony). 1663. Granted to Lords Proprietors. 1672. Slavery introduced. 1680. Founding of Charleston. !( North Separation into < r { South Becomes Royal Provinces. QUESTIONS. What two nations claimed the territory south of Virginia? What region of North Carolina was peopled by emigrants from Virginia? Who led a colony to the Chowan River? When? To whom was Carolina granted ? Name the Lords Proprietors. What was the extent of the territory granted? How was Carolina made a desirable region for immigrants ? Name some of the classes of people among the early settlers. What do you know of the organization of the Albermarle colony ? What do you know of Sir John Yeamans? What colony was established at the mouth of the Cape Fear River? When? Where did William Sayle establish a colony? When? What do you know of the founding of Charleston ? What was the Charles- ton colony called? Who succeeded Sayle? What became of the Clarendon colony? What do you know of the introduction of slavery into South Caro- lina? What do you know of the Grand Model? What caused much conten- tion as time passed on? When did the Carolinas become royal provinces? 152 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. Georgia, chapter XV. Philanthropy and Protection. With the settlement of the Carolinas, English occupancy rapidly extended down the coast toward the Spanish posses- sions. These latter were a constant menace to the settlers of South Carolina. Several times was Charleston threatened and invasion feared. Evil influences were continually exerted by the Spaniards upon the Indians and slaves, incit- ing the former to hostility, and the latter to desert their owners and take refuge in Florida. It was deter- mined to occupy the ter- ritory between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, and here establish colonies of a somewhat military \ff^- J nature, to serve as a barrier of protection for the older settlements. A grant of the region for twenty-one years was madc(i732)to James Ogle- thorpe, a brilliant young Eng- lish officer and member of par- liament, who had sought to ob- JAMtS OQLETHORPE James Oglethorpe. Oglethorpe was a warm-hearted phi- lanthropist, and felt the deepest sym- pathy for the oppressed poor of all countries Many prisons in Eng- land were filled with persons whose only offence was that they were in debt and could not pay, it being the law in those days to im- prison for debt, whether the amounts were large or small. Oglethorpe had investigated the condition of these prison- ers and found it attended with so much physical suffering and misery that lie was moved to make his grant a refuge for them. Many philanthropic individu- als, through his influ- ence, lent their assist- ance, and Parliament appropriated a Large sum of money to aid him in carrying out his be- nevolent designs. Oppressed Protestants from all coun- tries were to find welcome. Gentle Moravians that had been driven from Austria, and Salzburgers who, for their Lutheran beliefs, had been ex- iled from their Alpine valleys in the same country, were to avail themselves of this welcome. The conversion of the Indians to Christianity was by no means the least of Oglethorpe's good motives. tain it for a benevolent purpose which he had long entertained. GEORGIA. 153 One hundred and twenty emigrants arrived at Charleston in January, 1733, where a most kindly reception was accorded them. Continuing on their course, they landed at Port Royal, but Oglethorpe and a few others, pushing south- A &ard, found an admirable site for a city upon the bank of what is now the Savannah River. Here they were joined by the others, and the foundations of the present city of Savan- nah were laid (1733). OGLETHOrtPE AND TOMO CHICHI The neighboring Indians were conciliated, and Tomo Chichi, sachem of the Indian confederacy existing in those parts, while earnestly expressing a desire for peace, presented Oglethorpe with a handsomely ornamented buffalo robe, lined with eagle feathers, calling attention to its softness and warmth as emblematic of that love and protection which the Indians hoped to receive from their white friends. i54 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. A subsequent treaty with other Indian chiefs gave the English control of the territory as far as the St. John's River, and as emigrants arrived, other settlements were made. In 1734 a colony of Salzburgers established themselves thirty miles in the interior, at a pleasant spot, which they named Ebenezer. In 1735 a company of Scotch Highlanders set tied at Darien, and in this same year the city of Augusta was founded. Another company of immigrants founded the city of Frederica in 1738. In eight years the population of the Georgia colonies numbered more than twenty-five hundred War with Spain being im- minent, Oglethorpe repaired to England in 1737, and, equip- ping a well-disciplined com- pany of six hundred men, re- turned with the appointment of Commander-in-chief of all militia of South Carolina and Georgia. We shall learn how he distinguished himself in the war that occurred two years afterward. Georgia became a royal province in 1752. Continually threatened by the Span- iards, there were many military feat- ures attached to the Georgia colonies. Lots of twenty-five acres were granted in return for military service. Strict regulations were enforced. Trade with the West Indies w.is prohibited, as one of the most important articles of import was rum. Slavery was not permitted. In time, these restrictions caused much discontent among the Georgians who beheld their Carolina neighbors grow- ing rich with their cultivated fields and unhampered commerce; the regula- tions were therefore altered. BLACKBOARD FORM, 1733. Savannah founded. 1734. Salzburgers settle at Ebenezer GEORGIA. ■ 1735. ( Augusta founded. { Darien founded. 1738. Frederica founded. 1740. Troubles with Spaniards. 1752. Becomes a Royal Province. QUESTIONS. What menaced the settlements of South Carolina? How did the Span- iards of Florida act towards the English north of them ? How was it deter- LOUISIANA. *55 mined to protect the Carolina settlements? What do you know of James Oglethorpe? What grant did he obtain? When? For how long? For whom did Oglethorpe's grant serve as a refuge? What do you know of the founding of Savannah? When was it founded? How did Tomo Chichi receive Oglethorpe? When was Ebenezer founded? By whom? When was Darien settled? Augusta? Frederica? What was the growth of the Georgia colony? What was prohibited to the early Georgia colonists? Why did these prohibitions cause dissatisfaction? When did Oglethorpe repair to England? Why? When did Georgia become a royal province? Louisiana. CHAPTER XVI. French Barriers to Westward Expansion. The forts established by La Salle and Tonti in the upper portion of the Louisiana terri- tory subsequently became set- tlements. Nothing was done to occupy the lower portion until 1699, when Lemoine d'Iberville, a brave naval officer who had distinguished himself in the wars of France, and had seen much service in Canada, Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland, set out to redis- cover the mouth of the Mis- sissippi, and there establish a colony. He was accompanied by his brothers, Bienville and Sauvolle. The first point reached was the Florida coast, near what is now Pensacola, La Salle in Texas. After reaching the mouth of the Mis- sissippi, La Salle retraced his course, and from Canada again went to France. Provided with, the ships Joli and Amiable, the brig- La Belle and the ketch St. Francis, he set out with a colony of two hundred and fifty persons to occupy the territory he had explored for France. This colony in- cluded twelve young gentlemen, five clergymen, fifty soldiers and twelve families of immigrants, all well sup- plied with provisions and implements. The St. Francis, being a slow sailer, was captured by Spanish privateers. The remaining vessels safely entered the Gulf of Mexico, and steeringnorth- west, reached the coast some distance to the west of their intended destina- tion. The selection of the naval com- mander, Beaujeu, had been most unfortunate. His stubbornness and jealousy did much to defeat the ends of the expedition, and La Salle was left for the most part to his own resources. An exploring party, sent on land, journeyed along the coast and found an inlet, the channel of which was staked so that the vessels could en- ter in safety. This, the Joli and La Belle did ; but the Amiable, ignoring all i56 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. precaution, struck a sandbar anil soon went to pieces. The bay entered was called St. Bernard, and is now known as Matagorda. As soon as the colo- nists landed, Beaujeu returned to France, leaving the La Belle, but the wreck of this vessel occurring shortly after, the colonists were rendered de- pendent upon their own resources in an unknown region. They ascended a river which they named Les Vaches (Lavaca), from the buffaloes they saw on the banks and mistook for cattle. They landed and built Fort St. Louis (1686). Two expeditions to the northeast were made by La Salle, with the object of reaching the French posts or forts in Illinois. Upon the second expedition, accompanied by his brother, nephew, and eighteen others, he penetrated to the eastern part of what is now Texas. Here, in revenge for some fancied injury, Lancelot, one of the men, formed a plot against him, and was joined by three others, Liotot, Iliens and Duhault, La Salle, enticed from camp, was waylaid and killed by Du- hault. The expedition went to pieces after La Salle's death. The malcon- tents took up their abode with neigh- boring Indians. La Salle's brother and six others made their way to the land of the Arkansas, where two Frenchmen from Canada were found. From these it was learned that Tonti had journeyed down to the mouth of the river to join La Salle and had re- turned, little knowing how sad was the need of his old commander, then wandering in the wilds of Texas, for faithful servitors. As soon as the Spaniards of Mexico became apprised of the St. Louis Set- tlement, its location being upon Span- ish territory, they determined to destroy it. A force under Alonzo de Leon was dispatched ("April 17^1) to lav siege to it, but the settlement was found deserted. The few who had escaped death from privation and disease had wandered away and were captured by the neighboring Indians, from whom several were afterwards recovered. where they found a company of Spaniards in possession. Sailing further, they anchored in what is now Mobile Bay, from which point much of the coast was explored in smaller boats. They entered the Mis- sissippi through one of the nu- merous lagoons that led from it some distance above its mouth, and, after proceeding up as far as the Red River, returned to a bayou, called Manchac. Here the brothers separated, Bienville continued down the river and Iberville returned by way of a chain of lakes, two of which he named Maurepas and Pontchartrain, after French noblemen at that time prominent. A settlement was established at a point on the coast, and called Biloxi ( 1699 ) » after a near and friendly tribe of Indians. Sau voile was ap- pointed governor, and as soon as the building of a fort was well under way, Iberville sailed to France, from which he shortly returned and founded a set- tlement near what is now Mobile. The growth of these French settlements was slow. In a LOUISIANA. 157 few years Iberville died (1706), and the management of affairs fell to Bienville. Much of the neighboring territory by this time had been explored, and English traders from the DEATH OF LA SALLE Carolinas were already making their way towards these regions. To keep back the English, Fort Rosalie was built i58 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. near the present town of Natchez ( 1716), and not long after, Natchitoches, on the Red River, to oppose the claims of the Spaniards of Mexico, who were beginning to encroach from the southwest. The territory was granted to Anthony Crozat (1712), and in consequence of his inordinate pro- prietorial privileges and monopolies, but little progress was made toward actual settlement. In 17 17 control passed to John Law, a Scotchman living in France. He organized the celebrated Mississippi Com- pany, which, though established upon an unstable basis of FOUNDING OF NEW ORLEA IS. wild speculation, and destined to a financial collapse, gave the first great impulse to Louisiana colonization. The expe- rienced Bienville was appointed governor. Eight hundred emigrants were sent over, part of whom settled at Biloxi, while the rest went on to the Mississippi River. Selecting a spot but a few feet above the surrounding swamps, Bienville laid the foundations of the city of New Orleans (1718). Lands were sold and granted along the river, and planta- tions laid out. Slaves were brought from St. Domiago and other West India Islands. Posts were established on the river LOUISIANA. 159 above and below. Intercourse was opened with the settle- ments in Illinois and Canada. Thus was the French power firmly established in the heart of the continent, from the gulf of St. Lawrence on the northeast to the gulf of Mexico on the southwest; but slowly sweeping back from the Atlantic seaboard, a wave of English emigration was approaching, whose contact the French were soon destined to feel. QUESTIONS. What do you know of La Salle's attempt to colonize Louisiana ? Of whom did his colony consist? Where did he land? When? What do you know of the Texas settlement of St. Louis ? What was the fate of La Salle ? What happened after his death? What do you know of Alonzo de Leon? What did the forts in the upper Mississippi become? By whom was Biloxi founded? What do you know of Bienville? What explorations were made by Bienville and Iberville? Why was Fort Rosalie built? When? Natch- itoches? What progress was made by Louisiana under Crozat? What do you know of John Law? What do you know of the founding of New Orleans? How was the French power established in the heart of the conti- nent? Between what two gulfs did the American dominions of France extend? What was to sweep back from the Atlantic coast and come in con- tact with them? BLACKBOARD FORM. LOUISIANA. 1642 Visited by De Soto. 168/ Explored by La Salle. f ( Iberville. I Explored by 1699 < I Bienville. [Settlement of Biloxi, (Miss.) 1712 Granted to Crozat. 1716 Fort Rosalie established.(Miss.) 1717 Granted to Mississippi Company. 1718 New Orleans founded. SEARCH QUESTIONS. Who was John Locke, and what was his greatest work ? Who was William Drummond and what was his fate? What was the "Mississippi Bubble"? How came Penn by his claim against the king :'' What did Penn's land cost him ? What high appoint- ment in America did Oglethorpe decline ? Who were the "Casket Girls"? Who was Seth Sothel ? Where is the Dismal Swamp and what is the name of the lake in it ? What English ship captain entering the Mississippi was turned back by Bienville ? What Is the "east shore of Virginia "? After whom was Fort Rosalie named? i6o PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. REVIEW OUTLINE. SETTLEMENTS BY NATIONS SETTLEMENTS. 1562 SOUTH CAROLINA (Attempted). 1564 FLORIDA (Attempted). 1605 NOVA SCOTIA. French. \ 1608 CANADA. 1685 TEXAS (Attempted). 1699 MISSISSIPPI. 1718 LOUISIANA. „ . . [1565 FLORIDA. Spamsh. | /5g2 NEWMEX/C0 Dutch and (J613 NEW YORK. Swedish, \i638 DELAWARE. [1585 NORTH CAROLINA (Attempted). English. 1602 MASSACHUSETTS (Attempted) 1606 MAINE (Attempted). 1607 VIRGINIA. 1620 MASSACHUSETTS. 1623 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1630 MAINE. 1633 CONNECTICUT. 1634 MARYLAND. 1636 RHODE ISLAND. 1653 NORTH CAROLINA. 1664 NEW JERSEY. 1670 SOUTH CAROLINA. 1681 PENNSYLVANIA. 1733 GEORGIA. REVIEW OF SECOND PERIOD. 161 REVIEW OUTLINE RELATIVE TIME OF SETTLEMENT. FIRST SETTLEMENTS. [ 1562 SOUTH CAROLINA-PORT ROYAL (Attempted). 1564 FLORIDA FT. CAROLINA (Attempted). 1565 FLORIDA ST. AUGUSTINE. 1582 NEW MEXICO SANTA FE. 1585 NORTH CAROLINA ROANOKE (Attempted). 1602 MASSACHUSETTS ...ELIZABETH ISLAND (Att'd). 1605 NOVA SCOTIA PORT ROYAL. 1606 MAINE KENNEBEC R. (Attempted). 1607 VIRGINIA JAMESTOWN (Attempted). 1608 CANADA QUEBEC. 1613 NEW YORK NEW AMSTERDAM. 1620 MASSACHUSETTS ...PLYMOUTH. 1623 NEW HAMPSHIRE... PORTSMOUTH. 1630 MAINE SACO. 1633 CONNECTICUT HARTFORD. 1634 MARYLAND ST. MARY'S. 1636 RHODE ISLAND PROVIDENCE. 1638 DELAWARE CHRISTIANA. 1653 NORTH CAROLINA EDEN TON. 1664 NEW JERSEY ELIZABETHTOWN. 1670 SOUTH CAROLINA CHARLESTON. 1681 PENNSYLVANIA SCHUYLKILL RIVER, 1685 TEXAS FT. ST. LOUIS (Attempted). 1699 MISSISSIPPI BILOXI. 1718 LOUISIANA NEW ORLEANS. 1733 GEORGIA SAVANNAH. l62 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. REVIEW QUESTIONS. Name three settlements attempted by the French and locate each. Three by the English. What was the first permanent French settlement in Amer- ica? English? What is the oldest town in the United States? Second oldest? Name five sects that sought relief from religious persecution in America. What do you know of the " Lost Colony of America? " The first English church? The first trial by jury? What part did John Smith take in the settlement of Virginia? Name eight governors of colonial Virginia. What do you know of the introduction of slavery? The first Colonial Assembly? Who were the Huguenots? Patroons? Pilgrims? Waloons? Puritans? Quakers? Salzburgers? Non-Conformists? What do you know of the London Company? Plymouth Company? East India Company? West India Company? Mississippi Company? Name four Dutch governors of New York. Name four settlements established by the Dutch. What do you know of the Mayflower? The Hind and the Squirrel? The Concord? The Mary and John? The Susan Constant? The Speedwell? The Ark and Dove? The Welcome? What do you know of the settlement of Plymouth? Who named New England? What do you know of the Massachusetts Charter? Who was Anne Hutchinson? Name and locate five Connecticut settlements. When and by whom was each made? When was Philadelphia founded? Charleston? New Orleans? Boston? New York? Baltimore? Savannah? What was Mason and Dixon's line? Who were the Lords Proprietors? What were the principal features of the Grand Model? What do you know of the Carteret Colony? After whom was New York named? Carolina? Maryland? Delaware? New Jersey? Pennsylvania? Louisiana? New Hampshire? Georgia? Baltimore? Jamestown? Say- brook? What do you know of La Salle in Texas? Name five settlements in Georgia. When and by whom were each established? Who killed La Salle? REVIEW EXERCISES. (BIOGRAPHICAL.) Exercise I — Tell who each of the following was. Exercise II — What did he do? Exercise III — Associate the name of a place with each. Exercise IV — Associate a date with each name in italics. Bienville. Hilton. Green. Clay borne, Iberville. Oglethorpe. Crozat. Tomo-Chichi. Drummond. Coddington. Canonicus. Yeamans. Law. Sayle. Hooker. Winthrop. Vane. Penn. Duhault. Mason. Carver. Samoset. Gorges. Davenport. Tonti. Wyatt. Keift. Squanto. Blackstone. Calvert. REVIEW OF SECOND PERIOD. 163 Newport. Yeardlv. Stuyvesant. Standish. Williams. Pocahontas. Gates. Argall. Van Twiller. White. Weymouth. Pring. Skitwarres. Amadas. Minuit. White. Greenville. Dare. Dale. Powhattan. Hunt. Smith. Kendall. Gosnold. Ratcliff. Gilbert. Lane. Wingina. Raleigh. Wingfield. De Gourgues. Ribaut. Laudoniere. Colig/ii. Mclcndez. (GEOGRAPHICAL.) Exercise V — Locate each of the following. Exercise VI — State some historical fact connected with each. Exercise VII — Associate a name and date with place printed in italics. 'Plymouth. Saco. Baltimore. Fredrica. Christiana. Augusta (Ga.) Nczv Orleans. Salem . Fort Good Hope . Hartford. Frovincetown. Fort Orange. Savannah. Quebec, Boston . Say brook. Southampton. Newport. Edenton. Charleston. Biloxi. Leyden. Providence. St. Mary's. NewAmsterdam. Philadelphia . Roanoke Island. Port St. Louis. Port Carolina (S. C.) Martha's Vineyard. Ft. Carolina (Fla.) Satquin. Jamestown. St. Augustine. Chesapeake. New England. To the Teacher — Write the foregoing names upon slips of paper — one to each. Fold and mix thoroughly. Test the class by having each pupil draw at random a name to serve as his topic of recitation. Have the remainder of the class supply whatever information he may fail to give. A fascinating " history match " can be conducted upon the same plan, PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS I, II AND III. Geography. — Note the position of Richmond, Va. In what part of Con- necticut is the Mystic River? Where is Fairfield? Weatherfield? Hartford? Windsor? In what part of Massachusetts is Swanzey? Deerfield? Hadlev? In what part of North Carolina is New Berne? In what part of Mississippi is Natchez? Definition of Words. — Surplus, supremacy, domain, adapt, extermination, depredations, dissuade, succor, calamitous. Pronunciation of Names. — Opecancanough, Graffenreid, Neuse, Tuscaro- ras, Pocotaligo, Coosawhatchie, De Chopart, Perier. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference.— Howison's " Historv of Virginia," Hollister's " History of Connecticut," Du Pratz' " History of Louisiana," Moore's "Historv of North Carolina." General.— Cooke's "Virginia," Campbell's " History of Virginia," Church's "Historv of the Great Indian War of 1675," Drake's " Making of New England," Gayarre's " Historv of Louisiana," Doyle's "English Colonies in America" (vol. t), Johnston's "Historv of Connecticut." Topical.— "Virginia Massacre," "Opecancanough," " Pequod War," " Sassacus," " King Phillip's War," " Baron Graffenreid," "Tuscarora War," " Yamassee War," "Nat- chez War." THIRD PERIOD. COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. The Growing Colonies CHAPTER I. The Beginning of Indian Extinction. THE establishment of coloni welfare of a nation. The) population, create new markets and demands for its products and manufactures, and add to its glories that of increased dominion. Hence it was that the three great nations of Europe — England, France, and Spain — encouraged emi- gration to the New World. Man, in his savage state, re- quires a larger area of territory, for his subsistence, than when civilized. Depending for food es is often conducive to the r serve as outlets for its surplus Conflicting Claims. The Spanish power was established, as we have seen, in the southern part of North America, the territorial claims of Spain extending northward indefi- nitely. The claims of France embraced Canada and the Mississippi Valley from the Alleghanies westward. Eng- land claimed all that region of the con- tinent bordering upon the Atlantic, and lying between the French posses- sions on the north and those of the Spanish on the south, and extending from ocean to ocean. Boundaries thus far were undetermined and claims con- flicted. A struggle for supremacy was inevitable. The title of the Indian, by original possession, to the territory claimed, was taken into no con- sideration. THE GROWING COLONIES. 165 upon the products of the chase, he finds it necessary to change his place of abode from time to time. The narrowing of his hunting grounds is followed by a scarcity of game. Hence the Indians beheld with alarm great numbers of whites coming to their shores, intruding upon their domain, and appropriating their territory. It was not long before they manifested their hostility. The marriage of Pocahon- tas, daughter of Powhattan, to the English John Rolfe, estab- lished a certain degree of friendliness between the whites and Indians of Virginia. But Opitchapan, the successor of the old chief, possessed little strength of character, and the control of affairs soon fell to Opecancanough, an in- veterate foe to the English. This chief lost no time in in- citing his warriors to hostility, and secretly set about the de- struction of the settlers. A friendly intercourse was maintained up to the last mo- ment, and, all unsuspected, the blow fell (1622). Planta- tions were surprised and three hundred and forty-nine set- tlers were put to death. Jamestown, however, escaped, timely warning having been given to it by an Indian convert. A terrible war followed this massacre. The number of the colonists was reduced from four thousand to twenty-five hundred, and the settlements and plantations, from eighty to Indian Hostility. The English colonies suffered most severely from Indian hostility. Their early history is filled with revengeful deeds, conflicts and bloody massacres. There was a marked contrast between the treatment of the Indian by the French and by the English. The for- mer adapted themselves to his manneis and customs, and so entered Into the spirit of his everyday life that they won their way to his heart, and secured his friendship. Their objects were trade and dominion, and their occupancy in- terfered but little with hisnatural rights. The English, on the other hand, cov- eted his land, and wished to be rid of his presence. The few that came first inspired no alarm. Pow- hattan in Virginia, sought to restrain his subjects by saying, "1-et them alone; they harm you not; they but take a little land." Massasoit, in Mas- sachusetts, offered no objection against the landing of the Pilgrims, and even entered into an alliance with them. Little did either chieftain know that these few were to be followed by num- bers, and that against the white tide, soon to sweep upon them, all savage valor, treachery, and treaty were to avail little ; and that in its onsweep was to be their race's doom. 1 66 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. six. The Indians, however, were driven back into the wil- derness; their power was broken; and a larger area of ter- ritory was opened to English occupancy. Twenty-two years of peace followed, during which all traces of the war disap- peared, and prosperity again smiled. But Opecancanough brooded long over plans for revenge. At length, drawing to his side several tribes, he again fell upon the outer settlements (1644) and massa- cred five hundred colonists on the first day. A force from Jamestown soon reached the scene, and a war of extermina- tion began. The Indians were hunted down and many were slain. Opecancanough himself, now one hundred years old, was captured and brought to Jamestown, where he was shot. After his death another season of peace was enjoyed . QUESTIONS. How do colonies sometimes promote the welfare of a nation? What three European nations established colonics in America? What were the territo- rial claims of each? What title had the Indians to the territory claimed by these European nations? What does man in his savage state require for sub- sistence? Why? How did the French differ from the English in their treatment of the Indians? How did Powhattan receive the first settlers? Massasolt? What followed the death of Powhattan? What do you know of the Indian war of 1622? 1644? CHAPTER II. Indian Conflicts — Northern Colonies. When Roger Williams established his colony in Rhode Island he was kindly received by Canonicus, the Narragan- sett chief. Far different was the reception of the Connect- icut settlers by Sassacus, chief of the Pequods, for hardly had they established themselves in their new homes when Indian depredations began (1634). Determined to break the power of the hostile tribe, the towns of Hartford, Weathersrield, and Windsor at length THE GROWING COLONIES. 167 The Pequods. The Pequod being the most powerful of the Connecticut tribes, Sassacus succeeded in organizing a league against the whites. The Narragan- setts were dissuaded from joining by Roger Williams. Several murders were committed. The hostiles lurked about the Connecticut forts, way- laid settlers and destroyed every- thing they could reach. For three years the colonists lived in a state of uncertainty and terror, and finally the situation could be borne no lonarer. organized a force of ninety men, under Captain John Mason. Accompanied by seventy Indian allies, under Uncas, the friendly chief of the Mohegans, Mason proceeded against the Pequod strongholds on the Mystic river, and arrived two hours before dawn. Through the stillness and dark, just as the attack began, came the alarm of a Pequod sentinel, " Owanuxt Owa- nuxf" "Englishmen! Eng- lishmen ! " The interior of the palisaded fort was soon gained, and for some time a one-sided contest was waged. At length the village was fired and its fleeing occupants put to death. Five hundred men, women, and children perished. The Pequod war was fol- lowed by forty years of com- parative peace, during which the New England colonists in- creased in number to more than sixty thousand. While Massasoit lived, the Wampa- noags remained peaceful ; but his sons, Philip and Alex- ander, did not inherit the friendly spirit of the old chief; and when Philip became sachem, he organized a con- federacy of Indian tribes, for the purpose of destroying the rapidly increasing power of the whites. King Philip's War began with an attack upon Swan- zey, Mass. (1675), in which several persons were killed. The Fate of Sassacus. From a neighboring fort, Sassacus hurried to the rescue witli three hundred of his best warriors, but arrived too late to stay the destruction. His attacks upon the returning colo- nists were ineffectual. Disheartened by disaster, he made his way towards the Hudson, with about eighty of his warriors. He was followed and over- taken in a swamp, near what is now Fairfield, Conn., from which he es- caped after a severe action. The war was prosecuted with such persistence that the Pequod tribe was destroyed. Some of the captives were sent as slaves to the West Indies. A few survivors joined the Mohegans and Narragansetts. 1 68 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. whole country taking alarm, troops were sent from Boston and Plymouth against the savages. Philip was besieged at Pocasset for thirteen days, but managed to escape. Other tribes were drawn into the conflict. The town of Deerfield was attacked and burned (September n ) ; but in their at- tempts against Hadley and Hatfield, the savages were repulsed. The Indian uprising soon extended to the tribes of Maine and New Hampshire. The Narragansetts did not openly join in the hostilities, but it was believed that they were encouraging and succoring Philip. A force sent against them destroyed one of their towns in which many of them had taken refuge. More than a thousand of them being killed, the remnant joined Philip. Towns were now subjected to the fury of Indian attack, but the aroused colonists maintained the conflict with energy. The war in Massachusetts, which ended with KingPhilip's death, was the most calamitous with which the early colonies were afflicted. More than six hundred settlers fell during the Death of King Philip. One of the most celebrated of the Indian fighters at this time was Cap- tain Church. When it was learned that Philip had returned to his resi- dence at Mount Hope, or Pokaimket, after having failed to induce the Mo- hawks to join him. Church hastened with a company to surprise him. His place of refuge in the swamp was sur- rounded, and in endeavoring to make his escape, Philip was shot (Aug. 12, 1676) by ALDERMAN, an Indian deser- ter, who had guided the English to the place. course of the conflict, and as many dwellings were destroy- ed. It resulted in the almost total extinction of the Indians participating, and, like many other Indian wars, threw open a large area of territory to settlement. QUESTIONS. How did the Pequods receive the Connecticut settlers? When did Indian depredations begin? How did the Pequod war begin? End? Who suc- ceeded Massasoit? How did King Philip's war begin? End? What do you know of the expedition against the Narragansetts? What do you know of King Philip's death? What were the results of King Philip's war? THE GROWING COLONIES. 169 CHAPTER III. Indian Conflicts — Southern Colonies. The territory adjacent to the Carolina settlements was occupied by the crafty and cruel Tuscarora Indians — a tribe allied to the Iroquois of New York. For some time these Indians beheld the encroachment of the whites with increas- ing jealousy, and, when the Albermarle colonists were occupied among themselves with discord and strife over the governorship, they seized the opportunity of instituting a general Indian uprising. The Tuscaroras were joined by the Corees, Meherrins and Mattamuskeets, and the attack began (September 11, 1711). For three days the savages butchered the whites. One of the first settlements to suffer was New Berne. Assistance however, scDn came. Gover- nor Spottswood, of Virginia, closed up the war-trail leading through his dominion, between the Iroquois and Tuscarora countries, and kept the former neutral in the contest. Cap- tain John Barnwell came up from South Carolina with a force of militia and Yamassee Indians, and defeated the Tuscaroras with great slaughter near New Berne (171 2). The next year (1713) the Tuscarora chief , Handcock, was attacked in his palisaded fort of Nahucke, near what is now the village of Snow Hill, by Colonel James Moore, with such success that the fort, with eight hundred prisoners, was taken. This ended the war, for it so disheartened the Tus- caroras that they abandoned Carolina and made their way to New York, where they joined the Iroquois Confederacy. A treaty was then made with the Coree and other Indians. Graffenreid's Colony. The fertile lands of Carolina attract- ed a very desirable class of immigrants. Among the hard - working people who made their way to this region from different European countries was a colony of six hundred Ger- mans and Swiss under Baron de Graffenreid. These established themselves on the Neuse River (1710), calling their settlement New Berne. 170 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. The peace that followed the Tuscarora War was of short duration. The Yamassees, who had so bravely assisted the whites against the Tuscaroras, were the first to break it. These Indians were in- J cited by the Spaniards of Florida, whose enmity had been ft awakened by the rapid expansion of the Carolina colonies towards their domain. The Yamassees were joined by warriors from the Muscogees, Ap alachees, Congarees and other t r i be s , and more than ten thousand engaged in the bloo dy work. The massacre began at Poco- TALIGO ( April i5' I 7 I 5)> and in a few hours the victims in mjf£ thai locality PfflP^ 1 alone numbered more than one hundred. While marching to the scene with a com- pany of cavalry, Governor Craven of South Carolina was fiercely attacked bv more than live hundred Yamassee war- riors, but repulsed them. Shortly after. Colonel Mackev, INDIAN WARRIORS. THE GROWING COLONIES. 171 The Natchez War. When the French established Fort Rosalie, in the lower Louisiana terri- tory, they were brought in contact with the Natchez. At first these Indians were disposed to be friendly. As time passed on the im- prudent De Chopart was placed in command. This commandant deter- mining to establish an additional settle- ment, selected a site upon which the Natchez village of the White Apple was located, and haughtily demanded its abandonment by the Indians. Their hostility was aroused. They pleaded for time to gather their crops, and in the meanwhile planned a conspiracy, which was successfully executed (1729). Fort Rosalie was captured by strata- gem. Not a single building was left standing. Of the seven hundred that garrisoned it, few escaped to tell the tale. The success of the Natchez was of short duration. A force of French and Choctaws, under Com- mandant - General Perier, arriving from the lower settlements, compelled them to take refuge in the swamps beyond the Mississippi, whither they were pursued. Many of them were captured, and the remainder took refuge with the Chickasaws. with a force from Charles- town, destroyed the Yamassee town of COOSAWHATCHIE, driving the Indians toward the south. The war ended after long and persistent fighting, in which more than four hundred of the whites lost their lives. The Indians were driven be- yond the Savannah River, many of them taking refuge in Florida. For a long period afterwards the Carolina settle- ments extended themselves westward uninterruptedly. QUESTIONS. What do you know of the Tuscarora Indians? How did the Tuscarora war hegin ? What part did Governor Spottswood of Virginia take ? Cap- tain John Barnwell ? Colonel James Moore ? The Yamassees ? What do you know of the settlement of New Berne ? What became of the Tuscaroras ? How did the Yamassee war begin? How many Indians were concerned in this war ? What part did Governor Craven of South Carolina take ? Colonel Mackey ? How did the war end ? What do you know of the Natchez war? BLACKBOARD FORM COLONIAL WARS— INDIAN. ' 1622, 1636, 1644, INDIAN 1675. ' 1711, WARS. 1715, 1729, 1757, { 1763, First Indian War, (Virginia). Pequod War, (Connecticut). Second Indian War, (Virginia). King Philip's War, (Massachusetts). Tuscarora War, (North Carolina). Yamassee War, (South Carolina). Natchez War, (Louisiana). Cherokee War, (South Carolina). (Seepage 196 > Pontiac's War. (Seepage 198) 172 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS IV AND V. Definition of Words. — Depose, extortionate, reinstate, loyalty, affable, despot, franchise, prorogue, lucrative, desist, concession, grievance, sway, prejudice, intolerance, fanaticism, delusion, exemplary, perpetrated. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference.— Campbell's "History of Virginia," Bancroft's "History of the United States. " GENERAL.— Cooke's "Virginia," Longfellow's " Giles Corv, " Coffin's "Old Times in the Colonies. " Topical. — " Bacon's Rebellion," "Berkley, Sir William," "Salem Witchcraft," " Cotton Mather. " CHAPTER IV. An Early American Rebellion. The governors of the Virginia colony who followed Sir Francis Wyatt, ruled uninterruptedly, with the exception of Sir John Harvey and Sir William Berkley. The for- mer was deposed by the Assembly (1635) for his extortion- ate and unjust measures, but was reinstated by the king. The latter was the first representative of English monarchy in America to encounter armed resistance when his authority was exercised to oppress the people. Berkley served as governor for almost thirty years. A courtly gentleman, with a smile for every one, he delighted the Virginians during the first years of his rule. Time, how- ever, changed the affable gov- ernor into the merciless despot. England made poor returns for colonial loyalty, and was pursuing an extortionate and Growth of Liberty. Virginia had been, from the first, the most intensely loyal of all the colonies. The established church of England was its church. The monarch of Eng- land was its respected sovereign. But a love of liberty was growing up side by side with this spirit of loyalty, and the jealousy with which the colonists guarded their rights, was as strong as the pride they took in being English- men. Years of oppression were to make clear to their minds the political truth that loyalty to unjust and tyran- nical government ceases to be a virtue, and becomes almost a crime. oppressive policy towards Virginia. This, with Berkley's tyrannies, kindled fires of discontent and rage that smoul- dered for years. THE GROWING COLONIES. 1 73 Unjust measures were enforced by which England monop- olized the trade of the colony. Heavy taxes were laid on imports and exports, so that the planters were brought to the verge of bankruptcy. The right of franchise, at one time exercised by every freeman in the colony, was restricted to freeholders or "housekeepers." The Assembly that was to come from the people to make laws in accordance with their wishes, was rendered powerless by being prorogued from time to time. Amidst the general discontent an Indian attack was made upon the frontier (1675), and Berkley took no step to pro- tect the outlying settlements, although a large force volun- teered to be led against the depredators. It was suspected that his disinclination for the war was caused by his unwill- ingness to injure a lucrative trade with the Indians that he monopolized. Nathaniel Bacon, Jr., an eloquent and popular young lawyer, applied for a commission to pursue the Indians, -but was refused. When again they ravaged the frontier (1676), killing Bacon's plantation overseer and one of his servants, he placed himself at the head of a party of colonists, set out to chastise the savages, and though he was proclaimed a rebel and ordered to desist, marched on and administered a crushing defeat to the Indians at Bloody Run, near the present city of Richmond. The people were now ripe for righting wrongs. The public revenues and exorbitant taxes were to be accounted for, grievances redressed, the Indians punished. The ex- Bacon was generally sustained, and when Berkley sought his arrest a civil war became imminent. The governor now found himself compelled to make certain concessions to the people, one of which was the dissolving of the re- peatedly prorogued Assembly and the issuance of writs of election for a new one. Of this new Assembly, Bacon was triumphantly elected a member. ploits of the young lawyer were recounted all over Virginia, and the cry went up for Bacon ! Bacon ! With a large force i74 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. he marched to Jamestown and compelled the governor to issue a commission to him as "General of Indian Wars"; then repairing to the head- waters of the Pamun key River, he d the Indians froi the country. lie was again / proclaimed m ; "' L ' be l\\\J f« \ '/' ' but he was now master of the situation. Civil war ensued, and Berkley having been driven from Jamestown, that town was burned to the ground, to prevent its ever again falling into his hands. The ruins of its church may yet be seen, The death of Bacon in the midst of his success brought the rebellion to a speedy end; and Berkley, with assist- ance derived from England, resumed his sway. To satisfy his cruel and revengeful spirit, twenty-three of the rebels were executed. This tyrannical conduct disgusted the king, THE GROWING COLONIES. 1 75 and Berkley was recalled. He died shortly after reaching England, and within one year of Bacon's death. QUESTIONS. Name two governors of Virginia that followed Wjatt. What do you know of Sir John Harvey? Sir William Berkley? What can you say of the loyalty of the Virginia colonists? How long was Berkley governor? How did he change? What policy did England pursue toward Virginia ? Name some causes that the colonists had for discontent? Of what was Berkley suspected? What do you know of Nathaniel Bacon ? Where did he defeat the Indians? What was he proclaimed? By whom was he sustained? What concessions was the governor compelled to make? Why did the people rise in rebellion ? Who led them? What happened to Jamestown? How did Bacon's rebellion end? When did Berkley's death occur? CHAPTER V. A Vestige of Superstition. No greater foe to human progress exists than ignorance. It has crushed genius, opposed advancement, kindled perse- cution, caused bloodshed, and in every way added to the sum of human misery. It is the parent of prejudice, intoler- ance, and fanaticism. Its lowest form is superstition. In the early history of Massachusetts we find an instance in which a peculiar superstition held terrible sway, destroy- ing for a time the peace of a whole community, and threat- ening the existence of the community itself. This instance is known as the Witchcraft Delusion. The scene of its terrors was Salem. Public attention in Massa- chusetts was first directed to the prosecution of witches when the thirteen -year -old child of John Goodwin of Bos- ton, to avenge a rebuke justly Witchcraft. A belief in witches existed through- out the ignorant ages of the world. The practice of witchcraft was recognized as a crime in the laws of many coun- tries, and its punishment was provided for in the statutes of even enlightened England.' Prosecutions of so-called witches had been, however, rare up to the time of the Massachusetts troubles. administered to her, pretended to be bewitched, and accused 176 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. a friendless and aged immigrant of being the offender. Cotton Mather, a minister, took part in the prosecution, and so imflamed the public mind that the unfortunate immir grant was brought to trial, found guilty, and executed ( 1688). Although the people had been greatly excited over the subject, and accusations had begun to multiply, the next prosecution did not take place until four years after, when Samuel Parris, a fanatic and narrow-minded minister of Salem, accused his Indian servant, Tituba, of bewitching his daughter and niece. Tituba was whipped until a false con- fession was wrung from her. Then Mr. Parris turned his attention to others, and there being no public prosecutor in those days, he took upon himself the duties of the office. In the exercise of its functions he was moved by personal mal- ice, and the opportunity was seized of venting his hatred upon many inoffensive persons who had from time to time incurred his displeasure. Sarah Good, Martha Cory, Rebecca Morse, Sarah Cloyce and others, all exemplary women, were accused and com- mitted to prison. At the trials Parris questioned the witnesses in such a way as to elicit the answers he desired. All evi- dence in favor of the accused was suppressed. Those found guilty were hanged. Prosecution was next direct- ed to those who doubted the existence of witches. Edward Bishop, a farmer, and George Burroughs, a graduate 01 Har- vard College and a rival of Par- ris in the ministry, were both committed for being skeptical Wardwell, Cory and Willard. None so far committed confessed themselves guilty ; but one, Deliverance Hobbs, when arrested, acknowledged everything asked her, and was released. Thus was escape from prosecution, shown to lie in owning to witchcraft, when accused. As arrests were made, confessions became numerous. One, Samuel Wardwell, confessed and was safe, but, ashamed of himself for doing so, he retracted his confession and spoke out boldly against the sup- erstition. He was hanged. Stubborn old GILES Com." refused to speak at all when accused, and he was horribly pressed to death. John WlLLARD, an officer, for refusing to become an in- strument of error, when directed to arrest accused persons, was himself convicted and executed. THE GROWING COLONIES. 1 77 The delusion soon became a frenzy, and raged in Salem for six months. At the end of this period twenty persons had been hanged, fifty-five tortured into confession, one hundred and fifty thrown into jail, and more than two hundred and fifty accused were awaiting trial. At last the Colonial Assem- bly of Massachusetts met and deprived of their power, the magistrates before whom the witchcraft cases had been tried. The delusion then subsided as suddenly as it had arisen. The people awoke to a realization of the horrors perpetrated. Parris was driven from Salem, and remorse tortured many who had taken an active part in the prosecutions. QUESTIONS. How has ignorance proved itself one of the greatest foes to human pro- gress ? What is the lowest form in which it manifests itself? In what col- ony was this form manifested at one time? Where and when had a belief in witchcraft existed? What first drew the attention of the people of Mas- sachusetts to witch prosecution? What minister influenced public senti- ment in the matter? When was the first victim executed? What do you know of Parris ? Giles Cory? Samuel Wardwell? John Willard? Deliv- erance Hobbs? How long did the delusion continue? How many fell vic- tims to it? How did it come to an end? PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS VI AND VII. Geography. — Note the position of Dover, N. H., Salmon Falls, Me., Schenectady, N. Y., Haverhill, Mass. Note the relative position of Charles- ton, S. C, St. Augustine, Fla., Savannah, Ga., Frederica, Ga., St. Simon's Island. Definition of Words. — Unrelenting, mandates, prefer, incursions, maraud- ers, treaty, redound, harboring, semblance. Pronunciation of Names. — Leisler, Ryswick, De Rouville, Utrecht, Aix la Chapelle, Le Feboure, Montiano. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference— Steven's " History of Georgia," Graneau's " L'Histoire die Canada" (Hell's translation), Coffin's "Old Times in the Colonies." Palfrey's " History of New England." General.— Ramsay's " History of South Carolina," Fairbank's " History of Florida." Topical. — "Oglethorpe," "Georgia, Spanish Invasion of," "King William's War" "Queen Anne's War," "King George's War," " Louisburg, Capture of," "Schenectady, Massacre of." 178 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. CHAPTER VI. Colonial Quarrels — English and French. The Duke of York, to whom New Netherlands had been granted, succeeded to the throne of England under the title of James II. In him the rights and liberties of the English people had a most unrelenting foe. The colonies came in for a large share of his attention. Most of them were com- pelled to surrender their char- ters, and tyrannical governors were sent to rule them and to execute the oppressive man- dates of the king. But the people of England soon rose in their might. In the famous Revolution of 1688 James was deposed, and his daughter, Mary, and her husband, William, Prince of Orange, were placed upon the throne. The cause of James was es- poused by the French King, Louis XIV, and war between France and England ensued. The American colonies of these nations had long been dis- trustful of each other, and occasion was now seized to engage in open hostilities. The war in America is known as King William's War, and lasted eight years (1689-07). A number of incursions were made by the French of Canada and their Indian allies during the the progress of The Charter Oak. In Connecticut the people declined to surrender their charter. A meeting was held, attended by the king's offi- Cers, sent to demand the return of the Connecticut charter, and as the writ- ten instrument lay upon the table, around which all were gathered, the lights in the room were suddenly extinguished. When the candles were again lighted, the charterwas no where to be seen. WILLIAM WADSWOKTH had carried it off and hid it in the hol- low of an old oak. Colonial Revolts. THE GROWING COLONIES. 1 79 this war. Dover, N. H. ( 1689), Salmon Falls, Me. ( 1690), and Schenectady, N. Y. (1690), were subjected to all the horrors of Indian surprise and massacre. The last named town was fired, and but two houses left standing. The marauders were, however, overtaken by a band of Mo- hawks and almost destroved. With the deposition of James in England came the displacement of his representatives in America. Sir Ed- mund Andros, the "tyrant of New England, " was seized by the people of Boston and imprisoned (16S9). Nich- olson, the acting governor of New York, was compelled to leave, and Jacob Leisler assumed charge. Although this revolt was made in the direct interest of William and Mary, yet Leisler did not promptly surrender the government to the authorities sent to take possession. His delay gave his enemies an excuse to prefer charges of treason against him, and he was found guilty and executed. The English colonies were soon aroused to action. A Congress, composed of rep- resentatives from Massachu- setts Bay, Plymouth, Connec- ticut and New York, met in New York to devise measures of retaliation (1690). Two invasions of Canada were attempted — one by sea, under Sir William Phips, the other by land, under General Winthrop. Neither accomplished anything. In the last year of the war Haverhill, Mass., suffered from Indian attack and massacre. Hostilities ceased with the peace treaty of Rysw t ick (1697). Five years after there arose in Europe the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713), and in it France and England were arrayed upon opposite sides. Again their colonies entered upon hostilities. Anne, daughter of James II, had succeeded William and Mary on the throne of England, so in America this war is known as Queen Anne's War. Deerfield, a frontier settlement of Massachusetts, was the town to suffer this time. A force under De Rouville descended upon it from Montreal ( 1704), massacred fifty of its inhabitants, took more than one hundred captives, pil- laged the village and fired the houses. A successful expe- dition against Acadie was made from Boston (1710). Port l8o PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. Royal was captured, and its name changed to Annapolis, after the queen. Thenceforth the territory was to be a part of the English possessions in America. Sir Hovenden Walker and General Hill planned the capture of Quebec by sea; but on entering the mouth of the St. Lawrence, the English fleet was wrecked by a storm. A force of New York, Connecticut and New Jersey militia, under General Nicholson, set out by land to capture Mon- treal, but met with no success (1711). Two years after- wards ( 17 13 ) the peace treaty of Utrecht went into effect. A third inter-colonial war, known as King George's War, began (1744). Like the others, it had its origin in a European war — the War of the Austrian Succession — but its direct cause was the jealousy which had long existed between the colonies of rival nations. It lasted but four years, and is marked by but one important event — the cap- ture of Louisburg, one of the strongest fortresses in Amer- ica (1745). The attacking forces were led by Generals Pepperel and Warren, and consisted for the most part of Massachusetts colonists. The result redounded greatly to their gloiy. At the close of the war, which ended with the treaty of Aix la Chapelle (1748), Louisburg was given back to the French. QUESTIONS. What do you know of James II ? What was the result of the Revolution of 16S8? Who was Sir Edmund Andros? Nicholson? Who was Jacob Leis- ler? What was his fate? When did King William's War begin? End? What were its principal events ? What congress assembled in New York? What invasions of Canada were planned? By what name was Queen Anne's War known in Europe? When did it begin? End? What were its principal events? What two expeditions against Canada were planned? What were the results? When did King George's War begin? End? By what name was it known in Europe? What were its principal events? What territory was added to American possessions of England by this war? What peace treaty ended Kintj William's War? Queen Anne's? King George's? THE GROWING COLONIES. 1S1 REVIEW OUTLINE o 1689-1697, King William's. War of the English 1702-1713, Queen Anne's. 1744-1748. King George's. , Dover (N. H.) Massacre. Schenectady {N. Y.) Massacre. Salmon Falls {Me.) Massacre, 1090 i Colonial Congress at New York. „ ., .. . f Phips. Canadian expedition ■{ 1 W'nslow. (Haverhill (Mass.) Massacre. [Peace Treaty of RjS^ick. 1704, Deerfield (Mass.) Massacre. 1710, Port Royal (N. S.) taken. I 1697, l 7lii I Quebec expedition, {Montreal expedition, {Nicholson), 1713, Peace Treaty of Utrecht. 1745, Capture of Louisburg, { Pe PP ere/ - r J \ Warren. 1748, Peace Treaty of Aix-la-Chapellc SEARCH QUESTIONS. Who was Hannah Dustin ? What is the difference between a rebellion and a revolu- tion ? From what country was William, Prince of Orange ? What college was endowed in America by English monarchs ? What great architect drew the plan of the build- ing ? Wh.it colonial governor signed a death warrant while intoxicated ? Whom did the Iroquois c ill Qukler ? CHAPTER VII. Colonial Quarrels — English and Spanish. The Spaniards of'Florida proved very troublesome neigh- bors to the early settlers of South Carolina, and subsequently to those of Georgia. In the War of the Spanish Succession Spain and France were arrayed on the same side, and while the English colonists of the north were engaged in hostilities with the French of Canada, those of the south directed their attention towards the Spaniards of Florida. In the first year of the war (1702) Governor Moore of Carolina, with twelve hundred colonists and Indian allies, proceeded against the Spanish fort of St. Augustine ; but I«2 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. finding it too strong, he was compelled to abandon the enter- prise. A subsequent expedition against the Appalachian Indians, who were allies of the Spaniards, was completely successful. The war between the parent nations continuing, a French and Spanish fleet, under Le Feboure, with more than a thou- sand men, attempted the capture of Charleston ( 1706). Nine hundred soldiers under Colonel William Rhett were mus- tered in its defence. The Spaniards demanded the surren- der of the town, but Governor Johnson replied, "I hold this country for the Queen of England. My men will shed the last drop of their blood to defend it from the invader." The enemy landed troops at the three neighboring points of James Island, Wan do Neck and Seawee Bay. The first force was driven off by Captain Drake; the second, numbering two hundred men, was captured by Captain Cantey; and the third surrendered to Captain Fenwick. Meanwhile Colonel Rhett, with a little fleet, drove off the ships of the enemies. After the close of the war the ill feeling of the Spaniards manifested itself in harboring runaway slaves from South Carolina and inciting the Indians to hostility* At length the colony of Georgia was planted (1733), and it soon became evident that hostilities would break out anew. In 1739 war between England and Spain was declared. A formidable Spanish arm- ament, consisting of fifty-six Invasion of Florida. Oglethorpe returned from Eng- land with his well-disciplined com- pany of 600 men (see page 154), and as commander-in-chief of the Carolina and (Jeorgia forces, was ordered to in- vade Florida. With 900 men, most of whom were friendly Indians, he ap- peared before St. Augustine (1710), but finding the fort more strongly for- tified and garrisoned than he had an- ticipated, was compelled to return. vessels and about seven thousand men, under Montiano, governor of St. Augustine, appeared off St. Simon's Bar (1742) with the intention of attacking Frederica. *See Yamasee War, page 170 THE GROWING COLONIES. 183 General Oglethorpe, gov- ernor of Georgia, had few forces under his command. His fort on St. Simon's Island made a gallant defense, but the enemy forced their way up the Altamaha River and landed five thousand men. These marched back to attack the 'fort, but Oglethorpe abandoned it before they arrived. The Spaniards then advanced upon Frederica. A part of their force was routed and driven back some distance. Oglethorpe then hastened to Frederica for reinforcements. In his absence the men whom he had left upon the scene were driven back by the enemy under Don Antonio Barba; but a platoon and company of rangers, under Lieutenants McKay and Sutherland, wheeled aside in the retreat, and, concealing themselves in a grove of palmettoes, ambushed the pursuing Spaniards, whose victory was now turned to crushing defeat. This brilliant episode is called the Battle of Bloody Marsh. Oglethorpe now prepared to make a night attack upon the main body of the enemy. In this he was thwarted by the desertion of one of his men to the Spaniards. Know- ing that the weakness of his little army would be revealed to his enemies, Oglethorpe devised an expedient which success- fully deceived the Spanish commander. A Spanish prisoner was liberated and given a sum of money to carry a letter to the deserter. This letter pretended to convey instructions to him, thus making it appear that his desertion was feigned for the 184 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. purpose of misleading the Spaniards. He was instructed to make the Spaniards believe that the English were weak, to induce them to make an attack upon what was represented to be the impregnable position of the English. Failing in this he was to endeavor to detain them in those parts for three days longer, when a powerful fleet and force from Charles- ton would arrive. As intended, this letter fell into the hands of Montiano, and puzzled that commander greatly. The deserter was looked upon as a spy. A council of war advised immediate retreat, and three vessels, coming in sight off the bar, gave such a semblance of truth to the statement concerning rein- forcements that the Spaniards hastily embarked, and in the panic to escape, abandoned a great quantity of their military stores. The success of Oglethorpe in this campaign was indeed remarkable. With his handful of men, numbering but little more than six hundred, he had defeated and baffled a well- equipped army of five thousand, destroyed some of their best troops, captured provisions, ammunition and military stores, and saved Georgia and Carolina from formidable invasion. QUESTIONS. What troublesome neighbors had the southern English colonies? What do you know of Moore's invasion of Florida? What expedition was more successful? Who attempted the capture of Charleston? Who defended the city? What reply did Governor Johnson make to the demand for surrender! What four successes had the English ? How did the Spaniards show their ill feeling after the war? When did the next war between English and Span- ish colonies occur? What do you know of Oglethorpe's invasion of Florida? What do you know of the Spanish invasion of Georgia? Who won the vic- tory of Bloody Marsh? What can you say of Oglethorpe's strategy in deceiving the Spaniards ? What were the results of Oglethorpe's campaign? THE GROWING COLONIES. 185 PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS VIII, IX, X, XI AXD XII. Geography. — In what part of Virginia is Williamsburg? Note the position of Fort Cumberland. Fort Pitt. Trace upon a map a journey from Fort • Cumberland to Fort Le Bceuf, on French Creek. Note the physical features of this region such as mountains, rivers, etc. In what part of New York is the Niagara River? Crown Point? Ticonderoga? Oswego? Where is Louis- burg? Quebec? Montreal? Kingston (Fort Frontenac) ? Definition of Words. — Subsequent, des- tined, ratification, centralization, rallied, neutrality, usages, alignment, concen- trate, impregnable, supersede, facili- tate, reconoiter, dis- claim, carnage, syn- onym, conspiracy. Pronunciation of Names. — Du Quesne, Jumon- ville, Le Bceuf, Contrecceur, Beujeu, Boishebert, Dieskau, Montcalm, De Vitre, Prideaux, Ouconostota, Attakullakulla. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference. — Irving's " Life of Washington," Parkman's " Wolfe and Montcalm," Parkman's "Conspiracy of Pontiac," Mante's "History of the Late War in North America," Hannay's " History of Acadia," Trumbell's "History of the United States." General. — Longfellow's "Evangeline" (poem), "Over- throw of the French Power" (Harper's Magazine, June, 1SS2), "The Acadian Tragedy" (Id., Nov., 1SS2), " Braddock's Defeat" (Magazine of American History, Nov. 1SS6), "Fall of Fort Du Quesne" (Id., April, iSSy) Spark's " Life of Washing- ton," Frost's "Life of Washington," E. E. Hale's " Life of Washington." Topical. — " George Washington, Life of," " Fort Du Quesne," " Braddock," " Louisburg, capture of," " Quebec," "Acadians, The," "Wolfe," " Mont- calm," "Amherst," "Treaty of Paris" (first), "Cherokee War," " Pontiac's War." ty / l86 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. The Struggle for Supremacy. CHAPTER VIII. A Youth and His Mission. The inter-colonial wars were but forerunners of a struu Quesne, fell into the hands of the English. The subsequent capture of this fort was thus facilitated. SIR JEFFREY THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY J 93 life in the siege. The French were now greatly weakened. Little assistance was being received from the mother country. Driven at all points from the disputed territory, they took refuge in Canada. The Eng- lish now determined to con- quer this province. The fate of Canada depend- ed on Quebec, the strongest fortress in America. Eicht thousand men concentrated at Louisburg, and under Gen- eral Wolfe, a gallant young officer, who had distinguished himself under Amherst at the siege of Louisburg, embarked for the St. Lawrence, bent upon its capture. Fortifica- tions were erected upon the island of Orleans, just below the city, and the English bat- teries soon opened fire. Far up the rugged heights that rose almost perpendicularly from the water's edge stood the principal fort, little affected by the bom- bardment. The skillful Montcalm was in charge of the French defenses, and the siege bid fair to be interminable. An English as- sault was repulsed. At last the young com- | mander found it necessary to resort to des- perate measures. In one of his reconnoiter- ings he had noticed a rough, partly hidden Capture of Fort Du Quesne. Meanwhile General Forbes, a gallant Scotch officer, had captured Fort Du Quesne. The French had gathered a large number of Ottawas, Jibewas, Wyandots and other Indians, and awaited his coming with boasts that they would serve him as they had served Braddock. Forbes was joined at different points by bodies of colonial troops, among whom were Colonel Washington and other Virginians. The progress of the English army was slow, but even this slowness proved advantageous, for many of the Indian allies of the French, weary of waiting, scattered to their homes and left the French greatly reduced in numbers. A reconnoitering party, sent forward under Major Grant, rashly attempt- ed to surprise and capture the fort, but were driven back with great loss. Fol- lowing up this victory a strong force under De Vitre appeared before the principal encampment of the English and gave battle, but were repulsed. Forbes now advanced upon the fort, but on drawi ig near found only smoking ruins. The French had abandoned the field From the ashes of Fort Du Quesne sprang the present city of Pittsburg, so named in honor of the great English premier. GENERAL WOLFE. 194 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. WOLFE'S ARMY ASCENDING THE HEIGHTS. path leading to the top of the heights, where the Plains of Abraham, above the city, spread out. In the darkness of the night he embarked his men, and dropped silently down the river to the foot of the path. By great good fortune the difficult ascent was made, and in the morning the English were in battle array upon the plains. There remained to the French nothing but to come out and give battle. The opposing forces were about equal in number, and the contest was fiercely waged. Both com- manders displayed the highest valor, and both fell mortally wounded. The English were successful, the French taking refuge in the city, which soon after surrendered (1759). The power of France in the New World was now extinct. The surrender of Montreal soon followed that of Quebec. The treaty that terminated hostilities was signed at Paris (1763). By this treaty France ceded all her terri- tory in America to Spain and England, except two small islands south of Newfoundland. THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY 195 Spain received all that portion lying west of the Missis- sippi, and that part of the present State of Louisiana, lying on the east bank, south of Lake Pontchartrain. England received Canada and all the French territory east of the Mississippi. By a special grant from Spain, Florida was also ceded to England. QUESTIONS. Who succeeded Dieskau as commander of the French? What successes had he? What do you know of the massacre of Fort William Henry? Who was William Pitt? Who had succeeded Braddock? By whom was Loudon succeeded? What three expeditions were planned? What do you know of Abercrombie's defeat ? What do you know of the fall of Fort Frontenac? What victories were gained by Amherst ? When ? What do you know of the capture of Fort Du Quesne ? Who took Niagara? When? What was now the condition of the French? Who was sent against Quebec? Why? What do you know of the siege of Quebec ? Of the battle of Abraham Heights? What city fell after the capture of Quebec? What treaty termi- nated hostilities? When was this treaty made? What territory did Spain receive by this treaty? England ? ct ^ CO c m -J B REVIEW_OUTLINE. ENGLISH SUCCESSES IN ITALICS. Preliminary 1753, WASHINGTON'S JOURNEY. rFORT DU QUESNE BUILT. I754 J BATTLE OF GREAT MEADOWS. I FORT NECESSITY SURRENDERED. Objective Points of the War. Fort Du Quesne. Fort Niagara. Ticonc and Crown Point. Louisburg. 1755, BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT. f FORBES. •758, TAKEN BY{ msHINGT0Ni 1755, SHIRLEY'S FAILURE. 1756, OSWEGO TAKEN. .1759, TAKEN BY PRIDE AUX. f FIRST BATTLE OF LAKE 1755. < GEORGE. I SECOND BA TTLE OF LAKE GEORGE. 1757, FT. WILLIAM HENRY TAKEN, f ABERCOMBIE DEFEATED. l758 'yF0RT FRONTENAC TAKEN. .1759, TAKEN BY AMHERST. 1755, ACADIANS EXPELLED. 1757, LOUDON'S FAILURE. 1 1758, TAKEN BY AMHERST. WOLFE. BATTLE OF ABRAHAM HEIGHTS. TAKEN BY WOLFE. I96 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. SEARCH QUESTIONS. What was the name of the French commandant to whom Washington delivered his message ? What fort was captured through a game of ball ? What were Wolfe 's last words? Montcalm's? What was Wolfe's favorite poem ? What islands near New- foundland now belong to France ? What was the fate of Pontiac ? Where is the " Gibralta of America, " and why so called? Who fired the first gun in the French and Indian war ? What three regicide judges took refuge in America ? Who was Simon Girty ? CHAPTER XI. Ouconostota and Pontiac. As the French War drew to a close there arose in the South one of the most fiercely contested Indian wars that ever laid waste any portion of the United States. The Cher- okeeshad long been friends of the English, and assisted them in the war against the French. A party of young warriors, returning from the capture of Fort Du Quesne through the backwoods of Virginia, having lost their own horses, appro- priated some that were roaming at large, apparently owner- less. These Indians were followed and treated as marauders. Fourteen were shot, and many others were made pris- oners. This affair was reported to the Cherokee nation, and contrary to the advice of the older men, a band of young braves took the war path, and committed such depredations upon the Carolina frontier that Governor Littleton sum- moned a force and proceeded against them. Thirty-two chiefs and headmen of the tribe waited upon the governor and disclaimed the acts of the depredators. Wise manage- ment upon his part would now have averted the terrible war that followed. The chiefs were haughtily received, were forced to accompanv the expedition, and when Fort Prince George, upon the Savannah, three hundred miles from Charleston, was reached, were thrown into prison. THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY. 1 97 Here Attakullakulla, the wisest man of the Cherokee nation and life-long friend of the English, appeared, and by his eloquence, effected a treaty and the liberation of a number of the chiefs. The remainder were detained as hostages until a like number of the young depredators should be given up. One of the liberated chiefs was Ouconostota, a man who wielded great influence over the tribe. Smarting under the indignities imposed upon him while under arrest, he sought personal vengeance, and, drawing forth Captain Cotymore from the fort by stratagem, killed him. For this the hostages, twenty-two in number, were mercilessly put to death. The whole nation now rose, and a terrible period of carnage ensued. Colonel Montgomery and twelve hundred men were sent from Amherst's army at the north (1760) to assist the Carolinians. Montgomery captured several villages, but was so persistently harassed that he gladly abandoned the enemy's country. Amherst, again appealed to, sent Colonel James Grant, who took the field with twenty-six hundred men. As he advanced the Cherokees made the most ferocious assaults upon his troops, all of which he repulsed. Grant taught the Indians a terrible lesson. He burned fourteen of their towns, destroyed their fields and laid waste their territory. For many a day his name remained with them a synonym of destruction. Many joined Attakullakulla in suing for peace, and a treaty was made. In the settlement of the territorial dispute between France and England the rights of the Indians were entirely ig- nored. One by one the French forts were relinquished; but no sooner had the English entered upon their hard-earned possessions than they found confronting them a question of ownership other than what had been decided with France. I98 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. Pontiac, the powerful chief of the Ottawas, beheld with resentment the transfer of his domain to the English. Pos- sessed of ability rarely met with in an Indian, he planned and organized one of the greatest Indian conspiracies ever formed against the whites. Eight of the twelve forts acquired from the French fell into his hands. Detroit escaped sur- prise by the merest accident, and made an effectual resist- ance. Several of the forts were captured by stratagem. The war fomented by Pon- tiac continued for three years, and the power of the confed- eracy was broken only by most vigorous measures upon the part of the English. The treaty that ended the war was signed at Oswego ( 1766) by a : Battle of Bushy Run. The same barbarities that charac- terize every Indian war were practiced in this. The settlements of northwest Virginia and western Pennsylvania suffered most severely. In the early part of the contest Fort Pitt was be- sieged, but Colonel Henry Boglet marching from Philadelphia to its re- lief, defeated the Indians at the battle of Bushy Run (1703). number of chiefs, assembled for the purpose, and by Sir William Johnson on the part of the English. QUESTIONS. What was the cause of the war with the Cherokees ? How did Governor Littleton deal with the Indians? What do you know of Attakullakulla ? What revengeful act did Ouconostota commit? What resulted from it? Whom did Amherst send to assist the Carolinians? What do you know of Montgomery's campaign ? Whom did Amherst next send? What do you know of Grant's campaign ? \\ 'hat Indian chief resented the transfer of ter- ritory to the English? What do you know of Pontiac's conspiracy? How many forts fell into his hands? What do you know of the battle of Bushy Run ? Where, when, and by whom was the treaty of peace signed ? PREPARATORY NOTES. Definition of Words. — Relinquishment, transmit, devising, staple, re- sources, lucrative, restrict, sectional, assigned, industrial, antagonism, exert, culminating, wreak, disposition, regicide, tendency, institute, hospitality, impart, acquisition, mature, indelible. THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. I99 PARALLEL READINGS. Reference. — Coffin's "Old Times in the Colonies," Cook's "Virginia," Eggleston's " Household History of the United States," Oilman's " History of the American People." General. — Thackeray's "Virginians" (fiction), " Second Generation of Englishmen in America" (Harper's Magazine, July, 1883), Bliss' "Colonial Times on Buzzard's Bay," "The Fairfaxes of Yorkshire and Virginia" (Magazine of American History, March, 1SS5). Topical. — " Colonial Life," " First College," " First Printing Press," " Plantation Life," "Farm Life," "New England Fisheries," "Ship Building," "Colonial Money," "Colo- nial Governments," " Pirates," " 'West Indie Trade." The Thirteen English Colonies. CHAPTER XII. Colonial Progress. The French and Indian War rendered the English power in America supreme. Its bearing upon the development of the English colonies was of the highest importance. Drawing the colonies together in a common cause, it had taught them the benefits of united action, and had brought them into closer acquaintanceship with each other. The men of the colonial armies had learned from the experienced officers sent from England many a valuable lesson in the art of war that was shortly to serve them to good purpose, and repeated success had inspired them with confidence in themselves. The cession of Canada to the English insured security to the northern frontier. The relinquishment of French forts and posts in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys removed the barriers that at one time opposed the expansion of the colo- nies westward. The conquest of the Indians of the South and West cleared the way for the pioneer who was soon to make his way across the Alleghanies. Greatly had the colonies increased in population since the time when a few struggled for existence upon the banks of the James. They now numbered almost three millions. 200 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. Colonial Governments. One by one the colonies of England had been planted along the Atlantic coast, and had finally grouped them- selves into thirteen colonial organiza- tions, each separate and distinct from the others in its relation to the mother country. Under the different grants, re- linquishments and purchases there had come to exist three forms of colonial governments. Virginia, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Hampshire, and Geor- gia were Royal Provinces, whose governors were appointed by the king. Laws were made by a legislative body Consisting of two houses, the upper one of which was appointed by the king; the lower, elected by the people. Maryland, Pennsylvania and Dela- ware were Proprietary colonies, the proprietors exercising appointive pow- ers similar to that of the king. Mas- sachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island were Charter colonies, and under their charters enjoyed many of the privileges of self-government, such as the choosing of their own governors. This population had all the elements of strength. It had been drawn from the liberty- loving of all Europe. Land in America was easily to be had. In Europe it was owned and controlled for the most part by the higher and titled classes. The inducements offered to the enterprising and industrious in the way of lands and homes and undisturbed possession of the fruits of their own labor were many. The tide of immi- gration that set in from Europe has not ceased to this day. Life in a new region is always one of privation and hardships. Many a lesson of courage, perseverance, and endurance is to be learned of those who first came and wrested from the American wilderness permanent abiding places for themselves and their posterity. In the generations that fol- lowed them we see their traits of character transmitted and exhibiting themselves, when called into activity by love of liberty, right and country. First to confront the early colonists were the problems of food and shelter. At first their dwellings were rude affairs. Sometimes they were patterned after the barked hut of the savage ; sometimes constructed of logs taken from the trees felled in clearing the land for cultivation. The furnishings were few, and the conveniences for housekeeping fewer still. Rude platters and bowls of wood often took the place of THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 201 dishes, and the few utensils brought from the mother country served more purposes than one. But time brought many improvements. The sawmill was introduced at an early day, and neater structures replaced the cabins of the first settlers. Cattle, hogs, and horses were brought from Europe, and American farm-life be- came comfortable and prosperous. The natural resources of the country were developed in the several lines of agriculture, commerce and manufactures. Those colonies whose staple products became profitable articles of export, accumulated wealth very rapidly, and the luxuries of life soon made their appearance. In those days of slow sailing, voyages to and from Europe consumed much time. The colonists to a greater or lesser extent were thrown upon their own resources for many articles of convenience. The necessity of making, originat- ing, devising, and substituting frequently arose, and the spirit of invention, since become so distinctively American, was thus incited to activity. QUESTIONS. What bearing had the French and Indian war upon the development of the English colonies? What taught the colonists the benefits of united action? What valuable lessons were learned by the men of the colonial armies? What effect had the cession of Canada on the prosperity of the col- onies ? The relinquishment of the western posts ? The conquest of the western and southern tribes? To what extent had population increased? What inducements did America offer to the liberty-loving of Europe? What is the condition of life in a new region? What traits of character were transmitted to the descendants of the first settlers ? What problems were first encountered? What was the nature of the first dwellings? Fur- nishings? Conveniences? What improvements were made? What advanced American farm life ? What branches of industry were developed? How was the spirit of American invention incited to activity ? What do you know of colonial governments? How many kinds were there? Describe each? 202 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. CHAPTER XIII. The Beginning of American Industries. Among the first industries developed in the New World were those pertaining to agriculture. Many were the attempts of the early colonists to cultivate successfully products for export sufficiently staple to command at all times that reve- nue without which no colony could hope to attain material prosperity. Silk raising, wine making, hemp growing and several other agricultural enterprises were attempted, but. in none of them was any degree of success attained. Virginia was the first to solve the problem with the tobacco plant. The first to experiment successfully with it was John Rolfe, the husband of Pocahontas. The Virginia colonists soon found that with methods of cultivation superior to those employed by the Indians, the quality and yield was greatly improved. Little by little, the best method of curing the leaf became perfected, and at an early day a rigid system of inspection was instituted, that permitted only the best quality to be exported. Virginia tobacco came into great demand in the markets of the world, and as early as 1736 more than twenty-five thousand tons of shipping were required to trans- port the crop. The industry spread to North Carolina and Maryland, where it w r as carried on with like success. The early Carolina colonists found sources of great wealth in the immense pine forests that covered that part of the country. Tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine, and lumber were pro- duced in abundance, and a lucrative trade sprung up with the West Indies. The introduction of rice culture into South Carolina marked an era in the development of that colony. in 1696 Thomas Smith obtained some seed rice from the island of Madagascar, planted it, and made the discovery that it did best upon marshy ground. THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 203 EARLY AMERICAN COINS. Plantations were laid out along the rivers and the rice industry assumed immense proportions. In the years follow- ing the French and Indian War the exportation reached nearly seventy million pounds. Charleston soon became a center of wealth and refinement, and, with a population of fifteen thousand, stood fifth in size of the American cities. Indigo was also cultivated with great success. A limited quantity of cotton was raised in the Southern States ; but the difficulty of separating the lint from the seed restricted its cultivation. Inventive talent had not yet devised the ingenious contrivance that was afterwards to make this o the great staple of the South. 204 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. Colonial Money. In the early days trade was a matter of exchange and baiter. In Virginia tobacco took the place of money; in South Carolina rice served the same purpose. In the Indian trade leaden bullets and peculiar species of shells strung together, called by the Indians wampum, were used. With the sys- tematic storing of carefully inspected tobacco in Virginia warehouses came the employment of certificates of own- ership of stated quantities, which was a great advance upon the system of having the tobacco change hands. The necessity of a medium of exchange caused the colonists to use many for- eign coins, particularly those of Spain. which came by way of the West Indies. An attempt was made by Virginia in 1645 to establish a mint. Massachusetts in 1651 was more suc- cessful, and among its earliest coins were shillings and sixpences, stamped with the device of a pine tree. Lord Baltimore established a mint in Lon- don for his Maryland colony about the year 1659. Paper money was issued by Massachusetts as early as 1690, and her example was soon followed by other colonies. The agricultural resources of the Middle colonies were developed with great success. Here were numerous well- tilled small farms, whose thrifty owners would send their sur- plus products to markets and seaport towns. The admirable situation of Philadelphia drew to it the produce trade of all the surrounding country, and it soon became the largest city in America. For the same reason New York became an important center and ranked next in size. In the development of their resources the people of the Northern colonies had much to contend with. Soil and cli- mate to a great extent were found unsuited to the produc- tion with profit of any great agricultural staple, and little more was raised than was consumed at home. Hence, other pursuits soon claimed their attention. All along the coast were excellent fishing grounds, and much profit was found in the catching, curing and exporting of fish. The New England fisheries were rapidly built up and soon became famous. With the growth of the fisheries came the building of fishing vessels, which led to development of ship building interests. New England-built vessels were sent to many parts of the world and sold with their cargo. Much profit was found in trade with the Indians and in the coasting trade with other colonies. Many articles of con- THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES, 205 venience were made for the purpose of exchange, and manu- factures would have rapidly developed but for the restrict- ive policy which England was Pirates. The commerce of the colonies suf- fered greatly from the depredations of pirates. Vigorous and systematic measures to exterminate them had tobe resorted to. After a desperate battle, Teach, or Blackbeakd, as he was called, was captured at Ocracoke inlet in 171S, by Lieutenant May- hard, who was sent for the pur- pose by Governor Spottswood of Vir- ginia. Another, named Steed Bur- nett, was captured with all his men by Colonel William Khett of Charleston, and being found guilty, were all hanged. Captain Kid, another famous American pirate, was captured, taken to London and exe- cuted. pursuing at the time toward her American subjects. A regu- lar exchange of commodities arose with the West Indies. The products of the sugar cane raised on those islands became most important imports. QUESTIONS. What colonial industry was first de- veloped? What agricultural experi- ments failed ? What can you say of the development of the tobacco indus- try ? Why did Virginia tobacco come into great demand? What source of wealth had the Carolina colonists? What can you say of the introduction of rice into South Carolina? Why did not cotton become a staple product in colonial days? How were the agricultural resources of the Middle col- onies developed ? What can you say of Philadelphia? New York? With what had the Northern colonists to contend? What industries were devel- oped in New England? What can you say of New England fisheries? Shipbuilding? Indian trade? Coasting trade? Trade with the West Indies? What do you know of colonial money ? Pirates ? CHAPTER XIV. The Development of Sectional Differences. The first grant of American territory that led to perman- ent English colonization was a sectional one. By its terms the territory granted was divided into South Virginia and North Virginia, and assigned to the London Company and Plymouth Colony respectively. In the southern portion was planted first in point of time the colony of Virginia; in the northern, that of Massachusetts. Each of these colonies nat- 2o6 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. Industrial Differences. North and South were attaining pros- perity along different lines. The in- terests of the former lay in com- merce, and, in time, in manufacture. Those of the latter, in agriculture. Pursuits and occupations' re-act upon the life and character of a people. Hence, as the difference between the North and South became more marked in their industrial pursuits, so did this difference in the character of the peo- ple become. Had the interests of the two sections been alike, no antagonism could ever have arisen. But let an effort be made, either through the ma- chinery of government or otherwise, to promote seemingly the interests of the one at the expense of the other, we see a natural and logical sequence from sectional difference thorough sectional antagonism to sectional conflict. urally exerted an influence upon those that followed, and in time each represented, to a fair extent, the thought, de- velopment and progress of the respective sections. Both received their first set- tlers from England, but the elements of population from which their immigrants were drawn were very unlike. The one was loyal to church and state, and came to Virginia as to another portion of their native country, carrying with them a pride in still being English subjects. The other was thoroughly dissatisfied with the condition of church and state in England, and came to Massachusetts as to another country, desiring to place themselves far enough beyond English jurisdiction to enable them to follow out their stern convictions without interfer- ence. The two elements in England were opposed to each other, the opposition culminating in the Cavalier and Puritan con- flict, known as the English Revolution (i642-'48). When King Charles I was driven from the throne and put to death, Cavalier Virginia sympathized with his followers and offered to many a refuge. When the son of the executed monarch ascended the throne and proceeded to wreak vengeance upon those concerned in the deposition and death of his father, Puritan Massachusetts held forth a place of safety, even, as it has been stated, affording a place of concealment to three of the regicide judges. THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 207 But antagonisms were not carried to the New World ; for in time the colonists of both came to have many interests in common, to cooperate with and assist each other, to meet upon a common ground and regard each other as Americans. But for many years vast wildernesses separated them, and, thrown upon its own resources, each developed its own characteristics. As industrial pursuits developed, these characteristics became sectional and manifested them- selves particularly in the life and character of the people. In the North, the tendency of life was to compact- ness. Small farms were grouped together into rural villages and cities, and towns sprung into existence up and down the coast. In the South, life assumed an entirely different character. The introduction of slavery rendered possible the cultivation of large tracts of land. The white population was thus scattered, and an absence of town life became notice- able. Many of the county seats of Virginia and North Car- olina consisted but of a courthouse, a jail, an inn, and a store. At the close of the French War, Virginia contained the great- est number of inhabitants of all the colonies, and yet Nor- folk, its largest town, had a population of only seven thou- sand, and in Williamsburg, its capital, there were but two hundred houses. The necessity of education was early recognized in all the colonies. The compact settlements of the North made it pos- sible to institute common or public schools. The first college in America was established at Cambridge, Mass. (1638), and the Rev. John Harvard having bequeathed to it his books and half of his estate, the college took his name. The second was established at Williamsburg, Va. (1693), by Rev. James Blair, and, being endowed by the reigning sov- ereigns of England, it was named in their honor — William and Mary's College. The founding of Harvard College 2o8 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. was immediately followed by the introduction of the printing press, the first of which was set up at Cambridge ( 1639). The wealth of Virginia increased very rapidly. The grand old manor houses became homes of culture and refine- ment, where hospitality was dispensed in a manner so lavish that traditions of it are handed down to this day. Earliest of all the colonies to become a royal province, it had received a number of governors from England, who brought with them, and imparted to the colonists, much of the polish, grace and courtliness that added so many charms to society in colonial Virginia . Some few schools were established previous to the found- ing of William and Mary's College, but under the conditions that then existed, they were not numerous. Opportunities for the acquisition of knowledge were not lacking, how- ever, for the intellectual development of this colony was marked. Among the Virginians who gathered at stated inter- vals at the county seat or the capital in the later colonial days, were some of the "brightest minds that have adorned America. The development of legal talent in Virginia was remarkable, and when the learning and skill of the lawyer matured into the wisdom of the statesman, the world beheld with admiration a senate of peerless men that included Patrick Henry, Jefferson, Madison, Lee, Randolph, Pendleton and others, whose connection with the history of their country has immortalized their names. QUESTIONS. What do you know of the establishment of the Virginia and Massachu- setts colonies? How did the colonists of eacli differ from the other? From what opposing elements of English population were they drawn? What do you know of the English Revolution? How were the antagonisms lost sight of in the New World? What separated the colonies from one another? What effect had this limited intercourse on each? What was the differ- ence between life in the Northern and in the Southern colonies ? What REVIEW OF THIRD PERIOD. 200, necessity was early recognized? What do you know of the founding of the first American college? The second? The establishment of the first print- ing press? What can you say of colonial life in Virginia particularly? What opportunities were not lacking? How do we know? What group of great statesmen arose in colonial Virginia? REVIEW QUESTIONS. Name the Indian wars? What can you say of the relations between the French and the Indians? The English and the Indians? What do you know of King Philip's war? When and where was Graffenreid's colony established? Who was Handcock? What do you know of the Tuscaroras? The Natchez? What do you know of Bacon's Rebellion? Of the growth of liberty in Virginia? Salem Witchcraft? Name the three inter-colonial wars. Give cause of each. Principal events of each. What do you know of the Spanish troubles in the South? What events immediately preceded the French and Indian War? What do you know of the Ohio Company? Braddock's defeat? What engagements occurred in the French anc Indian war in connection with Fort Du Quesne? Louisburg? Quebec? Fort Niagara? Ticonderoga and Crown Point? Name five English generals in this war and tell what each did. Four French. What part did young George Washington take in this war? Name four peace treaties between France and England. What war did each terminate? When was each signed? What do you know of the Cherokee war? Of Pontiac? Name and describe three forms of colonial governments. What do you know of the progress of the English colonies? Of the beginning of American industries? Of the differences existing between the sections in colonial times? Of colonial money? Pirates? First college? Second college? First printing press? What was the largest American city? Second in size? What development was remarkable in Virginia? REVIEW EXERCISE. (BIOGRAPHICAL.) For method of using, see page 162. Pepperel. Le Feboure. Barba. Braddock. Andros. Berkley. Burroughs. Tituba. Graffenreid. Barnwell. • Alderman. Spottswood. Opitchipan. Rolfe. Sassacus. Opecancanough. King Philip. Mason. Uncas. Massasoit. Moore. Craven. De Chopart. Perier. 2IO PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. Harvey. Partis. Leisler. Sutherland. Jumonville. Lyman. Abercrombie. Wolfe. Ouconostota. Burnett. Harvard. Bacon. Cory. Phips. Dinwiddie. Boisehebert. Johnson. Prideaux. Littleton. Grant. Kid. Blair. Goodwin. Wardwell. Warren. Half-King. Amherst. Montcalm. Forbes. Pontiac. Boquet. Mavnard. Cantey. Mather. Willard. Rhett. Franklin. Monckton. Loudon. De Vitre. Montgomery. Thos. Smith. Teach. McKay. PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS I, II AND III. Definition of Words. — Restricted, subserving, evasion, engender, assail, inspire, discrimination, fundamentally, announce, impose, litigants, trans- cendant, inherit, reaffirm, dissolve, interpose, conservatively, memorial, protest, repeal, instigate, obnoxious, despotic, persistancy, pending, signifi- cance, empressment, alleged, violation, extortions, rebate, relinquishment, consignee, compliance, annul, concerted, unanimity, remote, impending, deliberation, repeal, grievances. PARALLEL READINGS. REFERENCE. — Tyler's "Patrick Henry," Ilildreth's "History of the United States," Howitt's "History of the United States," Grahame's "Colonial History of the United State ," Higginson's " History of the United States," Hosmer's "Samuel Adams." GENERAL.— The "BritLh Yoke" (Harper's Magazine, August, 1SS3), Lodge's " English Colonics, ' Greene's " Historical View of the Revolution," Fiske's " Beginnings of the Amer- ican Revolution " (Atlantic Monthly, March, 1888), Fiske's " First Years of the Continental Congress" (Id., September, inks;), "First Crisis in the American Revolution " (Id., April, iSSS), Arnold's " March to Canada" (Magazine of American History, February, 1SS5). Topical.—" Navigation Act," " Stamp Act," " Patrick Henry," "James Oiis," "Christo- pher Gadsden," "American Revolution, Causes of," "Writs of Assistance," "Congress, Second Colonial," "George III, Character of," " Gaspee, Pinning of," " Roston Tea Party," "Alamance, Rattle of," "Boston Port Bill," "Committees of Correspondence," " Sons of Liberty." CRITORUL POSSESSIONS 1 755, SOLE OF MILES ' ■■"> 40Q~56o ENQ-A'ED FOR HAMSELL'S HIGHER HISXQRY QF T.HE.I.LS. FOURTH PERIOD. REVOLUTION The Struggle For English Liberty in America. CHAPTER I Commercial Slavery. THE improper and oppressive exercise of governmental power is tyranny. The setting aside of governmental authority is revolution. The one has often resulted from the other. We are now to consider an instance known in the world's history as The American Revolution. The policy of England toward her American colonies had long been a source of great dissatisfaction to the colonists. The governors sent to rule them were often tyrannical and, as often, dishonest. The laws made for their government took little consideration of their welfare, restricted their material advancement, and tended more and more to reduce them to a state of subserviency to the mother country. Navigation Acts (1651) compelled the colonists to send Ill PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. their products to England, and not to those markets of the world where better prices could be obtained. Importation Acts (1733) placed heavy restrictions upon their commerce with the West Indies. American shipbuilding was discour- aged, lest it should interfere with the interests of English ship- owners. American manufactures were prohibited ( 1751 ), in order that the American market for English goods might not be affected. Even trade between colonies was limited as much as possible, so that each might deal directly with the mother country to the profit of English merchants. The colonists did not yield perfect submission to these measures of oppression. The passage of an unjust law would be followed by evasions. Its enforcement would engender much ill feeling. As long as the French foe assailed them from the north, the colonists felt a certain dependence upon Great Britain. But that danger being removed, they could now consider more closely their relations to the mother country. Moreover, a consciousness Two Centers of Political Thought. Two centers of political thought were slowly crystallizing — the one in Virginia and the other in Massachu- setts. An enunciation of political principles was to emanate from each, the successful maintenance of which was to mark an era in the pro- gress of the human race. From these centers was to blaze forth the genius of such men as Patrick Henry and James Otis, of Thomas Jefferson and the Adamses, of Pendleton, Carr, Ran- dolph, Lee, Hancock and Mason. These were to lead. Long-standing dissatisfaction was to culminate in a crisis. A step in all solemnity was to be taken by the American people, from the condition of being governed to that nf governing. A transfer of sm ereignty was soon to be made ; and the principles of self-government were to be given to the world. of power was rapidly developing with the in- crease of population. Success in the Indian and Inter-Colonial Wars had inspired self- confidence. The conditions of colonial life %s had from the first fostered a love of liberty. The spirit of American independence was of slow and natural growth, and the time was near at hand when oppression could no longer be submitted JAMES OTIS. STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 21^ to; when a discrimination between the Englishmen of America and the Englishmen of England could no longer go unquestioned; when the principles that underlie Eng- lish civil liberty would have to be combated for upon Amer- ican soil. QUESTIONS. What is tyranny ? Revolution ? What grievances had the American colonies against England ? What were Navigation Acts ? Importation Acts? What restrictions and prohi- bitions were placed on the colonies? What rendered the colonies less de- pendent upon England? What was rapidly developing ? What effect had success in war on the colonists? The condition of colonial life? What time was near at hand ? What do you know of the two colonial centers of political thought? What were writs of assistance? By whom were they opposed? What question shaped itself in the public mind? CHAPTER II. Unjust Taxation. The lower house of Parliament is known as the House of Commons, and constitutes that portion of England's law- making body more directly representative of the people. The principle had already been established fundamentally in their government, that the people of England could not be taxed without their own consent; this consent is expressed by their representatives in the House of Commons. Being Englishmen and free, the colonists had come to firmly believe that they, too, could not be taxed without James Otis and Writs of Assistance. To better enforce the provisions of the Navigation and the Importation Acts authority was granted to colonial courts to issue Writs of Assistance (17111 ). These writs were official search warrants, empowering officers of the king to search private dwellings. Their issuance was eloquently opposed by James Otis in Massachusetts, and their execution was resisted at Boston and Salem. The public mind was greatly aroused. The eloquence of Otis made a deep impression. The question soon began to shape itself : "Ought Amer- icans SUBMIT TO LAWS IX THE MAKING OF WHICH THEY HAVE NO SHAKE?" The people of England were repre- sented in the law-making body known as t'.-.e House of Parliament. The people of America were represented in law-making bodies of their own — the Colonial Assemblies. Those who took an advanced position upon political subjects maintained that the laws of each were only operative upon those who were represented in it. 214 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. their own consent, and that this consent could only be expressed by the only law-making body in which they were represented — the Colonial Assembly. When, therefore, it was announced (1764) by Granville, Prime Minister of England, that a tax would be imposed upon the colonies, and that the imposition would come by act of Parliament and not by act of Colonial Assembly, a storm of indignation arose throughout the colonies. The measure proposed was passed in 1765, and from the peculiar way in which the tax was to be collected it is known as the Stamp Act. It was received with a burst of indigna- tion throughout the colonies. Bells were tolled in Boston as for a dire calamity. In New York the act was printed and circulated under the heading. "The Folly of England and the Ricin of America." Every colony evaded and resisted the measure. News- papers were printed, and the picture of a death's head took the place of the required stamp. Lawyers agreed to disregard the absence of stamps. No one would use them. Stamp officers were compelled to resign. In North Carolina Colonel John Ashe, speaker of the Colonial Assembly, declared that the people of that colony would resist the execution of the law to the death. The first formal defiance came from Virginia. There had been elected to the Assembly from Louisa county a young lawyer named Patrick Henry. When the Assembly con- vened, this young orator introduced a series of resolutions The Stamp Act. Under provisions of the Stamp Act every legal document had to be exe- cuted upon stamped paper furnished by the British government. Kvery pamphlet, newspaper and almanac published in the colonies had to bear a Stamp. The value of the stamps, all of which were to come from England, ranged from a half penny to six pounds. It was claimed that the colonies should bear a portion of the expense incurred by England in the French and Indian War, and the imposition of this lax was ostensibly to thai end. But the colonists had already borne more than their proportion, having raised, ted and clothed more than twenty-five thousand men. The in- justice of the measure fell, therefore, with all the more force. STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 215 Patrick Henry. Patrick Henry was born at Studley, Hanover county, Virginia, May 29, 1736. He was chiefly instructed by his father, and after engaging in several occupations took up the practice of law, fitting himself for his professional duties in an unusually short space of time. His progress was at first slow; but a celebrated case, known as the Parson's Case, gave him his first claim to fame. In thi- case the litigants were the people and the clergy of Virginia, and Henry won a complete victory for the former by his transcendent eloquence against what appeared at the time to be hopeless odds. Henry was ever the friend of popular freedom, and did much to shape public senti- ment and inspire the colonists in their resist- ance to English oppres- sion. He it was who boldly uttered : " If we vjish to be free zve must fight There is no retreat but in submission and slavery Our chains ar e fo rge d. Th ewar is in e vit- able and let it come Is life so dear and peace so sweet as to be pur- chased at the price of chains and slavery t Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as fur me give me liberty or giz-e vie death." Henry became the first governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia. He died in 1799. that have since become historical. The tenor of these reso- lutions was that Virginians had inherited all the rights of English subjects ; that two charters had reaffirmed these rights ; that the taxation of the people by themselves was a distinguishing characteristic of British freedom ; and that the General Assembly of the colony had the sole right and power to levy taxes and impositions on > the colonists. The boldness of these resolutions awakened a fierce debate. They were de- fended by Henry an eloquence almost unparalleled in the history of American oratory, and were adopted. Governor Fanquier, exercising the power vested in royal governors, dissolved the Assembly; but the work PATRICK HENRY. with was done. Virginia had given the signal to the continent, and the colonies quickly responded. A congress was pro- posed by Massachusetts. South Carolina promptly sec- onded the proposition, and sent her liberty-loving patriot son, Christopher Gadsden, to take part in the proceedings. 2l6 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. The Stamp Act Congress. The congress assembled in New York city October 7, 1765. All the col- onies were represented except New Hampshire, Virginia and North Car- olina, whose governors had interposed obstacles in the way of electing dele- gates. Resolutions of the same nature as those of Henry, but more conserva- tively worded, were adopted, and re- spectful memorials and protests to king and Parliament were drawn up. This congress is known as the Second Colonial Congress, or the Stamp Act Congress. One year after its passage the Stamp Act was repealed (March 18, 1766), to the great joy of America. But with the repeal was passed a De- claratory Act, asserting that Parliament had a right to make laws for the colonists in every case whatsoever, and the next year (1767), instigated by Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, a Revenue Act was passed, imposing a duty upon wine, oil and fruit, and upon tea, glass, lead, paper and paint. The same principle for which the colonists were contend- ing was involved — no taxation without representation. The same strong opposition was awakened. Samuel Adams drew up the protests of Massachusetts. The Virginia Assembly denounced the Act. Again dis- solved by the governor, it repaired to the Raleigh Tavern, near by, and continued to hold meetings. The colonists agreed to import nothing from England until obnoxious measures were repealed. The carrying out of this non- importation policy greatly affected the trade of the London merchants, and influence was brought to bear upon Parliament. The act was repealed, with the exception of the tax on tea. It was thought that surely the colonies would thus be placated, and the claimed right of Parliament be maintained. The tax was insignificant, but the conten- tion was for a principle, not for a tax reduction, and a direct issue was made. SAMUEL ADAMS. STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 21 7 QUESTIONS. What do you know of the House of Commons.-' What principle had been established in the English government? How are the people of England represented? How were the colonists? What measure caused great indig- nation? Why? When was it passed? What do you know of the Stamp Act? How was it received in America? How was it evaded? From what colony came the first formal defiance? What do you know of Patrick Henry? What resolutions were drawn up by him? What did Governor Fanquier do upon the adoption of these resolutions? What was proposed by Massachusetts? What do you know of the Stamp Act Congress ? When was the Stamp Act repealed? What was the Declaratory Act? Revenue Act? What principle was involved? What opposition to these acts was encountered? What policy was pursued by the colonists? How did parliament seek to placate the colonies without receding from its claimed right of taxing ? CHAPTER III. Agitation. By the time George III assumed the crown of England (1760), the British people had come to be the freest in Europe. As the privileges enjoyed by subjects increased in number, despotic power on the part of kings diminished. It was the great ambition of this king to increase his power — to be a king in fact as well as in name. With this ambition went a dense ignorance of the character of his American sub- jects, and a stubborn persis- tency in adhering to a policy once formed. Thus it was that he instigated and author- significance of the Pending Contest. The contest in which the colonists were now engaged was of deeper sig- nificance than many suppose. It was a contest upon American soil for English liberty. A great writer has said that it is impossible for a free people to govern despotically a de- pendent people without endangering their own freedom. The setting aside of the lights of the English in America would have prepared the way for the revoking oj dearly-bought civil privi- leges of the English in England. Many wise statesmen recognized this, and there arose friends of America, such as Pitt, Burke, Barre and oth- ers in Parliament, who opposed all op- pressive measures. But the measures of the king, shaped by his ministry, generally prevailed. ized many measures that a wiser monarch would have avoided. The spirit of resistance throughout the colonies steadily grew in strength. The impressment of several citizens of 2l8 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. Boston as seamen by the British ship of war Romney; the seizure by a crew from the same vessel of the sloop Liberty, belonging to John Hancock of Boston, for alleged violation of the revenue laws; the quartering of two regiments of soldiers (1768) in Boston to intimidate the people; the street conflict between these soldiers and citizens, known as the Boston massacre (1770), which resulted in the killing of four and wounding of seven of the latter; the capture and burning, by the colonists of Rhode Island, of the eight-gun schooner Gaspee (1772), that was engaged in oppressively enforcing the revenue act — all marked the progress of events to a crisis. The removal of all duties except that on tea did not mend matters. The colonists refused to import tea from England and smuggled it from Holland. The trade of English tea mer- Battle of Alamance. Resistance in North Carolina at one time reached open rebellion. The hardy farmers living in the hack coun- ties, goaded to desperation by the ex- tortions and oppressions of officials, rose in revolt. An organization ex- isted among these farmers, called the Regulators, who, to the number of about twelve hundred, engaged the royal Governor, Tkyon, in a bloody conflict at Alamance ( 1 771 ) , in what is now Orange County. They were, however, repulsed with severe loss, and Tryon followed up the victory with many acts of cruelty. chants was suffering greatly. The shrewd plan was devised of granting shippers a rebate upon tea sent to America. This rebate enabled the tea, despite the importation tax, to be sold there cheaper than in either England or Holland. Thus was the endeavor made to buy from the colonists the relinquishment of the one principle for which they were contending; but it availed little. Ships loaded with tea set sail for the four ports — Bos- ton, Philadelphia, New York and Charleston. Before their arrival a general plan of action was agreed upon. The con- signees of Philadelphia, New York and Charleston resigned their commissions in compliance with the popular demand. The consignees at Boston refused to do so. The Massa- STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 219 chusetts colonists, headed by Samuel Adams, demanded that the tea-laden vessels in the port of Boston return to Eng- land. The demand not being complied with, a party of men, about fifty in number, disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians, took forcible possession of the vessels one night, and, tearing open the hatches, emptied the contents of three hundred and forty-two chests into the sea. This act of the Boston Tea Party, as it was called, was liberally applauded throughout America. In England it was looked upon as riot and lawlessness, and awakened much anger. The Prime Minister, now Lord North, determined to humble the Massachusetts colony, and show its people how all-powerful a government can be. The Boston Port Bill (1774), closing up the port of Boston; the Regulating Act, annull- ing the charter of Massachu- setts and destroying its free government; and acts provid- ing for the quartering of sol- diers in Boston, and prohibit- ing the trial in Massachusetts of any revenue officer, soldier or magistrate, for murder, were passed (1774). Thus was it that the northern colony was singled out to bear the brunt of English anger. But sympathy for suffering Boston poured in from all sides. Marblehead offered her wharves free of charge to the Boston merchants. Provisions and supplies in great abundance were sent over- land from all colonies, even so remote a colony as South Committees of Correspondence. The necessity of concerted action on the part of the colonies was for some time realized. The first step to this end was taken when young Dabney Carr, a member of the Virginia Assembly, proposed in that body the organization of a committee to correspond with like committees of other colonies upon matters pertaining to the general welfare (March, 1773). The measure was supported by Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee, and speedily met with favor in the othercolonies. A system of inter-colonial committees of correspondence was therefore instituted, and the colonies were brought into close communication with each other. Thenceforth they were to act with unanimity. Massachusetts had already a similar plan in operation among her cities and towns. 220 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. Carolina making contribu- tions. Warm words of en- couragement went up from Virginia. Washington offered to equip, at his own expense, one thousand men and march to the relief of Boston if neces- sary. "An attack upon Massachusetts," said Henry, "is an attack upon Virginia." A day was set apart for fasting and prayer, to invoke the Al- mighty to avert the impending calamity to civil liberty. The First Continental Congress. An impulse was felt to come together for solemn consultation. Virginia directed her Committee of Correspond- ence to propose a general Congress of the colonies (May 27, 1774). This First Continental Congress assembled at Philadelphia, in Carpenter's Hall (Septembers, 1774). It was composed of the most eminent men the colonies produced, and, in average of ability and intelligence, had never yel been equaled by any representative gather- ing of which anything is known. PEY- TON Randolph of Virginia was chosen president. The deliberations of this body resulted in an agreement to have no intercourse with England until all offensive acts were repealed; in the issuance of addresses to the king, to the British people, and to the colonics, setting forth formally colonial griev- ances; and in the recommendation that another congress assemble in May following. QUESTIONS. What do you know of the character of George III ? To whom was the pending contest important besides to Americans? What steps marked the progress of events to a crisis ? What do you know of the battle of Alamance? How did the colonists meet the removal of all duties except that on tea? What shrewd plan was devised? Why? To what ports was tea shipped? What do you know of the Boston Tea Party? I low was it regarded in America? In England? What acts were passed to humble Massachusetts? What do you know of the organization of committees of correspondence? What effect had these committees upon the colonies? How did the other colonies show sym- pathy for Massachusetts? What do you know of the First Continental Congress ? PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS IV AND V. Geography. — Upon a map of Massachusetts note the position of I Boston. Concord. Lexington. What direction from Boston is Lexington ? What States border Massachusetts ? Where are the Green Mountains ? What direction from Boston is Ticonderoga, N. V.? Note the nearness of Cam- bridge to Boston. Note upon a map of Maine the Kennebec River. Chaudiere. Where is Halifax ? Note upon a map of South Carolina the position of Charleston. How would a vessel sail from Boston to Charleston ? STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 221 Definition of Words. — Ensue, memorable, munitions, apprised, collision, disperse, concentrate, preside, assume, jurisdiction, unanimous, unerring, undisciplined, efficiency, allegiance, intercept, abet, inalienable, absolve, immunities, virtual, pronounced, concur, spurn, redress, precipitate, sove- reignty, drafted, abolish. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference. — Irving's " Life of Washington," Winsor's " Hand book of the Revolution," Lossing's "Field Book of the Revolution," Ramsey's " History of the American Revolu- tion," Jefferson's " Declaration of Independence," Wilcox's " Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence" (Magazine of American History, January, 1SS9). General. — Cooper's " Lionel Lincoln" (fiction), Longfellow's "Paul Revere" (poem), Coffin's "Boys of '76," Holmes' "Lexington" (poem), "Echoes of Bunker Hill" (Harper's Magazine, July, 1S75), Hale's "Life of Washington," Cutter's "Life of Israel Putnam," Lawrence's " America in 1776" (Harper's First Century of the Republic), Lanier's " Battle of Lexington " (poem). Topical. — "Minute Men," "Paul Revere," "General Gage," "Lexington, Battle of," " Boston, Siege of," " Israel Putnam," " Ethan Allen," " Bunker Hill, Battle of," " Richard Montgomery," "Boston, Evacuation of," "Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence," "John Rutledge," "Virginia Bill of Rights," "Richard Henry Lee," " Thomas Jefferson," "Declaration of Independence." CHAPTER IV. Armed Resistance. The people of Massachusetts resisted by force the opera- tion of the Regulating Act. It was clearly foreseen that an armed conflict was about to ensue. Preparations went rap- idly forward. Henry's memorable utterance, '''•Liberty or Death,'''' became the watchword. Men armed and organized themselves in bodies, and took oath to be ready at a minute's warnino-. Stores and munitions of war were collected at various points. Apprised of these preparations, General Gage, the military governor of Massachusetts, hastened to fortify the peninsula-neck of Boston. A collision with the English troops soon took place. Determined to destroy some stores that were collected at Concord, near Boston, General Gage dispatched an expedi- tion. The road to Concord lay through the little town of Lexington. At five o'clock in the morning the British forces 222 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. THE CALL TO LEXINGTON. STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 223 Paul Revere. Gage endeavored to keep his Con- cord expedition a secret from the colo- nists, but the movements of the British were closely watched. The expedition set out in the night, but signal lights, hung in the tower of Christ Church, warned of their departure, and Pali- Revere, waiting upon the other side, with his horse all bridled and saddled, set out immediately upon beholding the lights and gave timely warning of British approach. entered this town and found opposed to them a company of one hundred and thirty "min- ute men' ' under Captain Par- ker. They were ordered to diperse by Major Pitcairn of the British, and, not comply- ing, lire was opened that com- pelled them to retreat (April 19, 1775). Sixteen of the minute men were killed. The British went on to Concord, but much of the stores had been removed or successfully concealed, and little of the purpose of the expedition was ac- complished. Meanwhile the country was aroused, and men from surround- ing towns poured in with astonishing rapidity. The British, while searching the town, were attacked and compelled to retreat. The march back was one long struggle. The Americans, posting themselves along the road, poured volley after volley into the passing British. Thoroughly exhausted, and barely escaping capture, the expedition finally reached Boston after losing two hundred and seventy-three men. Now, indeed, was the country aroused. Men from all the New England colonies concentrated rapidly about Boston. John Stark came from New Hampshire, Nathaniel PAUL REVERE WATCHING FOR THE SIGNAL. 224 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION'. THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. Green from Rhode Island, and Benedict Arnold from Connecticut, all leading to the scene of conflict companies of recruits and militia. The number around Boston soon reached sixteen hundred. Gage found himself besieged, and war had come. The need of cannon and muni- tions of war suggested to Arnold the capture of the well-supplied old forts of Ticonderoga and Israel Putnam. The eagerness of the New England! ers to reach the scene and to take part in the events that were to follow is in stanced in the case of Israi i Pi tnash a noted Patriot of Connecticut, who, hearing the news <>! Lexington whin plowing, dropped the plow handles mounted the horse, and in eighteen hours traveled the hundred miles inter- vening hetween his 1 arm and the Pa- triot camp. Crown Point. Armed with a colonel's commission, and STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 225 authority to raise a force of four hundred men among the Berkshire Hills of western Massachusetts, he undertook their capture. A second expedition, composed of Green Mountain Boys, under the command of Ethan Allen, had already been planned for the same purpose. Arnold overtook this expedition, and his commission from Massachusetts not being recognized, he joined as a private. Ticonderoga was sur- prised and captured (May 10, 1775), and about the same time another party of Green Mountain boys, under Seth Warner, fared as well with Crown Point. A party of his Berkshire men arriving, Arnold captured the post of St. John's, on Lake Champ- lain, with its garrison, and returned to Boston. Commander- The Appointment of in-Chief. On the (lav that Ticonderoga fell, the Second Continental Congress assem- bled at Philadelphia. Over this body John Hancock of Massachusetts was called upon to preside, and such men as Washington, Franklin, Lee, Henry, John and Samuel Adams, Livingston, Benjamin Harrison and others took part in the deliberations. The Con- gress was without the authority of a recognized government, and onlv pa- triotism compelled obedience t > its measures and instructions. It assumed jurisdiction over the armed Patriots assembled around Boston, who were thenceforth to be known as the Conti- nental Army. The most important step yet taken was the selection of a com- mander-in-chief for this army. John Hancock aspired to the position; but there was one whose fitness, experience and ability were so marked that the unanimous choice fell upon him, and Colonel George Washington, of Vir- ginia, became commander-in-chief of the American army (June 15, 1775). The appointment was accepted in all modesty. "Since Congress desire it," spoke Washington, "I will enter upon the duty and exert every power I pos- sess in their service, and for the glo- rious cause. But I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in the room, that I this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal to the command I am honored with." QUESTIONS. What was now about to ensue? What became the watchword? What preparations for war were made ? What did Gage do? What expedition did he send? What do you know of the battle of Lexington? What was the fate of the Concord expedition? What effect had the battle of Lexing- ton upon the country? Who collected about Boston? What do you know of Israel Putnam? From what need did the colonists suffer? What do you know of the capture of Ticonde- roga and Crown Point? Where did the Second Continental Congress 226 PERIOD OK REVOLUTION. assemble? Who presided? Who were among its members? What juris- diction did it assume? What important step was taken? How did Wash- ington receive his appointment as commander-in-chief of the American army ? CHAPTER V. Independence Declared. The forces about Boston were under the temporary com- mand of General Artemus Ward, whose headquarters were at Cambridge. The set purpose of these forces was to compel the British to leave Boston. With this object in view it was determined to fortify a position overlooking the town, and Bunker Hill was selected for the purpose. At midnight a force of twelve hundred men, u n d e r Col- o N E L P R E s - cott, proceed- ed to the point in question, but concluded to occupy Breed's Hill, a little further M<. FORT'FYIMG BREED'S HILL. on. By morning the fortifications were almost finished. The British in Boston now numbered some eleven thou- sand, Generals Howe, Clinton and Burgoyne having arrived from England to cooperate with Gage. The Ameri- cans could not be permitted to retain this threatening posi- tion, so preparation was made to carry Breed's Hill by storm before the fortifications could be further strengthened. STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 227 Battle of Breed's Hill. By some chance this battle, fought on Breed's Hill, has come to be called the Battle of Bunker Hill. It was a dearly-bought British victory, their loss amounting to one thousand and fifty-four, while that of the Americans was four hundred and forty-nine. Its moral effect upon the Americans was very beneficial, for it demonstrated that provincial and undisciplined troops could give battle to British reg- ulars, and sustain the conflict with coolness and courage. Three thousand veterans, led by Generals Howe and Piggott, crossed the river in boats and advanced steadily up the hill. The Americans were commanded by Prescott, Stark and Putnam. Many of them were unerring marks- men. The British were per- mitted to approach very close, when a well aimed volley threw them into confusion. A second time they advanced, but no troops could stand the galling fire that was poured down upon them. After some delay the British advanced to the third attack. The ammunition of the Americans had now given out. The support that should have been given them from headquarters was withheld, and, after a desperate hand- to-hand contest, they were compelled to fall back (June 17, 1775). Washington arrived from Phila- delphia and took command of the army at Cambridge (July 3). The task before him was no small one. Out of the raw material there assembled he was to create an army. Many of the men desired to return to their homes, for the first burst of ,£m enthusiasm inspired by the * * battle of Lexington had cooled down. Reinforcements from QEORQE WASH,NQTON 0F VIRQIN,A ' commander-n-ch.e, OF THE AMERICAN ARMY. LaP 1 ' 228 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, under the brave Dan- iel Morgan, however arrived, and the army was kept to- gether. Discipline was soon im- proved and efficiency in- creased. At last Washington was ready to begin active operations against the British. Dorchester Heights, over- looking Boston, were fortified. The British hardly dared to attempt another Breed's Hill experience, for they were now opposed by an able commander and by an army of some organ- ization. The abandonment of the city was determined upon, and the entire British force embarked, the greater part of them sailing for Hali- fax, N. S. (March, 1776). Washington entered the city in triumph, and took possession of much valuable stores which the British had found impossible to carry away with them. Sir Henry Clinton had left Boston in the January before the evacuation with two thou- sand men to operate against the Southern colonies. He was joined off the coast of the Carolinas by Sir Peter Parker with additional forces and ten ships of war. Quebec Expedition of Montgomery, Arnold and Morgan. Morgan and Arnold, with a force, were detached from Washington's army to cooperate with GENERAL Richard Montgomery, who was leading an expedition against Can- ada from northern New York. They proceeded by way of the Ken- nebec and Chaudiere Rivers, and the journey was made through the wilds of Maine in the dead of win- ter. The march occupied thirty-three days, and such were its fatigue and hard- ship that more than two hundred per- ished, and many others returned. 'With seven hundred gaunt and suffering men the indomitable leaders reached Que- bec, and were joined by General Mont gomery,who had succeeded in captur- ing Montreal (November, 1775). Que- bec was defended by Sir Guy Carle- ton. The ci y was stormed from dit- ferent points (December 31) with great gallantry, and narrowly escaped cap- ture. Montgomery was killed, Arnold wounded and Morgan was captured, but was afterwards exchanged. The expedition proved fruitless. Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, N. C. In the interior of the country there- were many sturdy Scotch settlers, who, not having yet imbibed the spirit of American resistance, could not re- nounce their allegiance to George 111, and who proposed to show their loyalty. A force of sixteen hundred of them pro- ceeded to the coast to welcome Clinton, but they were intercepted at Moore's Creek Bridge (February 27, 1776) by Colonel Richard Caswell with one thousand militia. The Scots were routed after a fierce engagement, the Patriots taking nine hundred prisoners and capturing two thousand stands of arms. STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 229 Sergeant Jasper. During the bombardment Sergeant Jasper performed a brave deed that has come to be handed down as a matter of history. A ball from the enemy had torn the flag of the fort from its fasten- ing, and it lay without the fortificati ons. Undaunted by the hot fire from the fleet the brave ser- geant leaped over the para- pet, seized the flag, and affix- ing it to a sponge staff, set it up in full view, so that enemy and friend alike could see that it had not gone down in defeat. For this deed he was offered a lieutenant's commission by Governor rutledge, but modestly declined it. When Clinton and Parker approached Charleston they SERGEANT JASPER REPLACING THE FLAG. found the city defended by a fort upon Sullivan's Island. This fort was built of palmetto logs, and, in honor of its commander, was called Fort Moultrie. A fierce bombard- ment was opened upon it (June 28), but Colonel Moultrie promptly responded with such good effect that the enemy was compelled to withdraw, and Charleston was saved. The question of a total separation from England had not yet fully entered into the contest. But the idea of American independence boldly advocated in public speech by 23° PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. COLONEL MOULTRIE. Christopher Gadsden at Charleston as early as 1766, was gaining ground rapidly. The news of Lexington had scarcely reached North Carolina when Patriots of Mecklenburg county assem- bled in convention at Charlotte, and passed formal resolutions ( May 20, 1775) that were a virtual declaration of inde- pendence. In March of the succeeding year South Carolina organized an inde- £jf$* pendent State Government, with John 4$ Rutledge as President, and Henry ' Laurens as Vice-President. In April, 1776, North Carolina took the first pronounced step toward the independence of all the colonies, by empower- ing her delegates in Congress to concur with the delegates from the other colonies in declaring independence. Virginia fol- lowed closely by passing resolutions, drawn up by Pendleton and introduced by Thomas Nelson, instructing her delegates to propose to Congress that it declare the colonies free and in- dependent States (May 25, 1776), and shortly after adopted a Bill of Rights (June 15), and a Constitution (June 29). under which the Commonwealth was organized, with Patrick Henry as the first governor. In accordance with the instructions of Virginia, Richard Henry Lee moved in the Continental Congress (June 7, 1776), assembled at Philadelphia : '■'■That these United Colonics are and ought to be free and independent States, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be dis- solved" The motion was seconded by John Adams of Mas- JOHN RUTLEDGE. STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 23I Mecklenburg Resolutions. First. Resolved, that whoever direct- ly or indirectly abetted, or in any way, form or manner, countenanced the un- chartered and dangerous invasion of our rights, as claimed by Great Britain, is an enemy to this country, to America, and to the inherent and inalienable rights of man. Second. Resolved, that we, the citi- zens of Mecklenburg county, do here- by dissolve the political bands which have connected us to the mother coun- try, and hereby absolve ourselves from all allegiance to the British crown, and abjure all political connection with that nation, who have wantonly trampled on our rights and Liberties, and inhumanly shed the innocent blood of American Patriots at Lexington. Third. Resolved, that we do hereby declare ourselves a free and independ- ent people, and of right ought to be a sovereign and self-sustaining associa- tion, under the control of no power other than that of our God and the general government of Congress; and to the maintenance of which indepen- dence we solemnly pledge to each other our mutual cooperation, our lives, our fortunes and our most sacred honor. Fourth. Resolved, that as we now acknowledge the existence and control of no law or legal officer, civil or mili- tary, within this county, we do hereby ordain and adopt as a rule of life all such and every of our former laws, wherein, nevertheless, the crown of Great Britain never can be considered as holding rights, privileges, immuni- ties or authority therein. Fifth. Resolved, that it is further decreed that all, each and every mili- tary officer in this county is hereby reinstated in his former command and authority, he acting conformably to these regulations, and that every one present of this delegation shall here- after be a civil officer, viz. : a justice of the peace, in the character of a "com- mittee man," to issue process, hear and determine all matters of con- troversy according to said adopted laws, and to preserve peace, union and harmony in said country ; and to use every exertion to spread the love of country and fire of freedom throughout America, until a more general and organized government be established in this province. sachusetts, who, in the many days' debate that ensued, sus- tained the measure with an elo- quence that led to its adoption. The subject was one upon which the people of the colo- nies were not unanimous. Although eagerly contending for their rights, many were bound to the mother country by ties of interest and affection. But the king had spurned every petition for a redress of griev- ances, and an armed conflict had been precipitated upon America. This conflict was re- bellion as lon<£ as the sover- ignty of the king was in the least considered. A formal declaration of independence would transfer this sovereignty to themselves, to maintain which the contest could the better be continued. The choice was a return to oppres- sion with added humiliation, or freedom and independence. The measure was adopted (July 2), and a Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, 1%1 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. signed by representatives of all the colonies, and proclaimed to the country (July 4, 1776). The hall in which Congress was holding its memorable meet- ings was thenceforth known as Independence Hall. The bell that proclaimed the glad tidings of the declaration is to this day treasured as the Old Liberty Bell, although its sides are cracked and its voice hushed. Thenceforth the fight was to be not for English right, but for American free- dom. With the Declaration were given to the world the great principles that were to be maintained by American arms: "All men are created equal. Life, liberty, and the -pursuit of happiness are inalienable rights. Government derives its just power from the consent of the governed. The rigid of the people it is to abolish or alter any form of government destructive of their rights, safety, and happiness. " QUESTIONS. Who held temporary command until Washington arrived? What opera- tions were begun? What British reinforcements arrived? What do you know of the battle of Bunker Hill? Who led the British? Americans? What was the loss of each? To what was British success due? What effect had the battle upon the Americans ? What difficulties presented themselves to Washington? When did he take command? What reinforcements did he receive? What do you know of the Quebec expedition? What were its results? What operations did Washington begin against Boston? What resulted? When did the British leave Boston? Where had Sir Henry Clinton gone? What do you know of the siege of Fort Moultrie ? Sergeant Jasper? Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge? What idea was gaining ground in America? What was the Mecklenburg Declaration? What was the first State government organized? What did North Carolina empower her dele- gates to do? Virginia? When? What resolutions were introduced in Congress by Lee? Why? What do you know of the adoption of the Ameri- can Declaration of Independence? Who drafted the Declaration? What great principles did it enunciate? SEARCH QUESTIONS. What became of James Otis / Who were the "Sons of Liberty " ? What is a " Liberty Tree " ? Why did Sergeant Jasper decline promotion ? Who said: " If tin's be treason, make the most of it"? What eminent American fell at the Battle of Bunker STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 233 Hill ? Upon what island was Fort Moultrie built ? Whom did the Continental Congress appoint Major Generals under Washington ? Where is the "Old South Church," and why famous ? Raleigh Tavern ? Who draw up the Mecklenburg Resolutions ? When was the Bunker Hill monument built ? PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS VI AND VII. Geography. — Upon the accompanying map note the position of Boston. The following chapters will tell of a battle fought at the point named Long Island. From here Washington will cross to New York, retreat up the east bank of the Hudson, cross this river and enter New Jersey. What river separates New Jersey from Pennsylvania? Note the of Fort W ton, Tre Princeton Morristow Note the nearness Trace the route of an army going from Oswego to Bemis Heights, as far as Fort Schuyler and Oriskany. Note the position of Bennington. Saratoga. Definition of Words. — Dispel, cabal, conspiracy, precipitous, matured, indecisive, impulse, alliance, anticipate, insurmountable, rallying. 234 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. The War for American Independence. CHAPTER VI. The War in the North. British reinforcements arrived in America, and Wash- ington soon became apprised of a designed attack upon New York. Hastening from Boston to the defense of that city, he posted about four thousand men under Gen- erals Sullivan, Stirling, and Putnam on Long Island. near Brooklyn. General Howe soon arrived from Hali- fax, and General Clinton, from Charleston, where he had been repulsed. Ten thousand Hessians and English, under Grant and Von Heister, were landed. A battle ensued, in which the Americans suffered terrible defeat. By the greatest good fortune Wash- ington was enabled to withdraw his forces de kalb. secretly across the river, hidden by a fog, before the British followed up the victory with capture of the whole American army. Washington was now forced to evacuate New York. He was followed by the British, and in a skirmish at Harlem Heights gained the advantage over them. Both armies now maneuvered for positions, and at White Plains (September 28) the Americans were again defeated. Crossing the Hud- son, Washington posted himself at Fort Lee. Directly oppo- site stood Fort Washington, to defend which Colonel Ma- caw had been left with three thousand men. This fort, with its whole garrison, fell into the enemy's hands (November 16), and the victory was followed by the capture of Fort Lee. Washington retreated into New Jersey closely pursued by Cornwallis and Kxvimi auskn. Reverses had discouraged THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 235 many, and his forces were reduced to three thousand. Across the State he hastened, and, reaching the Delaware, crossed to the other side (Decem- ber 8), taking the precaution of placing all the boats for miles up and down the stream beyond the The Hessians. Both the people of America and the sopleoi England were divided among lemselves on the question of the war aw pending between the two coun- ies. In America those who favored dependence were illed Patriots. hose who, from irious motives, It no desire to row. off allegi- lce to the British rown, were called ories. On the her hand the war as very unpopu- r with the people England. The ng found it so fficult to recruit is armies for merican service at he was com- •lled to hire sol- iers of other >wers. Russia, iplied to, indig- antly declined. lie rulers of sev- al petty German tates, among Inch were Hesse - assel, Hesse- anau, were, how- er, willing to hire eir men, and fur- shed twenty thou .nd, under four :perienced gene- ils, Riedesel, NYPHAUSEN, ON Heister and ONOP. reach of the pursuing British. Concluding to wait until the river should freeze sufficiently to THE ADVANCE ON TRENTON. 236 PRRIOD OF RK VOLUTION. COUNT PULASKI. enable his army to cross, Cornwallis quartered his men in the several villages and towns near by. Hearing that the enemy's forces were thus divided, Wash- ington determined to strike a quick, bold blow upon one of the divisions. Crossing the river at night, amid the drifting ice he marched with two thousand four hundred men upon Trenton, where Colonel Raul and some two thousand Hessians 'were encamped. The advance was made through a blinding snow- storm, and the surprise was complete (De- cember 26). Rahl was mortally wounded, and more than one thousand captured. By morning the Americans were safe on the other side of the river with their prisoners. The victory at Trenton gave new life to the American cause, for it dispelled much of that gloom that had settled upon the country. Many enlisted, and with increased force Washington was enabled to enter New Jersey and take the offensive. Cornwallis fell back to Princeton, and, receiving heavy reinforcements, advanced upon the American position near Trenton. A preliminary skirmish took place (January 2, 1777) with the advantage in favor of the Patriots. Accord- ing to the plans of Cornwallis the main engagement was to take place the next day. Again did Washington distinguish himself by a feat of good generalship. A part of the British forces had remained at Princeton and were to arrive to take part in the battle. Washington determined to attack this force, but the enemy in his front must know nothing of his movement. Quietly was the baggage of the Americans removed to a safe place, and, leaving the camp fires burning, the Patriots quietly withdrew, and by morning were at Princeton. The British THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 237 Foreigners in the American Army. The gallant struggles of the Ameri- cans were winning the admiration of Europe. Frederick the Great of Prus- sia saw much to applaud in the achievements of Washington, Arnold and other generals. A number of foreigners joined the American army and did valiant service in the cause of liberty. Among these were the French nobleman, Lafayette ; the Poles, Pulaski and Kosciusko, and the Germans, De Kalb and Steuben. forces were up and about to march forward to join Corn- wallis. The action that ensued was hotly contested (January 3). The personal bravery of the commander-in-chief did much toward winning the vic- tory, and with a loss of some four hundred men the British were routed. Cornwallis, hear- ing the sound of distant can- non, hastened to the rescue, but arrived too late. Both armies now went into winter quarters — the Americans at Morristown Heights. When operations were resumed Wash- ington soon found himself called to the defense of Philadelphia. Eighteen thou- sand British put to sea from New York, and landed at Elktown, Maryland, seventy miles from the city (August 25, 1777). An steuben. engagement took place at Chad's Ford, on Brandywine Creek (September 11), and, greatly outnumbered, the Americans were compelled to fall back, after making a creditable resistance. The British entered Philadelphia in triumph. Congress was compelled to adjourn to Lan- caster (September 26), and shortly after to York. The main body of the British encamped at Germantowx, six miles from Philadelphia. Here they were attacked, but without success (October 3), the Americans losing more than Invasion from the North. During the early part of 1777 a pow- erful British expedition was organizing in Canada underSiR John Burgoyne for the purpose of invading New York. Preparations to meet the invaders were made by Generals Schuyler and Arnold, Washington sending them from time to time such forces as he could spare from his army operating in New Jersey. 2 3 8 PKKIOD OF REVOLUTION. eleven hundred men. The British soon obtained control of the Delaware, Forts Mercer and Mifflin falling into their hands, not without the brilliant repulse of Donop by Gen- eral Greene in a preliminary engagement ( October 22 ) . The Patriots now retired to Valley Forge, and passed the long, desolate winter in gloom and suffering. Man}' were without shoes, most were inadequately supplied with clothing, all were ST VALLEY FORG5 3TEUBEN INSTRUCTING THE PATRIOTS. without sufficient food. Their privations tested their forti- tude and patriotism to the utmost. At Valley Forge the Americans were joined by Baron Steuben, an eminent and experienced German general, who enlisted himself in the American cause. Steuben was of inestimable service in reorganizing the army and drilling THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE.. 239 The Conway Cabal. A famous and unsuccessful con- spiracy to displace Washington, known as the Conway Cabal, was brought to light about this time. It amounted to nothing for Congress had full confi- dence in him, his men all loved him, and the whole country realized, even in its day of darkest gloom, that none in his position could have better encountered the many difficulties with which he was continually beset; could have bet- ter held together his 1 i t tie army and saved them from destruction in the face of overpowering numbers; could have shown more indomitable qualities in the midst of defeat than this American Fabius, as he has admiringly been called. the men according to the most approved methods of war, and when operations were again resumed the good results of his labors were clearly seen. QUESTIONS. What city now became the objective point of military operations? What do you know of the battle of Long Island? Harlem Heights? White Plains? What do you know of the Hessians ? What was the fate of Fort Washington? What do you know of Washington's retreat across New Jersey? Who pursued him? What .-topped the pursuit? What do you know of the victory at Trenton? What was its effect on the American cause? What do you know of the victory at Princeton? Where did the Americans spend the winter after the battle of Princeton? Name some foreigners who took part in the American cause? What city was Washington called upon to defend when operations were resumed? What do you know of Washington's defense of Philadelphia? What battle was fought before the city fell? After? What forts on the Delaware fell into the hands of the British? What victory did Greene gain? What do you know of the sufferings at Valley Forge? What valua- ble service did Steuben here render? What do you know of the Conway Cabal ? CHAPTER VII. The First Great Victory. The force with which Burgoyne started from Canada to invade New York consisted of more than eight thousand Eng- lish and Hessians. Forts Crown Point (June 16), Ticon- deroga (July 5), and Edward (July 30) fell successively into his hands, resistance being encountered by him at Ticon- deroga only, where General St. Clair opposed him unsuc- cessfully with three thousand men. 240 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. As Burgoyne journeyed southward preparations were made to receive him. Forti- fications were erected upon Bemis Heights, near Sara- toga, by Kosciusko, and the capable and energetic General Schuyler succeeded in collect- ing and organizing a consider- able force. In this he was ably assisted by Generals Arnold, Lincoln, and Morgan. The plans of battle were all matured, when, at the last moment, Schuyler was un- justly deprived of command, and Gates, a general of little real ability, put in his place. Holding 1 the welfare of his country above his personal advancement Schuyler gener- ously proffered his services to his successor, which Gates slightingly declined. On the 19th of September the two armies came together in battle. Most of the fighting on the American side was done by that part of the army over which Arnold held command, and, for hours, he repeatedly re- pulsed the British advance; Gates rendering but little assist- ance and encouragement. The result was indecisive. It was held that had Arnold received the proper reinforcements, a Fort Schuyler, Oriskany and Bennington. It was expected that many Tories and Indians would join Burgoyne along the route, and for the purpose of secur- ing recruits of this kind a minor expedi- tion, under Colonel St. Leger, as- cended the St. Lawrence River to Lake Ontario, landed at Oswego and pro- ceeded eastward down the Mohawk Valley to effect a junction with Bur- goyne's army on the Hudson. Fort Schuyler, garrisoned by the American Colonel Gansevoort and seven hun- dred men, lying in the way of their march, was besieged and a force of mili- tia, under brave General Herkimer, attempting its relief , was defeated at tiie battle of Oriskany. Arnold, from the Hudson River, then advanced to the relief of the fort. His forces were small, yet he succeeded by stratagem in spreading the impression in St. Leger's camp that the approaching Americans were overwhelmingly numerous. St. Leger's allies deserted him and he was compelled to beat a precipitous retreat, leaving much of his supplies in the hands of the besieged. As Burgoyne's army proceeded on its way a body of troops, under Colonel Balm, was detached to capture and destroy some stores that had been collected at Bennington, Vt. A body of New Hampshire militia, under Colonel Stark, hastily gathered, and the on- coming British were met and severely repulsed (August 15), losing more than eight hundred men. Arnold Displaced. The brilliant achievement of Arnold in this battle, receiving its deserved credit, the jealousy of his command- ing officer was awakened. An un- pleasant consequence was that Arnold was deprived of command before the next engagement took place. THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 24I BURQOYNE. complete victory would have been won. A second battle was soon fought (Oct. 7). The British were led by Generals Philips, Riedesel and Fraser, three of the most skillful generals ever sent to America. The field was hotly contested. For some time Arnold looked on, but, unable to gates resist his impulses, he rushed into the thickest of the action without authority. His men received him with loud hurrahs, and his leadership of them turned the tide to complete victory. Burgoyne retreated to Saratoga, where he was surrounded, his supplies cut off, and he was at last compelled to surrender (October 17). More than five thousand laid down their arms and became prisoners of war. The alliance with France tilled the British at Philadel- phia with alarm. Anticipating the arrival of the French fleet, the English vessels hastily cleared for New York, while the army proceeded to that point overland across New Jersey (June 18). Washing- ton, who had received rein- forcements from the North upon the surrender of Burgoyne, now followed the British, overtaking them at Monmouth, N. J. An attack was made (June 28), but came near ending in disaster. An order of Washington to General LHARLES L/EE Deing eitner American flag adopted by congress, 1777. The French Alliance. France had for some time encour- aged the Americans in their hostility against her old enemy, England. The victory of Saratoga gave such promise of success that she was led to enter into an alliance with them. Silas Deane, Arthur Lee and Benjamin Frank- lin, commissioners appointed by Con- gress (1776), had endeavored for some time to bring about this result. They were now successful. Count d'Estaing and a fleet were dispatched to America, and the Patriot cause was greatly strengthened. 2 4 : J'KRIOD OF REVOLUTION. mistaken or intentionally ignored, the commander-in-chief found that general retreating at a most critical time, and saved the day only by rallying the retreating Americans in person. Toward the close of the year an expedition of great importance was planned and fitted out by the Common- wealth of Virginia. That body of land belonging to her, known as the Northwest Terri- tory, contained several forts and posts that, having been Peace Overtures of England. About this time the king and minis- try of England began to realize that America was not to be easily subdued. Overtures were made to the Patriots to bring about a peace. Bills conceding everything claimed in the past by the colonists were passed by Parliament. Commissioners were sent to treat with Congress. It was, however, too late. The war now was not for rights claimed, but for American independ- ence, and nothing short of its acknowl- edgment by Great Britain could end hostilities. Rhode Island Expedition. Upon arrival of the French ileet an expedition was planned against New- port, R. I., and the land forces sent to cooperate were placed under General Sullivan. The English Admiral Howe sailed from Xew York to give the French battle, but a storm separated the combatants, doing much damage to the vessels of both. Sullivan ,unsus- tained, failed in his design, but, being al lacked as he was withdrawing, lie succeeded in winning a victory from his pursuing foes. wrested from the French, were still held by the English. The British governor, Hamilton, had in every way encouraged the Indians of that region to harass the colonists, and Pat- rick Henry, Virginia's gover- nor, sent Colonel George Rogers Clark to drive the British from the territory. Kaskaskia and Cahokia, in what is now Illinois, and Vincennes, Indiana, fell into the hands of the Virginians, and Hamilton himself was taken prisoner. The achievement was a notable one, and was accomplished in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties. The vast territory was wrested from British rule and restored to the control of Virginia, where it rightly belonged. QUESTIONS. Of what did Burgoyne's force consist? What do you know of St. Leger's expedition? Colonel Baum's ? Who commanded Fort Schuyler? Bywhora THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 243 was the fort rescued? What forts were taken by Burgoyne? What resist- ance was made at Ticonderoga? What preparations were made to rescue Burgoyne? By whom was Schuyler succeeded? What can you say of the first battle of Saratoga ? The second battle ? What was Arnold's conduct in each? What great victory was won by the Americans ? What do you know of the French alliance ? What overtures were now made by England? Why did the British leave Philadelphia? What battle was fought on their retreat? What do you know of the battle of Monmouth ? What do you know of the Rhode Island expedition? What important expedition was sent out by the Virginia Commonwealth? What do you know of Clark's conquest of the Northwest Territory ? REVIEW OUTLINE. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION — PRINCIPAL BATTLES. BRITISH VICTORIES AND GENERALS IN ITALICS. THE WAR IN THE NORTH. r j April 19 ....LEXINGTON, (Mass.) PARKER SMITH. " 775 {june 17 ....BUNKER HILL, (Mass.) PRESCOTT HOWE. (Aug. 22 ....LONG ISLAND, (N. Y.) WASHINGTON. .HOWE. 17761 Sept. 28... .WHITE PLAINS, (N. Y.) WASHINGTON. .HOWE. 1777 Dec. 26 ..TRENTON, (N.J.) WASHINGTON../?/!///. 'Jan. 3 PRINCETON, (N.J.) WASHINGTON..M/W//000. Aug. 15 ..BENNINGTON, (Vt.) STARK BAUM. Sept. II ....BRANDYWINE, (Pa.) WASHINGTON..//0l4 / £. Sept. 19..BEMIS HEIGHTS, (N. Y.) -GATES BURGOYNE. I Oct. 4 GERMANTOWN, (Pa.) WASHINGTON.. HOWE. (.Oct. 11 ..SARATOGA, (N. Y.) GATES BURGOYNE. 1778 June 2S. MONMOUTH, (N.J.) WASHINGTON. .CLINTON. SEARCH QUESTIONS. Who was Baron Steuben 's interpreter at Valley Forge ? Who planned the fortifica- tions at Fort Washington ? Why did the British go to Philadelphia by way of the Ches- apeake instead of Delaware Bay ? Who was Fabius, and what is a Fabian poiicy ? Who were the instigators of the Conway Cabal ? Who was Captain Molly ? Who was Nathan Hale, and what was his fate ? What British General was kidnapped, and why ? Why was General Schuyler displaced ? 2 44 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS VIII, IX AXD X. Geography. — Upon the accompanying map note the position of Savannah. Ninety-Six. Trace a route of travel from Ninety-Six (S. C.) towards Savannah as far as Kettle Creek (Ga.) Note the coast from Savannah to Charleston. Where is Stono Ferry? Monk's Corner? Camden? Note the nearness of Sander's Creek to Camden. In what part of South Carolina is the Pedee River? Where is the Catawba River? Waxh Ramsour's Mill? II Rock? Fishing Creek? Mountain? Note the tion of Cheraw. Trac route of travel from Cheraw to the Cow- pens. From Cow pens to th. Dan River of Vir- e the nearness of Eutaw Springs to Orangeburg. Upon the map, page 233, note the position of Stony Point. West Point. Definition of Words. — Intercept, accede, dislodge, irresistible, subse- quently, marque, reprisal, squadron, inadequate, concentrate, laurels, subordinate, convictions, elude, exploit, episode, campaign, devastation. THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 24^ CHAPTER VIII. The War in the South. The war had now lasted three years, and during that time the British had accomplished little towards the subjugation of the Northern colonies. It was now determined to trans- fer operations to the South, and the first step in that direction was made with the sending of Colonel Campbell and Admiral Hyde Parker to Savannah, Ga. The forces of the British numbered two thousand, while in defense of the city there could only be gathered nine hundred, who, under General Robert Howe, offered all possible resistance. The city surrendered December 29, 1778. From that point the British soon overran all the southeast- ern portion of Georgia. Officers were sent into the interior to rally the Tories to the British cause. A force of these was collected at Ninety-Six, S. C, by Colonel Boyd, but on their way to Savannah they were intercepted by some South Carolina and Georgia militia, under Colonels Pickens and Clarke, at Kettle Creek, Wilkes County, Ga. (Feb- ruary 14, 1779), and driven back with the loss of their leader. General Lincoln was sent to take charge of military operations in the South. lie dis- pickens. patched Colonel Ashe, with about two thousand men, to take up a position on Brier Creek, near Savannah. Here Ashe was surprised and defeated by the British General Prevost (March 3, 1779). Following up his advantage, Prevost advanced upon Charleston and demanded its sur- render (May 11). The city was defended by Colonel Moultrie, who declined to accede to the demand. Meanwhile Lincoln, advancing upon Savannah with a large force, learned of the movements of Prevost, and 246 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION'. turned northward to the relief of Charleston, of the city was abandoned on Lincoln's approach. Retreat- ing along the coast, the forces of Prevost were intercepted about thirty miles from Charleston, but for nearly a month neither side made a movement towards battle. At length Lincoln sought to dis- lodge a portion of the enemy's forces under Colonel Mait- land, and the battle of Stono Ferry ensued (June 20, 1779). The attack of the Americans was repulsed with terrible loss. The French fleet, under D'Estaing, now arrived off the coast, and a combined attack The sietre Capture of Stony Point. The British in the North were doing- but little, except to send out various expeditions for the sake of destroying' and plundering-. One of these, under Tryon, ravaged the coast of Connecti- cut, and inflicted much damage upon the towns of New Haven, Fairfield ami Norwalk. To offset this a brilliant exploit was performed by the Ameri- cans. The British were in possession of the strong fort of StiAv POINT, in New York, on the Hudson. GENERAL Antih.ny WAYNE undertook its cap- ture^ Softlv approaching the fort at nigiV he arranged his men in two columns, and that no alarm might be sounded, ordered his men to unload their guns and use bayonets only in the assault. The sentinel was star prised and overpowered, but as the Americans steadily advanced up the rocky path to the summit, upon which the fort was built, they were discovered and fired upon. The charge, however, was irresistible, and though Wayne was wounded in the assault, the fort, with its stores and six hundred prisoners, fell into the hands of the Americans (15th July, 1779) Sullivan's Expedition Against the Indians. In Julv, 1778, a body of Tories and Indians under MAJOR John BUTLER, descended upon the village of Wyom- ing, l'a., and most of the able-bodied men being away in the Patriot army, captured the foi t and put to death most of the inhabitants with all the barbari- ties of savage warfare. Cherry Valley, N. Y., suffered the same fate the November following. These atrocities were avenged by General Sullivan, who led an expedition to the Susque- hanna country, and subsequently to the Mohawk country. A tierce battle was fought near Elmira, New York, August 2Q, 1770, in w hich the Tories and Indians were routed, their fields laid waste and much of their property destroyed. on Savannah was planned. The city was besieged for a month. An attempt was made to carry the enemy's works by storm (October 9), but was unsuccessful. Both French and Americans fought gallantly, but the resistance was stubborn. Pulaski fell in the action, and the gallant Ser- geant Jasper, of Fort Moultrie lame, was mortally wounded. Alter the repulse D'Estaing THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 247 Paul Jones and the Bon Homme Richard. In the war of the Revolution the Americans had no regularly organized navy. Congress, however, granted letters of marque and reprisal that authorized shipowners to fit up private vessels of war to prey upon the com- merce of the enemy. These were known as privateers. By great exer- tion there had been fitted up in France a small squadron for the Americans, and it was placed under the command of Captain Paul Jones. Jones did much damage to the commerce of England, and boldly frequented the English coasts. His most notable achievement was his victory over the Serapis, off Flam- boro Head, Scotland (Sep- tember 23, 1770). No more desperate naval engagement has ever transpired. Jones lashed his vessel to the Serapis, and the battle was fought hand to hand. Three times the ships took fire and were as many times extinguished. The Bon Homme Richard was ren- dered worthless in the action, and when the Serapis struck her colors, Jones transferred his crew to that vessel and sailed for Holland. JOHN PAUL JONES refused to cooperate further, and sailed away. Lincoln returned to Charleston. Sir Henry Clinton, with a large force from New York, now arrived in the South, and, effecting a landing thirty miles below Charleston (February 11, 1780), surrounded the city (March 20), his fleet, under Admi- ral Arbuthnot, taking a position in the harbor (April 9). A force under Huger hastening to its relief, was inter- cepted at Monk's Corner by the British Col- onel Tarleton, and re- pulsed. With all communica- tions cut off, his forces inade- quate, and with no probability of succor, Lincoln surrender- ed after enduring a siege of some two months (May 12). With Charleston as a base of operations, the British proceeded to overrun South Car- olina. Expeditions were sent out by Clinton — to Ninety-Six under Colonel Cruger, to Augusta under Colonel Brown, and to Camden under Lord Cornwallis. The tarleton presence of the British encouraged the Tories to engage in hostilities, and both British and Tories exercised such 248 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. Arnold's Treason. About this lime news came from the North of a sad blow dealt to the Ameri- can cause. The whole country was shocked at the sudden intelligence thai Arm. hi, the brave, the gallant, the im- petuous, the hero of Quebec, the genius of Saratoga, the trusted friend oi Washington, had gone over to the enemy and sold his honor tor English In all confidence Washington rold. harsh measures that the Patriots in many parts organized themselves in partisan bands, and, in revenging outrages, struck many a blow for free- 1 Arnold s treason. The capture of Lincoln ne- cessitated the appointment of another commander in the South. At first the brave and experienced German, De Kalb, was sent with authority to act. He was soon followed and superseded by Gates, for it was thought the presence in the South of the con- queror of Burgoyne would inspire greater confidence, and thous- ands would join the Patriot ranks. The ad- vance of Gates was looked upon with some AR concern by the British. Corn- wallis hastened to Camden, where Lord Rawdon, his second in command, had con- centrated the forces that were to meet Gates. The Patriot army was collected at Cler- mont, some ten miles distant. Each general formed the had given him command of the import ant post of West Point, New York. Whatever may have been his motives, it transpired that an offer of £6,315 and a position in the English army induced him to turn traitor. An agreement was made by him to surrender West Point, and Major Andre of the British was sent from New York to arrange the transfer. On his way back Andre was stopped three Patriots, PAULDING, Van Wert and Williams, who learned the nature oi his business. The captors rejected all the tempting bribes that were offered by the captive for his release. Arnold, however. received timely warning aixl es- caped to devote his energies thence- forth as the foe of his country. Hut never again was he to feel that peace j that comes of consciousness in having I done well. He lost the respect of his j admirers, the affections of his friends, I and died in obscurity, unhonored and unmounted. The unfortunate , Andre was sentenced to be hung, and | went to his death pleading to he shot as a soldier should be. His death was greatly lamented. COLONEL ISAAC HAYNE of Charleston was hanged I under as cruel circumstances by the English Lord Rawdon. design of surprising his adver- sary, and carried it into effect at the same time posin< The op- forces came unexpectedly upon each other at THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 2 49 Sander's Creek near Camden, and a battle ensued. There was much hard fighting on both sides, but the militia could not withstand the steady bayonet charges of the British regulars. Baron De Kalb fell pierced with eleven wounds. The day was lost, and Gates, utterly routed, found his " northern laurels turned to southern willows." QUESTIONS. Where was the war now transferred? Why? What do you know of the capture of Savannah? For what purpose were British officers sent out? What do you know of the battle of Kettle Creek? Who was sent to command the Americans in the South? What misfortune befell Ashe? Who defended Charleston from Prevost? What do you know of the battle of Stono Ferry ? What do you know of the capture of Stony Point ? Sullivan's expedition? What did Lincoln attempt with the assistance of the French fleet? What was the result? Who were among the slain in the attack? What do you know of the siege of Charleston? What followed its capture? Where was Cruger sent? Brown? Cornwallis? Why? Who succeeded Lincoln? Why was Gates sent South? What can you say of the battle of Camden? What can you say of Paul Jones? What do you know of Arnold's treason? Who were the captors of Major Andre? What was his fate? What American suffered a similar fate? CHAPTER IX. The Partisans of the Carolinas. The defeat of Gates at Sander's Creek left the Carolinas in a deplorable condition. The authority of Great Britain ex tended over the territory, and Lord Corn- wallis, who was now in command, deter- mined to hold the conquered province. Subordinate officers of his went from point to point engaging actively in the work of subjugation. The most notori- ous of these was Colonel Tarleton, who, from his many acts of undue severity, soon earned for himself the title of the "Bloody Tarleton." 250 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. Ill would it have fared with the American cause in the South had not indefatigable leaders in various portions arisen and gathered to their standard men whom no hardship could deter, no suffering discourage. These carried on a desul- tory, yet a terribly persistent and harassing warfare against the foes of their countrv. Partisan Warlare. These conflicts were waged in great part against Tories. The Tories of the Carolinas had the courage of convic- tion, and, unlike those of other colo- nies, were ready to do more for the English cause than extend aid, comfort and encouragement to British troops. The achievements of the Southern Patriot leaders are all the more remarkable when it is understood that they were contending with not only the victorious troops of a mighty nation, hut with many Americans of the same courageous characteristics as themselves. Chief among these partisan leaders were Generals Mar- ion, Sumter and Pickens, and Colonel Henry Lee. Marion operated in the swamps about the Pedee, striking blow after blow, here and there, wary, vigilant, eluding capture time after time at the hands of large forces sent for the pur- pose; striking his very pursuers when they were least expecting him; joining the regular army when a battle was in prospect, and when the fate of this army was defeat, as it was at Camden, hasten- ing back to his haunts; annoying the victors, harassing them on all sides; rescuing prisoners, as at Nelson's Ferry (August 20, 1780), when with but a hand- sumter. ful, he routed a powerful guard and released more than one hundred and fifty ill-fated victims of the Camden battlefield. Truly was he the " Swamp Fox of the Carolinas." The scenes of Sumter's exploits lav chiefly along the Catawba; those of Pickens, near the Saluda. Lee, or "Light- horse Harry," as he was called, had already won many THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 251 laurels for bravery in the Northern armies, and throughout the war he was continually engaged in brilliant and active service. When not with the regular army he was engaged in daring enterprises, cooperating with Pickens, Sumter or Marion. Tarleton was one of the ablest of the Eng- lish leaders. In May, 1780, he intercepted Colonel Buford, who was coming south from Virginia, at Waxiiaw, N. C, and sur- colonel henry lee. prising him, put almost his whole command to death. This victory was in part balanced by the defeat of a large body of Tories, under Colonel Moore, by a smaller force, under Colonel Francis Locke, the engagement occurring at a place called Ramsour's Mill, N. C (June 20, 1780). Nev- ertheless the episode of Waxhaw rankled in the breasts of the Patriots for many a day. At Hanging Rock (August 7 ) — one of the best fought bat- r.les between American militia and British regulars — the Eng- lish, under Brown, were defeated by Sumter, the Americans taking a number of prisoners. Good fortune, however, did not dwell long with Sumter, for shortly after he was surprised and routed by Tarleton at Fishing Creek (August 17). Later on Tarleton was in turn defeated by Sumter at the battle of Blackstock's Ford (November 20). The battle of King's Mountain, fought October 7, was one of the most notable achievements of the war. Shortly after the defeat of Gates, the British Major Ferguson was sent by Cornwallis with a force of regulars, well supplied with arms and stores, beyond the Wateree Rirer, for the purpose of enlisting the Tories of that region. Ferguson soon had an army of some tcven hundred men col- lected. Word went out all over the country of Ferguson's advance, and bodies of Patriots began to assemble at dif- 252 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. L1ATTLE OF KINO S MOUNTAIN. THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 253 ferent points to oppose him. Many of these were gallant "mountain men," who had gone beyond the Alleghanies as pioneers in what is now Tennessee. Colonels Isaac Shelby, John Sevier, Wm. Campbell, McDowell, Cleavland, and Williams all led bodies of men to the scene, and the different detachments concentrating, nine hundred of the best pushed on after the enemy. Ferguson had taken up a position in fancied security on the summit of Kind's Mountain. The colonel isaac shelby. attack was made upon several sides, the engagement lasting but little more than an hour. The ardor and determination of the Patriots prevailed, and Ferguson being slain, his suc- cessor to the command hoisted the signal of surrender, and the whole force was taken prisoners. QUESTIONS. What was the condition of the Carolinas after the defeat of Gates? What do you know of Colonel Tarleton ? What partisan leaders came to the defense of their country? What can you say of the Southern Tories? What do you know of Marion ? Sumter ? Lee ? Pickens ? What was the fate of Buford ? What victory was gained by Locke? What do you know of the battle of Rocky Mount? Hanging Rock? Fishing Creek? Blackstock's Ford? King's Mountain? Name some of the Patriot leaders at King's Mountain. CHAPTER X. America Triumphant. Upon the defeat of Gates at Camden, General Greene was sent South by Congress. In the campaigns that fol- lowed, Greene proved himself one of the ablest generals of the Revolution, even winning a deserved place beside Wash- ington himself. He had barely two thousand men with whom to begin operations. From his position at Cheraw, 254 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. S. C, he dispatched half of these under General Morgan westward to a place called the Cowpens. Cornwallis had been preparing to enter upon the con- quest of North Carolina, but, unwilling to leave Morgan in the rear, sentTarleton with a picked body of men against him. The forces of Morgan and Tarleton were about equal; the battle that ensued was one of the best fought battles of the war. Morgan's men had unbounded confidence in their leader, and charge "qre^e. after charge of the British was sus- tained. Tarleton had met his match at last, and he was defeated (January 17, 17S1) with a loss of two-thirds of his men, he himself barely escaping capture at the hands of the American Colonel William Washington, who pur- sued him for some distance. Upon learning of Tarleton's defeat Cornwallis hastened to the scene to punish the victor. Morgan began a famous retreat, with Cornwallis in hot pursuit. Crossing the Yadkin he was joined by Greene, and the combined forces continued on to the Catawba, and finally to the Dan River in Virginia, the retreat being conducted so skillfully as to baffle the pursuers all along the route. Cornwallis gave up the chase when the Dan was reached, and turned south to Hillsborough, N. C. Greene, now receiving reinforcements, followed, and at Guilford Court House, now Greenesborough, a great battle was fought (March 25). The Americans were driven back, but the vic- tory of the British was dearly bought. Cornwallis' army was so badly crippled that he felt it necessary to hasten to Peters- burg, Va., and join forces with those of Arnold and Philips, who had been ravaging and destroying in eastern Virginia. THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 255 Greene now proceeded southward, determined to wrest South Carolina and Georgia from British possession. At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, another decisive battle was fought (April 25) with Lord Rawdon. The result was similar to that at Guilford Courthouse. The Amer- icans were unable to withstand the fierce advances of the British, but before falling- back inflicted such severe loss that Raw- don retired from that part of the country to the region below the Santee. Here he was harassed by Sumter and Marion, while Greene turned his attention to Ninety-Six, a strongly forti- fied post, commanded by Colonel Cruger. Fortifications were erected by Kosciusko, and a siege began that would have resulted in the surrender of the fort had not the arrival of fresh troops from the coast enabled Lord Rawdon to advance to its rescue. Learning; of this advance, the Americans has- tened to storm the fort (June 18), but the attack was unsuccessful, and Greene was compelled to withdraw. Gallant work was being done by the partisan leaders all this time. Post after post, in different portions of the State, were falling into their hands. Rawdon retiring to Charles- ton, left Stewart in command, near Orangeburg. The hardest fought battle of the war occurred at Eutaw Springs, between Greene and Stewart (September 8). The Americans gained the advantage, the enemy THE OUTPOST. -5" PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. LAFAYETTE. retreating to Charleston. Of all the territory they had overrun there remained to the British, by the close of the year 1780, but the two cities of Savannah and Charleston. Lafayette had been sent to Virginia to check the ravages of Arnold and Philips, but with his small force could accomplish little. Cornwallis arriving from North Carolina, continued the work of devastation. More than ten million dollars worth of property was destroyed. He finally took up a position on the Peninsula of Yorktown. Word was sent of this to Washington, who was still near New York, occupied with the British under Clinton in that vicinity. Leaving a force to menace Clinton, he hastened to Virginia, where, assisted by Virginia militia, under Governor Nelson, and a large force of French that had arrived in America, he surrounded the works of Cornwallis. The French fleet cut off all retreat by sea. Clinton at New York was unable to determine whether or not to go to Cornwallis' assistance, meanwhile sending out ravaging expeditions, in the vain hope of drawing Washing- ton back. The Americans established batteries and opened fire. Two redoubts of the enemy were carried by storm. There was no hope for the British, and Cornwallis, the ablest general opposed to the Americans in the whole war, was compelled to surrender (October 19). Seven thousand men laid down their arms. This second great victory was a decisive one for the American cause. Again had a mighty army of one of the strongest nations on earth been captured whole. The glad news went throughout America, awakening all to demon- THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 257 strations of joy. It was felt that the war was virtually ended. When news of Cornwallis' surrender reached Lord North, Prime Minister of England, he exclaimed, "Oh, God! it is all over." It had at last dawned upon the British mind that America could not be subdued. Hostilities ceased. Char- leston and Savannah were evacuated. Commissioners met at Paris and signed a treaty of peace (September 3, 1783). The evacuation of New York followed, and the last of the hostile English forces left American shores. By the terms of the treaty England acknowledged Amer- ican independence. The colonies were now States. All that portion of territory south of the great lakes and east of the Mississippi, with the exception of Florida, which Eng- land ceded to Spain, was their domain. Thenceforth they were to work out their own destiny among the nations of the earth. QUESTIONS. Who succeeded Gates to the command in the South? What can you say of General Greene ? Where did his forces collect? What victory was gained by Morgan? Over whom? What followed the battle of Cowpens? How was the American retreat conducted? What caused Greene to turnback upon Cornwallis after reaching Virginia? What do you know of the battle of Guilford Courthouse ? What was the result? Where did Greene go after the battle? Cornwallis? What do you know of the battle of Hobkirk's Hill ? Attack on Ninety-Six? Why was Ninety-Six assaulted instead of besieged? Who was left in command at Orangeburg? What can you say of the battle of Eutaw Springs? What English generals ravaged eastern Virginia ? Who was sent against them? By whom was Cornwallis besieged at Yorktown? Why did not Clinton go to his assistance? What do you know of Corn- wallis' surrender? How was the news received in America? England? What cities were now evacuated? When and where was the treaty of peace signed ? What were among its terms ? What did the colonies become with the acknowledgment of their independence ? 2 $8 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. REVIEW OUTLINE. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION— PRINCIPAL BATTLES. BRITISH VICTORIES AND GENERALS IN ITALICS. THE WAR IN THE SOUTH. I77S Dec. 29 SAVANNAH CAPTURED ROI'.T. HOWE CAMPBELL. r Feb. 14 KETTLE CREEK (Ga.) PICKENS BOYD. .J March 3 BRIER CREEK (Ga.) \SHK PREVOST. I''J'\ June 20 STONO FERRY (5 C.) LINCOLN PREVOST. { Oct. 9 SAVANNAH ATTACKED LINCOLN PREVOST. (April 14 MONK'S CORNER (5. C.) HUGER TARLETON, May 12 CHARLESTON CAPTURED LINCOLN CLiNTON. May 29 WAXHAW (N. C.) T5UFORD TARLETON. JUNE 2a...RAMSOUR'S MILE (N. C.) LOCKE MOORE. I7S0\ A.UG. 7 HANGING ROCK (S. C.) SUMTER BROWN. Aug. 16 SANDER'S CREEK (S. C.) GATES CORNWALLiS Aug. 17 FISHING CREEK'S. C.) .... SUMTER TARLETON. Oct. 7 KING'S MOUNTAIN (S. C.) CAMPBELL FERGUSON- Nov. 20 BLACKSTOCK'S FORD (S. C.) SUMTER TARLETON. Jan. 17 COWPENS (N. C.) MORGAN TARLETON. March 25 GUILFORD'S COURT HOUSE {N. C). GREENE CORNWALL'S- lyni J April 25 HOBKlRK'S HILL(S. C.) GREENE RAWDON. June IS NINETY-SlX(S. C.) GREENE CRUGER. Sept.8... EUTAW SPRINGS (S. C.) GREENE STEWART. Oct. 19 YORKTOWN (V.\.) WASHINGTON.. CORNWALLiS. SEARCH QUESTIONS. How did Cowpens receive its name ? What President of the United States fought at King's Mountain ? What great invention was designed at the house of General Greene's widow? In what places did Congress hold sessions during the Revolution? What are "letters of marque and reprisal "? Why did Greene s defeats have the effect of victories ? Whdt famous repast did Marion serve to a British officer and what was the result ? »-•-• PREPARATORY NOTES. Definition of Words. — Supreme, sovereignty (see Webster's Dictionary, edition of 1844), compact (Id.), constitution (Id.), delegation (Id.), federal (Id.), confederation (Id.), state (Id.), vested, function, interpretation, des- potic, civil, exemplifies, jurisdiction, mutual, domiciled, assumption, insti- tuted, quota, equitable, levy, depreciate, redress, provisional, allegiance, enunciation, wary, inordinate, ordinance, expansion, harmonious, consum- mate, exclusion, specified, stipulation, competition, quorum, financier, deliberations, judiciary, devised, compromise, ratification, encroachment, genius, homogeneous, domestic, tranquility, amendment, restriction. THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 259 PARALLEL READINGS. Reference. — Bancroft's " History of the United States," Fiske's " Critical Period of American History," Schouler's "History of the American Republic," Von Hoist's "Con- stitutional History of the United States," "The Federalist." General. — Lodge's " Alexander Hamilton," Gay's " Madison," Coffin's " Building of the Nation," Tyler's " Patrick Henry," Cooke's " Virginia," Morse's " Thomas J efferson," Irving's " Washington," Gilmore's "Rear Guard of the Revolution," and "John Sevier as a Commonwealth Builder," Shaler's " Kentucky," Phelan's " Tennessee," " The Northwest Territory" (Magazine of American History, August, 1SS6), "The Framers of the Constitution " (Id., April, 1SS5), Stephens' " History of the United States." Topical. — " Government, Forms of," "Confederation, Articles of," "The Federal Con- stitution," "The Federalist," "The Virginia Plan," "The New Jersey Plan," "The Con- necticut Compromise," "James Robertson," "Franklin, State of," "John Sevier," " Daniel Boone," " Alexander Hamilton," " Federal Ratio," " Constitution, The Adoption of," " State Rights." The Institution of Self-Government. CHAPTER XI. The Transfer of Sovereignty. Man is of a social nature, and therefore exists in socie- ties. For the regulation and welfare of societies, govern- ment is necessary. In every form of government there must enter into consideration two elements: the one in which Sovereignty, or supreme power, is vested; and the one upon which it is exercised. When, in a society, sovereignty is vested in one person, we have a form of government called a Monarchy. When sov- ereignty is vested in all the members of a society, and all have a voice in the governing of themselves, we have a Democracy. When the members of a democracy are too numerous to exercise governmental functions directly, they may delegate their authority to representatives chosen from among them- selves, in which case we have a form of government known as a Republic A sovereign mav either exercise authority himself, or delegate this authority. Sometimes the delegation is made 26o PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. Personal Freedom. In :i monarchy personal freedom, in its widest interpretation, is enjoyed by but one person in the society — the monarch himself. In a democracy personal freedom is enjoyed by all alike. The limitation of despotic power, and the extension of civil privileges, have marked the progress of modern enlightened nations. The Republic of the United States of America exemplifies in the highest degree, the advance that has been made in the application of progressive governmental ideas, and to-day pre- sents to the world the most remarkable example of a people governing them- selves. by written instrument. In the history of the English colonies we find mention of an instru- ment of this kind under the name of Charter. Some- times the delegation is made by popular election, as in a Republican form of govern- ment. Sovereigns often enter into a mutual agreement in matters pertaining to their own govern- ment. This agreement is sometimes called a Compact. The earliest mentioned in the history of the United States is that which was drawn up in the cabin of the Mayflower by the Pilgrim Fathers, who, deeming themselves beyond the jurisdiction of any authority higher than their own, entered as sovereigns into a mutual agreement for their government o o o (1620). The people of an organized society or community may enter into an agreement with the people of other organized societies and communities for the purpose of promoting the welfare of all. The agreement in this case is called a Constitution, and is said to be the fundamental law by which all are governed. The earliest written Constitution mentioned in the history of the United States is that which was drawn up by the Connecticut colonies of Hartford, Weathersfield, and Windsor (1638). A society of individuals organized for the purpose of government, whether monarchical or democratic, is called a State, if sovereignty is domiciled within its borders; a Province if sovereignty is domiciled without. Thus, many of the American colonies were provinces before the Revolu- THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 26l tion. After the Revolution they became States. The Declaration of Independence transferred the sovereignty under which the colonies were governed from Great Britain to America ; and this sovereignty was assumed by the Amer- ican people, who maintained themselves in this assumption by force of arms. This transfer of sovereignty rendered possible the institution of self-government as it exists in the United States to-day; 3'et the principles of American self-government were not of sudden growth. Throughout the whole history of the Eng- lish colonies their gradual de- velopment went hand in hand with that of American inde- pendence. The first popular election in America, making Captain John Smith, President of Virginia (1609) ; the first Representative Assembly, by which an American people gained a voice in the making of their own laws, instituted in Virginia the year before the Mayflower Compact (1619); the transfer of the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Com- pany, with its governmental privileges, from England to that colony, instituting a high form of self-government, for that time, in America (1630) - — all marked the first stages of growth. By the time of the Revolution, ideas upon the Sovereignty and Government. It is to be borne in mind that govern- ment and sovereignty are not one and the same. In a monarchy, sovereignty and governmental power may repose in one and the same person. The monarch may retain his sovereignty and delegate governmental powers. In a republic the people are the sovereigns, and their governmental authority is delegated to an organiza- tion, the constituting of which they determine. The bringing of the Mas- sachusetts Bay Charter to Amer- ica transferred governmental powers, but not sovereignty from England to Massachusetts. The Revolution tran - fervcd sovereignty to the American ■people. Self-Government West of the Alleghanies. Pioneers who crossed the Allegha- nies and placed themselves beyond the limits of societies already organ- ized, carried with them ideas of self- government and put them into practical operation in the communities which they established. The first instance of this and of the establishment of free government west of the Alleghanies was at Watauga, Tenn., in 1773, by pioneers from North Carolina. subject had become clearly established in the American 262 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. mind, and under the systematic oppressions of England these ideas developed into powerful principles of action. BLACKBOARD FORM. GOVERNMENT.} ( n • j r ±l {Regulation} Devised for thc{ ,,,,„ UfSoa \ We fore J :•■'■ Powers of, {Vested in ONE. ( Monarchy. ) Vested in ALL. {Democracy.) May be Delegated by r Charter. < Compact. I Constitution. QUESTIONS. Why is government necessary? What enters into consideration in every form of government? What is a monarch)? Democracy? What about personal freedom under each form? W r hat changes of government have characterized human progress? What advance does the Republic of the United States mark? How may a sovereign delegate authority? What is a charter? What is a republic? Compact? What is the earliest compact mentioned in United States history? What is a constitution ? What is the earliest mentioned? What is the difference between a Province and a State ? Illustrate. What distinction is to be drawn between sovereignty and govern- ment ? Illustrate. What marks the earlier stages of the development of self- government in America? By whom were ideas upon the subject put into practical operation? Where was self-government first established west of the Alleghanies ? CHAPTER XII. The Delegation of Governmental Power. The Continental Congress, assembled at Philadelphia in 1775, exercised certain governmental powers in the name of the thirteen colonies that had united in their opposition to England. This Congress declared war against Great Britain ; appointed a commander-in-chief of the army; made provision for the raising of men and supplies; issued bills of credit establishing a continental currency: a 1 d organized a postal system, with Benjamin Franklin as the first postmaster- general. the institution of self-government. 263 The power of this Congress was very much limited, and from its weakness the American cause suffered greatly. It could only call upon, request, or beg the various colonies for their quotas of men and money, but could compel none of them to contribute its equitable share. It had no power to levy taxes , that its bills of credit or paper money might be redeemed, and hence conti- nental currency became almost worthless. Owing to this lack of power on the part of Congress, the sufferings of the army for food and cloth- ing were intense. The winter camps of Valley Forge and Morristown tested more se- verely the patriotism and hero- ism of the Americans than did many a battle. One of the first recommend- ations of the Continental Con- gress, and one that met with a prompt response, was that which advised the various col- onies to establish temporary or provisional governments (May, 1776), pending the diffi- Sufferings of the Army. All through the war Washington was harassed by the limited resources at his disposal. The pay of the soldiers in the greatly depreciated currency was not sufficient to keep them in the necessaries of life, and army after army had to be created, as the men re- turned to their homes to gain subsist- ence for themselves and families, after their terms of enlistment had expired. With the mistaken idea that Congress was to blame for this condition of affairs, the whole " Pennsylvania line" of Washington's army revolted and proceeded to Philadelphia, bent upon securing a redress of grievances, but patriotism finally prevailed and averted catastrophe. In the darkest period of the war there came to the front the Patriot, Robert Morris, a rich banker of Phila- delphia. He pledged his fortune to establish the credit of Congress. The army was sustained by him. He brought to the service of his country all his financial ability. His name is not connected with the glory and ex- citement of the battlefield ; but no one who took part in the American cause better deserves the grateful remem- brance of his countrymen. culty with Great Britain. South Carolina had already an- ticipated this measure by adopting, in the March previous, a State Constitution — the first of the thirteen colonies to do so. When all allegiance to the British crown was cancelled by the separate colonial ratifications of the Declaration of Independence, these provisional governments became inde- 264 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, AMERICAN STATESMAN, PHILOSOPHER, AND PATRIOT. pendent State governments, the organization of which was justified by the assumption of sovereignty on the part of the people of each colon)'. For the purpose of carrying on a successful war against Great Britain, it behooved the revolting Colonies, or States as they now considered them- selves, to ratify the powers assumed by Congress, and, by delegating additional ones, to institute some kind of a cen- tral government that would promote the welfare of all. Articles of Confederation were therefore proposed in Congress (July 12, 1776), and submitted for acceptance. But it was found that the people were somewhat wary in del- egating governmental power beyond the limits of their States. They were engaged in a conflict for independence and self-government, and, as instruments of tyranny, they could see no difference be- tween a Parliament in England and a Congress in America, if the latter was entrusted with inordinate power. Moreover, the States, though united in their opposition to England, were distrustful of one another. The smaller States manifested great reluctance in consenting to the establishment of a governmental organization in which the larger would naturally have the most influence. Many Virginia Bill of Rights. In the organization of the Virginia State government, a very remarkable paper, written by George Mason, and known as the Virginia Bill of RIGHTS, anticipated, in its enuncia- tion of principles, the declaration of independence that was afterwards made in the name of :ill the colonies. This Bill of Rights and a State Consti- tution by the same writer were adopted (June, 177^) by the same convention that instructed delegates 10 Congress to propose American independence Both these documents served as models to many of the other colonies. THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVKRNMENT. 26$ objections had to be overcome before the Articles of Confederation were finally adopted. Twelve States as- sented to them by July, 1779, and the last one, Maryland, by March, 1781. In the government thus in- stituted each State, whether large or small, had one vote in deciding upon measures com- ing up before Congress, and the powers delegated to this government were carefully specified, such as the power to declare war, to make treaties, to coin money, to issue bills of credit, to fix the quota of The Ordinance of 1787. One of the objections on the part of the smaller States was generously met by Virginia, then the most populous of all the States. Her vast territory gave her much room for expansion, and with this expansion would come increase of power and influence. Nevertheless, to aid in bringing about a harmonious confederation, she proposed to donate to the general government all her territory north of the Ohio. This ter- ritory was hers by original grant, and by right of double conquest. Its in- habitants had taken an oath of allegi- ance to her when Clark consummated the conquest of the territory. The offer of cession was made in 17S1, accepted by Congress in 17S3, and in 1787 an ordinance for the government of this NORTHWEST TERRITORY was passed. This ordinance is remarkable for its exclusion of slavery, which then prevailed, more or less, in all the States, and for its liberal encourage- ment of public education. money to be raised by each State for the purpose of carry- ing on the war, to regulate the number of land and naval forces, etc. The Articles, however, contained the ex- press stipulation that each State should retain its sover- eignty and independence, and all powers not delegated. So jealously had all authority to enforce its measures been withheld from this confederate government, that its weakness and impracticability soon be- came apparent. Shays' Rebellion. In western Massachusetts a remark- able rebellion, headed by Daniel Shays, a captain in the Revolutionary War, was instituted against the extortions of courts and officers employed in the forcible collection of taxes. The wresting from them of their few pos- sessions seemed as great an act of tyranny as any that led to the revolt of the colonies; so the infuriated people arose, and to the number of two thou- sand marched upon Springfield and Worcester, and were only subdued by superior forces under Generals Lincoln and Shepard. The close of the war found the States in a deplorable con- dition. The government, under the Articles of Confedera- 266 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. tion, commanded neither respect abroad, nor confidence at home. A large debt had been contracted in the name of the United States, and grave questions arose about its pay- ment. Congress was powerless to levy taxes to redeem its bills of credit, and, indeed, the people in their impoverished condition were in no disposition to cheerfully pay them, even when levied by their own State governments. Disputes of a more than local nature were arising on every hand. Commerce was unregulated, and commercial com- petition between the various States was causing strife. The States were drifting as far apart in feeling as they were in geographical position. Discord seemed to be the heritage following upon the death of the power of England. The Articles of Confederation were a failure, and the meetings of Congress became less and less frequent from difficulty in obtaining a quorum. This unsettled state of affairs was producing great restless- ness. Many were making their way beyond the Allegha- nies, where already John Sevier, James Robertson, Isaac Shelby and Daniel Boone, with their hardy followers, had established themselves, after wresting from the savage th 2 fair lands of Kentucky and Tennessee. Manv who had the good of their country at heart became sorely perplexed over its condition. Independence had been won, but it was being gradually realized that the freedom of a people could be menaced, not only by a tyrannical government, but by the other extreme of anarchy and misrule. It behooved the JAMES ROBERTSON, EARLY TENNESSEE PIONEER. DANIEL BOONE, EARLY KENTUCKY PIONE^T. THE INSTITUTION OP SELF-GOVERNMENT. >67 The State of Franklin. In 1785 the pioneer people of what is now eastern Tennessee, hut then a part of North Carolina, resolved to form a State government of their own. A constitution was adopted, a legisla- ture chosen, judges appointed, courts organized, and treaties with the Indians entered into. John Sevier was elected Governor. The State was called Franklin, or Frank- land, and its seat of govern- ment was Jonesborough ; hut the State of Franklin did not remain long in existence, for North Carolina maintained her jurisdiction over the ter- ritory, ceding it in 1789 to the United States as a part of what was to be the territory and State of Tennessee. These early settlers of eastern Tennessee rendered valuable service in the Revolutionary War, for not only did they cross the mountains into Carolina and take part in battles against the British, but they barred the way and prevented hordes of savages, instigated by English emissaries, from sweeping down upon the western Carolina settlements. States to secure greater domestic tranquility and to form a more perfect union. A stronger government than the Confederation was the ap- parent need — one with power sufficient, not only to legislate, but to enforce laws for the general welfare, and yet insufficient to oppress its creators. This was the problem now to I be solved by the M people of the Amer- ican States. JOHN SEVIER, GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF FRANKLIN, AND FIRST GOVERNOR OF TENNESSEE. QUESTIONS. What did the Conti- nental Congress assume? In whose name? What governmental acts did it perform ? What can you say of its weakness? What sufferings were caused by its lack of power to raise revenues? How was Washington harassed? What do you know of Robert Morris? What was among the first recommendations of Congress? What State was first to adopt a State constitution? What did provisional governments in time become? What do you know of the Virginia Bill of Rights? What articles were proposed in Congress? Why? When? To whom were they submitted? How received? Why? When were the Articles of Confederation finally adopted? What do you know of the Ordi- nance of 1787 ? What do you know of the government under the Articles of Confederation? What powers were delegated? What was expressly stipulated? In what condition were the States at the close of the war? What had been contracted? To what were the people averse? What do you know of Shays' rebellion ? What conditions showed that the Articles of Confederation were a failure ? What do you know of the State of Franklin ? What besides tyranny can menace the freedom of a people ? What did it behoove the States to secure and form? 268 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. CHAPTER XIII. The Federal Constitution. A commercial agreement entered into by the States of Virginia and Maryland was productive of much good. For the purpose of extending this benefit generally the legislature of Virginia issued a call (January, 1786) for a convention of States to consider the establishment of a uniform commer- cial system. New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Delaware responded to the call, and delegates from the five States assembled at Annapolis, Md. (September, 17S6). Many, dissatisfied with the weakness of the existing con- federative government, beheld in the Annapolis meeting an opportunity of instituting not only a commercial union, but a political one. There was present as a delegate from New York, Alexander Hamilton, a young man of brilliant intel- lect, who had already distinguished himself as aide-de-camp to Washington in the war, and who was destined to become a financier and statesman of the highest order. Upon Hamilton's recom- mendation a call for a second convention was issued by the Annapolis meeting, for the purpose of devising a Constitu- tion of the United States more adequate to the needs of the country than the then existing Articles of Confederation. Delegates from nine States assembled (May, 1787) at Philadelphia in answer to the call. Among them were the The Work of the Federal Convention. The Philadelphia convention had a work before it of momentous import- ance. Theirs it was to devise an effi- cient government acceptable to a free people, wlio had already organized themselves into States, and who had already signified unwillingness to enter into a close political union. The deliberations of the body covered a period of some four months, and the most intense application was i;iven to the matters tn hand. Debates were frequent. Delegates were all jealously watchful of the interests of their re- spective States and sections, but, realizing the need of the country, made concessions to and compromises with each other. Prominent among those who led in the work of the con- vention were "Light Horse Harry" T.ee, Madison, Hamilton, Franklin, Randolph, the two Pinckneys, Rut- ledge and others. THE INSTITUTION OE SELF-GOVERNMENT. 269 most distinguished men of the time, and over the delibera- tions of the body thus brought together, George Washington was chosen to preside. Some of the delegates thought it necessary only to amend and strengthen the Articles of Confederation, but those who favored an entire reorganization were in the majority. The first step was made when the resolution of Randolph of Virginia was adopted, " that a national government ought to be established, consisting of a supreme Legislature, Judiciary and Executive." The question arose for de- bate as to how the Congress or supreme legislature should be constituted. Virginia brought forward a plan that Congress should, consist of two houses, the lower to be chosen by the peo- ple, the higher to be elected by the members of the lower house. As this arrangement gave Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Massa- chusetts, then the most popu- lous States, a greater represen- tation in Congress, and conse- quently greater power, it was strenuously opposed by the smaller States of Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. A plan was then brought forward by New Jersey, pro- viding for an equal representa- tion of the States as under the Articles of Confederation. To this the larger States were averse. After a period of fierce debate, in which it seemed no agreement would be The Three Great Compromises. The Convention was divided upon the question of Federal regulation of commerce and upon that of prohibit- ing or permitting further importation of slaves. New Hampshire, Massa- chusetts and Connecticu: desired that authority to regulate commerce be lodged in Congress. The peculiar agricultural development of South Carolina and Georgia rendered neces- sary the further importation of slave labor. The second of what has been called the Three Great Compro- mises was effected by the five States combining to carry through the meas- ures in which each was interested. Thus the regulation of commerce was entrusted to Congress, and the Federal interference with the importation of slaves until 1S0S prohibited. The three great compromises were: that estab- lishing Slate equality in the Sen- ate; that establishing the Federal ratio; and that prohibiting Federal interference in the slave trade until 1S0S. 270 period of revolution. reached, a compromise was suggested by Connecticut and finally adopted, which provided that in the lower house of Congress the people should be represented, each State send- ing representatives according to population; in the upper house or senate, each State, large and small alike, should be represented by two sen- ators. The next great point of dis- agreement was whether, of the population upon which repre- sentation was based, slaves should be considered a part. Slavery once existed through- out the thirteen States, but was beginning to die out in the North. Its institution had be- come firmly established in the South. A compromise was reached upon this question also, and it was provided that five slaves should count as three free inhabitants, thus establishing what is known as the Federal Ratio. The question of what powers should be entrusted to Con- gress awakened much discus- sion, especially those pertaining to the regulation of com- merce, but the end was finally reached, and the Federal Constitution stood completed. Although instituting a form of government greatly in advance of any yet devised, it was by no means thoroughly satisfactory to its framers, a The Beginning of Universal Suffrage. The Convention was divided as t<> whether the Executive should consist of one person or more than one. The former, however, was decided upon. It was also divided as to the manner of choosing. Some wanted the choice to devolve upon Congress; others in- sisted that it lie made by the people. Many beheld in an election by Con- gress possible danger of intrigue and combination powerful enough to con- trol the acts of the President. Others beheld in a choice by the people possi- ble danger of their being led by self- aggrandizing demagogues. At length that feature of the Constitution which provides for an Electoral College was agreed upon. The number of these electors corresponds with the number of Senators and Representa- tives in Congress, and the electors of each State are selected " in such a manner as the legislature thereof may direct." The idea of universal suf- frage was in its infancy in the days when the Federal Convention met. It is interesting to note the development of this idea in connection with the election of President. At first the electors were chosen by the State Leg- islature itself. New Jersey pursued this plan up to 1S16; Connecticut to 1S20; New York, Delaware and Ver- mont to 1S24; and South Carolina to 1S6S. At the present day the electors are chosen by popular vote, and the selection of a President of the United States is virtually an election by the people. THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 271 Differences of Constitutional Inter- pretation. In the light of modern development we have come to know that a consti- tuted government cannot bear harmo- niously upon a people unless this peo- ple is a unit in interests, in character- istics, and in modes of life. This the American people at that time were not, nor were they to be for years to come. Colonial life had developed sectional characteristics; climatic con- ditions had caused diversity of indus- trial interests. The people were not homogeneous, and, therefore, a govern- ment bearing directly upon them as a whole could not but cause the friction that was to be the lot of the new gov- ernment. On the other hand, the States as organized wholes, had many interests in common. Continued exist- ence, uniform regulation of commerce and currency, domestic tranquility and defensive organization against possible foreign foes, were the needs of all, and they therefore could, with reason, compact and agree upon the establish- ment of a central regulative power to be exercised for the good of all. Thus thought many who favored the Constitution, and its successive and separate ratifications by the different States, caused them to regard it as a compact between sovereign States. In time there arose a difference of opinion as to the relative supremacy of powers delegated by the American people to State and Federal governmental or- ganizations. The theory of compact gave rise to the doctrine of State Rights, which in time was to main- tain the sovereignty of a State and its right to withdraw from the compact — a principle that was destined to be contended for unsuccessfully, yet hero- ically, in one of the bitterest struggles ever chronicled in the world's history. few of whom even refused to sign it. Its compromises were not entirely acceptable to all. There were points in it not sufficiently emphasized that left the way dangerously open to different interpretations. Yet, all in all, it was a won- derful achievement, and it stands to-day the greatest written instrument ever ex- ecuted by man. The work of the convention went before the people of each State for their ratifica- tion, and for the first time in their history the American people became divided into parties upon a political ques- tion. Two classes of political thinkers arose; those who op- posed the institution of the new government, and those who favored it. Clear-think- ing, honest-minded men, such as Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason, Benjamin Har- rison and others, saw lurking" in the Constitution possible menaces to that liberty and self-government so dearly pur- chased. Others equally hon- est-minded, believed a stronger government to be necessary, and deemed any form of government to be good when pro- 272 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. perly administered. In their opinion the genius of American liberty -would ever be a protection against encroachment upon self-government, and they considered that the instru- ment itself established sufficient safeguards against the possi- bilities feared by the more jealous guardians of popular rights. The contest between Federalists and Anti-Federalists was a heated one. Among the friends of the Constitution that worked earnestly for its ratification were Washington, Madison, Harry Lee and Marshall, of Virginia; the Pinck- neys (Charles and Cotesworth), Gadsden, and Rutledge, of South Carolina; Livingston, Jay, and Hamilton, of New York; Franklin, Clymer, and Wilson, of Pennsylvania; and others. The labors of Madison and Hamilton were particu- larly valuable, and were second only to those of Washington. From the pens of these great political thinkers came a series of letters, that appeared in public print, and educated the popular mind to an appreciation of Constitution. These letters collected, constitute the remarkable work called The Federalist. Delaware was the first State to ratify (December 7, 177S), followed in succession by Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Geor- gia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia and New York. In many of the States the vote was very close. In Massachusetts it stood one hundred and eighty-seven to one hundred and sixty- eight; in Virginia the Constitution was ratified by the small majority of ten. Thus reluctant were the people to take a step that conflicted with the idea of self-government then held by them, by delegating governmental powers beyond the limits of their States. The Constitution was to go into effect as soon as nine States should accept it. Eleven responded favorably. Some however, proposed certain amendments, several of THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 2*]^ which were afterwards adopted and made a part of the Constitution. These amendments were to preclude restric- tions upon individual liberty, and the assumption of undele- gated powers by the general government. However divided the American people were upon the ques- tion of the Constitution, when it became known that the new government was to go into operation, there was but one choice for its Chief Executive. George Washington was chosen President; John Adams was the choice for Vice-President. The first Congress was to meet at New York in March, but failing to obtain a quorum, did not organize until a month after the stipulated time, (April 1-6, 1789). In November (1789) North Car- olina adopted the Constitution, and Rhode Island, in May of the following year. Thus were all the American States then existing — thirteen in num- ber, united under one government — a J!F \ government devised to "establish john adams. justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general wel- fare, and secure the blessings of liberty" to an independent people and their posterity. QUESTIONS. What call was issued by Virginia? Why? When? What States responded? Where was the commercial convention held? When? What did friends of better government behold in the Annapolis convention? What do you know of Alexander Hamilton? What was recommended? Where did the next convention assemble? When? Why? How many States were repre- sented? What work had this convention before it? What can you say of conflicting and sectional interests? Why were concessions and compro- mises made? Name some who led in the work of the convention. What was the first important step taken in the formation of the new government? What was the "Virginia Plan"? What was the objection to it? What 274 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. was the " New Jersey Plan "? What was the " Connecticut Compromise "? What was the next point of disagreement? What do you know of the " Federal Ratio " ? What awakened much discussion? What were the Three Great Compromises? How was the Convention divided upon the question of the Executive? What do you know of the Electoral College, as provided by the Constitution? I low was it first chosen ? How, now ? What can you say of Federal Constitution as completed? To whom was the Con- stitution submitted when complete? How was it received? What two politi- cal parties arose? Name some who did not favor ratification? What can you say of the contest between Federalist and anti-Federalist? Name some who strenuously worked for adoption? What State first adopted? What states followed? How close was the contest in Massachusetts? Virginia? What do you know of the subsequent difference of interpretation that arose ? What had the States in common? Upon what was the doctrine of State Rights founded? When did the Constitution go into effect? How many amendments were made with its adoption? What can you say of these amendments? Who was unanimously chosen as President under the new government? When did the first Federal Congress assemble? Where? What two States finally adopted the constitution? When? For what purposes was the new government devised? REVIEW QUESTIONS. (GENERAL.) What policy did England pursue towards her colonies? When were Navigation Acts passed ? Why? What were they ? Importation Acts? What was the Stamp Act? When was it passed? Repealed? Why did the colonists regard it as unjust? What were "Writs of Assistance"? What was the "Stamp Act Congress"? How did England seek to punish Massachusetts for opposing the tea tax? What do you know of the battle of Allamance? Name four acts of colonial resistance. What were "Committees of Correspondence"? What was the first battle of the Revolution? Last battle? How long did the war last? Name six American victories won in the North. Eight in the South. Name fine celebrated foreigners who assisted the Americans. What nation assisted the Americans? When was the treaty of alliance entered into? Why not before? Name ten American generals. Five British. Three Hessians. Name eight battles fought by Washington. Four by Greene. Three by Gates. Three by Lincoln. Three by Sumter. What battles were fought before the Declaration of Independence? Why? What brilliant naval engagement occurred during the War of the Revolution? What do you know of partisan warfare in the Carolinas? Give two results of the American Revolution. In the growth of ideas of liberty what effect had successes in colonial wars? Who in Virginia educated public sentiment up to an appreciation of [ndependen.ee? REVIEW OF FOURTH PERIOD. 275 South Carolina? Massachusetts? What was the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence? What State first offered to concur with other States in declaring independence? What State first proposed independence? When and where was American Independence declared? Who wrote the declara- tion? What battles of the Revolution were decisive ones, and why? What governmental functions were assumed by the Seeond Continental Congress? What recommendation did it make to the States? Why is government necessary to man? What is Sovereignty? What is a Monarchy? Democracy? Republic? State? Province? How did the American people assume sovereignty? What delegation of governmental power did they make? Give six events of American history that marked the develop- ment of self-government. What do you know of the Ordinance of 17S7? Of the State of Franklin? Virginia Bill of Rights? Shay's Rebellion? What convention led to that which drew up the Constitution? What is a Constitution? Name three compromises in the Constitution. What differ- ences of interpretation came to exist in regard to the Constitution? Name some who opposed the establishment of the new government as proposed by the Constitution? Why did they oppose? Name some who favored? Why? What three men did most to secure the adoption of the Constitu- tion? What is "The Federalist"? Why was the Federal Government instituted in place of the Congress of the Confederation? What State first adopted the Constitution? When? What States followed in succession? Who was the unanimous choice for President of the United States? Tell what yo with his name Washington. Randolph. Gadsden. Greene. Putnam. Harrison. Burgoyne. Jasper. Rutledge. Cornwallis. Lafayette. Kosciusko. Franklin. Lee (H.) Ashe. Prevost. Brown . Locke. (BIOGRAPHICAL.) u know of each of the following and of the events connected Ferguson. Cleaveland. Nelson. Boone. Henry. Adams (S.) Lee (R. H.) Revere. Allen. Ward. Gates. Morgan. Laurens. Pulaski. DeKalb. Fraser. Deane. Hamilton. Jones. Tarleton. Rawdon. Van Wert. Shelby. Campbell. Mason. Madison. Hancock. Jefferson. Carr. Stark. Arnold. Howe. Prescott. Caswell. Sullivan. Knvphausen. Schuyler. Riedesel. Lee (A.) Clarke. Wayne. Buford. Hayne. Marion. Williams. McDowell. Shepard. Marshall. Otis. Adams (J. Gage. Parker. Warner. Clinton. Andre. Moultrie. Stirling. Steuben. St. Clair. Philips. Lee (C.) Pickens. D'Estaing. Cruger. Paulding. Moore. Sevier. Stewart. Robertson. Wilson. St. Leger. Baum. X ^ "^ co c2 Uj ^ "^ Ck. o K ~« ^ t-l Uj o ^ =5: CD Uj ? 5 < h * o uL -J "> c H fu: Uj ^~\ ■co ^0 hi ^ -j co <-> LC5 J? Q ^ o to to ^ iv. O 1 tv. O Uj -+-j k "3 v-' "0 IV. •2 P U< Co CD jo CD <0 ^ c: © -2 "-G CO •*■* -ST*©- to o to TO -S to ^ a. ac o IV. CO ^! to -c CO • 5 Cj hi < Uj CD CD Q CD <0 o 5 to to CO to IS, tD o c ©. S to CO to ct to to to to to to -0 -; CO to CO to iv 1 . a Part Lexing o co CO 5 a £ © 5 5 b -t— to S 5 a to to "5 to C Cft to c : to '5 3^ a tn co CD Q ^ h- Uj _c; i o SBsnvo CO ■NOIiniOA -§1 e> c s ii§^^5. t= g Caco ^ Co O. ^.CO"S - ■§ 2 5 "fc f . Co <=>*■ Co c 00 -fa E CO s p CO o 9Lunss\/ jtjjg v u; 3 S: 5: K^ ENT RICA OVER ^3 § ^ to CO g k Uj CO Q 3; CO Qc Uj CO CD u^ 3: -j '$±ins3X VdmiNV 3H1 27S PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. SEARCH QUESTIONS* For what purpose was the Constitution ordained and established? What is the law- making body of the Federal Government called ? Of what two houses does it consist ? Of whom is the House of Representatives composed? What are the qualifications of a Representative ? Of whom is the Senate composed ? What are the qualifications of a Senator ? What powers have been delegated to Congress ? What bills originate In the House ? How does a bill become a law ? Who is the Executive ? How is he chosen ? What are his qualifications ? What are his duties '.' Powers ? In whom is the judicial power of the United States vested ? To what cases does this power extend ? What provision is in the Constitution regarding the return to their owners of runaway slaves ? How are new States formed and admitted to the Union ? What does the United States Government guarantee to each State ? By whom are regulations and rules :ng territory of the United States made? How may the Constitution be amended? What is the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution ? Whet amendment changed the original manner of electing the President and Vice-President? *For answers see the Constitution of the United States. PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS I, II AND III. Definition of Words. — Subordinate, financial, conservative, tariff, com- plications, impetus, census, animosity, coerce, negotiate, overtures, void, quasi, alien, sedition, political, amendment, recurrence, preeminently, retrocession, tribute, spoliation, culminate, retaliatory, flagrant, nullifica- tion, dominant, aggressor, exultation, embargo, preliminary. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference, — Schouler's " History of the American Republic," McMaster's " History of the People of the United States," Marshall's " Life of Washington," Andrews' " Ken- tucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Their Admission into the Union " (Magazine of American History, October, 1SS7). General. — Irving's " Life of Washington," Lodge's " Hamilton," Morse's "Jefferson," Johnston's "American Politics," Von Hoist's "Constitutional History of the United States," Morse's "John Adams," Coffin's "Building of the Nation." Topical. — " Federal Government, Organization of," " Alexander Hamilton," " Whisky Rebellion," " First United States Rank," "Thomas Jefferson," "Washington's Inaugura- tion, - ' "Jay's Treaty," "Tennessee, Early History of," "Kentucky, Early History of," "John Adams," "Quasi French War," "Charles C. Pinckney," "Alien and Sedition Laws," "Virginia Resolutions," "Kentucky Resolutions," •'Louisiana Purchase," "Tripolitan War," "Lewis and Clark, Expedition of," "Orders in Council," "Milan Decree," " Embargo Act," " First Steamboat." FIFTH PERIOD. INDEPENDENCE CHAPTER I. The Beginning of the Federal Government. THE inauguration of Washington as President of the United States took place at New York, April 30, 1789. Congress had already assem- bled, and with the inauguration of the President, the oromniza- tion of the Federal Govern- ment neared completion. John Jay of New York was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Edmund Randolph of Virginia, Attor- ney-General. The First President. The call to the presidency found Washington at his home, Mount Vernon, Virginia. It was with reluct- ance that he gave up the peace and re- tirement of his surroundings to engage again in public life. His journey to New York, where the new government was to be organized, was a series of ovations. Everybody turned out eager to greet and behold one who had done so much for his countrv, and who was yet to do more. No one better merited the public confidence, and in no one could the hopes of the American people be better centered. 2&> PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. GEORGE WASHINGTON. Three subordinate executive officers were appointed. One was to administer affairs connected with foreign powers (State), another with defense (War), and the third with the finance (Treasury). These officers or Secretaries consti- tuted the President's Cabinet. Washington was particularly fortunate in his selection of a cabinet. General Knox was appointed Secretary of War, Thomas Jefferson of State, and Alexander Hamilton of the Treasury. The duties devolving upon those who first administered affairs were many and difficult. The authority of the new government over its citizens had to be established, and in a UNION. 2Sl manner as harmonious as pos- sible. Antagonisms against the Constitution had to be softened, and jealous fears allayed. The States, united under one jurisdiction, had to be elevated to such dignity as would command respect both at home and abroad. Hamilton was of invaluable assistance in the organization of the government. He pre- sented to Congress reports upon the condition and needs of the country, the necessity of establishing public credit, the desirability of encouraging domestic manufactures, and many other important matters. He divided the public debt into three parts: that due by the Confederation abroad, that due at home, and that due by each State independent of the confederated government. He advocated the prompt and honest payment of the whole. In all, this debt amounted to about eighty million dollars. In no way is the efficiency of a government better tested than in the matter of raising revenues. Here Hamilton's policy was well defined. A tariff was levied on imports, and an internal revenue tax on distilled spirits. A mint was Jefferson and Hamilton. Jefferson and Hamilton arc num- bered among America's greatest stairs men. The State papers of the former are remarkable contributions to politi- cal literature. The financial policy of the latter was brilliantly conceived, and endures to this day. Both repre- sented extremes of political thought, Hamilton believed in a strong- central government, and directed all his plans accordingly. Jefferson was opposed to any increase of power that would strengthen the Federal Government at the expense of the State. Between the two stood Washington, the conserva- tive, guiding the transcendent energies and abilities of both with consummate tact and wisdom; following the coun- selings of each so far as they conform- ed, in his judgment, to what was best for the country, and shaping, by the as- sistance of each, the early destinies of the new government, with a success that has added the ' glories of the statesman to those already won as a soldier and patriot. Franklin's Anti-Slavery Petition. African slavery, as an institution, had become firmly established in this country. It had been tacitly recog- nized in the drawing up of the Consli union. Nevertheless the cpaestion of its abolition had already arisen. Hardly was the Federal Government organized before a petition for eman- cipation, headed by Franklin, was pre: ented to Congress (February 19, 171/)). After some deliberation, Con- gress decided that it had no authority to interfere in the slavery regulations of any State, and the question which afterwards caused fierce agitation, was for a time set at rest. PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. established at Philadelphia, and a national bank chartered. The whole machinery of the treasury department was suc- cessfully set in motion. The Federal Government rapidly increased in strength, and its vigor enabled it to cope with many difficulties that beset it. The attention of the gov- ernment was soon directed to foreign affairs. The attitude of England had been far from satisfactory since the close of the war. She still held the western posts; had declined to The Capital Bargain. Hamilton experienced some difficulty in carrying his measures through Con- gress, but finally succeeded by what has been termed the Capital Bargain' The seat of government had been re- moved from New York to Philadelphia (1791), there to remain until a perma- nent location was decided upon. Different sections were contending for this location. Hamilton's measures had many friends in the North, and but few in the South. In return for southern support of his measures he used his influence to have the national capital located in the South, and the siteselected was that upon the Potomac River, where it now is. recognize the new government by sending a representative, as is customary, and was holding the rights of the United States on sea in utter contempt. Complications also arose with France, which had entered into a war with Eng- land, and confidently anticipated American assistance. The United States was too young a nation to enter into any entangling alliances with foreign powers, and Washington's policy was one of neutrality. The war between France and England gave a great im- petus to American commerce, but this impetus was soon checked by repeated acts of hostility on the part of England. War was threatened, but was averted by Washington, who, The Whisky Rebellion. The collection of the internal reve- nue tax was resisted by the farmers of the western counties of Pennsylvania, many of whom were engaged in the manufacture of whisky. The resist- ance offered by them assumed im- portant proportions. A sufficient force rallied to the support of the govern- ment however, and marching to the region suppressed the rebellion with- out bloodshed. in his wisdom, dispatched Jay to England to effect a treaty ( 1795 ). Jay's Treaty was ratified by the Senate, but UNION, 283 was thoroughly unsatisfactory to the people, because it did not dispose of England's claim of right to search American vessels, and it placed restric- tions upon the trade of the United States with the West Indies. But the western posts were relinquished, and war was deferred. Washington served as Pres- ident two terms of four years each, and declined a third. The first census was taken dur- ing his administration, and showed a population of almost four million. By treaty with Spain, in whose possession was Florida, the southern boundary of the United States was defined, and the free navigation of the Mississippi conceded. Three new States were added to the original thirteen — Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee. The Constitution pro- vides for the admission of new States, but stipulates that no new State may be formed within another State without consent of its legislature. Vermont was claimed by both New York and New Hamp- shire. The people desired a separate State government, and in 1790 New York gave her consent. Congress passed War With Little Turtle. The Indians were encouraged in many an act of hostility by the English garrisons that still occupied the west- ern forts. Emigration, seeking the fertile lands of Ohio and Indiana, was checked for a time. In seven years of Indian depredation more than fifteen hundred settlers fell victims to savage butchery, while many others were car- ried off into captivity. General Harmar, General St. Clair, and General Wayne were successively sent to bring the Indians to terms. Harmar (1790) and St. Clair (1791) were badly defeated by Little Turtle, chief of Miamis. Wayne met with better success. Ad- vancing into the Indian country (1793) he built several forts, and finally won a complete victory over the savages on the banks of the Maumee, in Northern Ohio (1791). The defeated savages lung remembered Wayne, and called him the "chief who never sleeps." The year after their defeat the Indians relinquished by treaty all claim to a large extent of territory (1795). Genet. Washington i sued a proclamation of neutrality, but it was ignored by Genet, a representative of France, who came to this country to secure the assistance of the Americans. At Charleston he proceeded to fit out vesselsof warto prey upon English commerce (170,!), and a controversy ensued between him and the adminis- tration. Upon the demand of the United States he was recalled to France. - s 4 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. Free Navigation oi the Mississippi. This conces ion was important to i he settlers of the Ohio Valley, i>>r it gave them an outlet to the ea :■ surplus produce. -V thriving trade sprung up that did much to develop the western section and increase the commercial importance of New Or- leans. Large quantities of farm products were shipped in flatboats down the Ohio and Mississippi, and the boat and cargo havil . sold, the enriched o\\ iter made his way hack home over land. the act of admission February '18. and March 4. 1701. the act went into effect. Six States had made ces- sions to the United States vi their claims to western terri- tory — New York ( 1781 ). Vir- ginia (178}). Massachusetts (1785), Connecticut (1786), South Carolina (1787). and North Carolina (1790). The land so ceded was organized into two territories, the "Northwest" and the "South of the Ohio." The '"Northwest" was that portion north of the Ohio River. The " South of the Ohio" was that now occupied by the State of Tennessee, together with a narrow strip south of it. ceded by South Carolina. Between the two was the District of Kentucky, a part of the domain of Virginia not included in her cession of 1784. The h . ture of Virginia consented (December 18, 1789) to the forming of a new State from this district. The act of admission was approved by Congress February 4, 1791. and took effect June 1, 1792. Under the governorship of William Blount the territory " South of the Ohio" retained its territorial organization until 1796. The deed of cession passed by North Carolina provided that when the territory attained a population of sixty thousand, it should be admitted into the Union. A census was taken in 1795. under the direction of the territorial legislature, and showed the required number. That portion ceded by North Carolina was therefore organized as a State. It was named Tennessee, and admitted into the Union June 1. 1796. PRINCIPAL EVENTS. urn BLACKBOARD FORM 2S = WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. {1789 >790 1791 1792 1793 ,795 ^1796 Inauguration. / Franklin 's Anti-Slavery Petition \ Harmar's L (Philadelphia made Capital. Vermont Adr- National Bank Established. I St. Clair's Defeat. Kentucky Admitted. Washington Re-elected. Troubles with France {Genet). ■ j Wayne 's Victory over Little I Whisky Rebellion. Jay's Treaty. Tennessee Admitted. QUESTIONS. When and where was Washington inaugurated? What can you say of his journey to the Capital? What can you say of the organization of the Federal Government? What executive departments were instituted? Who were appointed secretaries? What can you say of Jefferson and Hamilton ? What can you say of the duties devolving upon the first administration ? What work did Hamilton do? How was the public debt divided? What was its amount? What do you know of Franklin's anti-slavery petition? What do you know of the Capital Bargain? How is the efficiency of a gov- ernment best tested? How was revenue raised? W hat was established? Chartered? What do you know of the whisky rebellion ? What grievances did the United States have against England? What complications arose with France? What do you know of Jay's treaty? What Indian war occurred while Washington was President? What do you know of t^e campaigns of Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne ? What do you know of Genet? What was the population of the United States according to the first census? What boundary treaty was made with Spain? What, was conceded by this treaty? Of what importance was this concession to the Western States ? What three States were admitted? When was each admitted? What do you know of the organization of the Northwest Territory? South of the C >hio Territory? Who was its governor? What do you know of the organization of Kentucky as a State ? Tennessee ? 286 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. CHAPTER II. The Rise of Political Parties. The difference between the political parties had become more and more marked, and each put forward a candidate to succeed Washington as President. The question, of accepting or rejecting the Constitution had been settled, and party lines were now drawn upon the subject of the powers to be exercised by the government under the Consti- tution. The cardinal principle of the Federalist party was to strengthen the general government; that of their opponents, who now came to be known as the Democratic-Republican party, was to oppose all centralizing of power and to place as few restrictions upon the people as possible. The candidate of the Federalists was John Adams; of the Democratic-Republicans, Thomas Jefferson. No candidate for vice-president was put forward in those days. The presidential candidate receiving the second highest number of votes became the Vice-President. The contest resulted in'the election of Adams as President, and Jefferson as Vice-President. Jay's treaty had averted war with England, but it had excited the animosity of France. Adet, the French minister to the United States, vainly urged an alliance. France had just passed through a revolution, and its govern- ment was in the hands of a Directory of five. This Directory endeavored to coerce the United States into oppo- sition against England. Failing in this, their relations with our Government became hostile. The American minister was ordered to leave France, and French men-of-war were in- structed to prey upon American commerce. More than a thousand vessels were lost before American shipowners became apprised of hostilities. Charles UNION. 287 Cotesworth Pinckney, Eldridge Gerry and John Mar- shall were sent as commissioners to negotiate a treaty, and secure, if possible, a friendly settlement. The Directory refused to receive them officially, but sent word that a pre- sent of two hundred and forty thousand dollars and a loan from the United States to the French government would insure peace. These overtures were indig- nantly rejected, Pinckney uttering the memorable words, " Millions for de- fense, but not one cent for tribute" The indignities of France soon aroused America to action. The army was organized. Washington was called again to its command, while Alexander charles cotesworth pinckney. Hamilton was made a major-general. An executive depart- ment for naval affairs was created, and Benjamin Stoddert of Maryland was appointed Secretary of the Navy. All past treaties with France were de- clared void, and American men-of-war made ready for Death of Washington. About this time the sad intelligence was received that Washington was dead (December 14, 1799). The news was everywhere received with mani- festations of sorrow. Numbered among the greatest of all time, he stands the central figure in American history. Soldiers and statesmen of every clime have pronounced eulogies upon him, and eloquent tributes to his memory have been over and over repeated. sea. Although war was not formally declared, American and French vessels met in combat. Commodore Trux- ton in the American frigate Constellation won an im- portant victory over the French forty-gun ship IS Insur- gent, near the West Indies, and shortly after successfully encountered La Vengeance. This quasi-war continued until Napoleon came to the head of the French govern- ment. Wholly engaged with European affairs, he sought a peace with America. Murray, Ellsworth and Davie were sent as embassadors to Paris (1800), and a treaty was concluded. 288 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. Adams' administration was unpopular. The most cen- sured of its acts was the passage of Alien and Sedition Laws. The Alien laws gave the President power to order any foreigner whom he deemed dangerous to public peace to leave the United States, and lengthened a foreigner's term of residence in this country before he could be naturalized. The Sedition laws made it unlawful to un- duly criticize the government, or publish anything that would bring either Congress or the President into contempt or disrepute. In the political agitation that followed the passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws, the Democratic-Republican party increased greatly in strength. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. The passage and enforcement of these laws were regarded as usur- pations of governmental powers. The legislature of Kentucky passed u formal set of resolutions in protest, declaring the Alien and Sedition Laws palpable violations of the Constitution, and asserting as unquestionable the right of the States to nullify all unau- thorized acts done under cover of that instrument. Virginia followed with resolutions declaring the powers of the Federal Government limited by the in- strument of compact; and that the States are in duty hound, and have the right, to interfere when the dangerous and palpable exercise of powers not granted by the Constitution is sought. Adams was defeated for re- election. Two candidates, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, had been proposed by the strengthened and success- ful party, so that if successful both President and Vice- President would be of their party, and both received the same number of electoral votes. According to the Constitution it now became the duty of Con- gress to choose between the candidates. The Federalist members labored strenuously to defeat their great antago- nist, Jefferson, who had been one of the founders of the party opposed to them. Thirty-six ballots were taken before the decision was made. Jefferson was elected The Twelfth Amendment. To prevent a recurrence of these difficulties an amendment was added to the Constitution, by which a candi- date for each of the offices of President and Vice President was thenceforth voted for. This precluded the possi- bility ot two candidates put fortli nv the successful political party receiving the same vote for the one office, and thus making an election by Congress necessary, UNION. 289 With the close of the eighteenth century the capital of the United States was removed to its permanent location. A site on the Potomac River had been donated by Virginia and Mar) land, but only that portion tendered by the latter was used. A district ten miles square was laid out and named Columbia, the city receiving the name of the first President, Washington. BLACKBOARD FORM. PRINCIPAL EVENTS. ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. {Inauguration. 1797 < Jroubles with f !?97 Commissioners sent. I France \ I ?98 quasi War begins, 1798 1799 1800 I 1799 Constitution captures L 'Insurgent. Navy Department created. Alien and Sedition Laws. i Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. Death of Washington. Washington City made Capital. Democratic-Republican [ Jefferson. Presidential) Cand,dates. \ B urr. Election 1 f John Adams. I Federalist Candidates < _, , v 1 Pmckney. . Treaty with France. QUESTIONS. What differences existed in political parties after the adoption of the Con- stitution ? What were the parties now called? Who were the presidential candidates of each? Which was successful? How was the Vice-President elected in those days? What effect had Jay's English treaty upon France? What hostile steps were taken by France against the United States ? Why? What three commissioners were sent? What was the result of their mission ? What war-like measures did the United States now adopt? What do you know of the quasi French War? What treaty was concluded? By whom? What can you say of the death of Washington? What unpopular laws were passed while Adams was President? What do you know of the Alien Law? Sedition Law ? What do you know of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions ? What was the effect of the Alien and Sedition Laws upon the presidential election? What do you know of the election of Jefferson? What do you know of the Twelfth Amendment ? What do you know of the permanent location of the Federal Capital ? 290 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. THOMAS JEFFERSON. CHAPTER III. Expansion of Territory. Thomas Jefferson was preeminently a man of the people, and believed in a government " for the people, by the peo- ple." His inauguration was attended by no display of pomp or ceremony. In his opinion the Chief Executive is but the servant, not the ruler of those who confer upon him the office, and he should set an example of republican simplicity. In plain attire he rode unattended to the government building, entered, and was sworn in to office (March 4, 1801). The Federalists looked upon his ascendancy to power with grave fears, but the popularity of his administration increased as the years wore on. He was triumphantly elected to a second term, and declined a third, following the precedent established by Washington. The progress of the country while Jefferson was President was marked, notwithstanding the difficulties that arose with several foreign powers. One new State, Ohio, was admit- ted into the Union (Februrary 19, 1803). The greatest event connected with his administration was the purchase of Louis- iana. It will be remembered that this province passed to the possession of Spain by the treaty that ended the French and Indian War. It comprised a vast region west of the Mis- sissippi, together with that peninsula-like portion of the present State of Louisiana lying on the left bank of the river south of Lakes Maurepas, Pontchartrain and Borgne, and upon which Bienville had established New Orleans (1718). UNION. 29I War With Tripoli. American commerce in the Mediter- ranean suffered very much from the piratical practices of the Barbary States of Africa. American vessels were captured, and their crews either held for ransom or sold into captivity. Immunity from these outrages could be secured by the payment of an an- nual tribute, as- several European nations were doing ; but the United States declined to submit to such ex- tortion. The Ba- shaw of Tripoli haughtily declared war(iSoi). A fleet was sent under Commodore Preble (1S03), who, after bringing the Em- peror of Morocco to terms, blockaded and bombarded Tripoli, until its piratical ruler was glad to submit (1S04). Incidental to the blockade a daring exploit was performed by Lieutenant De- catl'H. The frigate Philadelphia run- ning aground had fallen into the hands of the Tripolitans. To prevent her being used by the enemy it was determined to destroy her. Decatur, with a chosen band in a small vessel, succeeded in reaching the frigate without exciting suspicion, and before resistance could be made, leaped aboard, cleared the deck of the enemy, set the vessel on fire, and returned without the loss of a single man, though a fierce cannonade was direct- ed upon him from the shore. In 1800 Spain was compelled by Napoleon to retrocede Louisiana to France, which she did by the secret Treaty or Ildefonso. Spain had conceded the free navigation of the Mississippi to the United States, but the retrocession made it necessary to again contend for this privilege. The nav- igation of the Missis- sippi was essential to the pros- perity of the we st- ern people. Monroe and Liv- ingsto ne were sent to France to negoti- ate for the purchase of a site DECATUn BURNING THE PHILADELPHIA near the mouth of the river, upon which to establish a depot for the commercial benefit of the United States. Thev were surprised to receive an intimation from Napoleon that the whole province could be purchased. The price de- 292 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. manded seemed enormous ia those days, but the sagacity of Jefferson enabled him to foresee what an important bearing the full possession of the Mississippi and its tributaries would have upon the welfare of this country; so the purchase was made ( 1803). The terms agreed upon were that the United States should pay eleven million two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to France, and as- sume a debt of some three million seven hundred and fifty thousand dollar's, " Spoliation Claims," held bj citizens of the United States against French government. Thus was a domain con- taining more than one million square miles and more than ninety thousand in- habitants added to the territory of the United States. Immediately after its purchase, Mkriwktiif.r Lewis and William Clarke were sent to explore it (1804). Proceeding westward from the Missouri River these explorers crossed the Rocky Mount- ains, reached the Pacific coast, and returned, after having been engaged three years in the undertaking. The purchase of Louisiana made Jefferson very popular in the West, and he was reelected by an overwhelming majority. The complications with foreign powers, which CROSSING THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. ENGRAVED FOR HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE U.S. UNION. 293 began in the administrations of Washington and Adams, and which were destined to culminate in open war, continued during the administration of Jefferson, and reached a critical point during his second term. France and England were still at war. The policy of the United States was one of strict neutrality. In their war with each other, England issued several Orders in Council, and France, retaliatory De- crees, that interfered seriously with American com- merce, and made it the prey of both the hostile nations. The Orders in Council de- clared all vessels carrying pro- duce from the West Indies to Europe to be legal prizes, and all French ports to be in a state of blockade. The first French Decree was issued by Napoleon from Berlin, and forbade the introduction by any neutral vessel of English goods into any port of Europe. The second was issued at Milan, and decreed the confisca- tion of all vessels violating the Berlin Decree, or submitting to English search. Great Britain, moreover, had long viewed with jealousy the growing commerce of the United States. She now Aaron Burr. Aaron Burr, who was Vice-President during Jefferson's first term, was re- placed by George Clinton. Burr was a man very ambitious, and ever actuated by motives of self-aggrandize- ment. When associated with Jefferson on the Democratic-Republican ticket, and the election devolved upon Con- gress, he manifested every willing- ness to make an alliance with the Federalist members to secure the posi- tion. While Vice-President he became a candidate for governor of New York (1804), and would have been supported by a sufficient number of Federalists to insure his success had it not been for Hamilton's influence. As it was, he was defeated, and, stung by disap- apointment, he seized upon some ex- pressions employed by Hamilton in the heat of political debate as a pre- text for a duel. His challenge was accepted. The duel took place at Weehawken, N. J. (July 11, 1S04), and Hamilton was killed. The news was received with profound regret, and the event gave a death blow to Burr's political preferment. lie was afterwards engaged in a treason- able scheme to invade Mexico, and, with as much of the southwestern territory of the United States as he could win to his cause, establish such an empire as would realize his dreams and desires for power. He was ar- rested in Alabama and taken to Rich- mond for trial, but was acquitted for want of sufficient proof. 294 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. manifested great vindictiveness in the execution of the Orders in Council. International law was by her ignored. Her ships of war infested the Atlantic seaboard, intercepting and searching American vessels, and seizing American seamen. Even in the harbors the ships of the United States were not safe from British guns. Outrages upon the high seas became more and more numerous, and the patience of the American people was tested to its utmost. One of the most flagrant of these outrages was that upon the American frigate Chesapeake, which, sailing under Captain Barron from Norfolk for the Mediterranean, was stopped by the British ship-of-war Leopard (June 22, 1807). The British commander claimed several of the Chesapeake's crew as deserters from the English navy, and demanded their surrender. On being refused, the Leopard opened fire. The attack was a surprise, and the Chesapeake in her unprepared state soon . lowered her flag. Great indignation fol- lowed. Jefferson is- sued a proclamation ordering all British vessels out of Amer- ican ports. Reluctant to involve the country in war with England, Jefferson pursued a policy which, in his judgment, would avoid hostilities, and at the same time bring England to terms. Trade with America was an important consideration with English merchants and manufacturers; so an Embargo Act was passed (December 22, 1807), forbidding American vessels to leave and British vessels to enter the ports of the United States. This virtually sus-: FULTON'S FIRST STEAMBOAT. UNION. 295 pended all commerce, and bore heavily upon that section of the country whose principal interest was commerce. Mur- murs of discontent soon arose from New England. Here was the machinery of government bearing oppressively upon a sectional interest. The Embargo Act was followed by an act to enforce its provisions. It was now the turn of Massachusetts to object, as Kentucky and Virginia had previously done. Her legisla- ture condemned these measures of the United States Government as unconstitutional. The Governor of Con- necticut refused to comply with their provisions, and by his words and acts strengthened the political doctrine of Nullification. The Federalist party was dominant in New England, and the opposition to the president's course almost crystalized into seces- sion from the Union. To har- monize matters, the Embargo Act was modified and the Non-Intercourse Act passed, permitting commerce w i t h all nations except England and France. In the presidential canvass towards the close of Jefferson's adminis- tration, the Democratic-Republican party nominated James Madison of Virginia for President, and George Clin- ton of New York for Vice-President. The Federalists nominated Charles C. Pinckney of South Carolina, and Rufus King of New York. The Democratic candidates were elected. Fulton's First Steamboat. The application of steam to naviga- tion was successfully made during Jefferson's second term by Robert Fulton. His first boat was called the Cler- mont. It was clumsily built, and its progress was much slower than steam vessels of the present day. Never he- less it was a great improve- ment upon the mode of transit employed at the time. The first trip was made on the Hudson River from New York to Albany (September 2, 1S07). ROBERT FULTON 296 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. BLACKBOARD FORM PRINCIPAL EVENTS. CO o CO -3 (Inauguration. (1803, Preble sent. War with Tripoli 1804, { IT" ^T,"',- , „ r U " T/ | Frigate Philadelphia burned, 1/505, Treaty of Peace. {Ohio admitted, February 19. \i8ooJ"fr S8 T nt0 /' Louisiana Purchased! /gQg j ( April 30) Purchased by u. s. ' y 'Dec. 20) Possession taken. \ l804 A Explored by \ LeW ' S ' {1807,} {Clarke. in n a \ Re-Election of Jefferson. \ Death of Hamilton. First Steamboat. C Orders in Council. I S07 , \ r r 1 I Chesapeake affair. Lngland.^ President's Proclamation. \ -j- . . . . I Embargo Act. >- / rOUblCS With i {Non-Intercourse Act. _ j Berlin Decree, V France, i .... n Decree. ( Madison. Democratic Candidates { Clinton. 1 I808, Presidential Election ■ r pinckney. ■ s < r. QUESTIONS. What do you know of Jefferson's inauguration? Of His popularity? What State was admitted while he was President? What is the greatest event connected with his administration ? What do you know of the pur- chase of Louisiana ? What did the province of Louisiana comprise? By what treaty had France regained this province? Why was the free naviga- tion of the Mississippi desirable? What was the price paid for Louisiana? What do you know of the war with Tripoli? Of Decatur? Of Lewis and Clarke's expedition? Of Aaron Burr? What were the British "Orders in Council " ? The " Berlin Decree " ? The " Milan Decree " ? How did Eng- land dhow her animosity against the United States? What outrages were committed by her upon American commerce? What do you know of the Chesapeake affair? What proclamation followed? What effect had it upon New England? Why was it passed? By what was it substituted? Who were the candidates to succeed Jefferson? Who was elected? UNION. 2 9 7 PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS IV, V AXD VI. Geography. — Upon the accompanying map note the location of Detroit. Where is Frenchtown? Niagara River? On which side of the Niagara is Queenstown? Chippewa? Lundy's Lane? Fort Erie? Where is Buffalo? Raisin F the relative positions of Fort Meigs Stephenson. In what part of Lake did a naval battle occur? Where i Fort Maiden? Note the posi of the battleground on the Thames River. Where is Plattsburg? ckett's Harbor? the course of a fleet ckett's Harbor to Fort George. What Sackett's Harbor is Where is St. Regis? Definition of Words. — Perfidy, impeded, cope, armament, revelation, uniformly, inglorious, impetuous, exhortation, compensation, ravage, prostrate, inopportune, diverting, mediate. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference. — Schurz's " Henry Clay," Lossing's " Field Book of the War of iSiz," Roosevelt's "War of 1S12," Rives' " Madison," Sumner's " Andrew Jackson." General. — Rossiter Johnson's " History of the War of 1S12," Abbott's " Bine Jackets of TS12," Hemans' " To the Memory of General Sir Edward Pakcnham " (poem), Gay's "Madison," " The Second War of Independence"' (Harper's Magazine, April, 1SS4I, Andrew Jacksnn"s "Account of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend" (Magazine of American History, January, iSSS). Topical. — "Impressment of American Seamen," "War with Tecumseh," "The Prophet," "Henry Clay," "James Madison," "Hartford Convention," "War of 1S12, Land Battles of," " War of 1812, Naval Battles of," " Battle of New Orleans," " War of 1S12, American Generals of," " War of 1S12, American Naval Commanders of," " Perry's Victory," " Treaty of Ghent," " Creek War." SEARCH QUESTIONS. Why was "Citizen" Genet so called ? Who eulogized Washington as " First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen" ? Who drew up the Virginia Resolutions ? Kentucky Resolutions ? What was the- "Sun prophecy " of Franklin ? What is the derivation of the word Tariff? 298 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. CHAPTER IV JAMES MADISON. The Spirit of Young America. The efforts of the United States to avoid hostilities only brought upon it the contempt of foreign nations. The outrages of England and the confiscations of France continued. Nine hundred American vessels had been taken by England since difficulties began, and more than six thousand American sea- men pressed into English service. Five hundred and fifty vessels had fallen prey to France. Every remon- strance was unheeded, by both nations. The position of the United States was indeed humiliating The Americans were slow in coming to a determination to command by force of arms an honored place for their country among the nations of earth. They had won political independence by the War of the Revolution, and with this achievement they seemed for a long while disposed to rest content. But the United States was fast being forced into a condition of commercial subserviency, and this condi- tion could not long exist with- out calling into action the spirit of resistance characteristic of Americans. A new generation was com- ing to the front and making The Shawnee War. The population of the United States now numbered eight million. The Indians oi the northwest met the en- croachment of the whites in the usual manner, ami were incited to their deeds of atrocity by the British upon the Canadian frontier. TKCUMSKH, chiel ol ! c Shawnees, assisted by his brother, the PROPHET, determined to make a final stand. Both were chiefs of great influence. They were joined by many of the western and southwest- ern tribes, Tecumseh even visiting the Indians of Tennessee and Alabama 11 . 1 , and winning them to his pur- Co arrest depredations.WiLi [AM Henry Harrison, Governor oi that portion of the northwest, organized as the Indiana Territory, marched upon the large Indian village ol the Prophet at the mouth of the Tippecanoe River. W'lun near his destination, he was at- tacked at night In overwhelming num- bers, but being on the alert, was not surprised (November 7, 1811). He succeeded in administering a crushing defeat to the savages, and on the next day advanced to their town and laid it in ashes. Union. 299 itself felt in American affairs. These younger citizens beheld their country insulted and humiliated upon every side, and they grew restive, as outrage after outrage was reported. The honor of America was at stake, and the spirit of young Amer- ica was eager to defend it. War was demanded. Both England and France had been aggressors; but the conduct of England had been the more offensive, particularly as she had added another provoca- tion to her many vindictive acts upon the sea, by again inciting the Indians of the northwest to hostilities. Congress was not unani- mous in its desire for war. The elder members counseled peace ; the younger would ac- cept no peace at the expense of national honor. The war party was led by Henry Clay of Kentucky, John C. Cal- houn, William Lowndes and Langdon Cheves of South Carolina, and Felix Grundy of Tennessee, all young men, just beginning to appear in American politics. Their eloquence resounded through the land, arousing the national spirit, as the eloquence of Henry and Otis had done just before the Revolution. The impulse to avenge injury and insult soon prevailed over the counselings of those more conservatively disposed. By the time that Madison was renominated (May, 181 2) it was pretty well understood that war was to be entered into with President and Little Belt. The war feeling steadily increased in strength. Strange to say, the West and South, the sections least affected by the commercial interferences of England, were the most eager to begin hostilities; while New England, the section whoseinterests had suffered the most, and in whose behalf war was advocated, was averse. An event occurred toward the close of Madison's first administration which did much to hasten the approaching conflict. The United States frigate President, commanded by Commo- dore Rodgers, sailing out of Nor- folk, bound for the Mediterranean, hailed a vessel near the coast, and in reply received a shot. The vessel proved to be the British sloop-of-war Little Belt. Instead of lying to and tamely submitting to search, Rodgers cleared his decks for action, and gave the Little Belt a number of broadsides which soon disabled her (May 11, 1S11). The news of the pun- ishment of British insolence upon the high seas was received with exultation in America, and the event gave great significance to the cry, Free Trade and Seamen's Rights, that soon re- sounded throughout the land. 3°° PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. England. Preliminary to general hostilities, an embargo to continue ninety days was laid (April 4). No intimation having been received that England would revoke her Orders in Council, the President sent a "war message" to Congress (June 1) in accordance with which a bill was passed, and The Cause of the War of 1812. Five days before the declaration England decided to revoke the Orders in Council, not through any consideration for this country, but in compliance with the general de- mand of her mer- chants and manu- facturers, whose trade was suffering greatly from the non-inte rcourse policy of the United States. Had the intelli- gence reached America it is doubtful whether the war would have been averted; for the right to search American vessels and impress Ameri- can seamen was not relinquished, and for this cause, it may be said, the war was fought. IMPRESSING AMERICAN SEAMEN. on June 19, 181 2, war was formally declared. QUESTIONS. What did the efforts of the United States to avoid hostilities bring? How many American vessels were taken by England? Seamen? I low many by Fiance? What had the Americans won by the Revolution? Into what condition were they being forced? What was now making itself felt? Which of the two, between England and France, was the greater aggressor? 'What do you know of the Shawnee War? By whom were the Indians defeated? How was Congress divided? Who led the party in favor of war? What sections were in favor of war? What section was averse? What do you know of President and Little Belt affair? How was news of it received in America? What cry resounded through the continent? What events led up to the declaration of war? When was war declared? What was the principal cause of the War of 1812? Whv did the British revoke their "Orders iii Council " ? UNION. 3d CHAPTER V. The War for Maritime Independence. The United States was inadequately prepared to enter into hostilities with so powerful a nation as England. Its navy consisted of but twenty or thirty vessels, while that of Eng- land comprised a thousand. But preparations were hastily pressed forward. Measures were passed for the enlistment of twenty-five thousand regular and fifty thousand volunteer troops. The States were recommended to levy one hundred thousand militia for local defense. A loan of eleven million dollars was authorized to defray the expense of carrying on the war. Provision was made to increase the navy. General, Henry Dearborn of Massachusetts, an old officer of the Revolution, was appointed Commander-in- chief of the Army. An aggressive campaign against the British Dominion of Canada was .planned, and operations to that end were directed upon the Michigan and Niagara frontiers. The first engagements of the war resulted disastrously to the American arms. General William Hull, governor of Michigan Territory, with fifteen hundred men, advanced into Canada, but hearing that the fort at Mackinaw had been taken by the British, fell back to Detroit. A detachment of his army, under Major Van Horne, was ambushed and defeated near Brownstown, Michigan, by the Indian allies of the British under Tecumseh (August 5 ), but the savages were routed by another detachment under Colonel Miller, near a place called Maguaga, Michigan (August 9). General Brock, Governor of Canada, advanced from Maiden to lay siege to Detroit. His forces were inferior to those of Hull. The Americans were eager for the combat. But with a baseness almost unparalleled Hull hoisted the 30i PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. white flag of surrender before a shot was fired, and his chagrined army was delivered up as prisoners of war (August 16). Shortly after Hull's surrender, the brave General Stephen Van Renssellaer crossed the Niagara River, and with one thousand men gallantly assaulted Queens- town Heights. The heights were carried (October 13), and in the engagement General Brock, who had arrived CROQHAN'9 DEFENSE OF FORT STEPHENSON. from Detroit, was mortally wounded. Van Renssellaer re- turned to the American side of the river for reinforcements, but the rest of his army refused to cross the river, and their comrades at Queenstown, left to their fate, were overpow- ered and captured. Van Renssellaer resigned his command UNI6N. 3°3 and was succeeded by General Alexander Smyth, who, proving incompetent, was soon deposed. The military operations for the next year (1813) were more systematically planned. Three armies were organized ; the first to operate in the West, about the shore of Lake Erie; the second to operate upon the Niagara frontier, and the third to operate in northern New York. General Harrison was placed in command of the Army of the West, General Wade Hampton of the Army of the North, and the commander-in-chief himself directed the operations of the Army of the Center. Harrison pushed forward to recover the ground Hull had lost. An advance division of his army under General Winchester, after gaining an advantage over the enemy at Frenchtown, on the River Raisin, was attacked and defeated by the British and Indians under Proctor and Tecumseh (January 22, 1813). Proctor then advanced and besieged Harrison at Fort Meigs (Au- gust 5), but failing to effect its capture, proceeded to Fort Stephenson, upon the San- dusky. This fort was defend- ed by one hundred and sixty men under Major Croghan, a young man of twenty-one, who employed the limited means of defense at his dis- posal with such skill that the enemy was thoroughly re- pulsed (August 2). Shortly after a glorious victory was won over the enemy's fleet on Lake Erie by Commodore Perry (September 10), Massacre of the River Raisin. During the engagement Winchester was captured. Perceiving the superior forces of the enemy, and receiving a solemn pledge from Proctor that the surrender of the detachment would in- sure its safety, Winchester advised his men to lay down their arms, which they did. With a perfidy that has at- tached to his memory never-ceasing odium, Proctor ignored all pledges and turned the unarmed Americans over to the mercy of the savages. The sick and wounded were butchered in cold blood. The able-bodied were either tortured or taken into captivity. This event nerved the Americans in many an encounter that afterward took place, and they often went into battle with the war cry, " Remember the River Raisin." 3^4 period oe independence. and the British land forces were thus compelled to fall back to Canada. Harrison followed and landed his troops near Maiden. A battle was fought near the River Thames, and the gallant conduct of some Kentucky riflemen, under Colonel Richard M. Johnson, turned the tide of victory in favor of the Americans. The British defeat was thorough. The Indian chief, Tecumseh, was slain in this battle. Meanwhile General Dear- born had crossed a force under General Zebulon Pike from Sackett's Harbor, New York, to York (Toron- to), Canada (April 27, 1813). The British were driven from their batteries, and the town, with many valuable stores, was taken. During the engagement the powder magazine of the enemy blew up, causing much loss in the American COMMODORE HERRY ranks. General Pike himself was mortally wounded. From York the victorious troops, now led by Generals Winder and Chand- ler, crossed over to the mouth of the Niagara River, and drove the British from Fort George (May 27) Sackett's Harbor defenseless after the departure of these troops, the British, under General Prevost, descended Perry's Victory. The British were in full possession of Lake Erie, and nothing could be done towards the successful invasion of Canada until this lake was cleared of the enemy's fleet. Captain Perry was sent to cooperate with General Harrison and take charge of operations upon the water. With great energy and perseverance he succeeded in building nine small vessels. Sailors were Sent overland from the sea coast to man the little lleet, and though poorly equipped with the appliances of war, Perry sailed out into the lake to meet the British squadron under the veteran Commodore Barclay, a pennant with the immortal words uttered by Lawrence, "Don't give up the ship" fly- |V t y '0W '"& at ,Me '"-i" 1 head of hi< Ww^'jiij'ijl flagship. The b. title was desperate. Perry's vessel engaged two of the enemy's and was soon badly disabled. Only eight of his nun re- mained, but with these he crossed in an open boat to another of his ships, and continued the engagement so suc- cessfully that the whole English fleet surrendered (September in, 1S13). " 11V have met the enemy and they are ours," was the laconic message Perry sen! to Harrison to announce the victory. Thinking UNION. 305 upon it, but were repulsed by militia under General Brown (May 29). General Dearborn was succeeded as commander-in-chief by General James Wilkinson. An attack on Montreal was planned. An army of seven thousand men embarked near Sackett's Harbor, and proceeded down the St. Lawrence. They found their progress impeded by the enemy, and a force under General Brown was landed. The battle was fought at Chrysler's Field (November 11), and the army advanced to a place called St. Regis, where Hampton was expected to join them with the army of the North, from Plattsburg on Lake Champlain. The junc- tion, however, was not made, and the Montreal expedition was abandoned, Wilkinson's army going into winter quarters at Fort Covington. In the spring the Americans proceeded to the Sorrel River and were defeated at La Colle (March 30, 1814), after which they turned south and joined the troops at Plattsburg. New York was now formed into one military district of two divisions. That of the right was placed under the command of General Ralph Izard, with Generals Windsor, Macomb, Smith and Bissel as subordinates. That of the left was commanded by General Brown, with Generals Scott, Ripley and Gaines as subordinates. Izard was a thoroughly trained soldier, and proceeded to put the American army at Plattsburg in a condition of perfect discipline, as Steuben had done in the War of the Revolution at Valley Forge. He realized the necessity of this on being apprised that experienced veterans of England, _ fresh from the successful battlefields of Europe, were about to be sent to America. Meanwhile General Brown, upon the Niagara frontier, was actively engaged with the enemy. Generals Scott and 306 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. Ripley crossed the river, and defeated the British under Riall in a battle near the Chippewa River (July 5). At Lundy's Lane, near the Falls of Niagara, Scott and Riall again met (July 25). This was one of the hottest engagements of the war. The British far outnumbered the Americans, but Scott not only held his ground, but captured General Riall, wounded his successor, General Drummond, and drove the British from the field. "I'll Try, Sir." American success in the battle of Lundy's Lane depended upon the cap- ture of a British battery upon a neigh- boring height. General Brown arriv- ing upon the scene as the engagement was drawing to a close, called to Colonel Miller, and asked him if he could take it. "I'll try, .?/>," was Miller's response. Leading his men steadily up the ascent, Miller secured the battery and held it against the repeated assaults of the enemy. at Fort Erie, near the head of the Niagara River. Drummond having received reinforcements, advanced and laid siege (August 4). The Americans under General Gaines made a brilliant sortie, carried the enemy's works, and Drummond was compelled to retreat (September 17). Fort Erie was then destroyed, and the Americans crossed to their own side, where they went into winter quarters. The Creek War. The result of Tecumseh's visit to the Indians of Alabama was soon seen. Weathersford, chief of the Creeks, deeming the time opportune, took up arms, and surprising Fort Minis, near Mobile, massacred more than four hundred of its inhabitants. Forces from neighboring States soon reached the scene. General Coffee arrived from Tennessee and destroyed the town of Tallasehatche, slaving more than a thousand Creeks. GENERAL Floyd of Georgia burnt the Indian town of Autosse (November 24, 1813), while General Claiuokne of Mis- sissippi and PuSHAMATAHA, a friend- ly Choctaw chief, won a victory over Weathersford at Eccanachaca (De- cember 23, 1S13). General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, who com- manded in this district, defeated the Indians at Talladega (November 9, 1813), Emucfaw (January 22, 1S14), and Tohopeka or Horseshoe Bend (March 27). With this last battle the power of the Creeks was utterly crushed. UNION. 307 These active operations upon the Niagara frontier rendered it advisable that General Izard with troops from Plattsburg reinforce General Brown. Leaving Macomb in command, Izard set out upon a long journey overland, impeded by many difficulties, and he arrived shortly after the successful sortie of the Fort Erie garrison. After the departure of Izard, a large force under General Prevost descended from Canada upon Platts- burg, but with greatly inferior numbers Macomb won a brilliant victory, and Prevost was compelled to retreat. Macomb's victory was accompanied by the naval victory of macdonouqh. Macdonough over Downie on Lake Champ- lain, near by, few of the enemy's vessels escaping. QUESTIONS. What preparations were made for war ? Who was appointed commander- in-chief? What campaign was decided upon? What do you know of events upon the Michigan frontier? Niagara frontier? The surrender of Hull? How was the American army organized in 1S14? What were the principal events connected with the Army of the West ? Army of the Center? What do you know of Perry's victory? Croghan's defense? Battle of the Thames? Capture of York? Defense of Sackett's Harbor? Massacre of the River Raisin? Capture of Fort George? Who succeeded General Dearborn? What do you know cf the unsuccessful Montreal expedition? The battle of La Colle? Into what two divisions was the military district of New York divided in 1S14? Who was placed in com- mand of each division? What were the principal operations of the Division of the Left ? Right ? What do you know of the battle of Chippewa ? Lundy's Lane? Plattsburg? Of Macdonough's victory? Izard's march? Miller's gallantry at Lundy's Lane? Fort Erie sortie? What do you know of the Creek War ? 308 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. TOPICAL OUTLINE. OPERATIONS ON THE NORTHERN FRONTIER. BRITISH GENERALS AND VICTORIES IN ITALICS. WAR OF 1812. CM CO CV3 CO f c ^ i Aug. 5 BROWNSTOWN VAX HORN TECUMSEH. jTc { Aug. 9 MAGUAGA MILLER TECUMSEH. o g I § ^ I Aug. W DETROIT HULL BROCK. g^ J Oct. 13 QUEENSTOWN VAN RENSSELLAER... BROCK. ^ I Jan. 22 FRENCHTOWN (MICH.) WINCHESTER PROCTOR. ° „> *-: J May s FT. MEIGS (O.) HARRISON PROCTOR. |"Sj 1 Aug. 2 FT. STEPHENSON (0.)..CROGIIAN PROCTOR. ■^ *" [ Oct. 5 THAMES (Canada) HARRISON.. PROCTOR. s- . e April 27..YORK (Canada) PIKE SHEAFFE. < ^ * -b J May 27 FT GEORGE... WINDER j May 29 SACKETT'S HARBOR. BROWN PREVOST. Nov. II CHRYSLER'S FIELD BROWN ' J>ritannia Rules the Waves." UNION. .W The Hartford Convention. The hostility of the New England Federalists to the national administra- tion continued throughout the war. They considered it unconstitutional to require the militia of a State to serve beyond its borders. For the success- ful conduct of the war the government passed conscription measures, and the Federalists took steps to resist. The legislature of Massachusetts issued a call for a convention, and delegates from Connecticut, Rhode Island, Xew Hampshire and Vermont, with those of Massachusetts, met at Hartford (December 14, 1S14). The sessions of this convention were held in secret, and the records of its proceedings have been studiously suppressed. Suspicion has always existed, however, that measures tending to the secession of the New England States from the Union were contemplated and action postponed only by ending of the war. The event gave a political death blow to the Federalist party, the spirit of national unity having been greatly strengthened by the war then in course of prosecution. The American navy, on the other hand, consisted of but few vessels, for the American policy had been to discourage the institution and support of an expensive naval armament. Had the United States been better provided in this respect she would have been able to maintain her rights upon every sea, and would have compelled that respect from all nations that was to be hers after this war. The war upon the ocean was a revelation to the naval powers of Europe. The deeds of American commanders, from first to last, won the admiration of the world. Time after time American and English war vessels met in combat, and so uniformly successful were the former that American ships came to be regarded as invincible. The first naval engagement of consequence occurred off Newfoundland, between the American frigate Essex, Cap- tain Porter, and the British sloop Alert, Captain Lang- harne (August 12, 1812), the former being victorious. A few days after (August 19), off the coast of Massachusetts, the Constitution, under Cap- tain Hull, vanquished the Guerriere, one of the best equipped frigates of the Eng- lish navy. Hull was a nephew of the general who so basely surrendered Detroit, and his gallant deeds upon the sea contrasted strongly with the inglorious ones of his relative on land, and did much to wipe out the disgrace attached to the family name. 3io period of Independence. Before the close of the year 1812 important victories were won by the Wasp over the Frolic (October 18) off the coast of North Carolina; by the American frigate United States, commanded by Decatur, over the British frigate Macedonia, commanded by Carden, near the Canary Islands (October 25); and by the Constitution, now com- manded by Bainbridge, over the British frigate Java, near San Salvador ( Decem- ber 20). The Consti- tution did magnificent service throughout the war, becoming one of the most historic ves- sels ever connected with the Amer- ican navy. In 1 8 1 5, com- m a n d e d b y Stewart, she captured at one time the British ships C v A x E and Levart (Feb- ruary 20), near the Madeira Islands. Among the many gallant naval commanders of the war there will always be remembered Captain Lawrence. In the Hornet he captured, off Demarara, the British brig Peacock (February 24, 181 3). He was then called to the command of the frigate Chesapeake. While making ready for sea in the port of Boston the British frigate Shannon, thoroughly equipped for battle, approached the harbor and challenged the Chesapeake to combat. OCN'T GIVE UP THE SHIP.' UNION. 311 The impetuous Lawrence promptly responded, sailing out to meet the enemy alter hasty and inadequate preparations. The engagement was hotly contested and of short duration (June 1). Heroism availed little against the superior arma- ment oi the Shannon. Lawrence was morta'ly wounded, and, true to his heroic instincts, he gave the parting exhorta- tion to his crew, " Don't give nf the ship,'''' as in a dying Condition he was carried below. The victory of the Shannon was followed by that of the British sloop Pelican over the brig Argus (August 14), in the English channel, but American successes soon made ample compensation for the losses sustained. The Enter- prise captured the Boxer (September 5), near the coast of Maine, and on Lake Erie the greatest naval achievement of the war occurred shortly after (September 10). Captain Porter in the Essex, the ship and captain that had made the first capture in the war, after a brilliant career came to grief in the harbor of Valparaiso. Here the Essex was overpowered by the Brit- ish vessels, Piicebe and Cherub, and Porter was com- pelled to surrender (March 28, 1814). This was the third British Coast Operations. During the progress of the war the whole coast from Maine to Delaware was blockaded. The fisheries and commerce of New England were utterly destroyed for a time. Lewiston, Me. (1S13) and Stonnington, Conn. (1S14) suffered bombardment. Admiral Coch- rane, with a powerful fleet, entered the Chesapeake (1S14), and four thousand veterans under General Ross landed, and marched to Washington after over- coming some opposition at Bladens- burg, Md. (August 24). All the public buildings except the Patent Office were burned by the enemy, and Ross proceeded to ravage Baltimore in a similar manner. Mdiiia were gathered in defense of the city. In a skirmish Ross was killed. The fleet of the British advanced up the Patapsco to cooperate with the army, and began a bombardment of Foist McHenry. The fort gallantly responded, and for eighteen hours maintained a spirited contest. The enemy's fleet was com- pelled to abandon the fight ; the army, unsupported, withdrew, and Baltimore was saved. and last important British naval victory of the war. The American sloop Peacock, commanded by Warring- ton, won a victory over the Epervier off the coast of Florida (April 29, 1814), and the engagements between the Wasp 312 PERIOD OK INDEPENDENCE. and Reindeer (June 28, 1814), and between the Hornet and Penguin (March 23, 1815), resulted in American victories. BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS The war oi 181 2 had come at a very inopportune time for England. The great Napoleon had almost succeeded in UNION. 313 The Battle of New Orleans. General Jackson, in command at the South, was indefatigable in his exertions to defend that portion of the country from invasion. Marching upon Pensa- cola, where the British had been permit- ted by the Spaniards to establish quart- ers, he drove the enemy from the place and took possession of the forts. The coast operations of the British extend- ing as far as Louisiana, Jackson has- tened to the defense of New Orleans. Here he was joined by some riflemen from Tennessee and Kentucky, and by many citizens of Louisiana. In the southern part of Louisiana is a bay called Barataria. Along the shores of this bay dwelt a people in a state of partial outlawry, engaged in smuggling or questionable enterprises. Their leader was a man of great dar- ing named Lafitte. Though out- lawed by his country, this smuggler coidd not turn against her. Offered tempting bribes by the British to join them in their attack upon the city, he rejected their proposals, and proffered instead the services of his men to Jackson, who promptly accepted them. For their brilliant actions in the battle that ensued the United States Govern- ment granted a full pardon to such of these men as would settle down as law-abiding citizens, which many of them did. Forts were erected to oppose the ad- vance of the enemy by river. The ad- vance was made, however, by way of the lakes back of the city, so Jackson threw up fortifications on the plains of Chalmette, just beyond the suburbs, and awaited their approach. The English army was composed of veteran troops, many of whom were fresh from the victorious battlefields of Europe. It was led by Sir Edward Pakenham. The British advanced through the swamp, and reaching the field, charged upon the fortifications of the Ameri- cans. The battle raged all day, but the riflemen, citizen soldiery and Baratanans stood their ground, and drove the enemy back with terrible slaughter (January S, 1S15). More than two thousand of their number were lost. Pakenham himself was killed. The loss of the Americans was but eight. The battle was a needless one, tor, unknown to the combatants, peace had already been declared. laying all Europe prostrate at his feet, and the remaining great powers of Europe had combined against France. The American war was divert- ing some of the energy of the British nation. So Russia, one of the allied powers, sought to mediate a peace between- England and the United States. Her first at- tempt was unsuccessful (March, 1813), but, renewing her efforts, she succeeded in bringing commissioners from the two countries together to treat for peace. Those appointed by the United States were Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, James Bayard, Jonathan Russell and John Quincy Adams. The commission met at Ghent, Belgium (July 6, 1814). The attitude of England was haughty and ex- acting, and for a long time it seemed impossible to reach a satisfactory conclusion ; but after five months of negotia- tion the treaty was signed (December 24, 1814). The news of peace took some time 314 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. crossing the ocean, as there were no ocean cables in those days. Before it reached America the greatest land battle of the war had been fought (January 8, 1815), near New Orleans. QUESTIONS. What difference in naval strength existed between the United States and England? What success had the United States on sea? What was the first naval engagement? Where, when and by whom fought? What do you know of Hull's victory? Name other naval battles of 1812. What do you know of Captain Lawrence? What were his last words? What other British victory was won in 1S13? What three American naval victories were won this year? What do you know of Captain Porter and the Essex ? What American victories were won in 1814? 1815 ? What do you know of the peace mediation of Russia? What do you know of the British coast operations? The burning of Washington? The bombardment of Fort McIIenry? The Hartford Convention? Who were the American peace commissioners? What do you know of the Treaty of Ghent? TOPICAL OUTLINE. NAVAL BATTLES — WAR OF 1 8 1 2. BRITISH VICTORIES IN ITALICS. 00 22 [Aug. 12. ..ESSEX (Porter) Over ..ALERT (Langharnei Aug. 19.. .CONSTITUTION (Hull) Over ...GUERRIERE ..(Dacres). < Oct. 18...WASP (Jones) Over FROLIC (Muyates). Oct. 25 . UNITED STATES (Decatur) Over MACEDONIA ..(Carden). Dec. 20... CONSTITUTION (Bainbridge) ...Over JAVA (Lambert). Feb. 24. ..HORNET (Lawrence) .... Over PEACOCK (Peake). June I SHANNON (Broke) Over... CHESAPEAKE 'Lawrence). ' Aug. 14.... PEUCAN (Maples) Over.... ARGUS (Allen). Sept. 5 ENTERPRISE (Burrows) Over.. .BOXER (Blythe). .SEPT. 10..AMERICAN FLEET (Perry) Over. ..BRITISH FLEET (Barclay). „ .„ \PHCEBE (Hillyar) 1 ,-„„,-„ Mar.28..{ rucDIID ) T J . ' ,Over ESSEX (Porter). I CHERUB ( Tucker) J * April 29.PEACOCK (Warrington) Over EPERVIER (Wales). JUNE2S...WASP (Blakely) Over.. .REINDEER (Manners). si.pt. i I.AMERICAN FLEET...(McDonough)..Over BRITISH FLEET (Downie). 5 [ FEt, 20.. CONSTITUTION (Stewan) Over I £VANE t (FMcojO ^ "*"■ [MAR. 23 HORNET (BicUlle) Over ..PENGUIN (Dickenson) UNION. 315 PREPARATORY NOTES. TO CHAPTERS VII, VIII AND IX. Definition of Words. — Summary, arbitrary, complications, cession, re- linquished, internal, interpose, fanatically, extension, restriction, projected, prestige, minority, semblance, era, perpetrate, fiscal, stability, incumbency, corporation, depose, predecessor, embodied, nullify, tariff, inter-depend- ence, pronouncedly, domestic, exorbitant, inoperative, precipitate, repeal, accession, revolutionize, civil, extortionate, incidentally, discrimination, secession, enactments, ordinance. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference. — Schurz's "Henry Clay," Oilman's "Monroe," Sumner's "Andrew Jackson," Taussig's "Tariff History of the United States," Von Hoist's "Constitutional History of the United States," Von Hoist's " Calhoun." General.— "The Era of Good Feeling" (Harper's Magazine, May, 1SS4), "Character of Jackson" (Magazine of American History, February, 1SS5), "The Acquisition of Florida" (Id., April, iSSS), Laughlin's " Political Economy" (Chapter xxvi). Topical. — " Florida Cession," " Internal Improvements," " Monroe Doctrine," " Mis- souri Compromise," " Rotation in Office, Institution of," " First Steamship," " First Rail- road," "Seminole War," "Black Hawk's War," "United States Bank," "Tariff," "Nullification, Ordinance of," "Cotton Gin, Invention of," " Clay' s Compromise of 1S33," " The American System," " Eli Whitney," " Samuel Slater," "Protection," "Free Trade." CHAPTER VII. The Era of Good Feeling. The opposition of the Federalists to the war of 1812 had reduced their party to a condition of political weakness. The Democratic-Republican candidate, James Monroe, was, with but little opposition, elected to succeed Madison; and so free was his administra- Two States had been admitted while Madison was President. These were Louisiana (April 8, 1S12), and Indiana (December 11, iSi6). The Algerines had again been punished by Commo- dore Decatur fur renewing theirdepre- dations in the Mediterranean (1815). The candidates to succeed Madison were James Monroe of Virginia and Rufus King of New York. The former was successful. tion from party contests that it is often referred to as the Era of Good Feeling. Monroe served two terms. During his first term troubles arose with the Seminole In- dians of the South. These Indians were joined by some Creeks and runaway slaves, and it was strongly suspected that the Spaniards of Florida were encouraging them in their uprising. 316 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. General Andrew Jackson was sent against them, and he soon overran their country and drove them into Florida. Jackson was a man of great decision and firmness of char- acter, and did thoroughly whatever he undertook. De- termined to inflict summary punishment upon the hostiles, he invaded the Spanish terri- tory, and not only broke the JAMES MONROE power of the Seminoles, but drove their Spanish sympa- thizers from the country. lie took possession of Pensacola and St. Marks and forced the Spanish authorities to seek refuge in Havana, Cuba. Jackson's invasion of Florida was considered un- warranted and arbitrary by many, as it furnished to Spain a just cause of controversy. Others, however, saw much to admire in his prompt and determined course in dealing with The State of West Florida. The Florida that passed into the pos- session ot the English by act of Spanish cession (1763), extended to the Missis- sippi River, and was divided into East and West Florida, the line of division being the Perdido River. While Eng- land was wholly occupied with her revolting' American colonies, the Spaniards of the neighboring province of Louisiana seized the opportunity to pass into West Florida some troops, who look forcible possession (1770). In 1783 both of the Floridas were ceded to Spain, and in treaty with the United States (1795), their northern boundary was fixed as the thirty-first degree of latitude. The larger por- tion of what was then West Florida forms a part of what is now the State of Louisiana, but constitutes no part of the territory embraced within the Louisiana purchase, the limits of which have already been described (sue page Joo). Spain maintained her authority in "West Florida until the year 1S10, but Spanish rule was thor- oughly unsatisfactory to the many Americans who had settled in the province. A revolt was planned and skillfully executed. A force was col- lected at St. Francisville under GENE- RAL Philemon Thomas, who marched to Raton Rouge, the most important post in the province, and captured the Spanish garrison (September .r ;, (Sio). A convention was laid, independence declared, and the State ol West Florida was organized, with Fulwak Skit- witii as Governor. Application was then made to the United States for pro - lection, upon which President Madison issued a proclamation ordering Gov- ernor C.C. Claiborne of the Loui i- an a Territory to take possession ; and t Ims t lie jurisdiction of the United States was extended over the province that had been wrested by American valor from the dominion of Spain. UNION. 3*7 Internal Improvements. The West was rapidly filling up with settlers, and it was becoming evident that the material development of the country depended upon the es- tablishment of easy means of commu- nication between the various sections. The South and West were connected by the magnificent Mississippi system of waterways, but the Alleghanies, interposed between the West and East, rendered travel and domestic com- merce difficult. The question of internal improvements was agitated. Several States engaged in the constructing of public works. New York, at an ex- pense of eight million dollars, opened a canal from Buffalo to New York. There were those who thought that the United States Government, de- signed as it was to promote the general welfare, was empowered by the Constitution to appropriate money for internal improvements. These were termed Loose Constructionists, and foremost among them was Henry Clay. An appropriation was made to construct a road from Cumberland, Md., to Wheeling, W. Va., and as there were no railroads in those days, the Cumberland road proved of great service. affairs entrusted to him, and both Congress and the Presi- dent sustained him. The foreign complications that might have arisen were obviated by the purchase of the invaded province. The treaty of cession was signed at Washington (February 22, 1821). By its terms Florida passed into the possession of the United States in considera- tion of the sum of five million dollars; Spanish claims to Oregon were relinquished, and the Sabine River was made the boundary between the United States and the Spanish possessions in the southwest. Mexico and a number of South American provinces were endeavoring about this time to throw off the yoke of Spain and establish their in- dependence. The people of the United States were in warm sympathy with the movement. The President sent to Congress a remarkable message, in which his opinions upon the subject were pointedly expressed (1823). He declared, "that the American continents, by the free and independent position which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power." This is known as the Monroe Doctrine. 3i3 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. The Beginning of Sectional An- tagonism. Slavery was gradually dying out in the North, and witli its decay there was growing up a sentiment of opposi- tion to it. At first this opposition was directed against the further extension of the system; in time it came to be fanatically directed against the system itself. The attainment of Missouri to statehood awakened a bitter controver- sy as to whether or not slavery should be permitted within its borders. The States previously admitted to the Union had occasioned no issue upon the restriction or extension of slavery. Ohio, Indiana and Illinois were formed from the Northwest Territory in which slavery had been prohibited under the Ordinance of 17S7. Ken- tucky, Tennessee, Mississippi and Alabama were formed from territory originally belonging to States in which slavery was legally recognized. They were, therefore, admitted without re- striction. With the exception of Louisiana, in which slavery had long existed prior to its passing into posses- sion of the United States, Missouri was the first State formed from the Louisiana purchase. The territory of which it constituted a part previous to its admission was the joint possession of all the States. Its population had been drawn from both slave and free States. In many cases the settlers from the former had brought their slaves with them. By the time it was eligible for admission to the Union the opponents of slavery were powerful and numerous enough to influence Federal legislation. The restriction of slavery by the Federal government was regarded as unconstitutional, and a bitter controversy arose. Several deter- mined efforts were made in Congress The principal events that marked Monroe's administration besides those that have been given, were the admission of five new States into the Union, the succcessful application of steam to seagoing vessels, and the memorable visit of Lafayette to this country. The States admitted were Missis- sippi (December 10, 1817), Illinois (December 3, 1818). Alabama (December 14, 1819), Maine (March 15, 1820), and Missouri (August 10, 1821). The first steam- ship to cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, owned and projected in the city of that name ( 1819). The visit of Lafayette (1824) recalled many patriotic memories. He was now seventy years of age. Great was the pride with which he beheld the rapid advance made by the young republic, whose early destinies his youthful hands had helped to shape; pathetic was his visit to the tomb of his old com- mander, Washington, at Mount Vernon. He was everywhere treated with the respect due him as the nation's guest, and many of the States were visited by him. UNION. 319 to pass a bill admitting Missouri with- out slavery (1S19). At length an amendment, proposed by Senator Thomas of Illinois (January iS, iS2o), compromised matters, by admitting Missouri as a slave State, but prohibit- ing the extension of slavery to any other State formed out of the Louisiana purchase north of the line that forms the southern boundary of Missouri (36° 30'). This was the celebrated .Missouri Compromise of 1S20. The shivery question was slowly arraying the slave and free States against each other, but the Missouri Compromise, for a time, settled all differences. In the presidential election that occurred towards the end of Monroe's administration (1824), there was but one political party to place candi- dates in the field. John Quincy Adams of Massachu- setts, Henry Clay of Ken- tucky, Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, and William H. Crawtord of Georgia were voted for. The military prestige of Jackson had rendered him a great favorite with the people, and he received a greater number of electoral votes than any of the other candidates, but not sufficient to elect him. The choice of a president, therefore, fell to Congress. Adams, a minority candidate, was chosen, chiefly through the influence of Clay. The result of the election occasioned much ill-feeling, and friends of the defeated candidates accused Clay of having made a corrupt bargain with the successful one. Clay's appointment to the highest office within the gift of the new president gave a semblance of truth to the accusation, but ample testimony has since proved he was thoroughly con- scientious and disinterested in his support of Adams. The principal events of John Quincy Adams' administra- tion were the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both occurring on the 4th of July (1826); the treaty with the Creeks, by which much valuable land in West Georgia was relinquished bv its Indian occupants, who were removed beyond the Mississippi (1826); the building of the first JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 320 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. railways at Quincy, Mass., and Albany, N. Y. (1827), on which cars were propelled by horse power; and the passage of the high tariff measures of 1828. The popularity of Jackson had steadily increased since his defeat in the election of 1824. The selection of Adams, and the manner of his election had caused general dis- satisfaction. The party to which both belonged soon became divided. Those who supported Jackson retained the name of Democratic-Republicans. Those who supported Adams for reelection were known as National Republicans. Jackson was elected, and with him was chosen as Vice- President, John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. QUESTIONS. What were the principal events of Madison's administration? By whom was he succeeded? What do you know of the Era of Good Feeling? What were the principal events of Monroe's administration? What do you know of the Seminole War? Jackson's invasion of Florida? What do you know of the Florida cession? Of the State of West Florida ? Internal Im- provements ? Who were "Loose Constructionists"? What do you know of the "Monroe Doctrine"? What States were admitted while Monroe was President? What controversy arose in connection with the admission of Missouri? What do you know of the " Missouri Compromise " ? What do you know of Lafayette's visit to this country? First steamship? What candidates were voted for in the election of 1S24? What do you know of the result of this election? What was the so-called Clav bargain? What were the principal events of John Quincy Adams' administration ? What do you know of the Creek treaty? First railroad? How many tonus did Adams serve? Who succeeded him? What do you know of the rise of the National Republican party ? UNION. 321 BLACKBOARD FORM James Madison. (Mi.) James Monroe. (M3.) PR I IV CI PAL EVENTS. 1809 18 li I8I2< 1813 Inauguration. Shawnee War. Louisiana Admitted {April 8). War with England (Declared June 14). { DEMOCRATIC- j JAMES MADISON. _ REPUBLICANS) ELDRIDGE GERRY. Presidential Election < }, ,.,. „,. I I Ue Witt Clinton. Federalist < , ' , ,, I 1 Jared Ingersoll, Creek War. \ Washington Burned (August 24). 1 8I4{ Hartford Convention (December 15). { Treaty of Ghent (December 24). g . A Battle of New Orleans (January 8). lsli) \ War with Algiers. [ Indiana Admitted (December II). ,o,n) ( DEMOCRATIC- / JAMES MONROE. ° 1 REPUBLICANS) DANIEL D. TOMPKINS. Presidential Election { ) ^ I ,. I Rufus King. Federalists { . . „ " . L ) John Howard, 181/1 Inauguration. \ Mississippi Admitted (December 10). Jackson 's Invasion of Florida. Illinois Admitted (December 3). Florida Purchased (February 22). First Steamship. Alabama Admitted (Dec. 14). Maine Admitted (March 15). { DEMOCRATIC- j JAMES MONROE. REPUBLICANS) DANiEL D. TOMPKINS. 1819 1820 Presidential Election- Federalists No Candidates. John Quincy Adams. (Mass.) 1821 1823 1 1824 Pres 1825 1826 1827 1828 Missouri Admitted (August 10). Monroe Doctrine Formulated. {Andrew Jackson. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. William H. Crawford. Henry Clay. Inauguration. Creek Treaty. Death of If" Adam \ \{Juiy4). ) Thomas Jefterson J First Railway. .High Tariff Act. (DEMOCRATIC Presidential Election candidates: National Republican ANDREW JACKSON. JOHN C. CALHOUN. John Quincy Adams. Richard Rush, 322 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. CHAPTER VIII. The Rise of Modern Political Methods. The accession of Andrew Jackson to the presidency marked an era in the political history of the United States. The eight years during which he served, were years of un- usual prosperity to the country, and two new States were added to the Union. These were Arkansas (June 15, 1836) and Michigan (January 26, 1837). The development of the West was rapidly progressing. Inventions and improvements were contributing to the general ad- vancement. Steam was applied to railroads (1831), and with the application there sprang up the gigantic railway system of the present day. The screw propeller was in- vented by Captain John Ericsson (1836), and by means of this inven- tion ocean commerce has been revolutionized. McCormick's Reaper, one of the greatest labor-saving agricultural implements ever invented, was devised (1834), rendering possible the cultivation of larger fields of grain and breadstuff's, and thereby building up the great agricultural interests of the Northwest. Im- migrants from Europe were pouring steadily into the country, and the population of the United States had in- creased to thirteen millions. By 1835 the public debt in- curred by the war of 181 2 was paid in full. The tide of population flowing towards the Northwest again encountered a savage check; this time at the hands oi the Sac and Fox Indians of Wisconsin. These Indians, after ceding their territory, had declined to give it up, and under a celebrated chieftain named Black Hawk, resisted the EARLY AMERICAN RAILROAD TRAIN. UNION. 3^3 encroachments of the whites (1832). Black Hawk was defeated and taken prisoner by Generals Atkinson and Scott, and the Indians were removed west of the Mississippi. The Indians of the South also became troublesome. The Cherokees of Georgia had by this time attained to some degree of civilization; but complications arose between them and the State government, and it became necessary for the United States Government to adjust the difficulty. This was done by the payment of five million dollars to the Cherokees, who relinquished their lands and removed (i837-'8) to a region beyond the Mississippi, that had already been organized (1834) as the Indian Territory. It was attempted to remove the Seminoles to this region; but these Indians resisted so violently that war ensued and lasted for four years. The hostiles were led by Micanopy and Osceola. Among the atrocities perpetrated were the mas- sacre of Major Dade with one hundred and seventeen men, and the murder of General Thompson. Durin. Lamar. Meanwhile armed hostilities had been in progress between Texas and Mexico, for Texan independence was won, as American independence had been won, by revolution and force of arms. During the war for Texan independence a number of battles were fought, in which Texan valor gained the admiration of the civilized world. The last and most important of these battles was that of Sax Jacinto (April 21, 1836), in which the Texans under General Houston, in the face of overwhelming num- bers, won a brilliant victory, capturing Santa Anna, the Mexican commander-in-chief. A treaty with Santa Anna was signed at Velasco (May 14, 536). With the establishment of its independence, the desire of Texas to enter the Union soon manifested itself. A treaty of cession between the Republic of Texas and the United States was presented to the United States Senate toward the close The Beginning of Sectional Inequality. The division of the sections upon the subject of shivery was becoming every year more and more marked. Slave and free Stales were rapidly growing distrustful of each o her. In i:''i'..iers they were about equal, for the policy had been followed of admit- ting a flee State whenever a new slave State joined the Union. Arkansas and Michigan (1836) were the hist Sta es admitted under this policy. With the admission of Arkansas there remained hut the territory of Florida from which to carve a slave State, as the Missouri Compromise had restricted slavery to south of the 36 50' parallel, and the region WCSl "I Arkansas had been reserved to the Indians. There still remained much territory north of the line from which to form free State <. So the ascendancy of the North to power was confidently anticipated, cut was deferred by the annexation o Texas, which restored for the time the balance between the two sections. of Tyler's administration, but was by that body rejected (June S, 1844). The idea of Texas annexation was differently reeeived by the American people, UNION. 343 JAMES K. POLK. The anti-slavery sentiment of the North bitterly opposed it. The South was earnestly in favor of it. The question was introduced into the politics of the country — the Whigs opposing, the Democrats favoring. "Polk and Texas" and " Clay and no Texas' " became the campaign cries of the presidential election of 1844. The result showed that there were many in the North whose pride in the growth of our common country was as strong as the desire of the South to extend its sectional limits. Polk was elected, and, in compliance with the popular verdict, measures were framed by Congress to annex Texas ; one of the last acts of President Tyler being his approval of the measures (March 1, 1845), and later in the year the State was consti- tuted and admitted into the Union (December 29, 1845). The annexation of Texas involved the United States in a war with Mexico, which will be considered in another chapter. The events connect- ed with this war occupied the greater part of the attention of the country while Polk was President. During his admin- istration Iowa (1846) and Wisconsin (1848) were admit- ted into the Union, making- three States in all. James The Progress of Invention. Three important inventions were given to the world within a few years of each other. The first of these was the Electric Telegraph. It was invented by Professor S. I'". I>. Morse, who, after having obtained a patent for it (1S37), put the invention into practical use by building a line be- tween Baltimore and Washington (1S44). In 1 S 1 ( ) Elias Howe of Massa- chusetts invented the sewing' machine, and in 1S47 11. M. Hoe of New York the cylinder printing press. The value of these inventions is beyond estimate. They are among- the greatest of time and labor-saving devices ever designed by man. More than two hundred thousand miles of telegraph lines are now in operation. The improvements that have been made to Hoe's press render it now possible to print, cut, pas'.e and fold fifty thousand sheets an hour. Smitusox, an Englishman, had left a legacy to the United States for the purpose of establishing an institution to aid 344 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. in increasing and disseminating knowledge. It was founded while Polk was President (1846), and is known as the Smithsonian Institution. The Northwestern, or Oregon treaty, was concluded during the same year with Great Britain, the parallel of forty-nine degrees being decided upon. QUESTIONS. What was the " manifest destiny " of the United States ? What boundaries had the treaty of 1S19 denned? Upon what were the claims of the United States to Texas based? Of Spain to Oregon? What do you know of Mexi- can independence? How was Texas governed under the Mexican constitu- tion ? Who were Empressarios ? What do you know of Stephen F. Austin ? What did the English-speaking population of Texas number in 1S30? What causes for dissatisfaction had the settlers? What resulted from this dissatisfaction? What do you know of the Texas Revolution? Its first engagement? Its heroes? Its battles? What was its greatest battle? What do you know of the Alamo ? The massacre at Goliad? W r ho was the provisional Governor of Texas? President? Who was elected President and Vice-President of the Texas Republic? What do you know of the con- vention of San Felipe? Of that of Washington (Texas)? When was a treaty concluded with Santa Anna? What desire did Texas manifest after gaining independence? How was this desire received by the people of the United States ? What do you know of the beginning of Sectional Inequality ? How was the question of Texas annexation introduced into politics ? Who favored it? Opposed? What did the election of Polk show? When did the President approve the measure of annexation? What were the princi- pal events of Polk's administration ? What do you know of the invention of the sewing machine? Telegraph? Cylinder printing press? CHAPTER XII. War With Mexico. The independence of Texas, though conceded by Santa Anna after the battle of San Jacinto, had never been offi- cially recognized by the Mexican government. The annex- ation of this territory, therefore, brought the United States into controversy with Mexico; for the latter country had re- peatedly declared her purpose to regard Texan annexation ■*s a cause of war. UNION. 345 Moreover the boundary between Texas and Mexico was in dispute. The former claimed the Rio Grande River, and the latter the Nueces, as the line of separation. The admission of Texas into the Union rendered it incumbent upon the United States to protect the newly acquired ter- ritory from any threatened invasion. General Zachary Taylor was dispatched to the Rio Grande, and upon arriving there, erected Fort Brown, opposite the Mexican city of Matamoras (March 28, 1S46). Taylor's occupation of the disputed territory was soon resented by the Mexicans. A force crossed to the east side of the river and surprised a detachment of sixty-three men under Captain Thornton, killing or capturing almost the whole number (April 26). Antici- pating further hostilities, Taylor fell back to Point Isabel, to make prepara- tions. As he was a^ain advancing; to Fort Brown he found opposing his progress an army of six thousand Mexicans under General. Arista, near Falo Alto. An engagement followed, and the Mexicans were driven from the field (May 8). The next day another battle was fought at Resaca-de-la-Palma, and Taylor was again victorious, the Mexicans retreating beyond the Rio Grande. When news of the state of affairs upon the southwestern frontier reached Washington, war was declared to be in existence "by act of Mexico" (May n, 1846). Money was voted by Congress, and the President was authorized to issue a call for fifty thousand men. The position of General Taylor was regarded as critical, and volunteers hastened forward to his assistance from what were then the South- western States. GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. 34^ PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. With the formal opening of war, three distinct campaigns' were planned. These were entrusted to Generals Kear- ney, Wool and Taylor. The first was directed against Santa Fe, New Mexico; the second against Chihuahua: and the third, against the Mexican States south of the Rio Grande. Kearney's expedition, numbering about sixteen hundred men, started from Fort Leavenworth. Kansas (June, 1846), and alter journeying nine hundred miles over the old " Santa Fe Trail," reached and took possession of the . Mexican capital with but little opposition (August 18). Leaving Colonel Doniphan in command, Kearney, after oru'anizin;>" a territorial v- ernment for New Mexico, pro- ceeded to California ( Septem- ber 25). Doniphan, receiving reinforcements from Missouri after Kearney's departure, determined to push southward. Leaving COLONEL STERLING Price in command, he set out upon a memorable march, his object being to join Wool at Chihuahua (December 14, 1846). Two battles were fought upon the march — Bracito (December 25, 1846), and Sacramento Creek (February 28, 1847) — in both of which Doniphan was successful in the face of superior numbers. General Wool finding too many obstructions in his path, had relinquished his designs upon Chihuahua, and had turned south to Saltillo. Nevertheless Doniphan continued his march, and the day after the battle of Sacramento Creek Conquest of California. A emigration to Oregon i ready begun, Colonel John C. Fremont ot the United States army had been engaged for souk- time in exploring the Rocky Mountains in search of a pass through which emigrant trains could make their way. Fremont turned south, and, hearing tli .1 war had been declared against Mexico, he determined to wre t California from Mexican rule. In this lie was aided by the American residents and Com- modores Stockton and Sloat. San Francisco, Monterey (Cal.) and Los Angeles were captured without much opposition, and by the time Kearney arrived from New Mexico, the conquest had been accomplished. Earl] in 1 "s |- the Mexicans rose in revolt, but were defeated in the battle at San Gabriel, near Los Vnj UNION. 347 took possession of Chihuahua (March r, 1847). From this point the litlle army made its way to Saltillo, where it arrived in safety, after having had its endurance and valor tested to the utmost (May 22). General Taylor's operations began with the capture of Matamoras (May 19, 1846). From this point he moved westward upon Monterey, and with a much smaller force compelled the Mexican General Ampudia with ten thousand men to surrender and evacuate that citv ( September 24). General, Worth, of Taylor's command, shortly after took possession of Saltillo. Taylor soon found himself confronted by the experienced Santa Anna, who, having collected an army of twenty thousand men, confidently counted upon victory, as the Americans numbered but little more than five thousand. In view of his greatly superior force, a battle seemed useless to the Mexican commander, and he suggested that the Americans surrender. '■''General Taylor never surrenders" was the quiet answer made him. The opposing forces met at Buena Vista (February 23, 1847). No battlefield was ever more hotly contested. 34« PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. Several times during the day victory was within the grasp of the Mexicans. At one of these times the day was saved for the Americans by the intrepidity of Colonel Jefferson Davis and his regiment of Mississippi riflemen ; at another by Captain Braxton Bragg and his artillery. Valiant service was rendered by the Arkansas and Kentucky cavalry under " GENERAL TAYLOR NEVER SURRENDERS." Colonels Yell and Marshall. After ten hours of fighting the Mexicans withdrew from the field, and by day- light the next morning were in full retreat. As the war progressed, it was seen that to be decisive, military operations must be directed against the Mexican capital. These operations were entrusted to General Winfield Scott. Landing near Vera Cruz, Scott attacked that city with a force of twelve thousand, and compelled its UNION. 349 Surrender (March 27, 1847). Marching inland, he encoun- :ered a large Mexican army under Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo, and administered to it a crushing defeat (April 18). rhe next day he took possession of the city of Jalapa, from which he pushed on to the city of Puebla. Scott here waited for reinforcements. These soon arriving, he again took up his line of march for the city of Mexico (August 7). CAMPAIGN OF GEN. SCOTT On the 20th of August a series of attacks upon the posi- tions of the enemy were successfully executed. Generals Pillow and Twiggs stormed Contreras, driving the Mexi- can general, Valencia, from his fortifications, and followed up the victory the same dav by carrying the heights of Che- rubusco, near by, defeating Santa Anna. The next advance was upon The Success of Scott's Army. The defense; of the citv were many in number, and Santa Anna wa i a skilled and sagacious commander, with more than thirty thousand men under his direction. The successes of the American army were therefore remark- able, and were no doubt due to the great array of military talent among the subordinate officers in coinin uul, many of whom were to come to the front as commanding generals in another war, and win undying fame hv their achievement'. Chapultepec. Molino del Rev, one of its outer defenses, was gallantly carried by General Worth (September 7), and shortly after the strongly fortified citadel of Chapultepec itself was brilliantly and $5° PERIOD (J!-' EX-DEPENDENCE. successfully stormed (September 13). The next day Scott entered the city of Mexico in triumph. The Mexican Government now gladly acceded to terms of peace. The treaty was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848). By the terms of this treaty Mexico relinquished all claims to upper California and New Mexico, accepting the Rio Grande as its northeast boundary. In consideration of this relinquishment the United States paid fifteen million dollars to the Mexican Government, and assumed all debts due by it to citizens of the United States. California had scarcely come into possession of the United States when a dis- covery was made that brought a rush of settlers to its terri- tory. A laborer cutting a mill- race for Captain Sutter's mill, in one of the small branches of the Sacramento River, found particles of gold in the sand. The news spread throughout the country, and the rush of gold-seekers and fortune- hunters began. Those who first arrived, alluded to them- selves with pride for main* years after as " Forty-niners." In 1850 San Francisco had sprung up into a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, and in the same year the State of California was admitted into the Union. The Texas Cession and the Gadsden Purchase. The territorial claims of Texas ex- tended to the Rio Grande River and included much of what is now New Mexico. In 1^)^ it was attempted u> extend t he jurisdiction of Texas over this newly-acquired territory. Officer.; were appointed and sent to take [ins- session, but these found the territory already organized, for Kearney had instituted a form of government im- mediately alter taking possession of Santa Fe (i^|o). A conflict of author- ity thus arose, hut the controversy was settled by the payment of $10,000,000 by the United States (1850). Half ol this amount went to liquidate the debt of the old Republic of Texas. The boundary line established by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was so indefi- nite that a dispute arose between the United States and Mexico over the ter- itory south of the Gila River. A set- tlement was effected by the United States paying an additional ten million dollars for the territory in dispute, General Gadsden effecting the pur- chase (1S52). cNGhAVED FOR HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE U.S. UNION. 351 QUESTIONS. What controversy arose with the annexation of Texas? What boundary was in dispute? What do you know of the causes of the Mexican War? Taylor's occupation ot the disputed territory? Thornton's massacre? What two battles did Taylor fight before the war was declared? What campaigns were planned ? What do you know of Kearney's expedition ? Doniphan's march? Conquest of California? What do you know of Taylor's operations? Battle of Buena Vista? Who particularly distin- guished tbemselves in this battle.'' Who led the expedition against the city of Mexico? Where did it land? What was its first battle? What two battles were fought in one day? What two battles caused the surrender of Mexico? To what was the success of Scott's army in part attributable? What do you know of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? Texas cession ? Gadsden purchase ? What event led to the rapid settlement of California? TOPICAL OUTLINE ' Causes 'Annexation of Texas. Disputed Territory. (May 1 I Thornton's Massacre {April 26,1846), I Mexican A n, ■ r:le of Pa '° A ' t0 (/Wa ^ 8 ' to4f)) ' ^Mexican a gres^.ons ] BaWe pf Resaca de la Palma (A I 9, 1846). 'Leaves L 1 ■..; th (June , 1846). Arrives at Santa Fe (August 18, 1846). Kearney's Camnaidni Departs for California (September 25, 1846), I March begins ( December 14, 1846). I Battle of Bi actio {December 25, 1846). Doniphan's Marchi Battle of Sacramento {Feb, 28, 1847). y ' \ Capture of Chihuahua (March I, 1847), [Arrives at Saltillo (May 22, 1847). Capture of Matamoras ("May i9, 1846). Battle of Monterey (September 24, 1846). Capture of Saltillo (November 15, 1846). Battle of Buena Vista (February 23, 1847). {Capture of Vera Cruz (March 27, 1847). Battle of Cerro Gordo (April Id, 1847). Taylor's Campaign < Scott's Campaign < Battles of \ Contreras ' \ Cherubusco, August 20, 1847. Battle of Mo/ino del Rey (September 8, 1847). Battle of Chapultepec (September 13, 1847). [Capture of Mexico (September '.4, 1847). ^Result, Accession of Territory. 3^i i'KRion of ixi>i:im;ndkxck. CHAPTER XIII. The Development of Sectional Antagonism. The twelve years immediately following the administration of Polk, were years leading up to a crisis in American affairs. This crisis was the terrible sectional conflict known as the Civil War, which began in 1861, lasted four years, and resulted in the abolition of slavery and the preservation of the Union from the evils of dismemberment. The causes which led to this war, like those which have led to other great conflicts, were of slow growth and long standing. It may be said that when the United States emerged from the gloom of the Revolution, it entered the shadow of Civil War. The differences between North and South, developed in colonial times, had become more and more marked as years wore on. As these differences strengthened, we see, with the understanding that has come to us in recent years, how there grew up on American soil two distinct peoples, each evolving a civilization of its own, each bound to the other by the mutually constituted Federal Government. The social institutions and characteristic features of one were wholly unlike those of the other; the interests of both were not always identical. The constituted authority governing them was at times in position to wield power detrimental to one or the other. The control of national affairs was therefore an object with each at an early day, and many rivalries and discords arose. The halls of Congress became the arena where representatives of North and South met in forensic combat. The eloquence of these representa- tives echoed sectional sentiments, stirred up sectional pride, and strengthened sectional feeling. We have seen how this feeling became at times one of bitterness, threatening the dissolution of the Union, but disappearing before the peace- makings of a pacific policy or of a compromise. UNION. 35; The sentiment with which the system of slavery had come to be regarded by the North and South divided irreconcila- bly the sections. This system, as we have seen, was closely interwoven with the welfare and prosperity of the South, and the four million slaves found there, represented a value A SOUTHERN COTTON FIELD. of twenty-five hundred million dollars. In the North the anti-slavery sentiment, from feeble beginnings, grew to such proportions that it was made a leading issue in politics. The party of anti-slavery principles became in time dominant in the affairs of the national gov- ernment. The coming into power of this party caused the withdrawal from the Union of the slave States, in order to subserve what at the time ap- peared to be their best inter- ests, their interpretation of the constitutional compact justify- Opposition to Slavery. A change of conditions had come upon the country. In the colonial days conscientious opposition to slavery had been stronger in the South than in the North. The New England colonists had few scruples against selling into slavery the captives taken in their Indian wars; and the profitable slave trade that arose with the general introduction of slavery into the south- ern colonies was almost monopolized by New England vessels, manned hy New England crews. On the other hand, the strongest advocates of emancipation were found among the gentry of colonial Virginia, the colony into which slavery had fust been intro- duced, the voluntary liberation of slaves being ol frequent occurrence. ing them in the act, V 354 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. We have seen how the development of agricultural condi- tions in the South at an early day rendered profitable the emi ployment of unskilled labor, if such labor was intelligently directed. No industrial system answered the conditions of the time to better purpose than that of chattel servitude — a system in which the interests of master and slave were iden- tical. However objectionable the system may now be generally regarded, no facts stand out clearer in American history than that the steady and directed toil of the Southern slave first placed the United States among the great eommer- mercial nations of the world; and that the systematic training bestowed upon him during his period of servitude, and his contact with higher intelligence, have given to the, negro an impulse to civilization that neither his inhere; clinations nor his native environment would of themselves have bestowed. The admission of Missouri, as we have seen, brought the North and South into direct issue with each other, but the differences were settled by compromise. The acquisition of new territory after the war with Mexico, renewed the slavery agitation with a violence that revealed how far apart the sec- tions had drifted in feeling, ami how inevitable was the approaching conflict. At the first intimation that new terri- tory was about to be acquired, David Wilmot of Pennsyl- vania, moved in Congress to appropriate money to purchase the territory in question, with the proviso that slavery be not permitted therein (1846). The measure failed to pass, however, and the territory was acquired without it. The rapid settlement of California, alter the discovery of gold, enabled that territory to apply soon for admission as a State. A controversy arose which, with other causes of dis- cord, did much to strengthen sectional antagonism. The Missouri Compromise line divided the proposed State, and UNION. 355 the question arose, Was California to be a free or a slave State? Henry Clay, who had retired from public affairs, was called forth from his Kentucky home, elected to the United States Senate, and again, by a compromise measure, did the great pacificator postpone sectional conflict. This compromise is known as Clay's Compromise of 1850, and from the number of features embraced in the one measure it is frequently referred to as the Omnibus Bill. The Omnibus Bill provided for the admission of California as a free State, and stopped the buying and selling of slaves within the limits of the District of Columbia. This was to satisfy the demands of the North. To satisfy the South the rest of the Mexican cession was divided into two territories — Utah (including Nevada) and New Mexico (including Arizona) — and no stipulation was made prohibiting slavery within the limits of either, although the former lay almost wholly north of the Missouri Compromise line. This feature of the bill, together with another providing for the passage of a more efficient Fugitive Slave Law than the one passed as early as i793> was perfectly satisfactory to the South. The remaining feature of the bill was that which settled the claims of Texas to its new Mexican territory.* The next controversy upon the ques- tion of slavery in the territories arose when it became neces- *See page 350. The Dred Scott Decision. A celebrated case, known as the Dred Scott Case, that had been pending in the Supreme Court of the United States, was decided in 1S57, and increased the slavery excitement. Dred Scott was a slave who, having been brought by his owner into free territory, sued for his freedom. The court decided that slaves were property, that under the Constitution all prop- erty must be protected, that the taking of a slave into a free State or territory did not forfeit ownership, and that Congress had no power to forbid slaveryinthe territories. This decision would have nullified the Missouri Compromise had not the Kansas- Nebraska Rill already done so. MILLARD FILLMORE. 35^ PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. The Anti-Slavery Movement. The Fugitive Slave Law provided for the arrest and return of slaves escaping from their owners into free Stales, and empowered United States officers lo make the arrest and return. This measure caused inicn e di : atis- faction in the North. Personal Li BEKTY BILLS were passed by several States, in direct oppo: ition to the law of the United States, and these bills placed every obstruction possible in the way of the United States officers, who sought to perform their duty under the Fugitive Law. Many of the Northern people were opposed to slavery, but did not believe that the national government had a right to abolish it. Others believed in nothing more nor less than total aboli hmenl of slavery within the limits of the United Slates. These were termed Abolitionists. At first the Abolil onists wile tew in number. The most promi- nent founder of the movement was William Lloyd Gakkison, who in- stituted an anti-slavery society as early as 1S31. For a long time the Aboli- tionists were regarded in the North with disfavor, as a band 01 agitators, endangering the peace ami tranquillity ol the country. Theirmeeting often broken up, their halls burned to the ground, their public spi mobbed. Tint in later years, sectional animosity and the passage of the Fugi- tive and oilier laws caused many to sary to organize the territories of Kansas and Nkbraska. For this purpose a bill was introduced into Congress by Stephen -V. Douglas of Illinois, recognizing the principle of what has been termed Squatter Sovereignty, The Kansas-Nebraska Bill authorized the people of those territories to decide for themselves, as soon as their States were organized, whether slavery should exist within their limits or not. The bill passed (1854), ant ^ as ^ was a virtual repeal of the Missouri Compromise, the North was aroused to anger. For many years from that time there was to be an absence of all peace. The beginnings of sectional conflict took place upon Kan- sas soil. With the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill it became an object with each of the sections to have as many representatives among the emi- grants to the territory as pos- sible, so that one could outvote the other when the question of slavery came up for decision. Two separate governments were organized, and in the conflict of authority that ensued much blood was shed. neral lawlessness prevailed until 1S5S, when the opponents of slavery were successful, although Kansas was not ad- mitted until 1861. UNION. 157 join their ranks. In 1S40 the Aboli- tionists entered the domain of Ameri- can politics :is the LIBERTY PARTY, and nominated for President James G. BlKNEY who received 7,509 votes. Birney \v;is again a candidate in iS|-|, and received 02,300 votes, a marked increase for the short space of time. In i^p the Abolitionists, with cer- tain Ami -Slavery elements of the Democratic and Win;; parties, formed themselves into the Free Soil Party, whose motto was " Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor ami Free Men" and nominated ex-President Van Buren, he receiving 291,263 votes. In the presidential election of 1S52 this party lost ground, but before the next (1856) the slavery agitation had drawn to its ranks so many, that, under name of the Republican party, it polled i ,341 1.264 votes for its presidential candi- date. John- C. Fremont, and emerged from the succeeding contest with suc- cess (1S60). The four Presidents that fol- lowed Polk were ZACHARY Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan. Taylor was elect- ed by the Whigs (1848), and, dying the next year after his inauguration, was succeeded by Vice-President Fillmore. Pierce and Buchanan were Democrats. The events that character- ized the administrations of these Presidents were for the most part those given in con- nection with the slavery asfita- FRANKLIN PIERCE. tion. During Pierce's term a treaty was successfully established between Japan and the United States (1854), and during the administration of Buchanan the first successful ocean cable was laid across the Atlantic (1S58), though a series of mistortunes prevented its practical and / general use until 1S66; Minnesota (1858), Oregon (1859) anc ^ Kansas (1861) were admitted; and the secession of seven Southern States from the Union occurred (1861). QUESTIONS. To what crisis in American affairs did the years following Polk's adminis- tration lead? What can you say of the difference existing between the North and South? How were they unlike? How was sectional feeling strengthened? How had sectional bitterness been at times allayed? What was interwoven with the prosperity of the South? How was slavery regarded in the North? What happened when the anti-slavery party attained power? 358 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. What do you know of the change of opinion with which slavery was regarded? What industrial system answered the conditions of the South? Why? What placed the United States among the commercial nations of the world? Upon what is our industrial structure founded? What acquisi- tion of territory led to a renewal of the slavery agitation settled by the Missouri Compromise? What was the "Wilmot Proviso"? What con- troversy arose with the admission of California? How was it settled? What do you know of the Omnibus Bill ? Fugitive Slave Law ? Personal Liberty Bills ? Trace the growth of the anti-slavery movement. What do you know of the Kansas-Nebraska Controversy ? When was Kansas, admitted? What four Presidents followed Polk? By what party was each elected? What events characterized their administrations ? When was the Japan treaty consummated? Minnesota admitted? Oregon? Kansas? BLACKBOARD FOR PRINCIPAL EVENTS- 1 845 ) l nau 9 ura ^ on - Texas Admitted. -ADMINISTRATION OF POLK, ( Tenn. ) TA YLOR, (La). and FILLMORE. (N. Y.) PIERCE, (N. H.) BUCHANAN, (Pa.) C Mexican War Begins. i oad J Iowa Admitted. I Smithsonian Institution Founded. I Oregon Boundary Treaty. t Wisconsin Admitted. . | Mexican War Ends, ( Treaty J 1848 -t signed February 2). Gold Discoverd. (Presidential Election < i J Lewis Cass. 1ates.\ Wm. 0. Free -Soil Candidates, Inauguration. C Omnibus Bill. Death of Taylor, (,' I California Adi>> 1849 350 Presidential Election... 1853 i l nou 9 u ration, i ' . ten Purchase, IOFA I Japan Treaty. braska Bill. 1856 Presidential Election . . . inauguration, Dred Scott Decision. 1858 ' M ' nr)esota Admitted, Atlantic Cable. Oregon Admitt Presidential Election .....< Secession of South Car- olina (Dec, 20). Demo.v Martin Van Beuren. (Anti-Slavery) ( Chas ' Francis Adams. Whig \ ZACHARY TAYLOR. \ MILLARD FiL Democratic ] FRANKLIN PIERCE. • i H '.'. R. KING. Anti-Slavery { John P. "field Scott. ,. i . ■ BUCHANAN, IRIDGE. Republican , ont (Anti-Slavey i i Wm - L Oayion. i " A. Douglass. H. V. Johnson. {Jo h n C. Breckenridge. Joseph Lane. I John Ecll. Const tut'onal-Umon i _ , ,.:ora Everett Republic ji i A BRAHAV LINCOLN. I HANNIBAL HAMLIN. ( Missi: ■■ . ■ i , o P i (Secession of I Alabama, Geonia. lovl J Organization of Southern Confederacy, \ , _ ' I Kansas Admitted. { Louisiana, Texas. 185/ 1859 I860 ~ 2 Norther o' 5 { I 1 Southei union. 359 search questions. What was the " Underground Railroad " ? What political party was deridingly referred the " Locofocos " and why ? What is meant by naturalizing a foreigner ? What was the "Kitchen Cabinet"? What was the "Pony Express"? What cavalry ent of the regular army of the United States is remarkable for having been ed by some of the most celebrated generals that America has produced ? Name some of these olTicers. —^» PREPARATORY NOTES. Geography. — Upon a map of the United States note the relative position of the following cities: Washington, Montgomery, Charleston, Richmond, lit. Louis, Cairo, Paducah. In what part of Missouri is Carthage? Spring- field? Lexington? Belmont? In what part of Kentucky is Columbus? Bowling Green? Mill Springs? Mumfordsville? Richmond? Perryville? In what part of Arkansas is Bentonville? Batesville? Des Arc? Fort Smith? Little Rock? Helena? In what part of Mississippi is Corinth? Iuka? Vickshurg? Beginning at Norfolk Va., trace the coast line of the United States southward, noting the following: Hatteras Inlet, Roanoke Island, Wilmington, Charleston, Port Royal, Savannah, Jackson- ville, Pensacola, Mobile, Ship Island, New Orleans, Sabine Pass, Galveston, In what part of Tennessee is Murfreeshoro? Chattanooga? Knoxville? Nashville? Franklin? In what part of Georgia is Dalton ? Atlanta? Definition of Words. — Preclude, crisis, erroneously, rancor, discrimina- tion, imbued, allegiance, recipient, convictions, colleagues, interpretation, subsequent, apprised, concentrate, transcendently, aggressive, incendiarv, tenacity, obliterated, emancipation, irreparable, strenuously, impeachment, tenure. PARALLEL READINGS. Reference. — Slephens' "War between the States," Davis' "Rise and Fall of the Con- federate Government," "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War" (Century War Book), Soley's " The Blockade and the Cruisers," Ainmen's " The Atlantic Coast," Mahan's " The Gull and the Inland Waters," Draper's "History of the American Civil War," Greelev's "American Conflict," J. E. Johnston's ".Narrative of Military Operations," "Southern Historical Papers." General.— Johnston's "Life of Albert Sidney Johnston," Cooke's " Life of Robert E. Lee" and "Life of Stonewall Jackson," Grant's "Memoirs," Sherman's "Memoirs," Hood's " Advance and Retreat," Taylor's " Destruction and Reconstruction," McCulloch's "Men and Measures of Half a Century," Pollard's "Lost Cause" and "Lee and his Lieutenants." Topical. — " Secession of the Southern States," "The Blockade,'] "Confederate Cruisers," "The War in Virginia," "The War in Tennessee," "The War in Missouri," " The War in Kentucky," " The War in Arkansas," " The War in Mississippi," " The War in Louisiana," "The War in Texas," "The War in Alabama," " The War in CeorLjia,'. "The War in South Carolina," "The War in North Carolina," " The War in Florida,'' " The War on the Coa t," " Gunboat Operations." DISUNION. \6i Disunion. chapter i The Secession of the Southern States. The question of slavery, as we have seen, had become the principal issue before the country. It had caused the organization of a powerful political part}', whose avowed purpose was the prohibition of slavery in the territories by act of Congress. This party had assumed the name Re- publican. It had already suf- fered one defeat (1856), but by the close of Buchanan's administration it had increased greatly in strength and num- bers. In the election of a suc- cessor to Buchanan (i860) its candidates were : for President, Abra- ham Lincoln, of Illinois; for Vice- President, Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine. The nominating convention of the Democratic party assembled at Char- leston (April 23, i860). In this con- vention were Northern Democrats and Southern Democrats ; but they enter- tained different opinions relative to slavery in the terri- tories. The former regarded it as a domestic institution to be regulated by each State, and believed that "squatter sovereignty" should decide whether slavery, after having John Brown's Raid. An ardent advocate of slavery aboli- tion named John Brown took a promi- nent part in the Kansas troubles, and as " Ossawatomie " Brown attained some notoriety in connection with the many deeds of violence committed during the agitation of the slavery question in that territory. In October, 1S59, Brown, with twenty friend', in- vaded Virginia with the avowed pur- pose of arming the slaves and inciting them to insurrection. The arsenal at Harper's Ferry was surprised and taken (October 16), but Virginia mili- tia and United States marines appeared promptly upon the scene and took most "i the party prisoners. Brown was found guilty of trea on and hanged Dec ember j, 1S59. JAMES BUCHANAN. 362 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. The Cause of Secession. As union did not assure domestic tranquillity, it was by many, regarded as a failure. The North wished t<> right the so-called wrong of slavery ; South to protect an interest. the been introduced into a territory, should cease 1 continue, when that territory became a Stale. The latter desired to meet more squarely the issue presented by the Repub- licans, and insisted that Congress should not, by prohibiting slavery in the territories, discriminate between northern and southern settlers in the protection of property guaranteed to both under the Constitution. Unable to agree, the Demo- cratic Convention adjourned, and finally, two separate Dem- ocratic conventions were held at Baltimore. One conven- tion, in which Southern mem- bers predominated, nominated John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, and Joseph Lank, of Oregon. The other nom- inated Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, and Benjamin FiTZPATRiCK, who, declining, was substituted by IIerschel V. Johnson, of Georgia. Meanwhile a remnant of the old Whig party had nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, as Constitu- tional Union Candidates; and thus four presidential tick- ets were presented to the consideration of the American people. Although a majority of votes was cast against Lincoln he received more than any one of his three opponents, and was consequently declared elected. The South now found itself Slavery existed when the constitutional compact was entered into, and was by it recognized. It could not heforcihly abolished without a violation of this compact. Breach of compact was cause for dissolution of the Union ; and the South had long insisted upon strict adherence to the terms of the Constitution. When events indicated that these terms relative to slavery were becoming more and more dis- regarded by the North, the South de- cided to withdraw. South Carolina, shortly alter the election of Lincoln, belli a convention, as she had done in the days of the nullification controver- sy, and passed the Okdi nance of Secession. Had some "great pacifi- cator" arisen in Congress as in the past, it is believed by some that an adjustment of difficulties could have been reached without war. But this is doubtful, as antagonism had grown so strong between the sections as to preclude all hope of harmonious com- promise. The issue was made, and the greatest crisis in American affairs had arrived. DISUNION. 1 hi confronted by an alarming state of affairs. The election of Lincoln was a purely sectional one, the vote making him President having been cast solely by the Northern States. The party coming into power with his inauguration was that into which all the elements of the North antagonistic to the interests of the South had been drawn. The domestic tranquillity guaranteed by the Constitution had not been en- joyed for many a day, and an interminable continuance of strife and discord seemed to be in store for all. The idea had been slowly shaping itself in the Southern mind that, notwithstanding the affection for the Union that the South had felt and manifested since the founding of the government, tranquil existence without the Union was pre- ferable to continued disturbance within. The election of Lincoln stirred the South to action. South Carolina took the first step. A convention of her sovereign people passed an Ordinance of Secession, dissolving the bonds existing be- tween the State of South Carolina and the rest of the Union (December 20). Com- missioners were dispatched to Washing- ton to adjust the new relations between the two governments upon an equitable basis. Ordinances of secession were also passed by Mississippi (Jan. 9, 1861 ), Florida (January 10), Alabama (January 11), Georgia ( January 19 ) and Louisiana (January 26). Delegates from the seceded States then met in convention, presided over by Howell Cobb of Georgia, at Mont- gomery, Alabama (Feb. 8). HOWELL COBB. The First Confederate Cabinet. President Davis' cabinet, as first con- stituted, consi: ted of Robert Toomhs, of Georgia, Secretary of State; Lekoy P. Walki;k, of Alabama, Secretary of War; Stephen B. Mallory, of Florida, Secretary of the Navy; Ciias. G. Memmixgeh, of South Carolina, Secretary of the Treasury; Jidah P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, Attorney- General; J. II. Reagan of Texas, Postmaster General. 3 6 4 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. MONTGOMERY, ALA. "NIGHT OF DAVIS' INAUGURATION. A- provisional government for The Confederate States OF AMERICA was organized, and JEFFERSON Davis, of Mis- sissippi, was elected President and ALEXANDERH. STEPHENS, of Georgia, Vice-President (February 9). The inaugura- tion of Davis and Stephens occurred amid scenes of the DISUNION. 365 wildest enthusiasm, and demonstrations of loyal support of the new government were everywhere manifested (Feb- ruary 18). Texas adopted the Ordinance of Secession (February 23, 1861), and was admitted to membership in the Confederacy (March 2). Meanwhile the authorities of the seceded States had been taking possession of forts, arsenals and government property within their limits. The garrisons of Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, and Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, Flo- rida, however, re- fused to give up these fortifications when the demand was made. The for- mer was commanded by Major Ander- son ; the latter by Lieutenant Slem- MER. The refusal of Anderson to sur- render Fort Sumter placed South Carolina in the position of having, without her consent, a foreign power domiciled within her borders, and within threatening distance of her largest city. It was therefore determined to insist upon a withdrawal of the United States troops. Batteries were erected at various points, and General P. G. T. Beauregard assumed com- mand. The steamer Star of the West arriving with sup- plies for the garrison, was fired upon by these batteries and compelled to return. ALEXANDER H. STEP 366 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SUMTER. Expecting reinforcements, Anderson persisted in his refusal to surrender. The authorities at Washington had given a verbal pledge that reinforcements would not be sent, and that the troops would be withdrawn from Fort Sumter. As long as the pledge was kept there was nothing done by the besiegers in the way of offensive military ope- rations. The Washington authorities, however, soon changed their mind, and dis- patched troops by sea to the assistance of the fort. Upon the appn >ach of these it became necessary for Beauregard to War Preparations. The secession of the Southern States was differently regardeti in the North. There were some who, in preference to an armed controversy, were willing to let the Southern States go in peace. There were others who denied the right of a State to secede, but who held that the United States Govern- ment had not the right to coerce a State back into the Union. Of this number was Buchanan. But by far the greater number believed that the Union should be preserved at any cost, and as the time to inaugurate Lincoln drew near, it soon became evident that a determination of this kind was form- ing. In anticipation of the use of force, the Confederate States began to prepare for resistance. Several efforts were made by commissions and peace congresses to bring- about an amicable adjustment of affairs between the two governments; but the authori- ties at Washington held the people of the Southern States to be in rebellion, and would extend no official recogni- tion to the Confederate Government. Bvents therefore hastened on to an armed conflict. DISUNION. 367 take prompt action. A bombardment was begun. At 4:30 A. m., April 12, 1861, the first gun was fired from the battery on James Island. This proved to be the first gun of the great Civil War that was to continue for four years. For thirty-four hours the bombardment continued, the garrison making a defense so gallant as to win the respect and admiration of their assailants. At length Anderson was compelled to surrender, and, without the loss of a single man on either side, the contest ended (April 14, 1861). QUESTIONS. What was the avowed purpose of the political party called into organiza- tion by the anti-slavery feeling ? What candidates did this party put forth for President and Vice-President? What occasioned a division in the Democratic party? What candidates were nominated by each division? Who were the candidates proposed by the Constitutional Union party? What do you know of Lincoln's election? What action did the Southern States take upon Lincoln's election? Why? What State first seceded? When? How? What five States followed? When did Texas pin the Confederacy? What do you know of the organization of the Confederate Government ? Who were its officers? How was the secession of the Southern States regarded in the North? How did the authorities at Wash- ington regard it? Why did South Carolina insist upon the surrender of Fort Sumter? What followed Major Anderson's refusal to withdraw? Why was Fort Sumter bombarded ? When was the first gun fired? What do you know of Anderson's surrender? What do you know of John Brown's raid? The cause of Southern secession? CHAPTER II. The Advance on Richmond. The fall of Fort Sumter occasioned intense excitement throughout the country. Congress not being in ses- sion at the time, President Lincoln, impelled by the rapidly rising war feeling of the North, took immediate steps to assert by force the power of the Union. A call for seventy- five thousand men was issued by him, and to this call the governors of the Northern States promptly responded, rais- ing, equipping, and sending forward their quotas of men to Washington with rapidity. 3 68 TERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. JEFFERSON DAVIS. As soon as it became evident that force was to be em- ployed to bring the Gulf States back to the Union, four more States seceded and cast their destinies with the Con- federacy. These were Virginia (April 17), Arkansas (May 6), Tennessee (June 8), and North Carolina (May 20). The people of Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri were divided in their sympathies, and prompt action upon the part of the Federal authorities prevented these three States DISUNION. 369 rom following the examples of the other four. The Con- ederate capital was now removed from Montgomery to Richmond, where the perma- nent organization of the Con- federate Government was completed. The Confederate authorities were soon as busy preparing for war as the Federal. Had the American people foreseen the horrors, strife, and waste of resources that were to fol- low in the approaching con- flict, they might well have paused before meeting one another upon the first battle- field in fratricidal strife. But the destiny of the nation had to be fulfilled. The causes had long been sown, and the reaping of the effects was to inevitably follow. The old The Call for Troops. The call for troops met with a differ- ent response from the Southern States that still remained in the Union. These States recognized the right of any State to secede, and denied the right of the general government to coerce. GOVERNOR RECTOR of Ar- kansas, Govek NOR Harris of Tennes- see, Governor Magoffin of Ken- tucky, Governor Ellis of North Carolina, GOVERNOR LETCHER of Virginia, and Governor Jackson of Missouri declined to furnish troops. Their refusals showed the general opinion held in the South relative to the right of a State to leave the Union; for, after all that may he said, the contention for this right on the part of the South was the direct cause of the Civil War, and not slavery, as has hecn frequently and erroneously given. Slavery and tariff agitation were incidental to that sectional antagonism whose steady development rendered possible the settlement of differences only by tinned conflict, and not bv pacific measures and compromises, as in lite oast. American spirit of resistance was now born again. North md South, divided in their opinion as to what was right, were ready to fight for it as their forefathers had done. The patriotism of the Southern people impelled them to sontend for the principles of local self-government and to defend their States. The people of the North were as earn- est in their desire to rally to the assistance of the govern- ment held by them to be superior to that of the States, and to preserve the Union. There can be no questioning of the motives of either without impeaching the integrity of a now united people. 37° PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE After seceding, Virginia took immediate steps to organize her forces, and General Robert E. Lee was called to the command. When Virginia joined the Confederacy these troops were transferred to the Confederate Government. In response to Lincoln's call for troops, bodies of men began to assemble near Wheel- ing, W. Va., under General George B. McClellan; at Chambersburg, Pa., under General Patterson; and at Washington, under General Winfield Scott. A body of Massachusetts troops, on their way to Washington, passing through Baltimore against the remonstrances of its inhabit- ants, encounted some resist- ance in the streets, during the course of which a number of citizens and soldiers were killed ( April 19, 1S61). The Confederates hastened to establish a line of defense. Troops had been sent for- ward into Western Virginia to repel McClellan's advance; while forces were collected near Harper's Ferry, under The Question of Loyalty. When tin- passions ami prejudices awakened by the war between t he States were still fresh in the minds of the people much rancor and bittcr- nCSS went on record in the writings "t those who chronicled the events of our country's history. In review- ing these chronicles the student will tmd his powers <>t discrimination taxed to the utmost. As the years roll on, truths become more and more clear. The terms rebels and traitors, once applied to the men of the Southern armies, are now no longer current. These terms cause the question of loyally to government to arise, and here again North ami South were hon- estly divided in their opinions. The North had received a gTeat tide of immigration from Europe since the Revolution. These people came to the "United States," ami when ihcy and their descendants became itnlmed with the spirit of American institutions, their patriotism and allegiance were yielded to the Government of the United States rather than to that of any particular Stall-. The South had received few ol these immigrant . and had preserved intact to a great extent the traditions and opinions ol govern- mental allegiance current when the Union was first formed, lis spirit w ts decidedly that ol LOCAL SEI.F-GOV- ernment, manifesting itself in the op- position of the colonies lo the rule ol England, manifesting itself whenever the functions of the general govern- ment seemingly or actually overlapped those ol a sovereign rclf-governing Slate. The State was the recipient of the loyalty and patriotism ol the Southern people; the Union shared with it their affection, Duty, however, moved them when choice came to he made between tin- two. This duty was interpreted according to convictions. With tho e officers from the South who held po itions in the regular army of the United States, before the secession ol the Southern Stales, the choice was indeed sorrowfully and thoughtfully made. Sine, like ROBERT K. LEE, of Virginia, an officer who stood DISUNION. 371 the highest in military capacity of all in the United States' service, feeling that their hands could only be raised in defense of their States, resigned their commissions when their States se- ceded. Others, like Geokge H. Thomas, of Virginia,— "the general who never lost a battle" — found the- ties attaching them to the government stronger than those binding them to their State. The Senators and Con- gressmen from the South severed their connections with the United States Government in sadness. The farewell address of Jefferson Davis of Missis- sippi to his colleagues in the United States Senate will ever stand as the grandest expression of that earnest conviction entertained in the South, that the step taken in seceding was legal; that this step was taken with reluctance and for no purpose but that of terminating the turmoil into which the country had, for a long time, been plunged. The spirit that animates traitors was not such as was displayed by Southern men upon many an historic battlefield. The impulses of a causeless rebellion could never have sustained them through the weary years of conflict and suffering, and when from physical exhaustion, they ceased to fight, the terms of peace were accepted ingood faith, and nothing can rob them of the glories the)- achieved ; and the consciousness that they did but show themselves Americans, con- tending for their interpretation of right, resisting what was 10 them oppres- sion, remains to them Should tin,' restored Union ever be imperiled, or the American people be called upon to maintain before the world the dignity becoming to a mighty nation, (he first to take up arms— be it 10 defend or to maintain — will be the sons and grand- sons of those who submitted the cour- age of their convictions to the trying ordeals of the great sectional conflict. Scott, being too old to take the field, was succeeded by General Irvin McDowell. The army that advanced from Washington consisted of eighteen thousand men. So confident were General Joseph E. John- ston; at a place called Manas- sas Junction, near Washington, under General Beauregard; under General J. B. Magru- der at Yorktown ; and under General Benjamin Huger at Norfolk. The Union advance into Western Virginia was marked by successes over small bodies of troops at Piiieippi (June 3, 1861), Falling Waters (July 2) and Rich Mountain (July 11 ) ; but it soon became evident that the first important battle was to be fought at some point between Washington and Richmond. The idea generally prevailed in the North that the capture of the Confederate capital would bring hostilities to a speedy termination ; so the cry went up, " On to Richmond" General GtN. IRVIN MC DOWELL. (FEDERAL). 372 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCES. WE WILL GIVE THEM THE BAYONET these forces of success that they had hardly given any attention to the serious business of war, but looked upon their march as something of a holiday excursion. At Bull Run Creek, near Manassas Junction, they encountered the Confederates. Johnston had joined Beauregard with a part of his army, leaving the rest to follow. The battle that took place was gained by the Confederates, owing to two fortuitous circumstances. The first of these was the presence upon the field, in command of pari of the forces, of General Thomas Jonathan Jackson, a skilled and experienced military commander. The second was thc^ arrival of the remainder of Johnston's army, under General E. Kircy Smith, in time to turn the tide of victory against the Unionists. The defeat of the Union DISUNION. 373 "Stonewall" Jackson. Attack, p.fter attack was sustained by Confederate forces under Gen- erals Evans and Bee in one part of the field, and at last they were compelled to fall back. But help had come ; for, in the rear, drawn up in line, within supporting- distance stood the " First Brigade," commanded by Gen- eral Jackson. Bee had done all he could to rally his retreating men, and had counted the battle lost. Rushing up to Jackson, whb stood coolly await- ing the oncoming and victorious forces of the North, he exclaimed in despair, " General, they are beating us back." " Sir," quietly responded Jackson, " vje -vill giz'e them the bayonet." The effect of his words was electrical. Bee iralloped back to his men shouting, "Look, there is Jackson, standing like a stone wall ! Let its deter/nine to die here and toe -vill conquer!" Bee's men rallied and formed on the right of Jackson. Here they were joined by Colonel Wade Hampton. The long glittering line of bayonets checked the wave of battle and turned it back, and when the arrival of rein- forcements under Smith decided the day for the Confederates, victory had been snatched from defeat, and Stone- wall Jackson's career, in all its in- vincibility, had begun. forces was followed by a panic, and, utterly demoralized, the army that had set out to capture Richmond, abandoned all mu- nitions and accoutrements, and hastily retreated to Washing- ton. QUESTIONS. What call was issued by Lincoln? Why ? What Governors complied ? What Governors did not? What was the direct cause of the Civil War ? What bearing had the slavery and tariff agitations upon this cause ? What States now joined the Confederacy? Why ? What States were prevented from doing so? What became the Confederate capital? How were the Northern and Southern people divi- ded in opinion as to what was right? What idea of governmental loyalty prevailed in the South? North? How did this difference come to exist? What address expressed the conviction of the South? What do you know of Robert E. Lee? George H. Thomas? Where did Federal troops assemble in response to Lincoln's call? What preparations were made by the Confederates ? What three successes had Union troops in Western Virginia? What do you know of the battle of Bull Run ? " Stonewall " Jackson? CHAPTER III. Early Battles in the West. The result of the battle of Bull Run filled the South with great exultation, and its people reposed for some time in fancied security, fully believing that Southern valor was invincible. Upon the North the effect was altogether differ- 374 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. GENERAL E. KIRBY SMITH. (CONFEDERATE). GENERAL A. P. HILL. (CONFEDKBATK). GENERAL FITZHUQH LEE. (CONFEDERATE). general wade hampton. (confederate). ent. The people there were brought to a sudden realization that the conflict precipitated upon the country was to be one of great magnitude. All the resources of the Federal Government were now brought into activity. Thousands of men and millions of money were voted by Congress, and there was soon assembled, equipped and organized, at Wash- ington, one of the largest armies of modern times. DISUNION, !75 Operations in the Southwest. Shortly after the battle of Bull Run General H. H. Sibley was com- missioned to repair to Texas, raise a brigade of troops and proceed to the conquest of New Mexico. With three regiments he set out from San Antonio, and by way of the Rio Grande valley arrived at the scene of his operations after having performed a memorable march. Battles were fought with the Union forces already in possession of the territory at Valverde (February 21, 1S62), Glorietta (March 27), and Pe- ratta (April 23), in all of which the Texans displayed their proverbial valor. To hold the country, however, was found to be impracticable and the men of " Sibley's Brigade " returned to take part in other and more important scenes. This army consisted of more than one hundred and fifty thousand men, and General George B. McClellan, a man beloved by his whole army, and one of the most skillful military organizers upon the Union side, was placed in command. A number of months elapsed before it began active operations, and in the meanwhile important events were happening in the West. Missouri had been held in the Union chiefly through the decision and energy of Captain Lyon. The Missouri State troops, in sympathy with the South, were compelled to retreat to the southwestern part of the State, not without having won a victory over the Federal General Sigel, at Car- thage (July 5, 1861). Here, under their commander, General Sterling Price, they were soon joined by reinforcements from Arkansas, under Generals Ben McCul- loch and N. B. Pearce. Lyon — now Gen- eral — advancing with an army, attacked the combined forces at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, Mo. (August 10, 1861), but was killed in the action and his army defeated. That part of the combined Confederate forces consisting of Missourians, then ad- vanced upon Lexington and compelled the Federal Col. Mulligan to surrender the place with a great quantity of stores and munitions of war (September 20). GEN. H. H. SIBLEY. (CONFEDERATE). gen. sterling price. (confederate). 376 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. In its preparations to resist invasion, the Confederate Government entrusted the Western defenses of the Confed- eracy to General, Albert Sidney Johnston, an experienced officer and one of the ablest soldiers of his time. Johnston made such a disposition of his forces as to establish east of the Mississippi a line of defense whose prin- cipal points were Columbus, Ky., Forts Henry and Donelson, Tenn., Bowling Green and Cumberland Gap, Ky. ; while General Earl Van Dorn was placed in command west of the Mississippi. Powerful Federal armies were organized under Generals II. GEN. EABL VAN DORN. (conkkderatf). \V. Halleck and D. C. Buell. In all, these forces numbered more than two hundred thousand men. The people of the South were slow to realize the necessity of preparing to resist the threatened invasion from the North- west, and Johnston, with but few men and limited supplies at his disposal, was unable to hold his line intact. Halleck, from his headquarters at St. Louis, directed a part of his forces, under General Curtis, to Southern Mis- souri to operate against Van Dorn. The remainder were collected at Cairo, 111., under General Ulysses S. Grant, and at Paducah, Ky., under General C. F. Smith. Buell's forces were assembled at various points in Eastern Kentucky. To resist Curtis, Van Dorn gathered the forces of Price andMcCulloch, and was joined by General Albert Pike with several regiments of Indians, whom he had succeeded in winning to the cause of the Confederacy in the Indian Terri- tory. The combined forces attacked Curtis at Elkhorn Tavern, near Bentonville, in Northwestern Arkansas, and the battle that took place is known as Pea Ridge (March ^^TJ^T DISUNION. 377 5-8). A part of the attacking forces was routed with the loss of two of the bravest officers on the Confederate side — McCulloch and McIntosh. The remainder maintained the action with energy, but with the defeat of their com- rades were compelled to fall back. General Leonidas Polk, in command of Johnston's forces at Columbus, established a camp across the river at Belmont, Mo. General Grant descending the river from Cairo landed and attacked this camp, but reinforcements sent by Polk crossed the river and drove him back to his gun- boats (November 7, 1861). Grant's next operations, how- ever, were more successful. Uniting forces with General Smith, he, with the aid of a powerful fleet of gunboats under Commodore Foote, ob- tained possession of the Con- federate strongholds of Fort Henry (February 6 ) and Fort Donelson (February 16). The loss of Fort Donelson was a severe blow to the South, for with it more than twelve thousand men were forced to lav down their arms (February 16). In its capture General Grant first manifested the indomitable qualities that were destined to make him the greatest general on the Northern side. Meanwhile the Confederate forces in southeastern Kentucky, under Generals Crittenden and Zollicoffer, had been defeated by a part of Buell's forces under General George H. Thomas, near Mill Springs (January 19), Gen- eral Zollicoffer losing his life in the action. The disasters of Fort Donelson and Mill Springs compelled Johnston to gen. leonidas polk. [confederate!. r 373 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. GEN ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON. fall back from Bowline Green and establish a new line of defense. Upon the capture of Fort Donelson, Grant moved south up the Tennessee River as far as Pittsburg Landing, near the State line of Mississippi. Mere Buell was ordered to join him. Johnsto i mined upon an attack before the two armies could unite, and to thr.t end, by skillful general- ship, concentrated the different divisions of his command under Generals Polk, Hardee and Breckinridge, at Corinth, Miss., where he was joined by Generals Beauregard and Bragg. A part of Johnston's plan was the complete surprise of his antagonist. In this he was successful. Advancing quietly upon his unconscious foe, he fell upon the Federal camps, near Shiloii Church, about two miles from the Tennessee River (April 6), and although he was greatly outnumbered, and the resistance encountered was stubborn in the extreme, he forced the Federals back to the river before the day was ov :r, capturing many prisoners and stores. But the victory was dearly won, for Johnston, while directing his men, received during the course of the day a wound to which in the heat of battle he gave little attention. An artery was severed, and before the extent of his injury was realized he had bled to death. The fall of Johnston largely determined subsequent events in the West. DIsUXION. 379 CATTLE OF SHILOH. On the night that the field was won, and while Grant lay under the protection of his gunboats, Buell's army arrived. With this heavy reinforcement the Federals were enabled to renew the engagement the next day, and win back the ground lost. The Confederates, now commanded by Beau- regard, fell back to Corinth, where they were joined by reinforcements under Van Dorn and Price, who had crossed the Mississippi from Arkansas after having lost the battle of Pea Ridge. ; Halleck now arrived and assumed com- mand of the Federal forces. Among his subordinate officers, besides Grant and Buell, were Sherman, Thomas, Sheridan, Pope, Rosecrans, Logan and McClernand. Beauregard, having but little more than fifty thousand men to encounter the one hundred thousand of his antagonist, deemed it best to with- draw from Corinth upon Halleck's approach. GEN. w J. HARDEE. (confedehatk). 3 8o PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. GENERAL JOSEPH H. WHEELER. CO.SKEDERATK CAVALK1 LEADER. A change of commanders now occurred on both sides. Halleck was called to Washington as commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States; Beauregard was compelled by ill-health to entrust the command of the Confederate army to Bragg. Both armies then divided, Buell and Thomas proceeding northeastward into Tennessee, while Grant and Rosecrans remained around Corinth. Bragg with his forces moved into Tennessee to operate against Buell. After Bragg's departure, Price was unsuccessfully attacked by Rose- crans (September 19) at Iuka, Miss., but retreated upon being apprised that Grant was approaching with large reinforcements. Van Dorn and Price then united forces and attacked Rosecrans at Corinth, but were severely repulsed (October 3-4, iS6j). Upon reaching Tennes- see, Bragg proceeded north- ward into Kentucky with the evident design of reaching Louisville, defeating on the way a Federal force at Mumfordsville (Septem- ber 17). He was soon joined by General E. Kirby Smith from East Tennessee, who, on his way, had won a victory at Richmond, Ky. (August 30). Buell hasten- ed to oppose him with an army that had been heavily reinforced, and the advance of both armies toward Louisville took the form of a foot race. Buell arrived first. Falling back, Bragg was overtaken at GEN. P. Q. T. BEAUREGAHD. (CONKEDERATK). DISUNION. 33l Perryville (October 8). A severe engagement followed, but the Confederates, gaining a decided advantage, with- drew unmolested with the long wagon trains of spoils they had acquired. QUESTIONS. What effect had the battle of Bull Run upon the South? North? What do you know of the equipment of McClellan's army ? Through whose energy was Missouri held in the Union? What events led up to the battle of Wilson's Creek? What were the results of this battle? When and by whom was Lexington taken? What do you know of General Albert Sidney Johnston? General Van Dorn? What was his western line of defense? What Union forces prepared to invade the South from the Northwest? Under whom? What do you know of General Curtis? Of the battle of Belmont? Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson ? Battle of Mill Springs? Shiloh? Pittsburg Landing? Pea Ridge? What effect had the fall of Fort Donelson upon the Confederate line of defense? What change did each army undergo after the capture of Corinth? What do you know of the battle of Iuka? Corinth? Bragg' s march into Kentucky ? Kirby Smith's? Battle of Perryville? What cavalry leader rendered great assistance to Bragg? CHAPTER IV. The War in Virginia The disasters that befell the Con- federacy in the breaking of its west- ern line of defense were followed bv a series of achievements in Vir- ginia, whose parallel, taking into consideration disparity of forces and numbers engaged, it is difficult to find. After the battle of Bull Run, General J. E. Johnston remained in charge of the Confederate forces near Manassas, while General *' Stonewall " Jackson was sent to take command in the Virginia valley through which the Shenandoah River runs. THE CONFEDERATE FLAQ. 382 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. G7""-iLS THOMAS, GRANT AND MEADE (FEOKBAL8). Both commanders soon found the military abilities for which they subsequently become famous taxed to their utmost. McClellan was organizing his army at Washington for a descent upon Richmond. Forces under General Banks were making preparations to enter the Shenandoah Valley from the North, while troops now under General Fremont were advancing from the victorious fields of North- western Virginia. In place of marching upon Richmond directly and en- countering Johnston's forces, McClellan determined to approach by way of the historic peninsula between the York and James Rivers, and for this purpose transferred his great army by boat to the scene of his proposed operations. That DISUNION. 333 Chambersburg n n s f Y L .Gettysburg Washington might not be endangered, General McDowell, with about forty thousand men, remained in defense of that city. The army that landed upon the peninsula num- bered more than one hundred and five thou men. Nothin interposed A O }/ %^ ) y\\ fstmmster Baltirlrqre WhJekester. f/^burzhLP"-^^* 1 V £ * CEeaiP-wi J^iS- \ Cedar I ,^-v^v^ lexandrial )-"-;- Staunton;; /-iff-. Gap »*' Gordonsville ^SSSprinj .Coyingtonf \ ^SjlP^ / L /\> S ^*#® • / ScottsvUleJ. ^iTgwtLovingston Lgi>onl?!*^ SpottsylvanTa^ c.jt ^&>, PV "Safe^ " > Lynchburg^ st- ep Appomattox C.H. - '"$* , * Burkeville H S 1»- ^«fom Br,^> ^, Amelia C.H. MAP TO ILLUSTRATE THE WAR IN VIRGINIA. Five - For ks' 5 <^SJ**' V A ■Ate Portsmc between this army and Richmond but ten thousand men under General Magruder. Yet so skill- fully were these few troops handled, and such a semblance of force was made, that the overcautious McClellan was delayed a month, calling in the meanwhile for reinforcements. This delay gave Johnston time to move his troops from Manassas to the peninsula. For the purpose of further delay- ing the invading arm)*, resistance was offered at Williams- burg ( May 5, 1862 ), and having accomplished their purpose, the Confederates fell back to Fair Oaks. To reach this 3^4 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. g£n. j. b. magruder. (confederate). point McClellan was compell- ed to cross the branch of the James called the Chicka- hominy, and while his army was divided by its waters he was attack- ed, and the battle of Seven Pines, lasting two days, was fought (May 31- June 1). The advantage was with the Confederates the first day; with the Federals the second. During the battle Johnston received a wound that disabled him for some time, and the command of the army fell to General Robert E. Lee. Meanwhile Jackson had ex- ecuted his brilliant "Valley Campaign," and had prevent- ed McDowell from advancing on Richmond or reinforcing McClellan. He now arrived to take his place in Lee's army as the commander-in-chief's strong right arm . Seven Days of Battle now followed (June 25 -July 1 ), during The Valley Campaign. Shortly after assuming command in the valley, Jackson hurled his little army of thirty -five hundred against seven thousand men of Banks' armv under General Shields at Kernstown (March 23, 1S62). Though unsuccess- ful, the bold aggressiveness of this ] movement awakened such consterna- tion that reinforcements designed for 1 McClellan's army on the Peninsula were retained for the defense of | Washington. In moving to con- front McClellan, Johnston had lett a few troops under General Ewell to oppose any advance made by McDowell. A division of Fremont's forces under Colonels Milkoy and Schenck advancing from Western Vir- ginia had taken post at a place called McDowell, situated without the valley, about forty miles west from Staunton. Here they were opposed by a few Con- federate troops under General Edward JOHNSON. The genius of Jackson for making rapid and skillful military combinations now shone forth. Sum- moning Ewell to confront Banks, so as to conceal his own movements, he marched his men up the valley, with incredible rapidity, a distance of one hundred miles, joined forces with Johnson, drove Milroy and Schenck out of McDowell, chas- ing them for two days, and before Banks knew that the Confederate commander bad disappeared from his front, he had performed another march of one hundred and twenty miles, and was back again. Joining forces with Ewell, he administered a crushing defeat to Banks at Front Royal (May 23), and pushed him northward to Winchester. Here Banks was again defeated (May 25), and after the battle took refuge beyond the Potomac. Active effort was now made to capture the intrepid Confederate leader. Mc- Dowell was ordered to cross the moun- tains into the valley, Hanks and Fre- mont to advance, and thus by a con- vergence of columns, surround him. In all, the forces opposed num- bered about sixty thousand. Jack- son, however, was too quick for his DISUNION. 385 adversaries. Falling rapidly back from Banks, and burning the bridges over the Shenandoah, so that Fre- mont and McDowell's forces — the latter under Shields — could not unite, he reached a point within striking dis- tance of each, and fell upon them at Cross Keys (June S) and Port Republic (June 9) in rapid succession, gaining an additional victory in each instance. Be- fore his bewildered antagonists awoke to a realization of what had happened, Jackson had slipped out of the valley in safety, with all the spoils of his vic- tories, and was on his way to join Lee in the Seven Days' battles, having in three months marched four hundred miles, defeated four armies, captured thirty-five hundred prisoners, and with forces at no time exceeding seventeen thousand, had occupied the attention of sixty thousand. which McClellan was ham- mered and driven from point to point, and only upon the last day at Malvern Hill, when under the shelter of his gun- boats, did he succeed in checking the victorious ad- vance of Lee. But the Penin- sula Campaign was a disas- trous failure. McCle Han's army returned to Washington, and Richmond was saved. Halleck now arrived from the West and assumed charge of Federal military operations. Another army was organ- ized, and under General John Pope took the field. An advance division of his army under Banks was met by a part of Lee's army under Jackson, at Cedar Mountain, not far from Culpepper Courthouse. A rapid and severe engagement followed, in which the Confed- erates were victorious (August 9). Jackson then gained the rear of Pope's main army and captured many of his stores at Manassas. The Union com- mander was compelled to face about and return. A battle oc- curred in which Jackson held his own until General Longstreet, with another portion of Lee's army arrived, and though the combined forces num- bered but forty-nine thousand, and Pope's army seventy GEN. GEORGE B. MC CLELLAN. (FEDERAL). 3 86 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. thousand, the latter was forced from the field (August 30) by skillful and timely combinations on the part of the Con- federates. This brought the third campaign against Rich- mond to an unsuccessful end. Lee now determined to trans- fer the war to Northern territory. I lis army advanced northward in three divisions, under Gen- erals Jackson, Longstreet, and D. H. Hill, while the Confed- erate cavalry was led by General J. E. B. Stuart, one of the most famous cavalry leaders of the war. McClellan was again placed in command of the Northern army, and he hastily made a disposition of his forces to meet the Confederate advance. Lee crossed the Potomac into Maryland, sending Jackson to Harper's Ferry, where a Federal force of thirteen thousand was stationed. Jackson laid siege to the place, and perfecting his plans, stormed and captured it, taking the whole garrison prison- ers (September 15), General D. IT. Hill at South Mountain (September 14) having delayed reinforcements from advancing to the assistance of the town sufficiently long to enable Jackson to consummate its capture. The opposing forces of Lee and McClellan met at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Md. The attack came from the Federals and was stubbornly met. At one time Federal troops on the right were swept from the field, but were reinforced; at another the Confederate line was broken, but the QEN. JOHN POPE fPEDEKAL}. GEN. J. E. B. STUART. CONFEDERATE CAVAL8Y DISUNION. 3S7 AMBROSE E BURNSIDE. Washington Artillery of New Orleans and Boyce's South Carolina Battery defended the gap successfully (Sept- ember 17). The next day Lee awaited another attack, but none came. To have re- mained longer would have en- abled McClellan to gather fresh reinforcements; so on the day following Lee, recrossed the Potomac, and, unmolested, re- turned to Virginia. As a battle, Antietam was indecisive ; as a campaign, Lee's march into Maryland was a failure. McClellan was deprived of command for the second time, and under General Ambrose E. Burnside the heavily reinforced army of the North advanced for the fourth time to take Richmond. Lee and Burnside met at Fredricks- burg (December 13 ), and again the Union forces sustained a terrible defeat. Burnside was superseded by General Joseph Hooker. With an army of one hundred and thirty thousand, the Union commander advanced, coniident that the fate of his predecessors was not to be his. A part of his forces under General Sedgwick crossed the Rappahanock at Fredricks- burg to occupy the attention of Lee, stationed there with sixty thousand men to meet the Union advance. The main GEN. JOSEPH HOOKER. (FEDERAL). 188 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. THE NIGHT BEFORE CH ANCELLOHSVILLE--LAST MEETING OF LEE AND JACKSON. body crossed the Rappahanock some miles further up, and took position at a place called Chancellorsville. The design of Hooker was to surround and destroy Lee's army. Cavalry under General Stoneman was sent toward DISUNION. 3 80 Death of Stonewall Jackson. Although the Confederate successes of the Chancellorsville campaign were brilliant in the extreme, they neverthe- less proved dearly bought victories. Jackson's attack upon Hooker's right (lank ended at twilight, and he rode forward with several members 61 his staff tn reconnoitre. Returning, they were in the gloom mistaken for Federal cavalry, and a body of Confederate soldiers fired upon the returning party. Jackson received a wound that directly afterwards hastened his death. Sur- rounded by weeping friends and relatives, the illustrious sol dier passed away (May 10). His thoughts were with his men to the last, and « in his delirium he fought 4 his battles anew: ^ "Order A. P. Hill to prepare for actio)i." "Pass the i nfa 11 1 ry to the front!" "Tell Major Hawks to send for- ward provisions for the men ! " issued from his lips at in- tervals. " Let its cross over the river and rest under the shade of the trees ! " *J$$~^''~ were the last words '£'. \ he uttered before he %? ... /^gOT :: ' himself crossed the '%, dark river that sep- arates this life from QEN •• ST0NEWALL .. jac kson the beyond. His loss (cokfkdkbatb). was irreparable to the Confederacy. A man of pure and spotless character, the North and South unite in honor- ing his memory. His life was given to the service of his State. As a teacher, he instructed her youth in her military institute at Lexington. As a patriot, lie hastened to her defense at the first indication that she was to be attacked. As a devout Christian, he never failed to render to the Almighty the prayerful tribute of a strong and earnest nature, after every battle. As a general, he inspired unlimited confi- dence in the hearts of his men, and they had come to believe that where he was defeat could not be. As a mil- itary genius, he stands next to the immortal Lee. Gordonville to cut off its prob- able line of retreat. A daring plan, however, was conceived by Jackson, and its execution authorized by Lee. In place of attacking Fredricksburg, as the Union general confidently expected, Jackson with his division of the army, made a wide detour; his movements con- | cealed by dense p forests and shrub, . bery surrounding f Chancellorsville. I Coming upon I ':^ the right fl a n k of BJli|:< Hooker's a r m y — the \ ::: - side furthest away trom F r e d r i c k s b u r g — he fell upon General Howard, who commanded that part of the field. The surprise was complete. Nothing could stay the resistless energy with which the Confederate ranks emerged from the woods and advanced upon the Union works, and Howard was driven back in' confusion. The 390 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. next day Lee, having left a small force to face Sedgwick, attacked Hooker in front and administered to him a crush- ing defeat. Sedgwick advancing, drove hack the few troops opposed to him, but Lee, returning from his success at Chancellorsville, fell upon Sedgwick, and gained a third victory. This completed the rout of the whole Union army, causing them to retreat to the other side of the Rappahanock (May 3). This ended the fifth Union campaign against Richmond. Lee now determined, for the second time, to cany the war into the North, and by advancing into Man land and Penn- sylvania cause the withdrawal of Hooker's army from the Rappahanock. Skillfully deceiving Hooker as to his intentions, he moved his army in three divisions, under Generals Ewell, Longstreet and A. P. Hill, to the Shenandoah Valley, and pro- ceeded northward into Pennsylvania, taking possession of Chambersbur<>' and York. QEN. RICHARD S. EWELL. r ~ (.onkkdkhatk.:. Philadelphia, Harrisburg and Washington were thus threatened, and the Union forces, now com- manded by General George G. Meade, lost no time in hastening from the Rappahanock to the new scene of opera- tions, being reinforced by Pennsylvania militia. A battle, lasting three days, was fought at Gkttykburg ( Julv 1, 2, 3). Strongly posted upon a line of hills called Cemetery Ridge, Meade awaited the Confederate attack. On the first day the forces of Ewell and Hill gained a decided advantage, but waited until Longstreet should arrive before following it up. Meade, in the meanwhile, succeeded in concentrating his whole strength. The second days attack resulted in the Confederates gaining a number of temporary successes, and encouraged them to make a supreme effort upon the day following (July 3). DISUNION. 39* The plan of attack upon this day was to pierce the center of the Union lines. To do this an open space, three-quarters of a mile wide, had to be crossed, upon which the fire from THE LAST CHARGE AT GETTYSBURG. all the Federal artillery could be directed. The men selected for the purpose, numbering four thousand nine hundred, were commanded by General Pickett, and were arranged 392 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. GEN. GEORGE D. PICKETT (OONPBOI KAT1 I. in three columns, led by Generals Armistead, Kemper and Garnett. Crossing the open space, unshaken by shot and shell that worked sad havoc to their ranks, they charged upon the Union lines with a gallantly that won the cheers of friends and the admiration of foes. Over the earthworks they poured only to find overwhelming numbers ready to receive them. A deadly lire was rained upon their rapidly thinning ranks. Garnett and Armistead fell dead, and Kemper, wounded. The charge was repulsed with terrible slaughter, as was that of General Wilcox, who, moving up to Pickett's support, attacked an- other part of the Federal lines. The brave fellows, having attempted the impossible, made their way back with many comrades missing, their only success that of furnishing to the world an example of man's heroism which has never been equaled. The battle of Gettysburg ended with the third day. On the fourth, Lee waited in posi- tion for Meade to advance, but that general remained well satisfied with having repelled the attacks of his antagonist. The Confederates then pro- ceeded to fall back to the Potomac, Meade following leisurely without venturing an- other battle, and the seat of war was again transferred to Virginia. Like his Mary- land campaign, Lee's Pennsylvania invasion had met with failure. Henceforth his military operations were to be strictly defensive. Lee at Gettysburg. Never ilin called the Monitor, designed Captain John Ericsson. She, too. was constructed of iron, sat low in the water, and had upon her deck a revolv- ing turret, in which her guns were located. One of the most remarkable battles of naval history ensued (March 9). The engagement was indecisive, and the Virginia withdrew up the river. DISUNION. 397 ins with his naval armament alone, he began the ascent of the river. Thirty miles above the mouth, upon opposite sides of the river, stood Forts Jackson and St. Philip. These forts had been rendered almost impregnable. Chains had been stretched across the river to prevent the passage of hostile fleets, and rafts of combustible materials had been prepared, which, when set afloat and fired, were to drift down the stream and endanger any shipping with which they might come in contact. Nevertheless, New Orleans itself, seventy-five miles above these forts, was inade- quately supplied with men and means of defense, as the city had promptly responded to Pres- ident Davis' call for troops, and many of her citizens were fight- ing upon the distant battlefields of Virginia and Tennessee. Farragut bombarded the forts for a week, and finding it im- possible to reduce them, deter- mined upon a plan, the boldness and success of which place him among the greatest naval commanders of history. The Confederate harbor defense fleet, consisted of few vessels, poorly equipped for battle, but the fire from the forts was formidable. This fire Farragut determined to brave. Selecting a dark night for the purpose, he had the chains cut, and forming his vessels in line of battle, he led them up the river. His intentions were soon discovered, and shot and shell from fort and fleet soon poured upon him. Encountering the ramming attacks of the boldest and best prepared of the commodore farragut. (federal). 39« PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. Confederate vessels, as well as the messengers of fiery destruction that were sent drifting down upon him, he forced his way up the river, making the passage in safety. Upon his arrival before New Orleans, the city surrendered (April 25, 1862), and shortly after, the forts. Farragut ascended the river until he met the gunboats from above. Soon there were but two points — Vicksburg, Miss., and Port Hudson, La. — retained in possession of the Confederates. RUNNING THE FlftE OF THE FOFVTS. Butler arrived and took military possession of New Orleans, but was soon replaced (December 17, 1862), by Banks, a general singularly unfortunate in the number and extent oi reverses encountered by him during the war. Instances of these reverses were given in his several endeavors to extend Union conquest into Texas. The Texas coast had for some time been blockaded by the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, and through the efforts of Farragut the three important ports of Corpus Christi, Galveston and Sabine Pass had passed under Federal con- i DISUNION. 399 T. SHERMAN. (federal;. GEN. W. S. ROSECRANS. (FEDERAL). trol. But the Confederate Fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson. The opening of the Mississippi was completed by the capture of Vicksburg and Port Hudson by land forces. The campaign against the former place was planned by Grant shortly after the battles of Iuka and Corinth. General Sherman was to proceed from Mem- phis, and General Grant from Holly Springs. Grant, having set out, was soon obliged to return to Holly Springs in consequence of the capture by Van Dorn of the supplies left there. Sherman, reaching the vicinity of Vicksburg attacked the Confederate forces under General Stephen D. Lee at Chickasaw Bayou (Dec. 29, 1S62), but was repulsed. Grant then crossed his troops over the Mississippi, and proceeding down the west bank, reached a point opposite the city. Here is to be found one of the sharp bends peculiar to the river, and across the narrow tongue of land he attempted to cut a canal, but failed. Proceeding down further, while the gunboats cooperating with him, ran the fire of the Confederate batteries (April 16, 1S63), he crossed to the east side, some distance below, and advanced northward. Opposition was General, J. B. Magruder, was placed in command of the department, and his energy made itself felt. The Federal land and naval forces at Gal- veston were attacked by him with such success that one of the Union vessels was destroy- ed, another — the Harriet Lane — captured, the garrison forced to surrender, and an abandonment of the blockade compelled for a time (January 1, 1863). Shortly after this Confederate success, two cot- ton-clad, steamers darted out of Sabine Lake and captured two of the Federal blockading vessels — the Morning Light and the Velocity — stationed 400 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. outside the Pass (June 21). Banks' first attempt against Texas was to send General Franklin by sea with five thou- sand men to Sabine Pass. Here they were to effect a landing, march upon Beau- mont and Houston, and com- plete the conquest of the State. Sabine Pass was defended by a fort of primitive construc- tion, in which was posted a company of forty-two men under Lieutenants R. W. Dowling and N. II. Smith. The attack resulted in a most flatter- ing victory for the Con- \ federates. Two vessels QEN. N. P. BANKS. ( FEDERAL). overcome at Port Gibson (May i), and the Confederates were compelled to evacuate Grand Gulf also. A Confed- erate force was defeated at Raymond (May 12), and General J.E.Johnston, advancing to the assistance of Vicks- burg, was met and repulsed at Jackson (May 14), the city falling into the hands of the Unionists. General J. C Pem- UEKTO.M had been entrusted with the defense of Vicksburg. Grant, imme- diately after his victory at Jackson, forced him back from Champion llills (May 16), and, on the next day, from the Black .River Bridge, compelling- him to take refuge behind the fortifications of the city. All Union assaults upon these fortifications were repulsed, and finally Grant settled down to asicye of the place. For forty-seven days the siege of Vicksburg continued; the gar rison and the people of that historic city, shut in from the outside world, endured all the horrors of starvation and terrors of bombardment. At length the surrender was made, and on July 4, 1S63, the day after the last charge at Gettysburg, the city, with thirty thousand prisoners, was yielded up to Grant. Port Hudson was not long in follow- ing. It had been making a similar defense against the besieging army of Hanks, and July S it was also sur- rendered. of the attack- ing fleet were disabled by well-directed fire from the fort, and the remainder retired (September 8, 1863). With the abandoned vessels there fell into the hands of the Con- federates a number of guns, much ammunition and one hundred and fifty prisoners. At the beginning of the war neither North nor South possessed ships sufficient to undertake extensive naval operations. Merchant vessels were at first purchased or pressed into sen-ice. The developed industries and resources of the North enabled it to place fleets of war upon DISUNION. 4OI the sea with great rapidity. Red River Expedition. After his failure at Sabine Pass, Banks next attempted to gain a foot- hold on the southwestern coast. He occupied Brazos Island (November 2) and Point Isabel (November S), and captured Fort Esperanza, at the head of Matagorda Bay, (December 30). At this point he was ordered by the authorities at Washington to return to New Orleans and direct his further operations by way of the Red River, which would enable men and supplies to be transported to North- east Texas with great facility. The Confed- erate department of Louisiana was com- manded by Gene- ral Richard Tay- lor, son of Zachary Taylor, twelfth presi- dent of the United States. Banks' forces to the n u m b er of thirty-one thousand, were encountered by Taylor at S abine Cross Roads, near Mansfield (April 8, 1S64), and the Union army was driven back to a place called Pleasant Hill, where another battle was fought (April 9), compelling Banks to abandon the campaign. Banks' boats were detained by low water, and would have fallen into the hands of the Confederates, had not the skill and ingenuity ot Colonel Joseph Bailey devised a dam by winch they were enabled to float down in safety. The South was greatly retarded by the limited manufacturing facilities at its disposal, and when the blockade rendered intercourse diffi cult with foreign countries, these facili- ties became fewer still. American inventive talent was called into exercise on both sides. The Confederates crave to the world the prin- ciple of the iron- armored vessels exemplified in their celebrat- ed rams; the Unionists that of the revolving turret, as e m- ployed by their famous moni- tors. These principles have revolutionized the construction of modern war vessels; for, until their efficiency was demonstrated, ships were built of wood. Now, no modern ship of war of the first class is built without embodying both principles. The establishment of the blockade compelled the Con- federate Government to obtain or construct vessels abroad. 4-02 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. The approach of these vessels to the American coast was extremely hazardous, owing to the fleets and squadrons there stationed; so they did little else than cruise in foreign waters, and engage in warfare against the United States by crippling its commerce. The most celebrated of these Con- federate cruisers was the Ala- bama, built in England and commanded by Admiral Ra- phael Semmes. Semmes frequented the waters of many portions of the world, taking many prizes and mak- ing the name of the Alabama *ro^mi^TK) EMMES ' a terror to Federal commerce. i [is two principal engagements were with the United States war steamer Hat/eras (1863) off the coast of Galveston, Texas, and with the Kearsarge off the coast of Cherbourg, Fiance (June 19, 1864). The Hatteras was one of a fleet of five blockading vessels. Before engaging her in battle Semmes, enticed her beyond reach of the others, and in an engagement, in which both vessels were about equallv matched, sank her in thirteen minutes. In his conflict with the Kearsarge, Semmes was defeated and his vessel destroyed. He had sailed into the port of Cherbourg, France, for the purpose of refitting his vessel and landing his prisoners. The Kearsarge having appeared off the harbor/, Semmes, with much spirit, made hasty prep- arations and steamed out to meet her. Here again the vessels were about equally matched; but the Kearsarge had been carefully armored by suspended iron chains, so skill- DISUNION. 4°3 THE ALABAMA SINKING THE HATTERAS fully concealed by thin planking, that Semmes, in his belief that his antagonist's vessel was wooden, like his own, was completely deceived. The Alabama's shots took no effect, and the Confederate vessel was sunk. Semmes and some of the crew were picked up and carried to England by an English yacht. QUESTIONS.' In what two ways may a nation be overcome? What two plans were early instituted to weaken the Confederacy? What was the object of each of these plans? How was the blockade established? What was the effect of the blockade on the South? How was it evaded? By whom was Ilatteras Inlet taken? Roanoke Island? Port Royal Harbor? What was the result of repeated attacks upon Fort Sumter? What do you know of the Monitor and the Virginia? Capture of Island No. 10? Farragut's passage of the forts? Grant's campaigns against Vicksburg? Fall of Port Hudson? Magruder's victory at Galveston? Dowling's defense of Sabine Pass ? Banks' Red River expedition ? What do you know of the naval equipments of North and South? What revolution in naval architecture followed the construction of the Virginia and Monitor? Why were Confederate cruisers built abroad? What do you know of the Alabama? Where and when was she finally overcome? What were the most important of her engage- ments? SEARCH QUESTIONS. What European nations recognized the Confederate States as "Belligerents " ? What general was called " Fighting Joe " ? Who called themselves " Lee's Miserables, " and how did they obtain the name ? What general dated a number of his letters from " Headquarters in the Saddle " ? What general was called "the superb " ? 4°4 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. CHAPTER VI. Lights and Shadows of Appomattox. After the battle of Perryville, freesboro, Tenn., and here he was followed by the Union a r m y no \v comma n ded by Rose era ns, who had su- ]K p e r s e d e d Buell. Near Stone's River, GEN. T. C. HINDMAN. fCOHFEUKBATE). ft feW r UllleS from Murfreesboro, the Confederates were attaeked (December 31, 1862), and a furious battle was fought, which continued the whole day. A part of the Union army w a s almost de- stroyed, but on the next day there was no fight- *^ ing, and Ros- ecrans rallied his men. On the day after he renewed the battle with better success, forcing Bragg back as far as Chattanooga (Janu- uary 2, 1863). Bra^ir had retired to Mur- GEN. FREDERICK STEELE. (FK1.ERAL). Arkansas Military Operations. After the battle of Pea Ridge, Van Dorn and His men fell back to Des Arc. Here he received orders to join A. S. Johnston at Corinth, Miss., hut arrived too late to take part in the battle of Shiloh. This left Arkansas almost defenseless, and the Federal ( rENERAL CURTIS soon advanced as far as Batesville (May 3, 1S62). General T. C. Hindman, whose gallant con- duct upon the field ot Shiloh had won for himself promotion, was sent to oppose the Federal invasion, and so vigorously did he set to work that he soon had an efficient army of twenty thousand nun organized, with which he compelled Curtis to retreat through the swamps to Helena GENERAL T. II. Holmes now assumed command of the Trans- Mississippi Department, with headquarters at Little Rock. Hindman was directed to concentrate In . forces near Fort Smith, alter which he was ordered to Little Rock to help organize the troops there assembled. In his absence his men encountered suc- cessfully the Federal General Salo- mon at Newtonia (September 30), but fell back upon approach of heavy Federal reinforcements. Hindman was now directed to send ten thousand of his men to the assistance of Vicks- bury;. Before complying he determined to give battle to the Federal General BLUNT, who had then advanced as far as Fayetteville. In making the attack Hindman found he had two forces to contend with, and in attacking one under General IIerron, near Prai- rie Grove Church, he was himself attacked by the other under Blunt, and was compelled to retire (October 7, 1S62). The next Confederate reverse was the surrender of ARKANSAS POST to that part of Grant's army that descended from Memphis to the Vicks- DISUNION. 4°5 burg campaign (January II, iS63). Later in the year Holmes made an un- successful assault upon Helena (July 4, 1S63). The lall of Vicksburg enabled the Federals to reinforce this point, and the Federal GENERAL FREDERICK Steele advanced upon Little Lock by way of De Vall's Bluff, on the White Kiver. Little Rock was de- fended by General Price unsuccess- fully (September 10, 1S63), and as the Confederate forces were greatly weak- ened by the departure of a large body of Arkansas troops who, under Gen- eral Thomas J. Churchill, was sent to Louisiana to cooperate with General Taylor in opposing Ranks' .Led River expedition, the Federals soon held possession of a large part of the State, which they retained until the close of the war. gen. t. h. holmes. (confkdkkate). Rosecrans continuing to ad- vance, Bragg retreated farther, and having been reinforced by Lo ngstreet f r o m V i rgi- nia, he took a stand at Ciiickamau- g a Creek, Ga. I n the battle that fol- lowed Longstreet pierced the Union lines, turned aside, and struck his antagonist on the flank. The Union forces were beaten, and the order was soon given to retreat. But in another part of the field, General Thomas stubbornly refused to comply with the order to fall back, and held his ground against every fierce assault until night, when he deliberately retired. This alone saved the army of Rosecrans from total destruction. The retreating forces were followed to Chattanooga, wheTe they were soon besieged, the Confederates erecting fortifications upon Missionary Ridge and Lookout Moun- tain, near by. The siege continued two months, and meanwhile Longstreet was dispatched to eastern Tennessee to operate against Burnside, whom he soon surrounded and besieged at Knoxville. Grant's great victory at Vicksburg had elevated him in the estimation of the Washington authorities, and he was placed in command of all the Union forces in the West, east of the Mississippi River. Taking command at Chattanooga, he drew to his assistance heavy reinforcements under Sherman and Hooker, and sallying out, assaulted and carried the Confederate works on Missionary Ridge and 406 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. Invasion ot Florida. In the early part of the year (1S64 . for the double purpose ol reclaiming Florida for the Union in time to partici- pate in the Presidential election of that year, and tocut off an important ource of Confederate stores and supplies, a force numbering seven thousand, under General Tri man Si \m>h k, departed from Port Royal, S. C. — a base of Federal operations established in the early part of the war — landed at mville (February 7^ and pro- ceeded inland to a point near Lake City. Forces under Gi neral Joseph Finnegan were collected to oppose him, ami reinforcements arrived from Georgia, under General A. ll. Colquitt, increasing the number of Confederates to about live thousand lour hundred. A battle was fought at Olustee or Ocean Pond (February ), in which the Confederates were eminently successful, winning de- served praise by holding their lines intact atter their ammunition was exhausted, and standing tirm in the lace ot a galling tire until a supply was brought up from a distance, when they advanced and won the victory. Lookout Mountain (November 23, 24, 25), forcing Bragg to abandon the siege and retire to Dalton, Ga. Here Bragg was superseded by General J. E. Johnston. The retreat of Bragg caused Longstreet to abandon the siege of ECnoxville, and cross the mountains into Virginia, where he rejoined Lee. Grant was now appointed commander-in-chief of all the armies of the United States (March. 1864), and leaving Sherman in command in Ten- nessee, he proceeded to Vir- ginia to begin his campaign against Lee. All the Union forces that had taken part in the Vicksburg, Murfreesboro and Knoxville operations were now concentrated, and with an army now numbering one hundred thousand, Sherman entered Georgia, where he was opposed by Johnston. whose reduced forces now numbered scarcely fifty thou- sand. Both generals were skilled military tacticians. The coun- try was mountainous, and the mamvuvers of both armies were intricate. Sherman's superior numbers enabled him several times to reach around Johnston and compel him to rearrange his men in new lines of defense. Diirin ,l1 ~ (confederate). sand men under General .butler were pen. pat cleburne, (confederate). 4-io PERIOD OK INDKl'KMM- . M. K. * >'^ ; fiJ \ - ^ H H • fe' ^ffiw%B f? ijS*-* gen. jubal a. early. (confederate). ordered to proceed against Richmond by way of the James River. These auxiliary move- ments, however, availed noth- \ m_ . Hi ^ l» 1 ..:■'■•': i SSk W "^I^B hhp^ GEN. J. B. GORDON. (COHFKDEB mi.. ing. Butler was forced into the little peninsula of the James River at Bermuda Hundred by Valley Operations. Sigel, proceeding down the valley, was met :it New Market (May 15, 186 1 1 by General Breckinridge, and routed. A remarkable feature of thi : battle was the presence upon the field hi a corps of cadets from the Vii Military Institute at Lexington, These cadets— mere boys — underwent the trials of a toilsome march, held un- flinchingly one of the most important positions in the line of battle, left their young dead upon the field, to the prmid sorrow of many a mother's heart, and deported themselves throughout with an air that became veterans, leaving the scenes of war to return to their studies with great reluctance. Hunter and Averill replaced Sigel ; and Generals Jubal A. Earli and John II. Gordon were sent to rein- force Breckinridge. The Union forces were driven in confusion out of Lynch- burg, to which place they had ad- vanced (June iS), and Early, crossing the Potomac into Maryland, defeated General Lew Wallace at Mon- Inlya). Returning to the \ alley he di icaicd another Union force under General Wright at Winchester, after which the Confederate commander in- vaded Pennsylvania, captured Cham- bersburg and spread such consterna- tion for the safety of Washington that Grant was compelled to dispatch heavy forces under General Sheri- dan to intercept him. Sheridan and Early met at Winch) sti r (Septera- bei to), ami again at Fisher's Hill (September 22), both battles resulting to the advantage of the Union Hut at Cedar Creek (October 19) Early attacked Sheridan's forces and administered to them a crushing de- feat. The pursuit, however was stayed, in order that the victors might take possession of the abundant and much needed stores that had been aban- doned. This gave Sheridan, who was away at Winchester during the attack, time to reach the retreating forces, and, rallying his men, lie returned and sur- prised the Confederates, depriving them of the principal fruits of their victory. DlStJ N I ( ) N . 4 ir General Beauregard, and there kept inactive — fc " bottled up," as Grant expressed it. In his advance upon Richmond, G rant crossed the Rapidan and encountered Lee in the Wilderness, the region of country in which the battle of Chancellorsville had been fought. The fighting was terrible, and continued for three days (May 5, 6, 7, 1864). Grant then tried to move by Lee's right flank, but at Spottsylvania, C. H., found his skillful antagonist again in his lowed a bloody strug- characterized by sub- on both sides. Here thrilling episodes Angle, in which forces under Winfield S. by a daring , ...-.:' tured an ad- tion of the lines, and sonal courage erate comman- vented them from So fiercely was the ' h front. Here again fol- gle (May 9-12), lime heroism occurred the of the Death the Union General Hancock, charge, cap- vance po si- Confederate only the per- of the Confed- §F der-in-chief pre- advancing further, position contested , . , GEN. ROBT. E. LEE. . . .. that a tree eighteen (co OTBDE bat E ). inches in diameter, standing between the opposing forces, was cut to the ground as with a woodman's ax by the bullets that flew thick and fast. Grant again moved to the left in his endeavor to out- flank Lee. These tactics were lengthening the opposing lines. Grant, with all necessary forces at his command, could well pursue this plan ; but with Lee it was different. The Confederacy had been defending itself for four years. The elements of population, from which its soldiers were 412 PERIOD OF IMJKl'KNDK.VCK drawn, had become exhausted, and the Southern armies had been growing smaller and smaller. The veterans that fell at Gettysburg were never replaced. The longer Lee's line of defense was made, the thinner it became. The downfall of the Confederacy could only be effected by the destruction of Lee's arm}-. To compass this destruction the Union commander could afford to sacrifice men, if, in the sacrifice, he could inflict a corresponding loss upon his antagonist. Crossing the Pamun- key River he twice fell upon Lee at Cold Har- bor, but met with a terri- ble repulse in eaeli in- stance. With Grant, however, repulse was neve r de mo r ali z ati o n . Reverses seemed but to strengthen tenacity of purpose. Moving his army around to the James River, he drew to him Butler's forces from Bermuda Hundred, and marched upon Petersburg. A siege was laid, continuing throughout the fall and winter ( i864~'65). At one time, in order to break into the Confederate intrench- ments, a mine which had been secretly dug under them Attack Upon Mobile. While Grant's army lav around Petersburg, Commodore Farragut was conducting naval operations against Mobile, Ala. The bay upon which tlie city is situated, was defended by Fort Gaines and Fori Morgan. Thi federates had submerged a numberof torpedoes in tin- bay, and in addition had constructed a powerful iron-clad called the Tennessee. Farragut forced his way into the bay, destroyed the Tennessee and captured tin- forts, but Could not train possession of the city, which heroically declined to sun. nder. Xot until the last months ol the war w .is Mobile ca] I d, and only by superior land forci DISUNION. 4 r 3 gen james longstreet confederate). gen d h hill. (confederate). by tunnelling from the Union lines, was exploded (July 30). The Union assaulting column, attempting to enter the breach immediately alter, met with terrible disaster. Grant's attacks now became incessant. All the country south of Petersburg fell into his hands by the end of the year. In the spring a severe engagement occurred at Five Forks (April 1, 1865), the Confederates losing heavily. The intrenchments around Petersburg were carried by assault the next day ( April 2), the Confederates falling back. The Confederate capital, so long and gallantly defended, now fell (April 3), Grant having taken a year to effect its capture. The Confederate army retired toward the southwest, closely pursued. At Appomattox C. H., it was decided to end the struggle, as further sacrifice of life was useless. What could the little remnant of an army, numbering scarcely twenty-nine thousand, do against four times its number? An honorable surrender was made, in conceding the terms of which Grant showed all the magnanimity of a great soldier (April 9th). There was nothing of bitterness mani- 4*4 PERIOD OK INDEPENDENCE. fested between victors and vanquished with the ceasing oi hostilities. Men of blue and men of gray came together around the same camp fire, the one sharing the rations of the other: in war, enemies — in peace, friends. The fight had been well fought. The tribute of respect that the brave always yield to their kind, was given and re- ceived in a spirit which honored all, robbing defeat of its stings, softening triumph from exultation into content- ment. The issue as decided by the surrender of Lee's army was accept- ed in good faith, and the organized Confederate forces in various parts of the South, laid down their arms. General Johnston, in North Carolina, surren- dered (April 26, 1865), General Taylor, in Alabama, Gen- eral E. Kirby Smith, in Texas (May 26). The last fight of the war occurred at Brazos Santiago, Texas (May 13. 1865). The South had built up one civilization; but all its old lines were now obliterated, and the men of the Southern armies were to return to face its ruins. From these ruins is arising another in full accord with new condi- tions — in the adaptation of itself to which, the South is again pressing onward. But the old civilization can never be forgotten. As long as the sons of the South bear its earlier traditions, its later memories, to heart, just so long oem. jos. e johnston. (confederate). bisuNioN; 413 will there be a source — undefiled and pufe^-of patriotism, once local, now national, supplying inspiration to maintain a restored Union. QUESTIONS. Who succeeded Bueli after the battle of Perryville? What do you know of the battle of Murfreesboro ? Chickamauga ? Siege of Chattanooga? Knoxville? Bragg's repulse at Chattanooga? By whom was Bragg suc- ceeded? What do you know of Arkansas Military Operations ? Battle of Pea Ridge? Steele's expedition against Little Rock? What do you know of the invasion of Florida in the early part of 1864? Battle of Olustee? To what position was Grant appointed after the battle of Chattanooga? Whom did he leave in command in Tennessee? What do you know of Sherman's campaign against Johnston ? Against Hood? Of his march to the sea? Of Hood's return to Tennessee? What Union loss was sustained near Atlanta? Confederate loss at the battle of Franklin? What disaster befell Hood? How did Grant advance upon Richmond? What auxiliary movements were planned in connection with this advance? What were the results of each? What do you know of the battle of New Market? Cedar Creek? Wilderness ? Spottsylvania ? Cold Harbor? To what condition had the Confederate army been reduced? Why? What do you know of the siege of Petersburg? Attack upon Mobile? Appomattox surrender ? How did the soldiers of opposing armies meet each other after the surrender? What issue was decided when Lee's soldiers laid down their arms? SEARCH QUESTIONS. What General was Called the " Young Napoleon of the West"? "Old Pap"? " Marse Robert " ? "The Rock of Chickamauga" "Black Jack"? What body of troops was called the "foot cavalry " and why ? What eminent Union general fell at Gettysburg? What relation was General Robert E. Lee to Light Horse Harry ? Where was General J. E. B. Stuart killed? General A. P. Hill? General Kearney? What was the "Swamp Angel"? What was Farrogut's first naval battle? What Union generals in the Civil 'War subsequently became President ? What was the "Anaconda plan " of President Lincoln ? What celebrated Union general resigned the presidency of a Southern State Military Academy at the outbreak of the war? What vessel first unfurled the Confederate flag ? Name four Confederate generals who became presidents of universities after the war. Where and what was Libby Prison ? Camp Douglas ? Where and how long was Jefferson Davis imprisoned ? What eminent editor signed his bond ? Why was Davis imprisoned ? Was he ever tried ? Why ? What was the Sanitary Commission ? What State of the Confederacy furnished most troops ? Of the Union? How many men took part in the war, in round numbers? How many were killed ? 416 l'KRIOD OF" IMIKI'KNDENCE, TOPICAL OUTLINE. PRINCIPAL BATTLES AND GENERALS OF THE CIVIL WAR. UNION COMMANDERS AND DECISIVE VICTORIES IN ITALICS. CONFEDERATE, IN THIS TYPE. i APRIL 13 FORT SUMTER (S. C.) BEAUREGARD ANDERSON, H I JULY 2, BULL RUN (Va.) j J^gg^*:?™;; J McDOWELL. AUG. 10 WILSON'S CREEK (Mo.) price" L ° CH " LY0N - SEPT. j.i LEXINGTON (Mo.) PRICE . ".'.'.'.. ""'.'.'".'.""L..MULLIGAN. NOV. 7 BELMONT (Mo.) POLK GRANT. rJAN. 19 MILL SPRINGS (AT.) CRITTENDEN THOMAS. FEB. 16 FORT DONELSON (TENN.) BUCKNER GRANT. MARCH 5-8... PEA RIDGE (ARK.) j PMCE DOR ^ ( CURTIS - M \i.-< n .1 Monitor and Virginia BUCHANAN WORDEN. APRIL (1 SIIILOH (Miss.) JOHNSTON (A. S.) GRANT. APRIL 7 PITTSBURG LANDING (MISS.) BEAUREGARD \bUELl' APRIL 25 . NEW ORLEANS (LA.) LOVELL FARRAGUT. M \\ J Williamsburg (Va.) JOHNSTON (J. E.) McCLELLAN. May ,i Seven Pines (Va.) JOHNSTON (J. E.) McCLELLAN. (BANKS. CDJ CD H |[ A N \ ; ;; j VALLEY CAMPAIGN (Va.) .... JACKSON I SHIELDS. [FREMONT, JULY i S ( SEVENDAYS' BATTLES (Va.) LEE McCLELLAN. AUG.30 SECOND BULL RUN (Va.) LEE POPE. Sept. 17 Antietam (Md.) LEE McCLELLAN. IUKA (MISS,) PRICE R03ECRANS. OCT. 3-4 . ...CORINTH (MISS.) . J VAX 'l)ORN I ROSECRANS. OCT. 8 PERRYVILLE (Kv.) BRAGG ..... ... BUELL DEC.13 FREDERICKSBURG (Va.) LEE BURNSIDE. DEC. 31 MURFREESBORO (TENN.) BRAGG ROSECRANS. . [ [AN. 1 GALVESTON (Tex.) MAGRUDER RENSHAW, CO ! MAY 2-3 CHANCELLORSVILLE (Va.) LEE HOOKER. m I JUL) 1-3.. GETTYSBURG (PA.) LEE MEADE. qq) , .. .VICKSBURG (MISS.).... PEMBERTON GRANT. H SEPT. i9-20..CHICKAMAUGA(Ga.) BRAGG ROSECRANS. CHATTANOOGA (TENN,) BRAGG GRANT. FEB. jo OLUSTEE (Fla.) j co^qmTT ( SEYM0UR ' APRIL s MANSFIELD (La.) TAYLOR .-.."."."...i™!..!"... BANKS. MAY 5-7 ...WILDERNESS (Va.) LEE GRANT. MAI 8-18 .SPOTTSYLVANIA, C H. (Va.) LEE GRANT. May 1 (.-15 . RESACA (Ga.) JOHNSTON (J. E.) SHERMAN, MAY25-28 ..Dallas (Ga.) JOHNSTON (J. E.) SHERMAN. |UNE * COLO HARBOR (Va.) LEE GRANT. JUNE 19 ALABAMA AND KEARSARGE SEMMES WINSLOW. [1 m. .7 Kennesa-w Mountain (Ga.) ..... JOHNSTON (J. E.) SHERMAN. JULY 20-28. ..ATLANTA (GA.) HOOD SHERMAN. M ... ,. j f BRECKINRIDGE SIGEL. October , ^alle\ Campaigns (Va.) { [HUNTER. OCTOBER I) lEARLY j WALLACE, 1 WRIGHT. [SHERIDAN. NOV. jo FRANKLIN (Tenn.) HOOD SCHOFIELD. [DEC. 15-16 NASHVILLE (TENN.) HOOD THOMAS. •TMarch 15 A.VERYSBORO (N. C.) JOHNSTON (J. E.) SHERMAN. "J M \k. n is Bentonville (X. C.) "JOHNSTON (.J. E.) SHERMAN, (0 \PRIL I FIVE FORKS (VA.) LEE GRANT. CO I f his support, his subjects rose in revolt, took him prisoner, ind executed him (June 19, 1867). The war had settled the question of slavery, and it was never to arise again as a disturbing element in the politics of the country. President Lincoln had issued, as a war meas- ure, his celebrated Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863), declaring the freedom of those who had once been ANDREW JOHNSON. 418 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. slaves. This act of the President was subsequently ratified and made a part of the Constitution by adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment (December iS, 1865). Two States had been admitted during the war. These were West Virginia (1863) and Nevada (1864). The people of the northwestern counties of Virginia had remained loyal to the Union, and these counties, coming under Federal con- trol, established for themselves a separate State Government. Lincoln was elected to a second term (1864), with Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Vice-President, the unsuc- cessful opposition candidates being George 13. McClellan and John H. Pendleton. The end of the war was received with great rejoicing, and a speedy return to peace was promised. But this rejoicing was of short duration, for but six days after the Appomattox surrender, the nation was called upon to mourn an irreparable loss in the death by violence of its Chief Executive (April 15, 1865). The deed which led to his death occurred in a Washington theatre, where the President was peacefully enjoying the play, and was committed by John Wilkes Booth, an actor. The assassin sought to escape,- but was pursued, caught and put to death, as were several others implicated in the crime. As subsequent events proved, the death of Lincoln was a calamity to the South. His plan was to restore the Union by peacefully extending the civil authority of the Federal Government over the Southern States. His reelection had given him a stronger hold upon the government, and its policy was under his perfect control. This control did not pass to the hands of the Vice-President who was called to succeed him. Johnson was a Southern man — one ol the lew DISUNION. 419 prominent Southern politicians that had unswervingly adhered to the Union. He desired to take up the work o f restoration as begun by Lincoln. When Con- gress assembled, it op- posed the measures in- stituted by Johnson, and claimed for itself the right of deter- mining how the Southern States should again become mem- bers of the Un- ion. There arose there- fore a contest as to which of two poli- cies should have prece- dence. The Presi- dent's Policy was to regard the Southern States as never hav- ing been out of the Union, inasmuch as the right to secede had never been conceded. The Policy of Congress was to regard them as having sepa- ABRAHAM LINCOLN Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln will ever hold a foremost place among those eminent Americans whose names and lives have become a part of history. His career may well be studied, for it ex- emplifies in the highest degree how the conditions of American life enable one to rise from the humblest circumstances to the most exalted 011s. Starling out in life illiter- ate and uneducated, the oppor- tunities of his frontier environ- ment characteristically mea- ;re, we: ee him rising, step by step, by his own efforts, to an honored place in the esteem and re: pect of the nation. Splitting the rails to fence h^s father's frontier farm, flat -boating down the West- ern rivers, clerking in a country store, leading a company of volunteers in the Black Hawk War, serving as member of the i Illinois Legislature, meeting and vanquish- ing the great Stephen A. Douglas in public debate, representing his State in the United States Senate, direct- ing the destinies of the Union at the most critical period of its history— these were the significant steps of a career typically A m e r - ican. Called to the helm of govern- ment when all was ^^sr - turmoil and uncer- tainty, the ambi- tions of a politician gave place to the strong, earnest de- votion of a patriot. His election had placed the Union in danger, and from this danger he la- bored earnestly, patiently, sorrowfully to save it. Self-aggrandizement and love of power formed no part of his motives. He adhered to the right "as God gives us to see the right." Amidst the passions and prejudices of the mighty conflict, in which he was the 420 PERIOD OF tNDEPENDENCE. central figure, he was frequent] understood, and often but fair couraged. As time passed, ■ and singleness of purpose in his character made themselvi fel with quiet insistence; and now that these prejudices and passions have pas id away, we contemplate, in all their i implicity, the elements of great- ness thai make his lite and charac- ter heroic. His death was a calami y to the South; for, inasmuch as the re- storation of the Union was the prayi 1 of his heart, his expressed purpose wa : to bring about tin.; restoration in a way that would occasion but few hitler memories, and " achieve and cherish a lasting peace among our- selves." rated themselves and thereby forfeited all rights as member.- of the Union. It insisted on compliance with its conditions before readmitting them. The President believed it to be only necessary for each Southern State to rescind Ordinance of Secession, rene . . its obligations to the Constii :- tion, and accept the provision., of the Thirteenth Amendment. This the Southern States did many of them forming new State Constitutions, under which new State Governments were organized and representative;; sent to Congress. But Congress met later in ( I065), op ed the measures of the President, refused admission to the newly elected representatives from the Southern States, and formulated its Reconstruction Policy in opposition to the one of Restoration decided upon by the President. This policy not only provided for the reconstruction of the Pinion by considering that the South had been out of it, but for the forming of a political constituency in the Southern States different from that existing when the Union was first formed. This was finally accomplished by the adoption of the Fourteenth (186S) and Fifteenth (1870) Amendments to the Constitution; the former, conferring citizenship upon the ne«ro and debarring many Southern whites from holding olFiee under the government; the latter, making- voters of those made citizens by the Fourteenth Amendment. The President strenuously opposed these measures, hold- ing that under the Constitution, the State alone could deter- mine as to who should be its citizens, and that assumption of this power by Congress was usurpation. He used the veto repeatedly, but the advocates of these RADICAL measures had sufficient majority in both houses to overrule the President's DISUNION. 421 veto bv the necessary two-thirds vote. Among the principal acts passed over the veto of the President, were the Civil Rights Bill, enacted April 19, 1866, and the Military Act, which went in force March 2, 1867. The former pre- ceded the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, which embodied most of its features ; the latter divided the South into five military districts. Under military rule the Southern States adopted the new amendments, organized their local governments anew, and were readmitted to the Union. All but three had accepted the conditions imposed, by the year 1868, and participated in the presidential election of that year. Virginia, Mississippi and Texas were not readmitted until 1870. During Johnson's administration Nebraska was admitted as a State (1867), and Alaska was purchased from Russia, for seven million two hundred thousand dollars ( 1867 )• The most important event, connected with Johnson's reconstruc- tion controversy, was his impeachment by Congress. His sturdy opposition to the arbitrary measures of that body had incurred its hostility ; and when in violation of the Tenure of Office Act he removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, charges were preferred against him for " high crimes and misdemeanors.'" He was tried before the the Senate, but was adjudged " not guilty" (May 16, 1868). In the presidential election of 1868 the Republican candi- dates were, Ulysses S. Grant, and Schuyler Colfax. The Democratic candidates were Horatio Seymour and Francis P. Blair. Grant and Colfax were elected. QUESTIONS. What do you know of the "Trent affair"? French invasion of Mexico? What question was settled by the war? \ How was slavery abolished? What two States were admitted while the war was in progress? Why was Virginia divided? Who were the candidates in the election of 1S64? What do you know of the death of Lincoln ? Why was his death a calamity to the South? What differences were there between the "Presi- dent's Policy" and the Reconstruction Policy of Congress? Which finally prevailed? What measures did President Johnson veto? What new class of voters was created by Constitutional amendments? What do vou know of the Civil Rights Bill? Military Act? Fourteenth Amendment? Fif- teenth Amendment? What three States were last to be readmitted? What do you know of the Alaska purchase? Impeachment of Johnson? When was Nebraska admitted? Who succeeded Johnson? CD C: TO c: .0 to to 5 to c5 : v. ^- -0 CQ -g to 1 ■2 a k. =0 -2 to to •5 to ct o •S -C -C U; Co * 1 ° •-L M- Ur> is. t3i c\j c\, tv> c~o OiC\|OoUcoLr5li 3 Ui l -C> Q. CO 00 00 CO Oo ^ Oq Co Oo CQ CQ Oo 00 y. ^o u. c H CD o C .0 H hi EH CD Q CD -c: Uj to §- CO 5} 5i to to .O C35 ■G Cfc to ^c Q to h 5: CO to CO "5 to to 3 ■»_ CD ^coco .5 H oc k_ ' V" to S -J o Co to os ~G .0 J5 hi -J CD k. v. a 1: (Q O CO CO t Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware, Secretary ot State ; Daniel Manning, of New York, Secretary of the Treas- ury; Lucius Q. C. Lamar, of Missis sippi, Secretary of the Interior; W.M. C. Endicott, of Massachusetts, Secre- tary of "War; Wm. C. WHITNEY, of New York, Secretary of the Navy; Wm. !•'. Vilas, of Wisconsin. Post- master-General; and Augustus II. Garland, of Arkansas, Attorney- General, and in all had served them well. His call to the highest office in the land was a mark of confidence inspired by the record he had made for integf- rity and capacity ; and when he became a presidential candi- date, many who were not of his party, had been drawn to his support. With the ascendancy of the Democratic party to power, for the first time in twenty-four years, it was thought that the precedent established by President Jackson would be followed, and that a general discharge of officeholders would ensue. But Cleveland soon proved himself a staunch friend of Civil Service Reform. "Public office is a public trust'* he declared, and his highest en- deavor was to administer the affairs of government in a thoroughly busi- ness-like-manner, honestly and economically. His removals from office were comparatively few, and these were made for cause. Ap- pointment to place in the Federal service was based upon efficiency. This policy of the President dis- pleased many of his political fol- lowers who were imbued with the idea. " To the victors belong the spoils." A sufficient number of these withdrew their support to prevent his reelection. His defeat for a second term was also due to the position taken by the Democratic party upon the tariff question. For many years this question GROVEFt CLEVELAND. REUNION. 431 had almost disappeared from the politics of the country, as the more disturbing ones of slavery and secession had engrossed public attention; but it had now again arisen. The heavy debt into which the country had been plunged by the Civil War necessitated the levying of a high tariff for revenue, which practically served many of the purposes of protection. The revenue thus derived was rapidly decreasing the public debt, and was more than was necessary to pay these debts as they matured. In conse- quence of this, a great surplus of money, for which the government had little need, was accumulating in the public treasury. Cleveland presented this matter to Congress in a remark- able and masterly message. He took the position that the tariff was a tax, and that the accumulation of a surplus was evidence that the people were being unnecessarily taxed, and he advocated a reduction of the tariff. In this he was sustained by his party, and revenue reduction became one of the issues in the political campaign of 1888. The high war tariff had given an immense impulse to various American industries. The wool interests of Texas, the sugar interests of Louisiana, the iron interests of Penn- sylvania, the lumber interests of Michigan, in addition to the manufacturing interests of different parts of the country, all felt the benefit of protection, and, therefore, the friends of protection had greatly increased in numbers, and were more widely distributed than when tariff first became a political issue. The Republican party opposed any reduction that should interfere with the protective features of the existing tariff. The candidates of this partv were, for President, Benjamin F. Harrison, of Indiana; for Vice-President, Levi P. Mor- ton, of New York. For President, the Democrats renominated 43 2 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. Grover Cleveland, and placed with him upon the presidential ticket Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, as Vice-President. The deciding of the contest a- the pro- tected manufacturers were able to pay higher wages to their workmen, who. in turn, were able to pay the farmers better prices for the necessaries of life. On the other hand, it was urged that pro- tection had caused an unhealthy in- crease in the number of factories, that overproduction and competition were causing a decrease of profits, render- ing necessary a lowering of wages; that the multiplication of producing agents in the various industries had brought into operation the public evil called Trusts, which are powerful combinations to control the products ot an industry, and by limiting the supply, cause prices to rise above values, to the injury of the consumers. This limiting of production has been accomplished in many instances by closing down a number ot the factories organized into a "Trust." whose owners lose nothing by the Stoppage, as they share in the in- creased profits of the combination. but whose workmen are thrown out oi employment, Thus it would seem that for every benefit afforded by protection there is a corresponding evil. As to which of the two — benefit Or evil — pre- dominates, it yet remains for the Amer- ican people to fully understand. The presidential contest of t ssv; has been termed an " educational campaign," for never before had American thought been so awakened to the consideration oi wages, profits, consumption, ex- change, the inter-relations oi an indus- trial people, and other subjects pertain- ing to the study of political economy. REUNION. 433 spot in the innermost recesses of the Sierra Mad re Mountains, and compelled the chief, Geronoio, and a large party of his followers to surrender. These Indians were subsequent- ly removed to Florida, where, far from their old scenes of bloodshed, they are kept under strict surveillance. President, there was erected gigantic statue of Liberty En- i ■ designed by the eminent tholdi. and presented by the people of America event that occupied occurring the same earthquake that visited of the United States, this earthquake were city of Charleston, buildings were and a number treasured land effaced. For seemed as if ity of the city terminated, mendable zens declined their city, and energies to rebuilding. There now remains but little trace of disaster. The election of Harrison to the Presidency of the United States brings the subject of American history within the present knowledge of the student. The events that are to transpire during his administration, and the relative While Cleveland was in New York Harbor a lightening the World, French sculptor, Bar- the people of France to (October 28, 1886). An wide-spread attention year, was a remarkable the South Atlantic Coast The destructive effects of particularly felt in the where many laid in ruins of old and marks were some time it the prosper- had abruptly but with corn- spirit, the citi- to abandon bent their the work of STATUE OF LIBERTY. 434 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. ftFTER THE EARTHQUAKE. importance of them in their bearing upon the progress of the country, remain to be seen. Already a number of occurrences have been chronicled that deserve passing notice. Among these are the Samoan controversy: the admission as States of North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington and Montana, preliminary steps to which were taken during the latter part of Cleveland's administration ; the opening up to settlement of a large tract of land known as Oklahoma, in the Indian Territory, the unprecedented rush of settlers to which has been termed the " Oklahoma Boom"; the celebration in New York with great pom]) and ceremony of the one hundredth anniversary of Washington s inauguration (April 30, 1889): and the terrible devastation inflicted upon one of Pennsylvania's fair valleys — that of Conemaugh — by the bursting of a large reservoir near its head. In this disaster the lives lost amounted to many thou- sands, the property destroyed to many millions, and the des- titution, suffering, and bereavement caused, have had few parallels in the annals of human woes. REUNION. 435 ■P HARRISON. The inauguration of Harrison brings to mind the signer of the Declaration of Independence from whom he is descended. With this event the gov- ernment of the United States completes the first one hundred years of its existence. In look- ing over the field of American history covered by this period, one cannot but be impressed with the wonderful changes that have been wrought, the results that have been accom- plished, the growth that has been attained, and the progress that has been achieved. The thirteen States have become forty-two ; the three millions of people have become sixty millions. The domain whose western boundary was once the Mississippi, now extends to the Pacific. It is to be noted that the constituency ruled over by the United States Government is rapidly becoming homogeneous, and sectional lines are disappearing so far as industrial interests are concerned. The destruction of slavery has caused a concentration of the thought and intelligence of the South in the development of the extraordinary natural resources of that section. The coal and iron fields of Pennsylvania have their counterparts in Alabama and Ten- nessee, the pineries of Maine and Michigan theirs, in the almost untouched forest treasures of the southern tier of States. The dairy and farming enterprises of New York are paralleled by those of Mississippi and Georgia. The rich plains of Texas are being peopled by the same hardy class that have wrung the agricultural treasures from the prairies of the Northwest. Pittsburg. Chattanooga and 436 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. Birmingham: Providence, Atlanta and Augusta; Philadel- phia and New Orleans, have identical interests. In thought and in feeling the sections are drawing closer together. In the old days, before the revolution, Charleston sent her food supplies to the closed port of Boston ; in later times Boston sends her message of sympathy and material aid to the earthquake-stricken city. An epidemic in Florida, a storm-ravaged coast in Texas, an overflow in the delta of the Mississippi, a conflagration in a large city, a disastrous inundation in a Pennsylvania valley — each with its attendant misery and human suffering, — calls forth a gene- rous response from the American people as a whole, and brings them into closer fellowship. The antagonisms of the past are passing from view, and are only brought to mind by a few demagogues, who, in vain attempts to attain political popu- laritv, seek to revive issues no longer potent for evil. The veterans once opposed to each other now meet at times, upon the old battlefields, in reunions that establish ties of lasting friendship. The graves of dead heroes are hallowed and honored, irrespective of the side upon which they fought. Marble shafts in memory of many a valiant deed, point upwards in all their massiveness, indicative of the greatness and of the aspirations of those they commemorate. From manv a pedestal there look down upon us the sculp- tured forms of those whose memories neither North nor South will willingly let die. History preserves them. The student, when he comes to perform his part — humble or exalted — in the social, political and moral life of the reunited nation, must remember that the past has given him a herit- age : that the present, becoming the past, will leave to pos- terity another heritage: that whatever the bequest is to be, depends upon the intelligence and integrity of the self- governing bodv-politic of which he is a constituent. Greenwich 8' TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATE The figures under the Statenames indicate the datesof their admission into the Union; or. in the case of tlte Original Thir- States, the date of their ratification of the Constitution SCALE OF MILES 300 400 500 ENGRAVED FOR HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE U.S. REUNION. 437 QUESTIONS. What do you know of Cleveland and his administration? Of whom was his cabinet composed? What policy did he pursue in regard to removals and appointments? What great declaration did he make? Who were dis- pleased with his policy? What question had again arisen since the close of the war? What position did Cleveland take upon the tariff? Surplus? What do you know of the "Educational Campaign" of 1888? Who were the principal candidates? What was the result? What were the principal events of Cleveland's administration ? What do you know of the Apache war? Of Bartholdi's statue? Charleston earthquake? What are some of the events that have transpired since Harrison's election ? Give the changes in size and population that have occurred in the first one hundred years of national existence? How are the sections becoming alike in interests? What facts show that they are drawing closer together in thought and feeling? What must the student of history realize? REVIEW QUESTIONS. When and where was Washington inaugurated? Who composed his Cabinet? What was the Capital Bargain? Whisky Rebellion? What Presidents served two terms? One term? Died in Office? How and when was Louisiana acquired? Florida? Texas? California? Alaska? What do you know of the Northwest Territory? The Organization and Admis- sion of Tennessee and Kentucky? Who was Genet? What were the Ken- tuckv and Virginia Resolutions? What wars have occurred with the Bar- bary Powers? What do you know of Burr's Conspiracy? Fulton's first Steamboat? What were the causes of the War of 1812? Mexican War? What Indian wars have occurred since the establishment of the Federal Government? When and why was the Indian Territory organized? What two campaigns were executed in the first year of the War of 1812? Three in the second? Two in the third? Name the principal American Generals. British? American Naval Commanders? British? American Naval Vic- tories? British? What do you know of the battle of New Orleans? The State of West Florida? Internal Improvements? What is the Monroe Doctrine? The Era of Good Feeling? The American System? Nullifica- tion? What is a Tariff ? A Tax? How may Tariffs be classified? What do you know of the growth of Cotton Manufactures? The Business Panic of 1S37? When did a similar panic occur? What is the Sub-Treasury Sys- tem and when established? What do you know of the Mormons? The Annexation of Texas? The Texas Revolution? What three Campaigns 438 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. were accomplished in the Mexican War? What were the principal battles of each? How did an antagonism between the sections originate? What was the Missouri Compromise? The Omnibus Bill? The Dred Scott decision? The Fugitive Slave Law? The Kansas-Nebraska Bill? What do you know of the beginning and progress of the Anti-Slavery Movement? Why did the Southern States secede? What do you know of the organization of the Confederate Government? Why was Fort Sumter fired upon? What bat- tles of the Civil War occurred in Virginia? Missouri? Kentucky? Arkan- sas? Tennessee? Mississippi? Georgia? North Carolina? Louisiana? Texas? New Mexico? West Virginia? Pennsylvania? The Shenandoah Valley? What do you know of Stonewall Jackson? Name the five greatest Confederate Victories of the Civil War? Federal? Five decisive battles, and tell why? What effect had the Blockade? What do you know of the Alabama? The Virginia? The Tennessee? Give the principal military operations along the Mississippi River? The principal coast operations? Name some of the principal Cavalry leaders on the Confederate side? Federal? Name as many Confederate Generals as you may know, with a battle in which each participated? Federal? Name ten battles in which Grant took part? Ten of Lee's battles? Seven of J. E. Johnston's? Four of McClellan's? Four of Rosecrans'? Two of Banks'? Five of Price's? Two of Van Dorn's? Three of Hood's? Four of Bragg's? Six of Sher- man's? What do you know of the capture of New Orleans? Vicksburg? Last charge at Gettysburg? Defense of Sabine Pass? Battle of Olustee? Sherman's March? Jackson's Valley Campaign? Banks' Red River Expe- ditions? Magruder's Capture of Galveston? Valley Operations of Early? Battle of New Market? Appomattox Surrender? What was the last engagement of the war? What do you know of the Trent affair? Maxi- millian invasion of Mexico? Abolishment of slavery? Death and charac- ter of Lincoln? What contest arose between President Johnson and Con- gress concerning the readmission of the Southern States? What was the policy of each? Why was Johnson impeached? What was the Geneva award? What do you know of the disputed election of 1 876? How was the decision reached? What do you know of the election and death of Garfield? The Educational Campaign of 1S8S? The events that have transpired since Harrison's election? What Presidents were elected by the Democratic-Republican party? The National Republican or Whig party? The Democratic party? The Republican party? Name some political parties that have been unsuccessful in electing a President? Give the prin- cipal events of the administration of each President in order? Draw a comparison between the United States of Washington's time and the United States of to-day. APPENDIX I. The Declaration of Independence. In Congress^ July 4, 1776. The Unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States op America. When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its founda- tion on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, in- deed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. — Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Repre- sentation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomforta- ble, and distant. from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedlv, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 44-0 APPENDIX I. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; tbe State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our People, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cuttting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for in- troducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with Power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 44 1 In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free People. Nor have We been wanting in r-ttention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and bv Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Inde- pendent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declara- tion, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor - JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts Bay — Saml. Adams, John Adams, Robt. Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Rhode Island — Step. Hopkins, William Ellery. Connecticut — Roger Sherman, Sam'el Huntington, Wm. Williams, Oliver Wolcott. Netu York — Wm. Floyd, Phil. Livingston, Frans. Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey — Richd. Stockton, Jno. Witherspoon, Fras. IIopkixson, John Hart, Abra. Clark. Pennsylvania — Robt. Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benja. Franklin, John Morton, Geo. Clymer, Jas. Smith, Geo. Taylor, James Wilson, Geo. Ross. Delaware — Cesar Rodney, Geo. Read, Tiio. M'Kean. Maryland — Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, T::. Jefferson,. Benja. Harrison, Thos. Nelson, jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina — Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hcwes, John Penn. South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thos. IIeyward, Junr., Thomas. Lynch, Junr., Arthur Middleton. Georgia — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, Geo. Walton. APPENDIX 11. Constitution of the United States of America. Preamble. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com- mon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this CONSTI- TUTION for the United States of America. Article I. Section- I. i. All legislative powers herein granted }!%■*!■!■*"''' Bha11 be vested in a Congress* of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. II. i. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year, by the people of the severai £nt'«tn"C. B

together with the Vice- President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator, or Representative, or per- son holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. [3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list 1 ' r '".''''' , '"y )i °t of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and trans- mit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certifi- cates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one JtevrttenUMott* ot them tor President; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 447 person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But, if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-President.]* 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their el"a °£ choosing votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. f 5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall SutSSSSSk ° f any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 6. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, ^ZTsaMiUj* ° f death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as president; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compen- sation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; weaidenf and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. J S. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the follow- ing oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sec. II. 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal f»J^!»SL2* the officer, in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective officers; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- ]\[ av ma Tee trea~ sent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other pub- ties, appoint am- lic ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, bassadors, judg- and all other officers of the United States whose appoint- es ' etc ' ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. *This clause, within brackets, has been superseded by the 12th Amendment. fThe electors are chosen on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November pre- ceding the expiration of a presidential term, and vote for president and vice-president on the first Wednesday of the December following. The votes are counted and declared in Con- gress the second Wednesday of the following February. JThe salary of the President was $25,000 a year until 1S72, when it was increased to $50,000. That of the Vice-President is $Soooa year. 443 APPENDIX II. 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting cirJ! ''"<'""- commissions which shall expire at the end of" their next session. Sec. III. 1. He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- tion of the State of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;* he may, on extra- ordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of CW//"s.'''''' them, and, in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- cuted; and shall commission all the ofilcers of the United States. Sec. IV. 1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeach- bewmoved? " l "' J ment for, and conviction of treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Section I. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the hou-'ves',-,/''"''' Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior: and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their author- To ?r/mf cases it -^. to a ii cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- ters and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party: controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State :f between citizens of different States: between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States; and between a State or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, Jurisdiction of and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme tin- Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other Court. cases before mentioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exemptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachments, shall be bv jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the JtH/rs respecting s;li ;, orimes sha n have been committed; hut when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sec. III. 1. Treason against the'United States shall consist only in levy- ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, Trcaso „ defined. giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be con- victed of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. *The President does this in messages at the opening of each session. Washington and John Adams read their messages in person to both houses of Congress. Jefferson intro- duced the present practice of sending to the two houses a written message by his private secretary. 1See Amendments, Art. XI. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 449 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood „ . . , £ -i. j • ..I- i-r i.- ..I How punished. or forfeiture, except during the lite ot the person at- tainted. Article IV. Section" I. i. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, of >a es. prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sec. II. i. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the ^J'l^i'egesofeiti- several States. 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the ^%™/* ve re « M *- State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein be discharged from such service or „ "' re V»lcUng 11 u j. u 11 u j .• j l- r^i. service or labor. labor; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. III. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected Neu , states how within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State formed and ad- be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts fitted. of States, without the consent of the Legislature of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other p wer of Con- property belonging to the United States; and nothing in gress over jiublic this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice '«'"'*• any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Sec. IV. 1. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect Republican gov- each of them against invasion; and on application of the ernmentgua'ran- Legislature or of the executive (when the Legislature *eed. cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Article V. 1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the appli- cation of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, Constitution when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the howtobearnend- several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, C<1 - as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Con- gress; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior "to the vear one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the "first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 45o APPENDIX II. Article VI. i. All debts contracted and engagements entered into reJoaHiL"/. d€btS before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or tu^Z HfiZef £ hich shal ! b « made ' under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both Oath; of whom °f the United States and of the several States, shall be lit/ in red, and for bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; what, but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifica- tion to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII. 1. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Contitution between the Ratification. Stateg gQ rati£ying the same . Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names.* GEORGE WASHINGTON', Presidt. and deputy from Virginia. NEW HAMPSHIRE. John Langdon. Nicholas Oilman. MASSACHUSETTS. Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. CONNECTICUT. Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman. NEW YORK. Alexander Hamilton. NEW JERSEY. Wil. Livingston, David Brearlev, Wm. Paterson. Jona. Dayton. PENNSYLVANIA. B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo: Clvmer, Tho : Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv : Morris. DELAWARE. Geo : Read, VIRGINIA. John Blair, James Madison, Jr. NORTH CAROLINA. Wm. Blount, Rich'd Dobbs Spaight, Hu. Williamson. SOUTH CAROLINA. J. Rutledge, Gunning Bedford, Jun'r, Charles Cotesworth John Dickinson, Pincknev, Richard Bassett, Charles Pincknev, Jaco: Broom. Pierce Butler. MARYLAND. James M'llenrv, Georgia. Dan : of St. Thos. Jenifer, William Few, Danl. Carroll. Abr. Baldwin. Attest : WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. *The number of delegates chosen to the convention was sixty-five ; ten did not attend ; six- teen declined signing the Constitution, or left the convention before it was ready to be signed. Thirty-nine signed. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 451 Amendments to the Constitution. *Art. I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or Freedom in reli- abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the gion, speech, right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition press. the government for a redress of grievances. Art. II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms , r .,.,. 111 .1 m i" • j .)l it it 1*1, shall not be infringed. Art. III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war „ ... , . , 1 ., j 1 , Soldiers. but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Art. IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and ■ r . uii l. \. . • 1 4. j 1 i_ 11 • Seareli warrants. seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Art. V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public daneer; nor „ . . 111 u u- j. c i.u re l 1. Capital crimes. shall any person be subject tor the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Art. VI. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed m . . . j- ., r J , c a i- l Trial by jury. of the nature and cause or the accusation; to be con- " J J fronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Art. VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise Su,ts at common ... ciT^-ir. . law. re-examined, in any court or the United btates, tnan ac- cording to the rules of the common law. Art. VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor _ „ „ r- . 1 j 1 • , Sail, tines, etc. excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- ment inflicted. Art. IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construedto deny or disparasre others retained „ ... by people. CeHain Ttghts - Art. X. The powers not delegated to the Uniied States by the Constitu- tion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the „ Oii i-i i^u 1 Powers reserved. States respectively, or to the people. |Art. XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or Judicial power j , • . , limited. equity, commenced or prosecuted against one ot the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. *The first ten amendments were proposed in 17S9, and declared adopted in 1701. fThe eleventh amendment was proposed in 1794, and declared adopted in 179S. 452 APPKNDIX II. *Art. XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; thev shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President: and thev shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-Presi- dent, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- '\'!'tV']'ll : 'slr°4, entatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then respecting elee- ' be counted; the person having the greatest number of *'"" of President votes for President shall be the President, if such number "hilt * ,f ''' '' t ' s '~ be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the per- sons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- diately, by ballot, the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two- thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole num- ber shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligi- ble to the office of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. fAux. XIII. Sec. I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have Xo slavery. b ^ n du]y convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. JArt. XIV. Sec. I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Sec. II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- sons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-Presi- dent of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive or judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years *The twelfth amendment was proposed in 1S03, and declared adopted in 1S04. tTlie thirteenth amendment was proposed and adopted in 1S65. {The fourteenth amendment was proposed in iS66, and adopted in 1S6S. PRONUNCIATIONS. 453 of age and citizens of the United States, or in any war abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion in which the number of such male citi- zens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Sec. III. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or ejector of President or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or mili- tary, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com- fort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Sec. IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pension and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all Mich debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. V. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legisla- tion, the provisions of this article. *Art. XV. Sec. I. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude. Sec. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. *The fifteenth amendment was proposed in jStx>, and adopted in 1S70. APPENDIX III. PRONUNCIATIONS. Acadie — Ah-cah-dee'. Aix-la-Chappelle — Aks-lah-shahpel'. Alamo — Ah'-lah-mo, Albert— Ahl-hare'. Alcolhuas — Ahl-kol-hoo'-wahs. Algonquin — Al-gon'-kwin. Alonzo de Ojedo — Ah-lon'zo-da-O-ha'do. Altamaha — Awl' -taw -maw -haw'. Aimable— A-mab'-bl. Ampudia — Ahm-poo'-de-ah. Antonio de Mendoza — Ahn-to'-ne-o da Men-do'-zah. Apache — Ah-pah'-cha. Arista — Ah-rees'tah. Arkansas — Ar'-kan-saw. Attakullakulla— Ah-tah-kool'-ah-kool-ah. Aztlan — Ahz'-tlahn. Bahama — Bah-hahm'-ah. Bartholomeu Diaz — Rar-tol'-o-mou-Dee-az. Bermudas — Ber-mu'-daz. Beujeu — Bo-zhoo'. Bienville — Be-on -veal'. Bjorne Herjulfson — Be-orn-Har-yoolf-sun. Boishebert — Bwah'-e-bare'. Bracito — Brah-the'-to. Buena Vista — Bwa'-nah-Yees'-tah. Cabecca de Vaca — Ka-bek-ka-da-Yah'-ka. Cabral— Kah-brahl'. Cappas — Kah'-paws. Chaleurs — Sha'ler. Champlain — Sham- plane'. Chapultepec — Cha-pool-ta-pek'. Cherubusco — Che-roo-boos'-ko. Chevalier de Tonti — Shew vahl'-ya-du-Tonte. Chichimecs — Chee chee-meks'. Chicora — Sheko'-rah. Chihuahua — She-wah'-wah. Christoforo Colombo — Kres-to-fo'-ro Ko-lom' bo. Crozat — Kro'-zaht. Coahuila — Ko-a-hwe'-lah. Colito — Ko-le'-to. Comanches — Ko-man'-chez. Conception — Con-cep-tion. Contrecoeur — Kont'-ra-koor. Contreras — Kon-tra'-ras. Coronado — Kor-o-nah'-do. Cortez, Hernando — Her-nahn'-do-Kor'-tez Coureurs-de-bois — Koo-rer'-du-bwah. Dacan — Da-kong'. De Gourgues — Da-goorg'. De la Roche — Da-lah-rosh'. De Monts — Da-Mong'. 454 APPENDIX III. Denys — Duh -nee. De Rouville — Du-Roo-veel\ De Vitre— Da-Yu-tra'.] Dieskau — De-es-ko'. Duhault— Du-ho'. Duluth — Du-looth'. Du Quesne — Doo-Kane', Durand de Villagagnon — Du-rong'-da-Ve-lah-gahn-yong'. Enciso — En-see'-zo. Espejo — A-spa'-ho. Esquimaux — Es'-ki-mo*. Francisco — Fran-sees' -ko. Frontenac — Fron'-ta-nac. Gaspard de Coligny— Gas-par-da-Ko-len-ve'. Gila— lit'- lah. Gomera — Go- ma' -rah. Grijalva — Gre-hahl'-vah. Guadalupe — G wall -da -loo' -pa. Gunnbyorn — Goon'-he-yorn. Hennepin — Hen'-a-pan. Henricus — Hen-re'-cus. Hiens — He-an'. Hispaniola — Hes-pahn-yo'-lah. Hochelaga — Ho-shu-lah'-gah. Hoei Shin — Ho-yi-Shin'. Huguenots — Hu'-ge-no'. Iberville — E-bare-veel'. Iroquois — Ir-0 - k w a li ' . Jacques Cartier — Zhahk-Kahr'-te-a. Jalapa — Hah-lah'-pah. Joli— Zho-lee'. Joliet — Zho'-lee-a. Juan'de Onate — Iloo-ahn'-da-Oon-yat'. Jumonville — Zhu-mong-veel'. Karlsefne — Karl-sef'-nee. Keift— Keeft. Kiccowtan — Ke-koo-tan*. La Belle— Lah-bel'. La Noche Triste — Lah-Xocha-Trees'-ta. La Salle— Lah Sahl'. Laudonniere — Lo-don-yare'. Launcelot — Lon'-se-lo. Le Boeuf— Lu-ISuff. Le Feboure — Leh-Fa-boor". Leislur — Lise'-ler. Les Vaches — I.a-vash'. Liel Ericson — Leef Er'-ik-sun. Lriotot — Le-o-to'. Los Angeles— Los-ahng'-el-es. Luys de Moscoso — Loo-ees' da Mos-co'-so. Manchac— Man shac'. Marquette— Main- kut". Maurepas — Mor'-a ]>:ih. Mauvilla— Mo-vee'-lah. Melendez de Aviles — Mel-en'-daz-du-Ah-veel'-es. Minuit — Min'-oo-it. Moquis — Mo kee'. Montcalm — Mont-kahm'. Monterey — Mon-ta ray'. Montezuma — Mon-ta-zoo'-mah. Montiano — Mon-te-ah'-no. Nahuatlac— N'ah waht'-lak. Natchitoches — Nak'-a-tosh. Nueces — Nwa'-thes. Nunez de Balboa — Noon'-yez-da-Bahl-bo-ah. Opecancanough — O-pe-kan'-kan-o. Ouachita — Wash'-e-taw. Ouconostota — < >o-con-o-sto'-tah. Outagamis — < >o-ta-gahm'-ees. Oxenstiern — ( kks'-en-stern. Palo Alto— Pah'-lo-Ahlto. Pamphilo de Narvaez — Pahm-feel'-yo-da-Nar'-va-eth. Pascua Florida — Pahs-koo-ah-Flor-e'-dah. Phoenicians — Fe-nish'-ans. Pinzon — Peen'-zon. Pizarro — Pe-zar'-ro. Ponce de Leon — Pon'-tha-da-La-on'. Pontchartrain — Pon-shahr-tran'. Porto Rico — Por-to Ree'-co. Poutrincourt — Poo-tran-ki ior'. Prima Vista — Pre'-mah Vees-tah. Prideaux — Pre-do'. Prudhomme — Pru-dohm'. Puebla— Pweb'-lah. Quetzal — Kwut'zal. Rene — Ra-na'. Resaca-de-la-Palma — Ra-sah'-cah-da-lah-Pahl'-mah. Ribaut— Re-bo'. Rio Grande— He' -o- Grand' a. Roberval — Ro-ber-vahl'. Roderigo de Triana — Ro-dre-go-da-Tre-ahn'-ah. Ryswick — IUs'-w ik. Salamanca — Sahl-ah-mahn'-kah. Saltillo— Sahl-teel'-] o. San Augustine— San-Aw'gus-teen'. San Felipe— San-Fa-le'-pa. San Gabriel- San -(Jab -ru -ul'. San Jacinto— San-Ja-seen' -to. San Salvador— Sah n Sail l'-vah-dore. Santa Fe— Sahn-ta-Fa'. Santius — Sahn'-sha-oos. St. Croix— Sent Cro wall'. Sauvolle — So- vole'. Schuylkill— Skool'-kil. Sebastian — Sa-bahs 1 te-an. Shoshones— Slio sho'-neez. Sioux— Son. Stuyvesant — Sii'-ves-ant. Taensas— Ten'-saw. Tenochitlan — Ten-o-che'-tlan. Thorfin — Tor'-rin. Thornstein — Tor'-stine. Utrecht— U-treckt'. Vasco da Gama — Vahs'-ko -da-Gah' -mail. Velasquez— Va las' kctli. Verrazanni — Ve-rat-dzan'-e. Vincente Yanez — Yin tchtn-ta Va'nez. Wouter Van Twiller— Woo'-ter-Van-twil-'ler. Yeamans — Yee'-mans. Zuni — Zoon'-yee. INDEX. Page. Abercrombie, General 192 Acadie , 59 Acadians expelled 189 x\dams, John 230, 273, 2S6, 2S9 Adams, J. Q 313, 319 Adams, Samuel 216, 271 Adet, Commissioner 2S6 Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty 180 Alabama, Admission of 31S Alabama Claims 424 Alabama, The 402, 403 Alamance, Battle 218 Alamo, Battle 340 Alaska Purchase 421 Albert, Captain 9S Albermarle Colony 149 Alcolhuas 73 Allen, Ethan 225 Alexander, Chief 167 Algerine War 315 Alien Law 288 Amaraca 41 Amherst, General 192 Amendment, Twelfth 288 American Flag 241 American System, The 325-331 Amidas 102 Ampudia, General 347 Anahuac 47 Anderson, Major 365 Andros, Sir Edmund 179 Andre, Major 248 Annapolis Convention 268 Anti-Federalists 272 Antietam, Battle 3S6 Appomattox Surrender 413 Arbuthnot, Admiral 247 Argall, Captain Samuel 122 Arista, General 345 Arkansas, Admission of 322 Arkansas Explored 54 Arkansas Post Captured 404 Armistead, General 392 Arnold, Benedict ...224, 254 240, 241 Arnold's Treason 248 Arthur, Chester A 427-42S Articles of Confederation 264-267 Ashby, General Turner 409 Ashe, Colonel John 214, 245 Page. Assembly, First Colonial 123 Atkinson, General 323 Attakullakulla, Chief 197 Austin, Moses 339 Austin, Stephen F 339, 341 Autosse, Battle 306 Ayllon, Vasquez do 44 Aztecs 47-74 Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr 173 Bacon's Rebellion 174 Bailey, Colonel Joseph 401 Bainbridge, Commodore 310 Balboa, Nunez de 47 Baltimore Conventions 362 Baltimore Founded 144 Baltimore, Lord 143 Banks, General N. P 3S2, 3S4, 398 Baratarians, The 313 Barba, Don Antonio 1S3 Barlow 102 Barnwell, Captain John 169 Barre 217 Barron, Captain 294 Bartholdi 433 Battles of the Civil War 416 Battles of Revolution 243, 25S Battles of the War with Mexico.. 351 Battles of the War of 1812... 30S, 314 Baum, Colonel 240 Bayard, James 313 Bayard, Thomas F 430 Beauregard, General P. G. T. 365. 373, 380, 371, 37^ 4" Bee, General 373 Bell, John 362 Belmont, Battle 377 Benjamin, Judah P 363 Bennington, Battle 240 Berkley, Lord 129 Berkley, Sir Wm 172 Berlin Decree 293 Beujeu 191 Bienville 155 Bill of Rights, Virginia 230, 264 Biloxi 156 Bishop, Edward 176 Blackbeard 205 Black Hawk, Chief 323 456 INDEX. Page. Blackstone, Wm 135 Blackstock's Ford, Battle 25 1 Blaine, James G 429 Blair, Francis P 421 Blair, Rev. Jas 207 Blockade, The 393 - 394 Bloody Marsh, Battle "183 Bloody Run, Battle 173 Blount, Gov. Wm 284 Blue Laws 140 Blunt, General .... 404 Boguet, Colonel Henry 198 Boishebert 1S9 Boone, Daniel 266 Booth, John Wilkes 418 Boston Fire 424 Boston, Founding of 135 Boston Massacre 21S Bovd, Colonel 245 Bracito, Battle 346 Braddock, Sir Edward 189 Bradford, Wm 132 Bradstreet, Colonel 192 Bragg, Braxton 348, 37^-3$° Brandywine, Battle 237 Brazos Santiago, Battle 414 Breckinridge, John C....362, 37S, 410 Breed's Hill 227 Brewster, Wm 132 Brier Creek, Battle 245 Brock, General 301, 302 Brown, Colonel 247 Brown, Fort ., 345 Brown, General 305 Brown's Raid 361 Brownstown, Battle 301 Buchanan, James 357 Buell, General D. C 376, 380 Buena Vista, Battle 347 Buford, Colonel 251 Bull Run, First Battle 372 Bull Run, Second Battle 38s Bunker Hill 226 Burgoyne, Sir John 22(1, 237, 239 Burnet, David G 342 Burnside, General A. E 387, 395 Burr, Aaron 288, 293 Burroughs, George 176 Bushy Run, Battle 198 Business Panic of 1837 333 Business Panic of 1873 426 Butler, General Benj. F..395, 398, 409 Butler, Major John 246 Cabrillo 52 Cabot, John 39 Cabot, Sebastian 39 Page. Cabinet, First Confederate 363 Cabral SS Calhoun 299, 320, 330 Call for Troops 369 Calvert, Cecil 143 Calvert, Leonard 143 Calvert, Philip 144 Campbell, Colonel 245 Camden, Battle 249 Canary Islands 23 Canby, General 425 Canonicus, Chief 141 Cantey, Captain 182 Capital Bargain 2S2 Captain Jack, Chief 425 Garden, Captain 310 Carleton, Sir Guy 228 Caroline, Fort 99 Carpenter's Hall 220 Carr, Dabney 219 Carver, John 132 Carteret Colony 150 Carteret, Sir Geo 129 Cartier 59 Castenado, General 340 Caswell, Colonel Richard 22S Cavalry Leaders 409 Cedar Creek, Battle 410 Cedar Mountain, Battle 385 Census, First 2S3 Centennial Celebration 424 Central America Discovered 37 Cerro Gordo, Battle 349 Chad's Ford, Battle 237 Chalmette, Battle 313 Champlain 60 Chandler, Gen 304 Chancellorsville, Battle 3SS Chapultepec. Battle 349 Charleston Captured 247 Charleston Convention 361 Charleston Earthquake 433 Charleston Founded 150 Charter defined 260 Charter Oak 178 Charter, Massachusetts 135 Charter, Rhode Island 141 Cheatham, (Jen. B F 40S Cherokee War 197 Cherry Valley Massacre 246 Chesapeake Bay m Cheves, Lan^don 299, 324 Chicago Fire 424 Chickamauga, Battle 405 Chicora 44 Chippewa, Battle 306 INDEX. 457 Page. Chrysler's Field, Battle 305 Churchill, Gen. T. J 405 Chichimecs 73 Civil Rights Bill 421 Civil Service Reform 430 Claiborne, Gov. C. C 306, 316 Clarke, Colonel 245 Clark, Gen. Geo. Rogers 242 Clarke, Wm 292 Clarendon Colony 149 Clay, Henry....299, 313, 317, 319, 3^9. 33i> 337> 343> 355 Clayborne's Rebellion 143 Clayton, Gen. H. D 409 Cleburne, Gen. Pat 409 Cleveland, Grover 429-433 Clinch, General 323 Clinton, General 226, 293, 234 Clinton, George 295 Clinton, Sir Henry 247 Cloyce, Sarah 176 Cobb, Howell 363 Coddington, Wm 141 Coffee, General 306 Cold Harbor Battle 412 Colgvvitt, Gen. A. H 406 Coligny, 98 Colito, Battle 340 Colonial Coins 203 Colonial Congress 179 Colonial Differences 206 Colonial Government, First. .111, 200 Colonial Industries 202 Colonial Life 207 Colonial Money 204 Colonial Progress 199 Colonial Revolts 179 Colorado, Admission of 424 Columbia, District of 2S9 Columbus 23, 37 Compromise of 1833 331 Compromises, Three Great 269 Conception, Battle 340 Conemaugh Disaster 434 Confederate Government 363-365 Conflicting Claims 164 Congress, First Continental 220 Congress, First Federal 279 Connecticut settled 139 Constitution, Adoption of ...272-273 Constitutional Convention . ...26S-273 Constitution defined 260 Constitution, First written 256 Constitution, First Virginia 123 Constitutional Interpretation 271 Constitutional Union Party 362 Page. Contreras, Battle 349 Conway Cabal 239 Cooper, Sir Ashley iqo Corinth, Battle 3S0 Cornwallis, General 234, 236, 2 37> -247. 2 49 Coronado 52 Cory, Giles 176 Cory, Martha 176 Cortez, Hernando 49 Correspondence, Committees of 219 Cotymoore, Capt 197 Cotton Gin 327 Cotton Manufactures 327 Cowpens, Battle 254 Craven, Governor 170 Creek War 306 Creek Treaty 319 t. rittenden, General 377 Croatan 105 Crawford, Wm. H 319 Crockett, David 340 Crook, General 432 Cross Keys, Battle 384 Crown Point captured 225 Croghan, Major 303 Cruger, Colonel 247, 255 Cuba, Discovery of 35 Cumberland Road 317 Custer Massacre 425 Curtis, Gen 376, 404 Dacan 63 Dade Massacre 323 Dale, Sir Thos 119 Dallas (Ga.), Battle 406 Dare, Virginia 105 Dark Ages 20 Davis, John 69 Davis, Jefferson 34S, 364 Deane, Silas 241 Dearborn, Gen. Henry 301 Death Angle 411 Decatur 291, 310 De Chopart 171 Declaration of Independence 231 Declaratory Act 216 De Contrecoeur 190 Deerfield Massacre 168, 179 De Gourgues 100 De Kalb 237, 248 Delaware, Lord 116 De Leon, Alonzo 156 Democratic-Republican Partv.... 286 De Monts 59 Denys 59 45« INDEX. Page. De Rouville 179 De Soto 52, 53 D'Estaing, Count 241, 246 Detroit, Surrender 301 De Vitre 193 Diaz, Bartholomeu 21 Dieskau, Baron 190 Dinwiddie, Governor 186 Doniphan, Colonel 346 Donop, General 23-; Dorchester Heights 228 Dorr's Rebellion 336 Douglas, Stephen A 356, 362 Dover (N. II.) Massacre 179 Dowling, Lieutenant R. W 400 Downie, Commodore 307 Drake. Sir Francis 69, 103 Drake, Captain 1S2 Dred Scott Decision 355 Drummond, General 306 Drummond, Wm 149 Duhault 156 Du Quesne Built 188 Du Quesne, Capture of 193 Early, Gen. Jubal 410 East India Co 126 Eccanacheca, Battle 306 Educational Campaign 432 Election, First 116 Electoral College 270 Electoral Commission 427 Elizabeth, Queen 68 Elizabeth, Settlement of 106 Elmira, Battle 246 Emancipation Proclamation 417 Embargo Act ... 294 Empressarios, The 339 Emucfaw, Battle 306 Enciso 47 Endicott, John ... 135 Endicott, W. C 430 English Revolution 136 English, Wm. II 428 Era of Good Feeling 315 Erie Canal 317 Erik the Red 90 Espejo 52 Eutaw Springs, Battle 255 Evans, General 373 Everett, Edward 362 Ewell, Gen. Richard S 3S4, 390 Falling Waters, Battle 371 Fauquier, Governor 215 Farragut, Commodore... 396-39S, 412 Federalists 272 Page. Federalist, The 272 Federal Convention, Work of... 268 Federal Ratio 270 Fenwick, Captain 1S2 Ferdinand 26 Ferguson, Major 251 Fifteenth Amendment 420 Fillmore, Millard 357 Finnegan, Gen. Joseph.... 406 Fisher Hill, Battle 410 Fishing Creek, Battle 251 Five Forks, Battle 413 Florida Cession 317 Florida, Discovery of 44 Florida Settled 99 Forbes, General 193 Forrest, Gen. X. B 408-409 Fort Donelson Captured 377 Fort Henry Captured 377 Fort Wm. Henry Massacre 191 Fort Fontenac, Capture of 192 Fort Piduski Captured 395 Fort Rosalie Massacre 171 Fort Sumter Surrendered 367 Forty-niners 350 Fourteenth Amendment 420 Franklin, Battle 408 Franklin, Benjamin 1S8, 241, 262, 28 1 Franklin, General 400 Franklin, State of . 267 Frazier, General.. 241 Free Soil Party .. 3S7 Fredericksburg, Battle 3S7 Fremont, Gen. J. C..357, 3S2, 3S4, 401 French Alliance 241 French and Indian War 189 Frenchtovvn, Battle 303 Frobisher 69 Frontenac, Count .... 63 Front Royal, Battle 384 Fugitive Slave Law 355 Fulton, Robert 295 Fu Sang 89 Gadsden, Christopher ...215. 272 Gadsden Purchase .. 350 Gaines, Fort. 412 Gaines, General 305, 306, 323 Gallatin, Albert 313 Galveston Captured 400 Gama, Vasco da 21 Gansevoort, Colonel 240 Garfield, Jas. A 427, 428 Garland, Augustus II 430 Garnett, General 392 INDEX. 459 Page. Garrison, Wm. L 356 Gaspee, The 21S Gates, General 221,240, 248 Gates, Sir Thomas 116 General Court 136 Genet 283 Geneva Award 424 Genoa City 21 Germantown, Battle 237 Geronimo, Chief 433 Gettysburg, Battle 390-392 Ghent Treaty 313 Gibson, Gen. Randall L 409 Gilbert, Raleigh 107 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 101 Glorietta, Battle 375 Gold, Discovery of 350 Goliad Massacre 340 Gonzales, Battle 340 Good Hope, Cape 21 Good Hope, Fort 139 Good, Sarah 176 Goodwin, John 175 Gordon, Gen. J. B 410 Gorges, Sir Ferdinand 139 Gosnold 106, in Government, Forms of 259 Grand Model, The 150 Graffenreid, Baron 169 Granganimo, Chief 102 Grant, Gen. U. S 376, 377, 379 399^ 405, 409- 4i 1 > 412, 421, 432 Grant, Major 193 Granville, Prime Minister 214 Great Woods 186 Greenbacks 426 Green Mountain Boys 225 Green, Rev. Roger 148 Greene, General 234, 238, 253-257 Greenville 103 Grijalva 47 Grundy, Felix 299 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty 350 Guilford C. H. Battle 254 Gunnbjorn 89 Half King, Chief 188 Halleck, Gen. H. W 376, 379, 3S5 Hamilton, Alexander.. ..26S, 272, 281 Hamilton, Governor 242 Hamlin, Hannibal 361 Hampton, Gen. Wade.. ..373, 374, 303 > 409 Hancock, Gen. W. S 411, 412, 428 Hancock, John 218 Handcock, Chief 169 Page. Hanging Rock, Battle 251 Hardee, Gen. W. J 378 Harlem Heights. Battle 234 Harmar, Gen 2S3 Harper's Ferry Captured 3S6 Harrison, Gen. Wm. Hy 298, 303 , 333 Harrison, Benjamin F 431 Harrison, Benjamin 225, 271 Hartford Convention 309 Harvard College 207 Harvard, Rev. John 207 Harvey, Sir John 172 Hatteras Inlet Captured 395 Haverhill Massacre 179 Haves, Rutherford B 426 Hayti Discovered 35 Hayne, Col. Isaac 24S Hendrick, Chief 190 Herkimer, General 240 Hendricks, Thos. A 426, 429, 432 Hennepin 63 Henry. Patrick 215, 271 Herjulfson 89 Hessians 235 Hiens 156 Hill, Gen. A. P 374, 390 Hill, Gen. D. H 386, 413 Hindman, Gen. T. C 404 Hispaniola 34 Hobbs, Deliverance 176 Hobkirk's Hill, Battle 255 Hoe, R. M, 343 Iloei Shin 86 Holmes, Gen. T. H 405 Hood, Gen. J. B 407 Hooker, Gen. Joseph 387, 390 Hooker, Rev. Thomas 140 Horse Shoe Bend, Battle 306 Houston, Gen. Sam 341, 342 Howe, Admiral 242 Howe, Elias 343 Howe, General 226 Howe, Gen. Robt 245 Howard, Gen 389, 427 Hudson 70 Hudson River, Discovery of 70 Huger, Gen. Benj 371 Huguenots 98 Hull, Captain 309 Hull, Gen. Wm 301 Hunt, Rev. Robt 111 Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne 13S Huger, Col 247 Iberville 155 460 INDEX. Page. Ikiefonso Treaty 291 Illinois, Admission of 318 Illinois Explored 63 Importation Acts 212 Impressment of Seamen 300 Independence, Growth of 276 Indian Races 7S Indian Territory Organized 323 Indiana, Admission of 315 Internal Improvements 317 Invention, Progress of 343 Iowa, Admission of 343 Iuka, Battle 3S0 Isabel, Fort 35 Isabella 26 Island No. 10 Captured 395 Izard, Gen. Ralph 305 Jack, Capt Jackson, Andrew .306, 313, 316, 319, 320, 322 Jackson, Gen. " Stonewall " 372, 373. 33i, 3S4> 3S5. Jamaica, Discovered Jamestown Massacre Jamestown Settled Japan Treaty Jasper, Sergeant Jay, John Jay's Treaty Jefferson, Thomas 231, 290 Jesuits Johnson, Andrew 418 Johnson, Col. Richard M. Johnson, Gen. Edward. Johnson, Governor Johnson, Ilerschel V Johnson Impeachment, The Johnson, Sir Wm Johnston, Gen. Albert Sidney... 37u Johnston, Gen. J. E....371, 372, 3S1, 3S4, 406, 407, Joliet Jones, Capt. Paul Jumonville, Jury Trial, First 190 331 339 37 165 in 357 229 279 2S2 296 60 •420 304 3S4 182 362 421 190 -379 4H 62 -47 18S Kansas. Admission of 357 Kansas-Nebraska Bill 356 Kansas Struggle, The ... 356 Karlsefne 90 Kearney, Gen .... 346 Kieft... " 128 Kemper, Gen 392 Kendall in Page. Kennesaw Mt., Battle 406 Kent Island 143 Kentucky, Admission of 2S3 Kentucky Resolutions 288 Kernstown, Battle 384 Kettle Creek, Battle 245 Kid, Capt 205 Kilpatrick, Gen 409 King George's War 180 King's Mountain, Battle 251 King, Rufus .... 295 King Philip's War 167 King William's War 17S Kuvphausen, Gen 234 Knox, Gen 280 Knoxville, Siege of , 405 Kosciusko 237, 240, 255 Labrador, Discovery of 39 La Colle, Battle " 305 Laconia 139 Lafayette 237 Lafayette's Visit 31S Lafitte.. 313 Lake Erie, Battle 304 Lake George, Battle 190 Lamar, L. Q. C 430 Lamar, Mirabeau B 342 Lane, Jos 362 Lane, Ralph 103 Lancelot 156 Laudonierre 99 Langharne. Captain 309 Laurens, Henry 230 Lawrence, Captain 310-31 1 La Salle 62. 155 Law. John. 158 Lee, Arthur 241 Lee, Gen. Chas 241 Lee, Gen. Fitzhugh 274 Lee. Fort 234 Lee. Col. Henry 251. 268, 272 Lee, Gen. Robt. E 370, 384-393 Lee. R. II 2IQ, 27 1 Lee, Gen. S. D 399, 408, 4«> Le Boeuf, Fort 1N7 Le Feboure 1S2 Leisler, Jacob 179 Lewis, Merriwether 292 Lexington, Battle 223 Lexington (Mo.), Captured 375 Liberty Bell 231 Liberty Party 357 Liberty, Statue of 433 Lief Ericson 90 Lincoln, Abraham 361, 367, 409 INDEX. 461 Page. Lincoln, General 240, 245, 246 Liotot 156 Little Turtle, Chief 2S3 Livingstone, Commissioner 291 Locke, Col. Francis 251 Locke, John 150 Logan, John A 429 London Company 107 Loudon, Lord 192 Long Island Battle 234 Longstreet, Gen. James 385, 3S6, 390, 405, 413 Loose Constructionists 317 Lookout Mountain, Battle 405 Louisburg Captured 1S0 Louisiana, Admission of 315 Louisiana, Limits of defined 290 Louisiana Named 65 Louisiana, Purchase 291, 292 Louisiana Settled 15S Louisiana, Quarantine Station.... 427 Lowndes, Wm. 299 Loyalty, Question of 370 Lundy's Lane, Battle -306 Lyman, General 190 Lynn, Captain 375 Macdonough, Commodore. 307 Mackey, Colonel 170 Macomb, General 305 Madison, James 26S, 272, 29S-315 Madog S9 Magas 73 Magaw 234 Magaw, Colonel 42 Magellan 371 Magruder, Gen. J. B 371, 3S3, 399 Maguaga, Battle 301 Maine, Admission of 31S Maine Settled 139 Maitland, Colonel 246 Mallory, Stephen B 363 Malvern 385 Mandeville, Sir John 20 Manhattan Island Settled 126 Manning, Daniel 430 Mansfield, Battle 401 Manteo, Chief 103 Marion, General 2^0 Marco, Friar 52 Marquette 62 Marshall, Colonel 348 Martin. John in Maryland Named 143 Mason, Geo 264, 271 Mason James M 417 Page. Mason, John 139, 167 Mason and Dixon's Line 145 Massachusetts Bay Co 135 Massachusetts Explored 106 Massasoit, Chief 134 Mather, Cotton 176 Mauvilla 54 Maumee, Battle 283 Maurepas 156 Maximilian 417 Mayflower 131 Mayflower Compact 261 Maynard, Lieutenant 205 McClellan .370, 375, 382, 386, 432 McCormick's Reaper 322 McCulloch, Gen. Ben 375, 377 McDowell, Battle 384 McDowell, Gen. Irvin 371, 3S3 McHenry, Fort 311 Mcintosh, General 377 McKay, Lieutenant 183 McPherson, General 407, 408 Meade, Gen. Geo. G 390 Mecklenburg Resolutions 231 Meigs, Fort 303 Melendez 99 Memminger, Chas. G 363 Mendoza, Antonio de 52 Mercer, Fort 238 Mexican War 34-+-35 1 Mexico, Aborigines of 73 Mexico City Captured 349 Mexico Discovered 47 Micanopv, Chief 323 Michigan, Admission of 322 Minin, Fort 23S Milan Decree 293 Military Act 421 Mill Springs, Battle 377 Miller, Colonel 306 Minnesota, Admission of 357 Minuit, Peter 127, 129 Missionary Ridge, Battle 405 Mississippi, Admission of 31S Mississippi Company 158 Mississippi, Discoverv of 54 Mississippi Explored 54 Mississippi River Explored. 65 Missouri, Admission of 3'S, 3*9 Missouri Compromise 319 Mobile Attacked 412 Monckton, Colonel 1S9 Modoc War 424 Monk's Corner, Battle 247 Monitor and Virginia 396 Molino del Rev, Battle 349 462 INDEX. Page. Monmouth, Battle 241 Monroe Doctrine 317 Monroe, James 291, 315-319 Montana, Admission of 434 Montcalm 191 Montezuma 49 Montiano 182 Montgomery, Colonel 197 Montgomery, Gen. Richard..... 22S Montreal, Capture of 194 Moore, Col. James 169 Moore, Governor. 1S1 Moore's Creek Bridge, Battle 228 Morgan, Fort 412 Morgan, Gen. Daniel ...228, 240, 254 Morgan, Gen. Jno. II 408, 409 Mormons, The 337 Morris, Robt 263 Morristown Heights 237 Morse, Prof. S. F. B 343 Morse, Rebecca 176 Morton, Levi P 431 Moultrie, Colonel 229, 245 Moultrie, Fort 229 Mound Builders ..86, 87 Mulligan, Colonel 375 Mumfordsville, Battle 380 Murfreesboro, Battle 404 Nadod 89 Nahueke, Fort 169 Nashville, Battle 409 Natchitoches 158 Natchez War 171 National Republican Party 320 Narvaez, Pamphilo de 45 Navigation Acts 211 Nebraska, Admission of 421 Necessity, Fort iSS New Albion 69 Newherne Settled 169 New Hampshire Settled 139 New Jersey Settled 129 Nelson, Thomas 230 Nelson, Governor 2qn New Market, Battle j.io New Netherlands 126 New Orleans, Battle 313 New Orleans Founded 158 New Orleans, Capture of 39S Newport, Capt. Christopher no Newport Founded 141 New Sweden 129 Newtonia, Battle 404 Nicholson, Governor 179 Ninety-Six, Fort 255 Page. North Dakota, Admission of 434 Non- Conformists 131 North Carolina Explored 102 North Carolina Settled 149 North, Lord 219, 2^7 Northwest Territory, Conquest 242 Nullification. 29^ Nullification Ordinance 330 Oglethorpe, James 154, 1S3 Ojedo 41 Okeechobee, Battle 323 Oklahoma Boom 434 Opitchapan 105 Opecancanough 115, 165 Omnibus Bill 355 Osceola, Chief 323 Otis, James 213 Oswego, Fort 191 Ohio Company 1S6 Ohio, Admission of 290 ( )nate ^2 Olustee, Battle 406 Ocean Cable, First 357 Orange, Fort 127 Orionoco River Discovered 37 Orders in Council 293 Oregon, Admission of 3^7 Oregon Boundary Treaties... 317, 344 Oregon, Discovery of 69 Oriskany, Battle 240 Ordinance of 17S7 265 Ouconostota, Chief 197 Pacific Discovered 47 Pakenham, Sir Edward 313 Palo Alto, Battle 345 Paris, First Treaty of 195 Paris, Second Treaty of 257 Parker, Admiral Hyde 245 Parker, Captain 223 Parker, Sir Peter 228 Parliament 213 Parris, Samuel 176 Partisan Warfare 250 Patriot War 334 Patroons 127 Patterson, General 370 Pearce, Gen. N. B 375 Pea Ridge, Battle 376 Pequods 167 Pendleton, John II 418 Penn, Wm 145 Penn's Treaty 147 Pennsylvania Line, Revolt of 263 Pennsylvania, Settlement of 146 INDEX. 4 6 3 Page. Pepperel, General 1S0 Peratta, Battle 375 Percy, George 117 Perier, General 171 Perry, Commodore 304 Perryville, Battle 381 Personal Liberty Bills 356 Pet Banks 324 Petersburg Captured 413 Petition, Anti-Slavery 2S1 Philadelphia Founded 146 Philip, Chief 167 Philips, General 241, 254 Philippi, Battle 371 Phips, Sir Wm 179 Phoenicians 88 Pickens, General 250 Pickett, Gen. Geo. D 392 Pierce, Franklin 357 Piggott, General 227 Pike, Gen. Albert 376 Pike, Gen. Zebulon 304 Pilgrims 132 Pillow, General 349 Pinckney, Chas. C....268, 2S7, 272, 295 Pinzons, The. 29 Pirates 205 Pitcairn, Major 223 Pitt, Wm 192 Pittsburg Landing, Battle 37S Pizarro 50 Plan of Union, Franklin's iSS Pleasant Hill, Battle 401 Pleasanton, General 409 Plymouth Company 107 Plymouth Rock 132 Plymouth, Settlement of 133 Pocahontas 115 Pocotaligo Massacre 170 Political Thought Centers 212 Polk, Gen. Leonidas 377, 378 Polk, Jas. K 337, 343 Polo, Marco 20 Ponce de Leon 44 Pontchartrain 156 Pontiac, Chief 19S Pope, Gen. John 385, 395 Popham Colony 107 Popham, George 107 Popham, Sir John 1S7 Port Bill, Boston.../. 219 Port Hudson Captured 399 Port Royal (N. S.) 59 Port Royal (S. C.) 9S Port Royal (N. S.) Captured 179 Port Royal (S. C.) Captured 395 Page. Port Republic, Battle 3S4 Porter, Captain 309 Poutrincourt 59 Power Loom 327 Powhattan in Prairie Grove, Battle 404 Preble, Commodore 291 Prescott, Colonel 226 President's Cabinet, First 280 Presque Isle, Fort 1S6 Prevost, General 245, 304 Price, Stirling 346, 375, 376, 379. 38o, 405 Prideaux, General 192 Princeton, Battle 237 Pring 107 Printing Press, First Rotary 343 Proctor, General 303 Prophet, The 29S Proprietors, Lords 148 Protective Tariff 326 Protestants 98 Providence Founded 141 Province Defined 256 Pueblos S7 Pulaski 236 Puritans 131 Puritan Migration 136 Pushamataha, Chief 306 Putnam, General 224, 234 Quakers 147 Quasi French War 2S7 Quebec, Capture of 194 Queenstown, Battle 302 Queen Anne's War 179 Quetzal S9 Rahl, Colonel 236 Railroad, First 320 Railroad Strikes 427 Raisin River Massacre 303 Raleigh 102 Raleigh Tavern 216 Ramsour's Mill, Battle 251 Randolph, Edmund 279 Randolph, Peyton 220 Ratcliff in Rawdon, Lord 248, 255 Reagan, J. H 363 Reconstruction 419-421 Red River Expedition 401 Regulators, The 218 Regulating Act 219 Renssaellaer, Stephen Van 302 Republican Party 357 4 6 4 INDEX. Page. Resaca de la Palma Resaca (Ga.), Battle Revenue Act Revenue Tariff Revere, Paul Rhett, Col. Wm 182, Rhode Island Expedition Rhode Island Settled Riall, General Ribaut Rice Culture Introduced Riedesel, General Rich Mountain, Battle Richmond (Kv.), Battle Riedesel, General Roanoke Island Robertson, James Robertson. J. W Rodgers, Commodore Rolfe, John Rosalie, Fort Rosecrans, Gen.W. S....3S0. 404. 405, Ross. General Roberval Russell, Jonathan Rutledge, John 230. Ryswick Treaty St. Augustine Pounded St. Clair. General 239, St. Lawrence, Gulf St. Leger, General St. Louis, Fort St. Marv's (Fla.) St. Marv's ( Md.)', Settlement of.. Sabine Cross Roads. Battle Sabine Pass, Battle Sackett's Harbor, Defense of Sacramento Creek, Battle Sagadahoc Salamanca, Council of Salmon Falls (Me.) Massacre... Salzburgers Samoset, Chief Sander's Creek, Battle San Felipe Convention San Jacinto, Battle 341, San Salvador Santa Anna, General Santa l'Y Founded Santa F6 Expedition Santa Fe. Trail Sassacus, Chief Sauvolle Savannah Founded 345 406 216 326 223 205 242 Mi 306 9 S 202 241 37i 3S0 235 103 366 34i -99 165 157 406 3" 59 3'3 268 179 99 283 59 240 156 98 M3 401 400 3°5 34" 107 26 179 '54 i33 249 34' 342 33 34- 5 2 346 34" 166 '55 153 Page. Savannah Captured 245 Sayle, Wm 149 Schenectady Massacre 179 Schoneld, General 408 Schuyler, Fort 240 Schuyler, General 237. 240 Scott. Gen. W. S....305, 34S-350, 370 .Screw Propeller 322 Secession, Cause of 362 Secession of Southern States 363 Secession Ordinance 363 Sedgwick, General 3S7 Sectional Antagonism, Begin- ning of 31S Sectional Antagonism 35 3 ~354 Sectional Inequality 342 Sedition Law 2SS Self-Government, Development 277 Seminole War 315, 323 Semmes, Admiral 402-403 Separatists 131 Seven Days' Battles 3S4 Seven Pines' Battle 3S4 Sevier, Col. John 253, 267 Sewing Machine, First 343 Seymour, Gen. Freeman 406 Slidell, John 417 Shirley, General 189 Shiloh, Battle 37S Shields, General 3S4 Sherman, Gen. Thomas \V 395 Sherman, Gen. W, T 399, 405-408 Sherman's March 40S Sheridan, Gen. P. II 409, 410 Shelby, Col. Isaac 253 Shay's Rebellion 265 Shawnee War 298 Shawmut 136 Sitting Bull. Chiet 4^5 Si ux War 424 Sigel, General 375, 409 Sibley's Brigade "... 375 Skipwith, Fulwar 316 Skittaw aires 107 Slavery Introduced 121 Slavery, Opposition to 353 Slater, Samuel 327 Slemmer, Lieutenant 365 Smyth, Gen. Alex 303 Smith, Capt. John Ill Smithsonian Institution 344 Smithson, James 343 Smith, Lieut. N. II 400 Smith, Joseph 337 Smith. Gen. E. Kirbv... 372, 374, 3So, 414 INDEX. 465 Page. Smith, Gen. C. F 376 Smith, Gov. Henry 341 Snorri go Somers, Sir George 116 South Carolina, Settlement of.... 98 South Dakota, Admission of 434 South Mountain, Battle 3S6 Sovereignty 259 Spottswood, Governor 169, 205 Spottsylvania, Battle 411 Spoliation Claims 292 Spoils System 324 Spain, Treaty with 283 Squanto 133 Squatter Sovereignty 356 Stamp Act, The 214 Standish, Captain 132, 133 Stanton, Edwin M 421 Stark, Gen. John 223 Star of the West 365 Starving Time 11S State Defined 256 State Rights 271 Steamboat, First 295 Steamship, First 318 Steele, Gen. Frederick 404 Stephens, Alex. H 364 Stephenson, Fort 303 Steuben 237, 238 Stewart, Gen. A. P 408 Stewart, Gen. J. E. B 386 Stirling, General 234 Stoddart, Benjamin 2S7 Stoneman, General 388 Stono Ferry, Battle 246 Stony Point, Capture 246 Stringham, Commodore 395 Stuyvesant 128 Sub-Treasury System 335 Suffrage 270 Sullivan's Expedition 246 Sullivan, General 234, 242 Sumter, General 250 Sutherland, Lieutenant 183 Swansey Massacre 167 Swedish Settlements 146 Talladega, Battle 306 Tariff Defined, 325 ; Classified.... 326 Tarleton, Colonel.... 247, 249, 251, 254 Taxes Defined 325 Taylor, Zachary 323, 345-348, 357 Taylor, Gen. Richard 40i> 414 Teach, Pirate 205 Tea Party, Boston 219 Tecumseh, Chief 298, 301, 304 Page. Telegraph, First 343 Tennessee, Admission of 283 Tenure of Office Act 421 Territory, " South of the Ohio." 284 Territory, State Cessions of 284 Texas Admitted 343 Texas Annexation 338-343 Texas Annexed 343 Texas Cession 350 Texas Declaration of Independ- ence 342 Texas, French Exploration of 156 Texas Revolution 340 Thames, Battle 304 Thirteenth Amendment 420 Thoerwald 90 Thomas, Gen. George H 377, 3So, 405 Thomas, Gen. Philemon 315 Thomas, Senator 319 Thornton Massacre 345 Thurman, Allen G 431 Ticonderoga Captured 225 Tilden, Samuel J 426, 432 Tituba 176 Tobacco Culture 119 Toltecs 73 Tomo Chichi, Chief 153 Tonti 63 Toombs, Robt 363 Townshend, Chancellor 216 Travis, Col. W. B 340 Treasury Surplus 431 Trent Affair 417 Trenton, Battle : 236 Tripolitan War 291 Truxton, Commodore 287 Tryon, Governor 218, 246 Tuscarora War 169 Twiggs, General 349 Tyler, John 336 Union Pacific Railroad 424 United -Mates Bank 324 Urrea, General 341 Utrecht, Treaty 1S0 Vacca, Cabacca de 45 Valencia, General 349 Valley Forge 238 Valley Campaign 3S4 Valverde, Battle 275 Van Buren, Martin 333 Van Dorn, Gen. Earl 376, 379 Van Home, Major 301 Van Twiller 12S 466 IND Page. Velasco, Treaty 342 Velasquez 49 Venango, Fort 1S7 Vermont, Admission of -S3 Verrazanni 58 Vespuccius 41 Vicksburg Captured 399 Vikings 89 Vilas, VV. F 430 Vinland • 90 Virginia and Monitor 396 Virginia Resolutions 28S Von Heister, General 234, 235 Votan 89 Waldsee, Muller 41 Walker, Sir Ilovenden 179 Walker, Lerov P 363 Wallace. Gen. Lewis 410 Walloons 128 Walthall, Gen. E. C 409 Ward, Gen. Artemus 220 Wardwell, Samuel 176 Warner. Seth 22$ War of 1812 300-315 Warren, General 180 Washington. Admission of 434 Washington City 289 Washington, Col. William 254 Washington (Tex.) Convention 341 Washington, Fort 234 Washington, George, 1S7; Gen- eral. 225-257; President, 279-2S4 Washington, Treaty 424 Waxhaw, IJattle 251 Wayne, Gen. Anthony 246, 283 Weathersford, Chief 306 Webster-Ashburton Treaty 337 Webster, Daniel 336 West Florida, State of 315 West. Gov. Joseph 150 West India Company 127 Weymouth 107 Wheeler, Gen. Joseph H 380, 408 Wheeler, W. A 426 Whig Party 333 Whisky Rebellion 282 EX. „jt&l- \\ hite Apple \ illage 171 White. Governor 105 White Plains, Battle 234 White. Rev. John 135 Whitney, Eli 327 Whitney, Wm. C 430 Wilcox, General 392 Wilderness, Battle 411 Wilkinson, Gen. James 305 Willard, John 176 William and Mary College 2&] Williams, Colonel 190 William Henry, Fort 191 Williams, Roger 137 Williamsburg, Battle 3S3 . Wilmot Proviso 354 Wilson's Creek, Battle 375 Winchester, Battle 410 Winchester, General 303 Winder, General 304 Windsor, General 305 Wingfield m-114 Wingina 102 Winthrop, General 179 Winthrop, John 136 Wisconsin, Admission of 343 Wisconsin Explored 62 Witchcraft, Salem 175 Wolfe, General 193 Wool, General 346 World's Exposition |£8 Worth, General 347 Writs of Assistance 2(3 Wyatt, Sir Francis 124 Wyoming Massacre 246 Yamassee War , 170 Yeamans, Sir John 149 Yeardly, Governor 119-123 Yell, Colonel 34S York, Duke of 129 Yorktown Surrender 256 Young, Brigham 337 Zavalla, Lorenzo de 342 Zollicoffer, General 377 Zuni S7