WHO IS UNACQUAINTED WITH THE CEOCRAPHY OF THIS COUNTRY, WILL SEE BY EXAMJNINC TH!6 MAP , THAT THE CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC R. R. IS THE GREAT CONNECTING LINK BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST! a line runs from Chicago to Council Bluffs, passing through Juliet, Ottawa, La Salle, Geneseo, Moline, Rock Island, Davenport, West Liberty, lo'wa City, Marengo, Brooklyn, Grinnell, Des Moines (the capital of Iowa), Stuart, Atlantic and Avoca; with "branches from Bureau Junction te Peoria; Wilton Junction to Muscatine, Washington, Fairfield, Eldon, Belknap, Centreville, Princeton, Trenton, Gallatin, Cameron, Leavenworth, Atchison and Kansas City ; Washington to Sigourney, Oskaloosa and Knoxville ; Keo- kuk to Farmington, Bonaparte, Beutonsport, Independent, Eldon, Ottumwa, Eddyvllle, Oskaloosa, Pella, Monroe and Des Moines; Newton to Monroe ; Des Moines to Indianola and Winterset ; Atlan- tic to Lewis and Audubon ; and Avoca to Harlan. This is positively i Railroad which owns and operates a through line from Chicago into the State of Kansas. b Express Passenger Trains, with Pullman Palace Cars attached, are run each way daily between Chicago and Peolia, Kassas City, Council Bluffs, Leavenworth and Atchison. Through cars are also run between Milwaukee and Kansas City via the " Milwaukee and Rock Island Short Line." The " Great Rock Island" is magnificently equipped. Its road- hjvl is simply perfect, and its track is laid witli steel rails. What will please you most will be the pleasure of enjoying your meal- while passing over the beautiful prairies of Illinois and Iowa in one of our magnificent Dining Can that accompany all Through Express Trains. You get an entire meal, as good as is served in auy first-class hotel, lor seventy-five i Appreciating the fact that a majority of the people prefer separate apartments for different purposes (and the Immense passenger busi- ; line warranting it), we are pleased to announce that this runs Pullman Palace Sleeping Cars for sleeping purposes, . i I';, lire Dlntmc lars for eatine purpose's only. One other great i a SMOKING SALOON where you can enjoy your" Havana" ai all hour! "I" the day. the Mil nd Mil issippi sfers are avoid nd Atchison, Magnificent Iron Bridges spa at all points crossed l.v this lint cil Bluffs. Kansas Civy, Leav. being male in Union Depots. *" THE PRINCIPAL R. R. CONNECTIONS OF THIS GREAT THROUGH LINE ARE AS FOLLOWS: •ith all diverging lines for the East and South. >, with the L. S. A M. S. and P., Ft. W. A C. R. At Chicago At Englev Rds. At Washington Heights, with P., C. & St. L. R. R. At La Salle, with III. Cent. R. R. At Peokia, with P. P.4J.; P. D. & E. ; I. B. Ai W. : 111. Mid. ; and T. P. & W. R. Rds. At Rock Island, with " Milwaukee A Rock Island Short Line," and Rock Island A Peo. R. Rds. At Davenport, with the Davenport Division C. M. & St. P. R. R. At West Liberty, with the 1!., C. K. A N. R. R. At Grinnell, with Central Iowa R. R. • At Des Moines, with 1>. M. A F. D. R. R. At Council Bluffs, with Union Pacific R. R. At Omaha, with B. A Mo. R. R. R. in X. 6. At Columbus Junction, with B., C. R. A N. R. R. At Ottumwa. with t'entral Iowa R. R. ; W., St. L. & Pac, and C. B. & Q. R. Rds. At Keokuk, with Tol., Peo. & War. ; Wab., St. Louis A Pac, and St. I... Keo. .v. N.-W. R. R.ls. At Cameron, with H. A St. J. R. R. At Atchison, with Alcb., Topeka A Santa Fe ; Atch. A Neb. and Cen. Br. U. P. R. Rds. At Leavenworth, with Kan. Pac. and Kan. Cent. R. Rds. At Kansas City, with all lines for the West and Southwest, PULLMAN PALACE CARS are run through to PBOEIA, DES MOINES, COUNCIL BLUFFS, KAN- SAS CITY, ATCHISONand LEAVENWORTH. Tickets via this Line, known as the " GREAT ROCK ISLAND ROUTE," are sold by all Tjcket Agents in the United States and Canada. For information not obtainable at your home ticket office, address *X. KIMBALL, E. ST. JOHN. Gen'l Superintendent. Gen'l Ticket and Passenger Agent, CHICAGO, ILL. J. H. HAV LY'S AMERICAN ENTERPRISES. > I » I — 4 Haverly's Niblo's Garden Theatre, New York. Haverly's Fifth Avenue Theatre, New York. Haverly's American United Mastodon Minstrels. Haverly's Athletic and Pedestrian Amphitheatre. Ha verly's Genuine Negro Minstrel & Jubilee Comp'y Haverly's Golden Group Mining Co., Colorado. Haverly's Mining Exchange, Chicago, 111. Haverly's Jockey Club & Driving Park, Chicago, fll. J. H. HAVERLY'S MINING INTERESTS, —4^ jP^TI^I .A.S FOLLOWS : ^0= — THE J. H. HAYERLY GOLDEN GROUP MINING CO., Consisting- of sixteen Mines and three Placer Claims in the San Miguel District. THE RED CROSS PLACER MINING CO., SAN MIGUEL. THE HAYERLY INVINCIBLE MINE AND MILL OF ROSITA. THE CHICAGO AND SILYER CLIFF MINING CO., Embodying the following' claims: BIJOU, MYRTLE, CASTLE, JIM CROW, MAMMOTH, SHERIDAN, DEL ORA, FREDERICK CITY, WALTER SCOTT, SING SING, AND OTHERS. Interests in the SAN JUAN DISTRICTS, THE SALAMANCA, THE CUBA, THE UNDINE, AND FIVE OTHERS, THE GUNNISON INTERESTS include THE GUNNISON NEWS, The First and Leading Newspaper in the County. HAYERLY, BOUTCHER, BUCK & HALL, Editors and Proprietors, Gunnison, Col. THE GUNNISON MIMING & REAL ESTATE EXCHANGE, HAYERLY, BOUTCHER, BUCK & CO., Gunnison, Colorado. — — s ns^uxrinsro- claims:: THE BULLION KING, MONTE CHRISTO, HIDDEN TREASURE, WHITE LILY, JERSEY BLUE, BETSEY, NATIYE SILYER, EXTENSION OF THE SILYERNITE, THE RUSTLER, ANDTWELYE OTHERS. ALSO EIGHT PROSPECTING COMPANIES, Composed of reliable men of many years' experience, who will prospect all Mineral Districts of the entire State of Colorado during the Seasons of iSSo and iSSi. THE REAL ESTATE, OR CITY AND TOWN PROPERTIES OF J. H. HAYERLY, Consists of about TWO THOUSAND LOTS in GUNNISON, IRWIN and CRESTED BUTTE. SIXTY ACRES of Land adjoining GUNNISON, and LARGE TRACTS of COAL LANDS IN WASHINGTON GULCH. For information desired, inquire of or communicate with -->THExJ.xH.xHAVERLYxM1N1NGxEXGHANGE,^- 16 and 18 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO, ILL. > < ■ ^ The+Tourist's+Favorite+Route. ■5 a bo < *■ •8jnojj+8}uoABj+sjsjjnoj i +8qj l «■ 3 [ °5 [07 108 [oS [09 1 1-1 14 1 1 1 1 12 l 3 J 3 »3 H J 4 '5-138 l 5 l 7 l 9 21 -4 •25-13° 2 5 26 ■ 2 7 28 CONTEXTS. Washington Gulch Crested Butte - - - - Hillerton ----- Views of Men Who Have Been There San Juan - Rio Grande Count v I linsdale County ... - San Juan County - Ouray County - La Plata County ... Its Drawbacks and Advantages MISCELLANEOUS How to Prospect ... - How to Assay Carbonates Altitudes in Colorado Altitudes Outside of Colorado Distances - Table Showing the Value of Gold Dust MIXING LAWS ... . Of the United States Of Colorado .... Of Arizona - Of New Mexico GLOSSARY .... 28 130 130 3 1 32-13S '33 34 34 35 : 35 [36 38-140 •33 140 [41 142 142 '43 [45-176 '47 r68 73 76 77-180 Title Page ------ Heading to Preface - Canterbury Bells ----- Heading to Contents - Globe of Cowslips ----- Heading to List of Illustrations - Squirrel and Birds .-•-.. Kansas Avenue, Topeka - . - Capitol of Kansas, Topeka Dairy Scene, Kansas - White's Lake ----- The Game ----- MennoNite Farm, Kansas How Mennonites Lay 'Out Farms Street Scene in Hutchinson, Kansas School-House, Line of the A. T. and S. F. R. R. Court-House, Great Bend, Kansas - Pawnee Rock, Kansas - - - Bridge at Larned - Farm on the Line of the A. T. and S. F. R. R Kansas Corn ----- A Kansas Product ----- Basket of Nuts - Wild Flowers _-»-.'.... Flock of Sheep - High Grade Sheep ----- Mennonite Settlement - Page. Title 9 10 i i M l 5 l 7 2 3 H 27 28 28 29 3 1 3 2 3 2 33 34 35 39 40 43 44 45 46 46 4 S LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Kansas " Water Works " - 49 Wild Fern ------ 55 San Miguel College, Santa Fe - - 56 Apple Blossoms ------ 57 Raton Mountains ... - 5S Hotel and Bath-House, Hot Springs, Las Vegas, 62 In San Francisco Street, Santa Fe - 74 Burro and Boy ------ 78 Governor's Palace, Santa Fe - - 79 The Plaza, Santa Fe ... 81 Priest Teaching Boys, Santa Fe - - 82 The New Cathedral, Santa Fe 84 New Fort Marcy, Santa Fe - 85 St. Mary's Chapel, Santa Fe - - S7 Guadalupe Chapel ----- SS Mexican Pottery --.--- 90 Burros Packed with Goods ... cp Ruins of the Cathedral of Taos 93 Pueblo of Taos : - 94 New Mexican Indians - - - - 100 Deer in the Forest - 101 Forest Scene, Colorado - 102 The Inundation - - 103 Street Scene, Prescott, Arizona - 104 C'ontT-HousE, Prescott ... - 104 Si mool-House, Prescott - 105 San Xavier Church, near Tucson - .106 Arizona Bouquet ... 107 Hieroglyphics on the Rocks, Arizona - 109 Stage Station, Arizona - - - - 110 Cat Among the Geraniums - 114 Colorado Hills - - • 115 Twin Lakes, Color - - n8 Teocalli Mountains, Colorado - - 120 Scenic in Pueblo - - - 122 Bullion and Silver Ore - - - 124 Ruby Camp, Elk Mountains, Colorado - 1 26 Ute Indians, Colorado - - - 1 - / Bramble and Holly - - . i]| HISON, TOPEKA & SANT RAILROAD. only line from the Missouri River Points in X>RADO, NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA, OLD MEX Pullman Palace Cars through to 0, COLORADO, AND SANTA F£;* ( )SE DAILY CONNECTIONS MADE WI — And st Freight Ling \LL IMPORTANT TO) ND MINING CAMPS. Low Rates to Miners and pra - , MA /\ OF THE s, and Mining Macninery, &c.f on ' l0 P el5a and Santa Pe Railroad Company, — AND — | jour Ticket reads, and LIST 03T f Freight i S consigned viJEieflT AND PASSENGER AGENTS JON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE Ii — *«— . EDDY, Gen'l Agent (JEROME, Trav. Agent U information, Mans „.. T ^ l-rjy. -, ' XV ^P S ' MALCOLM, Gen'l Agent, s, lime Tables, PasseJvNEs, D « *r and Freight Rates, nderson, apply in person or • F - brown, address, • TRUSLOW^Gen 'l Trav A gent, __Topeka, Kas J - F - GOODARD, ^^f S f^rf^^' aK0 ^ 0Bt - . ^ARGILL, New England Agt., 197 Wash St., Boston, Cincinnati, Ohio. 51 C lark St., Chica go. 54 Clark St., Chicago - 419 Broadway, N. Y. 402 Pine St., St. Louis. Kansas City, Mo. Denver, Col. ITE, 1 Pass. Ag't. Gen'l Fr't A J ""' °"™ "**"" Topeka, Kas. TopekaJ ANNEY ' Pass - A S ent -OR- IVHITE, fien'l P ass . and Ticket Agt., Topeka, Kas the AgentS On List On flODDARD, Gen'l Freight Agent, Topeka, Kas is Cx d I -TO TAKE THE- Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, = it offers to the public every advantage to be enjoved bv a trip over n line which is FIRST- CLASS in all its appointments, at the very lowest rates, with FAST TIME AND DIRECT CONNECTIONS between CHICAGO and all points in ANSAS, NEBRASKA, COLORADO, WYOMING, MONTANA, NEVADA, ARIZONA, IDAHO, And CALIFORNIA. » NO OTHER LINE WEST FROM CHICAGO RUNS jpfe THE FAMOUS C. B. & Q. PALACE DININC CARS. Steel Track and Superior equipment, combined with their GREAT THROUGH CAR ARRANGEMENT, lies this, above all others, the favorite Route to the South, Southwest, and the Far West. Try it, and you will find reling a luxury instead of a discomfort All information about Rates of Fare, Sleeping Car Accommodations, and Time Tables, will be cheerfully given applying to "W. HITCHCOCK JAMES B. WOOD, T. J. POTTER, Gen'l WeBt'n Pass'r Agt, Gen'l Pass'r Agt., Asst. Gen'l Mr.nager, CHICAGO. CHICAGO. CHICAGO I IHISON. TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAILROAD. ! only line from, the Missouri River to all Points in LORADO, NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA. OLD MEXICO. Palace Cars through to !L0, COLORADO, AND SANTA FE, KM. LOSE DAILY CONNECTIONS MADE WITH r^.C3-E T_jI3STES -Ani- ast Freight Lines I ALL IMPORTANT TOWNS AND MINING CAMPS. il low Rates to Miners a ors, am Mining Machinery, 4c. 'that your Ticket reads, and that your Freight is consigned via full information, Map- Cir liars, Time Tables, Passen- ger and Freight Rates, apply in person or add. WHITE, j. p. GOODARD, lAe-t Tonkas. ToPttA,KA«. —OR— [oftheAgentsonListonMap. 54 Clark St., Chicago. 54 Clark St., Chicago ■ 419 Broadway, N. V. 402 Pine St., St. Louis. Kansas City, Mo. Denver, Col. JN'O. I.. TRUSLOW, Gen'lTrav Agent, Topeka, Kas. R. J . BELFORP, PasT " Agent, 60 York St7Toronto, Ont. II. L. CARGILL, New England Agt., 197 Wash St., Boston, W. J. JA.NNEY, Pass. Agent - . Cincinnati, Ohio. W. P. WHITE, Oen'l Pass, and Ticket Agt., Topeka. Kns. •J F (iODDAKD.Ooii'l Freight Agent, Topeka, Kas A Kansas is in the exact center of the Union. A line Irawn midway across the map of the United States rom east to west will intersect one drawn across the center from north to south. It is 400 miles long, 200 miles wide, and has 52,043,520 acres, of which less than 8,000,000 are yet under cultivation. The average altitude of the state above the ocean level is 2,375 feet; the lowest point, the junction of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, is 750; the highest point is in Cheyenne county, about 4,000 feet. The rivers drain the country in a southerly and easterly direction, and the descent averages 71^ feet to the mile. There is not a fall on any of these streams 7 feet high. The surface is, for the most part, a gentle, rolling prairie, and even where the rivers have rapids, a dam will seldom give a fall of more than 10 feet. The soil of both valley and high prairie is the same fine, black, rich loam so common in the western states. On the high prairie it is from one to three feet deep, but in the bottom it is sometimes twenty feet deep. A few exceptions to this general rule of fertility exist in the extreme western and southwestern counties, but they con- stitute but a small portion of the whole. The state is so well drained that there are very few valleys with stagnant ponds, and there is not a peat swamp of fifty acres within its borders. The topographical character of the state can be seen from the fol- lowing table: 07) Coiui/r, -:: «.. Allen Anderson Atchison Barbour Barton Bourbon Brown Butler Chautauqua . . Chase Cherokee flay- . loud Coffee Cowley Crawford Davis Dickinson . . . . Doniphan Douglas Edwards Elk Ellis Ellsworth Ford Franklin Greenwood.. . . Harper Harvey Jackson Jefferson Jewell Johnson Kingman Labette Leavenworth. . Lincoln Linn Lvon Marion Marshall McPherson. . . . Miami Mitchell Montgomery . . Morris Nemaha Neosho Norton Osage < )sborne Ottawa Pawnee Phillips Pottawatomie. Reno Republic Rice Riley Rooks Hush Russell Saline S. idgV ick Shawnee Smith Sumner Waubansee . . w i hington. . Wil on Wood \ v indotte. . . 90 6 94 Level 90 6 94 Undulating 15 85 10 90 Undulating 90 I 99 Bluffy and undulating 40 60 1 99 Level and undulating S3 10 90 Undulating 98 8 92 Undulating i S 85 s 95 Undulating 25 75 8 92 Undulating 88 5 95 Bluffy and undulating So 10 90 Undulating 89 4 96 Undulating 90 3 97 Undulating 13 87 S 92 Undulating 33 67 6 04 Level and undulating 15 85 10 90 Undulating So 3 97 Blufty and undulating So 3 97 Undulating 75 16 84 Bluffy and undulating So 6 94 Undulating Rolling prairie 75 8 92 Level and bluffy 85 1 99 Level, undulating and bluffy 92 1 99 Undulating 80 1 90 Level 83 8 92 Undulating 80 5 95 Undulating 90 2 98 Level 40 60 6 94 level 13 S7 5 95 Undulating 15 85 5 95 Undulating 16 84 3 97 Undulating 90 16 84 Undulating Rolling prairie 80 10 90 Blufty, level and undulating 80 io 90 Undulating and bluffy 85 1 99 Undulating 80 10 90 Undulating 15 85 8 92 Undulating 16 84 2 98 Undulating 80 3 97 Undulating and bluffy 95 1 99 Undulating 80 10 90 Undulating 80 2 9S Undulating and level 25 75 10 90 Rolling and level 15 85 5 95 Undulating 90 3 97 Undulating 80 9 oi Undulating 9- " 99 90 S 92 Undulating 80 2 98 Undulating 25 75 2 9S Undulating 25 75 1 99 Undulating 15 85 2 98 Undulating 25 75 4 96 Blufly and undulating 15 85 l 99 Undulating 9° 3 97 Undulating 85 1 99 Undulating 8b 4 on Blufly and undulating So 1 99 Level So 1 99 Undulating ■. 90 1 99 Undulating 3° 7° 1 90 Level, undulating and high 50 50 I 99 Level 31 69 8 92 Undulating 15 85 2 98 Undulating 80 3 97 Undulating 85 4 96 Undulating, level and blufty i)2 _• 9 Undulating §0 8 92 Level 90 6 94 Undulating SO 25 75 Undulating -and' blufty KANSAS. 19 The state is well watered by streams, it has good water power, and only seven states in the Union have more miles of railway. THE POPULATION. The immigration into Kansas, and for " homes in Kansas " is one of the marvels of the age. Only a few years ago, the state was the hunting-ground of the savage, and the foot of the white man was never set within it, save only when some adventurous scout or fron- tiersman risked his life to invade the unknown. Now busy, thriving cities are scattered all over the state. Churches, school-houses, colleges, railways, telegraphs, manufactories, farms, herds of stock, thousands of miles of waving grain, and thousands of happy homes, happy faces and families are to be found everywhere. In 1S75 the population of the organized territories was 528,349. Of these, 463,- 238 were born in this country. The larger contributions of foreign nations was as follows: Germany, 17,34^; Ireland, 10,366; Eng- land and Wales, 10,366; Scotland, 2,147, and British America, 7,147. At this time, 91,170 of the inhabitants were natives of Illi- nois, the most generously contributing states after this being Mis- souri, 73,369; Iowa, 49,873; Indiana, 36,322; Ohio, 32,362; Penn- sylvania, 13,399; New York, 12,306; Michigan, 9,935, and Ken- tucky, 9,194- The six New England states had directly contributed 6,35s persons, but of course many of the people from this and other western states were more or less directly from New England. In a state bursting into activitv, as Kansas has done, by im- migration, the proportion of immigrants to births would be very large. Less than one-fourth of the people now within its borders were born there. Since 1S7 5 the population has increased with marvelous and almost incredible rapidity. In 1855 it was 8,601; in i860, 107,206; in 1865, 135,807; in 1870, 364,399; in 1S75, 531,156; in 1878/708,- ^497; in 1S79, 849,978. This shows that in 24 years, from 1855 to 1880, the population increased one hundred fold; and that in four years, from 1875 to 1879, it increased 335^ per cent. 20 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. In i860 the center of population* was at a point eleven miles directly south of Lecompton ; in 1S70 it had moved east fourteen miles, to a point six miles southeast of Lawrence. In 1875 it had moved southwest fifty miles, and was at a point seventeen miles northeast of Emporia. In 1878 it had moved forty-five miles west and one mile south, and was about thirty-two miles south of Junc- tion City. The fact that the center of population moved westward fifteen miles a year for three years is evidence of a tidal wave of emigration that is without a parallel in the history of states. The increase of population from 185510 i860 was 1,146.41 per cent.; the increase from i860 to 1865 was 26.68 per cent. ; the in- crease between 1865 and 1870 was 168.32 per cent.; the increase from 1870 to 1875 was 45.75 per cent. The increase between 1S75 and 1878 was 33.39 per cent. The following table shows the progress of population, property, and taxation: Tear. '~ J* ft, t ^s En ,5 ^1 jSc/j 0: 33 Co 1865 1870 1875 1877 1S7S 1879 364-399 531,156 650.000 708,497 849,978 "i<5S 45 23 9 '9 $ 36,126,000 92,000,000 121,544,000 I T, 7.480,000 138,698,810 144,803.673 15467— 32.11— 13 II— .89- 4.42— $216,756 809,620 7 2 9> 2 65 756,137 762,843 942,046 $1 60 2 22 1 37 1 16 1 08 1 11 $ 455,275 1,342,275 ', 385,775 1,235,900 1,181,975 r, 181,975 $3 35 3 68 2 61 1 91 167 • 39 Kansas lies between the thirty-seventh and the fortieth parallels, the district which, the world round, controls the destinies of the globe, and the time will come when the state will he the powerful eenter of the most powerful nation on earth. In 1790 the center of population of the United States was in Maryland on the thirty- ninth parallel, and at every new census it has moved westward very nearly along that line, until now it is just west of Cincinnati, and on its way to Kansas. The thirty-ninth parallel, which has * The 1 enter of population Is illustrated in this way: Cut out ;i card with the shape and pro- portional! men ions of the state; sprinklesand on the surface, so that the relation between the 1 the densitj of population will be preserved — say one grain for every 1,000 1 iii>. ii of sand on it — and balance the card, so sprinkled, on the point of a pin. The place in the stutc at which the card balances will be the center of population. KANSAS. 21 been the thread upon which, as upon the necklace of the world, have been suspended the jewels of wealth, culture, plenty, luxury, and refinement, passes directly through the southern portion of the state, through the fertile Arkansas valley. The people are intelligent, cultivated, and law-loving. A Kansas home is generally a model of comfort, cheerfulness, and luxury. The culture to be found in one class pervades more or less all classes. Even the criminals are " high-toned." One broke jail at Topeka not long since, and left a note saying that as there was no piano in his cell he would not remain longer! With the enterprise which the citizens are now showing, the intelligence and refinement of Kansas will be fully equal to the highest. THE CLIMATE. The climate of Kansas is one of the most genial in America. There is not a swamp within its entire limits, and malaria is unknown. The atmosphere is particularly good for consumptives in the early stages of the disease, and for those afflicted with pulmonary diseases and asthma. The temperature goes to neither extreme. During the year 1879 the mean temperature was 54.67 , which was. 51 ° above the mean of the eleven preceding years. The highest tem- perature was 99.5 , on August 4th; and the lowest was i6 a below zero on January 4th, making the range for the year 115.5 . The mean temperature of the winter months was 27.93 , which was 1.94 below the average winter temperature; of the Spring, it was 5S.04, which was 4.S3 above the average; of the summer, 76.05 , which is 47 below the average; and of the autumn, 56.71 °, which was 3.9 above the average. SOME CITIES AND TOWNS. There is probably not a place in southern Kansas this side of the one hundredth degree in which a legitimate enterprise, properly managed, will fail. Every town is doing well. Business is good, and there are excellent opportunities for young men to go there, and make a splendid start in life with a small capital. In some of 32 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. the towns so brisk is everything, that any kind of a business will succeed. It will be interesting, therefore, to the reader who thinks of settling, to learn what the best towns in the state are. Of course, the Inst <>nc to be mentioned is ATCHISON, for it is the gateway to the state, and is, itself, one of the chief cities in the west. It was settled in 1S54, and the postoffice was first opened in 1855. The population is now 12,000, and is increasing very rapidly, so that the place will be ultimately, if it is not already, of commanding importance. A magnificent iron bridge spans the Missouri; the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road starts at this point, and six other lines center here. Coal is found in the county and marketed, and building stone, potter's clay, and fire clay are found in abundance. The city has three steam flouring mills, furni- ture and agricultural implement manufactories, foundries, a brick factory, and various other manufacturing industries with an invested capital of over $200,000 ; daily and weekly papers, schools, churches and so on. KANSAS CITY, though not in Kansas, is nevertheless on her borders, and is of so great importance to the state that a slight mention will not be out of place here. In less than a decade it has grown from a town of sjooo inhabitants to a city of 65,000, with magnificent stores, ware- houses, ;iim! business blocks, elegant residences, a retail trade of mil- lions, and a wholesale trade extending over twenty states and terri- tories. The yearly receipts of wheat are 2,000,000 bushels ; corn, 5,000,000 bushels ; other cereals, 1,000,000 bushels. The annual receipts ol wool are 20,000,000 pounds ; of coal, 200,000 tons ; and of hogs, 500,000 head. Of course the greater part of these are re- skipped to eastern points. The stock yards and elevators afford ample facilities for handling all the products of Kansas that may be sent [here. The Atchison, Topeka, and .Santa Fe railroad connect ; here with all trains from the east, north and south. It is also a good point at which to lie oyer a few days and become a little accustomed to the change in climate. LAWRENCE, in Douglas county, is an enterprising city, destined to take its place KANSAS. 2 3 among the leading places of the west. There is something of the same rivalry between it and Topeka that there is between Chicago and St. Louis, and the Topeka people say jocularly that " Lawrence is a good place to lean up against a post and think !" But Lawrence is abundantly able to take care of itself. It is famous in history as the town which Quantrell sacked during the war, and as being the center of the great conflicts during the " border ruffian " days, but it has recovered nobly from all that. It now has a population of 9000 ; steam and water power mills, manufactories, foundries, gas KANSAS AVENUE, TOPEKA. works, newspapers, schools, churches, and everything that goes to make up a civilized community are there ; and the University of Kansas is located within its limits. TOPEKA, the capital of the State, is the leading city of Kansas. Its popula- tion is about 16,000. The city was incorporated Feb. 14, 1S57 ; the first store was opened in 1S55, an< ^ '* st '^ stands on the west side of KANSAS. 25 iCansas Avenue, between Second and Third Streets. Coal, building stone, and fire clay are found in the county. The general offices and the machine shops of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road are located there. The city also has flouring mills, a carriage man- ufactory, a steam power and a hand power foundry, a cabinet man- ufactory, brick-kilns, a pottery, a rolling mill, and other establish- ments "with invested capital to the amount of about $200,000 ; daily and weekly papers, excellent schools, churches, and two colleges afford ample educational facilities. The state capitol is just receiv- ing an addition, the west wing, at a cost of $200,000. Topeka's praises were humorously sounded by the publisher of the last city directory. The article has enough of genius in it to entitle it to partial republication here : Topeka was born of poor but honest parents (Giles and Holliday); and she sits upon the banks of the Kaw, the empress of that or anv other navigable water that leaves the soil of Kansas. She commands the whole internal mari- time trade of our state. Her future is secure, as the judge said when he sen- tenced the man to the penitentiary for life. Lawrence has recently stolen a bridge from Babcock, and its citizens are rapidly wearing it out in traveling over it and trying to get through their noggins the spirit of public enterprise which spans our turbulent currents with magnificent structures, free to all. We have a free bridge at Topeka that was paid for. We also have a lunatic asylum. Here resides the governor ; and also his recently-appointed military staff; as, also, their new clothes; and which are ornamented with more gen- uine metal, distributed around promiscuous like, than a brass kettle. Here they investigate our senators. Here was where Senator Vance toldjiis stories, and here in Topeka Senator Saulsbury went for a hackman on account of an overcharge, and which came mighty near exhausting the appropriation. The investigation only ended with the expenditure of the appropriation, and it now rests in the vest pockets of our tivern and saloon keepers. Atchison has published the statement that it has built six hundred houses the last year. Thank fortune, it is our last say. We have had a thousand built if we have had one ; and our opportunities and resources for counting, in that number, newly weather-boarded cabins on the Missouri bottoms, are vastly in- ferior to that of our neighbor. The federal court house is in process of erec- tion, at a cost none of us can guess at or approximate or wish to limit. It will be sandwiched between one-dollar-a-day hotels for the especial convenience of Elevenworth patronage. Topeka has stores until you get tired ot looking at them. and customers to buy everything they have got. She has the capitol. She has the legislature, or did last winter, on the caoitol appropriation. She has the Santa Fe railroad, the big boss thing of the West. She will have in the next two years direct communication with Popor atapetl and Chimborazo. She 26 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. has the lunatic asylum. Hotels without number, where you pay for all vou get. It will have the state fair next year, at which, if there are any fast horses, they will be under the surveillance of Brother Monjeau, and who will make that feature so unobjectionable that even the puritans of Lawrence will visit it. We have machine shops, railroad shops, and the finest printing offices in the west. We have the scarletina, typhoid and other game in its season ; we have two shows, first-class, moral entertainments, stopping over with us this winter. We have, in connection therewith, a full menagerie, lions, bears, hippotamuses, rhinoceroses, jackasses, hyenas, the what is it, and the what not else, all under one canvas and at one price, and which will be, we hope, a greater source of profit to our people than any equally moral political investigation. We have a straw lumber manufactory, where was made the first lumber out of straw that was ever produced. We have the huge, monstrous rolling mills yet wait- ing for work. We have also some fellows here who would like to get us to put our foot into it and vote for street horse cars, to disfigure our boulevards and avenues, and crowd and hamper our already overburdened streets. We have a gem of a library that no citizen should fail to foster and patronize. We have some members in the city council who stood against the appropri- ation to make it free, who deserve and will receive, we hope and pray, a speedy retiracy at the hands of their constituency. We have .half a dozen loan offices which, in the aggregate, loan $3,000,000 yearly, and through whose humane and philanthropic endeavors each flaw in every title to real estate in Kansas will be ascertained and made known. We have Bethany college, where hundreds and hundreds of fair-haired, beautiful girls are becoming fitted for their stations as the coming women of Kansas. We have Washburn college ; and, goodness alive, the free public schools ! They are on this corner and on that ; they are here, and there and everywhere ! And then the children ! A beehive struck with a club is not half so numerous. They are our only natural sources of increase; other than them, we are largely compelled to obtain the balance of our population from abroad. We spend $10,000 a year for new school books, with four book agents to hear from. There are more babies born in Topeka than any other town in Kansas, and there is more raw bird's eye whittled up into diapers, by a thousand yards, than in all of Atchison, Lawrence or Eleven- worth. This much for statistics. And in this connection, you may go to almost any portion of the west — Kansas, Colorado or New Mexico — and as you behold the mother applying the corrective slipper to the wayward child. exposed to view, shrouding a part of the infantile form from exposure, there can be seen and read: "XXX Best Family Flour. 50 lbs. ' Smith, Jones & Co.'; or ' Sampsonian Mills,' Topeka," — evidence at once of the. enterprise and exten- sive trade of our manufacturers, as well as the close economical views held by tlu- maternal parent. And of this take due notice and be governed accord- ingly : we have over three hundred bright, blushing widows living within the corporate limits of this city, and suicides on account of unrequited love are almost unknown or unheard of in its history. KANSAS. 27 CARBONDALE, BURLINGAME, AND OSAGE CITY, all in Osage county, are destined to be thrifty and important towns, being in the heart of the coal district. Carbondale has a population of 1000, and is a good business place. Burlingame is the head of the branch to Manhattan, where rich coal fields have been recently struck. It has good flouring mills, and large quantities of hay are baled for shipment. Its population is 1200. Osage City has a pop- ulation of 2500, largely engaged in the coal trade. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road is supplied in this coal field with fuel for its line as far as Colorado. Four or five wealthy mining companies have headquarters at Osage, employing hundreds of men. EMPORIA, the county seat of Lyon county, has a population of qooo. It is beautifully situated between the Neosho and Cottonwood rivers, c Affile about a mile from each, and six miles from their junction. It is the crossing point of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, and the Mis- souri, Kansas, and Texas railways, and is the head of the branch of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe road which runs through Eureka to Howard City. The state Normal school built at a cost 2S WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. of $50,000 is located there. Coal, Blue and white limestone, pottery and fire clay are found ill the county. FLORENCE is the junction with the main line of two branches of the Atchison, Topeka, and .Santa Fe road, one east to Eldorado, and the other west through Marion Center to McPherson. The latter is being ex- tended to Lyons. At McPherson, in White's lake, is the finest duck shooting on the continent. The lake, formerly known as McPherson basin, is an immense slough, two by six miles in dimen- sion-,, tilled with grass which grows as tall as a man's head, and taller, and is the resort apparently for all the ducks in that part of the United States. There are literally "millions in it." No dogs are needed, although they can be used. The hunter wades ^ through the lake, and shoots the game with such ease and ' . • ; : ' rapidity that it amounts to '\' slaughter. yStfli ' Florence has a population of about 1000, and it has the finesl hotel in the state, which V is used, also, as an eating *K house by the railway. For a railroad eating house it just- ly ranks as one of the best in the United States. There is one eating 3o WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. station, said to be on the line of a Pacific road, where they serve chicken-soup for dinner. A cock once stood on a bluff overlooking a river near by, and crowed, and the waters of the stream are now served as the soup. The Florence hotel is not that kind ! NEWTON, the county seat of Harvey county, was organized in March, 1S72, and has a population of about 3500. It has two fine school build- ings, two good banks ; Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Catholic, Evangelist, Episcopal, and Mennonite churches ; an opera house, two good grist mills, and two elevators' ; and there is now in course of erection an elegant $25,000 hotel and railway station combined. When the town was laid out, lots could be had from $25 to $100 each. Now they are worth $75 to $2000 each. Three papers are published. A branch of the railway runs from there to Wichita, and thence two branches, one through Winfield to Arkansas City, and the other through Wellington to Caldwell. The two terminal points are on the border of the Indian territory, and when the latter is opened up the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe will be one of the first into it. This line is to be extended to the Mississippi river, opening up a new outlet for grain and beef to foreign ports via New Orleans, and a new market in Texas and other cotton states for corn, flour, dressed pork, vegetables and fruit. All these are, therefore, ex- cellent towns to settle in, but Newton is especially so, as it is des- tined to become one of the most important places in the interior of Kansas. A very large business is done there already every year. The Mennonites have large settlements in that county, and they are doing much to give it the good name it bears. They are a thrifty, industrious people, honorable, good neighbors, and good citizens. Their farms are models of excellent management. WICHITA, the county seat of Sedgwick count)', has a population of 6000, and possesses unusually handsome residences, good business blocks, and excellent water power. Three papers are published, and there are besides several schools and churches. An opera hall is under way, and is probably completed by this time. HUTCHINSON, tin county seat of Reno county, lias a population of 3000, and is possessed of a court house, fine stores, banks, churches, elevators, mills, and school-houses. KANSAS. 31 NICKERSON, Reno countv, was organ- ized in September, 1S7S, and where now stands a prosperous town of 1000 inhabitants, the engineers, in laying it out a year and a half ago, had to cut the corn in the fields to survey it. That is the way towns spring up out there, and they remain after they have once started. Nickerson is the end of a division of the railway, and has the car repair shops, the division machine shops, and a round house, besides the higher advantages of schools and churches. It is also a great cattle ship- ing point. STERLING, in Rice county, was laid out in 1872, and was known as Peace until 1876, when it was incor- porated as a city of the third class, and called Sterling. It is growing rapidly, and the citizens have great expectations for it. Thev say it is as large now as New York, only not yet built up! The place has a popula- tion of 2000, and is well 3- WI-IERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. STREET SCENE IN HUTCHINSON. supplied with stores, elevators, mills, banks, school-houses, and churches. -.^ SCHOOL-HOUSE, LINE OF THE A. T. & S. FE RAILWAY. GREAT BEND, the county seat of Barton county, has a population of 2000, a fine $25,000 court house, banks which lend money at eastern rates, KANSAS. 33 besides five or six grist mills, elevators, stores, schools, churches, and newspapers. Sandstone, good for building purposes, and gypsum are found in the county. The old military post, Fort Zarah, is just across the Arkansas river. Great Bend is coming to be quite a point for the slaughter of beef for market. COURT HOUSE, GREAT BEND. PAWNEE ROCK, between Great Bend and Larned, is a point interesting to the tour- ist, from the fact that many Indian battles have been fought near it. A large rock is covered with names cut in, among them being that of the late Gen. Robert E. Lee. It was engraved when Gen. Lee was a young man, just beginning his military career in the United States army. 34 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. LARNED, the county seat of Pawnee county, is the center of the sheep interest in this part of Kansas, there being in the one county alone more than ten thousand head. The town is well built, and is surrounded CE.G«WJt.v- PAWNEE ROCK, KANSAS. by excellent farming and grazing country, which keeps both sheep and cattle, and raises 20 bushels of wheat to tbe acre. The popula- tion of tbe place is 1000. DODGE, the county seat of Ford County, is the headquarters of the cattle raisers, and is the last important town in Kansas, going west. The KANSAS. 35 population is 1500. Large numbers of cattle are shipped from there, and cattle are driven up from Texas for sale, so that it is a cattle market for those who wish to buy and go into the cattle rais- ing business themselves. It is also the outfitting point for camps and ranches. RAINFALL. A very important factor in the prosperity of Kansas is the rain- fall. The old geographies used to show Kansas, Nebraska, and eastern Colorado as the great American desert, and men yet remember the time when it was said that nothing could be raised west of the Missouri river. But that day has long since passed. In 1S66 Kansas was the twenty-fourth state in the Union in agricultural products; in 1S78, only twelve years later, it was first in zvhcat and fourth in corn. This amazing advance is due solely to the splendid fertility of its soil and the enterprise and industry of its people. The state is divided, meteorologically, into three sections, the eastern, middle, and western. The eastern belt is all that territory east of a line running north and south through Junction City. This city is at the confluence of the Republican and Kansas rivers, and is directly north of the center of population of 1S7S. The western belt is all the territory lying west of Ellis county, and most of it is occupied by the unorganized counties. The middle belt is the territory lying between these two. There was a time, it is true, when rain was scarce west of the Missouri, and it is still scarce in the western belt. The reader should bear 36 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. this in mind, and if he goes to Kansas, he should not go too far west. The eastern helt, and the southern portions of the eastern and middle belts especially, are the garden-spots of America, but in the western belt crops cannot be raised to advantage yet, because there is not sufficient rain. All the public land is taken up as far west as it can be tilled at present. It is much cheaper to buy rail- road land, \\ hich can be had at such, low prices and on such favor- able terms as to amount practically, in the end, to government pur- chase. And the buyer has the advantage then of being within the rain limits. The rain line, or the line running north and south, east of which sufficient rain falls every year for agricultural purposes, has moved west steadily, year by year, at the rate of about eighteen miles per annum, keeping just ahead and propelled by the advan- cing population. It is to the interest of the settler, therefore, to keep behind this line. The following is the summary of rainfall for 1879: Brits. ^ V : > ^ ^ 03 s. "J O ^ ■-•. First, or eastern belt... Second, or middle belt- Third, or western belt. 1.29 1. 15 ■•78 .78 .26 •23 •39 •'7 •17 4.14 3 9 6 2.09 i-77 i-37 1.66 7.09 4-95 3-29 4 ' ) 1 5-55 462 3-53 -•3- 2.42 2.82 113 . 9 S 3.01 .78 .16 5-3' 3-i2 i-34 2.50 •51 .oS It was formerly supposed that the one-hundredth meridian would be the iixed rain line, and that all country west of that woidd never lie devoted to agricultural purposes, but would be kept by nature lor stock-raising, for which it is splendidly adapted. Hut even this theory is now disappearing, for the rain line continues to move west, and as the preceding table shows rains fall even as far west as the Colorado line. Mr. II. R. Hilton, of Topeka, who has made this question a close stud)', said recently in a paper: What western Kansas now needs is a more general distribution of its rain- tall, and this ran lie accomplished by protecting the prairie grasses from fire, by cultivation of the soil, by tree-planting and by the spread of the taller grasses over the uncultivated area. This together with westward march of emigration incompact settlements, making improvements as they go, will accomplish the KANSAS. 37 climatic change desired even to the west line of the state. The trouble of late years has been, that our frontier settlers have rushed west too fast, that they have scattered too much instead of sticking together and by their united efforts accomplishing what was so much needed. Nearly 50 miles of frontier were occupied by settler^ in 1S78, but not until all this territory is occupied by a denser settlement can the climate be seriously affected. ITS PRODUCTIONS AND INDUSTRIES. Of course Kansas is an agricultural state, and its productions are mostly of that character. Men are becoming rich there in all branches of farm life. Wheat, corn, cattle, sheep, horses, wool, tobacco, sorghum, rye, hogs, fruit, dairy articles, and the various seeds, are easily raised and marketed, but these are not all. The en- tire state from the Missouri river to the one-hundredth meridian is a bed of coal, stone, cement, and clay, and in one part of the state silk culture is making some headway. The practical farmer wants to know, of course, what the outcome for the past years has been, and this information is easily given. The total acreage of all crops since 1S60 has been: Year. Bushels. 1877 5.595-304 1S78 6,538,727 1S79 7,769,926 Year. Bushels. i860 271,663 1865 273,903 1870 ..1,322,734 i8/5 ...4,749,000 The corn crop varied in different years, and the agricultural re- port of 1875 &a ^' 't was not as sa ^ e a cro P as wheat, owing to the fact that the fall of rain was apt to occur when corn was most in danger. But in spite of all drawbacks the yield is enormous, of late years being as follows: Year. Bushels. 1868 24,500,000 1870 17,025,525 1571 24,693,060 1 572 46,667,45 1 1873 v 29,683,843 Year. Bushels. 1S74 •••• 15.699,078 1875 80,798,769 1 577 98,900,000 1578 89,324,971 1579 108,704,927 WHEAT. In the early years of the state the farmers took more to spring than to winter wheat, but of late the winter product has been the favorite. The growth has been as follows, the amounts being in bushels: 3* WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. Year. Spring. Winter. 1S70 , I.3H.5 22 1,076,676 1872 SS 9 ,3 4 6 2,173,595 1S73 M45> 66 ° 4-54 s .3S4 TS74 3> OIO >777 6,870,606 1875 3.163,287 10,046,116 1876 2,881,817 11,738,408 1877 3,516,410 10,800,295 [878 5.796,403 26,518,955 1879 2,990,677 17,560,259 For the seven years (1S72-S), the average yield per acre of winter wheat was 16.66 bushels, and of spring wheat 12.70 bushels. The average yields for 1S79 were 11.55 bushels of winter, and 7.25 bushels of spring wheat per acre. The increase of winter wheat in 1S7S was remarkable, the ratio of grain being 34 per cent.; that is, in 1878 there was one-third more winter wheat than in 1877, and in 1878 five times as many acres as in 1872. The winter wheat coun- ties lie almost entirely in the southwest; beginning at the northern and eastern border of Dickinson, it passes to Saline, and cross- ' ing through McPherson spreads both east and west, embracing Reno, Harvey, Butler, Sedgwick, Sumner, Cowley, and, skipping Chautauqua, ends with Montgomery. With the single exception of the latter-named county, the main belt is embraced in counties that adjoin, and one could readily ride over the entire area without leav- ing its confines. The following table shows the average comparative yield in bushels per acre of wheat and corn in Kansas, and in the seven older-settled states, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri: Year. 1S62 1863 1 864 [865 1 866 1867 1868 1S69 1870 1 871 1872 »»73 Wheat. Seven Kansas. states. 21 16 15 16.2 16.6 15-5 18.5 i.S 15-9 1 1.6 14 16.6 '3-9 12.9 12.4 1 1.6 11. iS 13.2 14.9 13-3 14.8 12.2 1.3-7 Corn. Kansas. 40 44 25 41.2 34v 2 3S.6 iS 48.4 2S 40 3S.5 39-i Seven states. 37 2S 30-4 36 33-1 29.6 33-8 2S.5 35-4 36.2 37-9 29S 40 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. CORN. Kansas was In 1S66 the twenty-second state in rank in corn pro- duction, in 1876 the sixth, and in 1878 the fourth, the other three being Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri. In 1872 the corn acreage of the sixteen counties in the first corn belt was nearly 48 per cent, of the entire acreage of the state. In 1S77 it was 41 per cent, and in 1S78 41^ per cent., while of the decrease in the state 40 per cent, of it was in the same counties. The second belt, taking in counties hav- ing an acreage exceeding 40,000 and less than 50,000, is also largely confined to the eastern and central portions of the state, the no. iMe exceptions being Jewell in the northwest and Sumner and Cowley in the southwest. In the twelve counties constituting the second belt, Wilson, in the south, ranks first; Douglas in the east, second; KANSAS CORN. Cowley in the southwest, third ; Osage, central, fourth ; Leavenworth, east, fifth; Allen, southeast, sixth; Jackson and Pottawatomie in the northeast, seventh and eighth respectively ; Sumner, southwest, ninth ; Jewell, northwest, tenth; Atchison, northeast, eleventh.; and Lyon, central, twelfth. These counties have an aggregate acreage of 536,- 829 to 577,432, thus showing but a little over 25 per cent, of the decrease of the state. The third belt, 30,000 and less than 40,000 acres, commences in the south at Chautauqua, skips Elk, and then takes in Greenwood and Coffey, makes a new start at Reno in the southwest, and extending through McPherson, Dickinson, Clay and Cloud, embraces the four counties, on the northwestern border, of Republic, Washington, Marshall and Nemaha. These counties of KANSAS. 4* the third belt, have 418,011 acres in corn this year to 502,881 acres last year, 52,841 acres of the decrease being in Washington county alone. The following table shows the number of acres, and the amount and value of each product of principal crops of the farm for 1S79: Products. Winter wheat, bu Rye, bu Spring wheat, bu Corn, bu Barley, bu Oats, bu Buckwheat, bu Irish potatoes, bu Sweet potatoes, bu Sorghum, galls Castor beans, bu Cotton, lbs. Flax, bu Hemp, lb« Tobacco, lbs Broom-corn, lbs Millet and Hungarian, t- n Timothy, meadow, tons. . . Clover, meadow, tons Prairie, meadow, tons Timothy, pasture, acres. . . Clover, pasture, acres Blue-grass, pasture, acres. Prairie, pasture, acres Total Acres. 1,520,659.00 ^ 43,675.00 142,139.00 2,995,070.00 45,851 00 573,982.00 2,817.00 62,601.00 2,728.21 23,664.86 68,179.0 I97-5S 69,383-17 606.39 752 37 i4, 2 73-i5 174,890.00 S7,48i-i3 14,769.83 672,994.00 14,212.38 7,007.30 36,166.82 955,826.00 7,769,926.26 Product. 17,560,259.000 660,409 00 2,990,677.00 108,704,927.00 720,092.00 13,326,637.00 41,306.40 3,324,129.09 197,407.20 2,721,458.97 766,143.30 33,588.62 622,256.00 5-57,878.8 556,753-8o 8,095,145.28 494,962.00 86,884,98 25.822,90 943,653.60 Value of product. 116,087,403 69 264,163 60 2,361,307 45 26,562,674 46 360,046 00 3,397,416,33 37,175 S4 2 ,!77,5 6 4 55 197,407 29 1,224,656 57 766,143 37 3,023 06 622,256 02 33,472 72 55,675 3S 283,330 15 2,042,275 75 483,812 15 152,503 92 3,017,472 43 $60,129,780 73 WHERE TO GO. As all the public lands of any value within the rain lands are taken up, the immigrant should purchase from the railway companies, but the prices asked for lands are low, long time is given, and in the end it is better than if a man took government land in a wilderness in some other state and waited for the railroad to reach him. The winter wheat counties, which are of course the best counties in the state, are in the south central, or the southwestern part of the state, in what is known as the Arkansas valley, the valley of the Arkansas 42 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. river, extending through the state a hundred miles long, and from thirty to fifty miles wide. The soil is a dark, sandy loam, rich in the mineral elements so necessary to good wheat. The water is free from alkali, and besides being plentiful in streams, it can be reached h\ sinking wells fifteen to fifty feet. A windmill, costing $150 com- plete, will raise all the water one farmer will want. This country is adjacent to the railway, and producers find quick and cheap trans- portation for their crops. Of all the crops raised in the seventy organized counties of the state, one-fourth are in the twelve counties bordering on this river, viz., Harvey, McPherson, Sedgwick, Butler, Cowley, Sumner, Reno, Rice, Barton, Pawnee, Rush and Edwards. ADVICE TO THOSE PROPOSING TO GO. If you have no money, it will hardly be advisable for you to leave the more thickly settled and the fully organized cast, for Kansas is a new state, and it requires some money to get through the first two years. If you have $1,000 or more, however, you can safely start. It is better if you have $3,000, or even more. But $3,000 will make 1 an excellent beginning. Write to A. S.Johnson, Topeka, and ask him to furnish you any information that you need. He is land commissioner of the Atch- ison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road; he surveyed the lands, and knows every foot of them; and whatever he tells .you, you can implicitly rely on. He will tell you of the disadvantages and drawbacks as well as of the advantages, and inform you of what you must guard against and provide for, as readily as what you may hope for. In short, he will tell you the facts exactly as they are. Decide where you will go; make up your mind fully to that, and avoid the land agents and other sharks who seize upon you in the railway stations in Kansas City and other points, and torment you to look at their maps and schemes. Follow your plan as laid down. Go and select your lands, and get ready to move. In the early part of the year immi- gration is light, and you can take your family with you, but if you go in the summer you had better precede your family a few weeks and get a place ready for them. In the summer towns are so KANSAS. 43 crowded that accommodations are with difficulty procured. If a man has $1,000 arriving in Kansas he can purchase 160 acres of land from the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railway, on the six-year plan, by paying down $150, and his other necessary expenses will run, house building, $250; team and harness, $180; breaking plow, $22; harrow $10; cow, $30; interest payment on land one year from pur- chase, $35; total, $677. This will leave him $323 for seed and to carry him through till the crop can be raised. Men have come with even less than $1,000 and got along nicely. The cost of agricultural implements, and provisions, clothing, etc., is but little higher than in the east, but rents are high, so he had better build a small house, as indicated. " I was raised in Southwest Kansas, on the line of the A. T. & S. Fe railway.' STOCK-RAISING. One of the greatest industries of the "west is stock-raising, but as it pertains to Kansas, New Mexico, and Colorado alike, a separate chapter has been reserved for it. The busi- ness is, like farming, one of the staple pursuits of the world, and one upon which all wealth is based. It is pleasant, profitable, and easy, and success is almost certain with any man who will pursue it intelligently. SHEEP IN KANSAS. Sheep can be raised to advantage in the Cottonwood valley, which includes Chase, Marion, and Morris counties, and in south central Kansas, but the best district is the third, or western belt. In Paw- nee county there are flocks as follows : G. H. Wadsworth, 2200; S. G. Wright, 2000 ; Ball & Worrall, 800 ; Jacob Bowman, 700. In Edwards county there are, J. Rider, 1300 ; H. L. Morton, ^00 ; Robert McCanse, 1000. In Barton county, C. Fry has a flock of 1500. In Stafford county, Joshua Smith has 600, Mr. Towsley 600, and Mr Hall 500. In Pratt county, Mr. McMillian has 800, and Mr. Chandler 2000. Nature seems to have provided this western belt especially for stock-raising. There are fine summer and winter grasses, pure and healthy atmosphere, short and dry winters, plenty of (45) 4 6 WHEKK TO GO TO BECOME RICH. good water, and thorough drainage. If a man have but a small cap- ital it is better to buy one hundred and sixty acres of land to begin with, fur his home and ranche, and work up from that. Such land can be had at $1.50 to $2, $2.75, and $5 per acre, according to loca- tion. Further hack from the railroad, he can find all the free range that he wants. Wheat-growing can be profitably combined with the business of wool-growingr in that section of the state. The Spanish merino are the best sheep for western Kansas. They can be bought in Michigan, Wisconsin, or Iowa, and delivered in Kansas for $3 per head. Thoroughbred bucks will cost $40 to $50 each. If a man have $5,000 to start with, he may figure as follows: The first step necessary will be to secure a farm. The first payment on 160 acres of good land at, sav four dollars per acre, on six years' time, will be $144; a house will cost, say $500; team, wagons, farm implements, etc., $600; total, $1,244. By combining wheat-growing with the sheep business enough can be realized, from the farm to pay for it and support the family. STOCK-RAISING. 47 This leaves a balance of $3,756 to invest in the sheep business, which would be expended as follows: INVESTMENT. 800 grade Merino ewes, at $3 $2,400 8 pedigreed Merino bucks, $40 320 Corrals and sheds for 1,000 sheep 250 Windmill, well and watering troughs 125 Total $3>°95 EXPENSES. Hay $ 70 Corn 150 Shearing and other expenses. . 300 Shepherd, one year 300 Total. RECEIPTS. By 640 lambs, at $3.00 $1,920 By wool, 4,800 lbs., at 25c 1,200 Total $3,120 Less expenses, 820 Net profit, one year. . . .$2,300 This gives a net profit of 74 per cent, on the sheep investment. Everything is figured at outside prices. A handy farmer can put up sheep-sheds himself that will cost less than $100, and half the items charged to expenses he can do himself or produce on his farm without any actual outlay of money. The increase in the flock is estimated at So per cent, only, so as to leave a wide margin for losses or mishaps. Good sheep men in southwest Kansas average 90 to 95 per cent, increase, and the figures quoted in this statement have been repeatedly exceeded by them. CATTLE-RAISING IN KANSAS. Cattle-raising is as profitable as sheep-raising, the only difference being the returns are not so quick; but neither are the risks or losses so many. In the eastern part of the state raising beef is one of the most profitable branches of farming. Chase county is well adapted to this, and a man with $3,000 can do well there. His expendi- tures will be, first payment on three hundred and twenty acres of land, $300; house, teams, and winter sheds for fifty or one hun- dred head of stock, $800; fifty head of two-year-old heifers, $900; two graded Durham bulls, $200; incidental expenses ,$400; leaving a balance of $350 or $400 for emergencies. All the neces- saries for home consumption can be raised on the farm. The in- crease should be 80 per cent, a year, and by adding young heifers to the breeding stock when two-year-olds, the increase at the end of 4* WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. five years would be- about two hundred a n d f o r t y-e i g h t, which, with the ori- ginal herd would be worth at least $6,000. The number of breed- ers might be limited to fifty, and the in- crease sold, and there would be in the fifth and succeeding years, forty four - year - olds yearly, worth $50 each at least, mak- ing an annual income of $2,000 from this source alone. The business in the Cot- tonwood valley can be made to pay 33^ per cent. The western part of the state is, how- ever, the great cattle district. The cattle are bought at Dodge City, which is the great cattle market, or they can be pur- chased in Texas and driven up. The de- tails of prices, etc., are given below, in the article on cattle- raising in New Mex- : do. STOCK-RAISING. 49 There is in operation in Kansas an excellent stat- ute, known as the " herd law," which, in the coun- ties where it is enforced, enables the farmer to cul- tivate the soil without protecting his crops with a fence. It compels the stock-raiser to herd his stock, making him liable for all damage it may do to the fenced or unfenced crop of his neighbor. It water tank, a. t. & s. fe railway. is a law passed in the interest of those engaged in raising grain, and it operates particularly against those who, having some stock, are not extensively engaged in the business. If a farmer has a large herd of cattle he can afford to hire them herded; if he has but a few he can not. The consequence is that in the " herd-law counties" the small farmer keeps but a cow or so for the use of his family. What he does keep he is compelled to keep shut up, or " lariated out." Being unable to keep his calves, he is compelled to sell them to the stock-raiser. The law is in force generally in the western part of the state. Those counties in the southeastern part of the state which have the law — viz., Crawford, Cherokee, Labette, Neosho, and Montgomery — are particularly adapted to grain-raising. The stock-raising interest predominates in those counties where the law does not exist. Here the farmer can combine the profitable business of stock-raising with his farming. The extensive stock- raiser has no advantage here. The unimproved lands are free to all for grazing purposes. The poor man's cow or the rich man's herd bas equal and free access to the rich, nutritious grass that an- nually covers the fertile prairies. 5° WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. SHEEP IN COLORADO AND NEW MEXICO. Southern Colorado and New Mexico are splendidly adapted by nature to sheep-raising. Forty thousand square miles, of which Trinidad is the center, are given up to this business, while tens of thousands of square miles more towards the south also have the same use. Within the 40,000 square miles referred to there are probably a million and a half of sheep. The range of mountains is the western boundary of the sheep ranges. There is always plenty of water in summer, even when it is dry north and south of the range. Grammar grass is used, and is excellent food, as it cures itself, and is as good as hay. The sheep are not put up in the winter. In the northern part of Colorado, even as low down as Colorado Springs, sheep have to be fed in winter, but such is not the case south of the Arkansas river. The old original stock is of Mexican or Chihuahua sheep, but now they are all graded with the merino. Cotswolds have been tried, but they are not popular, as they cannot. feed themselves; and in large bands they fall away and die. Merinos are the best sheep for that country. Sheep can be had on the spot from $1.50 to $2.50 per head that will shear from 1 J^ to 2 y 2 pounds of wool. Sheep whose fleeces will average 5 pounds cost from $3 to $5. One ram should be used with every 50 sheep. Rams cost $6 to $225, and average $25 each. American wool-growers buy bucks in Vermont; the Mexicans buy of the Americans, on the ground, western-bred bucks. One thousand sheep make a good flock. One herder can, however, herd 2500 sheep. No dogs are used. They frighten the sheep, and run them two or three miles oftentimes. The pay of a herder is $15 per month and board. The ewes lamb May 1st, and in buying a flock you generally have to count the lambs as sheep, whether they are yet born or not. Shearing begins' about June 1st, and again about Oct. 10th. The Mexican sheepaverage \y 2 to 3 J^ - pounds of wool; the Ameri- can sheep, 5 pounds. The fleeces of the latter range from 21^ to 15 pounds, but an average of 5 pounds does well. The American rams fleece about fifteen or twenty pounds of wool. In lambing, about two-thirds of the Mexican sheep have twins, and the others one each. The merinos will, in ten cases out of a hundred, have twins, and in STOCK-RAISING. 51 ninety cases single lambs. The barren ewes run about five in a hund- red. In an American flock, well managed, 90 per cent, of the lambs can be raised. Born in May, if they live through the winter they are all right. The American wool is worth from two to five cents per pound more than the Mexican. The former is used for clothing, and the latter for carpets, government blankets, etc. In a flock of 2500, the ewes can be kept for fifty cents a head, and the wethers at twenty-five cents per year. Flocks of a thousand can be run cheaper. An estimate can easily be made from these figures of what a flock will produce in a year : EXPENSES. 1,500 ewes @ 50 cents each „ „ $750.00 1,000 wethers @ 25 cents each „ 250.00 30 bucks @ 2 5 cents each 7.50 » $1,007.50 RECEIPTS. 2,500 fleeces, 5 lbs each, 25 cents per lb $3,125.00 30 buck fleeces, 15 lbs each, 25 cents per lb 1 12.00 $3, 2 37-°o Profit $2,229.50 This does not include of course the cost of the sheep on the side of expense, nor the increase on the side of profit. The price of wool is put at twenty-five cents. It has been as low as fifteen cents, but is now worth thirty. . A favorite way with wool-growers in New Mexico is to own the sheep and let them out on shares. The same thing is done in Kansas. There are two plans in common use : In the first, the owner lets them on the " half and half" principle; that is, the owner gets half the wool and half the increase, and the lessee pays all the expenses. In this case of course the lessee must have some money to begin with, and to handle a flock of 1000 head he ought to have $1000. The sheep ought always to go in a pen at night. The lessee has a herder, and the herder takes care of the sheep, while the lessee stays in the camp and looks after things there. He sometimes has his family with him. The other way is the 33^ per cent, plan." The lessee gets half the wool, and the principal gets half; and the lessee guarantees to the principal an in- 52 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. crease of 33 3/3 per cent, on every 100 head, and all the wool from the 33 Vl P er cent ' The second year the lessee pays 33^ per cent, on the 100 head, and not on the 100 plus the 33^ per cent. All above the 331^ per cent, goes to the lessee. The lessee pays the expenses, In this way the flock doubles to the principal every three years. For example, suppose A leases to B 1000 head of sheep. The first year B gives to A 500 fleeces ; the second year 8331^ fleeces; the third year 11662^ fleeces ; and the fourth year 2000 fleeces and 200c head of sheep, and B keeps the remainder. The cost of shearing is three cents per head, and a man can sheai from twenty-five to sixty a day; on an average, forty. When lambs are dropped, boys have to be hired to take care of them for eight or ten days till they can care for themselves. Suppose a man comes from the east, and starts in the business ; during the first year his ex- penses will be about as follows : EXPENSES. 1,000 sheep @ $4 $4,000.00 20 bucks @ $25 500.00 1 herder 300.00 Boy to attend to lambs - 42.00 Shearing 500.00 $5,342.00 REVENUES. 5,000 lbs wool @ 25 cents $1,250.00 300 lbs buck's wool @ 25 cents 75-°° Increase 1,000 @ $1 1,000.00 $2,325.00 His revenue the first year will pay nearly one-half, and will easily pay one-third the cost of starting in business, and what his profits will be in succeeding years, the preceding table shows. CATTLE IN NEW MEXICO AND COLORADO. Southern Colorado and New Mexico form one of the greatest cat- tle-growing districts in the world. The principal ranges — range means simply territory over which the cattle feed — -are the Trinchera, and the Cariso, Red river, the Cimarron, and the Canadian rivers. This country lies chiefly in the San Juan country in Colorado, and in Colfax, Lincoln, San Miguel, and Rio Arriba counties in New Mexico. The southern part of New Mexico, in the vicinity of STOCK-RAISING. 53 Albuquerque and below, is devoted mostly to sheep. In the country named there are at least 250,000 head of cattle, divided as follows : On the Canadian and Red rivers, 100,000; on the dry Cimarron, 75,000; on the Cariso and the Trinchera, 20,000; between the Cariso and the Arkansas, 30,000; and between Pueblo and Picket Ware canon, 25,000. The division by owners is about as follows: On the Cimarron, Hall Brothers have about 16,000 head; Dr. Owens, 5,000; Samuel Doss, 5,000; Daniel Taylor, 5,000; Towers & Gudgel, 10,000; Mr. Burnett, 8,000. On the Cariso, Weaver & Roberts have 4,000 head; W. T. Burns, 1,000; and "Doc" Roberts, 1,000. Between the Cariso and the Arkansas, Jones Brothers have 25,000. On the Trinchera, George W. Thomp- son has 4,000 ; James Wilcox, 4,000; Henry George, 1,000. On the west side of Picket Ware, or Los Animas river, Fletcher Bros. & Co. have 4,000, and Sparks & Holmes 3,000. Cattle are not let much on shares now, and if a man contemplates going into the business he will need some money to start with. He must first select his ranche. The country is now becoming so well settled that he can either buy some one out, or he can start in by purchasing cattle and letting them range on the public domain. He must put up houses to keep himself and his food and horses in. He can erect them on a quarter-section of land purchased from the gov- ernment, or he can " squat." His ranche must be near water, how- ever. He can buy Texas cattle either in Texas or at Fort Dodge, and drive them over. He must first select his brand and have it record- ed, taking care not to have one like any other person's. He can obtain, by writing to each county, all the brands in use; or they are frequently to be had in published collections. When he buys his cattle he puts his brand on each one, and then drives them to his ranche. Texas cattle cost from $12 to $13 each, and by crossing them with thoroughbred bulls, a good grade can be produced. Bulls cost about $100, ranging from $60 to $300. The law requires one bull to every twenty-five cows, but it ought to be one to every twenty. If he can afford it, the raiser should purchase American cattle, that is, cattle that have already been graded up. He can get them on any ranche, and they will pay better. They cost from $12 to $18 each in large lots, mixed grades; and this price includes spring calves. 54 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. When he has reached his ranche he allows his cattle to range at will anywhere within fifteen or twenty miles. A herder goes with every 500 to 1,000 cattle to drive them back when they range beyond this distance. They are " rounding-up" all the time, therefore, from May 1st to December 1st. Each herder has eight horses, when the large semi-annual " round-up" occurs, and one wagon and one cook goes with every fifteen men. The herders get $20 to $30 per month and their board. They are furnished with horses but furnish their own equipage. The horses feed on grass. The cattle range over the country, and become mixed up with cattle from other ranches. Whenever a calf is born the herder catches and brands it. Twice a year there is a general " round-up," when the owners separate and claim their animals. Each owner furn- isher one man, so as to be represented. The cattle are then prepared for market, and driven north for fattening, or sold on the spot. Steers sell for $20 to $30. A good part of northern New Mexico, and a small part of southern Colorado are taken up with private land grants. The kings of .Spain, and the governors of Mexico, be^ fore the war between the United States and Mexico, used to give their friends and favorites " grants " of land, by which the grantee acquired the right to its use. This will be treated of more at length further on. When the United States conquered that territory they agreed to sustain the owners of grants in all the rights which the grants conferred on them. The grantees have, up to within the past year, made little or no demand for pasturage of cattle or for other use of their land, as by miners, but now they are beginning to make such demands, and they are telling the cattle men that the latter must pay rent or move. As a consequence many cattle are being driven to public lands. Where these are will be indicated by the map of New Mexico, showing also the grants. The cattle men of New Mexico need, in the opinion of some of the most prominent of them, a "lease law," that is, a law allowing each cattle man to take up land and fencing it in, confine his stock in bounds, and thus do away with the frequent " round-ups," which are harassing and fat-destroying to all stock. These " round-ups " make cattle wild, lean and difficult to manage, and do much to neutralize the advan- tages of grazing land and a mild climate which New Mexico gives. With a " lease law " this driving about of cattle would be done away STOCK-RAISING. 55 with; and owners of cattle would have to "round-up" their stock only once or twice each year, making by this lack of disturbance, the yearly increase larger, and the condition better. NEW MEXICO The traveler bound for New Mexico will turn, on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road, at La Junta. The first point of interest to which he comes is TRINIDAD. Although this is in Colorado, we will refer to it here, as it comes at this point in the journey. It is the county seat of Los Animas county, and has 2500 inhabitants, of whom nine-tenths are Ameri- cans. It is one of the most prominent cities in the southwest. It lies just at the foot of the Rocky mountains, and the beautiful Spanish peaks are, from a good location, in fine view. It was first settled in 1S61, but the town elates back only to 1865. It has stone, brick and frame stores, and good residences; one hundred new brick residences are about to be erected. It does an immense business with the sheep men in the districts, and is the place where new wool- growers, going in, can stock up. A fine school-house, abQiit to be erected, will cost $25,000, and a $25,000 court-house is started. It has a daily and several weekly papers, two banks, three grist mills, — two water and one steam — two planing mills, excellent water-works with pump and reservoir three hundred and ten feet above the river; j anel gas works are to be erected soon. Its fire department is very effi- cient, Two brick yards are not sufficient to supply all the brick (57) 53 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. wanted. Building stone is found near by in large quantities. The Presbyterians, Methodists, and Catholics have church buildings, and the Baptists and Episcopalians hold occasional services. Coal is very abundant, and ag-g£^||B^^large business is done in supplying the^^gj . - X^^town and 'the railroad. I™n .jjj ^^ is known tQ exist ™jt_ S^excellent the / \ '• iron in tities, makes excellent pot- tery, and red ochre is abun- Raton mountains. dant. Copper is found in the neighborhood, and so are silver carbon- ates, although no efforts have yet been made to work the*. There are very plain indications of petroleum in the vicinity. Good sul- phur spring* are located with in three miles of town. Lots which NEW MEXICO. 59 a few years ago were -worth $5 a front foot are now worth as high as $200. A woolen mill would pay well there. Leaving Trinidad, the train enters the mountains, going up the Raton pass to the tunnel, which is sixteen miles from Trinidad. This tunnel is two thousand feet long, and is cut through the moun- tain, allowing the train to go in a direct line instead of by a " switch back," as formerly. You are in Colorado when you enter the cut, and in New Mexico when you come out. This tunnel is on the famous Maxwell grant and is the gateway to New Mexico. On both sides of the road you see coal mines in abundance, from which coal is delivered at 80 cents per ton on the cars. The scenery along there is magnificent, rivaling in some places the canon of the Arkan- sas and the Garden of the Gods. A ride of several hours brings you to LAS VEGAS. This celebrated city consists really of two towns, situated in a plateau, and surrounded by mountains. The " old town," the original Las Vegas, is half a mile from the other, and consists of adobe houses built around a plaza in true Spanish or Mexican style. The new town is of frame houses, and was caused by the railroad. It will probably be the more important of the two in time. Las Vegas is a good business place, being a heavy trading point for cattle and sheep men, and for miners in the famous White Oaks and other districts. The mineral prospects of Las Vegas are good. A copper mine has been discovered about fifty-five miles southwest, and west of the city near Aqua Sarca some new indications are showing up well. Other discoveries are also being made west. THE STAGES. Stages leave Las Vegas for Las Cruces, going via Anton Chico, Gallinas Springs, Santa Rosa, Puerto de Luna, Fort Sumner, Rose- well, Lincoln, Fort Stanton, South Fork, and Tularosa. The fare to Las Cruces is $44, and the way fare is ten cents, a mile. Stages leave daily also for Vinita, going by La Licndre, Chaperito, Gallinas, Cabra, La Cinta, San Hilario, and Fort Bas- com. From Fort Bascom a daily sta^e leaves for Fort Elliott. 60 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. HERMIT MOUNTAIN. West of Las Vegas, to the north and northwest, projects out from the main range of the mountains an irregular line of hills, and over and above these rises a gray, precipitous dome of rock, known as Hermit mountain, the "El Solitario" of the Mexicans. It is so called from the fact that a hermit once lived on the top of it, never coming down, subsisting on what he could pick up, and what the people brought him. There was a spring of water on the mountain, and a cave, and with these resources he lived for years. THE PENITENTES. On the way from Las Vegas to the springs the tourist will see on top of a hill to the left of the road a cross standing boldly out against the sky. It is of wood, rude in its structure, but has a singular mission, in that it is the point to which the members of the secret order of Penitentes, crawl during Passion week. They have a town further out on the road toward the springs. The first house in it, on the left hand side of the road going, — a one-story adobe house, with a low door in front, and no windows — is the council house in which the secret meetings of the order are held. These people are a branch of the Roman Catholics. They are excomunicated, and are not recognized by the Catholic priests, but they nevertheless cling to the borders of the church, and claim to be true Christians, and the really only true ones. They are scattered all over New and Old Mexico, Arizona, and in fact south of the Arkansas river. They live in towns apart, and deport themselves pretty much as other people do, but during Passion week, the week preceding Lent, they are very cruel, lashing and torturing themselves and one another till the blood streams from them; and in the Las Vegas settlement, they crawl from the town over the stony road, up the mountain, to the foot of the cross already spoken of, whipping themselves, and uttering fear- ful cries and lamentations. They are believed to be an offshoot from the Franciscan order of monks, which was early in New Mexico, and whose ceremonies closely resemble those of the Penitentes. As the reader knows, the society of Franciscans was founded by Francis Assisium, now a saint in the Roman Catholic church, more than six hundred years ago, and its members arc now found all over the world. It has withri it three orders; first, those who are of the NEW MEXICO. 6l priesthood, and say mass daily before breakfast, confessing to one another; second, those laymen who have taken the three common vows entered into by every priest, of obedience, poverty and chastity, use the gown and follow the same fasting and penances, but do not say mass, and are made up commonly of illiterate men; and third, those persons of both sexes, whose meetings are separate and who live outside of the convent and follow the common avocations of life, the special obligation being to confess themselves often, generally once a month. Its technical name is, "The third order of the sera- phic Father Saint Francis Assisium." All three of the orders use the lash or discipline during Lent; those of the first and second orders, living in cloisters and being under more severe discipline, use it more frequently. The belief is that the Penitentes are an offshoot of the third order, although the line of connection cannot be traced and the church disowns them. The fact that the Franciscans have been in this part of the country for centuries, so that such an order might have grown out of them, and that the ceremonies of the two orders are alike in so many points, has given rise to the belief stated. THE HOT SPRINGS OF LAS VEGAS. Las Vegas is chiefly noted, however, for its hot springs, which seem destined to rival the most famous health resorts of the world. They are six miles from the town, and are reached by a splendid road ; they are situated in a basin of the mountains, and are in the center of grand scenery. As far back as tradition goes the springs have been known for their curative properties. The Indians and Mexicans frequented them, and their reputation was fully established long before the Americans came in. About thirty years ago that portion of a large Spanish land-grant fell to an American by the name of Donaldson. He erected one or two little bath houses and built a small adobe one- story house, to be used as a hotel, and which is still standing. Mr. A. Dold, now of New York, but then of Las Vegas, bought the springs of Donaldson, but did little or nothing to develop them or enhance their value. After the rebellion, a United States post was established there, and it was then that they began to obtain some foreign notice. NEW MEXICO. 63 However, it was not until they fell into the hands of the Hot Springs Company, an association of wealthy eastern gentlemen, last Sep- tember, that the outside world began to hear of their existence. This company paid $42,000 for the springs and one hundred acres of land surrounding them, and since then it has expended $75,000 in improvements. Near the mouth of the Canon Rio Gillinas, on the bank of the river of the same name, the company erected a very pretty stone hotel with all modern improvements calculated to make it convenient and comfortable for guests. It is three stories high, with porticos running the entire length of the front on each story, and can accommodate from seventy-five to one hundred guests. On the first floor is the pleasant office, reading room, bar and billiard room, large dining room, wash closets and several sleeping apart- ments ; besides the kitchen and laundry. The second floor has the parlor and some quite handsome suites of rooms. The third story is occupied entirely for sleeping rooms. The hotel is under excellent management, and the guests are as well cared for as if they were in New York or Chicago. Some fine additions are also to be made to it, making the total cost about $100,000. Across the river is the bath house, connected with the hotel by a bridge. This house was re- cently burned, but is undergoing reconstruction, and will probably be done by the time this book is published. It will be like its pre- decessor, complete in its details. It will be of stone, 200 feet long and 42 feet wide, and will have in the basement twenty-three tubs in the gentlemen's department and 14 in the ladies'. The latter will be separate from the former. There will also be shampooing, vapor, and cooling rooms, with dressing rooms and closets adjacent, an elec- tro-vapor bath room, and rooms for medicated baths. The ladies' side will be further provided with a parlor and laundry. On the main floor will be the office, ladies' and gentlemen's "waiting rooms, five rooms for attending physicians, a drug store, barber shops for both sexes, and the superintendent's apartments. A wide veranda runs about the exterior of the building. Five hundred baths per day can be given there. Back of the house, and on the hills are the twenty-two springs, sending forth their boiling water, which have made the place so famous. Only eleven of them are so far in use. How deep they are no one knows, but the water comes out of them with a temper- ature of 110 to 140 , and an egg placed in it is soon cooked. The 64 where to go to become rich. water is clear and generally tasteless, although some of the springs have a slight taste of sulphuric acid. An analysis, made by Prof. Hayden, shows the elements of the springs to be: Constituents. Spring No. i. No. 2. No. 3. .Sodium carbonate 1.72 1.17 5.00 Calcium carbonate, ) Io8 Io6 Magnesium carbonate ) ° ^ J Sodium sulphate 14.12 15.43 x 6-2i Sodium chloride 27.26 24.37 2 7-34 Potassium Trace. Trace. Trace. Lithium Strong trace. Strong trace. Strong trace. Silicic acid 104 Trace. 2.51 Iodine Trace. Trace. Trace. Bromine Trace. Trace. Trace Temperature 130° F. 123 ° F. 123° F. What makes the waters hot no one has been able to tell. Some claim it is the effect of chemical combustion, but the most plausible theory, which is maintained by many, is that during .some volcanic eruptions, of which there is such great evidence in this vicinity, that the rocks beneath the earth became so hot as to give the waters the temperature they have on reaching the surface. Like other hot springs, the waters do not retain their virtue when bottled and trans- ported, and patients to be benefited, must go to the springs them- selves. The proprietors do not pretend that the springs are a " cure-all;" on the other hand, they say that some diseases cannot be affected by a use of the water, however persistent. But they do assert that the springs are beneficial in cases of rheumatism, gout, stiff joints, skin diseases as a class, scrofula, ulcerations and enlargements of the glands, general physical debility, mental exhaustion, spinal diseases, sciatica, lumbago, paralysis, St. Vitus' dance, and all neuralgious or nervous affections, catarrh, or ozaena in all forms, dyspepsia, early stages of Bright's disease, diabetes, goitre, specific locamotor ataxy, spurious vaccination and all blood poisons, uterine diseases as a class, tally sterility and climatic ills, alcoholism and the use and abuse of opiates, syphilis, mercurial syphilis, and all. types of mercurial ills, together with such chronic diseases, wherever alterative and eliminative agency affords relief. One thing is certain, worn-out humanity will invariably find a relief h\ coming here. The change alone of location, of altitude, of scenery, and air will benefit anyone suffering from too long continued appli- ViiSSOURf PACIFIC RAiLWA The Best Route From and via St. Louis to :ansas, f|fi| nnHnn californ IEBRASKA, L| (KAl Jl OREC °^ IEW MEXICO, w fc ^ ll,ll, vj ARIZONA. The Agricultural and Mining Regions of the Great Wes1 zEszcxxiesioii^r tickets via this Line to denv: id return are on sale at lowest rates every season, from May ist, good till Oct. NORTON'S RECLINING CHAIR CARS, f which the above is an interior view, are run on all Express Trains of this I yithOUt Extl»a ChSLPge to holders of First-Class Through Tickets PULLMAN DRAWING ROOM SLEEPING CARS Are also attached to all Through Trains. Any of the following named Agents of the Missouri Pacific Railway romptly furnish any desired information concerning the Line: . H. THOMPSON, N. E. Pass. Agt., Pittsburgh, Pa. S. H. MILLS. S. E. Pass. Agt., Cincinnati, Ohio. S. W. ELLIOTT, East'n Pass. Agt., 409 Broadway, New Y G. H. DANIELS, Gen. Agt., 52 Clark St., Chicag F. CHANDLER, Cen'l Pass. Agent, St. Louis, Mo. SSOURhPACIFICxRAILWAY, The Best Route From and via St. Louis to a<; AAlAninA CALIFORNIA, SL COLORADO, j-a* Agricultural a nd Mining Regions of the Great West ;. ■X-r*T7TE3SI03>T TICKETS via this Line to DENVER SIS oaWXfewest rates every season, from May ist, good till Oct. .31st. MORTON'S RECLINING CHAIR CARS, ch the above is an interior view, are run on all Express Trains of this Line, lOUt Extra Charge to holders of First-Class Through Tickets. PULLMAN DRAWING ROOM SLEEPING CARS Are also attached to all Through Trains. L ny of the following named Agents of the Missouri Pacific Railway will illy furnish any desired information concerning the Line: THOMPSON, N. E. Pass. Agt., Pittsburgh, Pa. S. H. MILLS. S. E. Pass. Agt., Cincinnati, Ohio. S. W. ELLIOTT, Easfn Pass. Agt, 409 Broadway, New York , MM1 G - H - DANIE LS, Gen. Agt., 52 Clark St., Chicago 111 '. CHANDLER, Cenl Pass. Agent, St. Louis, Mo. ^cago, 111. 1i?Pi% m VIA ST. LOUIS FROM UNION DEPOT. tor Memphis, Mobile, Jackson, New Orleans Yicksburg, Chattanooga Atlanta, Savannah, Charleston, Jacksonville, And all Points in the Southeast. When you go to or from ^EKA.1TSA.S or ^^^"t^ or for Pleasure, go by the Favorite " Iron Mountain, natural attractions, safety, speed, comfort and economy combine Popular Thoroughfare of the Great Southwest. 1 5; Through Tickets and Baggage Checks can be procured at Tic necting Lines throughout the East, North and West, and at the ^ COMPANY'S OFFICES: 104 Clark St., Chicago. SllMtt ■ A. W. SOPER, Gen'l Supt. O. W. RUGGLES. Gen MAP OF NEW MEXICO ENGRAVED Expressly for this Work, Geo. F.C rum, Cli Ion ffo. Las Vegas. Paolo Montova. No. i heir* of B.tca. and Canon de Santo Domingo, 29. Espiritu Santo Spring. 30. Jcmvz anil San Isidro. 31. Sangre tie Cristo. \2. San Feline. and Canon d*l 1,0,1), 36. Tejon. 37. Tajique. 38. Torreon. 39. Manxano. 40. Isleta, Pueblo Tome. Belen and Casa, Colorado. Cevilleta. Bosque del Apache. Pedro Armendaj-iz {t grants). Brazito tract. Agua Ne«a. Perea, or Los Esteros. Lady of Light, iru.ii, &* ••-£=£ 0mm$(to VTA ST. LOUIS FROM UNION DEPOT. h FOR Memphis, Mobile, Jackson, New Orleans Yicksburg, Nashville, Chattanooga Atlanta, Savannah, Charleston, Jacksonville. And all Points in the South AND Southeast. When you go to or from ^i.^,^:.^-3SrS-^.S or TIEZHZ-A-S, for or for Pleasure, go by the Favorite " Iron fountain Route, natural attractions, safety, speed, comfort and economy combine to ma Popular Thoroughfare of the Great Southwest. Through Tickets and Baggage Checks can be procured at Ticket Offic( necting Lines throughout the East, North and West, and at the COMPANY'S 03TICSS : 104 Clark St., Chicago. 24 N. 4th St., St. AWD UJVIOJV DEPOT, ST. LOUIS. A. W. SOPER, Gen'l Supt. O. W. RUGGLES. Gen. Passeng-er Agt., NEW MEXICO. 65 cation to business, not counting what the waters may do. The springs rise not far from the mouth of a beautiful canon, which winds romantically into the Spanish range of the Rocky mountains, and are the very center of magnificent scenery. Their altitude is 6,400 feet, the elevation which has made Colorado Springs so efficient for the cure of pulmonary complaints. The advantages are, however, decidedly in favor of Las Vegas, for the waters are more medic- inal, the climate is not so bleak and harsh in winter, and is equally delightful in summer. They are the most southerly resort attainable on that central elevated plateau, which may be considered the great sanitarium in this country for lung diseases, and which extends through Colorado and the upper half of New Mexico, along the east- ern base of the Rocky mountains. The healthful character of the climate of New Mexico is worth bearing in mind. In New England twenty-five out of every one hundred persons die of tubercular diseases; in Minnesota, fifteen; in the southern states, six; but in New Mexico only three. The United States army reports place the ratio of respiratory diseases at 1.3 per thousand in New Mexico, while in other parts of the Union it ranges from 2.3 to 6.9 per thousand. Dr. Lynington says that in a residence of eight years in New Mexico, he has seen but two cases of phthisis among natives. The days are" seldom too hot for comfort, while the nights are always cool ; and the atmosphere is dry, pure, and electric to an extraordinary degree. If you wish to recuperate, and are in doubt where to go, take a trip to the- Las Vegas springs. THE LAND GRANTS. Las Vegas stands upon a land-grant made in 1835 by the Mexican government. The grant contains 496,447 acres, and was originally made to Juan de Dios, Maese and others. As the matter of grants is an important one to all persons in New Mexico, and to all who intend to remove to the territory, it should be understood thoroughly. The Spanish kings and the Mexican governors used to cede to their favorites, and for purposes of colonization, certain tracts of land, which were known then as " private land-grants." When the United States took the country by conquest, they agreed, by the treaty which was signed in 1S48 at a small town called Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 66 WHERE TO GO TO. BECOME RICH. to sustain all these property rights. The stipulation, which is in the eighth article, reads : Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to Mexico, and which remain for the future within the limits of the United States, as denned by the present treaty, shall be free to continue where they now reside, or to remove at any time to the Mexican Republic, retaining the property which they possess in the said territories, or disposing thereof and removing the pro- ceeds wherever they please, without their being subjected on this account to any contribution, tax or charge whatever. * * In the said territories property of every kind now belonging to Mexicans not established there, shall be inviolably respected. The present owners, the heirs of these, and all Mexicans who may hereafter acquire said property by contract, shall enjoy with respect to it guaranties equally ample as if the same belonged to citizens of the United States. Another treaty, signed Dec. 30, 1S53, commonly known as the Mesilla Valley treaty, or the Gadsden purchase, deputates in its fifth article that — All the provisions of the eighth * * articles of the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo shall apply to the territory ceded by the Mexican republic in the first article of the present treaty, and to all the rights of persons and property, both civil and ecclesiastical, within the same, as fully and effectually as if the said articles were herein again recited and set forth. The law of congress of August 4, 1854, extended the federal and territorial civil jurisdiction over the additional territory acquired by the treaty of 1S53, whereby the treaty of Guadaloupe became opera- tive also over the Gadsden purchase. Before the grantee can have title to his grant, it must be con- firmed by congress. No time has ever been set within which the owners of grants must apply for confirmation or lose all right to their grant, and the result is that only a small proportion of grant owners have asked to have their lights fully vested in themselves. The confirmation by congress is of course to prevent men from tak- ing fraudulent grants; very few such have been discovered in Mexico, but California has been filled with them. About two hundred pri- vate grants, and twenty-five pueblo grants — of which mention will be made later — have been presented, and forty-six have been confirmed. The following table shows the CONFIRMED GRANTS, to whom they were originally granted, when the grant was made, NEW MEXICO. 6 7 and by what government, and, so far as the United States reports show, the number of acres in each grant : Tract known as the Original Grantees. a* Made by Acres. Juan Barela, et al 1S23 1739 1832 1S43 1S23 1823 1824 1815 1846 1820 1841 1824 1740 i 8 39 1S41 1825 1843 181 5 1827 1S60 1S35 l8 34 1841 1829 1786 1798 !75i 1712 1822 Mexico. Spain. Mexico. do. do. do. do. Spain. Mexico. Spain. Mexico. do. Spain. Mexico. do. do. do. Spain. Mexico. UnitedStates Mexico. do. do. do. Spain. do. do do. Mexico. do. Spain. Mexico. do. do. do. Spain. Mexico. Spain. Mexico. do. Spain. Mexico. Spain. do. do. Mexico. 318,700 121,595 Sangro de Cristo Casa Colorado, Town oi Manuel Martinez & Sons Luis Lee & Narciso Beaubien Salvado Montoya, et at. . . . Francisco Trujillo, et al. . . . John Scollv, et al Tecolote, Town of -1*637 12,546 Lady of Light Chilili, Town of i6,547 38,435 Santiago Padilla, et al Diego Torres Salazar, et al. Jesus Mieva, et al 194,664 31.595 Beaubien and M randa. . . . 17,712 Vigil and St. Vrain Juan de D. Pena, et al Luis Maria C. de Baca Juan de Dios Maese, etal Eaton, E W 27,854 99,289 496,447 Numbers I* 2, Baca heirs Las Vegas, Town of . . . Torreon, Town of Manzano, Town of ... . San Isidro, Town of . . . Canon de San Diego. . . Las Trampas, Town oi Nerio A. Montoya, et al. . . . Jose M. Trujillo, etal Armenta and Sandoval. . . . F.&A. Garcia deNoruga, etal Anton Chico, Town of. Laguna Pueblo, lands of I ndefinite 383,663 Ortiz, Caspar Vicente Duran deArmigo. . Pedro Armendariz '739 i835 1820 1820 184.5 1724 1840 1742 1844 1S24 1S19 1S33 iSi.s 1S07 1743 i3 4 3 Mora, Town of. 827,621 397, 2 35 Antonio Trujillo ii9,933 60, 1 1 7 Tejon, Town of Vigil Ramon Salvado Ben-eras, et al Pedro Sanchez, Canon del Agua Montoya Pablo Jose Serafin Ramirez 3.501 655,46s Ortiz and Cano 64,458 Espiritu Santo spring . Cevolleta, Town of. . . . . Leronx Antonio Nolan, Gervacio Luis Maria C. de Baca Francisco Aragon, et al. . . PedroVigil deSantillana,et al Gervacio Nolan 6S WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. The Las Animas and Gervacio Nolan grants, and parts of the Sangre de Cristo and Cimarron grants are in Colorado. The latter is the famous Maxwell grant — its name having been changed — and contains about two million acres. There is a vital difference between the confirmed and unconfirmed grants. When the grants which are already confirmed were pre- sented to congress for action twenty years and more ago, New Mexico was a far distant and an unknown land. It was compara- tively on the other side of the world, congress probably thought it would never amount to much; and that attention was not given to the law of the case that it deserved. Some of the claimants repre- sented that the grant included not only the right to the grazing and agricultural uses of the land, but also to the mineral in it; and the United States in confirming the grants, assumed that this was true, and supposed that under the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo they must give the grantees any mines found on the grants. Accordingly, this government quit-claimed its right to the mineral on all the grants which it confirmed. In doing this, however, a grievous error was made. It has since been learned that the former governments did not include the mineral when they made a private grant, but expressly reserved it. This point has been fully established in the suits which have been brought in California over the grants. For example, in 17 California, 199, Moore v. Smaw, it is stated that "in .Spain, under the law of the Partida, the property of the mines was so vested in the king that they were held not to pass in a grant of the land, although not excepted out of the grant; and even though included in it, the grant was valid, as to the mines, only during the life of the king tvho made it, and required confirmation by his successors." At the bottom of the same page in a note the law is quoted to the effect that Law ^, title 15, Partida 2, in enumerating the things which were not conveyed in a grant of land, says: And mines, if there be any ; and although it be not mentioned in the grant that the king retains to himself the things above-mentioned, vet it is not, there- fore, to be understood that he to whom the grant is made acquires a right to them. Moreover, if the king should make over all these things to him by the grant, even then he cannot hold or use them, except during the life of king who made the grant, and of any other king who may please to confirm it. The same principle is set forth in "Rockwell's Spanish and Mexi- can law," page 126, and it seems to be now clearly understood that NEW MEXICO. 69 in future the United States will, in fact, uphold the rights of grantees, ceded by former governments; that is, this government will sustain the grantees in their right to the agricultural and pastoral use of the land, but it will not quit-claim its right to any more mineral. Dif- ferent views are entertained, but this seems to be the one most gen- erally held. Of course, the owners of confirmed grants have their right to the mineral, and it cannot be taken away. If a prospector finds a mine on a confirmed grant, he will have to pay the owner of the grant a royalty for the privilege of working it. If a stock-raiser range his cattle on confirmed grants, he will probably have to pay ground rent, or pasture rent. But on unconfirmed grants both classes are for the present, at least, safe from these taxes. If a miner has dis- covered mineral on an unconfirmed grant, let him not be terrified into giving the owner of the grant a share or a royalty. Let him stand his ground and fight for his right, and he will win. And a stock-raiser cannot be made to pay rent until the grant is confirmed. Men going into New Mexico will do better therefore to go to public lands and unconfirmed grants to prospect and to herd stock. The confirmed grants occupy hardly one-twentieth of the state, and they are nearly all in the northern and central part, so that there is plenty of room. The value of the land has been different at different times, but it has never been very high. Unconfirmed grants have been sold by the tens of thousands of acres, at three cents an acre. On the other hand, the Canon del Agua and the San Pedro grants, in the Cerillos, comprising about thirty-six thousand acres were once sold for $200,- 000; a Boston company has recently purchased them, and it claims to have paid $800,000 for them, which is about $26 per acre. Prices vary, as the reader sees, according to circumstances! THE INDIAN PUEBLO GRANTS, — " Pueblo" means town or village — were a series of grants dis- tinct from the private land-grants, and were made to the inhabitants of towns, principally that the inhabitants might own their own town sites. Eighteen have been confirmed. The following table shows which these are. They were all made by Spain, mostly in the year 1689, and were confirmed by the United States in 1859, except the last, which was confirmed in 1876. 7 o WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. Tract known as the Indian pueblo of Original Grantees. Made by Acres Jemez Acoma San Juan Picuris San Felipe Pecos Cochiti Santo Domingo. Taos Santa Clara Tesuque San Ildefonso. . . Pojoaque Zia Sandia Isleta Nambe Santa Ana Inhabitants of the pueblo, do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do 1689 do do do do do do do 16S9 1748 1 766 Spain. do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do 17,545 1 7,460 34-7 r >7 iS, 7 6 3 24»257 74,743 i7,36i 17,369 I747 1 17,293 13,520 i7,5H 24.1S7 1 10,080 i3,5S6 The unconfirmed Indian pueblo grants are, Laguna, Zia, Santa Ana, Jemiz, San Cristoval, and Zuni. The unconfirmed private grants are too many for mention, and in fact only a part of them have ever been presented for confirmation. LAS VEGAS TO SANTA FE. Going from Las Vegas to Santa Fe, the traveler passes some noteworthy points. The first is BERNAL, twenty miles from Las Vegas. It has about twenty adobe houses. Across the track is Bernal peak, which has quite a tragic history. Before the war between the United States and Mexico the Mexicans lived in the town. The Navajo Indians, fighting on the side of the United States, made a descent upon the place, and, routing the Mexicans, drove twenty-six of them to the top of the peak. The Indians numbered about four hundred, and for the Mexicans to attack them was sure death. There was but one way up the moun- tain and that the twenty-six could defend against any number. The Mexicans would not come down, nor would they let the Indians up, and the latter sat down and deliberately starved their prisoners to NEW MEXICO. 7* death. For which reason it is now called Starvation Rock. Two crosses on the top of the peak mark the spot. The top has an area of twenty-five acres, and before the train comes to Santa Fe it reaches a point high enough that the passenger can look down on the top of the mountain, although at Bernal he runs at its foot. SAN MIGUEL, thirty miles from Las Vegas, has a population of 1500, whereas formerly it had 7000 and was a good business point. PECOS CATHEDRAL. Thirty-five miles from Santa Fe is the famous Pecos cathedral. It is three miles from the railway track, and the passenger can get only a glimpse of its red and crumbling walls. It is the site of what was once a large and populous Aztec village. Tradition has it that Montezuma was born there, and that when he went away he told his people to keep the sacred fire burning until his return. But he never came. Warriors watched the fires and remained on duty for two clays and nights without food or rest, or, as some say, until exhausted or dead; and many that came out alive died soon after. The Spanish Mexicans used to believe that the bodies were given to an enormous serpent to devour. Whatever the cause, the town of Pecos declined. Once, about the middle of the last century, Indians sacked the town, but many escaped. In 1837 tne tribe was reduced to forty-five persons, of whom but seven were warriors. All this time they had kept the sacred fire burning, but they could do it no longer, as they were too few, and tradition says that three warriors went into the woods with the fire, and that Montezuma himself appeared and relieved them of it. Then they packed their goods, and went to join their brothers at the Jemez Pueblo, west of the Rio Grande. They were of course sun worshippers, and they looked at the rising sun every morning expecting to see Montezuma return. Near by are some boulders having in them distinct imprints of human feet, as plain as if they were in soft clay, and tradition has it that these are the prints of Montezuma's feet when he left. The people were converted to Christianity centuries ago, or rather they combined the Christian rites with their own, and were claimed by the priests as Christians. The church was built by Franciscan friars in 1628. It is of adobe, in the form of a cross, and the interior dimensions were : Nave, 100 feet long and 24 feet wide; chancel, iS 7 3 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. feet wide in front, and 14 in the rear, with a depth of 18 feet; total length of the building, 118 feet. The distance from one end of the cross to the other, the widest part of the church, was 45 feet. There is nothing inside the ruin now save some odd pieces of pottery. The ruins of the old town are yet quite visible. Pecos means "blonde, light complected and freckled." The town was abandoned, some say, because the Comanches attacked it, and so reduced it that it could no longer continue, but another tradition has it that a sacred serpent was kept in the council house where the fire was burning ; that to it was fed every day a child, and that reduced the Pueblo finally to a point where the few remaining could not hold out alone. The old ruin is one of the most famous in New Mexico. LA GLORIETTA was the scene of a battle between the Union troops and the Confed- erates, Feb. 28, 1862, which lasted from 10 a. m. till 5 p. m. and was not decisive. The Union loss was 38 killed, 54 wounded, and 1 1 prison- ers, and the Confederates 80 killed, 100 wounded, and 93 prisoners. The Confederates retired the next day toward Santa Fe, and the Union troops to Fort Union. CROPS AND IRRIGATION. Along the line, and throughout the country, the traveler sees wooden crosses standing in the fields. They are set up by the pious people who think some influence is mysteriously exerted to protect their crops. The fields are irrigated, too, little trenches ten or fifteen feet apart being dug and flooded with water from large ditches which in turn are fed by the mountains. With irrigation the soil is very rich. SANTA FE. By all odds, the oddest town in this country is Santa Fe. Quebec lias its wall, but Santa Fe has its south European character. Do you like antiquity? Here is the oldest town in America. St. Augustine, Fla., was settled in 1565, but the Spaniards found this a populous town in 1512. It was old when New York was a swamp, and hoary with age when Columbus discovered America. Entering it, one is reminded of Mark Twairt's comments on Tangier : What a tunny old town it is ! It seems like profanation to laugh and jest. NEW MEXICO. 73 and bandy the frivolous chat of our day amid its hoary relics. Only the stately phraseology and the measured speech of the sons of the prophet are suited to a venerable antiquity like this. Here .is a crumbling wall that was old when Columbus discovered America; was old when Peter the Hermit roused the knightly men of the middle ages to arm for the first crusade ; was old when Charlemagne and his paladins beleaguered enchanted castles, and battled with giants and genii in the fabled days of the olden time ; was old when Christ and his disciples walked the earth ; stood where it stands to-day when the lips of Meranon were vocal, and men bought and sold in the streets of ancient Thebes! Santa Fe may not be as old as Tangier, or it may be. How old it is no one knows, for it was the home of the Aztec and his prede- cessors centuries before the New World was known. The city lies on the edge of a basin of the mountains, and viewed from the summit of a neighboring peak, looks like a vast collection of brick kilns. The houses are mostly of adobe, one-storied, squarely built, and the smoke curling from their tops present the appearance named. The Santa Fe river — called river by courtesy, for the stream is no wider than you can leap across — flows through its midst. " Santa Fe" means " holy faith." Its early name was " the city of San Francisco Asis de Santa Fe," Saint Francis being the patron saint. Later it was called " La Ville Real de Santa Fe," which has been reduced to simple Santa Fe. Its population now is about 6,000. Its latitude is 35 deg., 41 min., its longitude 106 deg. 10 min., and its altitude 7,000 feet. Its time is one hour, fifty-six minutes and four seconds slower than Washington time. The Spaniards who entered America through Mexico, invaded New Mexico at an early date, and made Santa Fe their capital, as it had been the capital of the Montezumas before them. Cabeza de Baca and Coronado were the earliest of these explorers. What was Santa Fe's Aztec name is unknown, but it is supposed to have been. Cicuye. The inhabitants of the pre-Spanish towns are called pueblo Indians, from the fact that they lived in pueblos or towns, and to distinguish then from the nomadic tribes which would not settle in villages. The pueblo Indians were a peaceful, civilized people, cul- tivating fields, living in homes, loving their families, and observing the laws. The Spaniards reduced them to servitude, and treated them with the utmost harshness, compelling them to work the mines — whose reported richness had been the cause of the Spanish invasion NEW MEXICO. 75 — and the value of the mines may be gathered from the fact that a single one of them paid $10,000,000 to the church. The Franciscan friars were among the first of the Christian orders to enter the country, and their ecclesiastical system was made a part of the cus- toms of the new regime. Repeated cruelty at last drove the pueblos to revolt in 16S0. This was a great rebellion, rated in the history of New Mexico above all other revolts. The Indians drove the Spanish settlers and the Roman Catholic priests out of the country, destroyed the churches — the Pecos church for some reason was spared — covered up the mines, so as to remove as far as possible all future temptation of the white man's cupidity ; and re-established their own govern- ment and their own religion. On Nov. 5, 16S1, Gov. Otermin left Mexico with an army to reconquer the country. He reached the west edge of the mesa — a mesa is a plateau on a range of hills or mountains — twenty-one milag west of Santa Fe, and there gave up the expedition and returned in failure. For twelve years the Pueblos possessed the country, but in 1692 de Vargas marched upon the city. Arrived there, the Spanish soldiers in view of the deadly conflict about to take place received absolution, and the battle began. It raged from the morning of Sept. 13th till evening with fearful slaugh- ter, but the Spaniards conquered. Entering the city, they proclaimed the Spanish supremacy. Gen. de Vargas, having gained the object of his expedition, appointed an Indian named Luis, of the pueblo of Picuris, as his representative, and he returned to El Paso, reaching there Dec. 20, 1692. Having reported to the Mexican government, he took some more men and a great many emigrants — the object of his return was to get Spanish settlers for the newly conquered country — and reached Santa Fe about Dec. nth. Runners, sent for- ward to ascertain the sentiment, reported the Indians friendly and preparing to give him a triumphal entry. He marched in with flying colors, made a speech to the multitude assembled on the plaza, and then marched to an eminence to the northeast, where quarters had been prepared, and where the- command rested. De Vargas rebuilt the San Miguel church, which still stands on the south bank of the river, and he also made other repairs. About Christmas he deter- mined to move down into the city, but for some reason the Pueblos resisted him, and another battle occurred. Spanish troops rushed to the fray with the cry of " Santiago." The Pueblos fought them 76 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. with stones, missiles, and boiling hot water, and while the conflict was at its height reinforcements for the Pueblos appeared from the west. De Vargas sent a detachment of cavalry which routed them, and the day was gained for the Spaniards. On the night before the battle the Pueblos had executed Luis, the friend of de Vargas, and some other principal men, and when de Vargas entered the city he had seventy of the Pueblo warriors shot. Four hundred young women and children were listributed among the families of the Spaniards. The latter held the city for more than one hundred and fifty years, and what cruelties were practiced on the unhappy race no one will ever know. Insurrections were attempted from time to time, but they resulted only in failure and in reducing the Indians to greater depths of misery. The most serious was that of 1837. Col. Albino Perez was sent out from Mexico as the representative of the central government, and when New Mexico was made a territory by Mex- ico he was appointed governor. He ruled with fearful injustice, and in July, 1837, the Pueblos arose. The immediate cause was an arbi- trary tax on tobacco raised in the pueblos. The rebellion first broke out in the pueblo of San Juan, but the others soon joined, and an organized body marched upon Santa Fe. The combatants joined at Santa Cruz de la Canada, and Perez was beaten. He returned to Santa Fe satisfied that the insurrection was more formidable than he had supposed, and began an effort for reconciliation. He went out to meet the advancing victors, but they would hold no consultation with him, and on his way back in the evening he was met in the suburbs by a hostile party and killed. This was on Aug. 9, 1837. The hostiles encamped about the city, caught and killed several other prominent men, among them District Judge Santiago Abreu, and cut off" the hands of Secretary Alarid, saying that he should never countersign any more tyrannical gubernatorial decrees. The insurgents cut off* the head of the dead governor, kicked it about their camp, and carried it on a pole in sight of the city. That night three women stole out from the city, found the body, wrapped it in a blanket, and buried it in the old and now deserted cemetery on the hill northeast of the plaza. It still lies there. Soon after Manuel Armijo took the field at Tome, and within a short time the insurrec- tion was suppressed. Gonzales, who was in command of the insur- Isrtew mexico. 77 gents, was, with his lieutenant, Lopez, hung at Santa Cruz, Jan. 25, 183S. Armijo was then recognized hy the central government at Mexico as governor, in which position he remained until the Amer- ican government took possession in 1846. A sister of his now lives at Las Lunas. During the war between Mexico and the United States, Santa Fe was captured by the United States troops under Gen. Kearney. Gen. Armijo marched out to resist him in his advance, but dissen- sions arising in the Mexican ranks, Armijo had to withdraw towards Chihuahua, and Gen. Kearney entered the city Aug. 18, 1846, unop- posed. He made a speech to the people from the palace, advising them to go to their homes and peaceably accept the situation. Gen. Kearney built old Fort Marcy, the ruins of which are still visible. The city was captured by the Confederates under • Gen. H. H. Sibley in 1862, and was held by them about a month. They defeated the Union troops at Valverde, in southern New Mexico, Feb. 21, 1862, and marched into the city, unfurled their flag, and planted their cannon on the plaza. After the battle of Glorietta, they evacuated Santa Fe, and the Union citizens who had fled and the United States civil officers returned. The Confederates during their stay committed no wanton depredations. During its long history Santa Fe was much troubled, of course, by attacks from savage Indians, but of these only a general mention can be made. Of these foes the Navajoes and the Utahs were the most formidable and harassing, and war with them was in almost constant progress. As has been said, the city is, even to-day, the oddest in the United States. The houses are flat-roofed, mud-covered, and from a dis- tance you could hardly distinguish the town from the surrounding country. They are built of sun-dried brick made of straw, precisely as brick were made in the days of Pharoah; you will see there "women grinding a mill," as they ground in Palestine in the long ago; and water is drawn from wells by letting down a rope and bucket by hand, without even a windlass, as Jacob did when he kept his flocks. The streets are narrow, the walls dead, and a carriage and two horses, standing crosswise, will block up the whole thoroughfare. The people dress much after the Mexican fashion, especially do the women. They wear shawls over their heads and faces, and any day WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. you may see sitting on the sidewalk about the plaza, old crones which are veritable Meg Merrilies. Spaniards and Mexicans come in from the mines, with dusky faces, frontier clothes, and broad- brimmed sombreros. Indians drive to town burros — a burro is a Mexican donkey, very hardy, but not larger than a colt — packed with wood, tied on. They spend one day cutting the wood, another bringing it to town, a third standing about waiting for a purchaser, and a fourth in returning home; and they will get twenty-five cents for the load ! There ^ is one place called §§ burro alley, which is I filled with the ani- = mals all day. It is the wood market of the city. The bur- f ros are a patient set, :=jt.v5 *' cc pyi ar >d obedient; - — ■=- but they have some ""'u. traits of the human fe§8^ about them. During Hljgs a recent campaign a " politician " was on his way home one night from a meet- ing, "considerably the wors e f o r the wear. " He passed burro alley, and see- ing a large crowd, mounted a box and made a speech, addressing them as "fellow citizens!" The city — like all Spanish towns — is built around a public square, called a plaza, and each house in the city is built around a little court called a placita. No house is so poor that it cannot have its placita. The yards are surrounded by adobe walls as high as the head, and many owners cultivate gardens. The " sights " for a tourist are numerous. There is the palace. '^ ou may have felt envious sometimes because you were not "horn in a palace." Feel so no more! Your old country home was as Os, m& ^ BURRO AND BO\ NEW MEXICO. 79 grand as this. But it had not the history. This was erected previous to the year 1581, and built from material of the old Indian town. It GOVERNOR'S PALACE, SANTA FE. is a long building, taking up the entire north side of the plaza, one story in height, with a porch along its entire front, and not at all extraordinary or palatial in appearance. Says ex-Gov. Amy of it : So WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RtCH. This interesting old building, on account of the repairs repeatedly made upon it now-a-days, is fast losing its antique appearance and internal arrangements. It has been the scene and witness of many events of interest and importance, the recital of many of which would to us of to-day seem almost absolutely incredible. In it lived and ruled the Spanish captain general, so remote and inaccessible from the viceroyalty at Mexico that he was in effect a king, nom- inally accountable to the viceroy, but practically beyond his reach and control and wholly irresponsible directly to the people. Equally independent for the same reason were the Mexican governors. Here met all the provincial, terri- torial, departmental and other legislative bodies that have ever assembled in the capital of New Mexico. Here have been planned all the domestic Indian wars and measures for defence against foreign invasion, including as the most note- worthy the Navajo war in 1S23 and the Texan invasion in 1S42, the "American of 1846 and the Confederate of 1S62." Within its walls was imprisoned in 1809 the American explorer Zebulon M. Pike, and innumerable state prisoners before and since; and many a sentence of death has been pronounced therein and the accused forthwith led awaj and shot at the dictum of the man at the "palace." It has been from time immemorial the government house with all its branches annexed. It was such on the fourth of July, 1776, when the American congress at Independence Hall in Philadelphia proclaimed liberty throughout all the land not then but now embracing it. Indeed, this old edifice has a history. And as the history of Santa Fe is the history of New Mexico, so is the history of the Palace the history of Santa Fe. The palace now contains the governor's mansion (Gen. Lew Wallace is at present the governor,) the United States designated depository, the United States and territorial court rooms, the legislative halls, the territorial library and the office of the at- torney general of the town. The plaza, or public square of the city, comprising an area of two and a half acres, contains a number of fine shade trees. The eight large ones forming the extreme north tier were set out by Mariano Martinez, then governor, in 1844. The others were set out In- private citizens. In the center of the park is the soldier's monu- ment, erected by authority of the territorial legislature, and dedi- cated with imposing ceremonies, October 24, 1867, to the citizens of New Mexico who had fallen in the Indian wars of the country and to the Union soldiers who perished in the battles in New Mex- ico during the late civil war. THE CHRISTIAN BROTHERS' COLLEGE, one of the finest buildings in .Santa Fe, and entirely modern in character, stands on a hill just south of the river. It is the most con- spicuous building in the city, and is seen by the passenger on the NEW MEXICO. 81 train long before he can see the city. In fact, he will be considera- bly amazed when the conductor tells him that the college is in the city, for he can see no city. Boys receive in it a "commercial, THE PLAZA. j business, and good English education." Brother Botulph is the I director, as he was the architect and builder. A good view of the vicinity is had from its tower. SAN MIGUEL CHURCH. Near by it is the famous San Miguel church, which was partially destroyed in the great rebellion of 1680, and was rebuilt by de Var- gas. It is an adobe building, and is falling into decay. The front yard is filled with graves, and the ground of the interior is also filled with unknown graves. In fact, all the Catholic churches in Santa 82 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. Fe are so. They formerly had, and some do yet have, no floors, nothing but the bare ground, and it was the unhealthy custom to bury the dead within these precincts. So thickly are they laid that the tourist walks over them, though, of course, the graves are not visible. As one enters the door in front, a beam overhead bears an inscription to the effect that the church was rebuilt, through his THE .PRIEST OF SANTA FE. agent, a royal ensign of the army, named Don Augustin Flores Ver- garo, by the Marquis de la Penuela in 1710. To the right of the door, inside, is an opening in the wall, covered with a curtain, into a room ioxS in size. Tradition says there was a stairway in it to the gallery under the bell tower — a rather roundabout and awkward way to get up. Brother Baldwin, of the Christian Brothers College, NEW MEXICO. 83 who acted as the guide for our party, said with a sly twinkle in his eye, that it used to be the chamber of the inquisition. As the inquis- ition was never in America, he can enjoy his little joke. THE OLDEST HOUSE IN SANTA FE is just across the alley from the church. It was seen by Coronado in 1540. It is of adobe, is 60 feet long, 12 feet high, and 15 feet wide, and is occupied by four families. It aj>pears to be good for at least a century more! THE CONVENT OF THE SISTERS OF LORETTA is the fine stone building just north of the Christian Brothers Col- lege. It is a school for girls. The cost was over $20,000. THE BISHOP'S CATHEDRAL stands at the head of San Francisco street. The old church was built of mud in the shape of a cross. A new one was commenced in June, 1S69, and is now in course of construction. It is of stone, and is being built around the old one, so as to inclose it. Services are yet held in the old one. It is always open, and go what time you will, you find some one — generally women — kneeling in front of its altar, praying. Its walls are covered with old paintings and statues; in the niche, back of the altar, is a statue of Saint Domingo brought from Spain; and tbe wall back of the altar is covered from floor nearly to ceiling with a huge slab of stone with figures and charac- ters cut in it. It is considerably in the Egyptian style, and was cut by Indians, probably with strong Aztec ideas in their minds. It formerly was in the " military church," an old structure which once stood on the south side of the plaza, but was demolished years ago to give place to a business house. In the altar in the south wing of the cathedral stand two statues of saints veiled. They were brought from Spain, and tradition has it that they are veiled because if any man look on them unveiled he would be turned to stone. The priests say, however, that the veils are to keep off the dust, and some say they are to conceal the lamentable want of proportion in the figures. In the altar in the north wing is a figure of the Virgin Mary, dressed in white, with gold and tinsel trimmings, and is an important ele- ment in Santa Fe life. Mention will be made of it later. The pic- tures to the right and left of the Virgin were brought from Spain. The traveler has here an opportunity to observe the thickness of the 84 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. adobe walls of houses. In this instance they measure six feet. Such width is necessary to support the roofs. THE NEW CATHEDRAL, SANTA FE. THE BISHOP'S GARDEN. There is always a Catholic bishop resident at Santa Fe, and at present Bishop Lamy fills that office. His residence is just to the south of the cathedral, and his gardens are well worth a visit. THE OLD CEMETERY. Go now to old Fort Marcy, on the hill northeast of the plaza. On* the way up you tan stop at the deserted cemetery where Gov. Perez' headless body lies buried. The cemetery is no longerused; it is fall- ing to ruins, and there is nothing visible inside, not even a stone over NEW MEXICO. §5 the unfortunate governor's grave. The cemetery is surrounded by a high adobe wall, and a chapel, going to pieces, stands at the en- trance. Juanna Prada, one of the women who buried Perez, died very recently in Santa Fe. The decaying adobe house, a few yards southwest of the burying ground, used to be the old Mexican powder house. OLD FORT MARCY was built by Gen. Kearney, in 1846, and the ruins are still visible, the walls being in a good state of preservation. The ruins at the west NEW FORT MARCY, SANTA FE. 86 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. end were the front proper, and the ruins in the rear of these were the quarters and guard house. The graves in the rear of the latter are of Kearney's men. Pieces of Indian pottery and arrowheads are occasionally found lying about. The small pit inside the main fort was the magazine and had a house over it. Standing on the edge of the bluff, and looking across to the south, the low sugar-loaf hills are the real Cerillos; beyond, to the left, the higher ones are where the gold placers are found. Back of the Cer- illos, the high peak is the San Dilla mountain. The cold breezes which constantly strike you come from the perpetual snow lying on the mountains in plain sight east and west. The present Fort Marcy is at the foot of the hill on which old Fort Marcy is situated. It is simply a garrison of United States troops, kept here all the time. Leaving the hill and going west, you come to the stone state house and penitentiary, commenced in 1854, but never completed, because congress would appropriate no more money for it. On the state house $60,000, and on the penitentiary $20,000 have been already expended, and there the piles remain. Back of the state house is the masonic burying ground, in the northwest corner of which Gov. Bent lies buried. He was killed in the revolution at Taos, in 1S47. CHAPEL OF OUR LADY OF THE ROSARY. Go across the sandy space west until you come to the Chapel of our Lady of the Rosary. It is an old adobe building, 70x20 feet in dimensions, with no floor, no seats and no ornaments except a few old pictures on the wall. In the vestry are two pictures, one of the Virgin, with a really beautiful face. There is no objection to your going in to see it. This church, and the church of Our Lady of Guadalupe is always locked, but the key is with an old Mexican woman who is near by, and who will gladly open and show you in for a small coin. The dead used to be buried within the church, and one of the graves near the altar is sinking in, leaving a ghastly hole. In front of the church, and a little to the east is an old tree which used to be the center of a cock-pit, and was once a great resort for the sporting Mexicans. The church was probably built about the year 1700. No services are held in it now except once a year, when the Mexicans invoke rain. This is one of the great festivals of Santa Fe. The people NEW MEXICO. 8 7 form a procession in the town, the image of the Virgin Mary is taken from the cathedral and carried, at the head of the line, to the Rosary chapel in great state; four persons bear the palankeen in which the image is transported; and behind it is a great troop of white-robed virgins, followed by the general crowd of Indians and Catholics. The people bring out their best carpets, lay them in the street, and beg the Virgin to rest. Whenever she does so the priests kneel and ST. MARY S CHAPEL, SANTA FE. pray, and the populace pay such money as they are able, and the line of march is resumed. Arrived at the chapel, the Virgin is placed in the altar, and special services for rain are commenced. This is on the first Sunday after Corpus Christi, and the invocations continue for eight days, or until a week from the next day. As this is about the beginning of the rainy season, the welcome storms are pretty certain to have commenced before the ceremonies are over. Once, however, they did not. That was many years ago. The priests. ■ss WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. prayed, and the people offered offerings, and implored, but all to no purpose. The Virgin was obdurate, and the rain fell not. The patience of the worshipers at last gave out, and dragging the image from her proud place, they stripped off her tinsel, threw her into the creek, and even kicked her over the dry rocks. But that night a heavy rain fell, and nearly washed the city away, and the Virgin was at once reclothed and restored to her place, and the people prom- ised repentance and greater obedience than ever. That is the tra- dition. Near by the chapel is a private cemetery and adjoining it the national cemetery. GUADALUPE CHAPEL. Another church is the chapel of Our Lady of Guadalupe, not far from the chapel of Our Lady of the Rosary. It is an adobe GUADALUPE CHAPEL. NEW MEXICO. 89 building, with smooth walls, and surmounted by a diminishing pile of square mud pillars, forming a tall tower. The tower had once a pointed top of boards and tin, but that is now gone. Within the tower is a bell, which from a distance has a very quaint appear- ance. The area in front of the church is inclosed with an adobe wall, and several graves are to be seen. The interior of the church is like that of the others. There are no seats, the ceiling is of cedar logs, with nothing between, the floor is filled with graves, and there are no ornaments save some old pictures on the wall. The most notable of these is the one on the wall back of the altar. Our Lady of Guadalupe is a prominent personage in Mexican church history, and she has chapels dedicated to her in many cities and towns. The legend is that in the fifteenth century a devout Indian named Juan Diego, living in the vicinity of Guadalupe, had an apparition of the Virgin one day as he was traveling. She instructed him as to a chapel which she wished built in her honor. He went to the bishop of the diocese the next morning, but he dis- couraged the Indian. The next day the apparition appeared, again the Indian went to the bishop, and again he was discouraged. A third time the Virgin appeared to him, and Juan asked for some evidence of the truth of the vision to be shown to the bishop. She told him to go to the top of a neighboring mountain and pick some flowers growing there. Juan replied that it was winter, and that even in summer no flowers could grow there. The Virgin insisted, however; Juan went, and to his great astonishment he found the flowers. He gathered a great number, put them in his blanket, and went to the bishop. On unfolding the blanket before the prelate's eyes, what was his astonishment to find, instead of flowers, a picture of the Virgin, of such marvelous beauty and with such an exquisite arrangement of colors that no human artist could equal the work. The painting still hangs in the old church at Guadalupe, and the one in the church at Santa Fe is an illustration of it, and the inci- dents connected with it, and the chapels to her are dedicated in commemoration of the incident. At Santa Fe, one sees the finest specimens of Mexican filigree jewelry, and can see the native workmen engaged in making it. There are two establishments which deal in it. One of them has on exhibition a bracelet which will greatly interest the lady tourists. 9° WHERE TO CO TO BECOME RICH. MEXICAN POTTERY. It was made sixty years ago in the city of Mexico, upon the order of a certain wealthy Mexican, yet living in Albuquerque, one of the largest sheep-owners in the world. He made it a present to his bride. It required four and a half months in making, and the wages alone of the workmen was over $450. It is of massive gold, orna- mented with precious stones, vines, tendrils, berries, leaves, and so on. The berries are microscopic, to the dimensions of a pin-head, and are in number more than four thousand five hundred. The Mexicans are great gamblers, and it it said that the now aged groom lost the fair jewel one night at play. It is not for sale at any price. One finds also a large collection of pottery for sale. It is made by Indians below the city, and sent up for barter. All sorts of water NEW MEXICO. 9 1 pitchers, kitchen utensils, household ornaments, human beings, gods, and so on, are molded and offered for sale. Santa Fe is now and has been for generations and centuries a great business point. The storekeepers have become merchant princes, and although one can hardly see where all the goods go to, they are disposed of; the sheep and cattle men and the miners forming, of course, the trade. There are merchants in Santa Fe whose freight bills amount to $500 per day. It is a good point at which to stock up for a trip, or for a mining expedition, or to go into the cattle bus- iness. STAGE LINES FROM SANTA FE. There are at present two stage lines from Santa Fe. One, the Overland Mail and Express company, runs a daily buckboard for Conejos, Col., connecting with the Denver and Rio Grande road for Alamosa. The fare to Alamosa is $21; fifty pounds of baggage are allowed, and seven cents per pound is charged for freight to Conejos. The distance to Conejos is one hundred and eleven miles, and to Alamosa one hundred and forty-two. The stages of this line pass the Ojo Caliente springs. The other is the Star Line Mail and Transportation company, running to Prescott, Arizona. The fare between Santa Fe and Prescott is $75, and for less distances fifteen cents per mile. The distance to Prescott is five hundred and seven miles, and the distance from Santa Fe to intervening stations and between the stations is shown in the following: table : MILES. Pena Blanca 27 San Isidro 27 54 Cabazon Station 22 76 Willow Springs 28 104 San Mateo. 16 120 San Antonio Springs 27 147 Bacon Springs 16 163 Fort Wingate 13 176 Peter's Station 35 211 Buckeye 19 230 Navajo Springs 23 253 Carrizo Creek 24 277 Horse Head Crossing 22 299 St. Joseph 15 314 Canvas Store 14 328 Brigham City 13 341 Rock Station 14 355 Chaves' Pass 25 380 Pine Springs 22 402 Oak Grove 19 421 Beaver Head 23 444 Camp Verde 15 459 Copper Canon 8 467 Hilterbrand's Station 24 491 Prescott, A. T 16 507 Passengers are allowed forty pounds of baggage, and, for all over 9 2 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. that, eight cents per pound for each one hundred miles. The stages run five miles per hour, and the time through is ninety-six hours. Passengers can, if they choose, go by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road to Albuquerque, and take the stage thence for Pres cott, going via Fort Wingate. By this route the distance is forty- seven miles less. From Prescott daily communication by other stage lines can be had with Phenix, Gillette, Maricopa, Florence, Globe, Mohave City, Tucson, the Tombstone mining district, and the San Carlos Indian reservation and agency. BURROS PACKED WITH GOODS. NEW MEXICO. 93 POINTS NEAR SANTA FE. JEMEZ SPRINGS, sixty miles from Santa Fe, in Bernalillo county, are worth a visit by the person who has the time. The traveler goes by private con- veyance, stopping all night at Pena Blanca, or he can go within thirteen miles by stage for Fort Wingate. The waters have the same properties as the famous Santa Rosa Lia springs south of Chihuahua, and the scenery is very grand. About them are the ruins of a pueblo and church. OJO CALIENTE, the hot springs of Rio Arriba county, about fifty miles from Santa Fe, are also quite noted, though not so well known as the Jemez waters. Passengers can go by stage from Santa Fe. TAOS CATHEDRAL. The old cathedral at Taos is one of the most interesting ruins in New Mexico. It is in the pueblo of Taos, north of Santa Fe, a vil- lage which to this day has over a thousand inhabitants. In 17 15 grants were made at Taos to persons who came to Santa Fe with de Vargas, the lands having been left by the former grantees prior to the great rebellion of 1680. The pueblo was there when the Spaniards first went in, but the cathedral was built by the Franciscan friars prior to the rebellion spoken of. It is now in ruins, like all the buildings which date back to Taos has ever been a promin- ent point. There are good miner- al lands about it — mineral lands cathedral of taos. tfc^w^s*"" all the way up from Santa Fe, in fact — and the people, who are mostly Mexicans, raise fine wheat in the valley, and graze their sheep and cattle on the hills. It was the headquarters of the hunters and trappers of the last generation; the famous Kit Carson is buried there; and time. 94 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. Governor Bent was killed there, and his remains buried there until removed to Santa Fe by the masons. THE CERILLOS. Leaving Santa Fe, one comes first to the range or collection of mountains twenty-four miles from Santa Fe, known as the Cerillos. These hills are full of mineral-bearing earth; mines which were covered by the Indians in the great rebellion of 16S0 are being re- I PUEBLO OF TAOS. opened by their lucky finders, and new claims are being constantly discovered. The mineral belt, so far as known, is seven miles north and south and four east and west. The waters of the Cienega and Santa Fe creek unite about three miles northwest from the base of the Sierra Rosa, one of the Cerrillos group, while the Galisteo creek runs through on the south edge of the district. The water supply NEW MEXICO. 95 is ample if steam be used for the manipulation of the ore. Wood for fuel is abundant. Lumber is delivered at reasonable rates; coal can be had for the digging of it, a fine quality of anthracite. That petroleum may become one of the products is not improbable. The general formation is porphyritic. Red and brown sandstone are found in the southeastern corner of the district, also slates, and in the southwest corner some limestone has been met with. Dikes of rock of various composition occur through the district. Probably one thousand lodes are located. The character of the ore varies in the different sections of the dis- trict. At the extreme south end is found quartz and heavy spar carrying galena, sulphide of iron, ashurite, carbonate and sulphide of copper; also bromide and traces of various other minerals; further north manganese appears in the combination, also zinc blende. As you approach the center of the district the zinc blende and copper give out and clean galena takes their place. In going from the center to the north end of the district the same change takes place as in going soutb, with perhaps an exception. An increase of quartz is met with towards the north, and some gold is found in it. The veins vary from a few inches to forty feet between walls. The crevice-matter for the greater part is rotten porphyry filled with gypsum, heavy spar, quartz and galena. Water has been struck at about one hundred feet below the sur- face in two mines, and in both cases the ore was found to be more compact and in better condition to handle than that found above the water. There are a few favorable locations for tunneling, but these were secured by the early prospectors in the districts and are still held by them. If these tunnels were run into the mountains they would probably strike numbers of the best ledges at a great depth below the probable water level and develop valuable ore. When this shall have been commenced, dressing and sampling works will be needed; forthcoming smelters will follow in the wake, and the Cer- rillos will enjoy their first real and permanent boom. The discovery of carbonates has been so great that a town named Carbonateville has sprung up in the midst. Splendid placer fields are found in the Cerrillos, and to supply all the water that will be needed a pipe line is being built by the Ortiz grant company (in which Senator Jones, of Nevada, is interested) 96 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. from the Pecos river to the Old Placer mines, in Bernalillo county, N. M. The distance is forty miles, and the bore of the pipe eighteen inches. At the head of the line a ioo-foot wall will make the " bulk-head." The line will pass through two tunnels, one of which will be longer than the Raton tunnel. The Canon del Agua and the San Pedro grants, which were pur- chased recently by Boston capitalists, are fine mining fields. A large copper mine has been opened on them from which ore is to be shipped to Baltimore; the vein is thirty-five feet wide, and there is an outcrop for a mile. The grants also have gold and silver veins, and fifteen hundred acres of placer ground. The copper mine was probably worked two hundred years ago, under the name of the Ramiez mine on the Tuerto mountain. Anthracite coal is also found on the grants 'as well as in other places in the district. A turquoise mine has also been discovered. It was worked prior to the occupation of the country by the Spaniards, and afterwards by the latter. Clavigero speaks in his history of tribute paid to Montezuma of turquoise, which undoubtedly came from this mine. The work done in former times was on the entire body of the hill, although there were some tunnels and shafts; but the same amount of work could not be done in our day and with our appliances for less than $300,000. One day, when the Spaniards were working it, there was a slide of rock and the Indian slaves and workmen were buried. The Spaniards made a draft on the San Marcos pueblo for fifty-five men to take their places, and one tradition says this was the immediate cause of the rebellion of 1680. The workmen of to-day find stone tools formerly used in breaking the rock, and occasionally find bones, skulls, etc. As a piece of turquoise as large as a " nickel " is worth $1^00, the reader can form some idea of what a comfort- able thing the owners of this mine have. It has been leased by some eastern capitalists, who are working it. Going on down the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road, one passes some curious Indian villages. The houses have the doors in the roof, and the inhabitants go up a ladder from the outside and pull the ladder after them. The fields are irrigated, and the simple people still plow with a stick, a man walking in front of the oxen and motioning them forward. The cattle down there are very polite — they never go anywhere unless they are invited ! NEW MEXICO. 97 ALBUQUERQUE. At Wallace one strikes the Rio Grande river, and from there the ride to Albuquerque is a short one. This town, named after the Duke of Albuquerque, is destined to be one of the most important in New Mexico, if not really the most so. The rivalry for supremacy between it and Santa Fe will be brisk, and the chances are pretty equally divided. Coal has been found near by. It is to be the meet- ing point of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe and the St. Louis and San Francisco railways. It is the center of an immense sheep country, and will be a great distributing point for stock men and miners. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road will run thence down the Rio Grande to some place near Fort Thorn, and across southeastern Arizona into old Mexico, through Hermosillo to Guay- mas on the gulf of California. This line is now being rapidly built. Another division of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road will be from Albuquerque along the thirty-fifth parallel on the old Atlantic and Pacific survey, and in connection with the St. Louis and San Francisco road, to San Buena Ventura on the Pacific coast, and thence north to San Francisco; with a branch from some point near San Bernardino south to San Diego; thus reaching three points on the Pacific coast in the United States, besides Guaymas, on the gulf of California, in old Mexico. This line will, therefore, undoubtedly do much, in the way of trade influence, to bring about the annexa- tion of Mexico. It affords already much the nearer route from the United States to points in the northwestern part of old Mexico, rather than by the old route from the east through the gulf of Mexico; and it is three days shorter, and $50 cheaper to points in Arizona, than to go by San Francisco, the Pacific coast, and the Southern Pacific road. STAGE LINES FROM ALBUQUERQUE. There are two stage lines from Albuquerque, one for Pres- cott, already spoken of in the article on Santa Fe, and the National Mail and Transportation company for Tucson. The time of the latter is a little over five days, the rate of travel five miles per hour, the fare fifteen cents per mile. The following table shows the distances between stations, and the distances from Albuquerque: 9 8 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. Pajarito Isleta Las Lunas Belen Sabinal Socorro San Antonio. . . . San Marcial Fort Craig Paraje Round mountain Aleman Point of Rocks. . Fort Selden Leesburg Dona Ana 9 6 IS 5 20 12 32 23 27 55 82 IO 92 13 105 7 8 112 120 23 20 i43 165 185 20 205 5 210 5 215 Las Cruces La Mesilla Slocum's ranche.. . . Fort Cummings. . . Hot Springs Fort Bayard Silver City Burro mountain . . . Shakespeare Camp Bowie Steel station Point of Mountain. TresAlemas Willow Springs. . . Tucson 17 232 3 25 235 260 20 280 20 300 41 34 1 9 35o 25 375 25 61 25 12 400 461 486 498 35 533 20 27 553 580 Each passenger is allowed the usual forty pounds of baggage, and freight is eight cents per pound for every one hundred miles. At Mesilla the line connects for El Paso and other Texas points, and for Hillsboro and other points in old Mexico. At Silver City con- nections are made for Globe City, Arizona; at Point of Rocks for Fort Thomas and Fort Grant, New Mexico; and at Tucson for Tombstone, Phenix, Florence, and Arivaca, Arizona. WHITE OAKS. A portion of New Mexico which is now creating great excite- ment by reason of the rich mineral discoveries made in it is the White Oaks district. It is thirty miles west, and a little to the north, of Fort Stanton, in the southwestern part of Lincoln county. The camp is located between two mountain ranges on a level plain, the distance from Santa Fe being about one hundred and sixty miles. The camp has an abundance of timber, pine, cedar and white oak; and water is plentiful in the camp, two wells having been dug and water struck at the depth of fifteen feet. In addition to these there are three springs of clear and pure water within a distance of two miles from the camp. The lack of water is generally no small draw- back to the prosperity of a camp, and here in the first place has White Oaks one important recommendation. The mineral-bearing formation of this camp is iron, porphyry, sandstone and limestone. In addition to its many rich gold and silver bearing leads, a marble quarry, showing it is stated, marble of the NEW MEXICO. 99 finest and purest quality, has been discovered. A town has been laid out and called White Oaks City, and buildings are going up rap- idly. A hotel is also under way. There are placer diggings in the vicinity which yield on an average thirty cents to the pan. But the principal cause of the excitement is the finding of true fissures. The most' famous of these is the Homestake, in which wire gold is visible to the naked eye, and which was found four feet down. The ore runs immensely, and specimens can be found that will yield $20,000 to the ton. The average yield will probably be, however, about $150 to $500 per ton. Other claims have yielded quite well, the " Large Hopes," $150; "Cronin and Baca," $350; the "Little Mac," and "Henry Clay," $60 to $800; "Old Abe," "First Discovery," "Black Prince," " Yellow Hammer," and so on. Over a hundred locations have been made, and men are pouring into the camp from all quarters. In going down on the " Homestake," drill holes and stone hammers were found, supposed to have been left by the Aztecs when they worked the mine. Carbonates are also found in deposits sufficiently large to create much excitement. You can go to White Oaks from either Las Vegas or Santa Fe. From the latter point the stations are as follows : Santa Fe to Galisteo, 23 miles; Galisteo to Antelope Springs, 40 miles; Antelope Springs to Pino's Alkali Wells, 30 miles; Wells to Jicarilla Station, 40 miles; Jicarilla Station to White Oaks City, 13 miles; total, 146 miles. At each of these stopping places, provisions for man and beast can be found. A well is now being dug at Pedmal, and if water is struck in it. the distance from Santa Fe to White Oaks will be made twenty-five miles nearer. From Las Vegas you take the stage line for Las Cruces, leaving it at Fort Stanton. CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO. The central and southern part of New Mexico will be one of the richest countries in the world. It is full of mineral and is yet unde- veloped and almost unprospected. It is even less than in its infancy, but its record is already splendid. In the Ladrones mountains west of Belen, in the Socorro district, near Mesilla, in the Organ moun- LoFC. lOO WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. tains twelve miles east of Las Cruces, in the Georgetown district, and in Silver City, or in fact all over Grant county, rich lodes have been found and opened. As Gov. Lew Wallace says: "The armies of the world might be turned into these districts without exhausting them in a hundred years." Gold, silver and copper have been found in immense quantities, and mines have been sold for $50,000 to $200,000 that a few years ago were un- know n , an d could have been bought, ^ all you wanted of them, for $5 a n a c r e . Silver City alone last year as a mere be- ginning, ship- ii,i!ij ped $364,000 Si worth of sil- ver, to say I nothing of copper and _; ;- : :~? gold, an d fre- jf5|||l| quently from NEW MEXICAN INDIANS. t h O U S a 11 d pounds of copper often come in in one day. There has been a greater development in Grant county than in any other part of the territory, because it was settled originally by the Americans, and they have pushed things. Veins are found with outcrop- pings projecting several feet above ground, and the ore runs all the way from $40 per ton up to the thousands of dollars. There is no better part of the United States to which a man can go, who wants a fair field for prospecting. NEW MEXICO. 101 The country would also be very fertile if it were irrigated. Mil- lions of acres are waiting to be turned to agricultural use, and there is now a proposition before congress for an appropriation of $50,000 to make the experiment of sinking artesian wells. If water be struck, the sinking of wells will become a profitable branch of indus- try for private capital. ARIZONA. Arizona is about 325 miles square, and contains 1 13,916 square miles, or 72,906,240 acres, being as large as New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Mary- land and Delaware combined. The moun- tain ranges run northwest and southeast, except the Mogollon moun- tains, which run east and west. The highest peak is the San Fran- cisco, 1 1 ,000 feet. The Colorado river, formed by the union of the Green and the Grand in southern Utah, runs south along the western border for more than five hundred miles, being joined by the Chiquito, Dia- mond, and Gila. In the northern part of the territory the Colorado flows through awful canons, whose walls rise to the perpendicular height of 6,000 and 7,000 feet. The territory is divided into seven counties, Apache, Yavapai, Maricopa, Peral, Puma, Yuma, and Mojave. The climate is mild, and the temperature is marked by extremes of neither heat nor cold. The valleys of the uplands and the alluvial bottom lands of the southern part of the territory are quite fertile, and upon irrigation, the land is very productive. In the mountains and other arid sections a great deal of cactus grows, and a group of it is sometimes called an "Arizona bouquet." The finances are in an excellent condition. The Navajo Indians, on their reservation in the northeastern part of the territory and the northwestern part of New Mexico, are well behaved, and do a good business raising sheep and wool. SOME TOWNS. PRESCOTT, the capital, and the seat of Yavapai county, was organized May 30, (103) o 4 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. STREET SCENE, PRESCOTT, ARIZONA. 1864, and was named after the famous historian. The streets run with the points of the compass, and have the names of persons pro- minent in local history, as Montezema, Cortez, Coronado, Aubrey, etc. It has a sash and blind factory, two public halls, hotels, news- papers, stores, and business and professional men of good standing. COURT HOUSE, PRESCOTT, ARIZONA. ARIZONA. ">5 The stores carry stocks from $100,000 down, and their freight bills often amount to $S,ooo and $10,000 per month. ' The city is in a basin, and has good brick and frame houses, mak- ing it a really attractive place. The governor resides here, the leg- islature meets here, and the county has expended nearly $100,000 in providing fine county buildings. A library association has a good assortment of books and papers, and the school-house is as good as any city could ask; so that educational facilities are not wanting. SCHOOL-HOUSE, PRESCOTT, ARIZONA. TUCSON, the seat of Pima county, lays claim to being the oldest town in the United States, but there is no historical evidence of it. The origin of the place is wrapped in obscurity. In 1830 it was simply a military post with eighty or ninety soldiers, but now it has a population of over 5000. It has large stores, some of which do a business of half a million yearly, pleasant residences, newspapers, a public library, io6 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. two Catholic schools, one for boys and the other for girls, besides other schools. It has a great trade with Senora, old Mexico. SAN XAVIER CHURCH, TUCSON, ARIZONA. Not far from Tucson is the famous church, San Xavier del Bac, commenced in 1768, and finished in 1798, except as to one tower which is not yet completed. It was erected by the Franciscans, is one hundred and fifteen by seventy feet in size, built after the Moorish and Byzantine style of architecture, is of brick, with brick foundations and stone interior, has a dome and two minarets, and is ornamented within by many statues of the saints of the church. On the outside of the church to the west is an open niche, where the Papago Indians formerly gathered for morning prayers, and adjoining this was the burial ground and the dead chapel. South of the church are the convent buildings, which have been renovated and occupied. Four sisters live there, and have been there through many years, caring for sick, and teaching the Indians. In the west ARIZONA. IO7 tower of the church is a chime of four bells, one bearing date 1804; from this tower a very fine view of the surrounding country can be had. This church is one of the most interesting antiquities in the southwestern part of the United States. ARIZONA BOUQUET. YUMA is the county seat of Yuma county. In 1700 Father Kino estab- lished a mission on the spot where the city now stands, but it was soon desh-oyed by the Indians. A military post was afterwards IOS WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. started, and a ferry was located there. The origin of the town is thus narrated by Prof. Pumpelly: This place, consisting of one house, had a curious origin, which was told to me by a friend who was also the founder. Soon after the purchase of Arizona, my friend had organized a party and explored the new region. Wishing to raise capital in California to work a valuable mine, he was returning hither with his party, when they reached Colorado river at this point. The ferry belonged to a German, whose fares for the party would have amounted to about $25. Having no money, they encamped near the ferry to hold a council over this unexpected turn of affairs, when my friend, with the ready wit of an explorer, hit upon the expedient of paying the ferriage in city lots. Setting the engineer of the party, and under him the whole force, at work with the instruments, amid a great display of signal-staffs, they soon had the city laid out in squares and streets, and represented in due form on an elaborate map, not forgetting water-lots and a steam ferry. Attracted by the unusual proceedings, the owner of the ferry crossed the river, and began to interrogate the busy surveyors, by whom he was referred to my friend. On learning from that gentleman that a city was being founded so near to his own land, the German became. interested; and as the great future of the place was unfolded in glowing terms, and the necessity of a steam ferry for the increasing trade dwelt upon, he became enthusiastic and began negotiations for several lots. The result was the sale of a small part of the embryo city, and the transportation of the whole party over in part payment for one lot. Now it is a city of about 3000 inhabitants witb churches, schools, newspapers, a bridge, the territorial penitentiary and what-not. HIEROGLYPHICS. A few miles beyond Oat man's Flat — the scene of the celebrated massacre in 1851 of the Oatman family — are the " Pedros Pintados" or " painted rocks," rocks covered with hieroglyphics. They are a huge pile of boulders about forty feet high, and are covered with rude carvings, some of them painted over, and none apparently of great antiquity, although some of them may be ancient. Tbe Pima Indians date them back to the Montezumas. The probabilities are that they are the rude record of fights between the Yumas, Coco- pahs, Maricopas and Pimas. Some of them are quite amusing, but most of them represent scenes of passion, fighting and the like, with here and there figures of animals, such as snakes, camels, turtles, be- sides skeletons, etc. PHENIX, the seat of Maricopa county, is the business center of the fertile val- ley of the Salt river. It was laid off in 1S68, and has good stores, ARIZONA. IO9 flouring mills, schools, papers, and a public library. Barley, wheat, and alfalfa are grown in large quantities in this valley, and the flour- ing mills are so large and so important that little towns have sprung up around them. Ehrenburg, Florence, Wickenburg, and many other towns are old and growing. HIEROGLYPHICS ON THE ROCKS, ARIZONA. MORMON SETTLEMENTS. There are several Mormon settlements in Arizona. St. Joseph has about two hundred inhabitants, and the bishop and as many of the laymen as can afford it, practice polygamy. They are a thrifty no WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. people; engaged in farming and sheep and cattle raising, and are in comfortable circumstances. The town is in the shape of a quadran- gle, with a court, and something after the fashion of a fort. The houses are all built together, and the system of labor is co-operative. The stage line has a dining station I there; one family is detailed to do the cooking, and the gentile pas- sengers eat in the quar- ters of that family Sunset is anoth er Mormon town. Lott Smith, the bishop,is a noted charac- ter, and used to be one o f t h e Danit e He has two wives. About thirty families, x * two hundred ^' j<^a^^=^— ^rs- ^.V?>^ ,, "" I ^ people, live there. Brig — ^^^^%^' ham City has about forty fami-~ lies,with three hundred persons, most of them children. George Lake is the bishop. The people of the territory give the Mormons the name of being peaceable and useful citizens, and as yet little or no objection has been made to them on account of polygamy. As the railway gets into the country and the people from the eastern states go- in, however, there is little doubt the question will he agitated more or less; and that the " peculiar institution " will disappear as it is doing elsewhere, peaceably and without any vio- lent agitation. STAGE STATION, ARIZONA. ARIZONA. Ill ITS MINING INTERESTS. PIMA COUNTY. TOMBSTONE. One of the most famous districts in the territory is Tombstone, which is reached from Tucson by one day's easy staging. The story goes that two brothers left Tucson once on a prospecting tour in the Dragoon mountains. Their friends told them they would be lost, and that instead of finding their fortune they would find only their " tombstone." But they went, and sure enough they found it. It had an outcropping of several feet, and only a short time ago a half interest was sold for $1,000,000, and now other " tombstones " in that vicinity are known on the county recorder's books as Jolly Brothers, Good Idea, Wandering jew, Little Devil, Wood Rat, Silver Eel, Metallic Accident, Tough Nut, Sweet Nut, C. O. D., Gilded Age, Tranquillity, Unexpectedly, Emily Mayflower, Grand Dipper, Con- tention, Mizen Top, Bob Ingersoll, Boss, Hard Up, Fast Mail, X. X. X., Lucky Cuss, No 'Count, Owl's Nest, Luck Sure, Way Up and Owl's Last Hoot, and so on. A town is there with a population of about two thousand, and this is the way the local paper of a rival town puts it: They had a fair or festival the other night for the benefit of a church, and the only building in town which afforded sufficient room was the Variety theatre. Ordinarily the bare association of such a place with church charity would cause the clasps on all the prayer-books in the district to rattle with indignation, but the managers of the fair, believing in the old motto, " Honi soit qui mal y pense" proceeded to make the necessary arrangements. That the affair was socially, and more particularly, a financial success, was in a great measure due to the fact that the objectionable hall was selected; for the reason that immediately in the rear of the building was a dance house which furnished all the music with- out any charge. Everything went smoothly enough until the inmates of the dance house began to get warmed up, when the said members of the church were horrified by such calls as, " Hoof it to the left," " Hug the gals on the cor- ner," " Hoop 'em down the middle," " Mule punchers to the right," and the never-failing injunction, "All hands chase to the bar, and don't you forget it." The next church fair will not take place in the Variety hall. Among the noted mines in the district are the Tough Nut, Three Brothers, Gordon, San Pedro, Grand Central, Monitor, Contention, Prompter, Hermosa, Holland, Alto, Naumkeag, Head Center, Yel- low Jacket, Empire, Lucky Cuss, and a hundred others. The own- ers of the Contention have been offered $3,000,000 for it. 112 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. DOS CABEZAS, literally " two heads," is a regular double-header for good mines. It is one hundred and ten miles from Tucson, has a population of one hundred and fifty, and a good public school with thirty scholars. One ledge found had an outcropping several miles long, and bould- ers weighing half a ton have yielded as high as $300 or $400 per ton. The ledge is about twenty-five feet wide. Other noted districts in Pima county are : Patagonia mountains district. — Towns, Harshaw, population 500; Washington camp, 300; Patagonia camp, 60. These three towns are within a radius of ten miles. The district is 80 miles south of Tucson. The Huachuca mountains district is 25 miles east of Patagonia, with a population estimated at 500. The Santa Catarina district is about 12 miles south of Tucson. The population is now about 50. Santa Rita is 40 miles south of Tucson. Its population is 150. The Papago district is 20 miles west of Tucson, and has a popu- lation of 150. The Arivaca district is 70 miles southwest of Tucson. It has a population of 600. In this is included Oro Blanco, which is really a part of Arivaca. There is a public school here. The Evergreen district is 15 miles west of Tucson. Its population is 25. It is just discovered. Owl Head is 20 miles west of Tucson. It has just been discov- ered. Its population is about 20, and is increasing fast. The San Xavier district is 25 miles south of Tucson. The popu- lation is 150. The Tucson district is 4 to 6 miles west of Tucson. It has just been discovered. The population is about 20, and is increasing fast. The Rincon district, 15 miles east of Tucson. The population is about 30. It has just been discovered. The Empire district, Davidson's canon, is 30 miles southeast of Tucson; population about 100. It is a new discovery. The mines here are wonderfully rich and extensive. In San Pedro are found gold, silver, copper and lead. It is new yet, but immense mines have been discovered. Arivaca is one of the oldest districts ; and full of rich mines. These Bitters are not an intoxicating beverage, nut a Medicine of real merit, and pleasant to the taste. For Sale by all Druggists, Price, $1. 00 per Bottle. t/i OUR DESCRIPTION PAMPHLET MAILED FREE 0» APPLICATION. THE PAPER IN THIS GUIDE MANUFACTURED BY THE J. W. BUTLER PAPER CO. Wholesale PAPER DEALERS, 184 & 186 MONROE STREET, CHICAGO, ILL. Milwaukee, Wis., and Kansas City, Mo. BELFORD, CLARKE & CO., GENERAL BOOK PUBLISHERS, 233 La Salle Street, Cliic&gro- fer CATALOGUE MAILED FREE ON APPLICATION. t CURES ALL DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS STOMACH AND " ^BOWELS: General debility^ CONSTIPATION^^fcll DYSPEPSIA /^Kfi' PILES StC,^^ 1 IEYER BROTH ERS&CO ST. LOUIS AND KANSAS CITY These Bitters are not an intoxicating -beverage, .tout a Medicine of real merit, and pleasant to the taste. For Sale by all Druggists. Price, $ 1.00 vev Bottle. I" OUB DESCRIPTION PAMPHLET MAILED FEEE ON APPLICATION. ^^, THE P\PER IN THIS GUIDE MANUFACTURED BY THE J. W. BUTLER PAPER CO. Wholesale PAPER DEALERS, 184 & 186 MONROE STREET, CHICAGO, ILL. Milwaukee, Wis., and Kansas City, Mo. BELFORD, CLARKE & CO., GENERAL BOOK PUBLISHERS, 233 Xja Salle Street, Olxicag-o. t^" CATALOGUE MAILED FREE ON APPLICATION. I ^ Last year we made the announcement that the preservation of the artistic delineation and clear, fine work of a wood engraving, by the re- production of the same in metal plates, known as electrotypes, re- quired the most expert and skilled understanding of the process and its practical execution. At the same time we asserted that BLOMGREN BROS. & CO. had fully demonstrated their ability, and that the unanimous verdict of those requir combinations of skill, art and science, was that this firm is the leading and supe* trotyping and stereotyping establishment in Chicago and the West. Our experience hi us that they give perfect satisfaction, their plates being clear and perfect, and fineljJ The members of the firm are proficients themselves, and have strict surveillance over iness, besides employing none but experienced workmen. They keep a large ineo s trotypes on hand, and are always ready to supply any branch of business, pu ica with the best illustrations, at a comparatively slight expense. Those desiring arc . cards, &c, should bear this in mind. Their plates for color printing have game e . of " the best." We may also mention card scrolls, ceremonial or reception shee s. significations and embellishments for holiday, festival or occasions of state or c ui commercial forms, checks, bank checks, &c, can thus be embellished at much esse ] by procuring original wood cuts. Their wrapping paper designs are new Blomgren Bros. & Co. have ignored the threadbare fashion of constantly repr ^ illustration for any line of business or for any requirement. We most e Blomgren Bros. & Co. execute superior -work, and advise a practical test o ^ over, they are prompt and reliable, always. Special terms will be made w ^ respondence will receive prompt attention. Location, Nos. 162 and 104 T whi bee fror tha cou fek mi: ha; dis W c p at tl MAP OF IZONA UGRAVED ly for this Work, Last year we made the announcement that the preservation of the artistic delineation and clear, fine work of a wood engraving, by the re- production of the same in metal plates, known as electrotypes, re- quired the most expert and skilled understanding of the process and its practical execution. At the same time we asserted that BLOMGREN BROS. & CO. had fully demonstrated their ability, and that the unanimous verdict of those requiring combinations of skill, art and science, was that this firm is the leading and superior trotyping and stereotyping establishment in Chicago and the West. Our experience has ta us that they give perfect satisfaction, their plates being clear and perfect, and finelv fini The members of the firm are proficients themselves, and have strict surveillance over their iness, besides employing none but experienced workmen. They keep a large line of stock trotypes on hand, and are always ready to supply any branch of business, publications with the best illustrations, at a comparatively slight expense. Those desiring circulars, po cards, &c, should bear this in mind. Their plates for color printing have gained the reput of "the best." We may also mention card scrolls, ceremonial or reception sheets, ornam significations and embellishments for holiday, festival or occasions of state or church. Alii commercial forms, checks, bank checks, &c, can thus be embellished at much less expense by procuring original wood cuts. Their wrapping paper designs are new and varied. In Blomgren Bros. & Co. have ignored the threadbare fashion of constantly reproducing the illustration for any line of business or for any requirement. We most earnestly repeat filomgren Bros. & Co. execute superior -work, and advise a practical test of their abilities. N over, they are prompt and reliable, always. Special terms will be made with the trade, respondence will receive prompt attention. Location, Nos. 162 and 164 Clark St., Chicago ARIZONA. "3 About $300,000 of eastern capital is here invested, principally from Philadelphia, New York and Indiana. YUMA COUNTY has been worked by American enterprise since 1S5S, and yet scarcely a beginning has been made. The Weaver, Castle Dome, Harcuvar, Eureka, and other districts, probably two thousand good locations have been made, and many millions of dollars' worth of mineral have been shipped. YAVAPAI COUNTY. There are about twenty thousand mines located in the territory, of which nearly one-half are in Yavapai county. In fact, it has thus far been the chief mining county, because it was the easiest protected from the Indians. There is no reason to suppose that it is richer 1 than the others. Gold has been found in nearly every part of the I county in veins, bars, and gulches; it is also found in the granitic, I feldspathic, quartzose, hornblendic, slate and talcose rocks, free, ! mixed with sulphides, and often in beautiful crystals. Wire gold (has been found, and scales and nuggets. Among the prominent 1 districts are Weaver, Humbug, Tiger, Centennial, Pine Grove, Peck, i Walnut Grove, Hassayampa, Big-Bug, Turkey Creek, and Lynx \ Creek, at Clifton. In the southeastern part of the county is a cop- iper district, the ore of which carries from 30 to 50 per cent, of metal, and is apparently inexhaustible. It is from this point that much of the copper ore is shipped to Silver City, New Mexico. Yavapai sends ten times more placer gold to the mint than all the other coun- ties of the territory combined, and its silver veins seem to be inter- minable. In Centennial district about three hundred ledges have been located, principally in the hills above granite wash. The out- crop extends up in some veins sixty feet, and varies in width from a few inches to several yards; and it is nothing unusual to hear of ore assaying from $Soo to $2,000 per ton. MOJAVE COUNTY was first prospected in 1857, but, owing to the hostility of the ilndians, little was done until 1863, when more than twenty-five hun- rcd locations were made in the Sacramento district alone. Mineral ark, Cerbat, the Black Canon, Mount Hualpais, San Francisco, hloride Flat, Stockton Hill, and many other districts, are rich in tizj. WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. mines. Ruby, horn, and native silver are frequently found. One lode in the county, discovered in 1874, is more than ten miles long, and the output from one of the claims on it has been as high as $200,000 per month. PINAL AND MARICOPA COUNTIES. It is within only the past few years that these two counties have been prospected, but the work has paid well. Between the Gila and Salt rivers, lie the Globe and Pioneer districts, in which are the Stonewall Jacksoh, Globe, Wheatfield and Miami mines, which are among the richest on the Pacific slope. THE GLOBE DISTRICT is one of the best known. During February and March twenty different pieces of property were bonded, some of them having from three to twenty claims each. Among the notable mines recently located in the district are the McCormick, the Mack Morris, the Silver Nugget, Pilgrim, the Golden Eagle, and the Mexican, to say nothing of the great number of old and valuable mines. Other districts are, the Pine Grove or Randolph — in which the first ledge ever discovered was forty feet wide on an average, and more than three miles long — the Pioneer and Summit. The beauty of all these districts and localities are that they are new, the unskilled prospector has a better chance than in an old district, there is gener- ally an outcrop, and the railroad is pushing in very fast. COLORADO. NORTHERN COLORADO. The northern part of the state lias been so thoroughly written that an extended descrip- tion of it is not necessary. Its general character is well known. The entire state abounds in mineral — almost every known species has been found within its limits — and the names of Boulder county, Georgetown, Leadville, Silver Cliff and Ten-Mile are almost house- hold words. The state is equally well known for its health resorts, and equally familiar are Colorado Springs and Manitou. The Rocky mountains extend through the central part of the state from north to south in three divisions. Between the northern boundary and the middle of the state the range seen from Denver, the Park range, west of the parks, and the Blue river group run par- allel to each other; southwest of the Arkansas valley is the National, Saguache or Sierra Mad re range ; west of the National range being the Elk mountains; and in the southern and southwestern part of the state are the Spanish peaks, Wet mountain, Raton mountains, Sierra San Juan, Sierra La Plata, Uncompahgre and Sierra San , Miguel, with their intervening peaks and foot-hills. The " conti- | nental divide " runs north and south through the state and, crossing I that, one is on the Pacific slope. ("5) I I<5 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. The state has an average height of seven thousand feet, the lowest point being three thousand and the highest fourteen thousand four hundred. The foot-hills average eight thousand feet in height, and the timber line is about eleven thousand five hundred feet above sea-level. In the central part of the state are four vast basins called " parks." The most northerly is North park, and has an elevation of nine thousand feet, and an area of two thousand five hundred miles; the next south is Middle park, with an elevation of eight thousand five hundred feet, and an area of three thousand square miles; south of that is South park, with an elevation of nine thousand five hundred feet, and an area of twenty-two hundred square miles; and near the southern boundary of the state is San Luis park, with an elevation of seven thousand feet, and an area of eight thousand square miles. The river system embraces the principal tributaries of the Arkan- sas, Platte, Rio Colorado, Rio Grande, and the Smoky Hill and Republican forks of the Kansas. THE MINING INTERESTS. The Cherokee Indians discovered gold on the South Platte in 1 85 1, and other discoveries were made from time to time until occurred the great Pike's peak excitement of 1858 and 1S59. Since that time the state has rarely been without a mineral excitement of some kind. Gold-mining is carried on principally in the vicinity of Central City, Black Hawk and Nevada, in Gilpin county; F airplay and Mount Lincoln, in Park County; Sunshine, Gold Hill and Ward, in Boulder county; Breckenridge, Montezuma, and St. John,. in Sum- mit county; Granite and the head waters of the Arkansas, in Chaffee and Lake counties; and in Summit district, in Rio Grande county. The silver-mining is principally in Leadville and other places in Lake and Summit counties; Georgetown, Empire, Idaho Springs, and Silver Plume, in Clear Creek county; Caribou, in Boulder; Sil- ver Cliff and Rosita, in Custer; and in Hinsdale, Ouray, San Juan and La Platte counties, in the San Juan country. Boulder county has produced in twenty years more than $3,000,- 000 worth of gold and $2,000,000 worth of silver. The present yield is about $Soo,ooo annually. The principal mines are the Caribou, Native Silver, Seven-thirty, Melvina, Slide, Smuggler, COLORADO. 117 Golden Age, Cold Spring, Keystone, Mountain Lion, Last Chance and others. The county has, of course, been pretty well prospected, although many good mines yet remain, no doubt, to be discovered. There are plenty of reduction works and abundant transportation facilities. In Gilpin county the main portion of the gold-bearing veins are located within an area of less than four miles square, and within this district are the cities Black Hawk, Central, and Nevadaville. Min- ing began in the county in i860, and during the twenty years suc- ceeding about $30,000,000 of mineral have been taken out, of which $27,000,000 were in gold, and the remainder in silver and copper. Clear Creek county has yielded in twenty years about $20,000,- 000 worth of mineral, and it has within its limits nearly 20,000 loca- tions. The famous city of Georgetown is in this county. Leadville has, however, furnished the great excitement of later years in Colorado. At the time of the Pike's peak craze, placer mining was commenced in California gulch, and kept up with good success for five years. Probably $4,000,000 were worked out in that time, but in 1S66 the product was light, and in 1876 it dropped to $20,000. The camp became pretty dead, when Messrs. Stevens and Wood purchased some placer ground, and began the construc- tion of a twelve-mile ditch to bring water for washing. While this was in progress the workmen were pitching and shoveling about the earth which they found in their way without suspecting what it was. Messrs. Stevens and Wood had assays made quietly, and found the stuff to be carbonate ore carrying silver. They kept their secret until they had located nine claims, and when the truth was known a great rush began, and the " Leadville excitement " soon followed. The next mines discovered were the Camp Bird, the Adelaide, the Pine, and the Charleston, and then Fryer hill was opened. The stage lines were crowded, a town arose, stores began to come in, a paper was started, and in the summer of 1878 the destiny of Leadville seemed fixed. Since that time a city of forty thousand inhabitants has grown up, with daily papers, churches, hotels, opera house, banks, gas works, water works, and all the appurtenances of a heavy center of population. Real estate has risen enormously. Lots which could be had for $2^ in the summer of 1878 have sold for $5000 since, and the value of property has been known to quad- ruple in a single week, COLORADO. II9 The rapidity with which some men have made fortunes in the place is astounding. H. A. W. Tabor moved into the district in the summer of 1S77 with a small stock of goods for a general store, and to make business a little better he took the postmastership. He is now a mil- lionaire, and is lieutenant governor of the state. Senator Chaffee was another equally fortunate man. In nineteen years the output of Lake county — in which Leadville is — has exceeded $15,500,000. Of this $6,700,000 was of gold up to and including the year 1875, and the remainder was for the suc- ceeding years. Of the total amount the gold was worth $1,000,000, the silver $7,000,000, and the lead about $1,000,000. Leadville seems able to hold her own, although the excitement is not so great as it formerly was. Fears are entertained that the mines may be easily worked out, and as everything is pretty well taken up around there a good many will undoubtedly go to Gunni- son and other southern districts as soon as the snow will permit. Custer county, was first prospected for silver in 1S72, when three miners discovered the Senator lode, and started' a town which they called and which is still called Rosita. Since that time more than $1,500,000 in silver has been produced in the county, Silver Cliff being now the most notable place. HEALTH RESORTS. Colorado has long been noted for its healthful climate. The winters are pretty severe, and the atmosphere is probably not so genial as at Las Vegas or other points in New Mexico, but it is nevertheless very bracing, and, for asthma and many pulmonary complaints, excellent. The best known resorts are Colorado Springs, and Manitou. The former is on the line of the Denver and Rio Grande railway, about forty-five miles north of Pueblo. It is well supplied with hotels, and commands a fine view of Pike's peak and the neighboring mountains. Manitou, where are to be found the famous springs, are five miles west of the town of Colorado Springs, and almost at the foot of Pike's peak. In the immediate vicinity are the Garden of the Gods, Monument park, Ute pass, and othei places noted for their fine scenery. Of the scenery of Colorado, not too much can be said. The grand canon of the Arkansas probably has not its superior in the world. Royal gorge, Grape Creek canon, Temple canon, Oaf .","'"' -_ _ . .■^; .^nwaHffliffl i 1 '". 1 / ' COLORADO. Creek canon, Veta pass, Dump mountain, Teocalli mountains, Twin lakes, Mount of the Holy Cross, all these are familiar names. GUNNISON. The great " boom " in Colorado just now is over Gunnison, and probably forty thousand people will go into that country this sum- mer. It is comparatively new, prospectors have a better chance, and some of the finest, if not the finest mines in the state have already been located there ; for which reasons it is now the popular country. Gunnison county is in the western tier of Colorado, between Summit on the north, and Ouray and Hinsdale on the south, and is one hundred and ten miles long, and eighty miles wide. The Gun- nison " country " includes, however, that part of the state lying within the county and between the county and the Continental divide. The principal rivers are the Gunnison and its tributaries — the Uncompaghre, the Cochetopa, the Tumichi, the Taylor, the East, the Ohio, the north fork of the Gunnison — and the Eagle, the Roar- ing Fork, and Rock river, tributaries to the Grand, but having their source in the Gunnison country. The principal towns are Gunnison, the seat of the county, Pitkin, Ruby Camp, Crested Butte, Gothic, Hillerton, Virginia City, Red Cliff, and Irwin. The earl^ history of the country is not certain. In 1853 Capt. Gunnison, while exploring for a route for a Pacific railroad, surveyed a belt of the country, and in 1S53 and 1854 Col., now Gen., Fremont passed over nearly the same district. These were the first white men in it. In 1861 men came over from California gulch, now Leadville, and washed out gold, but nothing was known of the existence of silver then. The entire country is, of course, on the Pacific slope. The country has the topographical shape of a fan, with Gunnison City at the apex. North of it thirty miles, at the other end of one of the sticks of the fan, is Crested Butte, and from this point the gulches which bear the mineral radiate. To the south and east is Copper creek; next west are the gulches of East river and the head of Rock creek; to the north and east of these are Rustler and 122 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME KICH. Maroon; to the west, Washington gulch; west of that, Coal creek; and to the west still, Ohio creek. HOW TO GO TO GUNNISON. There are several different routes into the Gunnison country, but the best are from Alamosa or Canon City. The first is the better winter and freight line, the second the shorter. Go by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road from either Atchison or Kansas City to Pueblo or Denver, and there you take the Denver and Rio Grande, or the Denver, South Park and Pacific roads for either of the fol- lowing towns, which are the starting points: *- SCENE IN PUEBLO. ALAMOSA, on the Denver and Rio Grande railway, 130 miles south of Pueblo. Alamosa and Saguache route to the Gunnison. Distances: To Williams' ranche, 11 miles; Williams' to Green Brothers' ranche, 26 miles; Green Brothers' to Russell springs, 9 miles; Russell springs to Saguache, 10 miles; Saguache to Rock cliff, 10 miles; Rock cliff to Moncheur's toll gate, 10 miles; toll gate to Joy's ranche, 22 miles; Joy's ranche to Parlin's, 22 miles; Parlin's to Gunnison City, 12 miles. Total distance from Alamosa to Gunnison City, 132 miles. BUENA VISTA, present terminus Denver, South Park and Pacific railway, on the Arkansas, 135 miles southwest of Denver. From this place there are two routes. One is via Cottonwood pass to Hillerton, 27 miles; Hillcrton to Howeville, (or Jack's cabin,) 24 miles; Howcville to Crested Butte, 12 miles. Total distance from Buena Vista to Crested Butte, 63 miles. This is the route over which the Barlow ..v. Sanderson company propose to put a line of daily six-horse coaches. COLORADO. 123 Another route, but the longest from Buena Vista, is to follow the river down to the mouth of Chalk creek, 8 miles, thence up Chalk creek to Alpine, 15 miles; Alpine to Hillerton, via Chalk creek pass, iS. miles; total distance from Buena Vista to Hillerton, 40 miles. From Alpine to Pitkin, 25 miles, a toll road is soon to be built. Another route from Buena Vista is to Alpine, 16 miles by stage, thence trail or buckboard 14 miles to Virginia City, at the head of Taylor park on Taylor river. CANON CITY, on the Denve- & Rio Grande railway, 40 miles from Pueblo. The route from this place is as follows : Canon City to Texas creek, 2S miles; Texas creek to Cleora, 32 miles; Cleora to Poncha springs, 6 miles; (daily stage runs from Canon City to this point), Poncha springs to Poncha pass toll gate, 4 miles ; toll gate to Marshall pass, 7 miles; Marshall pass to Sargent's, 13 miles; Sargent's to Owen's, 73^ miles; Owen's to Parlin's, 121^ miles; Parlin's to Gunnison City, 12 miles; total, Canon City to Gunnison City, 122 miles. CLEORA. This place is on the line of the Denver & Rio Grande railway now under construction, in the Arkansas valley, 60 miles north of Canon City, 25 miles south of Buena Vista on the Denver & South Park railroad. To the Gunnison country from this point the route is up the South Arkansas via Poncha springs and Camp Monarch, or Chaffee City, thence over to the headwaters of the Tumichi to Parlin's 43 miles, thence to Gunnison City 12 miles, Gunnison City to Ruby camp or Irwin 30 miles. Total 85 miles. Another route from Cleora is up the South Arkansas over Poncha pass to Saguache 40 miles, and then again over the Cochetopi pass to Gunnison City. Two new wagon routes have been surveyed and will be open for travel in the spring, one following up the head- waters of the South Arkansas over Weaver pass, and the other up Marshall creek and over the Marshall pass Jtoll road. These stages will be in operation as soon as the snow is off the mountains sufficiently (about June 1st,) and the passenger can then go either that way or he can buy a horse and ride up. If he intends to stay all season it is cheaper to buy a horse, together with an outfit. I2 4 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. The Sanderson stages are now running from Canon City and Ala- mosa as far as Cleora, but, as has been said, as soon as the snow is off they will be ruftning to Pitkin, Gunnison, Ruby Camp, and Gothic. Be sure and take a couple of blankets with you. No matter how long .r how short your intended trip is, you will need them and a good heavy overcoat. BULLION AND SILVER ORE. CHARACTER OF THE ORE. The ore varies in different camps. In Ruby camp it is ruby and brittle silver with some sulphurets; in Washington gulch, ruby silver and argentiferous galena; at the head of Slate river are galena oris; in Rock creek are galena ores; on East river are galena ores with some gray copper; on Copper creek are native silver, ruby, sulphu- rets, gray copper high in silver, and galena. Gray copper ore is found COLORADO. I25 at the head of Maroon creek ; carhonates east of Gothic and Crested Butte on Spring creek, Cement creek, and Tin Cup gulch; galena and gray copper on all the Roaring forks; and heavy galena ore at the head of the Tumichi. Not much gold is found, but some is ob- tained in Washington gulch, Union park, and German flats, and on Quartz creek there is some gold-bearing quartz. PRINCIPAL POINTS. GUNNISON CITY. Gunnison City is the seat of the county ,and is at present, and prob- ably will be, the most important town. It is built of brick and frame houses, but many tents are required, since neither brick nor lumber can be obtained in sufficient quantities. Sawmills are being built, and many houses will be made of adobe. The population now is about 500, but this summer it will be 10,000. It has a paper, two hotels, stores, a school, a bank, a smelter, and a $14,000 court house in process of construction. The soil is dark and rich, and vegetation is even rank. Stock-raising is attracting some notice, and agriculture will ultimately be successful. Wheat grows fairly well, but the sea- son is too short. Barley, oats, potatoes, turnips, etc., grow excel- lently. There are really two towns, the new one, the railroad town, being a quarter of a mile west of the other. The principal feature of the town is its being the key to the rest of the country, and the distribut- ing point. Passengers have to go through it to get to Lake City, Ouray, and San Miguel, and it is the straight line to all those points from the railroad. There are no mines near it. The nearest are the coal beds, up Coal creek, fifteen miles away; and the nearest silver mines are at Pitkin, twenty-five miles, or at Washington gulch, East river, and Ruby camp, thirty miles each. The town is having a terrible "boom." Lots which last fall sold for $25 to $50 each, now sell for $500. Water, is obtained from the river, five miles away, and is brought down through a large ditch. Timber is rather scarce. The town is located at the junction of the Gunnison and Tumichi rivers, and not above the forks as some maps incorrectlv put it. The roads from it lead as follows: Up the Tumichi eastward to Pitkin, the Upper Tumichi and Marshal Pass; up the Gunnison to the Elk 126 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. mountains via East river to Gothic City and Crested Butte, and by leaving East river fifteen miles north and turning hack to the Gun- nison to Hillerton, Virginia City, Cottonwood and Red Mountain passes; up the Ohio river northwesterly to Mount Carbon and Ruby camp, and down the Gunnison and southwesterly to Lake City, Ouray and the San Juan country generally. RUBY CAMP. Ruby camp is a little place of a dozen houses in the center of a rich mining district thirty miles from Gunnison, with a wagon road intervening. There is water and timber in abundance, and some- RUBY CAMP, ELK MOUNTAINS, COLORADO. times more of the former than is wanted. Anthracite coal is found near by, but the great attraction is the silver ore. Three great sil- ver mines, the Forest Queen with a five-foot pay streak, the Bullion King, with a pay streak eighteen inches wide, and the Lead Chief are located here; and there are also the Last Chance, Ruby King, Little Minnie, and many others of less note. They all run from 300 to 500 ounces of ruby, brittle, wire, and native silver, and carry a good deal of zinc. The mines are at the head of Ohio and Coal creeks, with an elc- COLORADO. I2 7 vation of about 9000 feet. The first ore was discovered June 5, 1S79, by James Brennand, on the Ruby Chief, and since that time nearly a thousand locations have been made. The camp has been so far very temperate, and no liquor has ever been sold in it. At the time of the Indian scare last year nearly every one got out, and but few have since gone back, but an effort will undoubtedly be made this summer to hold the camp to this principle. The place is but one UTE INDIANS, COLORADO. mile east of the Ute reservation, and was therefore in a dangerous location when the troubles broke out. The distance to Crested Butte is eight miles. PITKIN. Pitkin is a small town on Quartz creek, but is the center of one of the richest districts in Gunnison. Business is beginning to boom; town lots are going up in price, and two of them and a log cabin sold not long since for $1,200. 'Two steam mills and one water mill are at work, and lumber will soon be obtainable at reasonable figures. Buildings are going up very rapidly. Gold is found on Ohio creek, five miles away, but silver is its' mainstay. The best known veins are the Fairview, .Silver Islet, Silver Age, Terrible, Horrible, New Dollar, French First, Red Jacket, Black Cloud, Iron Cap and West- ern Hemisphere. The ores thus far found at Pitkin are easily treated, and are not what are properly termed dry ores. Distances: To Tumichi, 12 miles; Gunnison, 25; Alpine, 22 j 128 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. Virginia, 12; Hillerton, 15; Gothic, 60; Ruby, 65; Buena Vista, 38 J Cleora, 36. GOTHIC. Gothic is on East river at the mouth of Copper creek, and had last fall a population of 1000 until the Indian scare, when the people left. They will go back soon, and many are in again by this time. Good mines are found on Copper gulch, and at the head of Copper creek is the famous Silvenite mine. The Dublin, Empire, Invincible, and Baltimore are also in that vicinity. Gothic is on the direct line to Rock creek. The Silvenite will be one of the wonderful mines of Colorado, if not in the United States. It was discovered by the Jennings brothers, May 28, 1879, and found to contain native silver, sulphu- rets, and ruby silver, running as high as 75 per cent, silver, with assays frequently over $1000 to the ton. It is owned by J. H. Haverly and other Chicago gentlemen, and is certain to prove a bonanza. Not long since a young man arrived in Gothic a stranger, and within four hours he had located a vein which assayed four hundred and seventy-six ounces on the surface, and at a depth of ten feet over two thousand ounces. He proposes to marry and live there ! Distances: To Alamosa, 165 miles; to Canon City, about 200; to Cottonwood Springs, 65; to Leadville via Red Mountrail, 75; to Crested Butte, 8. WASHINGTON GULCH heads at Baldy mountain, empties into Slate river, and is six miles long. It has been well known for placer working ever since the Pike's peak excitement, when men went over from California gulch and did fairly well. Mr. George W. McCay was the first, how- ever, to develop the silver lodes there. A Mr. McLaughlin and a negro opened silver claims in Rock creek the year before, but nothing was ever done with them. The development was made by Mr. McCay, and has resulted in the location of some of the best mines in Gunnison. The heaviest development was made last summer by Mr. McCay and his brother, and Messrs. Gavitt and Scott, of Topeka, after which the excitement occurred, and other discoveries were made. A company has been formed on the lodes located by Mr. McCay, known as the Elk Mountain Consoli- ;ERE & CO., Moline, Ills. A. MANSUR, St. Louis, Mo. C. S. WHEELER, Kansas City, M Deere, Mansur & Co. o O ° . O & 00 o h" ^ g 00 (D (D rH p 1 o £ •d +j o to (rf o P H cu ?> p. 0) CD