DA 
 
 LvteiW&i 
 
 nn MQHHW 
 HuHB 
 
 ■H U 
 II 
 
 *•!'.'> 
 
 m.- 
 
 
 "'V:*;';,, 5 
 
 V 
 
 I ■ I 
 
 
 ■ tow. 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 "v;%-, 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
fit™ ' 
 
r 
 
 - > / 
 
 ? 
 
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT 
 
 WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 

mil til 
 
MILNER'S 
 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT 
 
 OF 
 
 WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL, 
 
 WITH A 
 
 SUPPLEMENT, 
 
 DESCRIBING 
 
 THE ALTERATIONS AND REPAIRS. 
 
 Redditus his primum terris tibi, Christe, sacravit 
 Sedem hanc Birinus, posuitque immania templa. 
 
 JEneid, 1. v. 
 
 NINTH EDITION. 
 
 WINCHESTER :' : " '' 
 
 ROBBTNS AND WHEELER, BOOKSELLERS 
 TO THE COLLEGE. 
 
 3 
 
 \ 
 

 
HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF 
 
 WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Antiquity of Winchester Cathedral. — Foundation of it by King 
 Lucius. — Its Situation, Architecture, Dimensions, and Title. 
 — First Destruction of the Cathedral, and second Building of 
 it in the time of Constantine. — Its fate at the Saxon Conquest. 
 — Re-built with great magnificence by the two first Christian 
 Kings of the West Saxons. — Again rebuilt, enriched with 
 Crypts, and dedicated by St. Ethelwold. — Occasion of its 
 being re-built for the fourth Time after the Norman Conquest. 
 — The Style and Order in which this W r ork was carried on. 
 — Description of the Parts of it which still remain. — The 
 Saxon Work, at the East End, replaced with early Gothic, 
 by Bishop Godfrey de Lucy. — His Workmanship ascertained. 
 Errors of former Writers. — Edington undertakes to repair 
 the West End in the improved Gothic Style. — His Work 
 pointed out. — Errors of Bishop Lowth. — The genuine His- 
 tory of Wykeham's Works in the Cathedral. — Description 
 of the Works of Bishop Fox and Prior Silkstead, at the east 
 end of the church, in the 16th Century. 
 
 THE sacred edifice before us is perhaps 
 the most venerable and interesting object 
 within the compass of the island, now that 
 Glassenbury is destroyed ; whether we con- 
 sider the antiquity of its foundation, the im- 
 portance of the scenes which have been trans- 
 acted in it, or the character of the personages 
 
 a2 
 
6 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL* 
 
 with whose mortal remains it is enriched and 
 hallowed. The ancient historian of this 
 cathedral, 0) quoting authors whose works 
 were extant in his time, and who appear to 
 have lived several centuries before him, (2) 
 informs us that this religious structure was 
 first built by our British prince, Lucius, in 
 the second century of the Christian aera, being 
 the first royal personage in the world who 
 had the courage to profess himself the dis- 
 ciple of a crucified master ; and that he dis- 
 tinguished this, among similar foundations, 
 by peculiar marks of his respect and muni- 
 ficence. Indeed, if we can depend upon the 
 accuracy of the dimensions set down by 
 these ancient authors, our cathedral, cele- 
 brated as it now is for being superior in 
 length to all the other churches of the king- 
 dom, is still by no means equal in this or in 
 any of its other proportions to those in which 
 it was originally built by its first founder, 
 Lucius. (3) As the Grecian architecture was 
 
 ( 1 ) Thomas Rudborne, one of the monks of this cathe- 
 dral in the middle of the 15th century, cited by Usher in 
 his Primordia, Cressey, Stephens, &c. now published by 
 Henry Wharton in his Anglia Sacra, vol. i. 
 
 (2) For the numerous authorities made use of in this 
 publication, the reader is referred to the History and Sur- 
 vey of Winchester, 
 
 (3) Rudborne, Hist. Maj. 1; i. c. 6, whom Usher and 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 7 
 
 then perfectly understood and practised, and 
 as South Britain was at the same time in the 
 highest state of civilization and refinement, 
 we cannot doubt of the cathedral's being built 
 in that style ; though Rudborne and his au- 
 thorities assure us that its form was the same 
 that it has ever since worn> namely, that of 
 a cross. (0 Together with the church itself, 
 
 Stephens follow, tells us, on the authority of Moratius, 
 that the church built by Lucius was 209 paces long, which, 
 according to the computation of one of the above-men- 
 tioned writers, must at least be equal to 600 feet. The 
 same author tells us that the church was 80 paces broad, 
 and 92 paces high. According to this account, supposing, 
 what is probable, that the structure did not extend so far 
 as it does at present to the west, it must have reached to 
 the east a certain space into Colebrook-street, in a part of 
 which we learn that there was a Pagan temple of Concord, 
 as there was another dedicated to Apollo, not far from 
 thence, in a southern direction. It does not appear from 
 this account that Lucius was at liberty to destroy these 
 Heathen temples, though he built a Christian church near 
 them. In confirmation of the conjecture stated above, 
 that the cathedral built by Lucius extended farther to the 
 east than it does at present, it is proper to mention that, at 
 the bottom of the stream which was made by St. Ethelwold 
 in the 10th century to run near the east end of the church, 
 there are at present, or were lately, foundations of large 
 walls, in the same direction with it. 
 
 (l) c Ab uno cornu, ex transverso ecclesias in alterum, 
 erant ' passus 180.' " Rudb. Hist. Maj. 1. i. c. 6, ex Moratio. 
 Numerous and magnificent churches were built, during the 
 second and third centuries, in different parts of the Roman 
 empire, where Christianity was not so much encouraged as 
 
8 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 tliis religious prince mast have built a bap- 
 tistery, which, according to the discipline of 
 those times, was always a distinct and sepa- 
 rate building, and we are assured that he 
 erected an extensive mansion 0) for the ha- 
 bitation of the clergy, whom he liberally en- 
 dowed to perform divine service in this 
 cathedral of Venta Belgarum. The church 
 being finished, was dedicated in honour of 
 The Holy Saviour, by the British apostles, 
 Fugatius and Duvianus, sent hither from 
 Rome at the request of Lucius, by pope 
 Eleutherius, who also ordained a prelate for 
 this see, by name Dinotus. 
 
 When this noble basilic had subsisted about 
 120 years, it was levelled with the ground ; 
 and the clergy belonging to it, except a few 
 who saved themselves by flight, were mar- 
 tyred (2) in the great persecution raised by 
 
 it was in Britain. See Le Brun, Messe Expliq. tome ii. 
 Bingham's Christian Antiquities, book viii. The forms of 
 these primitive churches were various ; oblong, octagonal, 
 round, and in the shape of a cross. In particular, the mag- 
 nificent church of the Apostles at Constantinople, which 
 was encrusted with marble, ceiled with plates of gold, and 
 covered with tiles of gilt brass, was of the last-mentioned 
 shape. Euseb. Vit. Const. S. Greg. Nazian. Bing- 
 ham Ecc. Antiq. 
 
 (1) According to Rudborne it must have been nearly 
 600 feet in length and 120 in breadth, being situated con- 
 siderably more to the east than the monastery of later date. 
 
 (2) Rudb. Hist. Maj. 1. i. c. iv. — This writer takes 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 9 
 
 Dioclesian towards the conclusion of the 
 third century ; which raged with equal vio- 
 lence against the Christians in every other 
 part of Britain^ and of the whole Roman em- 
 pire. This storm being appeased when Con- 
 stantius Chlorus assumed the purple, the 
 cathedral of Venta was a second time re- 
 built ; being finished, at the latest, in 313. 
 0) But this work being now executed, not 
 at the expense of an opulent prince, as had 
 been the case before, but by the contributions 
 of private Christians, who, during the late 
 persecution, had been impoverished, and re- 
 duced even to live in the forests ; the struc- 
 ture was much less extensive and magnifi- 
 cent than it had been. The form and archi- 
 tecture of it, however, were the same that 
 have been mentioned above ; but as the art 
 of building had greatly declined between the 
 reigns of Antonius and Constantine,(2) so we 
 
 great pains to persuade us that they were monks of an 
 order anterior to the ages both of St. Benedict and St. 
 Antony, namely, those instituted by St. Mark at Alexan- 
 dria. It would be a loss of time to confute an account so 
 glaringly improbable. 
 
 (1) Rudborne says, the church was re-built 22 years 
 after its destruction, or in the year 293 ; but it is remarked, 
 in the History and Survey of Winchester, vol. i. p. 49, 
 that this author has set his chronological seale above 20 
 years too forward, 
 
 (2) This is manifest from an attentive examination of 
 the architecture of Constantine's triumphal arch at Home. 
 
10 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 may rest assured that the second structure 
 was inferior to the first in beauty as well as 
 in extent. At this time Constans was bishop 
 of Venta, who consecrated the new basilic 
 in honour of St. Amphiballus, the instructor 
 of St. Alban, and his fellow sufferer in the 
 late persecution. When this city fell under 
 the power of our Pagan ancestors, the West 
 Saxons, about the year 516, all its clergy, 
 together with the lay inhabitants, were swept 
 away in one promiscuous slaughter. The 
 cathedral itself, however, instead of being 
 destroyed by the victorious Cerdic, was re- 
 paired by him, and turned into a temple of 
 his native gods, in which he caused himself 
 to be solemnly crowned king of the West 
 Saxons in the year 519. 
 
 Upon the conversion of Kinegils, who, 
 with a great part of his subjects, embraced 
 the Christian faith in 635, at the preaching 
 of St. Birinus, the envoy of pope Honorius, 
 the ancient cathedral was still subsisting, 
 though profaned, as we have said, by pagan 
 rites ; and therefore might, with more ease and 
 propriety, have been again applied to the pur- 
 poses of a Christian church, than could these 
 heathen temples, which the Saxons them- 
 selves had raised, and which pope Gregory 
 had nevertheless permitted to be consecrated 
 to the worship of the true God. But the 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 11 
 
 royal convert/ being inflamed with zeal for 
 his religion, and gratitude towards his in- 
 structor, O) was resolved upon re-building 
 this, which was always intended to be the 
 principal cathedral of the west, (2) with the 
 greatest magnificence in his power. He was 
 actually employed in executing this religious 
 design, having taken down the former fabric, 
 (3) and he had collected an immense quan- 
 tity of materials for the work, when he was 
 carried off by death ; and the building, as we 
 have stated, was interrupted for a few years, 
 until at length it was completed bykingKene- 
 walch,the son of Kinegils,upon a scale of extent 
 and with an elegance which seems to have been 
 
 (1) " Iste (Kinegilsus) dedit S. Birino civitatem Dor- 
 cacestriam ut sederet interim in ea, donee conderet eccle- 
 siam tanto pontifice dignam in regia civitate." Annales 
 Wint. 
 
 (2) " In votis ejus (Kinegilsi) erat in Wintonia aedifi- 
 eare templum praecipuum, collectisjam plurimis ad opus 
 asdificii." Annal. Wint. — " Eodem tempore (an. 544) 
 Kenewalchus sedem episcopalem in Wintonia fundavit." 
 Mat. West. 
 
 (3) " Incoepit fundare ecclesiam cathedralem Wynton, 
 destruens illud templum Dagon quod Cerdicus construx- 
 erat." Rudb. Hist. Maj. 1. ii.-c. i. — It is the opinion of 
 Burton, Camden, and other highly respectable antiquaries, 
 that the mass of ruins at the west end of the present cathe- 
 dral, formed part of the building belonging to this ancient 
 cathedral-— an opinion which we can by no means 
 assent to. 
 
12 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 unprecedented in this island since the Saxon 
 conquest. Our apostle, St. Birinus, had the 
 satisfaction of seeing this royal foundation 
 completed before his death, and consecrating 
 it in person ; which he performed in the name 
 of the Holy Trinity, and of the apostles, St. 
 Peter and St. Paul, in 548, a short time be- 
 fore his happy dissolution. 
 
 During the fifty years which had inter- 
 vened since the first preaching of the gospel 
 to the Saxons, our ancestors had, by the in- 
 struction of their preacher/ 1 ) and their fre- 
 quent intercourse with France and Italy, 
 abandoned their former rude style of build- 
 ing : the materials of which, even in their 
 churches, were only the trunks of trees, sawn 
 asunder and placed beside each other, with 
 a covering of thatch ; (2) a style of building, 
 which at the time we are speaking of, still 
 prevailed in the northern part of the island ; 
 and they quickly learnt, not only to build 
 with hewn stone, but also to cover their 
 churches with lead, to glaze the windows of 
 
 (1) " Curavit rex (Edwinus) docente eodem Paulino, 
 majorem, ipso in loco, et augustiorem de lapide fabricare 
 basilicam." Bede, Ecc. Hist. 1. ii. c. xiv. 
 
 (2) Hen. Hunt, Hist. 1. iii. — u Ecclesiam, more Scoto- 
 rum, non de lapide sed de robore secto totam composuit, 
 atque arundine texit. Idem, 1. iii. c. xxv. Idem, 1. Y. 
 c. xxii. 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 13 
 
 them, and to adorn them with religious 
 paintings. 0) The person who contributed 
 most to the introduction of these arts into 
 the island, was the famous abbot, St. Bennet 
 Biscop ; who, being the intimate friend and 
 occasionally the guest of Kenewalch, no 
 doubt assisted him with his own talents and 
 experience, as also with the skill of the artists 
 whom he procured from abroad, in build- 
 ing the cathedral of this city in that superior 
 style of elegance in which it is said to have 
 been wised. If we admit, what seems hardly 
 credible, that the ground plan of Kenewalch's 
 cathedral was as extensive as that which was 
 afterwards raised by Walkelin, after the Nor- 
 man conquest, or, in other words, as exten- 
 sive as it is at the present day ; yet we may 
 rest satisfied, from the improvements that 
 were made in our national architecture at the 
 last mentioned period, that it was by no 
 means equal to it in loftiness and magnifi- 
 cence. This structure, thus raised, remained 
 unimpaired until the first conquest of the 
 island by the Danes, after the death of our 
 renowned St. Swithun ; when this city falling 
 
 (1) The church of Weremouth was ornamented with 
 pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary, of the Apostles, and 
 of the Visions in the book of the Revelations, by its 
 founder, St. Bennet Biscop, as Bede expressly says, in 
 his History of the Abbots of that Monastery. 
 
 a3 
 
14 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 into their hands, the cathedral clergy were 
 all massacred, and the fabric itself, in all 
 appearance, suffered great damage ; as we 
 find, soon afterwards, a particular provision 
 made by one of its bishops for repairing it. 
 It is not to be supposed that the famous 
 Saxon architect, St. Ethelwold, who built so 
 many churches and monasteries in different 
 parts of the kingdom, would neglect the 
 cathedral of his own see, and of his na- 
 tive city ; on the contrary, we are assured, 
 that it was an object which he hail very 
 much at heart, to re-build it from the ground. 
 This he accordingly performed with great 
 diligence, obliging his monks to assist in the 
 work. He, at the same time, enriched it 
 with its subterraneous crypts, which it be- 
 fore had wanted ;0) as also with the stream 
 of water, which he introduced into the princi- 
 pal offices of the monastery, as he did other 
 streams into different parts of the city. He 
 lived to complete this great undertaking; 
 which being done, he, in the year 980, con- 
 secrated the new structure with great so- 
 
 (1) Crypts, called also Confessiones and Martyria, 
 were subterraneous chapels, which were usually dug under 
 the principal churches, and at first appropriated to the 
 burial of the martyrs or other saints. Hence they were 
 places of great devotion, and, being provided with altars, 
 mass was sometimes celebrated in them. 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 15 
 
 lemnity in the presence of King Ethelred, 
 St. Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, and 
 eight other bishops. It was dedicated under 
 the same title of St. Peter and St. Paul, 
 which St. Birinus had conferred upon it ; but 
 the body of St. Swithun, having a little be- 
 fore been transferred from the church-yard, 
 where it had been buried in conformity with 
 his own directions, into the church itself, in 
 which a sumptuous shrine had been provided 
 by King Edgar for its reception, and the 
 whole kingdom resounding with the fame of 
 the miracles wrought by his intercession ; it 
 was thought proper to add the name of this 
 saint to those of its former patrons ; which 
 title, for the reason just mentioned, soon be- 
 coming highly celebrated, the cathedral itself 
 and the priory belonging to it were hence- 
 forward, down to the time of Henry VIII. 
 distinguished by the name of St. Swithun. 
 
 It is probable that the structure of St. 
 Ethelwold was of no greater height and ex- 
 tent than that of Kenewalch ; and, indeed, 
 that the former not only made use of the 
 loose materials of the ancient building, but 
 also incorporated such parts of it as he found 
 of sufficient strength to be left standing. It 
 is the opinion of a learned antiquary, that a 
 considerable part of this Saxon cathedral, 
 built by St. Ethelwold and King Edgar, is 
 
16 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 still in being ; namely, the low-built aisles 
 at the east end of the fabric, where the tombs 
 of Beaufort and Waynflete are now seen :0) 
 but his assertion, that the style of the archi- 
 tecture here is more simple and confined 
 thon that of Walkelin, is manifestly erro- 
 neous, whether we examine the inside or 
 the outside of the building in question. It 
 is not, indeed,, so lofty as the transepts are, 
 which are unquestionably the work of Wal- 
 kelin ; but neither are the chapels behind the 
 high altar in other cathedrals so lofty as the 
 transept and naves of them are, being con- 
 sidered as rooms distinct from them. Inde- 
 pendently, however, of this reasoning, the 
 architecture of these aisles, as we shall see, 
 bespeaks a much later date than that of the 
 Norman Walkelin. All then that remains 
 visible of the works of St. Ethelwold, are 
 the crypts themselves, or the chapel under 
 the part that we have been speaking of; the 
 walls, pillars, and groining of which remain 
 in much the same state as that in which he 
 left them, (2) and are executed in a firm and 
 
 (1) Description of the City, &c. of Winchester, by 
 the Rev. Thomas Warton, p. 63. 
 
 (2) The chief alterations in them, of a later date, are 
 the following : — 1 . A new crypt, with pointed arches, has 
 been made under the eastern extremity of the Lady Chapel. 
 — 2. Several masses of masonry have been raised in various 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 17 
 
 bold, though simple and unadorned manner, 
 which gives no contemptible idea of Saxon 
 art. 
 
 It is impossible to suppose that a church, 
 which had been built by so able an architect, 
 and in so substantial a manner, could want 
 re-building in less than a century, when 
 bishop Walkelin actually undertook this great 
 work. It is true it had, during this time, 
 fallen a second time under the pagan Danes ; 
 but as the city, on this occasion, surrendered 
 itself to them without any resistance, so it 
 seems now to have been exempt from any 
 signal devastation. At all events we may be 
 assured, that whatever damage the impious 
 Swayne might have done to the cathedral, 
 his religious son, Canute, one of the chief 
 of all its royal benefactors, amply repaired. 
 It was not, then, from any real necessity for 
 such a work, that our first Norman bishop 
 re-built the cathedral ; but the fact is, the 
 Normans in general, being a refined and 
 
 parts of them, either to form sepulchres for bodies, the 
 monuments of which are above, or to support the fabric 
 over them, which in these parts is exceedingly defective.— 
 3. A great quantity of rubbish and earth has accumulated 
 on the pavement which covers it, as also the bases of the 
 pillars.— 4. The entrance into them, through the Holy 
 Hole, has been obstructed by bishop Fox, and another 
 has been made by him from the Water Close, under the 
 south-east aisle of the fabric. 
 
 a4 
 
18 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 high-spirited people, held the Saxons, with 
 all their arts, learning, and whatever else 
 belonged to them, in the most sovereign 
 contempt. In particular, they almost every 
 where threw down the chief churches of the 
 vanquished people, and re-built them in a 
 more noble and magnificent style, which 
 they had learnt in their own country. 0) As 
 the bishopric of Winchester was undoubtedly 
 the first in England in point of wealth, and 
 about this time synodically declared to be 
 the second in point of dignity ; so Walkelin, 
 whose mind was not less noble and vast than 
 that of his relation, the Conqueror, took 
 pains that its cathedral should not be inferior 
 to those which several other bishops, his 
 countrymen, were at the same time erecting 
 in different sees. We are enabled to form 
 some idea of the greatness of the work in 
 hand, and of the ardour with which he pro- 
 secuted it, from the adventure mentioned in 
 the History and Survey of Winchester, vol. i. 
 p. 195, of his cutting down a whole forest, 
 in order to supply part of the timber neces- 
 sary for completing it. It was not, however, 
 the church alone that this prelate undertook 
 
 ( 1 ) " Videas ubique in villis ecclesias, in vicis et ur- 
 bibus monasteria, novoedificandigenere, exsurgere." Will. 
 Malm. De Reg. 1. iii. " Monasteria surgebant, religione 
 Vetera, aedificiis recentia." Ibid. 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 19 
 
 to re-build, but also the extensive and nu- 
 merous offices of the adjoining monastery, 
 all which he actually completed at his own 
 expence : so that amongst all the great and 
 munificent prelates, who have been founders 
 and benefactors of this cathedral, the name 
 of Walkelin undoubtedly claims the first 
 place ; and, as a celebrated historian says, 
 will remain immortal, like the works which 
 he has made, as long as an episcopal see 
 shall remain at Winchester. 
 
 To understand, in a distinct manner, what 
 works were actually executed by Walkelin, 
 and to reconcile certain apparent contradic- 
 tions in our Winchester annalists and other 
 ancient writers, it seems necessary to admit 
 the following particulars. The Saxon church 
 built by Kenewalch, and re-built by St. 
 Ethelwold, had the same limits to the east 
 that the church has had ever since ;0) but 
 it did not extend so far towards the west, 
 probably by 150 feet, as Walkelin after- 
 wards built it. (2) In consequence of this 
 
 (1) We may be assured that St. Ethelwold's church did 
 not reach beyond the stream of water which he introduced 
 into the monastery. Now the present fabric reaches almost 
 to the border of it.' 
 
 (2) Not to mention the great improbability that the low 
 Saxon church was 550 feet long ; there are other argu- 
 ments, drawn from Rudbome and Malmsbury's account 
 
20 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 scale of the ancient church, its high altar, 0) 
 tower, (2) transept, and the habitations of 
 
 of the relative situation and extent of the New Minster 
 church, which was parallel with the cathedral, and of the 
 old cemetry or church-yard, which seem to prove that the 
 Saxon church did not extend so far to the west as it does 
 at present, 
 
 (1) It is plain, from the Winchester Annalist, that there 
 was a high altar of the ancient church, which co-existed 
 with that of the new church, and which therefore must 
 have stood to the east of it. Vid. An. J 024. 
 
 (2) That there was a tower belonging to the Saxon church, 
 situated to the east of the present tower, and which con- 
 tinued long to exist with it, is probable, not only from the 
 general scale of the building, but also from the following 
 circumstances. The tomb of William Rufus stood under 
 a certain tower of the church, which falling down, covered 
 it with ruins. But this tomb neither now is, nor appears 
 ever to have been, under the present tower, which, as 
 Rudborne remarks, was built in too firm a manner to have 
 fallen down so soon after its erection. 2dly, We are told 
 by the Annalist, that in 1214 the weathercock (flabellum) 
 falling from the tower, broke the shrine of St. Swithun, 
 which must have stood near the high altar ; now it was 
 impossible that any heavy substance falling from the top of 
 the present tower should come near that situation. We 
 are sensible that the present hypothesis does not agree with 
 that of Rudborne, who is embarrassed to account for the 
 circumstance of the tower falling upon Rufus's tomb. Ang. 
 Sac. vol. i. p. 271. But, in admitting his facts, we are 
 not obliged to follow his conjectures, which may be seen 
 in the passage here quoted. What is advanced above, seems 
 to be the only way of reconciling Rudborne with himself, 
 who in a preceding passage, p. %56 9 has told us : " Walke- 
 linus episcopus fieri fecit turrim ecclesiae Wintoniensis ut 
 modo cernitur." 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL- 21 
 
 the monks, were considerably more to the 
 east, than they were afterwards placed, 
 Walkelin began his work by taking down 
 all that part of the church which was to the 
 west of the aforesaid tower; in the place 
 of which he built up from the foundations 
 the present large and massive tower, which 
 hence bore his name, the lofty and capacious 
 north and south transepts, and the body of 
 the church of the same height with them, 
 and reaching to the fall extent of the pre- 
 sent fabric. He also built new cloisters, 
 with all the other offices requisite for a ca- 
 thedral monastery : such as a chapter-hoase, 
 dormitories, a refectory, kitchen, &c. in 
 the situation which they ever afterwards 
 held, on the south-west side of the church. 
 In effecting this latter work, he was under 
 the necessity of taking down the western 
 end of the ancient monastery, yet so as to 
 leave a sufficient part of it and of the church 
 itself standing, for the dwelling and the 
 regular exercises of the monks. The wfyole 
 of this great work was completed within the 
 space of fourteen years, having been begun 
 in 1079, and finished in 1093, in which 
 year, on the 8th of April, the monks went 
 in triumph from their old to their new mo- 
 nastery ; on which occasion a great solem- 
 nity was held, which was graced with the 
 
22 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 presence of most of the bishops and abbots 
 of England. On the 15th of July, in the 
 same year, it being St, Swithnn's festival, 
 the shrine of that saint was carried in pro- 
 cession from the old high altar to the new 
 one, a distance probably of not more than 
 forty feet, but which was, no doubt, length- 
 ened by making the usual circuit of the clois- 
 ters. In the course of the year, Walkelin 
 took down the offices which had been left 
 standing of the ancient monastery, as also 
 the transepts, and whatever else remained 
 of the ancient church, except the old high 
 altar and the eastern aisles, in the centre of 
 which it was placed. In the next year it is 
 probable that the old high altar, being no 
 longer necessary, was removed, as certain 
 relics of St. Swithun, and those of several 
 other saints, were then found under it. 
 
 We have abundant specimens remaining 
 of the work of the above-mentioned Nor- 
 man prelate. The most conspicuous of these 
 is the square massive tower, 140 feet high, 
 and 50 feet broad ; which is seen at the 
 present day, in as perfect and firm a state, 
 to all appearance, as when it was first built, 
 700 years ago, and which was celebrated in 
 ancient times for being the firmest in all 
 England. It bears intrinsic evidence of the 
 age in which it was built, in the general 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 23 
 
 simplicity and massiveness of its architec- 
 ture, in its circular windows adorned with 
 the chevron and billetted mouldings, and in 
 the capitals and ornanents of its pillars. It 
 is frequently asked, why a tower of such great 
 strength is destitute of a steeple ? The fact 
 is, it was built before steeples were invented, 
 these being the natural growth of the pointed 
 arch, as we shall elsewhere show. The 
 purposes which it was intended to answer 
 were, in point of use, to serve as a lan- 
 thorn to the choir, which actually stands in 
 need of such a contrivance, and, in point of 
 effect, to give an idea of height when viewed 
 from the inside ; a proportion which, no 
 less than length, the Normans affected to 
 carry, as far as possible, in their sacred 
 edifices. That such were the purposes of 
 the tower, is clear from the inside of it ; 
 as in both its stories above the present ceil- 
 ing, and up to its very covering, it is 
 finished with the utmost care, and embel- 
 lished with various ornaments, chiefly those 
 above-mentioned. The lower of these sto- 
 ries, if not the whole of the tower, w r as 
 actually open until the reign of Charles I. 
 The two transepts are also the work of 
 Walkelin ; and though they have been the 
 most neglected of any part of the fabric, 
 yet are they in a far more firm and secure 
 
24 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 state than any portion of the building that 
 is of a later construction. It is necessary, 
 however, in viewing this and other ancient 
 fabrics, carefully to distinguish the original 
 work from the alterations which have since 
 been introduced into them. Of the former 
 sort are the walls up to the very summit of 
 them, with their thin perpendicular but- 
 tresses, and their narrow simple mouldings ; 
 as also their interlaced archwork on the 
 upper part of the south transept above the 
 clock, forming, perhaps, the first rudiment 
 of the pointed arch extant in England. Of 
 the same date and workmanship are the 
 whole of several windows in both transepts ; 
 being large and well proportioned, with cir- 
 cular heads ornamented with the biiletted 
 moulding, and supported on each side by a 
 plain Saxon pillar, with a rude kind of 
 square frieze and cornice, resembling those 
 which are seen between the lights in the 
 tower. The alterations that have been in- 
 troduced into the transepts, since the time of 
 Walkelin, are chiefly found in the windows. 
 A great proportion of these have been changed, 
 at different periods, and in various styles and 
 fashions. In many of them, the circular 
 arch and biiletted moulding are left to re- 
 main, and a pointed window, with Gothic 
 mullions, is inserted under them. In others, 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 25 
 
 these have been quite taken away, and a 
 pointed arch has been made to receive the 
 Gothic window. In like manner the St. 
 Catharine's wheels on the north front of the 
 said transept^ is evidently of later date than 
 the Norman founder. 
 
 The next of our bishops who signalized 
 himself in repairing his cathedral, was that 
 eminent prelate, Godfrey de Lucy. In the 
 course of a century after the death of Walke- 
 lin, we may suppose that the Saxon work, 
 which the latter had left remaining to the 
 east of the high altar, with the small tower 
 over it, was become out of repair ; he ac- 
 cordingly rebuilt them in the architecture of 
 the times, commencing with the tower, 
 which was begun and finished in the year 
 1200. 0) He then formed a confraternity or 
 society of workmen, with whom he entered 
 into terms for completing the other repairs, 
 which he was desirous of making ; namely 
 for re-building the whole east end of the 
 church, with the Lady Chapel/^) as far as 
 
 (1) "Anno 1200, inch oata est et perfecta turns Win- 
 toniensis ecclesiae." Annal. Wint. — Independently of 
 the many positive assertions of Rudborne, that the present 
 great tower was built by Walkelin, the style of it, as we 
 have intimated, proves this. There must have then been 
 a smaller tower to the east of it, originally built by the 
 Saxons, and now re-built by de Lucy. 
 
 (2) In the epitome concerning the bishops of Win- 
 
 a5 
 
26 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. , 
 
 that anciently extended.G) This he required 
 to be performed in the course of five years, 
 dating from the year 1202.(2) In the mean 
 time, this prelate having paid the debt of 
 nature, in 1204, was buried in the centre of 
 his own works, as was usual in such cases. 
 It might seem impossible for a person, who 
 is ever so little skilled in the different periods 
 of our sacred architecture, to overlook the 
 workmanship of De Lucy, so strongly cha- 
 racteristic of the age in which it was exe- 
 cuted ; yet this has been done by two cele- 
 brated authors of modern times, who have 
 treated of the antiquities of Winchester : 
 one of whom has indiscriminately attributed 
 this, with the other parts of the fabric 
 westward of it, to the Norman Walkelin ;( 3 ) 
 whilst the other, more inconsistently ascribes, 
 
 Chester, Ang. Sac. vol. i, p. 286, is a mutilated sentence, 
 which seems to refer to the works of De Lucy in the ca- 
 thedral, and to imply that he rebuilt the church and 
 vaulted it, together with the wings, from the high altar 
 to the altar of the Blessed Virgin, at the east end, viz. 
 " Ad altare B. Marias ad finem cum alis voltam." 
 
 (1) It is easy to discover the addition made to the Lady 
 Chapel in the 16th century. 
 
 (2) These confraternities of church builders may per- 
 haps have been the origin of Freemasons. 
 
 (3) "The whole fabric then standing (in Wykeham's 
 time) was erected by bishop Walkelin," says bishop 
 Lowth ; and, in support of his opinion, refers to the 
 passages in Rudborne which we have quoted above ; by 
 various parts of which it is clearly confuted. 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 27 
 
 a still earlier date to it, and supposes it to 
 have been built by the Saxons. (0 However, 
 there is no person that is a judge of these 
 matters, who, viewing the low aisles of the 
 church, at the east end of it, there sees, 
 both on the outside of it and in the inside, 
 the ranges of short pillars supporting arches, 
 formed of the upper part of a trefoil; the 
 narrow oblong windows in different compart- 
 ments, without any mullions ; the obtuse 
 angle or lance-like heads of these and of 
 the arches themselves ; the clusters of thin 
 columns, mostly formed of Purbeck marble, 
 with bold and graceful mouldings on the 
 capitals and bases ; together with the inter- 
 mingled quatrefoils, inscribed in circles by 
 way of ornament; there is no such person, 
 we repeat, who will hesitate to pronounce 
 that the said work was executed in the same 
 century with Salisbury cathedral,(2) namely, 
 
 (1) "I am persuaded that the low-built aisles, at the 
 east end of the choir, existed before the time of Walkelin, 
 and are a part of the old church, erected by the Saxon 
 kings." Description of Winchester, &c. by the Rev. 
 Thomas Warton, p. 63. — This author, when he wrote 
 thus, had probably not paid that attention to ancient archi- 
 tecture, which he afterwards displayed in his notes on 
 Spencer's Fairy Queen : as the assertion above quoted is 
 in direct opposition to the characteristical rules there laid 
 down by him. 
 
 (2) Upon comparing together the work of our God- 
 frey de Lucy, particularly in the ancient part of the 
 
28 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 in the 13th, that in which Godfrey de Lucy 
 died. 
 
 In consequence of the works of Bishop 
 Godfrey, at the east end of the church, this 
 part, though less lofty, was far more orna- 
 mented and beautiful than the main body of 
 the church was ; whose plain walls, huge 
 unadorned pillars, and naked timbers in the 
 roof, appeared more poor and contemptible 
 from the contrast. But when, by degrees, 
 the Gothic architectureO) which was in its 
 infancy at the beginning of the 18th century, 
 had attained to its maturity in the middle of 
 the 14th ; and when so many other churches 
 throughout the kingdom shone forth with 
 all the magic beauty of tracery vaulting, 
 spreading columns, shelving buttresses, ta- 
 pering pinnacles, canopied niches, statuary 
 
 Lady Chapel, with that afterwards executed by Richard 
 Poore at Salisbury, we clearly see that the former served 
 as a model for the latter. We must not omit to mention, 
 that some windows of a later date have been inserted in 
 a part of this building, no less than in that of Walkelin. 
 
 (1) The writer makes use of the term Gothic for the 
 architecture in question, as being generally received; 
 though he is sensible that the term was introduced for the 
 purpose of bringing this style of architecture into con- 
 tempt, by real Goths and Vandals, the destroyers of the 
 venerable and curious monuments of preceding ages, in 
 the 16th century. Many learned persons now include all 
 the different periods of the pointed architecture, under the 
 general name of the Norman style. 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 29 
 
 friezes and corbels, ramified mullions, and 
 historical windows ; it was not fitting that 
 the cathedral of this opulent and dignified 
 bishopric should remain destitute of such 
 admired and appropriate improvements. This 
 was the real cause of the great work that 
 was carried on at the time we are speaking 
 of, namely, during the middle and the latter 
 part of the 14th century. Not that Walke- 
 lin's work was, in the space of 300 years, 
 become decayed and insecure, as a learned 
 author tells us ;0) since the corresponding 
 parts of that very building, namely, the 
 transepts, after having stood 400 years longer, 
 are still the firmest parts of the whole fabric. 
 The prelate who first took this great work 
 in hand, was not, as is generally supposed, 
 William of Wykeham, but his predecessor 
 William of Edington, who was treasurer 
 and Chancellor to Edward III. It is in- 
 contestible, from his will made and signed 
 in the year of his decease, that he had 
 actually begun, and undertaken to finish, 
 the rebuilding of the great nave of the 
 church, though he only lived to execute a 
 small part of it. This consisted of the two 
 first windows, from the great west window, 
 with the corresponding buttresses, and one 
 pinnacle on the north side of the church ; 
 (1) Lowth's Life of William Wykeham, p. 209. 
 
 a6 
 
30 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 as likewise the first window towards the 
 west, with the buttress and pinnacle on the 
 south side. 
 
 The celebrated biographer of William de 
 Wykeham has given a detailed account of 
 the great works executed at the cathedral 
 by that prelate, which contains much useful 
 information, and also many mistakes. It 
 appears that the prior and monastery, by an 
 authentic deed, acquitted the bishop of all 
 obligation of executing the work which he 
 had taken in hand, and acknowledged that 
 it proceeded from his mere liberality and 
 zeal for the honour of God ; they agreed to 
 find the whole scaffolding necessary for the 
 work, and gave the bishop free leave to dig 
 and carry away chalk and sand from any of 
 their lands, as he might think convenient 
 and useful for his purpose; besides allow- 
 ing the whole materials of the old building 
 to be applied to the use of the new. He 
 employed William Winford as his architect, 
 and Simon Membury as his surveyor ; whilst 
 John Wayte, one of the monks, acted as 
 comptroller on the part of the convent. In 
 these and other particulars, as far as they 
 tend to show that this illustrious prelate 
 repaired, and in a certain sense re-built the 
 main body of the cathedral, from the tower 
 to the west end, in that new invented spe- 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 31 
 
 ties of architecture called the Gothic, the 
 learned biographer is supported by incon- 
 testible records ; but when he asserts that, 
 to effect this, he took down the whole former 
 fabric, he is clearly in an error. For let any 
 one compare the buttresses, pinnacles, and 
 windows which we have ascribed above to 
 Edington, with the others in the same range, 
 which are the undoubted work of Wykeham, 
 and then say whether it is possible that they 
 can be all the work of the same architect. 
 The four buttresses of Edington, three on 
 one side and one on the other, have a greater 
 number of breaks than those of Wykeham ; 
 his two pinnacles, one on each side, are thicker 
 and heavier than those of his successor ; 
 finally, his three windows, two on the north 
 side and one on the south, do not range with 
 the rest of the under windows ; they are not 
 of the same form with them, being lower and 
 wider, and they do not correspond with them 
 in the number of their compartments, those 
 of Edington having four in a row, whilst those 
 of Wykeham have only three. But not to 
 multiply words in a matter so evident, though 
 hitherto overlooked, we may clearly trace, 
 in the different colours of the stone, and in a 
 new set off a little above the two windows on 
 the north side, where the work of Edington 
 ended, and where that of Wykeham began. 
 
32 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Nor is it even true that " he took down the 
 whole of Walkelin's work, or at most only 
 left sixteen feet of the lower order of pillars 
 1 elonging to it standing ;" for the original 
 Norman pillars may be traced, not only at 
 the steps leading up to the choir, where 
 there was a sufficient reason for not casing 
 theni, but aloft, amidst the very timbers of 
 the roof, on both sides of the nave, through- 
 out the greater part of its exlent, correspond- 
 ing, in every respect, with those which are 
 still seen reaching up to the timbers in the 
 transepts. In like manner the pointed arches 
 between the columns on the first story will be 
 found, upon a close inspection, from the in- 
 side of the work above the side aisles, not 
 to have been originally built in that manner, 
 but to have been formed by filling up and 
 adapting to that shape the old semi-circular 
 arches of Walkelin's second story ; the form 
 of which may also be seen in the cross aisles. 
 (!) If this discovery diminishes in some 
 
 (l) An alteration which has taken place in the slype, 
 still further confirms the writer's system in opposition to 
 that of Bishop Lowth. On taking down part of a wall 
 or buttress, adjoining to the west door of the cathedral 
 leading into the Close, part of the circular moulding, 
 with the billetted ornaments, in the original workmanship 
 of Walkelin, was discovered and is still to be seen ; the 
 stone appearing remarkably fresh from the above-men- 
 tioned circumstances. 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 33 
 
 small degree the credit of Wykeham's muni- 
 ficence, in regard to his cathedral, it increases 
 that of his prudence, economy and skill. 
 For in the system here advanced, that this 
 celebrated architect preserved as much of 
 the Norman building, particularly of its nave, 
 as he found he could fashion into a Gothic 
 form;(i) (which will be found to have been 
 the case in most of our Gothic cathedrals 
 that have been built by the Normans:) a 
 sufficient apology is offered for the undue 
 massiveness of the columns, which arises 
 from the necessity of casing the ancient round 
 pillars with Gothic clusters ; whereas k 
 would evidently be a pitiful economy to sa- 
 crifice the beauty and gracefulness of such a 
 magnificent fabric, merely for the sake of 
 retaining sixteen feet of the ancient pillars, 
 as this learned author supposes/ 2 ) 
 
 (1) It appears also, upon examining the timbers of 
 the roof, that the west end of them has at some period, 
 most probably within the last three centuries, been on 
 fire and in part consumed. Whether this accident hap- 
 pened by lightning or culinary lire, does not appear. 
 
 (2) In the instrument executed by Thomas, prior of 
 St. Svvithun's to Wykeham, concerning his chantry, speak- 
 ing of the latter's works, in the cathedral, he says, " Suam 
 et nostram ecclesiam Wynton ipsius gravibus sumptibus 
 et expensis deceutissime et honestissime a fundamentis 
 reparavitac etiamrenovavit." Lowth, Append, n. xvi. 
 Chaundler on the same subject says, " Corpus die-ae ec- 
 
24 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 The west end of the cathedral was now 
 complete in its kind ; but the eastern part of 
 it, from the tower to the low aisles of De 
 Lucy, was far from being conformable to the 
 rest, consisting of the Norman work of 
 Walkelin, repaired and decorated at subse- 
 quent periods, in the same manner as we see 
 different windows of the transepts have been; 
 when that great and good prelate, Fox, at 
 the beginning of the 16th century, undertook 
 to rebuild it; which he accordingly per- 
 formed/ 1 ) with all the finished elegance that 
 Gothic architecture had by this time ac- 
 quired. Indeed it is impossible to survey 
 the works of this prelate, either on the 
 outside of the church or in the inside, with- 
 out being struck with their beauty and mag- 
 nificence. In both of them we see the most 
 exquisite art employed to execute the most 
 noble and elegant designs. We cannot fail 
 
 clesiae cum duabus alis et omnibus fenestris vitreis, a 
 magna occidentali fenestra capitali usque campanile, a 
 fundo usque ad summum de novo reparavit et voltas in 
 eisdem, opere curioso, constituit." — Ang. Sac. vol. ii. p. 
 356. The word above in italics seems to insinuate that 
 Wykeham's work was not, in every respect, a new erection. 
 
 (1) Though Godwin and Harpsfield only made men- 
 tion of Fox's decorations within the church, yet that he 
 was the author of the outside work, here ascribed to him, 
 is abundantly proved by his image and devices in various 
 parts of it. 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 35 
 
 in particular of admiring the vast but well- 
 proportioned and ornamented arched win- 
 dows which surround this part, and give light 
 to the sanctuary ; the bold and airy flying 
 buttresses that, stretching over the side 
 aisles, support the upper walls ; the rich open 
 battlement which surmounts these walls ; and 
 the elegant sweep that contracts them to the 
 size of the great eastern window ; the two 
 gorgeous canopies which crown the extreme 
 turrets, and the profusion of elegant carved 
 work that covers the whole east front, taper- 
 ing up to a point, where we view the breath- 
 ing statue of the pious founder, resting upon 
 his chosen emblem, the pelican. In a word, 
 neglected and mutilated as this work has 
 been, during the course of nearly three cen- 
 turies, it still warrants us to assert, that if 
 the whole cathedral had been finished in the 
 style of this portion of it, the whole island, 
 and perhaps all Europe, could not have exhi- 
 bited a Gothic structure equal to it. We may 
 conjecture that it was Fox's intention, if he 
 had lived long enough, to render the transepts 
 purely Gothic, like the rest of the fabric : 
 not probably without a view of performing 
 the same operation upon the tower itself, 
 which, in this case, would have been fur- 
 nished with a suitable spire. Tha circum- 
 stances which seem to authorize these con 
 
36 FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 jectures are, that the side aisles of his con- 
 struction are furnished, on each side, with 
 ornamental work and windows beyond the 
 line of the transepts, part of which is re- 
 moved in order to make room for their 
 admission ; as likewise that the upper line 
 of windows, being four in number on the 
 west side of that to the north, was, at the 
 time that Fox's other works were going on, 
 completely altered into the Gothic style, 
 and furnished with canopies, busts, and a 
 fascia, on which are seen the initials and 
 devices of Fox's contemporary and friend* 
 prior Silksted. 
 
 All that remains to be noticed on the 
 outside of this venerable pile, is the addi- 
 tion of about 26 feet made to the Lady 
 Chapel, at the eastern extremity. This is 
 demonstrated to have been executed at the 
 same time with bishop Fox's work, namely, 
 in the early part of the 16th century, by 
 the devices and rebusses of prior Silksted, 
 which it exhibits. The three windows, with 
 other works contained in this part, are no 
 less rich than those of the above-mentioned 
 prelate, but do not appear to be so well 
 imagined. The windows in particular are 
 too much crowded with mullions, the ill- 
 judged profusion of which, and of other 
 ornaments in the Gothic buildings of Henry 
 
FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL. 37 
 
 the Seventh's reign, was one cause of the 
 decline of that style, and of men's resorting 
 to the simplicity of the Grecian architecture. 
 From the whole of what has been said, as 
 well as from an actual survey of the cathe- 
 dral, it will be concluded, that its great de- 
 fect is a want of uniformity, the unavoidable 
 consequence of its having been above four 
 centuries in building ; that is to say, from the 
 Conquest down to the Reformation. This 
 disadvantage, however, is in some degree 
 compensated to the ingenious spectator, by 
 the opportunity it affords him of studying the 
 various styles of architecture which succeeded 
 each other during that period. Without going 
 further, he will discover in this single pile 
 the rise, progress, and perfection of the Pointed 
 or Gothic Architecture ; there not being a 
 single stage of that remarkable and interest- 
 ing species of building, and hardly an orna- 
 ment made use of in it, which may not be 
 traced in some part or other of Winchester 
 Cathedral. 
 
 B 
 
38 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Geneial Observations upon the Entrance into Winchester 
 Cathedral.— Survey of the South Side of it.— Wykeham's 
 Chautry and Tomb. — Ditto of Edington. — Survey of the 
 South Transept, with its Chapels, Monuments, and adjoin- 
 ing Offices — The Steps in the Nave leading to the Choir, 
 Monuments of Walkelin, Gifford, and Hoadly. — Situation, 
 Names, and Uses of the ancient Pulpitum. — Description of 
 the Choir, Comparison of it with that of Salisbury. — Dates 
 of the Stall Work, Pulpit, &c. — Inside of the great Tower, 
 Ornaments and Legends on the Ceiling of it. — Advance 
 towards the Sanctuary, Criticism on the Altar Piece. — 
 Description of the modern Canopy, and of the ancient 
 Altar, with its Ornaments. — Ditto of the Altar Screen. — 
 Account of the Figures painted in the Choir Windows, and 
 of the Ornaments on the Ceiling. — The Partition Walls, 
 with the Mortuary Chests and other Monuments aud Graves 
 in the Choir. — Fox's Study, the Capitular Chapel, and 
 Gardiner's Chantry. — De Lucy's Church. — Beaufort's Chan- 
 try.— Ditto of Waynflete. — Clobery's Monument and Epi- 
 taph. — Langton's Chapel. — The Lady Chapel, with the 
 Paintings in it. — The Angel Guardian Chapel, with its Monu- 
 ments. — The supposed Grave and Relics of St. Swithun. — 
 The Holy Hole, Monuments of Hardicanute, &c. — Descent 
 into the North Transept, Chapels, Monuments, and Paint- 
 ings therein. — North Aisle of the Nave, Monuments of 
 Morley, Boles, &c. — The ancient Font, — Erroneous Ex- 
 planations of the Carvings upon it. — Their genuine 'Mean- 
 ing ascertained. — Reflections upon quitting the Cathedral. 
 
 It is usual to enter into the cathedral by 
 the great porch, the original beauty of which, 
 and of the whole west front, being chiefly 
 the work of the immortal Wykeham, shines 
 forth through all the disgraceful neglect and 
 violence of latter ages ; the earth and rubbish 
 having accumulated to a great height before 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 39 
 
 it,0) the open gallery (2) hanging in ruins, 
 the mullions of the great window being de- 
 cayed, the glass of it shattered or vilely re- 
 paired with painted fragments of opaque 
 colouring, the colossal statues of the two 
 ancient patrons of the church, St. Peter and 
 St. Paul, on each side of the great doors, 
 being cast down from their pedestals, and 
 the elegant canopies, under which they stood 
 nearly chiselled away. Fortunately the figure 
 of St. Swithun, or of Wykeham, which ever 
 it was intended to represent, in the tabernacle 
 on the extreme point of the front, w r as out 
 of the reach of the iconoclasts of the two 
 last centuries. 
 
 Having now entered the awful pile, by that 
 door-way through which so many illustrious 
 personages have heretofore passed in solemn 
 
 (l) A great deal of dirt and rubbish has now been 
 removed from the front of the cathedral ; but it was not 
 possible to lower the alley, and the ground near it, to the 
 level of the church pavement, without destroying the 
 monuments and trees which at present occupy them, and 
 without other inconveniences. 
 
 {ji) Since the period above alluded to, something has 
 been done towards the repairing of this gallery, the ori- 
 ginal use of which was for the conveniency of the Bishop, 
 when dressed in his pontifical ornaments and attended by 
 his Clergy, to give his solemn benediction on particular 
 occasions to the people assembled in the front of it, or to 
 absolve them from certain censures which they might have 
 incurred. 
 
40 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 procession ; as the impatient eye shoots 
 through the long-drawn nave to the eastern 
 window, glowing with the richest colours of 
 enamelling ; as it soars up to the lofty vault, 
 fretted with infinite tracery ; and as it wan- 
 ders below amidst the various solemn objects 
 which the first glance commands ; the most 
 insensible spectator must feel his mind arrested 
 with a certain awe, and must now experience, 
 if he has never felt them before, the mingled 
 sensations of the sublime and beautiful. It 
 will require some minutes for the most re- 
 fined architectural critic, entering into the 
 cathedral for the first time, to be able to 
 recollect himself, in order to attend either to 
 its particular beauties or its defects. When 
 the first pleasing emotions have in some de- 
 gree subsided, the imperfections may perhaps 
 next draw his attention. He will wish those 
 lofty pillars, vast as the weight is which they 
 support, and diversified as they are with 
 clustered columns, tori, and other ornaments, 
 were less massive and ample in their circum- 
 ference ; but when he is informed of the cause 
 to which this defect is owing, (!) he will 
 rather applaud than blame the contrivance 
 of the architect who has been able to turn 
 ponderous Saxon pillars and arches into such 
 
 (1) Seepage 32. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 41 
 
 as are purely Gothic. In the next place, the 
 curious spectator, eager to catch a view of 
 the principal and most sacred part of the 
 venerable edifice, finds his view towards the 
 choir and altar intercepted by mean or incon- 
 gruous objects ; a Grecian screen of the com- 
 posite order, of a different hue from the 
 rest of the stone- work, and shut up with a 
 modern panelled door and fanlight, fitter 
 for a tavern than a cathedral. (!) In these 
 and such like faults, which are the effect, not 
 of necessity but of choice, we discover the 
 bad taste of modern ages. Formerly the ap- 
 pearance of the sanctuary and the altar from 
 the west end of this nave was rendered more 
 striking by being seen through the glade of 
 Gothic pillars and arches, supporting the an- 
 cient pulpitum, which enclosed and over- 
 looked the choir to the west, as we shall 
 presently observe. 
 
 To pi'event confusion, it will be necessary 
 to preserve a certain order in surveying 
 the particular antiquities and curiosities con- 
 tained within the sacred edifice : for our 
 part, we Avill observe that order in describ- 
 ing them, which we have followed in num- 
 bering them in our ichnographical chart, 
 
 ( 1 ) This screen has been removed, and one correspond- 
 x, with the style of the structure substituted in its place. 
 
 , b2 
 
42 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 and which appears to us the most clear and 
 convenient for the spectator. 
 
 If, as we proceed from the great doors to 
 survey the south side of the church, we cast 
 our eyes upwards to the ornaments on the 
 orbs of the groining, and on the fascia below 
 the open gallery on each side of the nave ; 
 ornaments which are infinitely too numerous 
 to be particularly described ; we may dis- 
 tinguish the arms and busts of Cardinal 
 Beaufort and of his father, together with 
 their devices, the white heart chained, &c. 
 0) as also the lily of Waynflete, intermin- 
 gled with the arms and busts of the founder, 
 Wykeham. This circumstance proves that 
 the ornamental part, even of the nave, was 
 not finished until a much later period than 
 is generally supposed. The first object that 
 commands our attention in this direction is 
 the tomb and chantry, or mortuary chapel, 
 of the last-mentioned illustrious prelate ; 
 which occupy the fifth arch from the west 
 end, and were built by his own direction, 
 during his life-time, for this express purpose. 
 
 (l) This badge of cognizance was given by John of 
 Gaunt, after his return from Castile, at the j listings in 
 Smithfield, as Stow reports. But the King himself, viz. 
 Richard II. also adopted for his device a white hart, 
 crowned, gorged, and sitting. 
 
INSdDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 43 
 
 (0 The situation of this chapel is prejudicial 
 to the symmetry of the church; but the 
 founder was determined in the choice of this 
 spot for his burial, as his learned biographer 
 remarks, by his having conceived there those 
 sentiments of tender piety, which he retained 
 throughout his life, and which still breathe 
 in every line of his writings extant. For we 
 are informed that he had been accustomed 
 in his youth, when a student at Winchester, 
 every morning to attend mass, which was 
 celebrated at a very early hour of the morn- 
 ing by a devout monk of the monastery, one 
 Pekis, at an altar dedicated to God, under 
 the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 
 in that very spot of the ancient cathedral. 
 The design and execution of the work before 
 us are perhaps the most perfect specimens 
 extant of the time when they were performed, 
 being such as the taste of Wykeham relished. 
 The ornaments in general are rich, without 
 being crowded ; the carvings are delicate, 
 without being finical. The chantry is divided 
 in its length into three arches ; the canopies 
 of which, according to a later improvement, 
 
 (1) ' Item lego corpus meum, cum ab hac luce mi- 
 gravero, tradendum ecclesiastic* sepulturae in medio cu- 
 jusdam capellae in navi dicta? ecclesiae, ex parte australi 
 ejusdem, per me de novo constructae.' Testam. W. 
 Wykeham, ap. Lowth. 
 
44 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 are curved, to humour the shape of the 
 arches. The middlemost of these, which is 
 the largest, is subdivided below into three 
 compartments ; those on the sides consisting 
 of two. There are five tabernacles or niches 
 over the head of the monument, within the 
 chapel, besides those on the outside of it ; 
 and ten others at the feet, over the ancient 
 altar, for so many statues of Wykeham's 
 patron saints ; amongst which, as Bishop 
 Lowth conjectures, was that statue of the 
 Blessed Virgin, which had stood against the 
 same pillar when Pekis's mass used formerly 
 to be said there, and which, with other 
 statues of the same kind, he laments,, were 
 destroyed by the blind zeal of modern en- 
 thusiasm. The foundation of the altar, and 
 a great part of the credence table on the 
 right hand of it, are still visible. The marble 
 figure of this great man, which lies over his 
 mortal remains, exhibits his placid and intel- 
 ligent features, and is dressed in the complete 
 episcopal costume of the mitre, crosier, 
 gloves, ring, cope, tunic, dalmatic, alb, san- 
 dals, &c, which of late have been properly 
 gilt and coloured. (0 The head rests upon a 
 
 (l) This chapel and monument are kept in order and 
 repair at the joint expense of Wykeham's two founda- 
 tions, New College, Oxford, and Winchester College. 
 It was repaired and ornamented soon after the Restora- 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 45 
 
 pillow, supported by two angels; and at 
 the feet are three religious men, in the atti- 
 tude of prayer, with uplifted hands and ani- 
 mated countenances. These are generally 
 said to represent three favourite friars of the 
 deceased, and, until about the first edition of 
 this work, they were seen painted in various 
 habits, blue, purple, and grey. The truth, 
 however, is, they are intended for the three 
 monks of the cathedral, who, as they were 
 weekly appointed to this office, were each of 
 them to say mass at this chapel, for the re- 
 pose of the souls of Wykeheim himself, and of 
 his father, mother, and benefactors ; particu- 
 larly of Edward III., the Black Prince, and 
 Richard II. This was done conformably 
 to a covenant made for that purpose by 
 Wykeham with the prior and community of 
 the cathedral monastery. (2) Notwithstand- 
 
 tion, viz. in 1664, and again in 1741, but with very lit- 
 tle judgment as to the distinguishing and colouring of the 
 several ornaments. In the year 1799, the same opera- 
 tion was again performed: the painting and. gilding 
 being executed by Mr. Gave, of this city, in a very pro- 
 per manner, as far as depended upon his taste. The chief 
 faults of the late work are, the gilding of so great a sur- 
 face ; as the whole cope has a tawdry appearance : on 
 the other hand, the whole collection of the orbs in the 
 vaulting of the chantry ought to have been gilded, and 
 not a few of them only. The uppermost leaf ought also 
 to be restored to the flowers at the top of the canopies. 
 (I) ' Imprimis Reverendus Pater in capella in qua 
 
46 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL* 
 
 ing the special veneration in which this friend 
 of his country, of literature, and of Winches- 
 ter, has ever been held in our city, yet his 
 beautiful monument has not escaped without 
 considerable depredations. The altar and 
 the statues, which, to the number of nearly 
 thirty, adorned it, have been destroyed ; the 
 upper leaf of the flower, in which the cano- 
 pies terminated, has been broken off; for no 
 other reason, which we can discover, except 
 that it bore some resemblance with a cross ; 
 and the enchased escutcheons, which sur- 
 rounded the tomb itself, exhibiting the arms 
 and devices of Wykeham, and which are now 
 imitated in colours, have been torn away. 
 The original epitaph, however, in brass let- 
 ters, curiously inlaid round the marble slab, 
 on which the figure rests, has been spared, 
 and stands as follows : — 
 
 Jtefffjetomtf Dictum l©pftei)am jacet fy'c nece Wctu£ : 
 3l£tm£ ecele^tae pregiit, reparabit eamque : 
 3iargu£ erat Dapifer; probative cum tifotte pauper: 
 Confute pariter regni f uerat bene tierter. 
 $unc Docet egge ptum f undatto coffegiorum 
 d^omae primum £tat !©mtoniaeque £ecun&um. 
 
 suam elegit sepulturam, infra ecclesiasm cathedralem in 
 navi ejus ex parte australi, habebit tres monachos nostri 
 conventus, tres missas pro eo et suis benefactoribus cotidie 
 specialiter celebrantes.' De Cantaria W. W. apud Lowtb, 
 Append, n, xvi. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 47 
 
 3jugtter cretin tumulum quicumque triDette, 
 pro tant# merits ut $it$ihi bita perenni£. (1) 
 
 We shall, for the present, be sparing in 
 our account of modern monuments and in- 
 scriptions, being chiefly intent on the illus- 
 tration of antiquities ; nevertheless we can- 
 not fail pointing out the mural monuments 
 of Dean Cheney and of Bishop Willis, which 
 are in the south aisle, near the chantry of 
 Wykeham, as remarkable for their design as 
 execution; particularly the recumbent statue 
 of the bishop, which is as large as life, and 
 inimitable in its kind. In the same aisle we 
 pass by the monument of the late Dr. Bal- 
 guy, plain and unostentatious, as was the 
 person whom it commemorates, whose genius 
 and learning could only be equalled by his 
 moderation ; having refused a bishopric, 
 when pressed to accept of it by the prime 
 minister. Within the nave, near the eighth 
 pillar, on the same side (to which formerly 
 
 (l) William surnamed Wykeham lies here overthrown 
 
 by death: 
 He was bishop of this church and the repairer of it. 
 He was unbounded in his hospitality, as the poor and the 
 
 rich can equally prove. 
 He was likewise a sage politician and counsellor of the state. 
 His piety is manifest by the colleges which he founded : 
 The first of which is at Oxford, the second at Winchester. 
 You, who look upon this monument, cease not to pray 
 That for such great deserts he may enjoy eternal life. 
 
48 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 a small stone pulpit was affixed), is the grave 
 stone of Bishop Home ; who, whatever his 
 merits might have been in other respects, 
 was certainly the destroyer of the antiquities 
 of his cathedral, and the dilapidator of the 
 property of his bishopric. His name has of 
 late been fresh engraved on his stone. Near 
 him lies the last Benedictine prior of the 
 cathedral; who, having purchased the fa- 
 vour of Henry VIII., and of his spiritual 
 vicar, Lord Cromwell, by violating his so- 
 lemn vows, leaving his religious brethren to 
 starve, and surrendering his renowned priory 
 to be dissolved, was made, in return, first 
 dean of the new establishment. A century 
 back, part of his epitaph was legible in the 
 following terms : — 
 
 Willimvi$ ftmggmttt, $ riot ulttmug, ©ecanus 
 primus eccle^iae . . . obit 1548. (i) 
 
 In the same row, but on the north side of 
 the nave, 1 es the successor of Home, bishop 
 Watson, M.D. A little higher up, in the 
 centre of the nave, two prelates repose of 
 opposite characters to Home and Kingsmill. 
 These are the venerable Walkelin, the 
 builder of the church and priory, and his 
 
 (1) See History and Antiquities, &c. by Lord Cla- 
 rendon and S. Gale. — William Kingsmill, the last prior 
 and the first dean of this church*— 'Died 1548. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 49 
 
 successor, the conscientious Giffard; the lat- 
 ter of whom preferred the poverty and hu- 
 mility of the cowl to the wealth and splen- 
 dour of the mitre. 
 
 Within the tenth arch from the west end, 
 adjoining to the steps leading towards the 
 choir, is an ancient chantry, by no means to 
 he compared with that of Wykeham, but in 
 the same style of architecture. This contains 
 the monument and the figure of his predeces- 
 sor, William of Edington ; a prelate, in his vir- 
 tues and talents, only inferior to Wykeham 
 himself. It is remarkable (see History and 
 Survey of Winchester, vol. i. p. 299), that jus- 
 tice has never been done to the memory of this 
 benefactor of our cathedral. A convincing 
 proof of this is the chantry before us, which 
 has been mutilated in former times, and is con- 
 signed to dust and oblivion in this.* The fol- 
 lowing jingling epitaph, in what is called Leo- 
 nine verse, may still be discovered, by cleans- 
 ing the marble slab in which the brass letters 
 that compose it, are inserted, in the same 
 manner as on Wykeham's tomb : — 
 
 €&jm&on natu£ J©ityelmu£ t)ic z$t tumutatttf (l) 
 
 (l) William born at Edington is here intended. 
 He was a well-beloved prelate, and Winchester was his see. 
 You, who pass by his tomb, remember him in your prayers. 
 He was discreet and mild, yet a match for thousands in 
 knowledge and sagacity. 
 
 * See Supplement. B ** 
 
50 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 $rae£ut prcegratu& in lEMntonia catfjeDcatu^ 5 
 
 <©w pertran£ttt& eju£ memorare fceiitte. 
 p:obiDu£ et mitte, au£tt cum mille peftttf. 
 Jkrtrigil 3nglorum futt aDjutor poputorum 
 ©u[c# egenorum pater et protector eorum. 
 Hft. C tribug junctum, po£t1l.£. m.^itg.punctum 
 <©ctaba sanctum notat <©ctobrt£ inunctum. 
 
 Having surveyed this ancient monument, 
 instead of ascending the steps, let us pass 
 by the mural tablet of the late Earl of Ban- 
 bury, and the grave-stone of bishop Thomas, 
 near the extremity of the south-west aisle, 
 into the southern transept. Here we view 
 with astonishment the original work of Wal- 
 kelin ; huge round pillars, and vast circular 
 arches, piled one upon another to an amazing 
 height, not however without symmetry and 
 certain simple ornaments ; whilst other smaller 
 columns, without either capitals or bases, are 
 continued up the walls, between the arches, 
 to the roof itself, which is open to the view. 
 Such was the body of the church before 
 Edington and Wykeham undertook to adorn 
 it ; as an attentive examination of the works 
 over the nave and side aisles still evinces. 
 
 He was a watchful guardian of the English nation. 
 
 A tender father to the poor and the defender of their rights; 
 
 To one thousand add three hundred with fifty, ten, five, 
 
 and one ; 
 Then the eighth of October will mark the time when he 
 
 became a saint. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 51 
 
 Upon a comparison of the style of building 
 which the Normans are celebrated for intro- 
 ducing, the character of which is vastness, 
 with the more ornamented style of the 
 pointed architecture^ we are forced to own 
 that, if the latter is better calculated to pro- 
 duce sentiments of the beautiful, the former 
 is equally adapted to produce those of the 
 sublime. The west aisle of the transept, 
 which is portioned off from the rest, was the 
 ancient sextry or sacristy, (l) forming now 
 the chapter-house and treasury. It seems to 
 have consisted of two separate offices, for 
 which; indeed, in such a cathedral, there 
 must formerly have been sufficient occasion. 
 The entrance into it was at the north end of 
 them, at the extremity of the south-west 
 aisle, under the two great arches now stopped 
 up, but still adorned with rich Norman work. 
 Against the west wall of the transept we see 
 certain ancient presses, bearing upon them 
 the device of Silkstede ; the original use of 
 which seems to have been, to keep the great 
 habits of the monks, or large outside gar- 
 ments ; the use of which was frequently dis- 
 
 (1) So called from the sacred vessels, ornaments, and 
 vestments being there kept. The person who superintended 
 this important office was called the Sacristan, whence our 
 word Sexton, who, from a keeper of the sacred treasury, is 
 now degraded to a digger of graves. 
 
52 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 pensed with, but which they were obliged 
 always to appear in on solemn occasions in 
 the choir. These presses are still made use 
 of for containing the surplices of the cho- 
 risters and singing men. In the south wall, 
 under the clock, is a door, which conducted 
 into certain offices of the ancient monastery. 
 On the left hand is a calefactory, necessary 
 for preserving fire for the thuribles or censers 
 which were used in the ancient service, as 
 likewise for the monks to warm themselves 
 in cold weather. On the right hand was 
 another passage into the sacristy or vestry. 
 Over this is still seen the staircase leading to 
 the ancient dormitories, from which the monks 
 had a ready passage into the choir to perform 
 their midnight service. We find the east 
 aisle of the transept divided into two chapels : 
 that on the right hand is called Silkstede's 
 chapel, from the circumstance of the letters 
 of his Christian name being curiously carved 
 on the open work of the screen that is before 
 it ; yet so that M. A., the monagram of his 
 patroness, the Blessed Virgin, are distin- 
 guished from the rest, together with a skein 
 of silk, as a rebus upon his surname. (0 The 
 
 ( 1 ) Some persons, and among the rest Stephens, suppose 
 him to have been buried iu this chapel. We shall, in its 
 proper place, give our reasons for assigning a different 
 spot for his grave. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 53 
 
 adjoining chapel is probably that in which the 
 remains of bishop Courtney rest ; where they 
 were covered with a brass, which was re- 
 moved when that chapel was new paved. 
 This chapel is highly ornamented and well 
 secured : from which circumstances, and from 
 its situation, we are led to believe that the 
 blessed sacrament used to be kept there, for 
 the benefit of the sick and for private com- 
 munions. Near the entrance of this chapel, 
 on the left hand, close to the steps which lead 
 up to the iron gate, are two stone coffins, 
 with their lids upon them, standing quite out 
 of the ground. That with a mutilated statue 
 upon it, we are left to conjecture belonged 
 to an ancient prior ; the other we are sure is 
 of this description, from the figure of a cathe- 
 dral prior, with all his proper ornaments, 
 which is carved on the upper part of it, and 
 from the following inscription which sur- 
 rounds it : — 
 
 ftc jacet JBttyelmug &e 2Ba#ng, quondam griot 
 i£tw£ €ccle£!ae, cujttf antm# propitietur ©eu£, tt 
 qui pro amma eju£ oratoit, tre£ annos* et quinqua* 
 Btnta Die^ iniuilgentte perciptet. (i) 
 
 (\) Here lies William de Basing, who was formerly 
 Prior of this churchy to whose soul God be merciful, and 
 whosoever prays for the same, shall obtain three years 
 and fifty days of indulgence.— N. B. William de BasiDg 
 died in 1295. 
 
 b4 
 
54 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Having surveyed the south transept, it will 
 be proper to return into the nave of the 
 church, to the steps leading into the choir. 
 In this situation we cannot fail of admiring 
 the elegant screen,* of the composite order, 
 said to have been raised by Inigo Jones, in 
 the reign of Charles I., and which, though 
 injurious to the general style of the building, 
 is highly beautiful in itself; as likewise the 
 two bronze statues ; one representing that 
 prince ; the other representing his father, 
 James I., which fill the two niches in it. 
 Nor can the eye in this situation be restrained 
 from fixing on that inimitable medallion of 
 bishop Hoadly, against the pillar on the left 
 hand, over his tomb and epitaph. The hard 
 stone here assumes the soft foldings of the 
 prelate's silken ornaments, and the cold 
 marble is animated with his living, speaking 
 features. But what an incongruous associa- 
 tion of emblems do we find crowded in the 
 margin ! The cap and wand of liberty are in 
 saltire with the pastoral crosier; Magna 
 Charta is blended with the New Scripture, as 
 forming subjects equally proper for the me- 
 ditation of a bishop. 
 
 Whilst standing at the top of the steps, 
 we are on the spot which was formerly co- 
 vered by the pulpitum. This answers to the 
 
 * See Supplement. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 55 
 
 ambo in the basilics of the primitive churchy 
 and was used for reading or chaunting the 
 lessons of the divine office, as likewise for 
 containing the organ and minstrelsy in gene- 
 ral, which accompanied the choir below. 
 From the circumstance of the lessons being 
 here read, it is in some countries called the 
 Jube;( l ) and, because a great crucifix was 
 always placed in the front of it, towards the 
 people, it has also obtained the name of the 
 Rood Loft. The rood or crucifix, with the 
 attendant figures of the Blessed Virgin Mary 
 and St. John the Evangelist, which formerly 
 stood over the present spot, were very pre- 
 cious, as well for their antiquity as their 
 value, being the legacy of Stigand, who was 
 bishop of the see of Winchester and arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury before the Conquest, 
 and being both of a large size, and composed 
 of the precious metals. (2) Beneath the cru- 
 cifix, on the parapet of this loft and the span- 
 
 (1) In consequence of the blessing which the lector 
 asks previously to his beginning to read or chaunt, in the 
 fellowing terms : — Jube, Domine, benedicere. 
 
 (2) 4 Stigandus magnam crucem ex argento cum ima- 
 ginibus argenteis, in pulpito ecclesiae contulit.' Epit. Hist. 
 Win. ADg. Sac. vol. i. p. 285.—' Stigandus de donis Em- 
 mae Reginae condidit magnam crucem, cum duabus imagi- 
 nibus, viz : Marias et Johannis, et illas cum trabe vestitas 
 auro et argento coposie, dedit Wintoniensi ecclesiae.' An- 
 nal. Wint. an. 1048. 
 
56 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL* 
 
 drils of the arches suppoiting it, the histories 
 of the Old and New Testament were curiously 
 carved and beautified with colours. C 1 ) These 
 being placed directly before the body of the 
 people, formed a series of instructive lessons, 
 which were legible to the most illiterate. 
 Within the side arches, where now the 
 bronze statues stand, it is not unlikely there 
 were two altars ; at all events the opinion of 
 bishop Lowth, that the whole of the space 
 before the present screen was a vestry, is ut- 
 terly improbable. It is also clear that the 
 height of the centre arch, through which the 
 altar was seen from the body of the church, 
 was much loftier than the present door of 
 the choir as appears from an inside view of 
 the Gothic work over it. 
 
 The choir doors now opening, every mind 
 must feel how sequestered, how awful, how 
 
 (l) We learn from Ryves, Poulis, &c. that such carvings 
 formerly existed in the cathedral, and were utterly de- 
 stroyed by the parliamentary soldiers in the great rebellion ; 
 though they do not clearly ascertain the spot which they 
 occupied. What seems probable, from different circum- 
 stances put together, is, that the rood loft, with all its 
 carvings, had been removed previously to the rebellion, in 
 order to make place for the late Grecian screen, and that 
 the loose carved work was deposited in the church, in 
 order to its being erected in some vacant part of it, when 
 it was seized upon by the plunderers, and demolished in 
 the manner we have mentioned. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 57 
 
 fit, for prayer and contemplation, this more 
 sacred part of the venerable edifice is ! How 
 infinitely more solemn and majestic is the 
 general view of this choir and sanctuary, 
 than that which the neighbouring cathedral 
 of Salisbury presents, after all the thousands 
 which have been lately lavished on it ! The 
 cause of this is, that the present church has 
 been less altered in this part from its original 
 plan and disposition, than most others in the 
 kingdom have been ; whereas the propor- 
 tions and the essential distribution of parts, 
 so admirably calculated and adjusted by the 
 original architects, have been utterly de- 
 stroyed in the cathedrals of Salisbury, Litch- 
 field, &c, by the presumption of modern 
 builders, who have attempted to improve 
 what they did not even understand. (0 But 
 
 (1) The chief alterations which have, of late years, 
 been made in Salisbury cathedral, in conformity with the 
 prevailing taste of new-modelling ancient churches, are the 
 following : — 1st, The altar-screen has been entirely taken 
 away, in order to lengthen the choir, by admitting into it 
 the Lady Chapel and the other low aisles behind it. 2dly, 
 Two beautiful chapels, on each side of the Lady Chapel, 
 at the east end, which could not be brought in, to form 
 part of the choir, have been destroyed; and their carved 
 ornaments, in the style of the 15th century, are stuck up 
 in different part of the church itself, which every one knows 
 to be the workmanship of the 1 3th century. 3rdly, A 
 diminutive communion table, without rails or other fence, 
 is placed at the extremity of the low, dark aisles ; where, 
 
58 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 to proceed to an examination of the scene 
 before us in its several parts. The stalls, with 
 
 so far from commanding any respect, it is hardly percepti- 
 ble. 4thly, To make these alterations, it has been neces- 
 sary to remove the monuments, and disturb the ashes, of 
 an incredible number of personages, illustrious for their 
 stations and merits — bishops, earls, benefactors, founders, 
 and others entitled to the peculiar respect of those who are 
 connected with the cathedral. With regard to the impro- 
 priety of these changes, the author will here barely touch 
 upon a few of the arguments, which he hopes to find an- 
 other opportunity of stating more at length. In the first 
 place, the cathedrals of the middle ages, like the basilics 
 of primitive times, were not built merely to form so many 
 large rooms, in which a great number of persons might as- 
 semble together at the same time ; but, like palaces, as the 
 word basilics means, were intended to form corpses of 
 building for a great variety of religious purposes, as may 
 be seen in Bingham, Fleury, Le Brim, Bocquillon, &c. 
 It is therefore a preposterous attempt against the nature and 
 plan of a Gothic cathedral, in our modem architectural re- 
 formers, to aim at reducing it to one great chamber ; an 
 attempt as impracticable as it is absurd, in consequence of 
 the transepts, which ever occur in such fabrics, and which 
 they are utterly unable to introduce into their plan. In the 
 second place, the altar is to our ancient churches, what the 
 head is to the human body ; every part of the whole fabric 
 has a relation to it, and it can neither be taken away, nor 
 placed in a different situation, without violating the neces- 
 sary distribution of parts, and the essential connexion of the 
 different members of the sacred edifice. This may be felt 
 better than explained. Let any spectator of taste enter into 
 the choir of Salisbury, with an idea of its being the most 
 sacred part of a Christian church, and the place peculiarly 
 intended for prayer ; however his eye may be dazzled with 
 the neatness and freshness which have been obtained by 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 59 
 
 their misereres, canopies, &c. though of an 
 early date, as being more ancient than the 
 
 new vamping and varnishes ; however he may admire the 
 beauty and magnificence of separate parts before him ; yet 
 he will quickly perceive there is something essential that is 
 w r anting to the whole. He wanders to and fro, without 
 seeing any object which, in a more special manner, fixes 
 his attention ; or which determines him, if he is disposed 
 to pray, to turn his face one way rather than another. In a 
 word, he finds a vacuity in the place from whence the altar 
 has been removed, for which nothing can make amends ; 
 and discovers that he is in a hall or portico, instead of a 
 choir. It may not be improper here to observe, that this 
 removing of * the chancel from the place it held in times 
 past,' is as directly contrary to the canons and discipline of 
 the Church of England, and particularly to the first rubric 
 prefixed to The Order for Morning Prayer, as it is to the 
 general plan and distribution of an ancient cathedral. 
 Lastly, it is a general principle of architecture, that when 
 the length, breadth, and height of any building have been 
 well calculated, to alter any one of these proportions, is to 
 destroy the effect of the whole. Hence, if it were practic- 
 able to make any addition, whether little or great, to the 
 length, so admirably proportioned as the nave of Salisbury- 
 cathedral is allowed to have originally been, though the 
 addition were to be of the same height and construction 
 with it, an architect would refuse to do it — well knowing, 
 as Burke proves, in his Treatise on the Sublime and Beau- 
 tiful, that an undue length in any building or avenue pro- 
 duces the most disgusting effect possible. What then must 
 be the effect of lengthening a series of arches, 84 feet high, 
 and supported by suitable pillars, with a second series of 
 arches, which have only 38 feet of height, resting on co- 
 lumns proportionately slender, as has been done in Salis- 
 bury cathedral 1 The evident consequence is, that, as the 
 sight is interrupted and descends, the mind feels an equal 
 
60 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 (1) nave of the church, (2) are adorned with 
 a profusion of crockets, foliage, busts, 
 human and animal figures, elegantly de- 
 signed and executed ; and notwithstanding 
 they are soiled and covered with dust, ap- 
 pear highly magnificent and beautiful. The 
 upper range of stalls, however, is disgraced 
 by certain clumsy, modern desks and settles, 
 placed beneath them in the last Henry's 
 reign j whose initials, with those of Stephen 
 
 depression. Thus the Nave and Lady Chapel, majestic 
 and beautiful as they are, when viewed as separate mem- 
 bers, cause displeasure and pain by the ridiculous attempt 
 to form them into one whole. See the Author's Disserta- 
 tion on the Modern Style of altering Ancient Cathedrals. 
 
 (1) The small shelving stool, which the seats of the 
 stalls formed, when turned up in their proper position, is 
 called a Miserere. On these the monks and canons of an- 
 cient times, with the assistance of their elbows on the upper 
 part of the stalls, half supported themselves during certain 
 parts of their long offices, not to be obliged always to stand 
 or kneel. The stool, however, was so contrived, that if the 
 body became supine by sleep, it naturally fell down, and 
 the person who rested upon it was thrown forward into the 
 middle of the choir. The present usage in this country is 
 to keep them always turned down, in which position they 
 form a firm horizontal seat — an indulgence that was very 
 rarely granted to those who kept choir in ancient times. 
 
 (2) This is plain from the form of the canopies, which 
 is lofty and quite straight, as in the tomb of Edmund 
 Crouchback. In the time of Edward III. and Richard II., 
 these canopies began to assume a winding form, to humour 
 the turn of the arch. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 61 
 
 Gardiner, bishop, Wm. Kingsmill, dean, and 
 their date, 1540, are seen upon them. The 
 stalls are terminated, on the left hand, by 
 the pulpit of the choir; which, amongst 
 other ornaments executed in cane work, as 
 it is called, bears the name of its original 
 donor, €f)oma.s &ilft£tetie, $riar, which is re- 
 peated on different parts of it. This circum- 
 stance has led those who do not distinguish 
 between the style of this and of the other 
 work, to ascribe the whole to prior Silkstede, 
 whose time it preceded by two centuries. On 
 the right hand, opposite the pulpit, the stalls 
 finish with a modern episcopal throne, in the 
 Corinthian order, the gift of bishop Trelaw- 
 ney, at the beginning of the last century. 
 However elegant in itself, it is immoderately 
 large for the place which it occupies, and ill 
 assorted with the rest of the work in every 
 particular.* 
 
 Over the stalls in the middle of the choir, 
 we behold, on each side, the huge columns 
 and circular arches raised by Walkelin,0) to 
 support his tower above. This being the only 
 portion of the church, excepting the transepts, 
 which exhibits the nakedness of the Norman 
 
 (1) ' Walkelinus turrim in medio chori, cum quatuor 
 
 columnis a fundamentis renovavit.' Epit. Hist. Wint. 
 
 Ang. Sac. 
 
 * See Supplement. 
 
 B 5 
 
62 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 architecture, we cannot form any other sup- 
 position, than that it was the intention of the 
 bishops and priors/ whilst the ages of build- 
 ing up existed, and before that of destroying 
 came on, to make this part conformable to 
 the rest, as soon as they should have any 
 funds sufficient for the undertaking ; either 
 by rebuilding the tower, with a suitable spire 
 over it, or else by casing it, in the manner of 
 Wykeham's work in the nave. The tower 
 was intended by Walkelin for a lanthorn to 
 the choir, to be left open to the very ceiling 
 over the summit of it ; as appears by the or- 
 namented work within it ; and it was actu- 
 ally open (at least to the top of the lower- 
 most of the two stories, of which it consists) 
 until the reign of Charles I., when the organ 
 now in use was, on the demolishing of the 
 rood-loft, placed by him in its present un- 
 symmetrical situation. At that time the 
 present ceiling under the tower was made, 
 and adorned in the manner we now be- 
 hold it, as the ornaments themselves indi- 
 cate. These are the arms, initials, and de- 
 vices of king Charles I. ; of his royal con- 
 sort Henrietta Maria ; and of the prince of 
 Wales ; as likewise the arms of Scotland and 
 Ireland apart ; with those of Laud, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury ; of Curie, bishop of 
 this see; and of Young, dean of the cathe- 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 63 
 
 dral. There is also a curious medallion of 
 the royal pair, with their faces in profile, and 
 their legend round it. In the centre is an 
 emblem of the Blessed Trinity, surrounded 
 with the following chronogram : — S/NT 
 DOMUS HC7JC7S VII REGES NC7TR/- 
 TZ7, REG/N.E Nt/TR/CES PZ/E.O) 
 
 The letters here in italics are gilt, and of 
 a larger size than the rest. These being picked 
 out, and placed in proper order, there will 
 be found M,DC,VVVVV,IIIIIIIII, equal to 
 1634, which is the date of the work in ques- 
 tion. The corbels, from which the ribs of 
 the vaulting spring, consist of four large royal 
 busts, dressed and coloured from the life, 
 representing Charles and his father James 
 alternately. To the north-east is the bust of 
 James, with his characteristical motto above 
 it, viz: BE ATI PACIFIC!^) To the south- 
 east is that of Charles, with this inscription, 
 VIVAT CAROLUSXZ) To the south west, 
 James again is seen, and the following words, 
 PER CHRISTUM CUM CHRIS TO ; (4) 
 and to the north-west, the reigning monarchy 
 
 (1) May pious kings be the nursing fathers, and pious: 
 queens the nurses of this church. 
 
 (2) Blessed are the peace-makers. 
 
 (3) God save king Charles. 
 
 (4) Through Chi ist and with Christ 
 
64 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Charles, for the second time, as appears 
 from the legend, CHRISTO AUSPICE 
 REGNO. 0) 
 
 Advancing towards the sanctuary or chan- 
 cel, ( 2 ) the first object that is usually pointed 
 out to us is the celebrated Altar-piece by 
 West, representing our Lord raising Lazarus 
 from the dead. Heretofore pious pictures of 
 every kind, as well as statues, were removed 
 out of churches and destroyed, as tending to 
 superstition and idolatry ; but now the use 
 and advantage of them, for informing and 
 exciting the minds of the people, as well as 
 for the decoration and adornment of churches 
 themselves, are admitted ; by which means 
 a great source of support and encouragement 
 is open to our historical painters. Notwith- 
 standing this, it has happened, for causes 
 which it is not necessary here to explain, that 
 our national artists have not succeeded so 
 well on scripture subjects as on most others. 
 The picture before us is considered a master- 
 piece of modern painting. But when has 
 modern painting been found equal to a reli- 
 gious subject ? When have a Reynolds, or a 
 West, been able to animate their saints, and 
 
 (1) I reign under the auspices of Christ. 
 
 (2) Called also Presbytery, and by the Greeks e Ay*ov 
 BryjW,a, &c. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 65 
 
 particularly the Lord of Saints, with that 
 supernatural cast of features, with that ray of 
 Promethean light, which a Raphael and a 
 Rubens have borrowed from heaven itself 
 wherewith to inspire them ? The apostles 
 here are mere ordinary men, or at most, 
 thoughtful philosophers, or elegant courtiers, 
 studious of their attitudes ; the devout sisters, 
 in the presence of their Lord and Master, 
 are remarkable for nothing but their beauty 
 and their sorrow. Christ himself, who, in 
 the work of Reubens on this subject, treads 
 the air, and, with uplifted hands and glowing 
 features animates us, the spectators, as well 
 as Lazarus, with new life, appears more like 
 a physician, prescribing a medicine for the 
 recovery of his patient, than the Messiah, 
 who is working an astonishing miracle for 
 the conversion of a nation. If any one will 
 maintain that this tranquil character is more 
 suitable to our Lord, on this occasion, than 
 one of greater feeling and animation ; we 
 beg leave to refer him to the inspired history 
 of the event : — Jesus groaned in spirit, and 
 was troubled : — he wept, and he cried with 
 a loud voice, Lazarus, come forth ! What- 
 ever may be said in commendation of the in- 
 ferior characters, as of the Pharisees, the 
 multitude, and of Lazarus himself, we wil- 
 lingly subscribe to. 
 
 b6 
 
66 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 This altar-piece is fixed under a canopy of 
 wood-work, consisting of festoons and other 
 carved work, in alto-relievo, and adorned 
 with gilding. In the centre is the chavacter- 
 istical pelican, which misleads some specta- 
 tors to attribute this work to bishop Fox. 
 The truth, however, is, that it is of a much 
 later date, having been executed, together 
 with the rails, in the reign of Charles L, as 
 appears by his initials upon it. (l) The use 
 of the canopy is to ornament and cover 
 the communion table, which is made to re- 
 semble an altar, (2) and actually occupies the 
 spot where the gorgeous high altsr of ancient 
 times stood. The nether part, or antepen- 
 dium, of this consisted of plated gold, gar- 
 nished with precious stones. (3) Upon it stood 
 the tabernacle and steps, ( 4 ) of embroidered 
 
 (1) It is certain that neither of these articles would 
 have been tolerated during the interval that Presbyterian- 
 ism was the established religion of the cathedral. Hence 
 there is every reason to suppose that they were timely 
 removed, with a view to preserve them, previously to 
 its introduction. 
 
 (2) The word Altar, says Johnson in his Dictionary, 
 from Junius, is received with Christianity in all the Eu- 
 ropean Languages. The Greeks termed it GvtriOLarrrjpiov 
 and 'ayiov ccyiow, i. e. holy of holies. 
 
 (3) This account is chiefly borrowed from the im- 
 perfect inventory of the cathedral ornaments, in the 
 English Monasticon, vol. ii. p. 222. 
 
 (4) This seems to be meant by the fount above, ibid. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 67 
 
 work, ornamented with pearls, as also six 
 silver candlesticks, gilt, intermixed with re- 
 liquaries, wrought in gold and jewels. Still 
 higher was seen a large crucifix, with its at- 
 tendant images, viz: — those of the Blessed 
 Virgin and St. John, composed of the purest 
 gold, garnished with jewels, the gift of bishop 
 Henry de Blois, king Stephens brother. 0) 
 Over this appears to have been suspended, 
 from the exquisite stone canopy, the crown 
 of king Canute, which he placed there in 
 homage to the Lord of the Universe, (2) 
 after the famous scene of his commanding 
 the sea to retire from his feet, which took 
 place near Southampton. Ihis brief account 
 of the ordinary decoratipns of the high altar 
 may help us to form an idea of the splendour 
 with which it shone forth on great festivals 
 and on other solemn occasions, when innu- 
 merable other ornaments of inestimable value 
 
 (1) * Iste benignissimus praesul Henricus .... mag- 
 num crucem cum imaginibus de auro purissimo ad 
 majus altare et alia omamenta plurima, quae lingua non 
 potest euarrare, suae ecelesiae contulit.' Epit. Hist. Wiat. 
 in Anglia Sac. 
 
 (2) ' Rex deinceps Cnuto nunquam coronam porta vit ; 
 sed coronam suam super caput imaginis crueitixi (quae 
 stat in fronte summi altaris in ecclesia cathedrali Wyn- 
 toniae) componens, magnum regibus futuris praebuit humi- 
 litatis exemplum/ Thomas Kudborne, Hist. Maj. Wint. 
 1. iv. c. i. 
 
 
68 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 were employed in the divine service. It is 
 related that in the reign of the munificent 
 monarch just mentioned, the richness and 
 beauty of the ecclesiastical furniture of 
 this church were such, as to dazzle the eyes 
 of strangers who came to view it;0) and 
 we have certain proofs that the sacred trea- 
 sury, instead of being diminished, went on 
 increasing until the reign of the last Henry, 
 when it was divided between him and his sa- 
 crilegious courtiers. If any one objects, that 
 this profusion of wealth in churches, and in 
 the divine worship, is vain and superstitious, 
 we shall content ourselves with observing, 
 that neither in this nor in any other cathe- 
 dral it ever equalled that which the Deity 
 himself prescribed in the Old Testament, for 
 the decoration of his tabernacle and temple, 
 and for the worship performed in them. 
 
 A magnificent screen, of the most exqui- 
 site workmanship in stone, which this or 
 perhaps any other nation can exhibit, forms 
 a back to the altar, with its several orna- 
 ments, and terminates this most sacred part 
 of the church. It was endeavoured, in the 
 
 (1) ' Iste (Cnuto) rex vetus monasterium Wynto- 
 niensis civitatis tanta munificentia decoravit, ut aurum et 
 argentum splendorque gemmarum animos intuentiura 
 lerreret advenarum.' Thomas Rudborue, Hist. Maj. 
 1. iv. c. i. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 69 
 
 frontispiece of the first volume of the His- 
 tory and Antiquities of Winchester, to give 
 an idea of the delicate lace-work on the up- 
 per part of this master-piece of workman- 
 ship ; but, notwithstanding the talents of 
 the gentleman who designed and engraved 
 it, we have still to lament that the chisel of 
 the sixteenth century should have hitherto 
 proved so much more delicate than the pen- 
 cil and graver of the 18th. The stone- work 
 is evidently seen to a great disadvantage, 
 having been neglected for almost 300 years, 
 and being clogged with dust and coarse 
 whitewash ;* still, however, an attentive view 
 of it, with a perspective glass, will give us a 
 higher idea of its beauty than it is possible 
 for words to convey. The several niches in it 
 were filled with statutes of a considerable 
 size, probably executed by the same artist 
 who made the screen itself. These, in all 
 probability, represented the ancient patrons of 
 the church, St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. Amphi- 
 ballus, together with those bishops of Win- 
 chester whose names were inscribed in the sa- 
 cred calendar, St. Birinus, Agilbert, Eleuthe- 
 rius, Hedda, Swithun, Frithstan, Brinstan, 
 Elphege the Bald, Ethelwold, and Elphege 
 the Martyr. 
 
 These statues having been demolished at 
 
 * See Supplement. 
 
70 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 the Reformation, as superstitions, their 
 places were, at the beginning of the 18th 
 century, with more liberality than taste, 
 filled with Grecian urns, at the expence of 
 Dr. William Harris, prebendary of the ca- 
 thedral, and master of the college, who also 
 caused the present rich marble pavement to 
 be laid down in the sanctuary. 0) In examin- 
 ing, however, the spandrils of the doors in 
 the screen, we are no less surprised than 
 pleased to find that the history of the An- 
 nunciation of the Blessed Virgin on one side, 
 and that of the Visitation on the other, 
 carved in basso relievo and coloured, have 
 escaped all violence, and are as fresh as when 
 first executed in the time of bishop Fox. 
 Whilst our eyes are yet feasting on the beau- 
 ties of this unrivalled screen, it is proper to 
 mention, that proposals have been made to 
 demolish it, together with the oratories be- 
 hind it, in order to lengthen the choir with 
 the disproportioned aisles of the east end, in 
 the manner that has been so absurdly done 
 in Salisbury cathedral. If any consideration 
 could console us for the weak and tottering 
 state of the whole east end of the church, 
 from the tower to the extremity, it is that it 
 
 (1) By virtue of a legacy of «s£800, which he left for 
 these purposes. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 71 
 
 will not admit of the removal of this stay 
 against the inward pressure of the walls and 
 buttresses, without falling in ruins upon the 
 heads of its presumptuous violators. 
 
 Immediately above the lace-work of the 
 screen, the eye catches the rich painting of 
 the east window, which, though clouded 
 with dust and cobwebs, still glows with a 
 richness of colours that modern art has been 
 unable to emulate,^ Thi^ church was once 
 famous for the beauty and perfection of its 
 stained glass ; of which that at the west end 
 was provided by Wykeham, and that of 
 the sanctuary and choir by Fox. At present 
 we have only the remnants of the works of 
 either of these prelates. The great west 
 window, though it still produces a pleasing 
 effect, especially when . viewed from the 
 sanctuary, is now little more than patch- 
 work ; and the eastern window, and other 
 windows round the choir, have been mu- 
 tilated and arranged in an improper manner, 
 by the persons who replaced them after 
 they had been taken down in the great Re- 
 bellion. This will appear from a careful 
 examination of them, either by means of a 
 glass, or from the organ loft. Thus viewed, 
 we discover in them great merit, particularly 
 jn the expression marked on the counte- 
 
 * See Supplement. 
 
72 INSIDE OP THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 nances of the figures; but, at the same 
 time, we observe that prophets, bishops, 
 and apostles, are mingled together without 
 any order, and that their legends are fre- 
 quently misapplied and confused. In the 
 upper row of figures of the east window, 
 are the figures of our Saviour Christ, and 
 of the Blessed Virgin ; between them are 
 certain traces of the usual emblems of the 
 Blessed Trinity ; the greater part of which 
 being removed, their place is supplied with 
 the figure of St. Bartholomew, in a much 
 fainter style of painting than the rest. In 
 the adjoining small compartment are seen 
 angels, some holding trumpets, others the 
 arms of the see, or of Bishop Fox, whose 
 motto is also there read, €£t 5Beo ®racta. In 
 the second tier is a bishop, who appears to 
 be St. Ethelwold, and two prophets ; one of 
 whom, by the circular legend round his 
 head, viz. Contremuft terra, moti £unt tmlt (i), 
 is seen to be Joel. In the lower range, the 
 two figures on the left hand are a bishop and 
 an apostle ; namely, St. Swithun and St. 
 Peter, as appears by their respective pedes- 
 tals. Opposite to the last-mentioned figure, 
 on the right hand, is that of St. Paul, with 
 his sword. The other representations are 
 
 ( 1 ) The earth hath quaked, the heavens have been moved. 
 c. ii. v. 10. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 73 
 
 those of ancient prophets, one of whom 
 bears the name of jKtalacIjtag on the border of 
 his mantle. It would take up too much time 
 to describe the paintings on the remaining 
 windowsof the sanctuary and choir ;0) which, 
 to the number of three on a side, are of a 
 larger size, and have the bold circular sweep 
 of the arches in Edward the Third's reign. 
 They chiefly represent prophets, apostles, and 
 other saints, and are not less remarkable for 
 the justness of the drawing, than for the rich- 
 ness of the colours. Most of them may be 
 ascertained either by their legends or the 
 attributes of the holy personages which they 
 exhibit, especially if viewed with the help of 
 a glass, or from the adjoining stone gallery. 
 The vaulting which covers the whole choir 
 and sanctuary, from the tower to the east 
 window, is the work of Fox, and contains, on 
 the orbs of the tracery, a profusion of arms 
 and other ornaments, curiously carved, and 
 richly painted and gilt, in the highest pre- 
 servation. We observe, in particular, the 
 bearings and devices of the houses of Tudor 
 and Lancaster, together with those of Castille, 
 in honour of John of Gaunt, father of Cardinal 
 
 ( 1 ) Two of these have been sacrificed, by being covered 
 over with whitewash, in order to prevent the glare which 
 they were supposed to cast on Mr. West's altar-piece. 
 
 C 
 
74 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Beaufort, the latter of whom left money for 
 ornamenting the cathedral ; as likewise the 
 arms of the different sees over which Fox 
 had presided. The remaining part of the 
 vaulting, from the altar to the east window, 
 hears none but pious ornaments ; these are 
 intended to represent the several implements 
 of our Saviour's passion ; the cross, crown 
 of thorns, nails, hammer, pillar, scourges, 
 reed, sponge, lance, sword, with the ear of 
 Malchus upon it, lanthorn, ladder, cock, dice; 
 also the faces of Pilate and his wife, of the 
 Jewish high-priest, with a great many others, 
 too numerous to be described, but worthy of 
 being noticed by the curious, for the in- 
 genuity of their design, and the original per- 
 fection and freshness which they have re- 
 tained during almost three centuries, 
 
 We are now at liberty to view the elegant 
 stone partitions on each side of the sanctuary, 
 and upper part of the choir, together with 
 the memorials of the illustrious dead, which 
 are seen in this part of the church. The 
 elegance of the design and execution of this 
 work bespeak the taste of its architect, 
 Bishop Fox, even without his initials and 
 the date 1525, which appear upon it. We 
 also find the arms and name of Edward the 
 Confessor ; the initials, arms, and motto of 
 cardinal Beaufort, some of whose money, as 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 75 
 
 we have said, was employed in decorating 
 this part of the church ; and of an unknown 
 benefactor, whose initials are W. F. and his 
 motto, Sit Laus Deo. 0) The arches in the 
 open work of this partition are in the purest 
 and most finished style of the Gothic : but 
 certain ornaments on the cornices above 
 them are partly Grecian. The mottos under 
 the cornices are in different characters : that 
 of Fox, viz. €$t <©eo OBracia, (2) which is re- 
 peated on the south side, is in the black let- 
 ter ; those of cardinal Beaufort, IN DOMI- 
 NO CONFIDO, (3) and of the unknown 
 benefactor, SIT LAUS DEO, (4) on the op- 
 posite side, are in the Roman character, 
 though the same date, 1525, occurs on both 
 sides. Thus the precise period is discovered 
 of the decline of the former, and the ascen- 
 dancy of the latter. 
 
 Upon the top of these partition walls are 
 ranged six mortuary chests, containing the 
 mortal remains of different princes or other 
 personages, eminent for their rank or merits, 
 most of whom are entitled to the peculiar 
 respect of Englishmen and of Christians. The 
 
 (1) Praise be to God. 
 
 (2) Thanks be to God. 
 
 (3) In God is my trust. 
 
 (4) Praise be to God. 
 
76 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL, 
 
 present chests, tbe work of Bishop Fox, are 
 composed of wood,0) carved, painted, and 
 gilt. They are also surmounted with crowns, 
 and inscribed with the names and epitaphs, 
 in verse, of the princes whose bones they 
 contain. It is an unquestionable fact, though 
 it has escaped the observations of all former 
 writers who have mentioned the subject in 
 later times, that Bishop de Blois, in the 
 twelfth century, first collected the remains of 
 the most illustrious princes and prelates who 
 had been buried in the cathedral, and de- 
 posited them in certain coffins of lead, which 
 he placed over the Holy Hole, (2) most pro- 
 
 (1) Godwin, de Praesulibus, R. G. in Vetusta Monu- 
 menta, vol. ii. &c. are mistaken in asserting that the present 
 chests are made of lead. Most of them have a shell within 
 them, but this also is of wood. 
 
 (2) ' Escuinus et Kentwinus, quorum ossa postmodum, 
 tempore Hen. Blesensis Wynt. Epis. translatasunt et prop- 
 ter ignorantiam qui essent reges et qui essent episcopi,eo quod 
 non eranttituli inscripti super monumenta eorum, prsedictus 
 Henricus episcopus posuit in sarcophagis plumbeis reges 
 cum episcopis et episcopos cum regibus simul permixtos.' 
 Rudborn, Hist. Maj. 1. ii. c. 1. This author proceeds to 
 relate, that the bones of the kings Cuthred and Sigebert 
 were deposited in the said chests : ' Ossa Edmundi (filii 
 Alfredi) translata sunt in quoddam sarcophagum locatum 
 super locum nuncupatum <£})£ ^Oftt ^ofe.' Hist. Maj. 
 1. iii, c. 6. ' Cujus sanctissimae reginae (Matildas) ossa 
 moda per Henricum Blesensem, fratrem regis Stephani, 
 
 ranslata sunt et posita in sarcophago plumbeo cum ossibus 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 77 
 
 bably in the same situations which the pre- 
 sent wooden chests occupy (U. At the time 
 when the choir was taken down and rebuilt, 
 at the beginning of the sixteenth century, 
 there was a necessity of removing these cof- 
 fins ; which being probably found too nu- 
 merous, (2) and not sufficiently elegant for 
 the situation which they were intended to 
 occupy, Bishop Fox caused the present 
 wooden chests to be made, to the number of 
 six ; one to be placed over each arch of the 
 partition. In four of these he deposited the 
 remains of the illustrious princes mentioned 
 beneath, being those which fortunately could 
 be ascertained. The last chest on each side 
 he filled with the bones of other great per^ 
 
 nobilissimae Frytheswydae reginae, matris sanctae Frythes- 
 wydae virginis, super locum vocatum <3T|)£ J^olp Ifofc.' 
 Ibid. 1. v. c. 3. N.B. The said Holy Hole extends from 
 the second screen behind the altar as far as the bishop's 
 throne 
 
 (1) This is more clear from the situation which our mo- 
 nastic historian assigns in the former choir to the bones of 
 Stigand, being the same they still occupy : " Stigandus 
 
 jacet in sarcophago plumbeo ex australi parte summi altaris, 
 
 juxta cathedram episcopalem." Ibid. c. iv. 
 
 (2) It is plain from the passages of Rudborne, quoted 
 above, amongst many others, that there existed in his time, 
 via. the middle of the 15th century, the leaden coffins of 
 several princes and prelates, for which there are uo mor- 
 tuary chests at present. 
 
 c2 
 
78 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 sonages, which had probably been mixed and 
 confounded together ever since their first 
 translation, almost four centuries before his 
 time ; and, in all appearance, buried a second 
 time those of different princes and prelates 
 who were less celebrated for their merits and 
 benefactions to the cathedral. 
 
 The first chest from the altar on the north 
 side contains two skeletons ; those of the 
 first Christian king of the West Saxons, 
 Kinegils, founder of the cathedral, and of 
 the pious king, Ethel wolf, herexalled Adul- 
 phus, who was once a subdeacon of the ca- 
 thedral, and afterwards its great benefactor, 
 and the father of the great Alfred. It is in- 
 scribed on one side, $<£$ ft§B<B3J&&, libit 
 Z. ©. 641, (1) and on the other, 3©mEf W& 
 $€$, obit a.©. 857.(2) The epitaph is the 
 same on both sides, viz. 
 
 ftmjjflgi in ci£ta Jac gitntil o&to jacent tt atmlpfti, 
 3jp£iu£ t unoator, jjic benefactor erat. (3.) 
 
 The second chest, on the same side, con- 
 tains also two ent re skeletons, as they ap- 
 pear to be. One of them is that of Kene- 
 
 (1) King Kingils, died A J). 641. 
 
 (2) King Adulpkns, died A.D. 857. 
 
 (3) The bones of Kingils and of Adulphus lie together 
 in this chest. The former was the founder, the latter the 
 benefactor of this church. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 79 
 
 walch, here called Kenulph, the son of Kine- 
 gils, and the real builder of the cathedral at 
 the Saxon conversion : the other, that of the 
 founder of the English monarchy, the great 
 Egbert. On one side of the chest, is in- 
 scribed ft€»HI9l#$ft& «€£, oMta.©.7i4 t 
 (1) and on the other side, €4B25€ftd& 
 &<&%, obit a. ©.837. (2) The epitaph is as 
 
 follows : 
 
 W fej: €0bertu£ gaugat cum rege ^enufpfja, 
 Bobig wzm munera uterque tultt. (3) 
 
 The third chest contained parts of the 
 mingled remains of persons of very different 
 stations and characters ; the other part of 
 them having been deposited in the corres- 
 ponding chest on the other side. These 
 were the bones of Canute, the great and 
 
 od Danish king ; of his queen Emma, the 
 fair maid of Normandy, and the special friend 
 of this cathedral ; of the tyrannical Rufus ; 
 of the good bishop Alwin ; and of the simo- 
 niacal prelates, Wina and Stigand. (4) It ap- 
 
 (1) King Kenulph died A.D. 714. 
 
 (2) King Egbert died A.D. 837. 
 
 (3) Here King Egbert rests, together with King 
 Kenulph. Each of them bestowed great benefits upon us. 
 
 (4) Though his name does not appear upon the chest, 
 yet we are otherwise assured that he was buried along 
 with Wina. 
 
80 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 pears that these remains, by some means or 
 other, had got so intermixed from the time 
 of De Blois, that it was impossible to distin- 
 guish to whom they had severally belonged. 
 This circumstance alone can account for the 
 manner of their disposal by Bishop Fox in 
 these chests, as likewise for the equal honour 
 which is thereby paid to characters of very 
 unequal merits. These chests having been 
 in part violated by the rebels in the great 
 civil war, and many of the bones which they 
 contained having been taken out of them, 
 and scattered about the church, such of them 
 as were recovered at the Restoration, were 
 laid in the two chests last mentioned. The 
 inscription on the chest before us, on one side 
 is as follows : 
 
 Sin ])at et altera e regtone ci£ta, reliquiae £urit 
 
 caimatg et «mjP3E regum, €MM3i€ it* 
 gtnff, U93I$a« et ailMBS eptecorum. (i) 
 
 On the opposite side is this inscription : 
 Hac in cista A.D. 1661, promiscue recon- 
 dite* sunt ossa Priricipum et Prcelatorum 
 sacrilega barbarie dispersa, A.D. 1642. (2) 
 
 (1) In this chest, and in that opposite to it on the other 
 side, are the remains of Canute and Rufus, kings; of 
 Emma, queen; and of Wina and Alwin, bishops. 
 
 (2) In this chest, A. D. 1661, were promiscuously laid 
 together the bones of the princes and prelates which had 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 81 
 
 We have said that the fourth chest, being 
 the one on the south side directly opposite to 
 the last mentioned, is similar to it, both as to 
 its contents and inscriptions. 
 
 In the fifth chest, which is the middle- 
 most on the south side, lies the mortal part 
 of Edmund; the eldest son of Alfred, whom 
 his father caused to be crowned king in his 
 own life-time. The son, how r ever, dying 
 before the father, and previously even to the 
 latter s resolution of building the new monas- 
 tery for the burying place of his family, he 
 was interred in a spot which we shall after- 
 wards point out in this cathedral, whence his 
 bones were removed to the present shrine. 
 This bears, on each of its sides, the following 
 title and inscription : 
 
 «C©3B«B®«i8 «££ obit 3.©. 
 <©uem ttieca Ijcec rtttnet €DmunDum gugcipe Ci)rigte t 
 <©ui totoente patre regia Septra tultt. (i) 
 
 The sixth chest, being that next to the 
 altar, preserves the relics of the pious Edred, 
 youngest son of Edward the elder, who, 
 dying rather suddenly, was, by the direction 
 
 been scattered about by sacrilegious barbarism in the year 
 1642. 
 
 (I) King Edmund, died A,D Him whom this 
 
 chest contains, and who swayed the royal sceptre while hist 
 father was yet living, do thou, O Christ, receive. 
 
82 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 of his friend, St. Dunstan, buried in this ca- 
 thedralj to which he had been a great bene- 
 factor. The title and epitaph, supplying the 
 abbreviations, 0) is the same on each side of 
 the chest : 
 
 <£®$i€®>M& &€¥, obit 0.®>. 955. 
 $oc piu£ in tumuio rep <£DreDu£ requiegcit, 
 <©m £a£ 2Britoniim terras rejc erat esregie. (2) 
 
 (1) N, B. In transcribing these inscriptions, we have, 
 throughout, supplied the abbreviations. 
 
 (2) King Edred, died A, D. 955. The pious Edred 
 rests in this tomb, who admirably wtll governed this 
 country of the Britons. 
 
 *^* In the course of the summer of 1797, whilst the 
 Author was absent in the north of England, certain gentle- 
 men of distinguished talents and learning, officers in the 
 West York regiment of militia, being desirous of investi- 
 gating the antiquities of this city more attentively and mi- 
 nutely than is usually done by strangers, obtained per- 
 mission to open certain tombs in the cathedral, and to ex- 
 amine the contents of the mortuary chests round its choir. 
 Having completed these scientific researches with all the 
 respect that is due to the illustrious dead, one of their 
 number, Henry Howard, Esq. of Corby Castle, was so 
 obliging as to communicate to the Author a very per- 
 spicuous account of their discoveries ; an extract from 
 which, with his permission, relating to the contents of the 
 chests, is here inserted for the information of the reader. 
 
 " July 7, assisted by Mr. Hastings, surgeon of the 
 North Gloucester militia, we looked into the different 
 chests, said to contain the bones of the Saxon kings. The 
 first chest, inscribed Kinegils and Adulphus contains two 
 skulls and two sets of thigh and leg bones. We measured 
 the skulls and thighs, to find out whether there was any 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 83 
 
 We shall now mention such other monu- 
 ments and graves of princes and prelates, as 
 
 difference in the size from that of the present race of men, 
 and found the first skull, from the posterior part of the 
 ossa temporis, to measure 5| inches, and the second skull 
 5y T 3 inches. Ditto from the inferior part of the os frontis 
 to the os occipitis, 1\ inches. Second skull ditto. These 
 measurements, and, indeed, those of the others, prove that 
 there was no superiority of size. From the contents of 
 the chest, it does not appear that the bones do not belong 
 to the kings with whose names it is inscribed. 
 
 Second chest, inscribed Egbert and Kenulph. This 
 contains three skulls, one of which is very small. One 
 thigh bone, wanting a fellow, is very stout, and measured 
 19^ inches long. But the two leg bones, one of which is 
 rather deformed, and the two hip bones belonging to this 
 body, are in the chest, and answer exactly. There are 
 also two other thigh bones and two leg bones that pair ; 
 so that, with the exception of the third skull, these may be 
 the bones of the aforesaid kings. 
 
 Third and fourth chests, bearing the names of Canute, 
 Rufus, Emma, Wina, Alwin, and Stigand. Neither of 
 these contains any skull ; but they are full of thigh and 
 leg bones, one set of which, in the third chest, is much 
 smaller and weaker than the rest. This, with the super- 
 numery skull in the second chest, might possibly have be- 
 longed to Queen Emma. 
 
 The fifth chest, inscribed Edmund, contains five skulls, 
 and three or four thigh bones. One of the skulls, from 
 the state of the sutures, belonging to a very old man ; 
 another also belonging to an old person ; these, therefore, 
 might have belonged to Wina and Alwin. 
 
 The sixth chest, inscribed Edred, contains many thigh 
 bones and two skulls. It is to be observed, that the skulls 
 actually at present in the chest are twelve in number, 
 which is also the number of the names inscribed on the 
 
84 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 occur in this part of the church. Under the 
 chest of Egbert, is a table monument, half 
 let into the partition wall, which incloses the 
 body of the religious bishop, John de Pointes, 
 or de Pontissara, the founder of the ancient 
 college of St. Elizabeth, close to Wykeham's 
 college of St. Mary, near this city. The 
 epitaph is this : 
 
 ©ef tinctf corpus tumulus tenit t£te 3!oann# 
 $mntt$, !©mtonte #raegulig ejrimu— obit 1304/1) 
 
 Against the wall, near the pulpit, is a simi- 
 lar monument, containing the ashes of 
 Bishop Richard Tolive, or of Ilveschester, 
 the successor of Henry de Blois, with this 
 inscription : 
 
 $Ffi#uIiiS egtep paugant fjic membra ifttcarfcu 
 OToclutoe, cui £ummi gauDia £unto poll. (2) 
 
 Immediately before the ancient altar lie 
 the remains of the once great and powerful 
 prelate, Henry de Blois. But he, who ap- 
 pears to have preserved the memory of so 
 many other illustrious personages, by trans- 
 same chest. It will also appear, from the size of the bones, 
 that there was no difference of stature from the present age.'' 
 
 (1) This tomb contains the body of John Pointes, an 
 excellent bishop of the see of Winchester, who died in 1 304. 
 
 (2) Here rest the limbs of the good bishop, Richard 
 Toclyve. May he enjoy the bliss of heaven above. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 85 
 
 lating and enshrining them, is himself des- 
 titute of every memorial in the cathedral. 
 Lower down, at the hottom of the steps de- 
 scending into the choir, lies the noble-minded 
 monk and bishop, Henry Woodlock, or de 
 Marewell. He also is without a monument : 
 nevertheless it appears that his grave was 
 discovered^ 1 ) at the last paving of the choir, 
 and that an episcopal ring of solid gold, in- 
 closing an amethyst, was found in it, of 
 which the then dean (Ogle) obtained posses- 
 sion. 
 
 We have hitherto omitted to mention the 
 tomb of the last of our monarchs who was 
 interred in this ancient mausoleum of roy- 
 alty, William Rufus ; though it is one of the 
 most conspicuous objects in this part of the 
 church, being situated near the steps, in the 
 middle between the north and south doors of 
 the choir. It consists of English grey marble, 
 being of the form that is called Dos d'Ane, 
 and is raised about two feet above the 
 ground. By whom, or on what occasion, 
 his bones were removed out of the tomb and 
 
 (1) From the account here given of the respective situa- 
 tion of Woodlock's grave, and that of De Blois, it is much 
 more likely that the episcopal ring found on the paving of 
 the choir, near the tomb of Rufus, belonged to the former 
 than to the latter prelate. 
 
 c3 
 
bO INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 enshrined, does not appear ; it is probable, 
 however, that this was done by Bishop de 
 Blois, from a too partial respect for his un- 
 cle, when he paid that honour to the remains 
 of so many other more deserving personages. 
 It may be asked, why the tomb of Rufus was 
 left to remain after the bones had been taken 
 out of it ? The answer is, that this was the 
 usual practice on similar occasions. For we 
 are to observe, that unless the bodies were 
 found entire, the bones only, and of these 
 probably only the greater, used to be trans- 
 lated, after they had been washed in wine 
 and water. The other remnants of mortality, 
 with the clothes and ornaments, were usually 
 left behind in the tombs. Hence we find the 
 tombs of many saints, or rather illustrious 
 personages, still remaining, after the bones 
 had been enshrined. In conformity with 
 this account we are informed, that when the 
 present royal tomb was violated by the rebels 
 in the time of Cromwell, there was found in 
 it the dust of the king, with some pieces of 
 cloth embroidered with gold, a large gold 
 ring, and a small silver chalice. We shall 
 notice only one more monument in this part 
 of the church, viz. that of bishop Cooper. 
 The other epitaphs, which former writers 
 have mentioned, as being on the north par- 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 87 
 
 tition wall, we do not transcribe, because in 
 fact they do not exist there. (0 
 
 (1) It might seem astonishing that Warton, Descript. 
 p. 81, and the Anonymous Historian, vol. i. p. 54, should 
 so positively assert, that there are, on the north partition 
 wall epitaphs in verse, which they insert in their books, on 
 bishop Elwin and Queen Emma, when no such verses 
 exist, or could have existed at the time they wrote ; did 
 not we clearly discover, that, instead of making use of their 
 own eye-sight in describing a cathedral which they hud so 
 often occasion to enter, they copied Gale's short History 
 of the Cathedral, published in the year 1715. It may, 
 however, still be asked, how Gale himself came by these 
 epitaphs? The only way of solving this difficulty, and 
 of vindicating the truth of the inscriptions on two of the 
 chests above described, is by supposing that the lines in 
 question were inscribed upon the leaden coffins of the 
 said personages, or upon some monument near them, in 
 the ancient choir, before the renewal of it, by Fox ; and 
 that having met with these lines in some old manuscript, 
 or other account of the choir in its former state, he sup- 
 posed them still to exist there. Having made this obser- 
 vation, we will here, in the notes, give the several epitaphs, 
 not doubting of their being genuine, and that they were 
 to be seen in this part of the choir, 300 years ago. That 
 of bishop Alwin, guardian of Emma, and afterwards 
 monk, sacristan, and bishop of this church, was as follows : 
 
 HIC JACET ALWINT CORPUS, QUI MUNERA NOBIS 
 CONTULIT EGREGIA, PARCITO CHRISTE PIO. 
 
 Here is the body of Alwin, who bestowed many noble 
 presents upon us. Have mercy, O Christ, upon thy pious 
 servant. 
 
 The epitaph of Emma contained an abstract of her his- 
 tory in the following lines : 
 
88 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Leaving the choir, by the south door, we 
 enter into the south-east aisle, which, as w r eli 
 
 HIC EMMAM CISTA REGINAM CONTINET ISTA. 
 DUXIT ETHELDREDUS REX HANC, ET POSTEA, CNUTUS. 
 EDWARDUM PARIT H^EC, AC HARDI-CANUTUM. 
 QUATUOR HOS REGES VIDIT SCEPTRA TENENTES, 
 ANGLORUM REGUM FUIT H^IC SIC MATER ET UXOR. 
 
 The sense of this epitaph may be thus rendered into 
 English : — Here rests, in this chest, queen Emma. She 
 was first married to king Elhelred, and afterwards to 
 king Canute. To the former she bore Edward, to the 
 latter Hardicanute. She saw all these four kings wield- 
 ing the royal sceptre ; and thus was the wife and mother 
 of English kings. 
 
 Two other epitaphs for bishops of this see are to be met 
 with in Gale, which are transcribed by Warton, and his 
 follower, the Anonymous. The first of these also occurs 
 in Godwin, though it certainly was never to be seen in the 
 Cathedral since the alteration made by Fox in the chests 
 and partition wall. This is to the joint memory of Elm- 
 ston, or Helmstad, the predecessor of St. Swithun, and of 
 Kynulph, or Elsius, who had been a monk before he be- 
 came a bishop of the Cathedral in 1086, and stood thus : 
 
 PONTIFICES HJEC CAPSA DUOS TENET INCINERATOS, 
 PRIMUS ELMSTANUS, HUIC SUCCESORQUE KYNULPHUS. 
 
 This chest contains two prelates, now reduced to ashes, 
 Elmstan, and his successor Kynulph. 
 
 The other epitaph was inscribed on the leaden coffin of 
 the noble and learned, but ambitious, prelate, Alfymus or 
 Elsinus, who, being raised from the see of Winchester to 
 that of Canterbury, perished in the snow upon the Alps, 
 whilst on his way to Rome, to procure the metropolitical 
 pall. His body, being brought to England, was buried in 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 89 
 
 as the corresponding part of the choir, and 
 the opposite aisle, bears the devices and 
 marks of the last founder, bishop Fox, in 
 every part. Near the door, on the partition 
 wall, to the eastward, is seen an inscription 
 for the heart of Bishop Nicholas de Ely, 
 there deposited. He was a great patron of 
 Cistercian monks, and particularly of their 
 convent of Waverly, near Farnham. He ac- 
 cordingly directed his body to be there in- 
 terred, leaving his heart only to his cathe- 
 dral. The inscription is as follows : 
 
 2ntug tft tot J&tcolat oltm Btntcn epi^copt cujug 
 rorpu.^ e£t apuD HBabecIie. (l) 
 
 Further eastward, within the partition wall, 
 is the marble coffin of Richard, second son of 
 William the Conqueror ; who came to an 
 untimely end while hunting in the New 
 
 his cathedral of Winchester, over which was afterwards 
 placed this epitaph : 
 
 ALFYMUS PLUMBO PR^SUL REQUIESCIT IN ISTO. 
 
 In English : In this lead reposes bishop Alfymus. We 
 must not forget to mention the original epitaph of the great 
 Canute, who was first buried before the high-altar, which 
 Trussell informs us was the following jingling line : 
 
 MORIBUS INCLUTUS JACET HIC REX NOMINE CNUTUS. 
 
 Here lies king Canute, illustrious for his conduct, 
 
 (1) Within this wall is the heart of Nicholas , bishop of 
 Wiiichester, uhose body lies at Waverly. 
 
 c 4 
 
90 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Forest, before his brother, Rufus, and his 
 nephew, Robert, son of his eldest brother, 
 Robert, met there with the same fate. Over 
 the same coffin is the following epitaph, in 
 the characters of Fox's time : 
 
 3Jnti# t$t corpus fiicfjarDt ©ffibelmi £onque£tori£ 
 filii et 25i:orniee ©uri£. (l) 
 
 (l) Within this wall is the body of Richard, son of 
 IVilliam the Conqueror, and Duke of Beornia. — On the 
 subject of this title the learned gentleman who described 
 the contents of the mortuary chests, has favoured us with 
 the following observations : 'Beornia Duels is supposed 
 by some to be an additional title ; but besides it being, I 
 believe, unusual in those times to add titles to a name in 
 that manner, it would be difficult to determine what is 
 meant by it. Beam, Berry, or the Barrois, are provinces 
 to which I believe William laid no claim. But I con- 
 ceive that this tomb contains, like many others in the 
 cathedral, the remains of two great personages. Earl or 
 Duke Beorn (these two titles being used indiscriminately 
 at the time in question) was a personage well known in 
 Canute's and Edward's reign. He was the son of Ulphon, 
 by Estrith, sister to Canute the Great ; and when Swayne, 
 the second son of Earl of Godwin, being outlawed for a 
 crime, flew into rebellion, and manning eight ships, com- 
 mitted acts of piracy on the coast, was persuaded by Earl 
 Godwin to repair to him, and endeavour to bring him 
 back to his duty ; Swayne, supposing Beorn came to 
 betray him, slew him with his own hand; and, accord- 
 ing to the Saxon annals, had him buried in a church 
 near the spot. But his relations dug up his body, and 
 interred it at Winchester, near the remains of his uncle, 
 Canute.' This supposition, however difficult to reconcile 
 with the inscription made in the time of Fox, becomes 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 91 
 
 Proceeding in the same direction on the 
 pavement, close to the south wall, is the 
 grave-stone of a bishop, as appears by the 
 mitre and other ornaments cut upon it, in 
 order to receive a rich and elegant brass en- 
 graving of the deceased, which is now torn 
 away. It is not of a very high antiquity, as 
 is plain from the form of the mitre, and the 
 known date of the indroduction of sepulchral 
 brasses. This used to be pointed out as the 
 grave of Fox, who is certainly known to 
 have been buried under his own chapel. 
 All doubt, however, on this head was re- 
 moved in the summer of 1797, when the 
 stone was found to have no grave at all un- 
 der it. 0) Hence we must conclude that it 
 has been removed from its original situation 
 in the choir, or some of the chapels, on new 
 paving it, and, from different circumstances, 
 
 much more probable upon attending to the original epitaph 
 in the characteis of the eleventh century, which are 
 still plainly legible on the marble coffin itself, from which 
 bishop Fox's is a manifest deviation, viz. 
 
 HIC JACET RICARDUS WILLI SEPTORIS REGIS FILLI ET 
 BEORN DUX. 
 
 (1) " We took up the slab called Fox's tomb, which 
 had probably been removed to the place in which it lies 
 from some other part of the church, and there was nothing 
 under it but the arch of the crypt below." Extract from 
 the Minutes of Researches in Winchester Cathedral, in 
 July 1797, drawn up by H. H. Esq, 
 
92 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL* 
 
 there appears more reason to suppose that 
 it belonged to Bishop Courtney, who died 
 towards the end of the fifteenth century, 
 than to any other of our prelates. 
 
 From this station we have a distinct view 
 of the gorgeous chantry of the founder of 
 this principal part of the church, Bishop 
 Fox. There is a luxuriancy of ornament in 
 the arches, columns, and niches with which 
 it is covered, that baffles minute description, 
 and might appear excessive, were not the 
 whole executed with exact symmetry, pro- 
 portion, and finished elegance, and had it 
 not been the architect's intention to shut up 
 this chapel from the side aisle. Even the 
 groining in the small niches, which are mul- 
 tiplied upon it to the number of fifty-five, is 
 a matter of attention and study, being differ- 
 ent in each of them, and yet all formed on 
 true architectural principles. In an elegant 
 oblong niche, under the third arch, lies the 
 figure of the founder, which he, for the sake 
 of humility and public instruction, chose 
 should be represented as an emaciated corpse 
 in a winding-sheet, with the feet resting on a 
 death's head. 0) We have positive assur- 
 es) In the folio plate of the Vestuta Monumenta, vol. ii. 
 from a drawing of Mr. Shenebblie, though large enough 
 to represent these particulars at the head and feet, yet they 
 are omitted. A more striking defect is, that the corpse 
 there appears to be that of a muscular young man. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 93 
 
 ance that this is the real resting-place of 
 his venerable ashes. Entering this little 
 chapel, we cannot fail of experiencing some 
 of those awful and pious sentiments which 
 the venerable deceased, whose ashes are 
 under our feet, so often indulged here ; who, 
 from the hours of devotion which he spent 
 in this destined spot of his interment, ob- 
 tained for it the name of Foxs Study. The 
 beauty and solitude of this oratory must have 
 been greatly heightened by the painted glass 
 which, we are informed, filled all the open 
 work of the arches, until it w T as destroyed in 
 the grand rebellion. The ceiling is rich with 
 the royal arms of the house of Tudor, em- 
 blazoned with colours and gilding, and with 
 the founder's own arms and chosen device, 
 the pelican, which is repeated so many hun- 
 dred times on his different works in this 
 cathedral. This was intended by him to ex- 
 press his ardent devotion to the sacrament of 
 the altar, 0) which also caused him to de- 
 nominate his magnificent foundation at Ox- 
 ford Corpus Christi college. The same de- 
 votion appears in the emblems of the Blessed 
 Sacrament and of the Passion, supported by 
 angels, which are seen over the place where 
 
 (1) The pelican was said to be a bird that made use of 
 its beak to tear open its own breast for the purpose of 
 feeding its young ones with its blood. 
 
94 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 the altar stood ; as likewise in the inscription 
 taken from the ancient church office on this 
 subject, which is still legible— O SACRUM 
 CONVIVIUM IN QUO CHRISTUS SU- 
 MITUR.O) The upper part of the altar 
 was adorned with three large statues, and 
 nine small ones, which are now destroyed ; 
 but their gilded niches still remain in perfect 
 preservation. On the side of the altar is a 
 door- way, which leads into a little vestry, 
 that seems to have been appropriated to this 
 chantry, where the ambries belonging to it 
 still remain. 
 
 We pass from this chapel to another much 
 larger, parallel with it, but quite plain and 
 unadorned. This, however, was formerly the 
 richest part of the whole church ; for here 
 the magnificent shrine of St. Swithun, of 
 solid silver gilt, and garnished with precious 
 stones, the gift of king Edgar, (2) used to be 
 kept ; except on the festivals of the saints, 
 when it was exposed to view upon the altar, 
 or before it. It is not unlikely that other 
 shrines were kept in the same place, ranged 
 against the eastern wall, on which may still 
 
 ( 1 ) O sacred banquet in which Christ is ? eceived I 
 
 (2) Sanctum Swythunum hujus ecclesiae specialem 
 patronum. de vili sepulchre- transtulit, et in scrinio argento 
 et auro, a rege Edgaro cum summa diligentia fabricate), 
 honorifice collocavit. His. Maj, 1. ii. c. 12. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 95 
 
 be seen some painted figures of saints. This 
 chapel is directly behind the high altar, and 
 formerly communicated with the sanctuary 
 by the two doors which are still seen : it is, 
 notwithstanding, a two-fold error in our do- 
 mestic writers to term this place the Sanctum 
 Sanctorum, and to describe it as the place 
 from which the priest was accustomed to ap- 
 proach the high altar ; 0) which is to con- 
 found it with the sacristy or vestry. It was 
 certainly furnished with an altar ; the back 
 screen of which consisting probably of or- 
 namental wood-work, seems to have been 
 fastened by certain staples, which still re- 
 main. We are assured of this fact, from the 
 circumstance of the early conventual mass, 
 immediately after the holding of the chapter, 
 being celebrated here every morning ; (2) 
 from which circumstance it may be called the 
 capitular chapel. 
 
 (1) The Greeks indeed, as we have seen, called the 
 altar by the name 'ayiov 'ccyicuv, but there is no such name 
 as Sanctum Sanctorum in the whole of the Latin liturgy. 
 
 (2) " Primogenitus (Alfredi) vocabatur Edmundus? 
 quern pater, adhuc ipsomet in humanis agent e, fecit inungi 
 et in regni monarcham coronari, qui non multo post, ante 
 patrem mortis nexibus deprimitur, et in veteri monasterio 
 Wyntoniensi sepelitur ; ut satis clare apparet intuentibus 
 lapidem marmoreum tumbaB ipsius, qui jacet adhuc in 
 terra ex boreali parte altaris, ubi missa matutinalis sive 
 capitularis celebratur" Hist. Maj. 1. 3, c, 6. 
 
96 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 On the left of this chapel, corresponding' 
 with Fox's chantry, but widely different from 
 it in its architecture and in every other res- 
 pect, is that of Bishop Gardiner ; being an 
 absurd medley of Gothic and Ionic, both in- 
 different in their kinds. On the pavement 
 of this chapel is the tomb-stone of Edmund, 
 the son of Alfred, whom we only know to 
 have been a king from his epitaph, engraved 
 in Saxon characters upon it, and from the 
 text of its commentator, the monk of our 
 cathedral. 0) The rest of the pavement, to- 
 gether with the iron bars that secured the 
 chapel, have been torn away out of hatred to 
 Bishop Gardiner. It is thought also that his 
 bones have been removed out of their sepul- 
 chre^ and that those which are still seen in a 
 large antique coffer^ at the upper end of the 
 
 (l) " Et est epitapham (supradicti Edmundi) in mar- 
 more scriptum istud, $ic jacet a&Dmuntiu£ ftejc $toel- 
 
 te&i r£gt£ filiugn Ossa vero Edmundi regis jam translata 
 sunt in quoddam sarcophagum locatum super locum nun- 
 cupatum <£?)£ 5^0tp 5(if0fe." Ibid. Rudborne, on this 
 occasion, mentions that the said heroic monarch bore five 
 different names, viz. Alured, Alfred, Elured, Elfred r 
 and Eweldred. The three names in italics are here given, 
 according to their true reading, from the original epitaph 
 and other authentic records, instead of the faulty text of 
 Warton. The last name is not even rightly copied in the 
 Vestusta Monumenta, the draughtsman having mistaken a 
 Saxon W for a G. The same is accordingly there printed 
 Egeldredi. 
 
INSIDR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 97 
 
 chapel, form part of them, 0) which no per- 
 son since has had the humanity to cover. 1 * 
 Whatever might have been the character of 
 their owner, certainly, in their present abject 
 state, handled and thrown about every day 
 in the year, they seem to call upon the spec- 
 tator, with the unburied skeleton of Archy- 
 tas — 
 
 At tu vagae ne parce malignus arenae 
 Ossibus et capiti inhumato, 
 Particulum dare. 
 
 Horat. Lib. 1. Od. xxviii. (2) 
 
 Returning the way by which we went, 
 through the capitular chapel and Fox's 
 chantry, when we have turned round the 
 corner of the latter, we find ourselves in 
 what may be called De Lucy's church. In 
 fact, this is evidently the workmanship of 
 that munificent prelate, and the early stage 
 of Gothic architecture, as we have proved 
 against our Winchester antiquaries, in our 
 survey of the outside of this church ; and as 
 the glance of an eye here within it will at once 
 convince the intelligent spectator. The ob- 
 
 (1) A few years back there were many bones besides 
 those now in the coffer, and, amongst the rest, a skull. 
 
 (2) Nor thou, my friend, refuse, with impious hand, 
 A little portion of this wandering sa?id 
 
 To these my poor remains.— -Francis. 
 
 * See Supplement* 
 
 c5 
 
98 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL* 
 
 jects which first arrest our attention in this 
 part; are the magnificent chantries of Cardinal 
 Beaufort and of Bishop Waynflete, which 
 correspond with each other in form and 
 situation, filling up the middle arch on each 
 side. The former of these, for elegance of 
 design and execution, would be admired by 
 the generality of spectators, no less than by 
 connoisseurs, as the most elegant chantry in 
 the cathedral, if not in the whole kingdom, 
 were it not neglected, and consigned to dust 
 and ruin, equally by his family, his founda- 
 tion, and his cathedral, to all which he 
 proved so liberal a benefactor.^ The co- 
 lumns, though of hard Purbeck marble, are 
 sharped into elegant clusters. Nothing can 
 exceed the beauty of the fan-work in the 
 ceiling ; of the canopies, with their studded 
 pendants ; and of the crocketted pinnacles ; 
 though of these a horse-load has fallen, or 
 been taken down, which is kept in one of 
 the neighbouring chapels. The low balus- 
 trade and tomb are of grey marble ; the lat- 
 ter is lined with copper, and was formerly 
 adorned on the outside with the arms of the 
 deceased, enchased on shields. There was 
 also, originally, an inscription on a brass 
 fillet, round the upper part of the tomb, as 
 is still seen on those of Edington and Wyke- 
 
 * See Sapplement. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 99 
 
 ham ; but the greater part of this was torn 
 away in the reign either of Edward VI. or 
 Elizabeth: as, when Godwin wrote, 0) only 
 the following words remained upon it, which 
 now also have disappeared : ftribularer ft ne£ci- 
 rem migericoriiiag tua£. (V The humble hope, 
 however, expressed in these words, which 
 were probably of the deceased's own choos- 
 ing ; the pious tenor of his will, signed only 
 two days before his death ; and the placid 
 frame of his features in the figure before us, 
 which is perhaps a portrait, lead us to dis- 
 credit the fictions of poets and painters, who 
 describe him as dying in despair. (3) The 
 figure represents Beaufort in the proper 
 dress of a cardinal — the scarlet cloak and 
 hat, with long depending chords, ending in 
 tassels of ten knots each. (4) At the upper 
 end of the chantry, under a range of niches 
 
 (1 ) He wrote his commentary in the reign of James I. 
 
 (2) I should be in anguish did I not know thy mercies. 
 —This express passage, however, is not in the book of 
 Psalms nor in any other part of the Scriptures, as the 
 learned R. G. supposes in Vetust. Monum. (Soc. Antiq. 
 vol. ii.) but forms part of an antiphon in the Roman 
 Breviary. 
 
 (3) Shakspeare and Sir Joshua Reynolds : the former 
 in his Henry VI. — the latter in a celebrated picture in the 
 Shakspeare Gallery. 
 
 (4) Even such minutiae as these were settled in the 
 ceremonial of past times. 
 
 i L.'oi *« 
 
100 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 which are robbed of their statues, stood an 
 altar, at which, in virtue of his last will, three 
 masses were daily said for the repose of his 
 own soul, and those of his parents and royal 
 relations therein mentioned. 
 
 The opposite chantry, that of Bishop 
 Waynflete, is likewise incomparably beauti- 
 ful, and by most spectators is preferred to the 
 one which has just been described. The 
 great advantage, however, which it has over 
 it, is in the attention that is paid by his child- 
 ren of Magdalen College, Oxford, to keep it 
 clean and in perfect repair. The cental part 
 of the chapel, which in Beaufort's monument 
 is left open, is here inclosed with light arch- 
 work, surmounted with an elegant cornice, 
 in which, and in the work in general, we ob- 
 serve that the arches begin to flatten. The 
 figure of the bishop appears in his full pon- 
 tificals of mitre, crosier, casula, stole, maniple, 
 tunicle, rochet, amice, alb, sandals, gloves, 
 and ring. He is represented in the attitude 
 of prayer, emblamatically offering up his 
 heart, which he holds in his hands, in allu- 
 sion to that passage of the Psalmist, My soul 
 is always in my hands. But there does not 
 appear ever to have been an inscription on 
 the tomb. 
 
 In a line with these two chantries, against 
 the south wall, is a marble figure, in an erect 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 101 
 
 posture, of Sir John Clobery, ornamented 
 with all kinds of modern military accoutre- 
 ments and emblems. The taste and execu- 
 tion of this figure and monument, when 
 contrasted with those of Cardinal Beaufort 
 near it, are by no means calculated to prove 
 the superiority of the seventeenth century 
 over the fifteenth in the cultivation of the 
 liberal arts. The epitaph, however, has 
 more merit, and though of late date, deserves 
 to be here inserted for the information which 
 it conveys : 
 
 M.S. 
 
 Johannis Clobery, militis, 
 
 Vir in omni re eximius, 
 
 Artem bellicam 
 
 Non tantum optime novit, 
 
 Sed ubique felicissime exercuit. 
 
 Ruentis patriae simul et Stuartorum domus 
 
 Stator auspicatissimus, 
 
 Quod Monchius et ipse 
 
 Prius in Scotio animo agitaverent, 
 
 Ad Londinum venientes 
 
 Facile effectum dabant ; 
 
 Unde pacem Anglias, Calorum II. solio, 
 
 (Universo populo plaudente) 
 
 Reslituerunt. 
 
 Inter armorum negotiorumque strepitum, 
 
 (Res raro militibus usitata) 
 
 Humanioribus Uteris sedulo incubuit, 
 
 Et singulares animi dotes 
 
 Tarn exquisita eruditione expolivit, 
 
 Ut Athenis, potius quam castris, 
 
 Senuisse videretur. 
 
 c6 
 
102 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Sed, corpore demum morbo languescente, 
 Se tacite mundi motibus subduxit, 
 
 Ut coelo, quod per totam vitam 
 
 Ardentis anhelaverat, uniee vacaret. 
 
 Obiit anno salutis 1687, aetatis suae 63. 
 
 Hoc monumentum charissima defuncti, 
 
 Relicta, ceu ultimum amoris indicium, 
 
 Poni curavit. 
 
 Sacred to the memory of 
 
 Sir John Clobery, Knight. 
 
 Excelling, as he did, in every thing, 
 
 He in such a manner cultivated the military art. 
 
 As not only thoroughly to understand it, 
 
 But also to apply it to the best purposes. 
 
 Becoming the prop of his fallen country, 
 
 And of the House of Stuart, 
 
 He planned those measures, 
 
 With his friend, Monk, in Scotland, 
 
 Which, when they came to London, 
 
 They happily brought to pass ; 
 
 By which peace was restored to England, 
 
 Charles 11. to his throne, 
 
 And unbounded joy to the whole nation. 
 
 Amidst the noise of arms, and public business, 
 
 (A rare example to soldiers) 
 
 He applied himself to intense study, 
 
 And to the cultivation of his singular talents, 
 
 So as to appear to have spent his life 
 
 Bather in the academy than in the camp. 
 
 At length his corporal strength failing him, 
 
 He withdrew himself from worldly concerns, 
 
 That he might better prepare himself for heaven, 
 
 Which had long been the only object of his wishes. 
 
 He died in the year of our Lord 1687. 
 
 Of his age pi. 
 
 His faithful widow 
 
 Caused this monument (the last mark of her love) 
 
 To be here erected. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 103 
 
 Advancing beyond the two grand chantri is 
 in the middle of the centre aisle, before the 
 entrance into the chapel of the Virgin Mary, 
 we come to a flat monument of grey marble, 
 without inscription or ornament upon it, 
 raised about two feet above the ground. 
 This is pointed out, not only by vergers, 
 but also by antiquaries, as the actual torn ) 
 of Lucius, the first Christian king, and the 
 original founder of the cathedral in the se- 
 cond century. The absurdity of this opinion 
 must strike every person of common infor- 
 mation. For if this be the resting-place 
 and the memorial of that celebrated person- 
 age, how comes it that the fact has escaped 
 the notice of our original historians^ and of 
 Rudborne himself, who is in the greatest 
 darkness or uncertainty concerning the lat- 
 ter part of his history ? Again, how can we 
 suppose so obnoxious a monument, had it 
 previously existed, would have been permit- 
 ted to remain, when the agents of Dioclesian 
 levelled the whole original edifice to the 
 ground ; and afterwards, when Cerdic chang- 
 ed the second church, here erected, into a 
 heathen temple ? But it is easy to trace this 
 error to its source. The fact is, Bishop de 
 Lucy, the last founder of this part of the 
 cathedral, is here buried in the centre of hi 
 own work, as we gather from the most an 
 
104 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 thentic records; the similarity of whose name 
 with that of Lucius, has occasioned the story 
 in question. 0) 
 
 Three enclosed chapels form the eastern 
 extremity of the whole sacred fabric. The 
 chantry, on the south side, is fitted up in a 
 peculiar style of richness and elegance, the 
 ornaments with which it is covered being 
 carved in oak. These consist of vine leaves, 
 grapes, tabernacles, armorial bearings, and 
 the motto %au$ ttbt €£ri£te,(2) repeated an 
 incredible number of times. The prelate who 
 lies here buried, Thomas Langton, having 
 previously to his decease, which happened 
 by the plague in the year 1500, being elected 
 to the see of Canterbury, we find the arms 
 of that see in various parts represented 
 with those of Winchester. In the centre 
 of the chapel is the altar tomb of the de- 
 ceased, which was originally exceedingly 
 elegant, but which is now stripped of every 
 metal ornament for which a price could be 
 
 (1) The following is the account of the examination of 
 this tomb in July, 1797 : " The tomb, said to be that of 
 Lucius, the first Christian King, had evidently been opened 
 before. There was in it a skull of common size, the 
 thigh bones lying near it, and the remains of silk garments 
 of a yellow colour, which might have been formerly either 
 purple or red. Some parts had been embroidered with a 
 narrow stripe of gold." Extract of a letter from H. H. Esq. 
 
 (2) Praise be to thee, O Christ I 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 405 
 
 obtained. There is a profusion of rebusses 
 on the groining of the ceiling, in confor- 
 mity with the taste of the age. Amongst 
 these we see the musical note called a long 
 inserted in a ton, in allusion to the name 
 Langton ; a vine growing out of a ton, to 
 denote his see, Winton ; a hen sitting on a 
 ton, signifying the prior of the cathedral, who 
 was his contemporary, Henton, or Hunton ; 
 and a dragon issuing out of a ton, the mean- 
 ing of which we cannot unriddle. 
 
 The middle chapel, dedicated to the blessed 
 Virgin, hence called amongst antiquaries the 
 Lady Chapel, was originally no longer than 
 the other two. We see distinctly where the 
 architecture of Bishop de Lucy, the most 
 elegant that his age is acquainted with, ends ; 
 and where the work of Prior Silkstede, which 
 has lengthened this chapel by one half, be- 
 gins. It appears that the additional part 
 was begun by Silkstede's predecessor, Thomas 
 Hunton, and that he only finished and orna- 
 mented it. For, looking up to the groining 
 round the centre orbs, one representing the 
 Almighty, the other the Blessed Virgin, we 
 find the following characters and l^ebusses : 
 the letter T, the syllable Hun, the figure of 
 a ton, for Thomas Hunton, and the figure 1 
 for prior. In like manner, we see the letter 
 T, the syllable silk, a steed, or horse, and the 
 
10(J INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 figure 1, for Thomas Silkstede, prior. In 
 other parts of the chapel and cathedral we 
 find the letter T, with a skein of silk twisted 
 round it, to denote the same person; with 
 the vine and the ton ; which ornament often 
 occurs. There are other proofs, from the 
 arms of Queen Elizabeth, wife of Edward 
 VI. and those of the Grey family, that the 
 addition to this chapel was begun to be built 
 whilst Hunton was prior, but that it was 
 finished and ornamented by Silkstede. The 
 latter fact is attested by an imperfect inscrip- 
 tion under the portrait of this prior which is 
 still visible, with the insignia of his office, 
 over the piscina in this chapel, of which the 
 following words are part : 
 
 <§>tffc£te&e . . . ju^tt quoque £ara pofita 
 &umptifeu£ ornari, &ancta jl&aria, £tttg. (i) 
 
 The ornaments, of which mention is here 
 made, consist in certain curious paintings, 
 partly historical and partly allegorical (relat- 
 ing chiefly to miracles ascribed to the pray- 
 ers of the holy patroness of this chapel), 
 which almost cover the whole of the new 
 erection. The subject of one of them, in- 
 deed, is drawn from the Holy Scripture, viz. 
 
 (1) Silkstede also caused these polished stones, (O Mary} 
 to be ornamented at his expense. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 107 
 
 the Annunciation ; and those of a few others 
 occur in credible historians ; as that of St. 
 Gregory's procession in the time of the 
 plague : in general, however, the stories here 
 delineated are collected from unauthenticated 
 legends. 0) Nevertheless, they had not any 
 
 (1) The author has explained the meaning of as many 
 of these paintings as are not quite defaced, in a work 
 entitled Specimens of Ancient Sculpture and Painting, 
 by J. Carter, Architect, where plates of the same occur. 
 One of these, however, representing an execution, being 
 the first in the lower tier on the north side, he has reason 
 to think relates to a different subject from that which he 
 there mentioned. Being described as a national event, 
 and productive of a new regulation in the administration 
 of justice, it deserves to be related. HarpsBeld reports, 
 in his account of the reign of Henry VII. that one Richard 
 Boys, a native of Salisbury, having been unjustly con- 
 demned and executed for theft, upon being conveyed to 
 a neighbouring church-yard, after hanging an hour, was 
 found to be alive, when he declared that he had been 
 saved from death by the prayers of the blessed Virgin, 
 and of the pious murdered king, Henry VI. who was 
 then universally considered as a saint. He accordingly 
 paid a visit of devotion to the celebrated monastery dedi- 
 cated to the Blessed Virgin at Walsingham, and to the 
 tomb of the above mentioned king at Windsor, where he 
 left the halter with which he had been suspended. This 
 event, which made a great noise, and another of a similar 
 nature with respect to one Thomas Fuller, of Hammer- 
 smith, who was executed for the crime of driving away 
 cattle, of which he was innocent, and said to have been 
 preserved in the same manner, seem to have given occa- 
 sion to the law mentioned in the History and Survey of 
 Winchester, vol. i, p. 320, which required that all per- 
 
108 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 pernicious tendency which required them to 
 be obliterated. At present they are highly 
 curious and valuable for the information 
 which they convey concerning the customs 
 of former times. We observe the different 
 attempts that have been made to deface them 
 probably in the reign of Elizabeth ; first by 
 scraping the walls, secondly, by daubing 
 them over with a coarse paint, and lastly, 
 by white- washing them. This last operation 
 has been the means of preserving them ; for 
 the white-wash having, of late years, fallen 
 off, we now view them in a more perfect 
 state than we should have done if they had 
 been exposed to the air during the whole 
 intervening period. In this chapel of her 
 
 sons under trial who were unable to procure counsel, 
 should be furnished with it gratis. On this subject our 
 author launches out into certain reflections, which prove 
 either that trial by jury was not so popular formerly as it 
 is at present, or that juries were then more ignorant and 
 corrupt. Speaking of the judges, he says, " Hem non 
 tarn ad suum judicium, libere et constanter animi sui mo- 
 tum sequentes, quam ad 12 illorum judicium aut potius 
 prejudicium revocant, a quo roro discedere solent. Qui 
 cum nonnunquam vel ignorantia decepti, vel hominum 
 potentiorum minis atque auctoritate confracti, vel gratia 
 atque affectibus sinistris depraviti, reos nonnullos pronun- 
 ciant qui ab intentato crimine prorsus sunt immunes : 
 judices etiam saspe nulla alia accuratiore cognitione ad- 
 hibita, et toti quasi ab eorum dictatis pendentes, innocentes 
 injusto addicunt supplicio. Hist. Eccles. Anglic. Saec. 15. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 109 
 
 patroness, Queen Mary, chose to have her 
 marriage ceremony with Philip of Spain 
 performed, and the chair on which she sat 
 on this occasion is still shown there. It 
 appears that there was formerly a particular 
 sextry, or sacristy, belonging to this chapel, 
 on the north side of it, with a garden, which, 
 long after the former was demolished^ con- 
 tinued to be called Paradise. 
 
 The remaining of the three above-men- 
 tioned chapels, from the figures of angels 
 which still cover the whole vaulting of it, 
 was probably dedicated to the Guardian An- 
 gels. It is not unlikely that this was also 
 the chantry of Bishop Orlton, 0) though 
 there is no memorial of him existing here 
 at present. In the place of it we see, on the 
 north side, the sepulchre of a modern pre- 
 late, Bishop Mews, with his mitre and crosier 
 suspended over it; and on the south side, 
 the superb monument of Weston, Duke of 
 Portland, (2) with a noble and inimitable 
 
 (1) Richardson, in his notes upon Godwin, says of 
 Orlton, " Sepultus est in ecclesia Wintoniensi in capella 
 propria." Now there is hardly any other chapel, except 
 this, unappropriated, and the style of the ornaments still 
 remaining, which stood over the altar, seems to bespeak 
 his time. 
 
 (2) He was lord treasurer in the reign of Charles I. 
 Echard and Rapin represent him as being a Catholic. 
 
 D 
 
110 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 bronze figure of him at fall length, and the 
 busts in marble of certain persons of his 
 family. 
 
 Turning our faces now to the west, we 
 have before us the screen which separates 
 the work of De Lucy from that of Fox. In 
 the front of this, just before the Holy Hole,, 
 we find a large grave stone, being about 
 twelve feet long and five feet broad, in which 
 we can discern that the effigies of a bishop, 
 abbot, or mitred prior, in brass, and a long 
 inscription, with a profusion of ornaments, 
 had been inserted, which have been sacri- 
 legiously stolen. This is celebrated, not only 
 by the vulgar, but also by learned authors, 
 (I) as the monument which covers the re- 
 mains of the great patron saint of our cathe- 
 dral and city, St. Swithun. (2) The impro- 
 bability, however, of this opinion is great 
 and obvious. This saint, it is well known, 
 was buried, at his own request, in the church- 
 yard, in a spot which we shall hereafter point 
 out ; and when, afterwards, at the distance 
 
 (1) Lord Clarendon, Gales's Antiquities, Warton's 
 Description. — The profound Anthony Wood seems also 
 to countenance this opinion. Athen. Oxon. The same 
 is adopted by the learned Alban Butler, in his life of St. 
 Swithun. 
 
 (2) This name is frequently spelt by moderns Swithin, 
 but by the ancients always Swithun or Swithum. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. Ill 
 
 of above a hundred years, the body was 
 translated by St. Ethelwold into the cathe- 
 dral, it was not deposited in a grave, but in 
 a shrine or chest of silver, plated with gold 
 and adorned with jewels, which king Edgar 
 gave for this purpose. The only method 
 then of supporting the received opinion, is, 
 by supposing, that, at the Reformation, some 
 zealous person, after the shrine had been 
 seized upon for the king's use, interred the 
 remains of the saint under the pompous and 
 costly monument which this appears origi- 
 nally to have been. Now, though we doubt 
 not that many persons at that period were 
 ready to incur such an expense, in order to 
 testify their respect and devotion to this 
 illustrious saint, yet we cannot believe that 
 such a measure would have been permitted 
 on the part of government ; as it would have 
 been a tacit censure of the conduct of the 
 latter in seizing on the shrine. Such was 
 our reasoning on this point previously to the 
 researches made in the cathedral in the sum- 
 mer of 1797, which were primarily under- 
 taken for the purpose of ascertaining the 
 point whether St. Swithun's remains lay un- 
 der this grave-stone or not. We shall give 
 below the very interesting account which 
 the learned gentleman to whom we have 
 already professed our literary obligations 
 
112 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 more than once, was pleased to communicate 
 to us of the discoveries that were made in 
 this particular. 0) In the mean time we 
 
 (1) The following is an extract from the valuable let- 
 ter in question : 
 
 " Sir, Ililsea Barracks, July 12, 1797. 
 
 " Your absence at the time we had obtained leave to 
 make some researches in the cathedral, was a matter of 
 great regret, both to my father, Capt. Cartwright, and 
 myself, and, I will add, to the vergers of the cathedral 
 who assisted us ; and had we not been under orders to 
 march to this place, we should certainly have delayed the 
 investigation till your return. As it is, the best thing 
 remaining to do is to give you an account of our trans- 
 actions ; and as I write to a person so much better in- 
 formed, both as to the history of the place and every local 
 circumstance, I shall confine myself to a bare narrative 
 of facts : 
 
 " St. Swithun's Tomb.— Previous to our operations, 
 we ascertained, both by measurement and by sound in 
 the crypt, that the large square solid of stone, towards the 
 middle of the vault, is immediately under St. Swithun's 
 tomb. There is a square flint solid beyond it carried up 
 in the same manner, but which appears to have been merely 
 to support the arch above, between the monuments of 
 Cardinal Beaufort and Bishop Waynflete, as on removing 
 the pavement above it in the church, we immediately 
 came to that arch. 
 
 " On the 5th of July, leave having been obtained, the 
 slab, 12 feet by 5, supposed to cover St. Swithun's tomb, 
 was raised under the direction of the master-mason of the 
 chapter, in the presence of several gentlemen and two of 
 the vergers of the cathedral. 
 
 " Under this stone, there appeared an oblong tomb or 
 opening, seven feet long and two feet five inches broad, 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 113 
 
 shall observe, that our conjecture, in oppo- 
 sition to the received opinion, is now brought 
 
 formed of slabs of a fine white stone, (similar to that used 
 in Bishop Fox's chapel) neatly polished, jointed with care 
 and art, and as clean and dry as if it had been finished on 
 that day. The rubbish, consisting of pulverised stone 
 and some decayed mortar, with which it had probably 
 been filled to the level of the underpart of the great slab, 
 was rather sunk towards the centre, apparently on account 
 of its having (as we afterwards discovered) burst into the 
 coffin itself. After removing two feet five inches of this 
 rubbish, the flat lid of an oak coffin appeared. The wood 
 was moist, and in a state of the utmost decay, soft, spungy, 
 and light, and easily broken, but still retaining to the eye 
 its fibres and texture. The lid had been fastened with 
 common iron nails, much rust-eaten, and which came out 
 at the touch. The form of the coffin, or rather the chest, 
 which contained the bones, was a parallelogram, about six 
 feet and a half long, one foot ten inches broad, and not 
 quite one foot deep. In some places (as has been related) 
 it was broken into by the weight of the rubbish, which, in 
 consequence, was found mixed with the bones. There 
 was no lead in the inside, nor any inscription. The bones 
 lay in an undisturbed state ; the jaw and every rib and 
 joint were in their places, the hands were crossed a little 
 below the short ribs ; but no ring was found, nor were 
 there any coins or chalice. The vertebrae of the back, 
 and the smaller bones which lay next the under part of 
 the coffin, were much decayed, but the thigh, leg, and 
 arm-bones were still solid. The thigh bones measured 
 from the extreme points only 18 J inches, which proves, 
 that whoever is here buried was a person of low stature. 
 On the skull, which is also small, there remained the im- 
 pression of linen, or fine stuff, apparently white, but no 
 hair. Many of the teeth were entire, but much worn ; 
 others, from the closure of the jaw bone, appeared to have 
 
 D 2 
 
1 14 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 to an absolute certainty. For, first, the bones 
 here found lay in an undisturbed state — every 
 
 been lost during life. A black serge, probably a monk's 
 cowl, seems to have covered the whole body, and, upon 
 the decay of the flesh, to have adhered to the bones : to- 
 wards the feet it appeared in folds. The legs were covered 
 with leather boots or gaiters, sewed on and neatly stitched ; 
 part of the thread was still to be seen, and the leather re- 
 tained some consistencey ; it was very damp, I might 
 almost say wet. The soles were of what would be called 
 an elegant shape at present, pointed at the toe and very 
 narrow under the middle of the foot, exactly the shape of 
 what I have sent, which you will observe is so small that 
 it scarcely appears the size of a man's foot. The under 
 part is a good deal worn, of two thicknesses of leather, 
 about the consistency of a slipper sole. There were re- 
 mains of thongs near it, which may lead to suppose they 
 were sandals. T^he boot part, which is very wide and 
 came above the knee, was not adherent to these soles. 
 The lower part of the coffin, which was very damp, and, 
 like the rest was falling to pieces, adhered, in some degree, 
 to the bottom of the stone grave, and had stained it; the 
 rest was, as I have said, perfectly fresh and clean. The 
 depth of this tomb or stone grave was 3 feet 4 inches. 
 Whether these circumstances support the tradition that 
 this was the body of St. Swithun, you will be able to 
 judge better than myself; one thing appears to me certain, 
 that the coffin was removed from some other place to this 
 spot, and existed lonp; before Bishop Fox's time ; it was 
 certainly not by the dry-rot that it had decayed in the 
 situation in which it was placed; totally void of moisture, 
 it could not have decayed by any other manner since his 
 time. One must, therefore, conclude that these remains 
 were, at leabt, reputed to be those of 'borne person of great 
 note, that the coffin or chest must then have been in a 
 very perishable state, and have required great care in die 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL, 115 
 
 rib and joint in its right place. Now this 
 could not have happened had the remains 
 of the deceased been so often translated and 
 removed, as certainly was the case of those 
 of St. Swithun during the space of six centu- 
 ries. The second argument to this effect, 
 which supersedes the necessity of producing 
 any further proofs in support of our opinion, 
 is, that in the grave before us was found an 
 entire skull; whereas we have undeniable 
 testimony that the skull of St. Swithun was 
 carried away by St. Elphege from Winches- 
 ter to Canterbury, upon his being promoted 
 to that see, where it was deposited under 
 Christ's altar. 0) If we must hazard a con- 
 removal, more indeed than succeeded, as the weight even 
 of the dusty materials that covered it had broken into it. 
 
 44 To conclude, the remains were immediately after 
 carefully collected, and placed in a box at the bottom of 
 the vault, with a short narrative of the proceedings of the 
 day inclosed in a glass bottle sealed up, the rubbish thrown 
 in, and the slab replaced in its former state. 
 
 44 Henry Howard." 
 
 (I) The architect employed in repairing the cathedral 
 of Canterbury, at the time which our author mentions, 
 was a native of Sens, who, returning home, seems to have 
 carried a fragment of the saint's skull, in consequence of 
 which St. Swiihun's head was believed to be at Sens, and 
 his festival was there kept with great solemnity. It has 
 been by such means, and not by those intimated by the 
 historian of Worcester, that the heads and bodies of saints 
 have appeared to be multiplied. 
 
116 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 jecture concerning the deceased, whose re- 
 mains are contained in the present sepulchre, 
 we should say, that in all probability it is good 
 Prior Silkstede. The black serge, resembling 
 a cowl, and the funeral boots, found with 
 the bones, seem to bespeak a person of the 
 monastic profession ; the mitre and the 
 crosier on the grave-stone indicate a prior of 
 the cathedral ; the white, well-jointed, and 
 polished stones in the sepulchre, resembling 
 those in Fox's chantry, seem to point out the 
 time when it was made ; and its honourable 
 situation, just before the Holy Hole, seems 
 better to become a superior of Silkstede's 
 merit, as a benefactor to the cathedral, than 
 any other prior, who lived near his time.O) 
 
 Upon the screen before us, we see a range 
 of niches, with canopies and pedestals, which 
 formerly contained statues of Christ and his 
 Blessed Mother, and of the illustrious per- 
 sonages undermentioned ; as appears by their 
 
 (l) This opinion indeed seems to militate against the 
 argument of our ingenious correspondent, drawn from the 
 dampness found in the coffin, which he supposes must 
 have been acquired in a different situation. But it will 
 be remembered that the leg bones of Edward IV. when 
 his tomb was opened a few years back at Windsor, were 
 found half immersed in a colourless insipid lymph, which 
 could not be accounted for in any other way than by sup- 
 posing that it was the matter into which the human mus- 
 cles were dissolved. See Vetusta Monumenta Soc. Antiq. 
 
 « 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 117 
 
 respective inscriptions in the following order : 
 
 ttpngtf£u£ rejr. &. 2Mrinu£ ep#ccpu£. Jf£ntoalDu£ 
 rey. aDoIpl)u^ rer fifing e)u£. €gbertu£ rer. Hfure* 
 du£ rer. €0toarDu£ rer senior. 2ti)etetenu£ rer. 
 ©omiiuig 3!e?u£. ^ancta Jjftaria. 
 
 oBDreDu^ rec. CDgarrer. ©mmaregtna. 3frojmu£ 
 ept^copu^. 45tf):lDreDu£ rer. g>. <£utoarfcu£ rer filiuj* 
 eju^. €anutu£ rer. i£arutcanutu£ rer films eju£. 
 
 From this catalogue of names, it is plain 
 that former writers have been under an error, 
 in supposing that the corresponding statues 
 were those of different Saxon kings buried in 
 the vault below or near this place ; since six 
 of the kings here named were not interred 
 at all in this cathedral, but in other places. 
 The real cause of these illustrious person- 
 ages being honoured with statues in our 
 church was, that they were its chief benefac- 
 tors. This circumstance, however, could not 
 save them from the destroying mallet of mo- 
 dern iconoclasts, to whose fanaticism every 
 resemblance of a human form in a place of 
 worship appeared to be an object of idolatry. 
 0) In the lower pail of this wall is seen a 
 
 (1) The late historian of Worcester informs us, that 
 Egwin, third bishop of that see, first introduced the use 
 of pious images into England. Upon enquiry, however, 
 he will find the Apostle of England, St. Gregory the 
 Great, was an avowed patron of images, as Bale and 
 
118 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 small arched way, now blocked up with ma- 
 sonry. This led down a stair-case into the 
 Western crypt, immediately under the high 
 altar and sanctuary ; which being the des- 
 tined place for the reception of relics, and the 
 interment of persons of eminent sanctity, was 
 hence called the Holy Hole, by which name 
 it constantly occurs in the original history of 
 this city. It is another egregious mistake in 
 modern writers, to speak of this as the royal 
 vault in which those persons were originally 
 buried, whose bones are now deposited in 
 the chests round the choir. The fact is, not 
 one of the latter was ever deposited in the 
 Holy Hole;0) but only such remains of 
 persons eminent for their sanctity as were 
 not contained within these sacred shrines. 
 As a sufficient proof of this, is the following 
 
 Peter Martyr confess, and that the use both of pictures 
 and images was introduced with Christianity itself, by 
 St. Augustine, who preached the gospel to King Ethelbert, 
 " with a cross carried before him for an ensign, and a 
 picture of our Saviour painted on a board. " Bede's ficc. 
 Hist. b. i. c. 25. King Ina is mentioned, in the records 
 of Glassenbury Abbey, as having bestowed upon it silver 
 images of the Blessed Virgin and the twelve Apostles. 
 Will. Malm. 
 
 ( 1 ) For example, we are assured that Canute was ori- 
 ginally buried before the high altar ; Rufus, in the choir ; 
 Edmund, son of Alfred, where Gardiner's chapel stands; 
 Stigand, at the entrance of the choir, &c. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 119 
 
 inscription, in large characters, over the said 
 vault : 
 
 $3i£ sib ®3€e &e$n%&&— «? 
 
 Turning round the north corner of the 
 screen, we enter into the north-east aisle of 
 Fox's church, whose devices, with those of 
 Cardinal Beaufort, frequently occur in it* 
 Here we view the outside of Gardiner's chan- 
 try, which exhibits the same confusion of the 
 Gothic and the Grecian architecture, which 
 we have reprobated in describing the inside 
 of it. His figure, like that of Fox on the op- 
 posite side, is exhibited as a skeleton, and 
 bears evident proofs of the indignity and 
 violence with which it has been treated. 
 Proceeding westward, under the mortuary 
 chest of Kinegils, we discover in the parti- 
 
 (1) The bodies of different saints are here buried in 
 peace, through whose merits many miracles shine forth, — 
 N.B. In the year 1789 an attempt was made, in the 
 presence of the author, to gain an entrance into the Holy 
 Hole, but upon removing the masonry which closes the 
 present entry, the crown of the arch above was found to 
 have been purposely destroyed, and the whole passage 
 and vault to be so entirely choaked with rubbish, that 
 there was a necessity of abandoning the undertaking. 
 
120 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 tion wall the monument of king Hardicanute, 
 the last Danish monaich, whose body was 
 brought hither from Lambeth for interment. 
 We observe upon it the figure of a ship, with 
 the following inscription : 
 
 <©iri jacet ])k regni ^ceptrum tulit ^ardicanutu& 
 €mmce Cnutonte snatu£ et ip£e f trit. 
 
 *©&♦ 3.©. mxli. (1) 
 
 Near to this, we find a similar monument 
 for the heart of Ethelmar, bishop of Win- 
 chester, and half-brother of Henry III., who, 
 having been long kept out of his diocese, 
 seems to have expressed his desire of return- 
 ing to it, by ordering his heart to be con- 
 veyed to this cathedral from Paris, where he 
 died. The following is the inscription on the 
 monument: 
 
 Corpus €t])thxian, cuju£ tor nunc tenet #tu& 
 &aj;um, $ari£tt£ morte Datur tumulo. 
 
 <©b. anno 1261. (2) 
 
 Leaving now the works of Fox, and de- 
 scendnig a flight of steps, we find ourselves 
 again amongst the ponderous and lofty archi- 
 
 (1) He who lies here , named Hardicanute, bore sceptre 
 of the kingdom, being the son of Emma and of Canute. 
 He died A. D. 1041. 
 
 (2) The body of Ethelmar, whose heart is enclosed in 
 this stone , lies buried at Paris. He died in the year 126 1 . 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 121 
 
 tecture of the Norman prelate, Walkelin, in 
 the northern transept. Under the organ 
 stairs is a mutilated bust, in stone, of a con- 
 ventual prior or bishop, with his heart in 
 his hands ; which, from the form of the 
 arch over it, is seen to be much more ancient 
 than the tomb of Waynflete. According to 
 one account, this represents Ethelmar ; ac- 
 cording to another, which is generally fol- 
 lowed, it is meant for a prior, by name 
 Hugh Le Bran. The former account, how- 
 ever, is much more probable ; because the 
 turn of the arch agrees with the time of 
 Ethelmar, but not with that of either of the 
 cathedral priors who bore the name of 
 Hugh. Secondly, this bust is not fixed, but 
 has been removed from another place ; pro- 
 bably from that where the heart rests, and 
 where it stood until Fox re-built the choir. 
 Lastly, the attitude of offering up the heart 
 seems to accord with the dying wish of 
 Ethelmar, but has no relation, that we 
 can discover, with the history of any of 
 the priors. Under the organ stairs, lower 
 down the steps, is a dark chapel, that has 
 hitherto been overlooked, though it is full 
 of paintings which, from the rudeness of their 
 style, are known to be proportionably an- 
 cient. Towards the east, where the altar 
 stood, is represented the taking down of our 
 
 d3 
 
122 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Lord's body from the cross, and the laying 
 it in the sepulchre : on the south side is 
 painted his descent into Limbus, and his 
 appearance to Mary Magdalen in the garden, 
 from whose lips the word Rabboni is seen 
 to proceed. It is not necessary to decipher 
 the other subjects ; but, from those already 
 mentioned, it is evident that this was the 
 chapel of the Sepulchre, as it was called, to 
 which there used to be a great resort in 
 Holy Week. In front of this, is seen a stone 
 coffin, raised a little out of the ground, 
 without any inscription or ornament, except 
 a processional cross upon the top of it. 
 This seems to denote the grave of one of 
 the cathedral priors. 
 
 There appears to have been different 
 altars, 0) probably as many as five, in the 
 
 (1) The scite of about twenty altars may still be ascer- 
 tained in this cathedral, but that was probably far from 
 being the whole number of them. A late writer on eccle- 
 siastical antiquities represents the multiplication of altars 
 in our cathedrals as a late innovation. See Green's His- 
 tory of Worcester. If, however, he will look into Al- 
 cuin's Poetical Description of York Cathedral, as it existed 
 in the eighth century, (for Alcuin wrote in the reign of 
 Charlemagne) he will find that it was, at that early age, 
 furnished with no fewer than thirty altars. Triginta tenet 
 variis ornalibus aris. Gale's x Scriptores versu, 1514. 
 The former author describes the altars as being built for 
 the sake of depositing relics under them. But, upon en- 
 quiry, he will find directly the reverse of this to have been 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 123 
 
 open part of the transept before us The 
 whole of it has been painted with the figures 
 of different saints and other ornaments, 
 some of which still remain. In particular, 
 against the west wall, at the extremity of 
 the transept, are still seen the traces of a 
 Colossal figure of a man, supporting a child. 
 This has been mistaken, by former writers, 
 for a representation of the battle between 
 Colbrand, and Guy, Earl of Warwick,, with 
 which it does not bear the slightest resem- 
 blance. It is evidently meant for the allego- 
 rical figure of St. Christopher carrying 
 Christ, (0 which was exceedingly common 
 in ancient times. Over this subject is clearly 
 
 the case. Finally, he tells us, that upon the introduction of 
 the doctrine of transubstantiation, it became necessary to 
 place the high altar in the centre of the cross aisle. In this 
 supposition, it was incumbent on the writer \o prove, by 
 authentic documents, that, at some determinate period, the 
 situation of the high altars in our great churches underwent 
 the change in question. This would have tended to fix the 
 hitherto undiscovered period, when the faith of the whole 
 church was changed in this capital article. The fact is, the 
 high altars retained the same situation in our cathedrals in 
 all ages ; namely, the east end of the great nave, not the 
 centre of the cross aisles. 
 
 (1) See An Inquiry into the History and Character of 
 St. George, Patron of England, of the Society of Antiqua- 
 ries, &c. by the author, in which the several figures and 
 emblems ascribed to different saints are explained and ac- 
 counted for. 
 
124 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 discernible that of the Adoration of the 
 Magi. The west aisle of the transept, con- 
 sisting of two chapels, in one of which there 
 is a bold specimen of the horse-shoe arch, 
 is now shut up from the body of the church, 
 in order to form work-shops for repairing 
 the fabric* 
 
 Having quitted the transept, and entered 
 into the great north aisle, we see on our left 
 hand the mutilated figure of an ancient 
 crusader, armed cap-a-pie, in a hawberk, 
 with his sword and his shield ; the latter of 
 which bears quarterly two bulls passant, 
 and three garbs, for the princely family of 
 De Foix ; of which was Captal De La Buch, 
 knight of the garter, of the first creation by 
 Edward III. On an adjoining slab, are the 
 arms of the royal families to which he ap- 
 pears to have been related — England, France, 
 Castile, Leon, &c. The deceased himself 
 was earl of a small place adjoining to Win- 
 chester, called Winhall, as we learn from the 
 following epitaph, which is said formerly to 
 have been on the monument : 
 
 £fjc jacet ©iTfielmttf Come? tie insula Sana afta£ 
 ©inealf. G) 
 
 (1) Here lies William, earl of the island Vana, other- 
 irise Wineall. The parish of Wineall lie* upon the river, 
 and might formerly have been insulated. 
 * See Supplement. 
 
ItfSlDE Of THE CATHEDRAL. 1*25 
 
 We now pass behind the pillar, against 
 which Bishop Hoadly's monument rests ; 
 adjoining to this, at the bottom of the steps, 
 is the sepulchre of the staunch old prelate, 
 Morley, with an interesting epitaph, com- 
 posed by himself, which, however, boasts of 
 nothing but his attachment to the cause of 
 royalty. It is enclosed with iron rails, and 
 over it hangs, probably by his own appoint- 
 ment, his mitre and crosier. It is plain, 
 from the two monuments now before us, 
 that death destroys all distinctions ; for 
 never were there men more opposite in their 
 religious and political principles than were 
 the two bishops of this see, who here lie 
 close together. Upon a pillar, adjoining to 
 Morley's monument, is a small plate of 
 brass, with an engraved epitaph to the me- 
 mory of Captain Boles. As no hero was, 
 perhaps, ever more deserving of an honour- 
 able commendation to posterity than the 
 deceased, so never, perhaps, was there an 
 epitaph more devoid of orthography and 
 grammar than that which is here erected to 
 his memory. 0) We could not have be- 
 lieved that the author of it was a clergyman 
 
 (1) It bgins, " A memorial! for this renowned martialist, 
 Richard Boles, of the right worshipful family of the Boles- 
 ses in Linkhorne sheire, collonell of a regiment of foot of 
 1300,"&c. 
 
 d4 
 
126 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 of the same honourable family at the end of 
 the 17th century, if he himself had not told 
 us so in the epitaph. Continuing our walk 
 down the north aisle, we find, lying close to 
 the wall, an ancient mutilated figure of black 
 marble, with a mitre on the head. It is dif- 
 cult to determine whether this represents a 
 bishop or a cathedral prior ; if the former, 
 and if it has always continued in the same 
 place, we have no difficulty in pronouncing 
 that it is the monument, and covers the 
 ashes, of the great and powerful prelate, 
 once the guardian of the king and kingdom, 
 Peter de Rupibus ; as it is particularly re- 
 corded of him, that, in his life-time, he chose 
 an humble place in his cathedral to be 
 buried in. 
 
 We now come to what may be called 
 the Crux Antiquariarum, or the Puzzle of 
 Antiquaries ; the ancient Cathedral Font. 
 This stands within the middle arch of Wyke- 
 ham's part of the church, on the north side, 
 and consists of a square block of marble, 
 supported by pillars of the same material. 
 It is covered on the top and the four sides 
 with rude carvings, which bespeak its an- 
 tiquity. There is no great difficulty in ex- 
 plaining those on the top, and two of the 
 sides, namely, the north and east sides. The 
 most distinguished ornaments of the top are 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 127 
 
 doves, emblematic of the Holy Ghost, 0) 
 which appear breathing in phials, surmount- 
 ed with crosses, supposed to contain the two 
 kinds of sacred chrism made use of in 
 baptism. The rest of the ornaments of 
 this part consist of Saxon zig-zag, pellets, 
 &c. On the sides, the dove is still repeated 
 in various attitudes, together with a salaman- 
 der, emblamatic of fire ; in allusion to that 
 passage of St. Matt. c. iii. v. 2, " He shall 
 baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with 
 fire." But now to speak of the sculptures 
 on the south and the west sides of the font : 
 these are universally allow T ed to represent 
 the history of some holy bishop, but no 
 antiquary has-, hitherto, succeeded in disco- 
 vering a personage of this description, to 
 whose known transactions these figures are 
 applicable. In the year 1786, the Society of 
 Antiquaries having caused two splendid 
 plates of this font to be engraved, their 
 learned director accompanied the delivery 
 of them to the members, wit;h a dissertation 
 on these carvings, consisting of seven folio 
 pages ; in which he supposes them to repre- 
 sent the history of St. Birinus, the apostle of the 
 West Saxons. Conformably with this system, 
 he explains the compartment in which the ship 
 
 (l) These figures frequently occur on the monuments of 
 the ancient Christians, found in the catacombs at Rome. 
 
128 INSIDE Of THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 appears, to relate to the saint's voyage into 
 England, on which occasion he makes him 
 save some of the mariner^, who were sleep- 
 ing on shore, from the imminent danger of 
 being drowned by the swell of the sea. But 
 we are to observe, that no such incident in 
 the life of Birinus is hinted to us by any 
 one of our ancient historians. The south 
 side he supposes to represent the death of 
 king Kinegils, who, being unable to execute 
 his pious design of building a cathedral at 
 Winchester, worthy of his capital city, and of 
 his holy instructor, obliged his son, Kene- 
 walch, to take a solemn oath, in the presence 
 of the saint and of his principal officers, 
 that he would compete the undertaking. 
 According to this explanation, the figure on 
 his knees is the dying king, who is delivering 
 a mass of earth or stone to his son, being 
 part of the materials which he had collected 
 for this pious work. We apprehend that 
 few persons who look upon the original, or 
 the copy of it, either in the Vetusta Monu- 
 menta, or in the Miscellaneous Plate, in the 
 History of Winchester, vol. 2, will be struck 
 with the probability of this interpretation. 
 With respect to the execution scene, the 
 learned writer seems to admit the impossi- 
 bility of adapting it to any known incident 
 in the life of St. Birinus. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 129 
 
 In rejecting the above explanation of the 
 hieroglyphics, we abandon a system which 
 we ourselves heretofore supported ; as will 
 appear by referring to the dissertation al- 
 luded to, in which the learned author ho- 
 noured our conjectures with insertion. The 
 mistake on all sides seems to have origin- 
 ated in a desire of carrying up this monu- 
 ment to the highest antiquity possible, and 
 of forcing it to apply to our national history. 
 On these two heads, a few preliminary re- 
 marks seem necessary. The learned author 
 supposes that this font, as well as another 
 greatly resembling it at Lincoln, has relation 
 to the age of St. Birinus, which means that 
 they were executed in the 7th century. But 
 this is evidently dating it too far backward ; 
 for certainly baptism by immersion, which 
 was performed by means of a bath, made 
 for this purpose, iu a building distinct from 
 the church itself, called a baptistery, was the 
 practice in this kingdom, as well as in other 
 parts of the church, at the time in question, 
 and for above two centuries later. Now the 
 font before us is not calculated for this mode 
 of baptizing, but rather for that of infusion 
 or aspersion. It is also agreed that mitres 
 did not make part of the episcopal ornaments 
 before the tenth century; which, neverthe- 
 less, we see on the head of the bishop here 
 
130 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL* 
 
 represented, in three different compartments* 
 In the second place, it is a source of error, 
 as we have remarked on the picture of St* 
 Christopher mentioned above, to refer all 
 ancient monuments of this kind to the history 
 of our own country. The saint, whose trans- 
 actions we suppose to be represented on the 
 side of this font, though a foreigner, was 
 better known and more celebrated in Eng- 
 land than St. Birinus himself. We speak of 
 St. Nicholas, bishop of M yra in Lycra, who 
 flourished in the fourth century, and was cele- 
 brated as the patron saint of children. His 
 name, which was famous throughout Christ- 
 endom from the time of his decease, became 
 much more celebrated in the west, upon his 
 relics being carried off from the said city, 
 then subject to the Mahometans, to that of 
 Bari, in Italy, in an expedition fitted out 
 there for that express purpose. This hap- 
 pened about the time of the Norman con- 
 quest, a period with which the architecture 
 of the church, represented on the south side, 
 agrees better than with any other period, 
 either more ancient or later. The history of 
 this saint is to be found abridged in the 
 Portiforium sen Breviarum, in usum Sa- 
 rum, and likewise in The Golden Legend ; 
 but the most ample and genuine account of 
 him occurs in Surius, translated from the 
 Greek of Simeon Metaphrastes. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 131 
 
 The first splendid action in the life of this 
 saint, which gave occasion to his being named 
 the patron of children, was his saving the 
 virtue of three virgins, which their father, 
 a man of noble birth, but reduced to poverty, 
 was tempted to make a traffic of. St. Ni- 
 cholas, to whom his parents had transmitted 
 an ample fortune, hearing of his intention, 
 and of the occasion of it, tied up a consider- 
 able sum of gold in a cloth, and to avoid the 
 ostentation of his charity, threw it by night 
 into the bedchamber of this unhappy father, 
 who, awaking and finding a sufficient sum 
 to portion one of his daughters, immediately 
 married her to a person of equal birth. The 
 same circumstance happening the following 
 night, the father took care to be upon the 
 watch the third night, for his unknown be- 
 nefactor ; when, discovering St. Nicholas to 
 be the person, he fell at his feet, calling him 
 the saviour of his own and his daughters* 
 souls. Let us now inspect the south side of 
 the font : we shall see this history repre- 
 sented, with only those few deviations which 
 are necessary for artists, in order to give a 
 comprehensive view of a complex transac- 
 tion. A bishop with his mitre, crosier, &c. 
 is seen .in front of a Saxon church, repre- 
 senting the cathedral of Myra. Before him 
 kneels an old man, with a long beard, who, 
 
132 
 
 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 kissing his hand, at the same time receives 
 from it into his own right hand a round 
 mass, curiously tied up at the ends, which, 
 with his left hand, he gives to a female 
 figure, as appears by the breasts, long hair, 
 and ornaments. Receiving thus her mar- 
 riage portion with her left hand, she holds 
 out her right towards a male figure, with 
 short hair on his head and chin, who proves 
 himself to be a man of noble birth, and a 
 fit husband for her, by the hawk which he 
 carries on his fist. In the intermediate 
 space, or back ground, another of these de- 
 voted daughters, with long hair and the 
 same kind of fillet as her sister wears, is 
 actually celebrating her marriage with a man 
 richly dressed They join their right hands, 
 whilst her left is placed upon her breast, and 
 his left holds a purse containing her portion. 
 There is not sufficient space on the west 
 side to exhibit the nuptials of the third 
 daughter. 
 
 The next remarkable incident in the life 
 of St. Nicholas, is his voyage to the Holy 
 Land.O) Having embarked for this purpose 
 
 (1) In the Golden Legend, c. ii. and in the Sarura 
 Breviary, a voyage next occurs, different in some circum- 
 stances ; in which, however, a storm is calmed by the 
 saint. But the account of Metaphrastes, extant in Surius, 
 is more ancient, and best agrees with the carvings. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 133 
 
 in a vessel bound to Egypt, he foretold a 
 dreadful storm, which soon overtook it, and 
 seemed on the point of overwhelming it. 
 The sailors, who, confident in their nautical 
 foresight and skill, had derided the saint's 
 prediction, now, with abundance of tears, 
 besought him to pray for their delivery; 
 which, when he had done, the storm was 
 appeased, and they arrived in safety at Alex- 
 andria. 
 
 Let us now examine the west side of the 
 font, which, consisting of four different com- 
 partments, is unavoidably crowded. The 
 first of these exhibits a ship, with ropes, a 
 mast, and a rudder, but without any sail, 
 the sure sign of its being in a storm. The 
 size of the vessel admits but of three figures. 
 Of these, one is labouring at the helm ; a 
 second, with his hands up to his eyes, ap- 
 pears to be weeping ; and a third, of superior 
 dignity, with his face averted, and his hands 
 stretched over the waves, seems to be ap- 
 peasing them by his prayers. 
 
 St. Nicholas being landed at Alexandria, 
 the fame of the above-mentioned miracle, 
 and of another which he had wrought at 
 sea, in restoring to life a mariner who had 
 been killed by a fall from the mast, occa- 
 sioned a great number of persons, labouring 
 
 d5 
 
134 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 under different disorders and calamities, to 
 be brought to him, all of whom he cured 
 and relieved, according to their several wants. 
 Hence, the next compartment to that which 
 we have explained exhibits two persons with 
 sorrowful countenances, and in a recumbent 
 posture, denoting their being ill, before a 
 bishop, who, holding one of them by the 
 hand seems to be raising him up to health ; 
 whilst a third, with unlifted hands and joyful 
 countenance, is expressing his astonishment 
 and gratitude for the miraculous cure which 
 he has just experienced. The lowest figure 
 of all, with a cup in his hand, belongs to a 
 different subject, as we shall afterwards show. 
 The most celebrated act, however, in the 
 life of St. Nicholas, next to that of his sav- 
 ing the chastity of the three virgins, was his 
 preserving the lives of three young men 
 of his cathedral city of Myra, whom the cor- 
 rupt and cruel prefect of the same, Eusta- 
 chius, had condemned to death, whilst the 
 saint was absent in Phrygia, appeasing a 
 popular commotion there, which threatened 
 the worst of consequences. Being informed, 
 by a speedy messenger, of what was trans- 
 acting in the aforesaid city, he flies ba«k to 
 it, where he finds the condemned youths at 
 the place of execution, with their necks bared, 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. J35 
 
 and a headsman, with his uplifted axe, on 
 the point of inflicting the fatal stroke ;(*) 
 when rushing forward, he snatches the in- 
 strument of death from his hands, and being 
 aided by the authority of certain imperial 
 officers of superior rank to Eustachius,whom 
 he had engaged to accompany him for this 
 very purpose out of Phrygia, he orders the 
 young men to be released, and leads them 
 back into the city in triumph. In allusion 
 to this history, we see, in the third compart- 
 ment of this side of the font, three persons 
 in a recumbent posture, ready to be be- 
 headed ; their bodies being covered with a 
 kind of mantle, to spare the labour of the 
 statuary. The executioner stands by them 
 with his uplifted axe : over his shoulder ano- 
 ther person appears to be giving orders for 
 the tragedy. The holy bishop's figure is the 
 next, though, to prevent the necessity of 
 repeating it in so contracted a space, he is 
 represented as attending to another figure, 
 which belongs to a different subject. 
 
 The last story here represented relates to 
 
 (1) Jam carnifex securim erexerat, et furenti similis, 
 truculentos oculos in miseras cervices defixerat At divinus 
 noster .... quid agis, sceleste ? Securim contine ! si- 
 mulque accedens securim e manibus extortam, abjicit ; tri- 
 bus damnatis lumina et manus reddit, bono animo esse 
 jubet, &c. Legend. Aur. c. iii. 
 
136 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 a miracle ascribed to St. Nicholas after his 
 death. It does not occur in Metaphrastes, 
 who confines his narration to the time of 
 the saint's life, but it is reported at length 
 by Jacobus de Voragine, and it is alluded to 
 in the Sarum Breviary. A certain noble- 
 man, being destitute of children, made a vow- 
 to St.. Nicholas, that if, through his prayers, 
 he should be blessed with a son, he would 
 conduct him, when of proper age, to the 
 saint's church at Myra, and there offer up a 
 golden cup, as a memorial of the heavenly 
 favour. His vow being heard, he ordered a 
 rich cup to be made for his intended offer- 
 ing; but, when it was brought to him, he 
 was so much pleased with the workmanship 
 of it, that he resolved to keep it for his 
 domestic use, and caused another like it to 
 be made, by way of fulfilling his obligation. 
 Being on his voyage to Myra, with his afore- 
 said son, and both the cups, he ordered him 
 to reach a little water, for some purpose or 
 other, in that which was first made. The 
 youth, in attempting to perform this, fell 
 overboard and sunk to the bottom of the 
 sea, with the vessel in his hand. The father 
 now reflected with sorrow on his irreligious 
 conduct, in preferring the gratification of 
 his fancy to the exact performance of his 
 religious vow. Nevertheless, he pursued 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 137 
 
 his voyage to Lycia, and placed the second- 
 made cup upon the altar of the saint, which., 
 as often as he performed it, was always 
 thrown off to a distance. At length, how- 
 ever, whilst the nobleman was offering up 
 his prayers, and the spectators were medi- 
 tating on the prodigy which they had seen^ 
 behold the lost child suddenly enters into 
 the church, and relates that, when he fell 
 into the sea, a venerable bishop had ap- 
 peared to him, who not only brought him 
 safe to the shore, bat also conducted him to 
 the city of Myra. By way of representing 
 this story, we see a child, as appears by his 
 countenance, lying in the water under the 
 rudder of the ship, in one of the former 
 compartments, with a cup in his right hand, 
 finely wrought and studded with jewels. It 
 was a contrivance of the statuary, to place 
 the drowning child where the sea had been 
 before represented, in order to find room for 
 exhibiting the completion of the miracle. 
 Accordingly, we see the same child, as ap- 
 pears by the dress and countenance, in the 
 present compartment, bearing the same 
 studded cup in his right hand, and conducted 
 by St. Nicholas, who has hold of his left. 
 
 The only remaining object that claims our 
 attention in the north aisle, previously to our 
 quitting the cathedral, is the tribune which 
 
 d6 
 
138 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 closes the upper part of it at the western ex- 
 tremity, being of the same workmanship with 
 the rest of Wykeham's fabric, and of course 
 part of his orignal plan. This is at present 
 made use of as an ecclesiastical court, but 
 seems to have been erected in order to con- 
 tain the extraordinary minstrels who per- 
 formed on grand occasions, when some pre- 
 late, legate, or king, was received at the 
 cathedral in solemn state by a procession of 
 the whole convent. At such times the cross- 
 bearers, acolyths, and thurifers, led the way, 
 and the bishop, prior, and other dignified 
 clergy, in their proper insignia, and the richest 
 vestments, closed the ranks. In the mean 
 time, the church was hung from one end to 
 the other with gorgeous tapestry, representing 
 religious subjects, the large hooks for sup- 
 porting which, still remain fixed to the in- 
 side of the great columns ; the altars dazzled 
 the beholders with a profusion of gold, silver, 
 and precious stones, the lustre of which was 
 heightened by the blaze of a thousand wax 
 lights ; whilst the well-tuned voices of a nu- 
 merous choir, in chosen psalms and anthems, 
 gave life and meaning to the various min- 
 strelsy that was performed in this tribune. 
 All this, we readily grant, is not devotion. 
 But will any one deny that such exterior 
 means are a help to excite our languid piety, 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 139 
 
 or that they are less beneficial in the present 
 dispensation, than when they were appointed 
 by the Deity himself in the first revelation 
 of his will to mankind ? Will any one pre- 
 tend that it was the spirit of piety which 
 caused Henry VIII. and the governors of 
 Edward VI. to strip the church of her exte- 
 rior magnificence ? Our present cathedrals 
 are but the remnant, both in their appearance 
 and their service,* of what they were several 
 ages backward ; still, however, the most 
 elevated and glowing geniusses of modern 
 times, such as a Milton and a Gray, have 
 confessed their power in producing the most 
 sublime and affecting sentiments, as the 
 former testifies in the following strain : 
 
 O let my due feet never fail 
 
 To walk the studious cloisters pale, 
 
 And love the high embowed roof, 
 
 With antique pillars, massy proof, 
 
 And storied windows, richly dight, 
 
 Casting a dim, religious light. 
 
 There let the pealing organ blow 
 
 To the full-voiced choir below, 
 
 In service high and anthems clear, 
 
 As may with sweetness, through mine ear, 
 
 Dissolve me into extacies, 
 
 And bring all heaven before mine eyes. 
 
 Il Penseroso. 
 
 * See Supplement. 
 
140 
 
 THE MOST REMARKABLE 
 
 MODERN MONUMENTS* 
 
 NOT NOTICED IN THE PRECEDING ACCOUNT. 
 
 At the bottom of the main south aisle, 
 near the western door, and adjoining to pre- 
 bendary Warners tomb-stone, is a black 
 marble slab, to commemorate the father of 
 the present learned Warden of the College, 
 novr Bishop of Hereford, with the following 
 inscription, the last line of which is taken out 
 of Horace : 
 
 M.S. 
 Jacobi Huntingford, 
 
 Qui, suis ah ! nimium desiderandus, obiit die ultimo Sept. 
 An. Domini 1772, iEtatis 48. 
 
 Multis ille bonis Jlebilis occidit. 
 
 Sacred to the Memory of 
 
 JAMES HUNTINGFORD, 
 
 Who, alas ! to the inexpressible loss of those who knew 
 
 him, departed this life Sept. 30, in the year of 
 
 our Lord 1772, of his age 48. 
 
 Viewing this mournful stone with streaming eyes, 
 The virtuous shall exclaim — ah! here he lies. 
 
 Against the wall that protects this tomb- 
 stone on the south side, the late bishop of 
 
 * See SapplemeaU 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 141 
 
 Winchester erected a beautiful and costly 
 monument, the work of Flaxman, to the 
 memory of his deceased lady, whose body, 
 as we shall have occasion to remark, is buried 
 in the nave of the church, considerably 
 higher up to the east. It consists chiefly of 
 two large allegorical figures; one of which, 
 a young and elegant female, denoting Con- 
 jugal Affection, or Domestic Piety, 0) is seen 
 tenderly embracing and weeping over a 
 funeral urn. The other, a grave matron, 
 which, by her attribute of the Calvary cross, 
 is known to be Faith, with one hand grasps 
 that of Piety, and with the other points up to 
 heaven, as the object of comfort and hope in 
 distress. It were to be w T ished, however, 
 that this figure of Faith had more of her 
 characteristic energy and sublimity in her 
 countenance and her attitude than are here 
 expressed. On the pyramid in the back 
 ground, is inscribed that apposite text of St. 
 Paul's, " The just shall live by Faith /' and 
 on the tablet underneath the figures is in- 
 scribed an epitaph highly descriptive of the 
 benevolence as well as the grief of the Right 
 Rev. mourner. It is as follows : — 
 
 (1) It must represent Human not Religious Piety, as 
 the latter is a virtue of a more sublime nature than Faith 
 itself, being a branch of that Charity, or the love of Go i, 
 which the apostle describes as perfect and immortai. 
 1 Cor. xiii. 
 
142 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL- 
 
 THE JUST SHALL LIVE BY FAITH, 
 
 To the Memory of 
 
 ' HENRIETTA MARIA NORTH, 
 
 Second Daughter of JOHN BANNISTER, Esq. and 
 
 ELIZABETH, his Wife, married to 
 
 The Hon. and Right Rev. BROWNLOW NORTH, 
 
 Bishop of Winchester, 
 
 Who, in the 46th year of her age, and on the 1 6th day of 
 
 November, 1796, 
 
 Virtuous, amiable and accomplished, 
 
 Dignified by every moral, 
 
 Graced by every social Excellence, 
 
 Firm in reliance upon her GOD, 
 
 Stedfast in the Faith of her Redeemer, Christ, 
 
 Terminated her exemplary and valuable Life, 
 
 This testimony of his perfect Admiration, undiminished 
 
 Gratitude, and never ceasing Regret, 
 
 Is placed by her affectionate and ever mindful Widower. 
 
 At a small distance above this monument, 
 are those of two doctors of physic, father and 
 son, each of whom bore the name of Nicholas 
 Stanley. The former died in 1686, and is 
 praised at full length for his integrity and 
 professional skill. Of the latter, only the age 
 and funeral date, viz. 1710, are recorded. 
 Instead of posthumous praises, the following 
 moral exhortation is addressed to the reader : 
 
 Abi, Lector ; hoc breve nihi sufficit epitaphium ; et 
 placet, si legas nee tui jam sis immemor sepulchri. 
 
 Go, reader ; this short epitaph is sufficient for me, if, in 
 quitting my grave, you think of your own. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 143 
 
 We have already noticed (0 the beauty of 
 Dean Cheney's mural monument, who died 
 in 1760, erected against the south wall, 
 within the fourth arch from the west end. 
 It is composed of the finest brocadillo, jas- 
 par, and statuary marbles, but designed and 
 executed with a taste and skill that greatly 
 surpass the value of the materials. From the 
 summit of a quadrangular urn, so fine as to 
 be almost transparent, a phoenix, surrounded 
 with flames, is seen to mount up ; the em- 
 blems of immortality. On one side of it 
 Wisdom is seated ; on the other side Hope ; 
 each with her proper emblems. On the oval, 
 in the centre of the urn, Religion is beheld 
 opening a sarcophagus, from which the de- 
 ceased, with his eyes fixed on her, appears 
 to be rising, whilst an angel from the clouds 
 is sounding the last trumpet. The whole 
 tablet, which forms a circle of a considerable 
 diameter, is enclosed with a wreath formed 
 of palm branches, bound together. 
 
 On the opposite side of the aisle, sur- 
 rounded with an iron palisade, is the marble 
 slab which covers the remains of Bishop 
 Trimnel, who died in 1723, with a copious 
 inscription, containing an account of his vir- 
 tues and his honours. The epitaph of his 
 brother, Dean Trimnel, (V who rests by his 
 
 (1) See p. 31. 
 
 (2) He died in 1729. 
 
144 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 side, and that of his nephew William, are not 
 less prolix. The intermediate space of the 
 south aisle is occupied by monuments of 
 several relatives of the late chancellor of the 
 c iocese, Dr. Sturges. 
 
 Within the fifth intercolumniation, and in 
 a line with Wickham's chantry, is a plain, de- 
 cent, mural monument of marble, with fluted 
 columns, to the memory of John Pentori, Esq. 
 ob. 1724. On the south-west and south- 
 east columns of the said chantry, are the fu- 
 neral tablets of two prebendaries, who were 
 both, in their times, schoolmasters of Wyke- 
 ham's college. , The first of these was Dr. 
 William Harris, who, dying in 1703, left 800/. 
 to ornament the choir, which money was, 
 in great part, expended on those Grecian 
 vases* that so uncharacteristically filled the 
 niches in the altar-screen, where the statues 
 of the apostles and patron saints of the West 
 Saxons formerly stood. In these days the 
 images of patriarchs and prophets would, in 
 similar circumstances, be placed under the 
 canopies without any imputation of idolatry, 
 and certainly with more beauty and effect 
 than the above-named vases. The latter of 
 these college masters was Christopher Eyre, 
 LL.B. who yielded to fate in 1743. 
 
 The sixth intercolumniation of the south 
 aisle is filled with the most valuable, as well 
 
 * See Supplement. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 145 
 
 as the most magnificent mural monument 
 in the whole cathedral. It represents Bishop. 
 Willis, 0) who was interred near it, as large 
 as life, with soft flowing robes, gracefully re- 
 posing on a rich ancient sarcophagus. His 
 left arm, with natural ease, supports itself 
 on a pile of books, whilst his right hand is 
 significantly extended, and his countenance, 
 with speaking features, is fixed on heaven. 
 The architecture of the pediment under 
 which he rests, as also of the columns and 
 entablature that support it, being all of the 
 finest veined and spotted marbles, is superb 
 without being heavy, and forms a finished 
 specimen of the Composite Order. The 
 sculptor, whose name was Cheere — a name " 
 that deserves to be transmitted to posterity 
 with that of Roubiliac, has been guilty of 
 one error, which is said to have preyed so 
 much upon his mind as to occasion his 
 death. He has made his statue face the 
 west end, instead of the east end of the 
 church, contrary to all precedent, ancient 
 and modern. (X) 
 
 Under the next arch is seen a tablet of far 
 inferior merit, both for materials, design, 
 
 (1) ObiitA.D. 1734. 
 
 ' (2) In some countries it has been the practice to bury 
 priests so as to face the west, but this practice seems never 
 to have prevailed in 6iir own. 
 
 E 
 
146 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 and execution. It commemorates, however, 
 the indivisible companion and friend of bishop 
 Willis, uean Naylor, of this cathedral, who 
 died in 1739, on which account the situation 
 which it occupies was chosen for it. Under 
 the ta 1 let itself is an oval of white marble, 
 deserving of notice, on which the proper 
 emblems of Death, Judgment, Time, and 
 Eternity, are pourtrayed. It is inscribed 
 with the significative word, MEMENTO.O) 
 The eighth nural monument consists of a 
 plain marble tablet, without ornament or 
 pompous epitaph, to the memory of Dr. Ed- 
 mund Pyle, prebendary of the cathedral, 
 who died in 1 776. Opposite to this, on the 
 south side of the nave, under a large ancient 
 torn!) stone ( 2 ) which adjoins to that of bishop 
 
 (1) Remember. 
 
 (2) This stone, which denotes the sepulchre of a former 
 mayor of Winchester, by name Thomas Bowland, and of 
 his wife, Editha, deserves the particular notice of those 
 who are studious of the history and antiquities of our city, 
 as it overturns the authority of one of its most accredited 
 records, namely, the supposed list of its mayors since 
 Florence tie Lunn, in the year 1184. For it is to be 
 observed, that no such name as the above-mentioned is 
 therein to be found. The list of which we are speaking 
 was, about twenty years ago, painted upon the present 
 tables, from an old parchment which seems to have been 
 written in the 1 6th, or the beginning of the 17th century, 
 a period that was infamous for forgeries of various kinds. 
 About that time, some charters and records of London, 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 147 
 
 Home, is the place of burial of the late 
 bishop of Winchester s lady. 
 
 Under the ninth window from the west end, 
 is the elegant funeral tablet of the late earl 
 of Banbury, with an epitaph containing an 
 account of his family, and of his domestic 
 and public virtues. He died in 1793. In an 
 oval beneath are inscribed the name and age 
 of the late countess of Banbury, who died in 
 1798. 
 
 The last, in the series of mural monu- 
 ments in the great south aisle, is one erected 
 to the memory of the late Dr. Balguy, arch- 
 deacon of the diocese, who being gifted with 
 natural and acquired talents that must have 
 insured him success and fame in any station 
 that he might occupy, had yet the rare mo- 
 deration of declining the highest dignity of 
 his profession, when it was in his power to 
 have risen to it. The proof of this, amongst 
 his other praises, is here recorded in his 
 epitaph. The monument is, at the same 
 
 as well as of Winchester, began to appear, for which there 
 is no evidence of a prior date. The inscription on ihj 
 said grave-stone, which is deeply cut in uncial letters, 
 stands as follows :— 
 
 tyk jacent Otjjomag 25otoIanD quon&am major 
 !©mton Cfoitaty qui ofaitt gerto fcecimo trie mzn$i$ 
 <©ctobri£ anna ©m jllftttteftft&o ^uabctgentt^ima 
 <&cta$je££imo v. <£t <£iritba uror eju£ qu*e obfit xiii. 
 mtn$i$ ©ctobn'g .... 
 
148 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 time, simple and elegant, being judiciously 
 designed and masterly executed. It consists 
 of a proper sized urn of Parian marble, with 
 a black veined marble pyramid, charged 
 with arms, that forms the back ground. The 
 whole finishes at the bottom with grapes 
 and foliage of the most exquisite workman- 
 ship. 
 
 Nearly opposite to the monument of Dr. 
 Balguy, and corresponding with that of 
 Bishop Hoadly, being placed against the 
 pillar on the steps leading up to the choir, 
 is a memorial, lately erected, to the memory 
 of another celebrated literary character, the 
 contemporary and friend of Dr. Balguy, viz. 
 the famous Master of Winchester College, 
 Dr. Warton.* He is represented at full 
 length, as seated in a chair with a book in 
 his hand, teaching a set of boys, who are 
 standing before him. This mode of repre- 
 sentation, however characteristic of the ge- 
 neral occupation of Dr. Warton's life, and 
 descriptive of the affection and gratitude of 
 his scholars, who raised this monument, is 
 perhaps less appropriate and less honourable 
 to the deceased, than if he had been exhi- 
 bited in a rapture of poetic enthusiasm, re- 
 peating the verses of some favourite bard, or 
 writing his own Ode to Fancy. The "cojin- 
 
 * Set* Supplement. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 149 
 
 tenance is animated, but much too youthful 
 to please those who had not known the de- 
 ceased till within twenty years before his 
 death ; and the live-long wig, that used to 
 flow on his shoulders, is ill supplied by the 
 stiff-tufted head-dress on the Parian stone 
 before us. The countenances, figures, an I 
 the grouping of the youthful band are de- 
 servedly admired. In the back ground ar -5 
 two bas reliefs, inscribed in Greek characters 
 Homer and Aristotle, to denote the talents 
 of the decased in poetry and criticism. His 
 mortal remains (as will be afterwards men- 
 tioned) lie in a different part of the cathe- 
 dral. The sculptor of the present monument 
 is the same who executed that of Mrs. 
 North, viz. Mr. Flaxman, of London. The 
 following is the inscription engraved upon 
 it: — 
 
 H. S. E. 
 
 Josephus Warton, S. T. P, 
 
 Hujus ecclesi© 
 
 Prebendarius 
 
 Scholae Wintoniensis 
 
 | Per annos fere triginta 
 
 Informator 
 
 Poeta fervidus facilis expolitus 
 
 Criticus euriditus perspicax elegans 
 
 Obiit XXIII Feb. MDCCC. 
 
 jEtat LXXVIII. 
 
 Hoc qualecunque 
 
 Pietati^ monumentum 
 
 E 2 
 
IpiOi INSIPE OF THE CATHED^At* 
 
 Praeceplori optimo 
 
 JLJesiderati^simo 
 
 Wiccamici sui 
 
 P. C. 
 
 On the pavement before this monument, 
 and close to Edington's chantry, is the sepul- 
 chre and funeral stone of the late Bishop 
 Thomas, Who died in 1781. His epitaph 
 recounts the successive honours to which he 
 rose ; amongst which, the greatest is his hav- 
 ing v in quality of tutor, formed the young 
 mind of so good a man as his late Majesty. 
 Further eastward is a black marble slab, 
 with an epitaph to commemorate the pre- 
 mature death of Miss Isabella Newton Ogle, 
 daughter of the late Dean Ogle, who died in 
 1780, agedfsixteen years. 
 
 Within the recess of the south transept, 
 wnere it joins the nave of the church, is a 
 large andcostly mausoleum of white marble, 
 enriched with military and naval trophies, 
 and with other ornaments, which altogether 
 have a heavy appearance, to the memory ot 
 Sir Isaac Towlisend, knight of the garter, 
 and one of the lords of the admiraltv, who 
 departed this life in 17*il. His epitaph is on 
 the foot of the tomb* On the opposite side 
 is one to the memory of his lady* 
 
 In- the southihost of the two chapels, in 
 this transept, the most remarkable monu- 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 151 
 
 rtient consists of a flaming urn, under a Doric 
 arch, ornamented with sepulchral lamps and 
 family arms. It is erected to the memory of 
 Dr. John Nicholas, prebendary of the cathe- 
 dral, and successive scholar, fellow, and 
 warden of both Wykeham's Colleges, on 
 which lie expended vast sums of money 
 with greater liberality than judgment. The 
 epitaph celebrates his virtues and good deeds 
 at great length : whilst his wife, who lies by 
 him, is praised for having ordered, with her 
 dying breath, that no posthumous praises 
 should be bestowed upon her. 
 
 In the adjoining chapel are several monu- 
 ments of the Eyre, Dingley, Mompesson, 
 and other families. One of these commemo- 
 rates Mary, the lady of Colonel Young, who 
 was gentleman of the privy chamber to 
 Charles I. She herself was the daughter of 
 William Bridges, Esq. and grand-daughter 
 of Thomas Bridges, Baron Chandos, (0 of 
 Sudley. She died in 1687, aged 80. On 
 the pavement, in the front of this chapel, is 
 a large marble tomb-stone, with a long 
 epitaph to the memory of Madam Mary 
 Davis, as she is called, daughter of Sir 
 Jonathan Trelawney, Bart. Her husband, 
 Colonel Davis, is also here recorded, at 
 
 (1) Called in the epitaph Baron Chandris of Sudley. 
 
152 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 length, for his valour, and for having received 
 his death wound at the famous siege of 
 Namur, under king William. She died in 
 1707. 
 
 Ascending the steps, which lead out of 
 the transept, through the iron gate, into the 
 south aisle of the presbytery, after passing 
 a considerable way over the hollow crypts 
 that undermine this part of the church, we 
 come at length to a mural monument of 
 very late date, namely, that of Dr. Turner, 
 prebendary, who died in 1798. It is raised 
 against the south wall, opposite to Beau- 
 fort's chantry, and consists of a plain white 
 tablet and urn, supported, according to a 
 late fashion, by a heavy square pier of plain 
 Portland stone. Altogether it offends the 
 eye, and produces the most fatal effect in 
 strikingly interrupting that beautiful arcade, 
 supported by light and bold pillars, with in- 
 termediate quatrefoil ornaments, with which 
 our ancient prelate, Godfrey de Lucy, orna- 
 mented the whole inside of this his portion 
 of the cathedral, according to the early 
 Gothic style. It is true, this is not the only 
 violation of the original work that occurs ; 
 for, a little higher up, we behold the stiff and 
 clumsy upright statue of Sir John Clobery, 
 O) under an Ionic arch, and surrounded with 
 
 (!) Sfee hH epitaph i full, p, 101. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 153 
 
 warlike instruments, which cover no small 
 part of it. Still, however, this statue, indiffer- 
 ent and ill-placed as it is, has its use in mark- 
 ing the gradations of modern dress and ac- 
 coutrements. Particularly it shows the last 
 remnant of the ancient helmet, which is seen 
 peeping above the enormous periwig of the 
 reign of Charles II. ; and we see the first 
 rudiments of the modern coat, into which the 
 cloak of the former reigns was then trans- 
 formed. 
 
 Near the eastern extremity of this aisle, 
 are the monuments of several persons of high 
 rank, but all of them on the pavement ; 
 namely, of James Touchet, Baron Audley 
 and Earl of Castlehaven, who died in 1700 ; 
 of the Countess of Exeter^ deceased in 1663; 
 of Lord Henry Paulet, in 1672 ; of Elizabeth 
 Shirley, daughter of the Earl of Ferrers, in 
 1740; also of the Countess of Essex, whose 
 epitaph concludes with the following particu- 
 lar : 
 
 Obiit penult. Aug. A.D. 1656, et hie sepulta, oratione 
 funebri a marito ipso, more priseo, laudata fuit. (1) 
 
 (1) She died August 30, 1656, and was here interred, 
 having been celebrated by her husband in a funeral ora- 
 tion, after the ancient manner. The husband here spoken 
 of was her second husband, and seems to have made the 
 epitaph as well as the oration, by name Sir Thomas Hig- 
 gins, Knight, who died in 1692, and lies buried near his 
 countess. 
 
154 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 There is one, however, of these funeral 
 stones, directly under the wall, which has the 
 distinction of being surrounded by an iron 
 palisade. This covers the remains of Baptist 
 Levinz, who was, at the same time, Bishop 
 of the Isle of Man, and prebendary of this 
 cathedral. His copious Latin epitaph cele- 
 brates him as an imitator of the primitive 
 fathers, and a possessor of all episcopal vir- 
 tues, amongst which are mentioned his ab- 
 stemiousness and frequent fasting. Such 
 were the approved ethics so lately as the 
 year IG92, in which Bishop Levinz died. 
 
 There is no modern monument in Lang- 
 ton's chapel, at the eastern extremity of the 
 south aisle, and but one in the adjoining 
 Lady Chapel ; and that is a cenotaph, or 
 empty sepulchre, as appears by the following 
 inscription upon it : — 
 
 Anno Salutis 1705. iEtatis suae 58. 
 Carolus hunc posuit lapidem Layfieldus inanem, 
 
 Praesenti exequias dum paret ipse sibi. 
 Si tamen hie nolit Deus illius ossa jacere, 
 
 Turn teneat vacuus nomen inane lapis. 
 
 In the year of our Redemption 1705, of his age 58. 
 Charles Layfield placed this empty funeral monument, 
 Whilst he prepared, in his life time, his future sepulchre. 
 But if it be God's will that his bones should rest else where, 
 Then let this stone record at least his insignificant name. 
 
 The occasion of this stone and inscription 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 155 
 
 was, that Dr. Charles Layfield, having new 
 paved the Lady Chapel, prepared, at the same 
 time, his own sepulchre in it, which, how- 
 ever, he never filled. In performing this 
 work, there is reason to believe that he de- 
 stroyed a great number of interesting ancient 
 tomb-stones, some of which, in a reversed 
 situation, form a part of the present pave- 
 ment. 
 
 In the remaining chapel, at the eastern 
 extremity of the cathedral, are, as we have 
 already noticed, (0 the monument and epis- 
 copal ornaments of Bishop Mews, and the 
 altar tomb, with the inimitable recumbent 
 statue, in bronze, of Richard Weston, Duke 
 of Portland, lord high treasurer under 
 Charles L with marble busts of three of his 
 family. 
 
 Adjoining to the last-mentioned chapel, 
 is a stone to the memory of Sarah, daughter 
 of Sir Richard Tichborne, Bart., who died in 
 1616 ; also the monuments of several of the 
 Mason family, one of whom, a lady of the 
 name of Catherine, celebrated for her beauty, 
 piety, and chastity, scores her deceased hus- 
 bands in the following order : 
 
 r Jobannis Vaux, Med. Dr. 
 Relicta J Thomae Hussey, Arrag. 
 
 VRoberti Mason, Equit. Aurat. 
 
 (1) See page 109. 
 
156 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 r John Vaux, Doctor of Physic. 
 She was the widow ofv Thomas Hussey , Esquire. 
 
 LRobt. Mason, Knight of the Garter. 
 
 Not far from the same place are the grave- 
 stones of two worthy characters, whose epi- 
 taphs, in part, deserve to be repeated for the 
 honour of the deceased, and the exhortation 
 of the living. The first of these is in me- 
 mory of William Symonds, the worthy ma- 
 gistrate of this city, who founded CHRIST'S 
 HOSPITAL, still subsisting in Winchester. 
 His epitaph concludes as follows : 
 
 His merit doth inherit life and fame, 
 For whilst this city stands, Symoods his name 
 In poor men's hearts shall never be forgptten ; 
 For poores prayers rise, when flesh lies rotten. 
 
 The second of these commemorates Dr. 
 W. Coker, a physician, whose departed 
 spirit is addressed in the conclusion of the 
 epitaph as follows : 
 
 Si lapis iste siluerit, enarrabunt te fere pietati monu- 
 menta quotquot in hac urbe vagantur pauperes. 
 
 Should this stone be silent, yet the living monuments of 
 thy charity, which survive in all the poor of the city, will 
 record thy praise, (1) 
 
 Descending from this side of the church 
 into the north transept, are various modern 
 
 (l)This and the preceding epitaph being now much 
 defaced, are borrowed from Gale, who copied them a 
 century ago. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 157 
 
 monuments on the pavement, not sufficiently 
 interesting to be here particularly noticed, 
 and yet by no means deserving of the ridi- 
 cule that has been cast upon some of them 
 in a former account of the cathedral. O) 
 
 Nothing now remains, but to give an ac- 
 count of the mural monuments in the great 
 north aisle, from the transept down to the 
 western door. The first of these is erected 
 to the memory of the Rivers' family, of which 
 the epitaph on the tablet gives a full account. 
 This is surmounted by a pyramid of beauti- 
 ful black and white marble, with shields upon 
 it, elegantly displayed and executed. The 
 summit of the pyramid is crowned with the 
 family crest, a bull collared and chained. 
 
 Under the next arch towards the west, is 
 an exceedingly splendid monument, consist- 
 ing of the choicest Parian and Sienna mar- 
 bles, with a gilt border round the epitaph. 
 The chief sculpture on it represents a large 
 urn, with a weeping willow drooping over it ; 
 there is also a second urn at the top of the 
 pyramid. The persons here commemorated 
 are Ann, the wife of James Morley, Esq. 
 of Kempshot in this county, who died in 
 1787, and James Morley himself, who fol- 
 
 (1) Seethe burlesque verses on the family of Rivers, 
 on that of Harris, of Silkstede, &c. in the duodecimo 
 History of Winchester, .vol. i. p. 76, 77, &c. 
 
 e3 
 
158 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 lowed her to eternity in 1798. This me- 
 morial is placed at a small distance from the 
 burial place of bishop Morley and his family. 
 It does not, however, appear that the de- 
 ceased, though of the same name, was related 
 to it. 
 
 In the third intercolumniation, we view the 
 tasteful marble monument of Mat. Comb, 
 M.D. who departed this life in 1748. It 
 consists of an urn, adorned with garlands and 
 flowers, standing upon a sarcophagus, with a 
 pyramid and sepulchral lamps. It is a defect, 
 however, that the urn, like that of Dr. Ni- 
 cholas, mentioned above, is rather an elegant 
 vase than a cinerary vessel, which latter re- 
 quires to be flat and low, like the one in 
 Dr. Balguy's monument. It is also an in- 
 congruity to introduce both a sarcophagus 
 and an urn into the monument of a single 
 person ; the former indicating that the body 
 was buried, the latter that it was burnt. 
 
 We next come to a plain Doric monu- 
 ment with fluted columns, in memory of 
 Charles Woodroffe, LL.D. a prebendary of 
 the cathedral, who died in 1728, and of Eliza- 
 beth, his wife, who preceded him, in 1721. 
 But if the monument itself is modest, the 
 epitaph is not so ; for it represents, in plain 
 terms, the persons deceased as possessing 
 every virtue and qualification which can re- 
 spectively adorn man and woman. 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 159 
 
 The fifth intercolumniation is loaded with 
 a clumsy monument of bad Corinthian archi- 
 tecture, with whimsical ornaments. The epi- 
 taph, which appears not to have been en- 
 graved, but barely painted, is now obliterated, 
 so that it is not known for whom it was in- 
 tended. By the style, however, of the archi- 
 tecture, it is certainly known to have been 
 erected by those Vandals, in the 16th and 
 the beginning of the 17th century, who, in 
 excuse for having 1 destroyed so much beauti- 
 ful workmanship of former ages, branded it 
 with the opprobrious name of Gothic. On 
 the adjoining eastern pillar, is a neat marble 
 monument of the true Corinthian order, to 
 the memory of Robert Pescod, Esq. who 
 died in 1725. 
 
 The next mural monument commemorates 
 Sir Villers Chernock, Bart, who died in 1779, 
 and likewise his lady, who departed this life 
 ten years after him. It is exceedingly splendid; 
 consisting of the most beautiful marbles, and 
 being enriched with emblematical sculpture 
 in alto relievo. On one side of the urn, 
 under a weeping willow, stands Justice with 
 her sword and scales. On the other is 
 Charity, feeding and clothing poor children. 
 The following defects, however, will strike 
 every spectator of taste : the sulpture of the 
 willow is uncommonly heavy. Indeed none 
 
160 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 of our cathedral artists have succeeded in 
 representing that tree. In the next place, 
 the sword and scales of Justice, as well as 
 the spoon of the child, are seen to be of 
 metal. Now for the imitative arts to adopt 
 any kind of reality, instead of the represent- 
 ation, is to confess a poverty that does not 
 belong to them, and to deprive the spectator 
 of the proper pleasure which they are in- 
 tended to produce, that of a just imitation. 
 With as much propriety might Chfoftty pre- 
 sent one of the children whom she is cloth- 
 ing with real cloth, as she has furnished the 
 other with a real silver spoon to eat his mess 
 with. 
 
 The seventh intercolumniation, correspond- 
 ing with the ancient font, is the only one 
 that we have yet had occasion to notice in 
 either aisle, as being vacant of a mural mo- 
 nument ; yet underneath this pavement re- 
 pose personages as well deserving of that 
 honour as any of those upon whom it has 
 been conferred. Here lies the glory of her 
 sex, the late Mrs. Montague, whose benevo- 
 lence and charities the poor will long re- 
 member; and whose genius, displayed in 
 the vindication of its favourite poet, the 
 English nation will never forget. Within 
 these two or three years an elegant monu- 
 ment has been placed against the wall, above 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 16! 
 
 the spot where she lies, to her own memory 
 and that of her husband, who died many 
 years before her, and lies interred by her 
 side. The figures on this memorial are seen, 
 by their attributes, to be those of Justice and 
 Science; and on the urn, which is placed 
 between them, Hymen is seen extinguishing 
 his torch. The figures are executed by some 
 foreign artist of the metropolis, with great 
 elegance and spirit, and the easy flow of the 
 drapery exhibits a lesson to most of our na- 
 tive sculptors. It is a defect, that the fin- 
 gers are either too small, or placed too high 
 above the beholder ; and it is a much more 
 lamentable impropriety, that the beautiful 
 and symmetrical mouldings of Wykeham 
 should, in another instance, be blocked up 
 by the rude and heavy screen against which 
 the monument is placed. 
 
 Here also rests, without a stone to tell 
 where he lies, 0) the far-famed master of 
 Winchester College, who has raised so many 
 other persons to fame, both by his pen and 
 his living instructions, Dr. Joseph Warton, 
 lately deceased. 
 
 Near this honoured spot is a monument 
 to the memory of Colonel James Morgan, 
 
 (1) Since the first edition of this Appendix, a splendid 
 monument has been raised to him, as described in p. 148, 
 to which the present hint may perhaps have given occasion. 
 
 E 4 
 
162 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL* 
 
 late of Southampton, (son-in-law to the late 
 Dr. Warton) who died in 1808, aged 68 
 years. 
 
 Below the next window, towards the west, 
 is another of those clumsy monuments, of 
 the period above-mentioned, with an epi- 
 taph, which for its qnaintness some readers 
 will think deserving of notice. It runs thus : 
 
 A Union of two Brothers from Avington, The Clerks 
 Family were, Grandfather, Father, and Son, successively, 
 Clerks of the Privy Seal. William, the Grandfather, had 
 but two sons, both Thomas's, their wives both Amys's, and 
 their heirs both Henry's, and the heirs of the Henry's both 
 Thomas's. Both their wives were inheritrixes, and both 
 had two sons and one daughter, and both their daughters 
 issueless. Both of Oxford, both of the Temple, both 
 Officers to Queen Elizabeth and our Noble King James. 
 Both Justices of the Peace, both agree in arms, the one a 
 Knight, the other a Captain. Si Quaeras Avingtonum, 
 Petas Cancellum. Impensi Thomae Clark of Hide. 1662. 
 
 Underneath the ninth arch from the north 
 transept, is an elegant mural tablet and 
 pyramid, erected by Major Poole, to the 
 memory of his lady, who died in 1779, and 
 of her father Thomas Lacey, Esq. who died 
 lieutenant-governor of Tinmouth Castle, in 
 .J 763. There are urns inscribed with the 
 above recorded names and dates, as likewise 
 a vacant one for those of the major himself, 
 but all three of so small a size, that they 
 
INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 163 
 
 might pass rather for lachrymatories than 
 for urns. 
 
 The next monument has been placed by 
 Isabella, the daughter of Lancelot Lee, Esq. 
 in memory of her husband George Hurst, 
 Esq. who died in 1783, and lies here in- 
 terred : and two of her children, who died 
 and lie buried in India. 
 
 The last mural monument in this series is 
 erected to the memory of the late Dr. Lit- 
 tlehales, many years physician in this city. 
 The figures on the tablet represent the story 
 of the good Samaritan, and are beautifully 
 sculptured by J. Bacon, jun. of London. 
 Below these is the following inscription : 
 
 Near to this place are deposited the Remains of 
 JOHN LITTLEHALES, M.D. 
 Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London, 
 And formerly of Pembroke College, Oxford. 
 His eminent professional talents, by the blessing of Divine 
 Providence, 
 Were successfully exerted, with a Generosity so dis- 
 tinguished, 
 And with Beneficence to the Poor so diffusive and un- 
 wearied, 
 Amidst a very extended practice, 
 That his Decease was an Event most deeply regretted and 
 
 lamented. 
 
 The principal inhabitants of Winchester and its Neigh^ 
 
 bourhood 
 
 Have erected this Monument. 
 
 As a public Record of their affectionate Gratitude, 
 
 To the Memory of their Friend and Benefactor ; 
 
164 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 But from the Saviour of the World, 
 
 Whose Faith he adorned by a Life devoted to Christian 
 
 Benevolence, 
 
 He will receive his final reward. 
 
 He departed this Life the 2d of January 1810. 
 
 Aged 57 years. 
 
 Underneath is a crucifix and a book open, 
 en which is cut the following inscription : 
 
 The Blessing of him that was ready to perish came upon 
 me. Job : Chap. XXIX. Verse xiii. 
 
 The ornaments and entablature are of 
 white marble, the ground black marble. 
 
 The general fault, however, of all these 
 mural monuments, is, that however beautiful 
 in themselves, being universally of Grecian 
 architecture, they cannot possibly assimilate 
 with the general style of the venerable fabric 
 in which they are placed, and, on the con- 
 trary, that they necessarily cover some of 
 its appropriate and essential ornaments. 
 This, indeed, is common to almost all modern 
 monuments in Gothic cathedrals. But what 
 seems to distinguish those in our own, par- 
 ticularly those which have been more re- 
 cently erected, is, that they are so placed as 
 to occasion the destruction or loss of infi- 
 nitely more of the ancient ornamental work 
 than there is any occasion for : it being the 
 present practice to carry up a large pier of 
 
INSIDE Otf THE CATHEDRAL. 165 
 
 plain stone from the ground, in order to sup- 
 port the smallest tablet, which might equally 
 well have been fixed against the wall, (as we 
 see in some of those of more ancient date,) 
 and even to cover the whole intercolumnia- 
 tion with a screen or wall of Portland stone ; 
 just as if the rich and beautiful mullions and 
 arches of the original architecture, were 
 defects which ought, as much as possible, to 
 be concealed from view. 0) 
 
 (1) To form a judgment how much the practice, here 
 reprobated, takes ofF from the perfection, and violates 
 the beauty of a cathedral finished in the rich pointed style 
 of past ages, it will be proper for the intelligent observer, 
 as we have elsewhere noticed, to place himself, for ex- 
 ample, in the centre of Wykeham's magnificent fabric. 
 " He will there view the massive cluster columns, like the 
 trunks of huge trees in a grand vista, shooting out their 
 main branches to form the grand arches of the nave, and 
 thence towering up to a vast height, and ramifying into 
 the various intersections of the vaulting ceiling. Corres- 
 ponding with those branches, but in a different direction, 
 are boughs, which meeting in a point with other boughs 
 that grow from a series of smaller cluster columns on the 
 opposite sides, form the enchanting perspective of the 
 long drawn side-aisles. The intercolumniations of the 
 nave are of course open to the body of the church; those 
 of the side-aisles from the principal windows, down to 
 within about fifteen feet from the pavement. These 
 spaces have been decorated, by the taste and skill of 
 Wykeham, with cinquefoil arches, and with mouldings 
 exactly corresponding with the mullions of the windows, 
 and being, in fact, a continuation of them down to the 
 ground. Thus the whole main body of the church, as it 
 
166 INSIDE OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 came from the hands of its immortal founder, was, through- 
 out, uniformly ornamented with a tasteful elegance that 
 hardly admitted of any addition, and with a chaste sim- 
 plicity that certainly allowed of no diminution." It is 
 true that the violation of the symmetry and beauty, here 
 described, is not contined to the cathedral of this city, nor 
 to cathedrals of this kingdom. On the contrary, most of 
 the Gothic churches on the continent exhibit grosser archi- 
 tectural barbarisms, and a crreater contempt of the skill by 
 which they were raised, than; are to be met with in our own. 
 Still it is for the interest of science and of the arts, that 
 errors and defects relating to them, however general and 
 inveterate, should be pointed out, and that every one who 
 has it in his power, should lend his aid to correct the 
 public taste where it is vicious. It is not here intended 
 to censure the practice of erecting monuments in ancient 
 churches to the memory of distinguished personages : but 
 any person, moderately skilled in the Pointed or Gothic 
 Architecture, would show how a monument of any dimen- 
 sions whatsoever, from a simple shield to a gorgeous mau- 
 soleum, might be so constructed as not to disfigure but 
 rather to decorate ancient cathedrals. The public is at 
 length convinced of the impropriety of Inigo Jones's 
 beautiful Grecian screen at the entrance of the choir. It 
 will hereafter learn that every erection or ornament what- 
 soever ought to assimilate with the style of the fabric to 
 which it belongs. 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
Supplement to t\)t Nmtlj ISDtttcm. 
 
 To preserve entire and unbroken the order of Dr. Mil- 
 ner's narrative, the Printers have transferred to a Supple- 
 ment the correction of all such passages as were at 
 variance with the existing condition and appearance of 
 Winchester Cathedral. For whilst they were anxious to 
 record the persevering liberality and taste of the capitular 
 body, in renovating this stupendous fabric, they felt it im- 
 possible to expunge several objectionable statements, 
 without fettering the style and disturbing the course of 
 that most animated and luminous description. They 
 were aware that few writers had succeeded in vesting 
 description with such charms of language and fancy, and 
 that still fewer had brought to the study of ecclesiastical 
 antiquity such a fund of critical observation and monastic 
 lore. Under this conviction, they have re-printed the 
 Historical Description of Winchester Cathedral in its ori- 
 ginal garb, believing that the intelligent stranger will be 
 much better satisfied with such a publication, than with 
 a mere catalogue of objects, which he is requested to stare 
 at to-day, and may possibly forget to-morrow. 
 
 [Shines forth though all the disgraceful neglect of 
 latter ages, p. 38.] A series of substantial repairs and embel- 
 lishments have been completed in the cathedral, under the 
 superintendence of Mr. Garbett, of this city. Among the 
 former may be named, the re-construction of two flying 
 buttresses on the south side of the presbytery, as well 
 as of the canopies forming the apex of the east and west 
 roof— the entire renewal of the stone mullions of several 
 
 E 5 
 
170 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 windows of the presbytery, and the partial renewal and 
 effectual repair of some other windows in the nave and 
 aisle — a very extensive renovation of the stone vaulting 
 of the eastern part of the edifice, said to have been built by 
 Bishop de Lucy in the 12th century — also a considerable 
 restoration of decayed timbers in the vaulted ceiling of 
 the presbytery, constructed by Bishop Fox in the 16th 
 century : the lead covering of the whole of this portion 
 having been re-cast. In the walls and roofs of the tran- 
 septs, very considerable repairs have been completed. In 
 the north transept, several windows, the original apertures 
 for which had been considerably enlarged for the introduc- 
 tion of Gothic tracery, not of the most elegant composi- 
 tion, have been restored to the Saxon figure and dimen- 
 sions. An advantage has been gained by these alterations 
 beyond mere unity of style — the beholder is enabled to 
 appreciate the simple grandeur of the design after which 
 this ancient part of the building was originally con- 
 structed. The rude nature of the masonry, so far from 
 offending the eye, is in strict accordance with the plain 
 circular arches, which, springing from short massy pil^ 
 lars, devoid of any ornament save a narrow billetted 
 moulding, are piled, range above range, to the lofty 
 timbers of the roof. But the most important repair that 
 has been effected in this, or perhaps in any other cathe- 
 dral, is the restoration of one of the immense pillars of 
 the series between the nave and the south aisle. To 
 accomplish so hazardous an undertaken, it was deemed 
 advisable to provide an artificial support for three entire 
 arches, for the dependent wall, the stone vaulting of the 
 nave and aisle, and for the lead covering, whilst the 
 masonry of the pillar was cut away and re-constructed. 
 Two hundred and fifty loads of timber were required for 
 the ponderous scaffolding which supported the superin- 
 cumbent mass— a weight of little less than 400 tons. 
 The contour of the church is now grand, solemn, and 
 impressive to a degree. Its shrines ; monuments, and 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 171 
 
 bulwarks, * shattered with age, and furrowed o'er with 
 years,' are effectively repaired, decorated, and secured ; 
 the unity of its proportions, as much as possible restored, 
 and every unseemly object removed from its recesses. 
 
 [ Be lingtorfs chantry consigned to dust and oblivion, Sfc. 
 p. 49.] 'Justice' has been "done to this benefactor of 
 our cathedral,' whose chantry is repaired, and placed in its 
 former, situation. 
 
 [_The elegant screen, (>f the Composite Order, raised by 
 Inig'> Jones, p. 54. J Amongst the alterations which 
 have been made in various parts of the cathedral, the 
 new stone screen, at the entrance to the choir, deserves to 
 be particularly mentioned. It is of the best Portland 
 stone, aid a very pleasing imitation of the style which 
 prevailed in the 14th and 15th centuries. In point of en- 
 richment, it constitutes a medium between the western 
 portal, and the highly-ornamented screen which terminates 
 the presbytery. The design for it was imagined by a pre- 
 bendary of the cathedral, revised by Mr. (Jarbett of this 
 city, and executed under his superintendence. Handsome 
 oak doors, corresponding in decoration with the style of 
 the screen, have been substituted for those which were 
 4 more fitting a tavern than a cathedral,' bearing upon the 
 inner side, the date of their erection, and upon the other, 
 the following brief exhortation, carved in old charac- 
 ters : 
 
 • Hijjtlate et orate.' 
 
 [The tw<) bronze statues, $c. p, 54.] On the removal 
 of Inigo Jones's screen, the bronze statues of James and 
 Charles, w ? hich occupied its two niches, were necessarily 
 displaced. These regal wortiues are now restored to a 
 similar position, and their crowns, sceptres, and orna- 
 ments, have been, very properly, re-gilt. Upon these, 
 in the greater proficiency of modern art, the spectator will 
 look with more curiosity than pleasure. No expression 
 of figure or of attitude denotes the princely carriage of 
 
m 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 their originals, nor are they worthy of serious atten- 
 tion, unless, indeed, it be to compare their dark and 
 lowering appearance, as monumental and historic me- 
 morials, with the no less dark and lowering realities which 
 chequered the youthful dominion of the father, and closed 
 in dethronement and death the empire of his son. 
 
 [The choir doors now opening, p. 56. The whole of 
 this interesting and magnificent portion of the edifice is 
 now seen to the best advantage. Its ornaments and sacred 
 appendages have been entirely renewed— the canopies, 
 pinnacles, and stalls, cleaned and painted. Whoever 
 contrasts its present cleanliness and propriety with its dis- 
 figured and dilapidated condition some twenty years ago, 
 will be satisfied that a most liberal and persevering spirit, 
 guided by a truly classical and appropriate taste, could 
 alone have produced such a pleasing uniform, and exten- 
 sive renovation. 
 
 [A modern episcopal throne of the Corinthian Order, 
 p. 6 I .] This cumbersome donation of Bishop Trelawney 
 has been removed from the choir, and is now exalted, 
 not ' on high above the people,' but on high above the 
 first colonnade at the extremity of the northern transept. 
 The new throne, which, since the repairs and restorations 
 of the Cathedral, the Dean and Chapter, with a feeling 
 equally creditable to their taste and munificence, have 
 caused to be erected in the choir, was not quite completed 
 during the life of the late bishop, though the arms of 
 that prelate are in pale with those of the see, forming a 
 prominent ornament in the composition. Considered as 
 an attempt to supply a necessary feature in the choir, this 
 handsome structure must be considered completely success- 
 ful ; and it proves, notwithstanding the fastidious notions 
 that generally prevail upon such subjects, how easily the 
 spirit and effect of the ancient style may be attained, with- 
 out degrading the taste and science of the architect to the 
 drudgery of mere mechanical copying. The architectural 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 173 
 
 design can only be appreciated by actual inspection from 
 different points. The details of the structure are nearly all 
 copied from ancient ornaments existing in the choir, and 
 other parts of the Cathedral, while the general composition 
 of the design Uas rather an original, though perfectly har- 
 monious effect : the ascending groining and ribs of the 
 canopy displaying variety of surface and richness of orna- 
 ment to the greatest possible advantage, and the projecting 
 gables and pendant pinnacles imparting an air of dignity 
 and utility at once pleasing and intelligible. 
 
 [The reign of Charles I., when the organ was placed 
 in its present unsymmttrical situation, p. 62.] It was at 
 one time intended, that the organ, as in St. Paul's and 
 all other English cathedrals, should be erected on the 
 new choir screen, which was architecturally intended for 
 its reception, and many learned and ingenious arguments 
 were adduced, to prove the propriety of placing it there. 
 But, after much controversial and personal opposition, it 
 has been consigned to its former lateral position beneath 
 one of the vast arches which support the Norman tower of 
 Walkelin. This arrrangement (which had the sanction 
 of an eminent architect) is so far beneficial, inasmuch as it 
 enables the spectatator, with one comprehensive glance, to 
 embrace the extended view which breaks upon him as 
 he enters the great western door, terminating in the 
 richly-glovving enamel of the eastern window. The deco- 
 rations of the organ -case have very properly been as- 
 similated with the style of the fabric, and an appropriate 
 winding staircase, tastefully carved, to communicate with 
 the organ-loft and galleries overlooking the choir, has 
 been erected. Being formed of wood, it has, perhaps, 
 too flimsy an appearance; yet no better method could 
 have been devised for introducing a necessary piece of 
 furniture, and, at the same time, preserving unobstructed 
 the outline of the piers. It does not exceed their projec- 
 tion, whilst it skilfully displays, in miniature, the various 
 features of the order to which it belongs. 
 
 e 6 
 
174 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 [The altar-screen has been neglected for 300 years., 
 and is clogged with du4, #c. p. 69.] This exquisite 
 production of the chisel has been very carefully restored, 
 and now presents an inimitable display of the art which 
 attained such perfection under the dynasty of the Planta- 
 genets. It has often been compared to the screen of St. 
 Alban's Abbey, but is said to be much more elaborate in 
 detail. 
 
 [These statues were demolished at the Reformation as 
 superstitious, p. 69.] Many curious specimens of sculp- 
 ture, mutilated portions of religious statues, are arranged 
 in a small chapel at the back of the altar, and, as tokens 
 of religious madness, will excite the regret of every en- 
 lightened mind. 
 
 [ The rich paintings of the east window, clothed with 
 dust and cobwebs, p. 71.] The beautiful windows of the 
 presbytery have been thoroughly cleaned, and the orbs, 
 groinings, and devices of the roof embellished and restored. 
 
 [It is thought that his bones have been removed from 
 their sepulchre p. 97.] On inquiring for the antique 
 coffer which stood during so many years in a corner of 
 Gardiner's chantry, and which was supposed by Dr. Mil- 
 ner to contain the unshrouded and uncoffined remains of 
 that merciless prelate, we were told that the chest had been 
 burnt, and the bones properly disposed of. On opening 
 the sepulchre, Gardiner's remains were found as secure 
 and undisturbed, as when first committed to their resting 
 place by his catholic brethren. It may, therefore, be asked, 
 whether, when the end and aim of religious zeal were so 
 grossly perverted by a set of reformed enthusiasts, the 
 above unacknowledged relics were not purposely exposed 
 in the chantry ; and whether this innocent deceit may not 
 have been the means of preventing any sacrilegious attempt 
 to violate the privacy of his grave. 
 
 [Beaufort's chantry consigned to ruin equally by his 
 family, fyc. p. 98.] The monumental depositary of 
 
SUPPLEMENT, 175 
 
 this celebrated prelate"s remains has not been neglected 
 during the recent renovations by the representative of his 
 illustrious family, and to record this becoming attention, 
 the Dean and Chapter have attached an elegant inscription 
 to the walls of the chantry. 
 
 [They had not any pernicious tendency, which re- 
 quired them to he obliterated, p. 107.] The effects and 
 influence^ of puritanical zeal are felt long after its stimulat- 
 ing cause has ceased to exist, and even now, though the 
 monuments of national religion are unpolluted by the 
 mallet of the fanatic, or the sacrilegious halberd of the 
 leaguer, there are many, it is to be feared, who would 
 deface or consign to decay snch pleasing ornaments as 
 these fresco paintings, forgetful of the important aids 
 which they afforded during periods of mental darkness to 
 the work of religious instruction. 
 
 \_The west aisle of the north transept is now shut up, p. 
 124.) The workshops are cleared away, and the coarser 
 materials of workmanship deposited in the crypts. Iron 
 enclosures have been placed at proper intervals, to prevent 
 persons rambling at pleasure through the edifice during the 
 celebration of divine worship. 
 
 \_Our cathedrals are but the remnant of what they 
 were, p. 139.] Dr. Milner, under feelings which we ho- 
 nour and applaud, has spoken of the ancient magnificence 
 of this cathedral, with an ardour and an enthusiam at once 
 impressive and contagious; and some no doubt may be 
 found even in the staunchest ranks of Protestantism, who 
 sigh like the Jews of old, when they thought upon the 
 riches of their second temple, and remembered the glory 
 of the first. But it should never be forgotten, that ex- 
 ternal pomp and ceremony in religious offerings, are as 
 much at variance with the essential character of the Christ- 
 ian dispensation, as they are powerless in convincing the 
 judgment, or improving the heart. The ' still small voice' 
 can only be heard, when the senses and the passions, like 
 
176 , SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 the wind and the earthquake, are hushed and at rest.— 
 We have now no pageantry, no incense, no holy water, no 
 hallowed relics ; but we have a priesthood of ' men like 
 ourselves;' a form of worship, simple, solemn, and impos- 
 ing- ; a liturgy, plain and intelligible to every class. We 
 have perfect liberty of conscience, and an exemption from 
 bodily restraint. 
 
 [Remarkable modern monuments, p. 140.] Of the monu- 
 ments recently erected to the memory of individual worth, 
 the stranger will partieularl) notice the one which, records 
 the services of Lieut. -Cien. Sir Geo. Prevost, of Belmont 
 in this county. Its principal subject is a weeping female 
 figure, above whose head are various military trophies: 
 the sword, helmet, laurel, &c, A long inscription sets 
 forth the, rank, character, and services of the deceased, 
 and an extended scroll, upon one side of the figure, dis- 
 plays the words " St. Lucia taken— Dominica defended — 
 Canada preserved." This cenotaph was executed by 
 Chantry, and its arrangement, drapery, and emblems are 
 deservedly admired. 
 
 [Grecian vases, that uncharacteristically fill the niches 
 in the a ] tar- screen, p. 144.] With the white- wash, gild- 
 ing, and dirt, these vases, (the liberal bequest of Dr. Har- 
 ris) have also been removed from the screen. Whatever 
 may have been gained in correctness by this alteration, is 
 certainly lost in effect, as the vacant spaces have now a 
 very naked appearance. It will, perhaps, be found, that 
 unless the deposed saints had been restored to their 
 niches, no ornament could have been substituted so little 
 at variance with the feelings of the age, and with the 
 rules of architectural propriety. As good Protestants, 
 we should prefer the ashes of the saints, to the saints 
 themselves ; and then, by an easy transition, the Grecian 
 vases, formerly so repugnant to scientific eyes, would 
 become the cinerary urns of many very memorable per- 
 sonages, 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 177 
 
 \_The famous Master of Winchester College, Di\ War- 
 ton, p. 148.] This monument is now placed at the ex- 
 tremity of the great south aisle, near the west door, and 
 suffers no disadvantage by the change of position. 
 
 [TAere is but one modem monument in the Lady Chapel, 
 p. 154.] A mural monument has since been erected in this 
 chapel to the memory of the late reverend and benefi- 
 cent bishop of the diocese, Dr. Rrownlow North. Placed 
 to the ri^ht of, and parallel with, the altar, it occupies 
 nearly the whole space between the table of the deca- 
 logue and the wall. It is of fine statuary marble, in 
 perfect alto-relievo, representing a full -sized figure of 
 its venerable original, kneeling with extended hands 
 and depressed countenance, in an attitude of humble 
 but intense devotion. The lineaments of age — its acu- 
 minated features and impending eye- brows — the bushy 
 wig, and the flowing episcopal robes, have been wrought 
 from the inanimate block with a fidelity that can only 
 be surpassed by the humble and pious expression which 
 appears to animate the countenance. i>y those who were 
 acquainted with the departed prelate, it is esteemed an ad- 
 mirable portrait, and the general execution must greatly 
 enhance the previous reputation of the artist. Hot whether 
 the design originated with the surviving relatives, or with 
 Chantry himself, it has the rare merit of being equally ho- 
 nourable to the deceased and to his representatives ; since 
 no memorial so becoming could possibly be devised, as 
 that which represents one of the greatest and wealthiest 
 dignitaries of the church in an act of Christian humiliation. 
 The following inscription records his particular merits : 
 
 M.S. 
 
 Keverendi admodum in Christo patris 
 
 JJrowni,ow North, S. T. P. 
 
 Francisei Coiuitis de Guilford filii uatn ininoris, 
 
 Primo Lichfeldensis, 
 
 Deinde Vigoruiensis, 
 
 Postreino VVintoiiiensis Dioeceseos 
 
 Episcopi. 
 
 fa amp'issimum hunc dignitatis gradura erectus, 
 
 JSquitate c'enientia, et propensa in gregem 
 
 blbi commissum beniguitate 
 
178 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 Prsecipuum omnium amorem et venerationem 
 
 Concilia vit : 
 
 In rebus gerendis perspicaci prudentia, 
 
 Et firmo et solerti judicio usus est : 
 
 Uteris humanioribus apprime eruditus, 
 
 Simplicein nitorem et elegantiam 
 
 1b scripta et orationem transtulit : 
 
 Ecolesiffi Anglicanae singulari affectu 
 
 Devinctus, 
 
 Fidem a primseva tfniiqtiitate derivatam 
 
 Integre custodivit; 
 
 Morbi ingravescentis cjolofes placide et constanter 
 
 Perpessus, 
 
 Vitam inorte commutavit 
 
 Die Julii 12, anno salutis 1820, 
 
 Hoc pietatis et desiderii 
 
 Mo*, amentum 
 
 Extare voluerunt 
 
 Liberi superstiies. 
 
 [In the north transept are various modern monuments, 
 p. 156.] In this transept an elegant white tablet, on a 
 ground of black marble, erected as ' a testimony of filial 
 affection, duty and gratitude,' perpetuates the memories of 
 Chaloner Ogle, £sq. and of Catherine, his faithful wife. 
 In the west aisle of the same transept, an impressive inscrip- 
 tion, upon a plain black slab, records 4 the fortitude, the 
 benevolence, and the ardent affections' of Anne Poulter, 
 (daughter of the Rev. Mr. Poulter, a Prebendary of the 
 Cathedral), and ' the unutterable grief of the person who 
 placed the stone.' In the great north aisle of the nave 
 is a handsome mural monument to the memory of Dr. 
 Crawford, an eminent physician of this city, who died in 
 April, 1824. The ground is a pyramid of grey marble, 
 supporting in relief a weeping female figure, reclining 
 upon an urn. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 BOBBINS AND WHEELER, PRINTERS, WINCHESTER. 
 
Supplement, June 1, 1830. 
 
 Stortent dfre^ctf $afntfttg& 
 
 (From a Curious MS. of the late Rev. and Learned 
 Antiquary, Dr. Milner.) 
 
 St. Mary's, or, as it is commonly termed, 
 " the Lady" Chapel, is situated at the east 
 end of Winchester Cathedral. The walls, on 
 each side, from the altar to the space occu- 
 pied by the stalls, are covered with fresco 
 paintings, now nearly obliterated, originally 
 meant to represent different miracles sup- 
 posed to have been wrought by the inter- 
 cession of the Virgin Mary. It appears, 
 however, that, in the choice of the subjects, 
 the painter had more in view the display of 
 his art than the authenticity of his histories, 
 which are drawn from sources the Catholics 
 themselves despise. For though they have 
 the greatest confidence in the efficacy of the 
 Virgin Mary's intercession, and though they 
 admit the continuation of miracles in general, 
 yet they pay no more respect to the credit of 
 
2 ANCIENT PAINTINGS 
 
 certain writers concerning particular instan- 
 ces of miracles, than the majority of Pro- 
 testants do. 
 
 One of these paintings relates to a miracle 
 supposed to have been performed on St. John 
 Damascen, accused of a treacherous corres- 
 pondence with the Court of Constantinople, 
 whose hand having been struck off, and hung 
 up in the market place, was, through the 
 intercession of the Virgin, restored to the 
 mutilated wrist, and the innocence of the 
 sufferer thereby established. 
 
 Another represents a young maiden deli- 
 vered by the interposition of the Virgin from 
 the lawless desires of a Norman Knight, 
 who places her in a convent, and, in reward 
 of his forbearance, is brought at the hour of 
 death to the grace of a true repentance and 
 conversion. 
 
 The execution of a certain hypocritical 
 Jew forms the subject of another painting ; 
 but it is too much defaced to pronounce upon 
 the meaning with any certainty. 
 
 The history of an artist of Brabant, is ex- 
 hibited in a fourth of these paintings. He 
 was celebrated for pourtraying in his pictures 
 the beauty of the Virgin and the ugliness of 
 the Devil. Out of resentment, the Devil one 
 day threw down the scaffold on which he 
 was standing, with an intention to destroy 
 him, when the picture he was painting ex- 
 
IN ST. MARYS CHAPEL. O 
 
 tended in a miraculous manner a substantial 
 arm to his support, and preserved him from 
 falling. 
 
 The battle between the renowned Guy of 
 Warwick, who was devoted to the Blessed 
 Virgin, and Colbrand the Danish Champion, 
 was also represented on the walls of this 
 chapel, but the painting is now in too imper- 
 fect a state to detect the particulars. 
 
 The following legends are delineated in 
 other compartments on the walls of this 
 chapel : 
 
 A certain poor woman, having lost her 
 only child, who had been stolen from her, 
 was constantly employed in praying for his 
 discovery One day, however, her impatience 
 carried her so far as to take away the figure 
 of the infant from a statue of the Virgin, by 
 way of pledge for the restitution of her son, 
 which she afterwards shut up in a large chest. 
 The story tells us, that the Virgin, pitying 
 the simplicity and distress of this poor 
 woman, appeared the ensuing night to the 
 little captive in the place of his confinement, 
 and delivering him from thence, conducted 
 him straight home to his mother, who there- 
 upon restored her pledge to the place from 
 whence she had taken it. In the piece, the 
 woman is represented as taking away the 
 image, and, in another place, as bringing it 
 out of her chest in order to replace it, while 
 
4 ANCIENT PAINTINGS 
 
 her child makes his appearance at the oppo- 
 site side. 
 
 From an old menology the painter has 
 availed himself of the following legend: 
 
 A woman of some distinction, of the 
 town of Harni, having been delivered of a 
 child perfectly black, was accused by her 
 husband of having violated his bed with a 
 Moorish servant he kept in his family, and 
 was therefore expelled his house, together 
 with her infant. Upon this, in a fit of despair, 
 she hastened to a neighbouring pond, and, 
 in the presence of many persons, threw her- 
 self into it together with her child, having 
 first, however, conjured the Blessed Virgin, 
 by some means or another, to vindicate her 
 innocence. Whenlo! as she was just sinking, 
 the Virgin appeared to her walking on the 
 water, and conducted her safe to land, when 
 looking upon the infant, whom she still held 
 in her arms, she found its colour changed to 
 a more than usual whiteness. 
 
 The following history from Gregory of 
 Tours occupies another division of these 
 paintings : 
 
 In the reign of Constantine the Great, 
 when magnificent temples were, by his com- 
 mand, erected to the true God in different 
 parts of the Roman empire, it happened, that 
 in building a certain church, in Gaul, conse- 
 crated under the patronage of the Blessed 
 
in st. mary's chafel. 5 
 
 Virgin Mary, some columns of such pro- 
 digious bulk were prepared, that no force of 
 man was able to raise them up to their 
 proper place. In this extremity, when all 
 human help failed, the Blessed Virgin ap- 
 peared to the chief workman in his sleep, 
 and after reproaching him with his diffidence, 
 taught him the use of a certain machine, con- 
 sisting of pullies, ropes, &c. by means of 
 which she assured him that three children 
 from the adjoining school should achieve the 
 work in question. The machine is therefore 
 constructed according to the directions of this 
 heavenly visitant, the three children are 
 brought to work it, and every one sees with 
 astonishment these infants performing a feat 
 of strength which so many able men had 
 abandoned in despair. In the picture, the 
 master builder, with his square and other 
 implements of his profession, is seen kneeling 
 before the Virgin, who, by the expression of 
 her fingers, seems explaining something to 
 him. Near the walls of the church the 
 children also appear working their machine 
 with great cheerfulness and success. 
 
 The following miracle^ which is said to be 
 extant in the monuments of the church of 
 Burburg, near Dunkirk, in the Low Countries, 
 has also been recorded by the painter of this 
 chapel. In the year 1383, Charles the French 
 king, having beat the Flandricans at the 
 
"U ANCIENT PAINTINGS 
 
 battle of Rosbec, and taken the adjoining 
 town of Burburg, gave it up to his soldiers 
 to be pillaged, with the exception, however, 
 of the churches, which, with all that belonged 
 to them, he commanded to be preserved in- 
 violate. But, in tk heat of military licen- 
 tiousness, this exception was ill attended to. 
 In the church of St. John the Baptist in par- 
 ticular, a certain soldier, of the province of 
 Bretagne, who had forcibly entered it, en- 
 deavoured to demolish a statue of the Virgin, 
 in order to make spoil of it, thinking from 
 the golden ornaments with which it was 
 covered, that it was entirely composed of 
 that precious metal; but the first blow proved 
 fatal to him : he fell down dead at the foot 
 of the statue, and his body contracted that 
 stiffness and solidity which no weapon what- 
 ever could make any impression upon ; at 
 the same time, a copious effusion of blood 
 issued from the statue, in the same manner 
 as if it had been from the wound of a human 
 body, which a poor woman who was praying 
 in the church wiped up with her veil ; but in 
 such a manner that the statue ever after re- 
 tained the bloody marks of the soldier's 
 violence; while no kind of washing could 
 ever efface the appearance of blood from the 
 woman's veil. In the picture, the soldier is 
 seen hurling a stone at the statue of the 
 Virgin, and the same soldier is seen in another 
 
IN ST. MARYS CHAPEL. 
 
 place, <lead and stiff on the ground. The 
 poor woman, of whom mention has been 
 made, is seen upon her knees. 
 
 On the subject of ^he inscriptions that 
 accompanied these paintings, it is to be re- 
 marked, that, at the end of most of them, 
 there appears to be a reference to an account 
 of them, which was probably contained in 
 some le r end well known at the time, though 
 not to b met with now, either in the cathe- 
 dral library or any where else. Many of the 
 inscriptions might still be made out by any 
 one that would take the necessary pains, 
 and who, besides, being skilled in the black 
 letter, was also acquainted with the usual 
 abreviations of the monkish writers. 
 
 Of the merit of the paintings themselves, 
 it may be said, on the authority of a gentle- 
 man whose merit in a sister art has received 
 the highest mark of distinction, (Warton 
 the poet) that had these compartments been 
 entire, thev would form the most valuable 
 pieces in this kingdom of the age in which 
 they were executed. The motive for de- 
 facing them must have been either a notion 
 of the impropriety of paintings in general in 
 churches, or of the idolatrous tendency of 
 these in particular. The former opinion, which 
 long prevailed, is now almost universally ex- 
 

 8 ANCIENT PAINTINGS. 
 
 ploded. In effect, religion in all its branches 
 may be too much refined, as well as too much 
 encumbered, nor is the proper medium to be 
 calculated to the understanding of philoso- 
 phers, but to that of the bulk of mankind. 
 With respect to the latter, there are many 
 still who think they cannot form too gross 
 an idea of the religion of our ancestors, par- 
 ticularly with respect to the articles ~ r : 
 and pictures, and that ot 
 the Virgin Mary. But it 
 have not sought for their ( de- 
 
 cisions of their councils, and the writi 
 ( their most orthodox divines, wno are inclined 
 to judge so unfavourably of them ; or who 
 can suppose their pictures were intended for 
 worship ; or that their respect to the Blessed 
 Virgin approached to the nature of divine 
 honour. A pious credulity which seems to 
 have given credit to the stories here deli- 
 neated, might, it is true, have led individuals 
 into errors ; but, in the canons of councils, 
 and the writings of orthodox divines, nothing 
 is to be met with extravagant, or superior to 
 the dignity of a saint, who, at the same time 
 that she was a mere creature, was pronounced 
 by a heavenly oracle to be fall of grace, and 
 blessed through all generations. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Q 
 
 021 382 784 4 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■