. ■ X '•'"' V-\"fX '^ 3»'1s>. *3&* v> > ]? V ^ ^^ # ^S^®^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. '->>- aoe r s^5 ^ 5*- -' ^ y ^^ b iPls^ ;»> 8 ,$• S" >^> 3: > o>- >2> J> ^> >^> »>:>:> H ^ ^ '^>3 J :> >J® 3>> 3 ^> fi£ » J*> £> J>i or> > ••'» *= >> >>U_T£C-j * a> >^>D 35> '-'-;; »> " ^ "»'■ >3 3> 3 ^ §> i> ~s » > ^> 3 >'"~ 5> > \'X> 5>> ,J> £» ■" 1X>. x 2> *~Z> Sfe 33 > -*y.-"; 1% $°KrifiM 1 .ncE^S" I UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. mm* 3>"> >?^^ ^>%^> ^ // ££> OUTLINES OF THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE, FOR BEGINNERS. / fiia i • o Entered according 10 Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by ROBERT F. PENNELL, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. In a Conditional sentence the Condition is called the Prot- asis, the Conclusion is called the Apodosis. The Protasis is regularly introduced by si, nisi and sin. Conditions are divided into three classes, present, past and future. I. Present Conditions are subdivided into two classes, (a) those which require the Indicative, (b) those which require the Subjunctive. a. Conditions referring to present time, with no opinion expressed as to their truth or falsity, take the Present Indic- ative in both Protasis and Apodosis. Si vales, gaudeo. If you are well, I am glad, i. e., I do not know whether you are ivell or not, but if you are, 1 am glad. b. Conditions referring to present time, and contrary to fact, take the Imperfect Subjunctive in both Protasis and Apodosis. Si valeres, gauderem. If you were well (to-day), I should rejoice (to-day), i. e., You are not well, therefore J do not rejoice. II. Past Conditions are subdivided into two classes, (a) those which require the Indicative, (b) those which require the Subjunctive. a. Conditions referring to past time, with no opinion ex- pressed as to their truth or falsity, take some past tense of the Indicative, in both Protasis and Apodosis. Si Romam ivit, regem vidit. If he went to Rome, he saw the King, i. e., I do not know whether he went to Rome or not, but if he did, he saw the King. b. Conditions referring to past time, and contra^ to fact take the Pluperfect Subjunctive in both Protasis and Apodo- sis. Si Romam ivisset, regem vidisset. If he had gone to Rome, he would have seen the King, i. e., he did not go to Rome, and therefore did not see the King. III. Future Conditions are sub-divided into two classes, (a) those which require the Indicative, (b) those which require the Subjunctive. a. Conditions referring to future time, with no opinion ex- pressed as to their truth or falsity, take the Future Indica- tive in both Protasis and Apodosis, but when the Condition is conceived of as completed before the Conclusion begins, the Protasis takes the Future Perfect Indicative. Si quid habebit, dabit. If he has (shall have) anything, he will give it, i. e., I do not know whether he will have any- thing or not, but if he does he will give it. Si ducere negaveris, culpam in te transferet. If you refuse to marry, he will throw the blame on you. Frequently the Apodosis takes the Future Imperative (or a form of the Subjunctive used as an Imperative) instead of the Future Indicative. Si quidquant invenies me mentitum esse, occidito. If you find that I have told any falsehood, kill me. b. Conditions referring to future time and expressing slight improbability as to their fulfilment, take the Present Subjunctive in both Protasis and Apodosis, but when the Condition is conceived of as completed before the Conclusion begins, the Protasis takes the Perfect Subjunctive. Si quid habeat, det. If he were to have anything, he t\ ou Id give it. Haec si tecum patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat ? If 3 r our country were to speak thus with you, ought she not to prevail ? Si sic omnia dixeris, contemnaris. If you were to speak everything in this way, you would be despised. IV. a. Present Conditions (subdivision a) may take in the Apodosis the Present Imperative. Quod si ea ignoratis, respicite Galliam. But if you are ignorant of these things, look at Gaul. b. Also the Present Subjunctive of Desire. Si quid in nobis animi est, hos latrones interficia- mus. If we have any courage, let us kill these robbers. c. Future Conditioris (subdivision a) occasionally take the Present Indicative in the Protasis to express instantaneous action Nisi mini liber traditur, vivum te non relinquam. If you do not hand over to me (immediately) the book, I shall not leave you alive. d. Past Conditions (subdivision a) may take the Present Indicative in the Apodosis. Si deus mundum creavit, conservat etiam. If God created the world, he also preserves it. e. Past Conditions (subdivision b) may take the Imper- fect Subjunctive in the Apodosis. Si Romam venisset, gauderet. If he had come to Rome (yesterday) he would be happy (now). V. a. The Imperfect Indicative of debere, decere, oporte- re, posse and esse, is often found in the Apodosis of Pres- ent Conditions (subdivision b). Si victoria dubia esset, tamen omnes bonos rei- publics© sub venire decebat. If victory were doubtful, nevertheless all good citizens ought to come to the aid of the state. Si non alium jactaret odorem, laurus erat. It were a laurel tree, if it did not emit a widely different smell. b. The Perfect Indicative of the above mentioned verbs is used in the Apodosis of Past Conditions (subdivision b). Si Romae non fuisset, id perficere non potuit. If he had not been at Rome, he could not have brought this about. c. Verbs denoting necessity, propriety, duty, possibility, ivishing, &c, and also the active and passive periphrastic conjugations, imply futurity in themselves. Hence the Pres- ent Indicative of such verbs may stand in the Apodosis, where we find the Future Indicative or Present Subjunctive in the Protasis. Non possum istum accusare, si cupiam. I cannot accuse /w, if I were to wish it. VI. The Protasis is sometimes implied in a word or phrase, or entirely omitted. Ego cum talibus viris brevi orbem terrarum subi- gerem. If I had such men, I would conquer the whole world in a short time. Here the Protasis is implied in cum talibus viris=si tales viros haberem, VII. GENERAL CONDITIONS. We sometimes find the second person singular of the Sub- junctive in the Protasis and the Present Indicative in the Apodosis. Here the conclusion denotes a general truth, and the subject of the verb in the condition is indefinite. Mens, si exerceas, conteritur. If you (i. e., any one) use the mind, it wears away. VIII. SUBOEDINATE AND LEADING VERBS. A subordinate verb is one introduced by a (a) causal, (b) concessive, (c) conditional, (d) consecutive, (e) fined, (f) inter- rogative, (g) relative, or (h) temporal particle, or pronoun. a. Cum (since), quando (whilst), quandoquidem (since), quia, quod (because), quoniam, quippe (forasmuch as). b. Cum (although), etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, licet (al- though), quamquam, quamvis. c. Si, sin, nisi, ni, dummodo, modo, dum (provided only). d. Ut, quin, qnominus. e. Ut, ne. /. Si (whether), cur, — ne, qualis, quamobrem, quan- do, quantus, quapropter, quare, quis, quot, quoties, ubi, unde. g. Qui, quantus, qualis, quot, quoties, ubi, unde. h. Antequam, cum (when), donee, dum, postquam, priusquam, quamdiu, quoad, ubi (as soon as), ut (as soon as). A leading verb is one not introduced by any of the above mentioned words. IX. SEQUENCE OF TENSES. Primary tenses follow Primary tenses. Secondary tenses follow Secondary tenses. Present, Two Futures, > Perfect Definite (with have), Primary tenses of the Indicative, also j Imperative. Primary tenses ) Present (Incomplete action), of the Subjunctive, J Perfect (Complete action). "] Present Historical, i Imperfect, f Perfect Indefinite (without hare), J Pluperfect. Imperfect (Incomplete action), Pluperfect (Complete action). i i > ut Romam eant. 1 the ambassadors to £Q to Eome. 3 Secondaty tenses of the Indicative, Secondary tenses of the Subjunctive, Legatis imperat, Legatis imperabit, Legatis imperavit, Legatis imperaverit, Legatis impera He orders, He will order, He has ordered, He will have ordered, Order Rogat, Rogabat, Rogavit, Rogaverat He asks (historical), He was asking, He asked, He had asked Exc. a. In Consecutive clauses (of result) the Perfect Sub- junctive is regularly used after Secondary tenses, instead of the Pluperfect. Dixerunt tantum esse eorum omnium furorem, ut ne Suessiones quidem deterrere potuerint. They said that the madness of all these ivas so great that they had been unable to restrain even the Suessiones. Exc. b. In Present and Past conditions (subdivision b) the verb of the Protasis always remains the same after both Primary and Secondary tenses. Dicit se, si valeres, gavisurum esse. Dicit se, si valuisses, gavisurum fuisse. He says that he would be happy if you were well. He says that he would have been happy if you had been well. } ut curaret i } )> him to attend. i X. FINAL CLAUSES. Final chaises, i. e., clauses denoting the purpose or object of an action, introduced by ut, ne, and the relatives qui, ubi, and unde, or negatively by ut ne and ne, take the Subjunctive. Final clauses may be divided for convenience into 4 class- es : (a) pure final clauses, (b) object clauses of purpose, (c) subject clauses of purpose, (d) relative clauses of purpose. a. Veni ut te conveniam. I have come to meet you. b. Object clauses of purpose are used with ut, and ne (or ut ne) as the object (1) of verbs signifying to admonish, advise, beg, com- mand, compel, exhort, permit, wish. lis imperat ut ei frumenti copiam faciant. He com- mands them to supply him with corn. Monet ut omnes suspiciones vitet. He advises him to avoid all suspicion. Te oro ut me adjuves. I beg you to assist me. Exc. a. Jubeo and its opposite veto, also patior, gener- ally take the Infinitive with a subject accusative instead of ut with the Subjunctive. Caesarem jussit Juliam ducere. He ordered Ccesar to marry Julia. Nullo se impHcari negotio passus est. He allowed himself to be involved in no business. Ab legionibus legates Caesar discedere vetuerat Caisar had forbidden the lieutenants to leave the legions. Exc. b. Verbs of wishing, as volo, cupio, &c, may take the simple Infinitive, especially if the subject of both the In- . finitive and its verb is the same. Transire Tiberim, patres, et intrare castra hostium volo. I wish, fathers, to cross the Tiber and enter the camp of the enemy. (2) of verbs signifying to fear. Here nt is used when the object is desired, and is always to be translated by "that not;" ne is used when the object is not desired, and is to be translated by "that" or " lest;" ne non is sometimes used instead of ut. Vereor ut tibi ilia possim concedere. I fear that I cannot grant those things to you, i. e., I wish I could but I cannot. Vereor ne, &c. i" am afraid, that I can grant those things to you, i. e., I wish I could not, but I can. (3) Object clauses of purpose, with ne, [compare Consecu- tive Clauses, b, (2),] are used after impedio, prohibeo, de- tereo, obsisto, obsto, officio, repugno, intercedo, in- terdico, teneo (to withold), temper©, recuso, caveo. Sententiam ne diceret, recusavit. He refused to ex- press his opinion. c. /Subject clauses of purpose are occasionally used with ut, ut ne or ne (generally understood) as the subject of necesse est or oportet. Itaque de vestro delicto confitiamini necesse est. Therefore it is necessary to make confession of your crime. Remark. Generally these verbs take after them an In- finitive as subject. d. Relative clauses of purpose are introduced by qui (or any relative particle), when it is equivalent to ut with a demonstrative or personal pronoun. Magistrates deliguntur, qui (= ut ii) urbi prsssint Magistrates are chosen to preside over the city; literally, that they may pre side. e. Ut is often omitted before the Subjunctive, especially after volo and its compounds, the imperatives die and fac, and verbs of reminding, advising, &c, and in the Oratio Obliqua after verbs of commanding and the like. Fac habeas. See that you have, f Ne is often omitted after cave. Cave eas. Take care not to go. g. The leading clause, upon which the final clause de- pends, is sometimes omitted. Ac ne longmxi sit. And not to be tedious. Nedum in man sit facile. Much less is it easy on the sea. Ut ita dicam.. So to speak. Ne singles nomi- neni. Not to mention individuals. h. There are eight different ways of expressing purpose in Latin, e. g. u He came to Borne to ask peace" may be written : — (1) Romam venit ut pacem peteret, (pure final clause), (2) Honlam venit qui (=ut is) pacem peteret (relative clause of purpose), (3) Romam venit ad pacem petendrm (not common) (gerund ), (4) Romam venit ad pacem petendrm (gerundive), (5) Romam venit pacem petendi causa (or gratia) (gerund with causa), (6) Romam venit pacis petendae causa (or gratia) (gerundive with causa), (7) Romam venit pacem petiturus (future active par- ticiple) , (8) Romam venit pacem petitum (former supine). XI. CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. Consecutive clauses, i* e., claases of result are used with the subjunctive after ut, ut non, quin and quominus, and the relatives qui, ubi and unde. Consecutive clauses may be divided for convenience into 4 classes, (a) pure result, (b) object clauses of result, (c) sub- ject clauses of result, (d) relative clauses of result. 2 a. Tarn liberalis fuit ut nemo causam haberet, cur quereretur. He was so liberal that no one had cause to com- plain. b. (1) Object clauses of result are used with ut and ut non, as the object of verbs signifying to accomplish, cause, and the like. FeceLint ut consiniilis fugae profectio yideretur. They caused the departure to seem just like a flight. (2) Also with quin and quominus, after verbs or phrases of hindering or doubting. Quin is used only after negatives expressed or implied. Non recusamus quin nos stultos putes. We do not object to your thinking us foolish. c. Subject clauses of result are used with ut and ut non as the subject of verbs meaning it happens, remains, follows, is added, is distant, and with the verb esse (with or without a predicate noun or adjective). Accidit ut primus nuntiaret It happened that he was the first to bring word. Reliquum est ut de felicitate pauca dicamus. It remains for us to say a few words about good fortune. Tan Liaan abfuit ut Caesar vinceretur ut hostes etiam persequgretur. Cozsar was so far from being defeated that he even pursued the enemy. Jrs est belli ut qui vicerint imperent It is the right of war that those ivho conquer, govern. d. Relative clauses of result are generally introduced by qui, and take the Subjunctive. (1) When qui is equivalent to ut with a personal or de- monstrative pronoun. Non is est qui (=ut is) metuat. He is not the man to be afraid. Non is sum qui (=ut ego) clade dejiciar. lam not the man to be disheartened by defeat. (2) When qui is equivalent to ejusmodi ut. Of such a hind as to. Sunt qni (=@jusmodi nt) doceant. ' There are some who teach. Sunt qni eenseant. There are some ivho think. Invent! autem ninlti sunt qui etiam vitam profun- dere pro patria parati essent. And there have been found many who were, ready to pour out their very life-blood for their father-land. Est nbl (=ut ibi) id valeat, There are instances in 'which this avails, (3) When qni is preceded by dignus, indignus, idone- us and aptns. Dignus est qni ametur. lie is worthy to be loved. Livianae fabulse non satis dignae snnt quae iternm legantur. The plays of Livy do not deserve a second read- ing. Nulla niihi videbatnr aptior persona, quae desenec- tnte loqueretur, quam Catonis. ffo personage seemed to me better adapted to speak about old age, than that of Cato. Idoneus non est qui impetret Tie is not a fit person to obtain his request. Remark. Rarely instead of qni we find nt. The poets often use the Infinitive. ' (4) When qui is preceded by nnns, solus and primus, and in restrictive clauses. Hasc est una contentia, quae adhuc permanserit This is the only dispute which has remained till this time. Solus es, Caesar, cujus in victoria ceciderit nemo nisi armatuo. You are the only conqueror, Coesar, in whose victory no one fell unless armed. Quod sciam. As far as I know. Quod meminerim. As far as I recollect. i (Quod sciam is here equivalent to quantum scio.) Servus est nemo, qui mod© tolerabili condicione sit servitutis. There is not a slave, at least in any tolerable condition of slavery. Ex oratoribus Atticis antiquissimi sunt, quorum qui- dem scripta constent, Pericles et Aleibiades. Peri- cles and Aleibiades are the most ancient Athenian orators, so far, at least, as their writings are to be relied on as authen- tic. (5) When qui has for its antecedent a general negative or an interrogative expression implying a negative answer. Nemo qui sapiat hoc ighorat. No one who is wise is ignorant of this. "Nihil est quod (=eur) dubites. There is no reason why you shoidd hesitate. Quis est, qui utilia fugiat ? Who is there who shuns what is useful f (6) When qui is preceded by a comparative with quam. Majora quam quae intelligi possint Things too great to be understood. Campani majora delinquerant quam, quibus ignosci posset. The Campanians had committed too great sins to be pardoned. XII. OTHER USES OF QUI WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE. a. Qui when equivalent to cum (since) with a demon- strative or personal pronoun may take the Subjunctive. O fortunate adolescens, qui (=cran tu) tuge virtutis Homerum pr^conem invenerls. Fortunate youth in having (since you) found Homer to proclaim your valor. Remark. Frequently qui is strengthened by ut, ixtpote, prsesertim or quippe, (though the Indicative is found with praesertim qui and quippe qui). b. Qui when equivalent to cum (although) with a de- monstrative or personal pronoun, requires the Subjunctive. Ego, qui (=cum ego) sero G-reecas litteras attigis- sem tamen complures Athenis dies sum commoratus. I myself, though I began Greek literature late, yet delayed very many days at Athens. c. Qui when equivalent 'to si with a pronoun takes the Subjunctive, under the same conditions that si would. (See Conditional Sentences). Haec qui (= si quis) videat nonne cogatur. If any one loere to see these things, would he not be compelled? [See Future Conditions (#)]. d. Qui req ires the Subjunctive when introducing a sub- ordinate clause in the Oratio Obliqua. (See Indirect Dis- course). XIII. TEMPORAL CLAUSES. a. Cum temporal takes the Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, if there is any relation of cause or effect be- tween the two clauses which it connects. Cum bellum finivisset, rediit. After he had finished the toar he returned (as a natural consequence). Cum Athenis essem Philo ad me venit. While I was in Athens Philo came to me (as a sort of consequence of my being there) ; eram would imply that Philo' s coming was accidental and unconnected with my being there. Remark. Cum with the Imperfect Subjunctive is best translated by "while" or "as," with the Pluperfect by "af- ter." b. Cum (temporal) as a simple particle of time, is used with the Indicative. This use is not common, as some idea of cause or effect is almost always present. Loquebar cumingressus es. I was speaking when you came in (your coming in had nothing to do with my speak- ing). c. Antequam and Priusquam are generally joined in narration with the Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, 3 when the writer implies that the action did not take place. But if the action did take place, the Indicative is used. Numidse, priusquam ex castris subveniretur, in proxixnos colles diseedunt. The Numidians went off to the nearest hills, before assistance came from the camp, (i. e., assistance did not come from the camp). Neque prius fiigere destiterunt, quarn ad Rhenum pervenerunt. They did not leave off running aivay until they came to the Rhine, (i. e. they did reach the Rhine). d. When not in narration these particles seem to be used indifferently with both moods. e. Bum, donee and quoad, when signifying "until" and implying purpose, take the Subjunctive. Exspectas fortasse, dum haec dicat. You are ivait- ing perhaps until he says this, (for him to say this). Remark 1. Bum and dummodo (also modo) mean- ing "provided"' take the Subjunctive. Remark 2. Bum (while) when used with the Present Indicative, gives it the force of the Imperfect or Perfect ; when used with the Perfect Indicative, gives it the force of the Pluperfect. Bum ea Roman! parant, jam Sagunfcuni ©ppugnaba- tur. While the Romans were making these preparations, Saguntum was already enduring a siege. XIV. CAUSAL CLAUSES. a. Cum, "since" or "because," is usually followed by the Subjunctive. Quae cum ita sint. Since these things are so. b. Quod, quia, quoniam and quando take the Indica- tive, except when introducing a reason given by another person (Oratio Obliqua). c. For Qui when used with a causal force, see XII. XV. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. a. Etsi, etiamsi and tametsi (even if or although) have the same construction as si. (See Conditional Sen- tences). b. Cum (although) takes the Subjunctive. e. Licet, quamvis and ut (although), take the Subjunc- tive. Remark 1. Licet is properly a verb, meaning u it is allow- able" and ut is understood after it. Remark 2. Quamvis means literally, u as much as you please" d. Quamquam, is followed by the Indicative, except in Oratio Obliqua. e. For qui with a concessive force, see XII. XVI. CLAUSES OF COMPARISON. a. Tamquam, tamquamsi, quasi, acsi, utsi, velut, velutsi, veluti and ceu (in poetry) "as if" are used to ex- press what is merely assumed for the sake of comparison, and take the Present and Perfect Subjunctive, except when the ^Sequence of Tenses" requires the Imperfect or Pluperfect. Quasi res dubia sit. As if the matter were doubtful. XVII. INTERROGATIVE CLAUSES. Questions may be asked directly or indirectly. Nonne vides ? Do you not see f (Direct). Quaeritur, cur homines dissentiant. It is a question, why men disagree. (Indirect). a. All direct questions require the Indicative. b. All indirect questions require the Subjunctive. c. In asking a direct question we may use either the en- clitic ne, or num, or nonne, but with different meanings. Ne asks for information. Vales ne ? Are you well? Nonne expects the answer yes. Nonne vales ? Are you not toell ? Num expects the answer no. Num vales ? You are not well, are you f Remark. A direct question ma}^ be asked without any in- terrogative particle. Clodius insidias fecit Miloni ? Did Clodius waylay Milo f d. Double Questions may be divided into four classes. (1) Those which have utrum in the first part of the clause, and an in the second. Utrum pacem an bellum nobis datis ? Do you give us peace or war f (2) Those which have ne (the enclitic) in the first part of the clause, and an in the second. Egone ero an tu ? Shall it be you or I f (3) Those which have no interrogative particle in the first part, but an in the second. Ferro an fame acrius urgear incertus sum. I am un- certain whether I am pushed by the sword or by famine. (4) Those which have no interrogative particle in the first part, but ne (the enclitic) in the second. Experiri voluit verum falsumne esset relatum. He wanted to find out whether the story was true or false. Remark a. The words "or not" are best translated in di- rect double questions by annon ; in indirect by necne. Will Ccesar be king or not ? Rexne Caesar futurus est, annon ? He is uncertain whether Ccesar will be king or not. In- certus est utrum rex Caesar futurus sit, necne. Remark 6. Notice that aut and vel are not used for "or" in double questions. "In double questions an and ne, Not aut or vel, the word must be." Remark c. Si is occasionally used in the sense of 'wheth- er," and takes the Subjunctive of Indirect Question. XVIII. CLAUSES OF WISH. a. A wish is expressed by the Subjunctive, often preced- ed by the particles uti, utinam, or O si. b. The Present Subjunctive is used when the wish may be fulfilled. Conficiam tua consilia. I hope I may accom- plish your designs. c. The Imperfect Subjunctive is used when the wish can- not be fulfilled at the Present time. Utinam exstarent ilia carmina. Would that those songs were extant (now). d. The Perfect Subjunctive is used only by early writers to express a wish. e. The Pluperfect Subjunctive is used when the wish was not fulfilled. in the past. Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset Would he had lead forth with him all his confederates. XIX. CLAUSES OF EXHORTATION, COMMAND AND PRO- HIBITION. a. An exhortation is expressed by the Present Subjunc- tive. Imitemur majores nostros. Let us imitate our ances- tors. b. A command is expressed by the second person (rarely by the third) of the Imperative, or mildly by the Present Sub- junctive. 4 Mitte Mareum ad me. Send Marcus to me, Cedat stilus gladio. Let the pen give way to the sword. Remark. Fac and cura, with tlie subjunctive, also ex- press a command. Fac venias. Be sure and come. Cura ut valeas. Take care of your health, c. A prohibition is expressed — (1) by ne with the third person of the Present or Perfect Subjunctive. (2) by ne with the second person singular of the Present Subjunctive. (3) by noli with the Present Infinitive. (4) by cave with the Present or Perfect Subjunctive. Nequid rei tibi sit cum Saguntinis. Have nothing to do with the Saguntines. Ne timueris. Do not fear. Noli tarn, esse injustus, Be not so unjust. Cave hoc facias. Do not do this. XX. SUBJUNCTIVE OF ESSENTIAL PART. Any subordinate clause takes the Subjunctive when it is so closely connected with a Subjunctive clause, or an accu- sative and its Infinitive, as to become an essential part of them, Nos autem, fortes viri, satis facere reipublicae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. But we, brave men, seem to do enough for the state, if we escape the madness and weapons of this wretch. Here si * * * vitemus is an essential part of satis facere. Antonium misi ad te, cui, si tibi videretur, cohor- tes traderes. I sent Antony to you, for you to deliver to him the cohorts, if it seemed best. Here si * * * vid- eretur is an essential part of cui * * * traderes. XXI. THE INFINITIVE. The Infinitive expresses the action or state of the verb and is used like a neuter noun, generally in the Nominative or Accusative case. a. The Infinitive is used as the subject or predicate nom- inative of est and Impersonal verbs. Diligere parentes prima naturae lex est. To love one's parents is the first law of nature. (Diligere is the subject of est). b. The Infinitive is used without a subject accusative, after verbs signifying wish, power, duty, habit, knowledge, inclination, intention, commencement, continuance, cessation, neglect, &c. Remark. This Infinitive may be called the "complemen- tary" Infinitive, as the above verbs require a second verb to complete their meaning. Male beneficii mei oblivisci. / prefer to forget my kindness. Venire non possum. I cannot come. c. The Infinitive is used with a subject accusative, after verbs of saying, thinking, hearing, feeling, knowing, hoping, promising, &c. Audivit nos venire. He heard that wevwere coming. c. "Verbs which express the emotions of the mind may be followed by an Accusative and Infinitive to express the cause of the emotion/ ' Hsec perfecta esse gaudeo. I am delighted because these matters are settled. Remark. A clause denoting the cause is generally ex- pressed by quod and finite verb. See Causative Clauses. d. In animated narration the Infinitive is used independ- ently with the force of the Imperfect Indicative, and has its subject in the Nominative. This is called the Historical Infinitive. , Hostes geesa conjicere. The enemy hurled their jav- e. The Infinitive, with a subject accusative is used inde- pendently to denote indignation or surprise. Mene incepto desistere victam? What I J, baffled, give up my purpose ? f. The Infinitive is used to denote purpose in poetry. Non populare penates venimus. We have come not to lay waste your homes. XXII, INDIRECT DISCOURSE! A direct quotation (Oratio Recta) is one in which the speaker or writer uses the exact words of another. An indirect quotation (Oratio Obliqua) is one in which the exact words of the original speaker are made to depend upon some verb of saying, or equivalent phrase. Romam eras ibo. I shall go to Rome to-morrow. {Oratio Recta). Dixit se Romam eras iturum esse. He said that he should go to Rome to-morrow. (Oratio Obliqua). In changing from the Oratio Recta to the Oratio Obliqua , observe the following rules : A. All leading verbs are to be changed to the Infinitive. Present . Infinitive. Perfect Infinitive. Future Infinitive. (1) The Present and Imperfect > Indicative are changed to the (3) The Perfect and Pluperfect > Indicative are changed to the (2) The Fature and Future Perfect > Indicative are changed to the (5) The Present, Imperfect and Perfect (G) The Pluperfect > Subjunctive > Subjunctive are changed to the is changed to the Future Infinitive. Future Active Participle with fuisse. (7) Exc. The Imperative and the Subjunctive (of com- mand) of the Oratio Recta are expressed by the Present or Imperfect Subjunctive in the Oratio Obliqua. B. All subordinate verbs are usually changed to the Subjunc- tive, their tense depending upon the rule for sequence of tenses. (1) The Present, ~) Imperfect i and \ (2) Future J (3) The Perfect, ~) Pluperfect I and [ (4) Future Perfect j ,. " are Present changed or .. " to the Imperfect ln- dic- a tive are Perfect changed or to the Pluperfect ) i y Subjunctive i 3 1 I } Subjunctive i 3 (8) Exc. Questions, which in the Oratio Recta were asked in the first or third persons, are expressed in the Ora- tio Obliqua by the Accusative with the Infinitive. (1) Si domi es, bene est. If you are at home, it is well. (1) Dicit, si domi sis, bene esse. He says that, if you are at home, it is well. (1) Dixit, si domi esses, bene esse. He said that, if you were at home, it was well. (2) Si domum ibis; bene erit. If you go home, it will be well. (2) Dicit, si domum eas, bene fore. He says that, if you go home, it will be well. (2) Dixit, si domum ires, bene fore. He said that, if you went home, it would be well. 5 (3) Si regem vidisti, hominem nobilem vidisti. If you saw the king, you saw a renowned person. (3) Dicit te, si regem videris, hominem nobilem vi- disse. He says that you saw a renowned man, if you saw the king. (3) Dixit te, si regem vidisses, hominem nobilem vidisse. He said that you saw a renowned man, if you saw the king. (4) Si Caesari nupseris, bene erit If yon marry Cae- sar, it will be well. (4) Dicit, si Caesari nupseris, bene fore. He says that, if you marry Caesar, it will be well. (4) Dixit, si Caesari nupsisses, bene fore. He said that, if you married Caesar, it would be well. (5) Si quid habeas, des. If you were to have anything, you would give it. (5) Dixit te, si quid liaberes, daturum esse. He said that, if you were to have anything, you would give it. (6) Si valuisses, gavisus esses. If you had been well, you would have rejoiced. (6) Dixit te, si valuisses, gavisurum fuisse. He said that you would have rejoicedj if you had been well. (7) Si quidquam invenies me mentitum esse, occi- dito. If you find that I have told an} T falsehood, kill me. (7) Dixit, si quidquam in venires se mentitum esse, occideres. He said that, if you found that he had told any falsehood, you should kill him. (8) Si veteris contumelias oblivisci volo, num etiam recentium injuriarum memoriam deponere possum ? (8) Respondit, si * * * * * vellet, num * * * * * posse ? XXIII GENERAL INFORMATION. * 1 In definite Pro no un s . Quis, quispiam ) * * general and indefinite. Qtiivis, quilibet > any * all included = any you please. TTllus, quisquam ) * * all excluded = any at all. Hence ullus and quisquam are found generally in nega- tive sentences ; in interrogative sentences expecting a nega- tive answer ; in conditional and comparative sentences. Ullus is generally used adjectively (i. e., with a noun add- ed to it). Its negative is nullus. Quisquam is generally used substantively (i. e., without any noun). Its negative is nemo (which notice is wanting in the Genitive and Ablative singular and in the plural throughout ; these forms being supplied by the correspond- ing cases of nullus). Aliquis \ * * * * less definite than quidam. Quidam ) some * * * * =certus aliquis. Dtmimodo doleat aliquid, doleat quidlibet. So long as he suffers something, let him suffer anything you please. Non cuivis homini talia contingent. Such luck does not fall to the lot of every one (i. e., anyone vou like). ■kt - *. > no one who is sat- or Negat quemquam esse f is Mdwith this cui hoc placeat. J tsJiea wlt/l tflls ' Notice that ullum without hominem, or quemquam with hominem, would be unusual. Estne quisquam omnium mortalium qui talia cone- tur. Is there anyone among mankind ivho attempts such things? (Ans. No.) Si quid dedisset. If he had given anything. Si aliquid dedisset. If he had given something. Quidam de collegis nostris recusant. Some (i. c, certain ones) of our colleagues refuse. Et quisquam Junonis nnrnen adoret praeterea ? And is anyone after this to worship the divinity of Juno ? Quamdiu quisquarn erit, qui te defendere audeat, vives. As long as there is anyone at all who dares to de- fend you, you shall live. .Verbs that govern the Dative case, and also Intransitive verbs, most be used impersonally in the passive voice. Xmperatimi mihi est {not xmperatus sum). I am commanded. lis suadebitur (not suadebuntur) ut taceant. They will be advised to keep silent. Catoni non possum credere. / cannot believe Goto. Catoni non potest a me credi Cato cannot he believed by me. (Credi is used impersonally). Hon potuit ulii civitati Germanorum persuadere. He could not persuade any state of the Germans. N! eque tamen potuit ulli civitati Germanorum per- suader! potuit, ut Rhenum transirent. And nevertheless no state of the Germans could be persuaded to cross the Rhine. (Persuader! is used impersonally). Venerunt Romam. They came to Borne. Ventum est Romam. They came to Rome. Eundum est tibi. You must go. ERRATA. X, b, (3), for deter eo write deterreo. XI, d, (6), for delinquerant write deliquerant. XVII, c, for vales ne write valesne. 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